Wikipedia ffwiki https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello_ja%C9%93%C9%93orgo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.7 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 4 2039 174481 171536 2026-06-19T07:48:50Z KVaidla (WMF) 14856 /* Call to participate: Proposed baseline Neutral Point of View (NPOV) standard */ new section 174481 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ * '''ff:''' * '''en:''' Requests for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag should be made on this page. This wiki uses the [[m:bot policy|standard bot policy]], and allows [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] and [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval of certain types of bots]]. Other bots should apply below, and then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|request access]] from a steward if there is no objection. Archives: [[:Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia:Damugal renndo/|ici]]. == The 2022 Community Wishlist Survey will happen in January == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello everyone, We hope all of you are as well and safe as possible during these trying times! We wanted to share some news about a change to the Community Wishlist Survey 2022. We would like to hear your opinions as well. Summary: <div style="font-style:italic;"> We will be running the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]] 2022 in January 2022. We need more time to work on the 2021 wishes. We also need time to prepare some changes to the Wishlist 2022. In the meantime, you can use a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|dedicated sandbox to leave early ideas for the 2022 wishes]]. </div> === Proposing and wish-fulfillment will happen during the same year === In the past, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]] team has run the Community Wishlist Survey for the following year in November of the prior year. For example, we ran the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|Wishlist for 2021]] in November 2020. That worked well a few years ago. At that time, we used to start working on the Wishlist soon after the results of the voting were published. However, in 2021, there was a delay between the voting and the time when we could start working on the new wishes. Until July 2021, we were working on wishes from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020|Wishlist for 2020]]. We hope having the Wishlist 2022 in January 2022 will be more intuitive. This will also give us time to fulfill more wishes from the 2021 Wishlist. === Encouraging wider participation from historically excluded communities === We are thinking how to make the Wishlist easier to participate in. We want to support more translations, and encourage under-resourced communities to be more active. We would like to have some time to make these changes. === A new space to talk to us about priorities and wishes not granted yet === We will have gone 365 days without a Wishlist. We encourage you to approach us. We hope to hear from you in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey|talk page]], but we also hope to see you at our bi-monthly Talk to Us meetings! These will be hosted at two different times friendly to time zones around the globe. We will begin our first meeting '''September 15th at 23:00 UTC'''. More details about the agenda and format coming soon! === Brainstorm and draft proposals before the proposal phase === If you have early ideas for wishes, you can use the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|new Community Wishlist Survey sandbox]]. This way, you will not forget about these before January 2022. You will be able to come back and refine your ideas. Remember, edits in the sandbox don't count as wishes! === Feedback === * What should we do to improve the Wishlist pages? * How would you like to use our new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|sandbox?]] * What, if any, risks do you foresee in our decision to change the date of the Wishlist 2022? * What will help more people participate in the Wishlist 2022? Answer on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey|talk page]] (in any language you prefer) or at our Talk to Us meetings. </div> [[user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[user talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 7 Siilto 2021 à 00:23 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=21980442 --> == Call for Candidates for the Movement Charter Drafting Committee ending 14 September 2021 == <div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content"/>L'équipe de la Stratégie du Mouvement annonce [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee|l'appel à candidatures pour le Comité de rédaction de la Charte du Mouvement]]. L'appel s'ouvre le 2 août 2021 et se termine le 14 septembre 2021. Le Comité est censé représenter [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Diversity_and_Expertise_Matrices|diversité dans le Mouvement]]. La diversité comprend le genre, la langue, la géographie et l'expérience. Cela comprend la participation aux projets, aux affiliés et la Fondation Wikimedia. Il n'est pas nécessaire de maîtriser l'anglais pour devenir membre. Si besoin, une aide à la traduction et à l'interprétation est fournie. Les membres recevront une allocation pour compenser les coûts de participation. Elle est de 100 dollars américains tous les deux mois. Nous recherchons des personnes qui possèdent certaines des [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee#Role_Requirements|compétences]] suivantes: * Savoir rédiger en collaboration. (une expérience confirmée est un plus) * Être prêts à trouver des compromis. * Se concentrer sur l'inclusion et la diversité. * Avoir une connaissance des consultations communautaires. * Avoir une expérience de la communication interculturelle. * Avoir une expérience de la gouvernance ou de l'organisation dans des organismes à but non lucratif ou des communautés. * Avoir une expérience de la négociation avec différentes parties. Le comité devrait commencer avec 15 personnes. S'il y a 20 candidats ou plus, un processus mixte d'élection et de sélection aura lieu. S'il y a 19 candidats ou moins, alors le processus de sélection sans élection a lieu. Voulez-vous aider à faire avancer Wikimedia dans ce rôle important ? Soumettez votre candidature [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee#Candidate_State|ici]]. Veuillez contacter strategy2030[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org pour toute question.<section end="announcement-content"/> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 10 Siilto 2021 à 17:01 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Xeno_(WMF)/Delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=22002240 --> == Server switch == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] tests the switch between its first and secondary data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. They will switch all traffic back to the primary data center on '''Tuesday, 14 September 2021'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on Tuesday, 14 September 2021. The test will start at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1631628049 14:00 UTC] (07:00 PDT, 10:00 EDT, 15:00 WEST/BST, 16:00 CEST, 19:30 IST, 23:00 JST, and in New Zealand at 02:00 NZST on Wednesday, 15 September). *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div></div> [[user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[user talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 11 Siilto 2021 à 00:45 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=21980442 --> == Talk to the Community Tech == [[File:Magic Wand Icon 229981 Color Flipped.svg|{{dir|{{pagelang}}|left|right}}|frameless|50px]] [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2021-09 Talk to Us|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Community_Wishlist_Survey/Updates/2021-09_Talk_to_Us&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] Hello! As we have [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates|recently announced]], we, the team working on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]], would like to invite you to an online meeting with us. It will take place on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210915T2300 '''September 15th, 23:00 UTC'''] on Zoom, and will last an hour. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/89828615390 '''Click here to join''']. '''Agenda''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Status report 1#Prioritization Process|How we prioritize the wishes to be granted]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates|Why we decided to change the date]] from November 2021 to January 2022 * Update on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages|disambiguation]] and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|real-time preview]] wishes * Questions and answers '''Format''' The meeting will not be recorded or streamed. Notes without attribution will be taken and published on Meta-Wiki. The presentation (first three points in the agenda) will be given in English. We can answer questions asked in English, French, Polish, and Spanish. If you would like to ask questions in advance, add them [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey|on the Community Wishlist Survey talk page]] or send to sgrabarczuk@wikimedia.org. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:NRodriguez (WMF)|Natalia Rodriguez]] (the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]] manager) will be hosting this meeting. '''Invitation link''' * [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/89828615390 Join online] * Meeting ID: 898 2861 5390 * One tap mobile ** +16465588656,,89828615390# US (New York) ** +16699006833,,89828615390# US (San Jose) * [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/u/kctR45AI8o Dial by your location] See you! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 11 Siilto 2021 à 03:03 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=21980442 --> == Select You the question statements for candidates of Drafting Committee Movement Charter == Into 2021-10-04 11:59:59 UTC you can select [[:m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Election Compass Statements|question statements]] for the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates|candidates]] of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee|Drafting Committee]] [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter|Movement Charter]]. ✍️ [[Utilisateur:Dušan Kreheľ|Dušan Kreheľ]] ([[Discussion utilisateur:Dušan Kreheľ|yeewtu]]) 29 Siilto 2021 à 22:16 (UTC) == Le vote pour l'élection des membres du comité de rédaction de la Charte du Mouvement est désormais ouvert == <div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content"/> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/MCDC Voter Email short 12-10-2021|{{int:otherlanguages}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/MCDC Voter Email short 12-10-2021}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Le vote pour l'élection des membres du comité de rédaction de la Charte du Mouvement est désormais ouvert. Au total, 70 Wikimédien.ne.s du monde entier briguent 7 sièges lors de ces élections. '''Le vote est ouvert du 12 au 24 octobre 2021 (partout dans le monde).''' Le comité sera composé de 15 membres au total : les communautés en ligne votent pour 7 membres, 6 membres seront sélectionnés par les affiliés Wikimedia via un processus parallèle et 2 membres seront nommés par la Fondation Wikimedia. L'objectif est de réunir le comité d'ici le 1er novembre 2021. Renseignez-vous sur chaque candidat.e pour éclairer votre vote dans la langue de votre choix : <https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates> En savoir plus sur le comité de rédaction : <https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee> Nous testons une application d'opinion de vote pour cette élection. Allez voir dans l'outil et vous verrez quel.le candidat.e se rapproche le plus de vous! Vérifiez sur <https://mcdc-election-compass.toolforge.org/> Lire l'annonce complète : <https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Elections> '''Allez voter via SecurePoll sur :''' <https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Elections> Bien à vous, l'équipe Stratégie et Gouvernance du mouvement, Wikimedia Foundation <section end="announcement-content"/> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 14 Yarkomaa 2021 à 02:22 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Xeno_(WMF)/Delivery/fr&oldid=22176746 --> == Discutez avec l’équipe Technologies communautaires == [[File:Magic Wand Icon 229981 Color Flipped.svg|100px|right]] Bonjour ! Nous, l’équipe travaillant sur la [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|consultation des souhaits de la communauté]] (CSC), aimerions vous inviter à une réunion en ligne avec nous. Celle-ci aura lieu le [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20211027T1430 '''{{#time:j xg|2021-10-27}} ({{#time:l|2021-10-27}}) à {{#time:H:i e|14:30|fr|1}}'''] sur Zoom et durera une heure. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/83847343544 '''Participer''']. '''Ordre du jour''' * Devenez un ambassadeur de la consultation des souhaits de la communauté (CSC). Aidez-nous à faire parler de la CSC dans votre communauté. * Nouvelles informations pour les souhaits [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages|Homonymie]] et [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|Aperçu en temps réel]] * Questions et réponses '''Format''' La rencontre ne sera pas enregistrée ni diffusée en flux. Des notes anonymes seront prises et publiées sur Meta-Wiki. La présentation (tous les points à l’ordre du jour à l’exception des questions et réponses) sera donnée en anglais. Nous pouvons répondre aux questions posées en '''français''', anglais, polonais, espagnol, allemand et italien. Si vous voulez poser une question en avance, vous pouvez l’écrire [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey|sur la page de discussion de la consultation des souhaits de la communauté]] ou l’envoyer à sgrabarczuk@wikimedia.org. Cette réunion sera animée par [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:NRodriguez (WMF)|Natalia Rodriguez]] (la chef de l’équipe [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Technologies communautaires]]). '''Lien d'invitation''' * [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/83847343544 S'inscrire en ligne] * ID de la réunion : <span dir=ltr>83847343544</span> * [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/u/kwDbq4box Numéros de téléphone locaux] Nous espérons vous voir ! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 22 Yarkomaa 2021 à 23:13 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Francophones&oldid=20689614 --> == Voici les nouveaux membres du Comité de rédaction de la Charte du Mouvement == <div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content"/> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Elections/Results/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Elections/Results/Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Les processus d'élection et de sélection du Comité de rédaction de la Charte du Mouvement sont terminés. * Les [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Elections/Results|résultats des élections ont été publiés]]. 1018 personnes ont voté pour élire sept membres du comité: '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Richard_Knipel_(Pharos)|Richard Knipel (Pharos)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Anne_Clin_(Risker)|Anne Clin (Risker)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Alice_Wiegand_(lyzzy)|Alice Wiegand (Lyzzy)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Micha%C5%82_Buczy%C5%84ski_(Aegis_Maelstrom)|Michał Buczyński (Aegis Maelstrom)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Richard_(Nosebagbear)|Richard (Nosebagbear)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Ravan_J_Al-Taie_(Ravan)|Ravan J Al-Taie (Ravan)]]''' et '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Ciell_(Ciell)|Ciell (Ciell)]]'''. * Le [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates#Affiliate-chosen_members|processus des affiliés]] a sélectionné six membres : '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Anass_Sedrati_(Anass_Sedrati)|Anass Sedrati (Anass Sedrati)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#%C3%89rica_Azzellini_(EricaAzzellini)|Érica Azzellini (EricaAzzellini)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Jamie_Li-Yun_Lin_(Li-Yun_Lin)|Jamie Li-Yun Lin (Li-Yun Lin)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Georges_Fodouop_(Geugeor)|Georges Fodouop (Geugeor)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Manavpreet_Kaur_(Manavpreet_Kaur)|Manavpreet Kaur (Manavpreet Kaur)]]''' et '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Pepe_Flores_(Padaguan)|Pepe Flores (Padaguan)]]'''. * La Wikimedia Foundation a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates#Wikimedia_Foundation-chosen_members|nommé]] deux membres : '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates#Runa_Bhattacharjee_(Runab_WMF)|Runa Bhattacharjee (Runab WMF)]]''' et '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates#Jorge_Vargas_(JVargas_(WMF))|Jorge Vargas (JVargas (WMF))]]'''. Le comité se réunira bientôt pour commencer ses travaux. Le comité peut nommer jusqu'à trois membres supplémentaires pour combler les lacunes en matière de diversité et d'expertise. Si vous souhaitez participer au processus de rédaction de la [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Charte du mouvement]], suivez les nouvelles [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee|sur Meta]] et rejoignez le [https://t.me/joinchat/U-4hhWtndBjhzmSf groupe Telegram]. Avec les remerciements de l'équipe Stratégie et gouvernance du Mouvement<section end="announcement-content"/> </div> [[User:MPossoupe (WMF)|MPossoupe (WMF)]] 1 Jolal 2021 à 23:43 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Xeno_(WMF)/Delivery/fr&oldid=22285587 --> == Le futur de la Consultation des souhaits de la communauté == [[File:Magic Wand Icon 229981 Color Flipped.svg|100px|right]] [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/Talk to Us|Lire ce message dans une autre langue]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Community_Wishlist_Survey/Updates/Talk_to_Us&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] {{int:Hello}} Nous, l’équipe travaillant sur la [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|consultation des souhaits de la communauté]] (CSC), aimerions vous inviter à une réunion en ligne avec nous. Celle-ci aura lieu le [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20211130T1700 '''{{#time:j xg|2021-11-30}} ({{#time:l|2021-11-30}}) à {{#time:H:i e|17:00|fr|1}}'''] sur Zoom et durera une heure. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/82035401393 '''Participer''']. '''Ordre du jour''' * Changements dans la Consultation des souhaits de la communauté pour 2022. Participez aux décisions. * Devenez un ambassadeur de la consultation des souhaits de la communauté. Aidez-nous à faire parler de la CSC dans votre communauté. * Questions et réponses '''Format''' La rencontre ne sera pas enregistrée ni diffusée en flux. Des notes anonymes seront prises et publiées sur Meta-Wiki. La présentation (tous les points à l’ordre du jour à l’exception des questions et réponses) sera donnée en anglais. Nous pouvons répondre aux questions posées en français, anglais, polonais, espagnol, allemand et italien. Si vous voulez poser une question en avance, vous pouvez l’écrire [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey|sur la page de discussion de la consultation des souhaits de la communauté]] ou l’envoyer à sgrabarczuk@wikimedia.org. Cette réunion sera animée par [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:NRodriguez (WMF)|Natalia Rodriguez]] (la chef de l’équipe [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Technologies communautaires]]). '''Lien d'invitation''' * [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/82035401393 S'inscrire en ligne] * ID de la réunion : <span dir=ltr>82035401393</span> * [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/u/keu6UeRT0T Numéros de téléphone locaux] Nous espérons vous voir ! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|discuter]]) 26 Jolal 2021 à 20:08 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Francophones&oldid=20689614 --> == Appel à commentaires à venir sur les élections du conseil d'administration == <div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content /> :''Ce message est traduit dans plusieurs autres langues sur Meta-wiki''. :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback:2022 Board of Trustees election/Upcoming Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback:2022 Board of Trustees election/Upcoming Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Le conseil d'administration prépare un appel à commentaires pour les prochaines élections du conseil d'administration, du 7 janvier au 10 février 2022. Les détails seront finalisés la semaine précédant l'appel, mais nous avons confirmé au moins deux questions qui seront posées lors de cet appel à commentaires: * Quelle est la meilleure façon d'assurer une représentation équitable des communautés émergentes au sein du conseil? * Quelle doit être la participation des candidat.e.s pendant l'élection? Bien que d'autres questions puissent être ajoutées, l'équipe Stratégie et gouvernance du mouvement souhaite donner le temps aux membres de la communauté et aux affiliés de réfléchir et de préparer des idées sur les questions confirmées avant l'ouverture de l'appel. Nous nous excusons de ne pas avoir une liste complète de questions pour le moment. La liste des questions ne devrait s'allonger que d'une ou deux questions. L'intention n'est pas de submerger la communauté de demandes, mais de l'informer et de recueillir ses réactions sur ces questions importantes. '''Vous souhaitez participer à l'organisation d'une conversation locale pendant cet appel ?''' Contactez l'équipe [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance|Stratégie et Gouvernance du Mouvement]] sur Meta, sur [https://t.me/wmboardgovernancechat Telegram], ou par courriel à msg[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org. N'hésitez pas à nous contacter si vous avez des questions ou des préoccupations. L'équipe Stratégie et Gouvernance du Mouvement aura un effectif réduit jusqu'au 3 janvier. Veuillez excuser tout retard de réponse pendant cette période. Nous sommes également conscients que certains membres de la communauté et affiliés sont déconnectés pendant les vacances de décembre. Nous nous excusons si notre message vous parvient pendant que vous êtes en vacances. Bien à vous, Stratégie et Gouvernance du Mouvement<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> {{int:thank-you}} [[User:MPossoupe (WMF)|MPossoupe (WMF)]] 28 Bowte 2021 à 15:59 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/fr&oldid=22506356 --> == Wiki Loves Folklore is back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022|Wiki Loves Folklore 2022]]''' an international photography contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 28th''' of February. You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&campaign=wlf_2022 submitting] them in this commons contest. You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language. Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. '''Kind regards,''' '''Wiki loves Folklore International Team''' --[[Utilisateur:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Discussion utilisateur:MediaWiki message delivery|yeewtu]]) 9 Siilo 2022 à 13:15 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message envoyé par User:Tiven2240@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/wlf&oldid=22560402 --> == Consultation des souhaits de la communauté pour 2022 == [[File:Community Wishlist Survey Lamp.svg|right|200px]] La '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|consultation des souhaits de la communauté pour 2022]]''' a débuté ! Cette consultation est le processus par lequel les communautés décident sur quoi l’équipe [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Technologies communautaires]] doit travailler durant l’année qui suit. Nous encourageons tout le monde à soumettre des propositions avant le '''23 janvier''', ou à commenter les propositions des autres pour les améliorer. Les communautés voteront pour les propositions entre le 28 janvier et le 11 février. L’équipe Technologies communautaires se concentre sur les outils pour les contributeurs expérimentés de Wikimédia. Vous pouvez écrire vos propositions dans n’importe quelle langue, nous les traduirons pour vous. Merci, nous avons hâte de les recevoir ! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 10 Siilo 2022 à 18:23 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Francophones&oldid=20689614 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2022 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} Greetings! You are invited to participate in '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|Feminism and Folklore 2022]]''' writing competion. This year Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women biographies and gender-focused topics for the project in league with Wiki Loves Folklore gender gap focus with folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help us in enriching the folklore documentation on Wikipedia from your region by creating or improving articles focused on folklore around the world, including, but not limited to folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer personalities in folklore, folk culture (folk artists, folk dancers, folk singers, folk musicians, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales and more. You can contribute to new articles or translate from the list of suggested articles [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022/List of Articles|here]]. You can also support us in organizing the contest on your local Wikipedia by signing up your community to participate in this project and also translating the [[m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|project page]] and help us spread the word in your native language. Learn more about the contest and prizes from our project page. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2022|talk page]] or via Email if you need any assistance... Thank you. '''Feminism and Folklore Team''', [[User:Tiven2240|Tiven2240]] --11 Siilo 2022 à 05:49 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message envoyé par User:Tiven2240@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/wlf&oldid=22574381 --> == L'appel à commentaires sur les élections du Conseil d'administration est maintenant ouvert == <div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" />:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open/Short|Ce message est disponible dans d'autres langues sur Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open/Short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open/Short}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Élections du conseil d'administration : l'appel à commentaires est maintenant ouvert et se terminera le 7 février 2022. Avec cet appel à commentaires, l'équipe Stratégie et Gouvernance du Mouvement adopte une approche différente. Cette approche intègre le retour d'informations de 2021 de la communauté. Au lieu de présenter des propositions, l'appel s'articule autour des questions-clés du Conseil d'administration. Les questions-clés sont issues des retours sur l'élection 2021 du conseil d'administration. L'intention est d'inspirer une conversation collective et le développement de propositions collaboratives sur ces questions-clés. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections|Participez à la conversation.]] Bien à vous, L'équipe Stratégie et Gouvernance du Mouvement<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe (WMF)|MPossoupe (WMF)]] 13 Siilo 2022 à 03:23 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/fr&oldid=22506356 --> == Discutez avec l’équipe Technologies communautaires == [[File:Community Wishlist Survey Lamp.svg|150px|right]] {{int:Hello}} Nous, l’équipe travaillant sur la [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|consultation des souhaits de la communauté]] (CWS), aimerions vous inviter à une réunion en ligne avec nous. Celle-ci aura lieu le [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20220119T1800 '''{{#time:j xg|2022-01-19}} ({{#time:l|2022-01-19}}) à {{#time:H:i e|18:00|fr|1}}'''] sur Zoom et durera une heure. Cet outil externe n’est pas soumis à [[foundation:Privacy_policy/fr|la politique de confidentialité de Wikimedia]]. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/85804347114 '''Cliquez ici pour Participer''']. '''Ordre du jour''' * Amenez le premier jet de votre proposition et discutez de vos questions sur la façon de l’améliorer avec un membre de l’équipe Technologies communautaires. '''Format''' La rencontre ne sera pas enregistrée ni diffusée en flux. Des notes anonymes seront prises et publiées sur Meta-Wiki. La présentation (tous les points à l’ordre du jour à l’exception des questions et réponses) sera donnée en anglais. Nous pouvons répondre aux questions posées en français, anglais, polonais, espagnol et allemand. Si vous voulez poser une question en avance, vous pouvez l’écrire [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey|sur la page de discussion de la consultation des souhaits de la communauté]] ou l’envoyer à sgrabarczuk@wikimedia.org. Cette réunion sera animée par [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:NRodriguez (WMF)|Natalia Rodriguez]] (la chef de l’équipe [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Technologies communautaires]]). '''Lien d'invitation''' * [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/85804347114 S’inscrire en ligne] * ID de la réunion : <span dir=ltr>85804347114</span> * [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/u/keu6UeRT0T Numéros de téléphone locaux] Nous espérons vous voir ! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 18 Siilo 2022 à 01:02 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Francophones&oldid=20689614 --> == Subscribe to the This Month in Education newsletter - learn from others and share your stories == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Dear community members, Greetings from the EWOC Newsletter team and the education team at Wikimedia Foundation. We are very excited to share that we on tenth years of Education Newsletter ([[m:Education/News|This Month in Education]]) invite you to join us by [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|subscribing to the newsletter on your talk page]] or by [[m:Education/News/Newsroom|sharing your activities in the upcoming newsletters]]. The Wikimedia Education newsletter is a monthly newsletter that collects articles written by community members using Wikimedia projects in education around the world, and it is published by the EWOC Newsletter team in collaboration with the Education team. These stories can bring you new ideas to try, valuable insights about the success and challenges of our community members in running education programs in their context. If your affiliate/language project is developing its own education initiatives, please remember to take advantage of this newsletter to publish your stories with the wider movement that shares your passion for education. You can submit newsletter articles in your own language or submit bilingual articles for the education newsletter. For the month of January the deadline to submit articles is on the 20th January. We look forward to reading your stories. Older versions of this newsletter can be found in the [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|complete archive]]. More information about the newsletter can be found at [[m:Education/News/Publication Guidelines|Education/Newsletter/About]]. For more information, please contact spatnaik{{@}}wikimedia.org. ------ <div style="text-align: center;"><div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[User:ZI Jony|<span style="color:#8B0000">'''ZI Jony'''</span>]] [[User talk:ZI Jony|^{<span style="color:Green"><i>(Talk)</i></span>}]], {{<includeonly>subst:</includeonly>#time:l G:i, d F Y|}} (UTC)</div></div> </div> <!-- Message envoyé par User:ZI Jony@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/Awareness_of_Education_Newsletter/List_of_Village_Pumps&oldid=21244129 --> == Nouvelles de la Stratégie et de la Gouvernance du Mouvement – Numéro 5 == <div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="ucoc-newsletter"/> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5/Global message|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5/Global message}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' <span style="font-size:200%;">'''Nouvelles de la Stratégie et de la Gouvernance du Mouvement'''</span><br> <span style="font-size:120%; color:#404040;">'''Numéro 5 - janvier 2022'''</span><span style="font-size:120%; float:right;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5|'''Lire le bulletin complet''']]</span> ---- Bienvenue au cinquième numéro des Nouvelles de la Stratégie et de la Gouvernance du Mouvement (anciennement connues sous le nom de Nouvelles du Code de Conduite Universel) ! Ce bulletin d'information révisé diffuse des nouvelles et des événements pertinents concernant la Charte du Mouvement, le Code de Conduite Universel, les subventions pour la mise en œuvre de la Stratégie du Mouvement, les élections du Conseil d'administration et d'autres sujets relatifs à la Stratégie et la Gouvernance du Mouvement. Cette lettre d'information sera distribuée tous les 3 mois, tandis que des mises à jour plus fréquentes seront également envoyées aux abonné.es toutes les semaines ou toutes les 2 semaines. N'oubliez pas de vous abonner [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/MSG Newsletter Subscription|ici]] si vous souhaitez recevoir ces mises à jour. <div style="margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;"> *'''Appel à commentaires sur les élections du conseil d'administration ''' - Nous vous invitons à donner votre avis sur la prochaine élection du conseil d'administration de la WMF. Cet appel à commentaires a été mis en ligne le 10 janvier 2022 et se terminera le 16 février 2022. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Call for Feedback about the Board elections|continuer la lecture]]) *'''Ratification du Code de Conduite Universel''' - En 2021, la WMF a demandé aux communautés comment faire appliquer le Code de Conduite Universel. Le projet révisé des directives d'application devrait être prêt pour le vote des communautés en mars. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Universal Code of Conduct Ratification|continuer la lecture]]) *'''Subventions pour la mise en œuvre de la stratégie du mouvement''' - Alors que nous continuons à étudier plusieurs propositions intéressantes, nous encourageons et accueillons plus de propositions et d'idées qui ciblent une initiative spécifique des recommandations de la stratégie du mouvement. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Movement Strategy Implementation Grants|continuer la lecture]]) *'''La nouvelle orientation du bulletin d'information''' - Alors que le bulletin d'information de l'UCoC devient le bulletin d'information du MSG, rejoignez l'équipe de facilitation pour envisager et décider des nouvelles orientations de ce bulletin d'information. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#The New Direction for the Newsletter|continue la lecture]]) *''' Blogs Diff''' - Consultez les publications les plus récentes sur la Stratégie et la Gouvernance du Mouvement sur le blog Wikimedia Diff. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Diff Blogs|continuer la lecture]])</div><section end="ucoc-newsletter"/> </div> [[User:MPossoupe (WMF)|MPossoupe (WMF)]] 29 Siilo 2022 à 01:46 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/fr&oldid=22703208 --> == <span lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Groupe de travail sur le développement du leadership : vos commentaires sont les bienvenus</span> == <div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" />:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force/Call for Feedback Announcement|Ce message est disponible dans d'autres langues sur Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force/Call for Feedback Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Leadership Development Task Force/Call for Feedback Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' L'équipe "Développement Communautaire" de la Wikimedia Foundation soutient la création d'un groupe de travail globale, porté par la communauté, pour le développement du Leadership. L'équipe est à la recherche de commentaires sur les responsabilités du groupe de travail sur le développement du leadership. Cette page Meta contient la proposition d'un [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force|Groupe de travail sur le développement du leadership]] et la manière dont [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force/Participate|vous pouvez aider.]] Les commentaires sur la proposition sont recueillis du 7 au 25 février 2022.<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe (WMF)|MPossoupe (WMF)]] 9 Colte 2022 à 02:46 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/fr&oldid=22796832 --> == Wiki Loves Folklore is extended till 15th March == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">{{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|frameless|180px]] Greetings from Wiki Loves Folklore International Team, We are pleased to inform you that [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore|Wiki Loves Folklore]] an international photographic contest on Wikimedia Commons has been extended till the '''15th of March 2022'''. The scope of the contest is focused on folk culture of different regions on categories, such as, but not limited to, folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, etc. We would like to have your immense participation in the photographic contest to document your local Folk culture on Wikipedia. You can also help with the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Translations|translation]] of project pages and share a word in your local language. Best wishes, '''International Team'''<br /> '''Wiki Loves Folklore''' [[Utilisateur:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Discussion utilisateur:MediaWiki message delivery|yeewtu]]) 22 Colte 2022 à 04:50 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message envoyé par User:Rockpeterson@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=22754428 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Remember to Participate in the UCoC Conversations and Ratification Vote!</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello everyone, A [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voting|'''vote in SecurePoll from 7 to 21 March 2022''']] is scheduled as part of the ratification process for the Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement guidelines. Eligible voters are invited to answer a poll question and share comments. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voter_information|Read voter information and eligibility details.]] During the poll, voters will be asked if they support the enforcement of the Universal Code of Conduct based on the proposed guidelines. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) provides a baseline of acceptable behavior for the entire movement. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] were published 24 January 2022 as a proposed way to apply the policy across the movement. A [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_noticeboard/January_2022_-_Board_of_Trustees_on_Community_ratification_of_enforcement_guidelines_of_UCoC|Wikimedia Foundation Board statement]] calls for a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voting|ratification process]] where eligible voters will have an opportunity to support or oppose the adoption of the UCoC Enforcement guidelines in a vote. Wikimedians are invited to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voter_information/Volunteer|translate and share important information]]. For more information about the UCoC, please see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Project|project page]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/FAQ|frequently asked questions]] on Meta-wiki. There are events scheduled to learn more and discuss: * A [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Conversations/Panel_Q&A|community panel]] on 18 February 2022 at 15:00 UTC shares perspectives from small- and medium-sized community participants. * The [[m:Movement Strategy and Governance|Movement Strategy and Governance]] (MSG) team is hosting Conversation Hours on 25 February 2022 at 12:00 UTC and 4 March 2022 at 15:00 UTC. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Conversations|'''sign-up for these conversation hours''']] to interact with the project team and the drafting committee about the updated enforcement guidelines and the ratification process. See the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/2022_conversation_hour_summaries|Conversation Hour summaries]] for notes from 4 February 2022. You can comment on Meta-wiki talk pages in any language. You may also contact either team by email: msg[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org or ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org Sincerely, Movement Strategy and Governance <br /> Wikimedia Foundation <br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe (WMF)|MPossoupe (WMF)]] 22 Colte 2022 à 20:47 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/fr&oldid=22796832 --> == Coming soon == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> === Several improvements around templates === Hello, from March 9, several improvements around templates will become available on your wiki: * Fundamental improvements of the [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|VisualEditor template dialog]] ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|1]], [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Removing a template from a page using the VisualEditor|2]]), * Improvements to make it easier to put a template on a page ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|3]]) (for the template dialogs in [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|VisualEditor]], [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor#/media/File:VectorEditorBasic-en.png|2010 Wikitext]] and [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|New Wikitext Mode]]), * and improvements in the syntax highlighting extension [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting|4]], [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Bracket Matching|5]]) (which is available on wikis with writing direction left-to-right). All these changes are part of the “[[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|Templates]]” project by [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]]. We hope they will help you in your work, and we would love to hear your feedback on the talk pages of these projects. </div> - [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] 28 Colte 2022 à 12:38 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=22907463 --> == Rapports de l'appel à commentaires sur les élections 2022 du conseil d'administration de de la WMF == :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback is now closed|Ce message est disponible dans d'autres langues sur Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback is now closed|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback is now closed}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Bonjour, L'[[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections|appel à commentaires sur les élections 2022 au conseil d'administration de la Wikimedia foundation]] est désormais clos. Cet appel a débuté le 10 janvier et s'est terminé le 16 février 2022. L'appel s'est concentré sur [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Discuss Key Questions#Questions|trois questions-clés]] et a fait l'objet d'un large débat [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Discuss Key Questions|sur Meta-wiki]], lors des réunions avec les affiliés et dans diverses conversations communautaires. La communauté et les affiliés ont formulé de nombreuses propositions et points de discussion. Les [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Reports|rapports]] sont disponibles sur Meta-wiki. Ces informations seront partagées avec le conseil d'administration et le comité des élections afin qu'ils puissent prendre des décisions éclairées concernant la prochaine élection du conseil d'administration. Le Conseil d'administration fera ensuite une annonce après avoir discuté de ces informations. Merci à tous ceux et à toutes celles qui ont participé à l'appel à commentaires pour aider à améliorer les processus d'élection du conseil d'administration. Bien à vous, L'équipe Stratégie et Gouvernance du Mouvement [[User:MPossoupe (WMF)|MPossoupe (WMF)]] 3 MBooy 2022 à 04:20 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/fr&oldid=22796832 --> == <span lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Ouverture du vote de ratification des directives d'application du Code de conduite universel du 7 au 21 mars 2022</span> == <div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote|Ce message est également traduit dans d'autres langues sur Meta-wiki.]] :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Bonjour, Le vote pour la ratification des [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|directives d'application révisées]] du [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Code de conduite universel]]. (UCoC) est maintenant ouvert ! Le [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|Vote a commencé sur SecurePoll]]'' le 7 mars 2022 et se terminera le 21 mars 2022. [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information|Pour en savoir plus et lire les conditions d'éligibilité]]. Le Code de Conduite Universel (UCoC) établit une base de conduites acceptables au sein de l'ensemble du mouvement. Les directives d'application révisées ont été publiées le 24 janvier 2022 comme une proposition de manière d'appliquer le texte au sein du mouvement. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Project|Pour en savoir plus sur le projet UCoC]]. Vous pouvez également faire vos commentaires dans la langue de votre choix sur les pages de discussion Meta-wiki de l'UCoC ou contacter l'équipe par courriel : ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org Bien à vous, L'équipe Stratégie et Gouvernance du Mouvement Wikimedia Foundation<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe (WMF)|MPossoupe (WMF)]] 8 MBooy 2022 à 00:44 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/fr&oldid=22796832 --> == Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 ends tomorrow == [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|frameless|180px]] International photographic contest [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022| Wiki Loves Folklore 2022]] ends on 15th March 2022 23:59:59 UTC. This is the last chance of the year to upload images about local folk culture, festival, cuisine, costume, folklore etc on Wikimedia Commons. Watch out our social media handles for regular updates and declaration of Winners. ([https://www.facebook.com/WikiLovesFolklore/ Facebook] , [https://twitter.com/WikiFolklore Twitter ] , [https://www.instagram.com/wikilovesfolklore/ Instagram]) The writing competition Feminism and Folklore will run till 31st of March 2022 23:59:59 UTC. Write about your local folk tradition, women, folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, folk games, folk cuisine, folk wear, folklore, and tradition, including ballads, folktales, fairy tales, legends, traditional song and dance, folk plays, games, seasonal events, calendar customs, folk arts, folk religion, mythology etc. on your local Wikipedia. Check if your [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022/Project Page|local Wikipedia is participating]] A special competition called '''Wiki Loves Falles''' is organised in Spain and the world during 15th March 2022 till 15th April 2022 to document local folk culture and [[:en:Falles|Falles]] in Valencia, Spain. Learn more about it on [[:ca:Viquiprojecte:Falles 2022|Catalan Wikipedia project page]]. We look forward for your immense co-operation. Thanks Wiki Loves Folklore international Team [[Utilisateur:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Discussion utilisateur:MediaWiki message delivery|yeewtu]]) 14 MBooy 2022 à 14:40 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:Rockpeterson@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=22754428 --> == <span lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Groupe de travail sur le développement du leadership : Candidatez pour rejoindre (du 14 mars au 10 avril 2022)</span> == <div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement|Ce message est également traduit dans d'autres langues sur Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Bonjour, Merci à tous ceux et toutes celles qui ont participé à l'appel à commentaires sur l'initiative [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group|groupe de travail sur le développement du leadership]]. Un [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate#5. Summary of Call for Feedback|résumé des commentaires]] est disponible sur Meta-wiki. Ces commentaires seront partagés avec le groupe de travail pour éclairer son travail. La période de candidature pour rejoindre le groupe de travail est maintenant ouverte et se terminera le 10 avril 2022. Veuillez [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership_Development_Working_Group/Purpose_and_Structure#3._How_is_the_working_group_formed_and_structured?|relire les informations sur le groupe de travail]], partager avec les membres de la communauté qui pourraient être intéressés, et '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership_Development_Working_Group/Participate#1._How_to_participate|candidatez si vous êtes intéressé.e]]'''. Merci, De l'équipe développement communautaire<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe (WMF)|MPossoupe (WMF)]] 16 MBooy 2022 à 16:56 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/fr&oldid=23008845 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2022 ends soon == [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2022 logo.svg|right|frameless|250px]] [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|Feminism and Folklore 2022]] which is an international writing contest organized at Wikipedia ends soon that is on <b>31 March 2022 11:59 UTC</b>. This is the last chance of the year to write about feminism, women biographies and gender-focused topics such as <i>folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, folk games, folk cuisine, folk wear, fairy tales, folk plays, folk arts, folk religion, mythology, folk artists, folk dancers, folk singers, folk musicians, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales and more</i> Keep an eye on the project page for declaration of Winners. We look forward for your immense co-operation. Thanks Wiki Loves Folklore international Team [[Utilisateur:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Discussion utilisateur:MediaWiki message delivery|yeewtu]]) 26 MBooy 2022 à 14:28 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:Rockpeterson@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Rockpeterson/fnf&oldid=23060054 --> == <span lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Résultats du vote de ratification des directives d'application du Code de Conduite Universel</span> == <div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Results/Announcement|Ce message est également traduit dans d'autres langues sur Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Results/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Results/Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' L'équipe "Trust and Safety Policy" a publié les résultats du vote de ratification des directives d'application du Code de Conduite Universel. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Results| ''Voir les résultats et en lire plus sur Meta-wiki.'']]. Les [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/UCoC_Phase_2_Ratification_Results_Announcement|prochaines étapes]] sont également annoncées sur Meta-wiki.<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe (WMF)|MPossoupe (WMF)]] 6 Seeɗto 2022 à 16:20 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/fr&oldid=23008845 --> == <span lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Nouvelles de la Stratégie et de la Gouvernance du Mouvement – Numéro 6</span> == <div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="ucoc-newsletter"/> <div style = "line-height: 1.2"> <span style="font-size:200%;">'''Nouvelles de la Stratégie et de la Gouvernance du Mouvement'''</span><br> <span style="font-size:120%; color:#404040;">'''Numéro 6, avril 2022'''</span><span style="font-size:120%; float:right;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6|'''Lire le bulletin complet''']]</span> ---- Bienvenue au sixième numéro des Nouvelles de la Stratégie et de la Gouvernance du Mouvement (anciennement connues sous le nom de Nouvelles du Code de Conduite Universel) ! Ce bulletin d'information révisé diffuse des nouvelles et des événements pertinents concernant la Charte du Mouvement, le Code de Conduite Universel, les subventions d'implémentation de la Stratégie du Mouvement, les élections du Conseil d'administration et d'autres sujets relatifs à la Stratégie et la Gouvernance du Mouvement. Cette lettre d'information sera distribuée tous les 3 mois, tandis que des mises à jour plus fréquentes seront également envoyées aux abonné.es toutes les semaines. N'oubliez pas de vous abonner [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/MSG Newsletter Subscription|ici]] si vous souhaitez recevoir ces mises à jour. </div><div style="margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;"> *'''Développement du leadership -''' Un groupe de travail est en train de se former ! - Les candidatures pour rejoindre le groupe de travail sur le développement du leadership ont été clôturées le 10 avril 2022. Jusqu'à 12 membres de la communauté seront sélectionnés pour participer au groupe de travail. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A1|continuer la lecture]]) *'''Les résultats de la ratification du Code de conduite universel sont connus ! -''' Le processus global de décision de l'application du code de conduite universel via SecurePoll s'est déroulé du 7 au 21 mars. Plus de 2 300 électeurs éligibles, issus d'au moins 128 projets différents, ont fait part de leur avis et de leurs commentaires. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A2|continuer la lecture]]) *'''Discussions sur les Hubs-''' L'événement "Global Conversation" sur les Hubs régionaux et thématiques a eu lieu le samedi 12 mars. 84 Wikimédiens et wikimédiennes venant de tout le mouvement y ont participé. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A3|continuer la lecture]]) *'''Les subventions pour la stratégie du mouvement restent ouvertes ! -''' Depuis le début de l'année, six propositions d'une valeur totale d'environ 80 000 USD ont été approuvées. Vous avez une idée de projet sur la stratégie du mouvement ? N'hésitez pas à nous contacter ! ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A4|continuer la lecture]]) *'''Le Comité de rédaction de la Charte du Mouvement est prêt ! -''' Le Comité de quinze membres qui a été élu en octobre 2021, s'est mis d'accord sur les valeurs et les méthodes essentielles de son travail, et a commencé à créer les grandes lignes du projet de Charte du Mouvement. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A5|continuer la lecture]]) *'''Présentation du "Bulletin hebdomadaire sur la Stratégie du Mouvement" -''' Contribuez et abonnez-vous ! - L'équipe MSG vient de lancer le portail des mises à jour, qui est connecté aux différentes pages de la Stratégie du Mouvement sur Meta-wiki. Abonnez-vous pour recevoir les dernières nouvelles sur les différents projets en cours. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A6|continuer la lecture]]) *'''Blogs Diff -'''. Consultez les publications les plus récentes sur la Stratégie du Mouvement sur Wikimedia Diff. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A7|continuer la lecture]]) </div><section end="ucoc-newsletter"/> </div> [[User:MPossoupe (WMF)|MPossoupe (WMF)]] 13 Seeɗto 2022 à 17:04 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/fr&oldid=23008845 --> == <span lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Participez aux conversations publiques sur le Plan annuel de la Wikimedia Foundation avec Maryana Iskander</span> == <div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2022-2023/Conversations/Announcement|''Vous trouverez ce message traduit dans d’autres langues sur Meta-Wiki.'']] :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2022-2023/Conversations/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2022-2023/Conversations/Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Bonjour, Les équipes [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Communications|Communication interne]] et [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance|Stratégie et gouvernance du mouvement]] vous invite à discuter du '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2022-2023/draft|Projet annuel 2022–23 de Wikimedia Foundation]]''', un document définissant le travail à faire pour la Wikimedia Foundation. Ces conversations publiques s’inscrivent dans [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Chief Executive Officer/Maryana’s Listening Tour|la « tournée d’écoute » de la directrice générale de la Wikimedia Foundation]], [[m:User:MIskander-WMF|Maryana Iskander]]. Les conversations publiques portent sur les points suivants : * La [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia 2030|Stratégie 2030 du mouvement Wikimedia]] définit nos orientations vers la « connaissance comme service » et « l’équité des connaissances ». La Wikimedia Foundation veut définir son projet selon ces deux objectifs. Comment, selon-vous, la Wikimedia Foundation doit-elle les appliquer à notre travail ? * La Wikimedia Foundation continue d’étudier la meilleure manière de travailler au niveau régional. Notre régionalisation s’est accentuée dans des domaines tels que les subventions, les nouvelles fonctionnalités et les consultations communautaires. Qu’est-ce qui fonctionne bien ? Qu’est-ce que nous pouvons améliorer ? * Tout le monde peut contribuer au processus de la Stratégie du mouvement. Mettons en commun nos activités, idées, demandes et les leçons que nous avons appris. Comment la Wikimedia Foundation peut-elle soutenir davantage les bénévoles et organisations affiliées qui travaillent sur la Stratégie du mouvement ? Vous pouvez consulter [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2022-2023/draft/Your Input|'''le calendrier des visioconférences sur Meta-Wiki''']]. Les informations seront disponibles dans plusieurs langues. Chaque visioconférence sera ouverte à toutes celles-et-ceux qui le souhaitent. Une interprétation en direct sera disponible pour certaines visioconférences. Bien cordialement,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe (WMF)|MPossoupe (WMF)]] 20 Seeɗto 2022 à 07:26 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/fr&oldid=23008845 --> == <span lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Les prochaines étapes du processus du Code de Conduite Universel (UCoC) et de ses directives d'application.</span> == <div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard/April 2022 - Board of Trustees on Next steps: Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) and UCoC Enforcement Guidelines|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard/April 2022 - Board of Trustees on Next steps: Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) and UCoC Enforcement Guidelines}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Le comité des Affaires Communautaires du conseil d'administration de la Wikimedia Foundation souhaite remercier tous ceux et celles qui ont participé au vote de la communauté sur les directives d'application du Code de Conduite Universel (UCoC). Le groupe de scrutateurs bénévoles a terminé la vérification de l'exactitude du vote et a indiqué que le nombre total de votes reçus était de 2 283. Sur les 2 283 votes reçus, un total de 1 338 (58,6 %) membres de la communauté ont voté pour les directives d'application et un total de 945 (41,4 %) membres de la communauté ont voté contre. En outre, 658 participants ont laissé des commentaires, dont 77 % étaient rédigés en anglais. Nous reconnaissons et apprécions la passion et l'engagement dont les membres de la communauté ont fait preuve pour créer une culture sûre et accueillante qui met fin aux comportements hostiles et toxiques, soutient les personnes visées par ces comportements et encourage les personnes de bonne foi à être productives sur les projets Wikimedia. Même à ce stade où le processus n'est pas encore achevé, cela est évident dans les commentaires reçus. Bien que les directives d'application aient atteint le seuil de soutien nécessaire pour que le conseil d'administration les examine, nous avons encouragé les électeurs, quel que soit leur vote, à faire part de leurs commentaires sur les éléments des directives d'application qui, selon eux, devaient être modifiés ou corrigés, ainsi que sur les raisons de ces modifications, au cas où il semblerait judicieux de lancer une nouvelle série de modifications qui répondraient aux préoccupations de la communauté. Le personnel de la Fondation qui a passé en revue les commentaires, nous a informés de certains des thèmes émergents, et en conséquence, nous avons décidé, en tant que Comité des Affaires Communautaires, de demander à la Fondation de reconvoquer le comité de rédaction et d'entreprendre un autre engagement communautaire pour affiner les directives d'application sur la base des commentaires de la communauté reçus lors du vote qui vient de se terminer. Pour plus de clarté, ces commentaires ont été regroupés en 4 sections comme suit : # Identifier le type, le but et l'applicabilité de la formation ; # Simplifier la langue pour faciliter la traduction et la compréhension par les non-experts ; # Explorer le concept d'affirmation, y compris ses avantages et ses inconvénients ; # Revoir les rôles contradictoires de la vie privée/protection des victimes et du droit d'être entendu. D'autres questions peuvent émerger au cours des conversations, et en particulier au fur et à mesure de l'évolution du projet de directives d'application, mais nous considérons que ce sont les principaux domaines de préoccupation des électeurs, électrices et nous demandons au personnel de faciliter l'examen de ces questions. Après un engagement plus poussé, la Fondation devrait organiser à nouveau le vote de la communauté pour évaluer le projet de directives d'application remanié afin de voir si le nouveau document est alors prêt pour sa ratification officielle. De plus, nous sommes conscients des préoccupations relatives à la note 3.1 du Code de Conduite Universel. Nous demandons à la Fondation de faciliter la révision de cette note afin de s'assurer que le texte répond à ses objectifs de soutien à une communauté sûre et inclusive, sans attendre la révision prévue de l'ensemble du texte à la fin de l'année. Encore une fois, nous remercions toutes celles et tous ceux qui ont participé, qui ont réfléchi à ces enjeux cruciaux et difficiles et qui ont contribué à de meilleures approches dans l'ensemble du mouvement pour bien travailler ensemble. Bien à vous, Rosie Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight (she/her)<br /> Présidente par intérim du Comité des Affaires Communautaires <br /> Conseil d’administration de la Fondation Wikimédia<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe (WMF)|MPossoupe (WMF)]] 25 Seeɗto 2022 à 10:11 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/fr&oldid=23008845 --> == New Wikipedia Library Collections Available Now - April 2022 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL owl says sign up today!]] [[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] has free access to new paywalled reliable sources. You can these and dozens more collections at https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/: * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/128/ Wiley]''' – journals, books, and research resources, covering life, health, social, and physical sciences * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/125/ OECD]''' – OECD iLibrary, Data, and Multimedia​​ published by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/129/ SPIE Digital Library]''' – journals and eBooks on optics and photonics applied research Many other sources are freely available for experienced editors, including collections which recently became accessible to all eligible editors: Cambridge University Press, BMJ, AAAS, Érudit and more. Do better research and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: log in today! <br>--The Wikipedia Library Team 26 Seeɗto 2022 à 13:16 (UTC) :<small>This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].</small> </div> <!-- Message envoyé par User:Samwalton9@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=23036656 --> == <span lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Appel à candidatures pour les élections 2022 du conseil d'administration</span> == <div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Call for Candidates/Short|Ce message est également traduit dans d'autres langues sur Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Call for Candidates/Short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Call for Candidates/Short}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Bonjour, Les candidatures pour l'élection de nouveaux administrateurs et de nouvelles administratrices au conseil d'administration de la Wikimedia foundation sont ouvertes. Cette année, 2 administrateurs.trices seront élu.es. C'est l'occasion d'améliorer la représentativité, la diversité et l'expertise au sein du Conseil. Les sièges à pourvoir cette année ont été précédemment [[m:Affiliate-selected Board seats/2019|sélectionnés par les affiliés]]. Cette année, une méthode différente sera utilisée : # Les candidats et candidates soumettent leur candidature avant le 9 mai ; ce délai peut être légèrement prolongé. # Tout membre de la communauté peut se présenter s'il remplit les conditions décrites [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Apply to be a Candidate|ici.]] # Les affiliés votent pour retenir six (6) noms à partir de la liste. # Chaque affilié dispose d'une voix. Le vote des affiliés devrait avoir lieu au début du mois de juillet. # La communauté vote pour élire deux des six candidat.es présélectionné.es. # Le vote de la communauté doit commencer le 15 août et se terminer le 29 août. # Le conseil d'administration nommera les deux candidat.es nouvellement élu.es. # Cette dernière étape, qui conclura le processus électoral, devrait avoir lieu au début du mois d'octobre 2022. Vous connaissez une candidate potentielle ou un candidat potentiel ? Encouragez-les à se présenter ! Vous êtes une candidate potentielle ou un candidat potentiel ? N'hésitez pas à candidater ! Plus de détails sur cette [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Apply_to_be_a_Candidate|page Meta-wiki]] Merci pour votre soutien ! L'équipe Stratégie et Gouvernance du mouvement au nom du comité des élections et du conseil d'administration.<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe (WMF)|MPossoupe (WMF)]] 26 Seeɗto 2022 à 16:42 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/fr&oldid=23008845 --> == Parlons des améliorations de l'interface ordinateur == [[File:New table of contents shown on English wikipedia.png|thumb]] Bonjour ! Avez-vous remarqué que certains wikis ont une interface pour ordinateur différente ? Vous êtes curieux de connaître les prochaines étapes ? Vous avez peut-être des questions ou des idées concernant le design ou les aspects techniques ? Participez à une réunion en ligne avec l'équipe qui travaille aux [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|améliorations de l'interface pour ordinateur de bureau]] ! La rencontre aura lieu le '''29 avril 2022 à [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20220429T1300 13:00] et [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20220429T1800 18:00 UTC]''' sur Zoom et aura une durée d'une heure. '''[https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/88045453898 Cliquez ici pour vous inscrire]'''. ID de la réunion : 88045453898. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/u/kcOMICmyyA Numéros de téléphone locaux]. '''Ordre du jour''' * Point d’information sur les développements récents * Questions et réponses, discussion '''Format''' La réunion ne sera ni enregistrée ni diffusée. Les notes seront prises dans un [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1G4tfss-JBVxyZMxGlOj5MCBhOO-0sLekquFoa2XiQb8/edit# fichier Google Docs]. Cette réunion sera animée par [[mw:User:OVasileva_(WMF)|Olga Vasileva]] (la chef d'équipe). La partie de présentation sera en langue anglaise. Nous pouvons répondre aux questions posées en français, italien (seulement à 18:00 UTC), anglais et polonais (aux deux réunions). Si vous préférez poser vos questions en avance, ajoutez-les dans la [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|page de discussion]] ou envoyez-les à sgrabarczuk@wikimedia.org. Lors de cette réunion, la [[foundation:Friendly_space_policy|Politique des Espaces Conviviaux]] et le [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Code_of_Conduct|Code de Conduite]] pour les Espaces Techniques Wikimédia s'appliquent. Zoom n'est pas soumis à la [[foundation:Privacy_policy|Politique de confidentialité de WMF]]. Nous espérons vous voir ! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|discuter]]) 27 Seeɗto 2022 à 13:12 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Francophones&oldid=20689614 --> == Coming soon: Improvements for templates == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <!--T:11--> [[File:Overview of changes in the VisualEditor template dialog by WMDE Technical Wishes.webm|thumb|Fundamental changes in the template dialog.]] Hello, more changes around templates are coming to your wiki soon: The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|'''template dialog''' in VisualEditor]] and in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 Wikitext Editor]] (beta) will be '''improved fundamentally''': This should help users understand better what the template expects, how to navigate the template, and how to add parameters. * [[metawiki:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|project page]], [[metawiki:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|talk page]] In '''syntax highlighting''' ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] extension), you can activate a '''colorblind-friendly''' color scheme with a user setting. * [[metawiki:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting#Color-blind_mode|project page]], [[metawiki:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting|talk page]] Deployment is planned for May 10. This is the last set of improvements from [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes']] focus area “[[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|Templates]]”. We would love to hear your feedback on our talk pages! </div> -- [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] 29 Seeɗto 2022 à 11:13 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=23222263 --> == <span lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Édition de l’actualité 2022 n°1</span> == <div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="message"/><i>[[metawiki:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2022/April|Lire dans une autre langue]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Liste d’abonnement à cette lettre d’information multilingue]]</i> [[File:Junior Contributor New Topic Tool Completion Rate.png|thumb|Les nouveaux éditeurs ont eu plus de succès avec ce nouvel outil.]] L'[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New discussion tool|outil de Nouveau thème]] aide des éditeurs à créer de nouvelles ==sections== dans des pages de discussion. Les nouveaux éditeurs ont eu plus de succès avec ce nouvel outil. Vous pouvez [[mw:Talk pages project/New topic#21 April 2022|lire le rapport]]. Bientôt, l'équipe d'édition l'offrira à tous les éditeurs des 20 Wikipedias qui ont participé au test. Vous pourrez le désactiver sur [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion]].<section end="message"/> </div> [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] 2 Duujal 2022 à 18:54 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=22019984 --> == Appel à bénévoles des élections == <div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <languages/> Bonjour, L'équipe Stratégie et gouvernance du mouvement recherche des membres de la communauté pour servir de bénévoles des élections lors de la prochaine élection du conseil d'administration. Le programme de bénévoles des élections a commencé en 2021 lors de l'élection du conseil d'administration de la Wikimedia Foundation. Ce programme s'est avéré être un succès. Avec l'aide des bénévoles des élections, nous avons pu augmenter la sensibilisation et la participation à l'élection de 1 753 électeurs par rapport à 2017. Le taux de participation global était de 10,13 %, soit 1,1 point de pourcentage de plus, et 214 wikis étaient représentés lors de l'élection. Mais un total de 74 wikis qui n'ont pas participé en 2017 ont voté à l'élection de 2021. Pouvez-vous aider à améliorer la participation lors des élections de cette année ? Les bénévoles des élections apporteront leur aide dans les domaines suivants : * Traduire des messages courts et annoncer le processus électoral en cours dans les canaux communautaires. * Facultatif : Suivre les canaux de communication communautaires pour recueillir les commentaires et les questions de la communauté Les bénévoles doivent : * Maintenir la politique de l'espace convivial pendant les conversations et les événements. * Présenter les directives et les informations de vote à la communauté de manière neutre. Voulez-vous être un bénévole électoral et faire en sorte que votre communauté soit représentée lors du vote ? Inscrivez-vous sur [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Election Volunteers/About|cette page Meta-wiki]] pour recevoir des mises à jour. Vous pouvez utiliser [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Movement Strategy and Governance/Election Volunteers/About|la page de discussions]] pour toute question concernant les traductions. Bien à vous, </div> [[User:MPossoupe (WMF)|MPossoupe (WMF)]] 3 Duujal 2022 à 06:33 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/fr&oldid=23008845 --> == <span lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Rapport sur les commentaires des électeurs et électrices concernant la ratification des directives d'application du Code de Conduite Universel (UCoC)</span> == <div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Report/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Report/Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Bonjour, L'équipe du projet UCoC a terminé l'analyse des commentaires accompagnant le vote de ratification des directives d'application du code de conduite universel. Après l'achèvement de la rédaction des directives d'application de l'UCoC en 2022, celles-ci ont été soumises au vote de la communauté wikimédienne. Les votes provenaient de 137 communautés, les 9 premières communautés étant : Wikipédia en anglais, allemand, français, russe, polonais, espagnol, chinois, japonais, italien et Meta-wiki. Les votant.es ont eu la possibilité de faire des commentaires sur le contenu du projet de document. 658 participant.es ont laissé des commentaires. 77% des commentaires sont rédigés en anglais. Les votant.es ont exprimé leurs opinions dans 24 langues, les plus nombreuses étant l'anglais (508), l'allemand (34), le japonais (28), le français (25) et le russe (12). Un rapport sera envoyé au comité de rédaction chargé de la révision qui affinera les directives d'application sur la base des commentaires de la communauté reçus lors du vote qui vient de se terminer. Une version publique du rapport est [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Report|'''publiée en plusieurs langues sur Meta-wiki ici''']]. {{int:please-translate}} Encore une fois, nous remercions toutes celles et tous ceux qui ont participé au vote et aux discussions. Nous invitons tout le monde à contribuer lors des prochaines discussions communautaires. Plus d'informations sur le Code de Conduite Universel et les directives d'application peuvent être trouvées [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Project|sur Meta-wiki]]. Au nom de l'équipe projet UCoC<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe (WMF)|MPossoupe (WMF)]] 23 Duujal 2022 à 15:41 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/fr&oldid=23008845 --> == <span lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Révisions des directives d'application du Code de conduite universel (UCoC)</span> == <div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Revision discussions/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Revision discussions/Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Bonjour, Après le vote de la communauté sur les directives d'application de l'UCoC en mars, le [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Comité des affaires communautaires (CAC)]] du Conseil [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JAYQN3NYKCHQHONMUONYTI6WRKZFQNSC/ a demandé que plusieurs points des directives soient revus pour être améliorés] avant que le Conseil ne procède à son examen final. Ces points ont été identifiés sur la base des discussions communautaires et des commentaires fournis lors du vote. Le CAC a également demandé la révision de la note controversée de la section 3.1 de l'UCoC. Une fois de plus, un grand merci à toutes les personnes qui ont voté, en particulier à celles qui ont fait des commentaires constructifs et des remarques ! L'équipe travaille avec le conseil d'administration pour établir un calendrier pour ce travail, et le communiquera le mois prochain. Les membres des deux précédents [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee|comités de rédaction de l'UCoC]] ont généreusement offert leur temps pour contribuer à l'amélioration des directives. Vous pouvez en savoir plus sur eux et leur travail [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee#Revisions_Committee|ici]], et lire les [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Drafting_committee/Phase_2_meeting_summaries#2022|résumés de leurs réunions hebdomadaires de cette année]]. Les membres de la communauté ont fait de nombreux commentaires précieux lors du vote et dans d'autres conversations. Étant donné la taille et la diversité de la communauté Wikimedia, il y a encore plus de voix qui peuvent donner des idées sur la façon d'améliorer les directives d'application et ajouter des idées encore plus précieuses au processus. Afin d'aider le comité de révision à identifier les améliorations à apporter, nous vous demandons de répondre à plusieurs questions qui seront soumises à l'examen du comité. Visitez les pages Meta-wiki ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Revision_discussions|Discussions sur la révision des directives d'application]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Policy text/Revision_discussions|Discussions sur la révision du texte de l'UcoC]]) pour faire part de vos idées au comité. Il est très important que les points de vue des différentes communautés soient entendus avant que le comité ne commence à rédiger des propositions de révision. Au nom de l'équipe du projet UCoC <br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe (WMF)|MPossoupe (WMF)]] 6 Korse 2022 à 17:24 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/fr&oldid=23008845 --> == Results of Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 is out! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hi, Greetings The winners for '''[[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022|Wiki Loves Folklore 2022]]''' is announced! We are happy to share with you winning images for this year's edition. This year saw over 8,584 images represented on commons in over 92 countries. Kindly see images '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Winners|here]]''' Our profound gratitude to all the people who participated and organized local contests and photo walks for this project. We hope to have you contribute to the campaign next year. '''Thank you,''' '''Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' --[[Utilisateur:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Discussion utilisateur:MediaWiki message delivery|yeewtu]]) 4 Morso 2022 à 16:12 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message envoyé par User:Tiven2240@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=23454230 --> == <span lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Proposez des déclarations pour la boussole électorale 2022</span> == <div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass| Ce message est également traduit dans d'autres langues sur Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Bonjour, Dans le cadre des [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|élections 2022 du conseil d'administration,]] des volontaires sont [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass|invités à proposer des déclarations à utiliser dans la boussole électorale]]. Une boussole électorale est un outil destiné à aider les électrices et les électeurs à choisir les candidates et les candidats qui correspondent le mieux à leurs convictions et à leurs opinions. Les membres de la communauté proposeront des déclarations auxquelles les candidates et les candidats devront répondre en utilisant une échelle de Lickert (d'accord/neutre/désaccord). Les réponses des candidats aux déclarations seront chargées dans l'outil Boussole électorale. Les électrices et électeurs utiliseront l'outil en entrant leur réponse aux déclarations (d'accord/désaccord/neutre). Les résultats montreront les candidates et les candidats qui correspondent le mieux aux croyances et aux opinions de l'électeur ou de l'électrice. Pour proposer une déclaration, il suffit d'accéder à [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass/Statements|cette page Meta-wiki]]. Les 15 meilleures déclarations seront sélectionnées par le comité des élections au début du mois d'août. Voici le calendrier : * Du 8 au 20 juillet : les volontaires proposent des déclarations pour la boussole électorale. * Du 21 au 22 juillet : le comité des élections vérifie que les déclarations sont claires et supprime les déclarations hors sujet. * Du 23 juillet au 1er août : les volontaires votent les déclarations. * Du 2 au 4 août : le comité des élections sélectionne les 15 meilleures déclarations. * Du 5 au 12 août : les candidates et candidats se positionnent par rapport aux déclarations. * 15 août : ouverture de la boussole électorale afin que les électrices et électeurs puissent l'utiliser pour orienter leur décision de vote. Le comité des élections supervisera le processus, avec le soutien de l'équipe Stratégie et Gouvernance du Mouvement. Elle vérifiera que les déclarations sont claires, qu'il n'y a pas de doublons, pas de fautes de frappe, etc. Bien à vous, L'équipe Stratégie et Gouvernance du Mouvement ''Ce message a été envoyé au nom du groupe de travail pour la sélection des membres du conseil d'administration et du comité des élections''.<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe (WMF)|MPossoupe (WMF)]] 11 Morso 2022 à 16:02 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/fr&oldid=23008845 --> == <span lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Découvrez les 6 candidat.es présectionné.es pour l'élection 2022 du conseil d'administration de la Wikimedia Foundation</span> == <div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content"/> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election| Ce message est également traduit dans d'autres langues sur Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Bonjour, '''Le processus de vote des affiliés est terminé.''' Les représentant.es de chaque organisation affiliée se sont renseigné.es sur les candidat.es en lisant leurs déclarations, en examinant leurs réponses aux questions et en tenant compte de l'évaluation des candidat.es fournie par le comité d'analyse. Les candidat.es sélectionné.es pour le Conseil d'administration 2022 sont : * Tobechukwu Precious Friday ([[User:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]]) * Farah Jack Mustaklem ([[User:Fjmustak|Fjmustak]]) * Shani Evenstein Sigalov ([[User:Esh77|Esh77]]) * Kunal Mehta ([[User:Legoktm|Legoktm]]) * Michał Buczyński ([[User:Aegis Maelstrom|Aegis Maelstrom]]) * Mike Peel ([[User:Mike Peel|Mike Peel]]) Plus d'informations sur les [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Results|Résultats]] et les [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Stats|statistiques]] de cette élection du Conseil d'administration. Nous remercions les représentant.es des affiliés et les membres du comité d'analyse pour leur participation à ce processus et pour avoir contribué à accroître la capacité et la diversité du conseil d'administration. Ces heures de travail bénévole nous permettent de mieux comprendre et de mieux appréhender les choses. Nous vous remercions de votre participation. Merci aux membres de la communauté qui se sont portés candidats au conseil d'administration. Envisager de rejoindre le conseil d'administration n'est pas une décision anodine. Le temps et le dévouement dont les candidats et candidates ont fait preuve jusqu'à présent témoignent de leur engagement envers ce mouvement. Félicitations aux candidat.es qui ont été sélectionné.es. Beaucoup de reconnaissance et de gratitude pour les candidat.es non sélectionné.es. Veuillez continuer à partager votre leadership avec le mouvement Wikimedia. Merci à celles et ceux qui ont suivi le processus des affiliés lors de cette élection du Conseil. Vous pouvez consulter les résultats du processus de sélection des affiliés. '''La prochaine étape du processus de l'élection du conseil d'administration est la période de vote de la communauté.''' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022#Timeline|Vous pouvez consulter le calendrier des élections du conseil d'administration ici]]. Pour vous préparer à la période de vote de la communauté, il y a plusieurs choses que les membres de la communauté sont invités à faire : * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|Lire les déclarations des candidat.es]] et lire les réponses des candidat.es aux questions posées par les représentant.es des affiliés. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Questions_for_Candidates|Proposer et sélectionner les 6 questions auxquelles les candidats et candidates devront répondre dans leurs vidéos Questions & Réponses]]. * Voir l'[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|évaluation des candidats par le comité d'analyse sur la base de la déclaration de leurs déclarations]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Community Voting/Election Compass|Proposer des déclarations pour la boussole électorale]] que les électeur.trices peuvent utiliser pour identifier les candidat.e.s qui correspondent le mieux à leurs principes. * Encourager d'autres personnes de votre communauté à participer à l'élection. Bien à vous, Stratégie et Gouvernance du Mouvement ''Ce message a été envoyé au nom du groupe de travail sur la sélection des membres du conseil d'administration et du comité des élections'' </div><section end="announcement-content"/> </div> [[User:MPossoupe (WMF)|MPossoupe (WMF)]] 21 Morso 2022 à 13:53 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/fr&oldid=23008845 --> == <span lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Nouvelles de la Stratégie et de la Gouvernance du Mouvement – Numéro 7</span> == <div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="msg-newsletter"/> <div style = "line-height: 1.2"> <span style="font-size:200%;">'''Nouvelles de la Stratégie et de la Gouvernance du Mouvement'''</span><br> <span style="font-size:120%; color:#404040;">'''Numéro 7 - juillet-septembre 2022'''</span><span style="font-size:120%; float:right;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7|'''Lire le bulletin complet''']]</span> ---- Bienvenue au 7ème numéro des Nouvelles de la stratégie et de la gouvernance du mouvement ! Cette lettre d'information diffuse des nouvelles et des événements pertinents concernant la mise en œuvre des [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives|Recommandations de la stratégie du mouvement]] Wikimedia, d'autres sujets pertinents concernant la gouvernance du mouvement, ainsi que différents projets et activités soutenus par l'équipe Stratégie et Gouvernance du Mouvement (MSG) de la Wikimedia Foundation. La lettre d'information MSG est diffusée tous les trimestres, tandis que la [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Updates|"Movement Strategy Weekly"]], plus régulière, sera diffusée chaque semaine. N'oubliez pas de vous abonner [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/MSG Newsletter Subscription|ici]] si vous souhaitez recevoir les prochains numéros de cette lettre d'information. </div><div style="margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;"> * '''Accroître la pérennité de notre mouvement''' : Le rapport annuel sur la durabilité de la Wikimedia Foundation a été publié. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A1|continuer la lecture]]) * '''Améliorer l'expérience utilisateur''' : améliorations récentes de l'interface bureau pour les projets Wikimedia. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A2|continuer la lecture]]) * '''Garantir sécurité et inclusion''' : mise à jour du processus de révision des directives d'application du code de conduite universel. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A3|continuer la lecture]]) * '''Assurer l'équité dans la prise de décision''' : rapports des conversations des Hubs pilotes, progrès récents du Comité de rédaction de la Charte du mouvement, et un nouveau livre blanc pour le futur de la participation au sein mouvement Wikimedia. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A4|continuer la lecture]]) * '''Se coordonner entre parties prenantes''' : lancement d'un service d'aide pour les affiliés et les communautés de volontaires travaillant sur le partenariat de contenu. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A5|continuer la lecture]]) * '''Développement du leadership''' : mises à jour sur les projets de leadership des organisateurs et organisatrices du mouvement Wikimedia au Brésil et au Cap-Vert. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A6|continuer la lecture]]) * '''Gérer notre savoir interne''' : lancement d'un nouveau portail de documentation technique et de ressources communautaires. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A7|continuer la lecture]]) * '''Innover dans la connaissance libre''' : des ressources audiovisuelles de haute qualité pour les expériences scientifiques et une nouvelle boîte à outils pour enregistrer les transcriptions orales. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A8|continuer la lecture]]) * '''Evaluer, itérer et adapter''' : résultats du projet pilote Equity Landscape ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A9|continuer la lecture]]) * '''Autres nouvelles et mises à jour''' : un nouveau forum pour discuter de la mise en œuvre de la stratégie de mouvement, la prochaine élection du conseil d'administration de la Wikimedia Foundation, un nouveau podcast pour discuter de la stratégie du mouvement, et un changement de personnel pour l'équipe Stratégie et Gouvernance du Mouvement de la fondation. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A10|continuer la lecture]]) </div><section end="msg-newsletter"/> </div> [[User:MPossoupe (WMF)|MPossoupe (WMF)]] 25 Morso 2022 à 09:33 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/fr&oldid=23008845 --> == French fallback == The fallback language for this wiki is French. This means that things that are not translated into Fula are shown in French, rather than English. This was done in 2007 after [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T13266 a request] from the user Kasper Souren. I don't think that it was discussed much more than that. Fula is spoken in some French-speaking countries, but it's also spoken in English-speaking countries like Nigeria, Gambia, and others. Therefore, I'm not sure that it's good to show French to everyone. Should this configuration be removed, so that untranslated things are shown in English? [[Utilisateur:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[Discussion utilisateur:Amire80|yeewtu]]) 10 Juko 2022 à 12:37 (UTC) :Hello, :Currently, majority of the active Fula editors on Fulfulde Wikipedia are from countries where English serve as the official language. So, we will really appreciate it if the fallback language can be change to English. [[Utilisateur:Musaddam Idriss|Musaddam Idriss]] ([[Discussion utilisateur:Musaddam Idriss|yeewtu]]) 10 Juko 2022 à 15:46 (UTC) I'm also of the opinion that the fallback language of Fulah Wikipedia be changed to English language due to the fact that we the editors understand English more than French. [[Utilisateur:Ibrahim442|Ibrahim442]] ([[Discussion utilisateur:Ibrahim442|yeewtu]]) 10 Juko 2022 à 16:01 (UTC) == Namespaces == Hi, The Wikipedia in this language doesn't have namespaces translations. If you give them here, I'll do it for you. See the explanations here: # [[:translatewiki:Translating:MediaWiki#Translating namespace names]] # [[:translatewiki:Translating:MediaWiki/Basic glossary]] Simply reply to this message with the translations, or fill the following table. I have put some guesses that I found in the current translations, but I'm really not sure that they are correct. Please delete the wrong ones and write the correct things. {| class="wikitable" ! English name !! French name !! Arabic name !! <span style="white-space: nowrap">↓ ''Fula translations'' ↓</span> |- | Media || Média || ميديا || Meja |- | Special || Spécial || خاص || Keeriiɗum |- | Talk || Discussion || نقاش || Yeewtere |- | User || Utilisateur || مستخدم || Kuutoro |- | User talk || Discussion utilisateur || نقاش المستخدم || Yeewtere kuutoro |- | ''Wikipedia'' talk || Discussion Wikipedia || نقاش ويكيبيديا || Yeewtere Wikipediya |- | File || Fichier || ملف || Filde |- | File talk || Discussion fichier || نقاش الملف ||Yeewtere filde |- | MediaWiki || MediaWiki || ميدياويكي || MejaajeWiki |- | MediaWiki talk || Discussion MediaWiki || نقاش ميدياويكي || Yeewtere MejaajeWiki |- | Template || Modèle || قالب || Tiimtorde |- | Template talk || Discussion modèle || نقاش القالب || Yeewtere Tiimtorde |- | Help || Aide || مساعدة || Ballal |- | Help talk || Discussion aide || نقاش المساعدة || Yeewtere ballal |- | Category || Catégorie || تصنيف || Fedde |- | Category talk || Discussion catégorie || نقاش التصنيف || Yeewtere fedde |- | Module || Module || وحدة || Toɓɓere |- | Module talk || Discussion module || نقاش الوحدة || Yeewtere toɓɓere |- | Gadget || Gadget || إضافة || Gollirɗe |- | Gadget talk || Discussion gadget || نقاش الإضافة || Yeewtere gollirɗe |} You may find some of these names in [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&group=mediawiki&language=ff&filter=translated&optional=1&action=page&uselang=ff the current interface translations]. Thank you! [[Utilisateur:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[Discussion utilisateur:Amire80|yeewtu]]) 11 Juko 2022 à 07:21 (UTC) :Hi @[[Utilisateur:Musaddam Idriss|Musaddam Idriss]], :Thanks for filling the table! :I have a few questions, however: :# Why is "Template talk" translated as "Deppe bolle"? I'd expect to have words that are similar to "Tiimtorde" and "yeewtere", but it's completely different. :# Why is the word "bolle" used for "talk" in "File talk", while the word "yeewtere" is used in most other places? :# The word "MediaWiki" is translated too strongly. It's a name, and it's ''probably'' supposed to remain the same, unless the spelling "MediaWiki" is completely unacceptable in your language. Can you please update the translations of "MediaWiki" and "MediaWiki talk" accordingly? :# Are you sure that "User" is "Kuutoro" and "User talk" is "Yeewtere kutirowoo"? Is the word for "User" supposed to be written differently when it's after "Yeewtere"? :# Are you sure that "Help" is "Ballital"? In translations on translatewiki, it's "Ballal". :# It's less important, but can you try adding the last for items, about modules and gadgets? :Thank you! [[Utilisateur:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[Discussion utilisateur:Amire80|yeewtu]]) 12 Juko 2022 à 14:01 (UTC) ::1. Many of these words are technological terms which we actually don't have them in Fulfulde language. If only my opinion counts, I would have preferred the existing word "Tiimtorde" but when I take it to other Fulah editors from my place, they tried to prefer "Doppe" instead which is why "bolle" become the right word to go along instead of "Yeewtere". ::2. Same applied to question 2 ::3. I did this by updating the above table ::4. That was a spelling mistake, I have corrected it too ::5. "Ballal" is the right word, it was my keypad's word auto completion setting that interfered on some of the spellings. ::6. We don't have them but will try to derived them to be used as for now. May be in the future someone will come and update them. ::Thank you for your time and support! [[Utilisateur:Musaddam Idriss|Musaddam Idriss]] ([[Discussion utilisateur:Musaddam Idriss|yeewtu]]) 15 Juko 2022 à 08:56 (UTC) == <span lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Report du vote de l'élection 2022 du conseil d'administration de la Wikimedia Foundation</span> == <div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Delay of Board of Trustees election| Ce message est également traduit dans d'autres langues sur Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Delay of Board of Trustees election|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Delay of Board of Trustees election}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Bonjour, Je vous informe aujourd'hui d'un changement dans le calendrier du vote pour l'élection du conseil d'administration. Comme beaucoup d'entre vous le savent déjà, nous proposons cette année une [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass|boussole électorale]] pour aider les électeurs et électrices à identifier le positionnement des personnes qui se sont portées candidates sur certains sujets clés. Plusieurs d'entre elles ont demandé une extension de la limite du nombre de caractères pour leurs réponses développant leurs positions, et le comité des élections a estimé que leur raisonnement était conforme aux objectifs d'un processus électoral juste et équitable. Pour garantir que les déclarations/affirmations les plus longues puissent être traduites à temps pour l'élection, le comité des élections et le groupe de travail pour la sélection des membres du conseil d'administration ont décidé de reporter d'une semaine l'ouverture du vote de l'élection du conseil d'administration - une période proposée comme idéale par l'équipe qui soutient l'élection. Bien que l'on ne s'attende pas à ce que tout le monde veuille utiliser la boussole électorale pour éclairer sa décision de vote, le comité des élections a estimé qu'il était plus approprié d'ouvrir la période de vote avec des traductions essentielles que les membres de la communauté, quelle que soit leur langue, pourront utiliser s'ils souhaitent prendre cette décision importante. Le vote sera ouvert le 23 août à 00:00 UTC et se terminera le 6 septembre à 23:59 UTC. Bien à vous, Matanya, de la part du comité des élections, <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe (WMF)|MPossoupe (WMF)]] 16 Juko 2022 à 12:54 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/fr&oldid=23008845 --> == Invitation à rejoindre le Forum de la Stratégie du Mouvement == Bonjour, Le [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/ Forum de la Stratégie du Mouvement (MS Forum)] est un espace collaboratif multilingue pour toutes les conversations sur la mise en œuvre de la Stratégie du Mouvement. Nous invitons toutes les personnes du Mouvement à collaborer sur le forum. Le but du forum est de construire une collaboration communautaire en utilisant une plateforme multilingue et inclusive. La [[m:Movement_Strategy|Stratégie du Mouvement]] est un effort de collaboration pour imaginer et construire l'avenir du Mouvement Wikimedia. Tout le monde peut contribuer à la Stratégie du mouvement, du simple commentaire au projet à part entière. [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/ Rejoignez] ce forum avec votre compte Wikimedia, participez aux conversations et posez des questions dans votre langue. L'équipe Stratégie et gouvernance du mouvement (MSG) a lancé la proposition pour ce Forum MS en mai. Après une période d'examen de deux mois, nous venons de publier le [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/ms-forum-community-review-report/1436 rapport] de la période de revue de la communauté. Il contient un résumé des discussions, des mesures et des informations sur les prochaines étapes. Hâte de vous voir sur le Forum ! Meilleures salutations, [[User:MPossoupe (WMF)|MPossoupe (WMF)]] 19 Juko 2022 à 18:24 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/fr&oldid=23008845 --> == <span lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Le vote de la communauté est maintenant ouvert - Élection 2022 du conseil d'administration de la Wikimedia Foundation</span> == <div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting period is now open| Ce message est également traduit dans d'autres langues sur Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting period is now open|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting period is now open}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Bonjour, La période de vote communautaire pour l'[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|élection 2022 du conseil d'administration]] est maintenant ouverte. Voici quelques liens utiles qui vous permettront de trouver les informations dont vous avez besoin pour voter : * Essayez la [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass|boussole électorale]], qui montre la position des candidats et candidates sur 15 sujets différents. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|Lisez les déclarations des candidats et candidates]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Affiliate_Organization_Participation/Candidate_Questions|ainsi que leurs réponses aux questions des affiliés]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Apply to be a Candidate|En savoir plus sur les compétences recherchées par le conseil d'administration]] et comment le [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|Comité d'analyse a trouvé que les candidats et candidates correspondent à ces compétences]]. Vous pouvez vous rendre sur [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_Elections_2022|SecurePoll]] pour voter dès maintenant. '''Vous pouvez voter du 23 août à 00h00 UTC au 06 septembre 2022 à 23h59 UTC'''. Pour connaître votre éligibilité au vote, veuillez consulter la page [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Voter_eligibility_guidelines|d'éligibilité au vote]]. Bien à vous, L'équipe Stratégie et Gouvernance du Mouvement ''Ce message a été envoyé au nom du groupe de travail pour la sélection des membres du conseil d'administration et du comité des élections''.<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]] 23 Juko 2022 à 08:25 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/fr&oldid=23008845 --> == <span lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> La période de vote de la communauté pour l'élection 2022 du conseil d'administration va bientôt se terminer</span> == <div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting is about to Close| Ce message est également traduit dans d'autres langues sur Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting about to Close|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting is about to Close}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Bonjour, La période de vote de la communauté pour l'élection 2022 du conseil d'administration de la Wikimedia Foundation a commencé le 23 août 2022 et se terminera le 6 septembre 2022 à 23h59 UTC. C'est encore le moment de participer à cette élection. Si vous n'avez pas encore voté, veuillez consulter la [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_Elections_2022|page de vote SecurePoll]] pour voter dès maintenant. Pour connaître votre éligibilité, veuillez visiter la [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Voter_eligibility_guidelines|page d'éligibilité]]. Si vous avez besoin d'aide pour prendre votre décision, voici quelques liens utiles : * Essayez la [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass|boussole électorale]], montrant comment les candidats se situent sur 15 sujets différents. * Lisez les [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|déclarations des candidats]] ainsi que [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Affiliate_Organization_Participation/Candidate_Questions|leurs réponses aux questions des affiliés]]. *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Apply to be a Candidate|En savoir plus sur les compétences recherchées par le Conseil]] et comment [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates| Le comité d'analyse a trouvé que les candidats correspondaient à ces compétences]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Campaign_Videos|Regardez les vidéos des candidats répondant aux questions proposées par la communauté]]. Bien à vous, L'équipe Stratégie et Gouvernance du Mouvement<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]]31 Juko 2022 à 14:58 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/fr&oldid=23708250 --> == Plus que quelques heures pour voter - élections 2022 du conseil d'administration de la Wikimedia Foundation == Bonjour, Encore quelques heures pour voter pour choisir les 2 nouveaux administrateurs ou nouvelles administratrices au conseil d'administration de la Wikimedia Foundation. Si vous n'avez pas encore voté, c'est le moment. Il suffit d'accéder à cette [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/393|page Meta-wiki]]. Voici quelques ressources pour vous aider à prendre votre décision : * Essayez la [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass|boussole électorale]], montrant comment les candidats se situent sur 15 sujets différents ; * Lisez les [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|professions de foi des candidats]] ainsi que [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Affiliate_Organization_Participation/Candidate_Questions|leurs réponses aux questions des affiliés]] ; * Informez-vous sur [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Apply to be a Candidate|les compétences recherchées par le Conseil]] et [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|l’évaluation de ces compétences chez les candidats par une commission dédiée]] ; * Regardez [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Campaign_Videos|les vidéos des candidats répondant aux questions posées par la communauté]]. Consultez [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Stats|la page des statistiques]] pour voir les chiffres du vote. Bien à vous, [[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]] 6 Siilto 2022 à 07:52 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/fr&oldid=23708250 --> == Version révisée des directives d’application du code de conduite universel (UCoC) == Bonjour, Le comité de révision des directives d'application du code de conduite universel (UCoC) sollicite vos commentaires concernant la [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines|version révisée des directives d'application]]. Cette période de revue est ouverte du 8 septembre au 8 octobre 2022. Vous pouvez partager vos commentaires en plusieurs endroits et dans la langue de votre choix. Des discussions en direct sont également prévues. Veuillez consulter cette [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Conversation_hours|page Meta-wiki]] pour connaître les horaires et les détails. L'équipe de facilitation espère la participation du plus grand nombre de communautés. Si vous ne voyez pas de conversation se dérouler dans votre communauté, veuillez organiser une discussion. Les facilitateurs peuvent vous aider à mettre en place des conversations. Les discussions seront résumées et présentées au comité de rédaction toutes les deux semaines. Les résumés seront publiés sur cette [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Drafting_committee/Digests|page Meta-wiki]]. Bien à vous, [[User:MPossoupe (WMF)|MPossoupe (WMF)]] 10:15, 13 Siilto 2022 (UTC)  <!-- Message sent by User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/fr&oldid=23708250 --> == The Vector 2022 skin as the default in two weeks? == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:Wikimania 2022 Vector (2022) Presentation.pdf|thumb|The slides for our presentation at Wikimania 2022|page=26]] Hello. I'm writing on behalf of the [[mw:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]]. '''In two weeks, we would like to make the Vector 2022 skin the default on this wiki.''' We have been working on it for the past three years. So far, it has been the default on more than 30 wikis, including sister projects, all accounting for more than 1 billion pageviews per month. On average [[phab:T317529#8246686|87% of active logged-in users]] of those wikis use Vector 2022. It would become the default for all logged-out users, and also all logged-in users who currently use Vector legacy. Logged-in users can at any time switch to [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|any other skins]]. No changes are expected for users of these skins. <div style="width:100%; margin:auto;"><gallery widths="220" heights="150" mode="packed" caption="Top of an article"> Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2010 top.png|Vector legacy (current default) Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2022 top.png|Vector 2022 </gallery><gallery widths="220" heights="150" mode="packed" caption="A section of an article"> Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2010 scrolled.png|Vector legacy (current default) Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2022 scrolled.png|Vector 2022 </gallery></div> === About the skin === '''[Why is a change necessary]''' The current default skin meets the needs of the readers and editors as these were 13 years ago. Since then, new users have begun using Wikimedia projects. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/08/18/prioritizing-equity-within-wikipedias-new-desktop/ The old Vector doesn't meet their needs.] '''[Objective]''' The objective for the new skin is to make the interface more welcoming and comfortable for readers and useful for advanced users. It draws inspiration from previous requests, the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey|Community Wishlist Surveys]], and gadgets and scripts. The work helped our code follow the standards and improve all other skins. [[phab:phame/post/view/290/how_and_why_we_moved_our_skins_to_mustache/|We reduced PHP code in Wikimedia deployed skins by 75%]]. The project has also focused on making it easier to support gadgets and use APIs. '''[Changes and test results]''' The skin introduces a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features|series of changes]] that improve readability and usability. The new skin does not remove any functionality currently available on the Vector skin. * The sticky header makes it easier to find tools that editors use often. It decreases scrolling to the top of the page by 16%. * The new table of contents makes it easier to navigate to different sections. Readers and editors jumped to different sections of the page 50% more than with the old table of contents. It also looks a bit different on talk pages. * The new search bar is easier to find and makes it easier to find the correct search result from the list. This increased the amount of searches started by 30% on the wikis we tested on. * The skin does not negatively affect pageviews, edit rates, or account creation. There is evidence of increases in pageviews and account creation across partner communities. '''[Try it out]''' Try out the new skin by going to the appearance tab in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|your preferences]] and selecting Vector 2022 from the list of skins. === How can editors change and customize this skin? === It's possible to configure and personalize our changes. We support volunteers who create new gadgets and user scripts. Check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Repository|our repository]] for a list of currently available customizations, or add your own. === Our plan === '''If no large concerns are raised, we plan on deploying in the week of October 3, 2022'''. If your community would like to request more time to discuss the changes, hit the button and write to us. We can adjust the calendar. <div style="text-align: center;">[[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|<span class="plainlinks mw-ui-button">Request for more time to discuss the change</span>]]</div> If you'd like ask our team anything, if you have questions, concerns, or additional thoughts, please ping me here or write on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|talk page of the project]]. We will gladly answer! Also, [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Frequently asked questions|see our FAQ]]. Thank you! [[mw:User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 04:15, 22 Siilto 2022 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Varia&oldid=23838600 --> ---- === L'habillage Vector 2022 par défaut dans deux semaines ? === [[File:Wikimania 2022 Vector (2022) Presentation.pdf|thumb|Les diapositives de notre présentation à Wikimania 2022|page=26]] {{int:Hello}}, je vous écris pour le compte de l'[[mw:Reading/Web|Équipe Web de la Fondation Wikimédia]]. '''Dans deux semaines, nous aimerions que Vector 2022 devienne l'habillage par défaut sur ce wiki.''' Nous y travaillons depuis trois ans. Jusqu'à présent, il a été adopté par défaut sur plus de 30 wikis, y compris des projets frères, qui représentent plus d'un milliard d'accès aux pages par mois. En moyenne, [[phab:T317529#8246686|87 % des utilisateurs actifs connectés]] de ces wikis utilisent Vector 2022. Il deviendrait l'habillage par défaut pour tous les utilisateurs non connectés, ainsi que pour tous les utilisateurs connectés qui actuellement utilisent Vector Legacy. Les utilisateurs connectés peuvent à tout moment adopter n'importe [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|quel autre habillage]]. Aucun changement est prévu pour les utilisateurs de ces habillages. <div style="width:100%; margin:auto;"><gallery widths="220" heights="150" mode="packed" caption="En haut de la page"> Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2010 top.png|Vector Legacy (l'actuelle interface par défaut) Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2022 top.png|Vector 2022 </gallery><gallery widths="220" heights="150" mode="packed" caption="Une section d'une page"> Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2010 scrolled.png|Vector Legacy (l'interface par défaut actuelle) Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2022 scrolled.png|Vector 2022 </gallery></div> === À propos de l'interface === '''[Pourquoi un changement est-il nécessaire]''' L'actuelle interface par défaut répondait aux attentes des lecteurs et des contributeurs tels qu'ils étaient il y a 13 ans. Depuis lors, de nouveaux utilisateurs ont commencé à utiliser les projets Wikimédia. [[wmfblog:2022/08/18/prioritizing-equity-within-wikipedias-new-desktop/ |L'ancienne interface Vector ne répond pas à leurs attentes.]] '''[But]''' Le but visé par le nouvel habillage est de rendre l'interface plus accueillante et confortable pour les lecteurs, et plus utile pour les utilisateurs expérimentés. Il s'inspire des demandes préalables, de la [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey|Consultation des souhaits de la communauté]], des gadgets et des scripts. Ce travail a permis à notre code de respecter les standards et d'améliorer tous les autres habillages. [[phab:phame/post/view/290/how_and_why_we_moved_our_skins_to_mustache/|Nous avons réduit de 75 % le code PHP dans les habillages déployés par la Wikimédia]]. Le projet s'est également attaché à faciliter la prise en charge des gadgets et l'utilisation des API. '''[Changements et résultats des tests]''' L'habillage introduit une [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features|série de changements]] qui améliorent la lisibilité et l'utilisabilité. Le nouvel habillage ne supprime aucune des fonctionnalités actuellement disponibles sur l'ancien Vector. * L'entête figé permet de trouver plus facilement les outils que les contributeurs utilisent couramment. Il diminue de 16 % le défilement vers le haut de la page. * Le nouveau sommaire facilite la navigation entre les diverses sections. Les lecteurs et les contributeurs sont passé d'une section à l'autre de la page 50 % plus souvent qu'avec l'ancien sommaire. L'apparence est également un peu différente sur les pages de discussion. * La nouvelle barre de recherche est plus facile à trouver et facilite la découverte du résultat de la recherche correct à partir d'une liste. Cela a augmenté le nombre de recherches lancées de 30 % sur les wikis que nous avons testés. * L'habillage n'affecte pas négativement les pages visitées, les taux d'édition ou la création de comptes. Il est prouvé que les communautés partenaires ont connu une augmentation du nombre de pages visitées et de comptes créés. '''[Essayez-le]''' Essayez le nouvel habillage, en allant dans l'onglet Apparence de [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|vos préférences]] et en sélectionnant Vector 2022 dans la liste des habillages. === Comment les utilisateurs peuvent-ils modifier et personnaliser cet habillage ? === Il est possible de configurer et personnaliser nos changements. Nous fournissons le support aux volontaires qui créent des nouveaux gadgets et scripts utilisateur. Consultez [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Repository|notre dépôt]] pour la liste des personnalisations actuellement disponibles, ou ajoutez les vôtres. === Notre plan === '''Si aucun problème majeur n'est soulevé, nous prévoyons le déploiement dans le courant de la semaine du 3 octobre 2022.''' Si votre communauté souhaite demander plus de temps pour discuter les changements, cliquez sur le bouton et écrivez-nous. On peut adapter le calendrier. <div style="text-align: center;">[[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|<span class="plainlinks mw-ui-button">Demande de temps supplémentaire<br>pour discuter du changement</span>]]</div> Si vous souhaitez demander quoi que ce soit à notre équipe, si vous avez des questions, des remarques ou des idées supplémentaires, notifiez-moi ci-dessous ou écrivez sur la [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|page de discussion du projet]]. Nous serons ravis de vous répondre ! Vous pouvez également consulter notre [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Frequently asked questions|Foire aux questions]]. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <small>Traduit par --[[User:Patafisik (WMF)|Patafisik (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Patafisik (WMF)|yeewtu]]) 09:43, 26 Siilto 2022 (UTC)</small> == <span lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Résultats préliminaires de l'élection 2022 du conseil d'administration de la Wikimedia Foundation</span> == <div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the preliminary results of the 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting period| Ce message est également traduit dans d'autres langues sur Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the preliminary results of the 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting period|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the preliminary results of the 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting period}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Bonjour, Merci à tous ceux et toutes celles qui ont participé à l'[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|élection 2022 du conseil d'administration]]. Votre participation aide à choisir les administrateurs que la communauté recherche au sein du conseil d'administration de la Wikimedia Foundation. Voici les résultats préliminaires de l'élection 2022 du conseil d'administration : * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates/Shani_Evenstein_Sigalov|Shani Evenstein Sigalov]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates/Mike Peel|Mike Peel]] Plus d'informations sur les [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Results|résultats]] et les [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Stats|statistiques]] de cette élection du Conseil d'administration. Le conseil achèvera l'examen des 2 candidats ayant reçu le plus de votes, y compris la vérification des antécédents. Le conseil prévoit de nommer les nouveaux administrateurs lors de sa réunion de décembre. Bien à vous, Stratégie et Gouvernance du Mouvement ''Ce message a été envoyé au nom du groupe de travail pour la sélection des membres du conseil d'administration et du comité des élections''.<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]] 07:33, 22 Siilto 2022 (UTC)  <!-- Message sent by User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/fr&oldid=23708250 --> == Update on Vector 2022 == [[File:Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2022 scrolled.png|thumb]] <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello. I'm sorry for not communicating in your language. I'll be grateful if you translated my message. I'm writing on behalf of the [[mw:Reading/Web|Web team]] working on the new skin, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022]]. We wanted to apologize for the delays in the deployment of Vector 2022. We know many of you are waiting for this eagerly. We have been delaying the deployment because we have been working on the logos. It has taken us more time than originally expected. Once the logos are ready, we will let you know the exact date of deployment. '''We are planning for either the next (more likely) or the following week'''. If your wiki doesn't currently have a localized logo, we encourage you to [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|reach out to us]] and we can help make one. We invite you to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements#contact|get involved in the project]]. Contact us if you have any questions or need any help, particularly with the compatibility of gadgets and user scripts. Thank you! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 23:24, 19 Yarkomaa 2022 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Varia&oldid=23955535 --> == Invitation to attend “Ask Me Anything about Movement Charter” Sessions == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Announcement/Ask Me Anything Sessions|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Announcement/Ask Me Anything Sessions|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Announcement/Ask Me Anything Sessions}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] Hello all, During the 2022 Wikimedia Summit, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee|Movement Charter Drafting Committee]] (MCDC) presented the first outline of the Movement Charter, giving a glimpse on the direction of its future work, and the Charter itself. The MCDC then integrated the initial feedback collected during the Summit. Before proceeding with writing the Charter for the whole Movement, the MCDC wants to interact with community members and gather feedback on the drafts of the three sections: Preamble, Values & Principles, and Roles & Responsibilities (intentions statement). The Movement Charter drafts will be available on the Meta page [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content|here]] on November 14, 2022. Community wide consultation period on MC will take place from November 20 to December 18, 2022. Learn more about it [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation|here]]. With the goal of ensuring that people are well informed to fully participate in the conversations and are empowered to contribute their perspective on the Movement Charter, three '''“Ask Me Anything about Movement Charter"''' sessions have been scheduled in different time zones. Everyone in the Wikimedia Movement is invited to attend these conversations. The aim is to learn about Movement Charter - its goal, purpose, why it matters, and how it impacts your community. MCDC members will attend these sessions to answer your questions and hear community feedback. The “Ask Me Anything” sessions accommodate communities from different time zones. Only the presentation of the session is recorded and shared afterwards, no recording of conversations. Below is the list of planned events: *<s>'''Asia/Pacific''': November 4, 2022 at 09:00 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1667552400 your local time]). Interpretation is available in Chinese and Japanese.</s> * '''Europe/MENA/Sub Saharan Africa''': November 12, 2022 at 15:00 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1668265257 your local time]). Interpretation is available in Arabic, French and Russian. * '''North and South America/ Western Europe''': November 12, 2022 at 15:00 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1668265257 your local time]). Interpretation is available in Spanish and Portuguese. On the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation|Meta page]] you will find more details; Zoom links will be shared 48 hours ahead of the call. '''Call for Movement Charter Ambassadors''' Individuals or groups from all communities who wish to help include and start conversations in their communities on the Movement Charter are encouraged to become [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/About|Movement Charter Ambassadors]] (MC Ambassadors). MC Ambassadors will carry out their own activities and get financial support for enabling conversations in their own languages. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Team|Regional facilitators]] from the Movement Strategy and Governance team are available to support applicants with MC Ambassadors grantmaking. If you are interested please sign up [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/About|here]]. Should you have specific questions, please reach out to the MSG team via email: strategy2030@wikimedia.org or on the MS forum. We thank you for your time and participation. On behalf of the Movement Charter Drafting Committee,<section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] 15:33, 7 Jolal 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=23914777 --> == Apply for Funding through the Movement Strategy Community Engagement Package to Support Your Community == :''{{More languages}}'' <section begin="announcement-content" /> The Wikimedia Movement Strategy implementation is a collaborative effort for all Wikimedians. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:MSIG/About|Movement Strategy Implementation Grants]] support projects that take the current state of a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives|Movement Strategy Initiative]] and push it one step forward. If you are looking for an example or some guide on how to engage your community further on Movement Strategy and the Movement Strategy Implementation Grants specifically, you may find this '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:MSIG/Community Engagement Package|community engagement package]]''' helpful. The goal of this community engagement package is to support more people to access the funding they might need for the implementation work. By becoming a recipient of this grant, you will be able to support other community members to develop further grant applications that fit with your local contexts to benefit your own communities. With this package, the hope is to break down language barriers and to ensure community members have needed information on Movement Strategy to connect with each other. Movement Strategy is a two-way exchange, we can always learn more from the experiences and knowledge of Wikimedians everywhere. We can train and support our peers by using this package, so more people can make use of this great funding opportunity. If this information interests you or if you have any further thoughts or questions, please do not hesitate to reach out to us as your [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Team|regional facilitators]] to discuss further. We will be more than happy to support you. When you are ready, follow the steps on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:MSIG/About |this page]] to apply. We look forward to receiving your application. Best regards, <br> Movement Strategy and Governance Team <br> Wikimedia Foundation<section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] 16:25, 14 Jolal 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=23914777 --> == Opportunities open for the Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee == <section begin="announcement-content" /> <div style="margin:.2em 0 .5em;margin-{{#switch:{{PAGELANGUAGE}}|ar|arc|ary|arz|azb|bcc|bgn|ckb|bqi|dv|fa|fa-af|glk|ha-arab|he|kk-arab|kk-cn|ks|ku-arab|ms-arab|mzn|pnb|prd|ps|sd|ug|ur|ydd|yi=right|left}}:3ex;"> [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Announcement/2023 OC and CRC appointments process|''You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.'']] ''<span class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Announcement/2023 OC and CRC appointments process|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Announcement/2023 OC and CRC appointments process}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</span>'' </div> Hi everyone! The Ombuds commission (OC) and the Case Review Committee (CRC) are looking for members. People are encouraged to nominate themselves or encourage others they feel would contribute to these groups to do so. There is more information below about the opportunity and the skills that are needed. '''About the Ombuds commission''' The Ombuds commission (OC) works on all Wikimedia projects to investigate complaints about violations of the privacy policy, especially in use of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CheckUser policy|CheckUser]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Oversight policy|Oversight]] (also known as Suppression) tools. The Commission mediates between the parties of the investigation and, when violations of the policies are identified, advises the Wikimedia Foundation on best handling. They may also assist the General Counsel, the Chief Executive Officer, or the Board of Trustees of the Foundation in these investigations when legally necessary. For more on the OC's duties and roles, '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|see Ombuds commission on Meta-Wiki]]'''. Volunteers serving in this role should be experienced Wikimedians, active on any project, who have previously used the CheckUser/Oversight tools OR who have the technical ability to understand these tools and the willingness to learn them. They must be able to communicate in English, the common language of the commission. They are expected to be able to engage neutrally in investigating these concerns and to know when to recuse when other roles and relationships may cause conflict. Commissioners will serve '''two-year terms''' (note that this is different from past years, when the terms have been for one year). '''About the Case Review Committee''' The Case Review Committee (CRC) reviews appeals of eligible Trust & Safety office actions. The CRC is a critical layer of oversight to ensure that Wikimedia Foundation office actions are fair and unbiased. They also make sure the Wikimedia Foundation doesn’t overstep established practices or boundaries. For more about the role, '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Case Review Committee|see Case Review Committee on Meta-Wiki]]'''. We are looking for current or former functionaries and experienced volunteers with an interest in joining this group. Applicants must be fluent in English (additional languages are a strong plus) and willing to abide by the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Trust_and_Safety/Case_Review_Committee/Charter|terms of the Committee charter]]. If the work resonates and you qualify, please apply. Committee members will serve '''two-year terms''' (note that this is different from past years, when the terms have been for one year). '''Applying to join either of these groups''' Members are required to sign the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Confidentiality agreement for nonpublic information|Confidentiality agreement for nonpublic information]] and must be willing to comply with the appropriate Wikimedia Foundation board policies (such as the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Access to nonpublic information policy|access to non-public information policy]] and the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Privacy policy|Foundation privacy policy]]). These positions requires a high degree of discretion and trust. Members must also be over 18 years of age. '''If you are interested in serving in either capacity listed above,''' please write in English to the Trust and Safety team at ca[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org (to apply to the OC) or to the Legal Team at legal[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org (to apply to the CRC) with information about: * Your primary projects * Languages you speak/write * Any experience you have serving on committees, whether movement or non-movement * Your thoughts on what you could bring to the OC or CRC if appointed * Any experience you have with the Checkuser or Oversight tools (OC only) * Any other information you think is relevant '''The deadline for applications is 31 December 2022 in any timezone.''' Please feel free to pass this invitation along to any users who you think may be qualified and interested. Thank you! On behalf of the Committee Support team,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> <!-- Message sent by User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=23914777 --> == Community Wishlist Survey 2023 opens in January! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''{{int:Please-translate}}'' {{int:Hello}} The [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023|'''Community Wishlist Survey (CWS) 2023''']], which lets contributors propose and vote for tools and improvements, starts next month on Monday, [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1674496831 23 January 2023, at 18:00 UTC] and will continue annually. We are inviting you to share your ideas for technical improvements to our tools and platforms. Long experience in editing or technical skills is not required. If you have ever used our software and thought of an idea to improve it, this is the place to come share those ideas! The dates for the phases of the Survey will be as follows: * Phase 1: Submit, discuss, and revise proposals – Monday, Jan 23, 2023 to Sunday, Feb 6, 2023 * Phase 2: WMF/Community Tech reviews and organizes proposals – Monday, Jan 30, 2023 to Friday, Feb 10, 2023 * Phase 3: Vote on proposals – Friday, Feb 10, 2023 to Friday, Feb 24, 2023 * Phase 4: Results posted – Tuesday, Feb 28, 2023 If you want to start writing out your ideas ahead of the Survey, you can start thinking about your proposals and draft them in [[m:Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|the CWS sandbox]]. We are grateful to all who participated last year. See you in January 2023! </div> {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Community Tech, [[m:User:STei (WMF)|STei (WMF)]]</bdi> 12:59, 13 Bowte 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:STei_(WMF)/CWS_2023_List&oldid=24226232 --> == Vote for your favourite Wikimedia sound logo == ''We are really sorry for posting in English'' [[File:Sound_Logo_Cover_Image_-_Linkedin.png|center|800x800px]] Voting in the Wikimedia sound logo contest [[c:Sound_Logo_Vote|'''has started''']]. From December 6 to 19, 2022, please play a part and help chose the sound that will identify Wikimedia content on audio devices. [[wmfblog:2022/12/06/vote-for-the-sound-of-all-human-knowledge/|Learn more on Diff]]. The sound logo team is grateful to everyone who participated in this global contest. We received 3,235 submissions from 2,094 participants in 135 countries. We are incredibly grateful to the team of [[wmfblog:2022/10/31/screening-3235-sound-submissions/|volunteer screeners]] and the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Communications/Sound_Logo/Contest_proposal#How_will_the_final_selection_happen? selection committee] who, among others, helped bring us to where we are today. It is now up to Wikimedia to choose the Sound Of All Human Knowledge. Best wishes, [[User:Arupako-WMF|Arupako-WMF]] ([[User talk:Arupako-WMF|yeewtu]]) 09:27, 16 Bowte 2022 (UTC) ==Fulfulde Community Engagement (Awareness) in Gombe State, Nigeria. 23 December 2022== Assalamu Alaikum bandirabe am. Emi yela na on dou hauride Maude de dum wadata ha Gombe ngam dum Famtina Fulbe, Dou no Fulfulde nastirta nder kujeji Wikipedia ngam nyamdu yeeso Fulfulde e Fulbe. [[User:Salihu Aliyu|S Ahmad Fulani ]] ([[User talk:Salihu Aliyu|yeewtu]]) 23:16, 20 Bowte 2022 (UTC) == Feminism and Folklore 2023 == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2023 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <center>''{{int:please-translate}}''</center> Dear Wiki Community, Christmas Greetings and a Happy New Year 2023, You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2023, to March 31, 2023 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2023|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023/List of Articles|list]] of suggested articles. Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project: # Create a page for the contest on the local wiki. # Set up a fountain tool or dashboard. # Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes. # Request local admins for site notice. # Link the local page and the fountain/dashboard link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023/Project Page|meta project page]]. This year we would be supporting the community's financial aid for Internet and childcare support. This would be provided for the local team including their jury and coordinator team. This support is opt-in and non mandatory. Kindly fill in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSea81OO0lVgUBd551iIiENXht7BRCISYZlKyBQlemZu_j2OHQ/viewform this Google form] and mark a mail to [mailto:support@wikilovesfolklore.org support@wikilovesfolklore.org] with the subject line starting as [Stipend] Name or Username/Language. The last date to sign up for internet and childcare aid from our team is 20th of January 2023, We encourage the language coordinators to sign up their community on this link by the 25th of January 2023. Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2023/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance. We look forward to your immense coordination. Thank you and Best wishes, [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023 International Team]] ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|yeewtu]]) 10:23, 24 Bowte 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=23942484 --> == Dernières mises à jours du projet des Améliorations du bureau == Bonjour, je signale que [[:mw:Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Updates/fr|les nouvelles concernant le projet des Améliorations de l'interface du bureau]] sont en ligne. Bonne lecture ! --[[User:Patafisik (WMF)|Patafisik (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Patafisik (WMF)|yeewtu]]) 18:08, 4 Siilo 2023 (UTC) == Interface bureau : un nouveau changement en vue == [[File:Moving article tools.jpg|thumb]] {{int:Hello}}! '''La prochaine semaine, l'[[mw:mw:Readers/Web/Team|équipe Web]] de la Fondation Wikimédia déplacera certains liens de la barre latérale vers la droite de l'écran.''' Il sera ainsi plus facile d'utiliser de manière intuitive tous les liens et les outils de notre interface. Avec la barre latérale plus courte, le sommaire apparaîtra à son tour un peu plus en haut de l'écran. Ce dernier changement profitera surtout aux contributeurs, car les lecteurs utilisent beaucoup plus rarement le menu de gauche. '''Pourquoi nous changeons cela''' Actuellement, notre interface ne fait pas de distinction entre les liens de navigation du wiki et les outils de la page. « Accueil », « Article au hasard » et « Modifications récentes » font partie du premier groupe. « Pages liées », « Suivi des pages liées », « Citer cette page » appartiennent au deuxième. Ce mélange est déroutant pour les nouveaux lecteurs. Les nouveaux contributeurs ne savent pas ce que fait chaque lien de même. Le mélange de ces groupes démotive les gens qui seraient spontanément disposés à découvrir ces outils. Ce changement répond également à la question de l'emplacement du sommaire. Certains d'entre vous nous avaient indiqué que le sommaire apparaissant sous la barre latérale, était placé trop bas dans la page. Après ce changement, la barre latérale se présentera plus courte et cela permettra d'afficher le sommaire plus en haut sur la page. En outre, ce changement réduira l'espace blanc de la page, en utilisant une plus grande partie de l'espace pour l'affichage des outils. Vous pouvez en savoir plus sur la [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Page tools|fonctionnalité des outils de la page]] et le [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|projet des Améliorations du bureau]] sur MediaWiki.org. '''Compatibilité des gadgets''' Certains gadgets et scripts utilisateur peuvent nécessiter une mise à jour ou devenir redondants ou obsolètes. Nous fournissons une assistance aux utilisateurs qui souhaitent maintenir la compatibilité. Veuillez consulter [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Page tools#Gadget compatibility|cette section de notre documentation]] pour plus d'informations sur la compatibilité des gadgets. '''Travaillons ensemble''' * [[mw:Newsletter:Desktop Improvements updates|Abonnez-vous à notre newsletter]] pour recevoir des mises à jour régulières. * Partagez vos idées et posez des questions sur [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|notre page de discussion]]. * Créez une tâche sur Phabricator en y ajoutant la balise <code>Desktop Improvements (Vector 2022)</code> ou [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|écrivez-nous]] si vous remarquez un bogue. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Participate|Traduisez la documentation]] sur MediaWiki.org. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}--[[User:Patafisik (WMF)|Patafisik (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Patafisik (WMF)|yeewtu]]) 11:50, 3 Colte 2023 (UTC) == Global ban for PlanespotterA320/RespectCE == Per the [[m:Global bans|Global bans]] policy, I'm informing the project of this request for comment: [[m:Requests for comment/Global ban for PlanespotterA320 (2) ]] about banning a member from your community. Thank you.--[[User:Lemonaka|Lemonaka]] ([[User talk:Lemonaka|talk]]) 21:40, 6 February 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Zabe@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lemonaka/Massmessagelist&oldid=24501599 --> == Comment faire apparaître le bouton des langues en haut de la page d'accueil ? == [[File:DIP Language Switching in Main Page - mockup for French Wikipedia.png|thumb|Maquette pour frwiki]] Bonjour, avec l'habillage Vector 2022 par défaut, le [[:mw:Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Features/Language_switching/fr|liens interlangues]] se trouvent tout en bas de la page d'accueil, voir [[:mw:Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Frequently_asked_questions/fr#Why_doesn't_the_button_with_language_links_appear_at_the_top_of_the_main_page?|pourquoi]]. Si vous voulez les langues en haut, votre communauté est invitée à en discuter avant, pour trouver un accord sur le changement à apporter : voir [[:mw:Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Frequently_asked_questions/fr#How_to_make_the_button_with_language_links_appear_at_the_top_of_the_main_page?|comment les faire apparaître en haut]] en ayant un « titre » en page d'accueil, avec ou sans texte, au choix. Je copie ci-dessous un passage de la FAQ qui pourrait vous intéresser, avec quelques ajouts : * Le « titre » s'affichera sur Vector 2010, Minerva, Timeless et Vector 2022. Ne sera pas visible sur Monobook. * Le « titre » peut être configuré en modifiant [[:mw:MediaWiki:Mainpage-title-loggedin|MediaWiki:Mainpage-title-loggedin]] pour les utilisateurs connectés et [[:mw:MediaWiki:Mainpage-title|MediaWiki:Mainpage-title]] pour les utilisateurs non connectés. Pour les utilisateurs connectés sur mobile, il faudra modifier [[:mw:MediaWiki:wikimedia-mobile-mainpage-title-loggedin|MediaWiki:wikimedia-mobile-mainpage-title-loggedin]]. Voir les détails qui concernent les paramètres de la page d'accueil. * Testez à quoi ressemble la page d'accueil et comment elle fonctionne avec le bouton en haut de la page, en ajoutant le paramètre <code>?vectorlanguageinmainpageheader=1</code> à la fin de l'URL. La [https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azala page d'accueil de la Wikipédia en basque] affiche une phrase de bienvenue dans le titre. C'est [[phab:T325362|le choix de la Wikipédia en français]] aussi, qui attend ce changement. Vous pouvez également voir l'[https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fors%C3%AD%C3%B0a?vectorlanguageinmainpageheader=1 exemple de la Wikipédia en islandais], qui n'a pas de « titre » configuré, donc seul le bouton apparaît. * Notifiez-moi ([[:mw:Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Frequently_asked_questions#How_can_I_contact_your_team?|ou contactez l'équipe Web]]) pour demander le déplacement du bouton des langues vers le haut. L'Équipe Web demandera la modification des paramètres de votre wiki. Si vous préférez, vous pouvez ouvrir directement une tâche sur Phabricator. Dans le cas votre choix se porte sur le message de bienvenue, il suffit d'ajouter votre demande avec le lien de la discussion dans le ticket [[phab:T325362|T325362]]. Une fois le changement effectué, le bouton sera visible en haut de la page avec Vector 2022. Avec d'autres habillages, la liste des liens des langues s'affichera à l'emplacement par défaut, qui est différent pour chaque habillage. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}--[[User:Patafisik (WMF)|Patafisik (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Patafisik (WMF)|yeewtu]]) 18:02, 21 Colte 2023 (UTC) == Editing news 2023 #1 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="message"/><i>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter/2023/February|Read this in another language]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]</i> This newsletter includes two key updates about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing team|Editing]] team's work: # The Editing team will finish adding new features to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|Talk pages project]] and deploy it. # They are beginning a new project, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]]. <strong>Talk pages project</strong> [[File:Page Frame Features on desktop.png|alt=Screenshot showing the talk page design changes that are currently available as beta features at all Wikimedia wikis. These features include information about the number of people and comments within each discussion.|thumb|300px|Some of the upcoming changes]] The Editing team is nearly finished with this first phase of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project|Talk pages project]]. Nearly all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|new features]] are available now in the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature for {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}]]. It will show information about how active a discussion is, such as the date of the most recent comment. There will soon be a new "{{int:skin-action-addsection}}" button. You will be able to turn them off at [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion]]. Please [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Talk_pages_project/Usability#c-PPelberg_(WMF)-20230215001000-Feedback:_Proposed_Revisions_to_%22Add_topic%22_button|tell them what you think]]. [[File:Daily edit completion rates mobile talk pages.png|thumb|300px|Daily edit completion rate by test group: DiscussionTools (test group) and MobileFrontend overlay (control group)]] An A/B test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Mobile|{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} on the mobile site]] has finished. Editors were [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Mobile#Status_Updates|more successful with {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}]]. The Editing team is enabling these features for all editors on the mobile site. <strong>New Project: Edit Check</strong> The Editing team is beginning [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|a project to help new editors of Wikipedia]]. It will help people identify some problems before they click "{{int:publishchanges}}". The first tool will encourage people to add references when they add new content. Please [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist|watch]] that page for more information. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing_team/Community_Conversations#20230303|join a conference call on 3&nbsp;March&nbsp;2023]] to learn more.<section end="message"/> </div> –[[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}]]) 23:24, 22 Colte 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=24611966 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Your wiki will be in read only soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] tests the switch between its first and secondary data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2023-03-01|en}}'''. The test will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2023-03-01T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2023-03-01T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2023-03-01|en}}. *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> <span dir=ltr>[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])</span> 21:20, 27 Colte 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=24390465 --> == Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023: We are back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:UCDM 2023 promo.png|180px|right]] {{int:please-translate}} Hello, dear Wikipedians!<br/> [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the third edition of writing challenge "'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from 1st until 31st March 2023. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contribution in every language! The most active contesters will receive [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023/Prizes|prizes]].<br/> We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[m:CentralNotice/Request/UCDM 2023|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! </div> [[m:User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|ValentynNefedov (WMUA)]] ([[m:User talk:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|talk]]) 07:58, 1 March 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=23942484 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Wikimania 2023 Welcoming Program Submissions</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="wikimania-program-submissions"/>[[File:Wikimania Singapore Logo.svg|right|frameless]]Do you want to host an in-person or virtual session at Wikimania 2023? Maybe a hands-on workshop, a lively discussion, a fun performance, a catchy poster, or a memorable lightning talk? [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2023:Program/Submissions|'''Submissions are open until March 28''']]. The event will have dedicated hybrid blocks, so virtual submissions and pre-recorded content are also welcome. If you have any questions, please join us at an upcoming conversation on March 12 or 19, or reach out by email at wikimania@wikimedia.org or on Telegram. More information on-wiki.<section end="wikimania-program-submissions"/> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:CKoerner (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=24390465 --> == Dernières mises à jours du projet des Améliorations du bureau (mars 2023) == Bonjour, [[:mw:Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Updates/fr#Dernières_mises_à_jour|les dernières actualités]] du projet des Améliorations de l'interface du bureau sont en ligne, vous pouvez désormais les lire en français. Cordialement,--[[User:Patafisik (WMF)|Patafisik (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Patafisik (WMF)|yeewtu]]) 09:04, 23 Mbooy 2023 (UTC) == Vector 2022 : un changement pour les utilisateurs non connectés == [[File:Moving article tools.jpg|thumb]] [[File:DI Project - screenshot of Page tools - frwiki 02.jpg|thumb|Les Outils quand le menu est fermé (cercle rouge)]] Bonjour à toutes et tous, La dernière semaine nous avons introduit le [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Features/Page_tools|menu des Outils de la page]] pour les utilisateurs non connectés. Pour les utilisateurs connectés, il est disponible depuis janvier 2023. Le menu permet de séparer les outils qui concernent le wiki en général des outils liés à une page spécifique. Dans le premier groupe on trouve, par exemple, « Accueil » et « Page au hasard ». Dans le deuxième groupe il y a, par exemple, « Pages liées » et « Suivi des pages liées ». Le nouveau menu rassemble les outils spécifiques à la page dans une seule liste. Avant, certains de ces liens étaient soit dans le menu principale (la barre latérale) soit dans le [[:m:MoreMenu|More Menu]] (à côté de l'Historique). Notre objectif est de permettre aux nouveaux lecteurs et rédacteurs de comprendre plus facilement la fonction de ces liens. Le menu peut également être épinglé et désépinglé selon les nécessités des utilisateurs. Il est figé aussi, c'est à dire qu'il reste en place quand on fait défiler la page vers le bas. En outre, pour les utilisateurs connectés, le menu est persistant. Cela signifie qu'ils voient le menu dans l'état qu'ils ont choisi, épinglé ou pas, même en actualisant la page ou en ouvrant une nouvelle. Cependant, pour les utilisateurs non connectés il n'est pas persistant. Nous espérons ajouter cette fonctionnalité à l'avenir. Avantage supplémentaire amené par ce changement, le sommaire s'affiche plus en haut sur la page. Aujourd'hui, il faut faire défiler vers le bas plus rarement pour voir le sommaire. C'était l'une des préoccupations que nous avons entendues ces derniers jours et nous espérons que cela y répondra. ; Travaillons ensemble * [[mw:Newsletter:Desktop_Improvements_updates|Abonnez-vous à notre newsletter]] pour recevoir des mises à jour régulières. * Partagez vos idées et posez des questions sur [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|notre page de discussion]]. * Créez une tâche sur Phabricator et ajoutez une balise <code>Desktop Improvements (Vector 2022)</code> ou [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|écrivez-nous]] si vous remarquez un bogue. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Participate|Traduisez la documentation]] sur MediaWiki.org. Merci ! [[User:Patafisik (WMF)|Patafisik (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Patafisik (WMF)|yeewtu]]) 12:58, 30 Mbooy 2023 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Your wiki will be in read-only soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] tests the switch between its first and secondary data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|en}}'''. The test will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2023-04-26T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2023-04-26T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2023-04-26|en}}. *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:41, 21 Seeɗto 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=24748237 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Seeking volunteers for the next step in the Universal Code of Conduct process</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Nominations/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Nominations/Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello, As follow-up to [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/IOMVS7W75ZYMABQGOQ2QH2JAURC3CHGH/ the message about the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines] by Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees Vice Chair, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, I am reaching out about the next steps. I want to bring your attention to the next stage of the Universal Code of Conduct process, which is forming a building committee for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C). I invite community members with experience and deep interest in community health and governance to nominate themselves to be part of the U4C building committee, which needs people who are: * Community members in good standing * Knowledgeable about movement community processes, such as, but not limited to, policy drafting, participatory decision making, and application of existing rules and policies on Wikimedia projects * Aware and appreciative of the diversity of the movement, such as, but not limited to, languages spoken, identity, geography, and project type * Committed to participate for the entire U4C Building Committee period from mid-May - December 2023 * Comfortable with engaging in difficult, but productive conversations * Confidently able to communicate in English The Building Committee shall consist of volunteer community members, affiliate board or staff, and Wikimedia Foundation staff. The Universal Code of Conduct has been a process strengthened by the skills and knowledge of the community and I look forward to what the U4C Building Committee creates. If you are interested in joining the Building Committee, please either [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee/Nominations|sign up on the Meta-Wiki page]], or contact ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org by May 12, 2023. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee|Read more on Meta-Wiki]]'''. Best regards,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 19:00, 26 Seeɗto 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=24941045 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">An A/B test coming soon. Visual separation (Zebra #9) between regions</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="body"/> [[File:Vector_2022_Zebra9_prototype_with_framed_menus_logged-in.png|thumb|]] ''{{Int:Please-translate}}'' {{int:Hello}} ! In a few weeks, the Web Team will be performing an A/B test. This test will start within two weeks and will take two full weeks. It will be performed on Wikipedias in: English, Farsi, French, Hebrew, Korean, Portuguese, Serbian, Thai, Turkish, and Vietnamese. Half of logged-in desktop users will see a version that shows the regions of the page separated more clearly. This version will include more borders and gray backgrounds. After two weeks, everyone will see the current white interface again. We will analyze the usage data for both and make a decision on next steps in July. More information at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Updates/2023-05_Zebra9_A/B_test|this page]]. Please give us a feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|talk page]] of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements project]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <section end="body"/> </div> [[m:User:Patafisik (WMF)|Patafisik (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Patafisik (WMF)|talk]]) 16:52, 8 Duujal 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Patafisik (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Patafisik_(WMF)/Sandbox/MM/fallback_chain_fr&oldid=24997656 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Selection of the U4C Building Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The next stage in the Universal Code of Conduct process is establishing a Building Committee to create the charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C). The Building Committee has been selected. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee|Read about the members and the work ahead on Meta-wiki]].<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Project|UCoC Project Team]], 04:20, 27 Duujal 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25018085 --> == MinT Machine Translation enabled and plans to deploy Content and Section Translation Fulah Wikipedia == <nowiki>{{int:Hello}}</nowiki> Fulah Wikipedians! Apologies as this message is not in your language, <nowiki>{{int:Please help translate}}</nowiki> to your language. The WMF Language team has added a machine translation (MT) system supporting [https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation<nowiki> Content Translation] for the first time in your Wikipedia called MinT; you can use </nowiki>[[mw:Content_translation/Machine_Translation/MinT|MinT machine translation]] when translating Wikipedia articles using the Content Translation tool. The WMF Language team provides the MinT service. It is hosted in the Wikimedia Foundation Infrastructure with [[:en:Neural_machine_translation|neural machine translation]] models that other organizations have released with an open-source license. MinT integrates translation based on [https://ai.facebook.com/research/no-language-left-behind/ NLLB-200] and [https://opus.nlpl.eu/ OpusMT] and will replace those as separate options. This MT will be set as default in your Wikipedia. Still, you can choose not to use it by selecting "Start with empty paragraph" from the "Initial Translation" dropdown menu. Since MinT is hosted in the WMF Infrastructure and the models are open source, it adheres to Wikipedia's policies about attribution of rights, your privacy as a user and brand representation. You can find more information about the MinT Machine translation and the models on [[mw:Content_translation/Machine_Translation/MinT|this page]]. Please note that the use of the MinT MT is not compulsory. However, we would want your community to: * use it to improve the quality of the Machine Translation service * [[mw:Talk:Content_translation|please provide feedback]] about the service and its quality, and ask questions about this addition. '''Plans to deploy the Content and Section translation tool''' Now that you have Machine Translation support in your Wikipedia, We will enable the Content and Section translation by default to your Wikipedia if there are no objections from your community. The [[mw:Content_translation/Section_translation|Section Translation]] extends the capabilities of [[mw:Content_translation|Content Translation]] to support mobile devices. On mobile, the tool will: * Guide you to translate one section at a time in order to expand existing articles or create new ones * Make it easy to transfer knowledge across languages anytime from your mobile device After enabling it, we’ll monitor the content created with the tools and process all the feedback. In any case, feel free to try the current implementation of the Section Translation tool in [https://test.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&from=en&to=no&sx=true#/ our testing instance] and raise any concerns or questions you may already have as a reply to this message or on [[mw:Talk:Content_translation/Section_translation|the project talk page]]   We trust that introducing this MT is a good support to the Content and Section Translation tool once it is enabled. Thank you! [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|yeewtu]]) 16:22, 31 Duujal 2023 (UTC) On behalf of the WMF Language team. :Thank you so much for your work. We appreciate the effort and will welcome the Section Translation Tool as it's a welcome development. Thank you. [[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]] ([[User talk:De-Invincible|yeewtu]]) 13:06, 30 Juko 2023 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Announcing the new Elections Committee members</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello there, We are glad to announce [[listarchive:list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/4TALOUFPAP2VDBR27GKRVOP7IGQYU3DB/|the new members and advisors of the Elections Committee]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee|Elections Committee]] assists with the design and implementation of the process to select Community- and Affiliate-Selected trustees for the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees. After an open nomination process, the strongest candidates spoke with the Board and four candidates were asked to join the Elections Committee. Four other candidates were asked to participate as advisors. Thank you to all the community members who submitted their names for consideration. We look forward to working with the Elections Committee in the near future. On behalf of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 17:59, 28 Korse 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25018085 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Review the Charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Announcement - Review|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Announcement - Review}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello all, I am pleased to share the next step in the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] work. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) draft charter]] is now ready for your review. The [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|Enforcement Guidelines]] require a [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#4.5_U4C_Building_Committee|Building Committee]] form to draft a charter that outlines procedures and details for a global committee to be called the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#4._UCoC_Coordinating_Committee_(U4C)|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]]. Over the past few months, the U4C Building Committee worked together as a group to discuss and draft the U4C charter. The U4C Building Committee welcomes feedback about the draft charter now through 22 September 2023. After that date, the U4C Building Committee will revise the charter as needed and a community vote will open shortly afterward. Join the conversation during the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee#Conversation hours|conversation hours]] or on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Meta-wiki]]. Best,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]], on behalf of the U4C Building Committee, 15:35, 28 Juko 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25392152 --> :Hello @[[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]], Thank you so much for sharing this information with us. We are glad to review and share our thoughts on it. [[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]] ([[User talk:De-Invincible|yeewtu]]) 13:02, 30 Juko 2023 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Your wiki will be in read-only soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2023-09-20|en}}'''. The test will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2023-09-20T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2023-09-20T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2023-09-20|en}}. *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|talk]]) 09:23, 15 Siilto 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=25018086 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">== Opportunities open for the Affiliations Committee, Ombuds commission, and the Case Review Committee ==</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> <div style="margin:.2em 0 .5em;margin-{{#switch:{{PAGELANGUAGE}}|ar|arc|ary|arz|azb|bcc|bgn|ckb|bqi|dv|fa|fa-af|glk|ha-arab|he|kk-arab|kk-cn|ks|ku-arab|ms-arab|mzn|pnb|prd|ps|sd|ug|ur|ydd|yi=right|left}}:3ex;"> [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short|''You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.'']] ''<span class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</span>''</div> Hi everyone! The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee]] (AffCom), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|Ombuds commission]] (OC), and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Trust_and_Safety/Case_Review_Committee|Case Review Committee]] (CRC) are looking for new members. These volunteer groups provide important structural and oversight support for the community and movement. People are encouraged to nominate themselves or encourage others they feel would contribute to these groups to apply. There is more information about the roles of the groups, the skills needed, and the opportunity to apply on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments|'''Meta-wiki page''']]. On behalf of the Committee Support team,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ~ [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 16:41, 9 Yarkomaa 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25570445 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Review and comment on the 2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection rules package</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Dear all, Please review and comment on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection rules package from now until 29 October 2023. The selection rules package was based on older versions by the Elections Committee and will be used in the 2024 Board of Trustees selection. Providing your comments now will help them provide a smoother, better Board selection process. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|More on the Meta-wiki page]]. Best, Katie Chan <br> Chair of the Elections Committee<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> 01:12, 17 Yarkomaa 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25570445 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Coming soon: Reference Previews</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="ReferencePreviewsDefault"/> [[File:Example_of_a_Reference_Preview.png|right|300px]] A new feature is coming to your wiki soon: Reference Previews are popups for references. Such popups have existed on wikis as local gadgets for many years. Now there is a central solution, available on all wikis, and consistent with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|PagePreviews feature]]. Reference Previews will be visible to everyone, including readers. If you don’t want to see them, [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Opt-out feature|you can opt out]]. If you are [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|using the gadgets]] Reference Tooltips or Navigation Popups, you won’t see Reference Previews unless you disable the gadget. Reference Previews have been a beta feature on many wikis since 2019, and a default feature on some since 2021. Deployment is planned for November 22. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Help page]] * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Project page with more information (in English)]]. * Feedback is welcome [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|on this talk page]]. -- For [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Wikimedia Deutschland’s Technical Wishes]] team, <section end="ReferencePreviewsDefault"/> </div> [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]], 13:11, 15 Jolal 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=25866958 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">(New) Feature on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]]: Adding geopoints via QID</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="Body"/>Since September 2022, it is possible to create geopoints using a QID. Many wiki contributors have asked for this feature, but it is not being used much. Therefore, we would like to remind you about it. More information can be found on the [[M:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints via QID|project page]]. If you have any comments, please let us know on the [[M:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints via QID|talk page]]. – Best regards, the team of Technical Wishes at Wikimedia Deutschland <section end="Body"/> </div> [[M:User:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)|Thereza Mengs (WMDE)]] 12:31, 13 Bowte 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=25955829 --> == Do you use Wikidata in Wikimedia sibling projects? Tell us about your experiences == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''Note: Apologies for cross-posting and sending in English.'' Hello, the '''[[m:WD4WMP|Wikidata for Wikimedia Projects]]''' team at Wikimedia Deutschland would like to hear about your experiences using Wikidata in the sibling projects. If you are interested in sharing your opinion and insights, please consider signing up for an interview with us in this '''[https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Wikidata-for-Wikimedia-Interviews Registration form]'''.<br> ''Currently, we are only able to conduct interviews in English.'' The front page of the form has more details about what the conversation will be like, including how we would '''compensate''' you for your time. For more information, visit our ''[[m:WD4WMP/AddIssue|project issue page]]'' where you can also share your experiences in written form, without an interview.<br>We look forward to speaking with you, [[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]]) 08:53, 5 January 2024 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/WD4WMP/ScreenerInvite&oldid=26027495 --> == Reusing references: Can we look over your shoulder? == ''Apologies for writing in English.'' The Technical Wishes team at Wikimedia Deutschland is planning to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. For our research, we are looking for wiki contributors willing to show us how they are interacting with references. * The format will be a 1-hour video call, where you would share your screen. [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ More information here]. * Interviews can be conducted in English, German or Dutch. * [[mw:WMDE_Engineering/Participate_in_UX_Activities#Compensation|Compensation is available]]. * Sessions will be held in January and February. * [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ Sign up here if you are interested.] * Please note that we probably won’t be able to have sessions with everyone who is interested. Our UX researcher will try to create a good balance of wiki contributors, e.g. in terms of wiki experience, tech experience, editing preferences, gender, disability and more. If you’re a fit, she will reach out to you to schedule an appointment. We’re looking forward to seeing you, [[m:User:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)| Thereza Mengs (WMDE)]] <!-- Message sent by User:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=25956752 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2024 == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2024 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <center>''{{int:please-translate}}''</center> Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2023, to March 31, 2023 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles. Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project: # Create a page for the contest on the local wiki. # Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool. # Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes. # Request local admins for site notice. # Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024/Project Page|meta project page]]. This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools'''] Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2024/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance. We look forward to your immense coordination. Thank you and Best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024 International Team]]''' ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|yeewtu]]) 07:26, 18 Siilo 2024 (UTC) == Wiki Loves Folklore is back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|Wiki Loves Folklore 2024]]''' an international photography contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March. You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&campaign=wlf_2024 submitting] them in this commons contest. You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language. Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. '''Kind regards,''' '''Wiki loves Folklore International Team''' -- [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|yeewtu]]) 07:26, 18 Siilo 2024 (UTC) </div></div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=23942484 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Vote on the Charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, I am reaching out to you today to announce that the voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) Charter is now open. Community members may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|cast their vote and provide comments about the charter via SecurePoll]] now through '''2 February 2024'''. Those of you who voiced your opinions during the development of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|UCoC Enforcement Guidelines]] will find this process familiar. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|current version of the U4C Charter]] is on Meta-wiki with translations available. Read the charter, go vote and share this note with others in your community. I can confidently say the U4C Building Committee looks forward to your participation. On behalf of the UCoC Project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 18:08, 19 Siilo 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25853527 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Last days to vote on the Charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting reminder|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, I am reaching out to you today to remind you that the voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) charter will close on '''2 February 2024'''. Community members may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|cast their vote and provide comments about the charter via SecurePoll]]. Those of you who voiced your opinions during the development of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|UCoC Enforcement Guidelines]] will find this process familiar. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|current version of the U4C charter]] is on Meta-wiki with translations available. Read the charter, go vote and share this note with others in your community. I can confidently say the U4C Building Committee looks forward to your participation. On behalf of the UCoC Project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 17:00, 31 Siilo 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25853527 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Announcing the results of the UCoC Coordinating Committee Charter ratification vote</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - results}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, Thank you everyone for following the progress of the Universal Code of Conduct. I am writing to you today to announce the outcome of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|ratification vote]] on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee Charter]]. 1746 contributors voted in this ratification vote with 1249 voters supporting the Charter and 420 voters not. The ratification vote process allowed for voters to provide comments about the Charter. A report of voting statistics and a summary of voter comments will be published on Meta-wiki in the coming weeks. Please look forward to hearing about the next steps soon. On behalf of the UCoC Project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 18:23, 12 Colte 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26160150 --> == Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2024: We are back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:UCDM 2024 general.jpg|180px|right]] {{int:please-translate}} Hello, dear Wikipedians!<br/> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the forth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2024|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from 1st until 31st March 2024. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contribution in every language! The most active contesters will receive prizes.<br/> We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/UCDM 2024|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|ValentynNefedov (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|talk]]) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=26166467 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Report of the U4C Charter ratification and U4C Call for Candidates now available</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – call for candidates| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – call for candidates}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, I am writing to you today with two important pieces of information. First, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Vote results|report of the comments from the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter ratification]] is now available. Secondly, the call for candidates for the U4C is open now through April 1, 2024. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members are invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Per the charter, there are 16 seats on the U4C: eight community-at-large seats and eight regional seats to ensure the U4C represents the diversity of the movement. Read more and submit your application on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|Meta-wiki]]. On behalf of the UCoC project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 16:25, 5 Mbooy 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26276337 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2024 Selection</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> : ''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' : ''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Dear all, This year, the term of 4 (four) Community- and Affiliate-selected Trustees on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees will come to an end [1]. The Board invites the whole movement to participate in this year’s selection process and vote to fill those seats. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee|Elections Committee]] will oversee this process with support from Foundation staff [2]. The Board Governance Committee created a Board Selection Working Group from Trustees who cannot be candidates in the 2024 community- and affiliate-selected trustee selection process composed of Dariusz Jemielniak, Nataliia Tymkiv, Esra'a Al Shafei, Kathy Collins, and Shani Evenstein Sigalov [3]. The group is tasked with providing Board oversight for the 2024 trustee selection process, and for keeping the Board informed. More details on the roles of the Elections Committee, Board, and staff are here [4]. Here are the key planned dates: * May 2024: Call for candidates and call for questions * June 2024: Affiliates vote to shortlist 12 candidates (no shortlisting if 15 or less candidates apply) [5] * June-August 2024: Campaign period * End of August / beginning of September 2024: Two-week community voting period * October–November 2024: Background check of selected candidates * Board's Meeting in December 2024: New trustees seated Learn more about the 2024 selection process - including the detailed timeline, the candidacy process, the campaign rules, and the voter eligibility criteria - on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|this Meta-wiki page]], and make your plan. '''Election Volunteers''' Another way to be involved with the 2024 selection process is to be an Election Volunteer. Election Volunteers are a bridge between the Elections Committee and their respective community. They help ensure their community is represented and mobilize them to vote. Learn more about the program and how to join on this [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Election Volunteers|Meta-wiki page]]. Best regards, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Pundit|Dariusz Jemielniak]] (Governance Committee Chair, Board Selection Working Group) [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/Results#Elected [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter [3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Minutes:2023-08-15#Governance_Committee [4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles [5] Even though the ideal number is 12 candidates for 4 open seats, the shortlisting process will be triggered if there are more than 15 candidates because the 1-3 candidates that are removed might feel ostracized and it would be a lot of work for affiliates to carry out the shortlisting process to only eliminate 1-3 candidates from the candidate list.<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]]19:57, 12 Mbooy 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26349432 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Your wiki will be in read-only soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2024-03-20|en}}'''. The test will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2024-03-20T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2024-03-20T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2024-03-20|en}}. *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> [[user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]], 00:00, 15 Mbooy 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=25636619 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Vote now to select members of the first U4C</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, I am writing to you to let you know the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is open now through May 9, 2024. Read the information on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility. The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. On behalf of the UCoC project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 20:20, 25 Seeɗto 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Sign up for the language community meeting on May 31st, 16:00 UTC</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="message"/>Hello all, The next language community meeting is scheduled in a few weeks - May 31st at 16:00 UTC. If you're interested, you can [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Language_engineering/Community_meetings#31_May_2024 sign up on this wiki page]. This is a participant-driven meeting, where we share language-specific updates related to various projects, collectively discuss technical issues related to language wikis, and work together to find possible solutions. For example, in the last meeting, the topics included the machine translation service (MinT) and the languages and models it currently supports, localization efforts from the Kiwix team, and technical challenges with numerical sorting in files used on Bengali Wikisource. Do you have any ideas for topics to share technical updates related to your project? Any problems that you would like to bring for discussion during the meeting? Do you need interpretation support from English to another language? Please reach out to me at ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org and [[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-may-2024|add agenda items to the document here]]. We look forward to your participation! <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:22, 14 Duujal 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Feedback invited on Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle/Invitation for feedback (MM)|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle/Invitation for feedback (MM)}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' [[File:Sibling Project Lifecycle Conversation 3.png|150px|right|link=:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle]] Dear community members, The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee]] (CAC) of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees|Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees]] invites you to give feedback on a '''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle|draft Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle]]'''. This draft Procedure outlines proposed steps and requirements for opening and closing Wikimedia Sibling Projects, and aims to ensure any newly approved projects are set up for success. This is separate from the procedures for opening or closing language versions of projects, which is handled by the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Language committee|Language Committee]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Closing_projects_policy|closing projects policy]]. You can find the details on [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle#Review|this page]], as well as the ways to give your feedback from today until the end of the day on '''June 23, 2024''', anywhere on Earth. You can also share information about this with the interested project communities you work with or support, and you can also help us translate the procedure into more languages, so people can join the discussions in their own language. On behalf of the CAC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 02:25, 22 Duujal 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Announcing the first Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello, The scrutineers have finished reviewing the vote results. We are following up with the results of the first [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) election]]. We are pleased to announce the following individuals as regional members of the U4C, who will fulfill a two-year term: * North America (USA and Canada) ** – * Northern and Western Europe ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Ghilt|Ghilt]] * Latin America and Caribbean ** – * Central and East Europe (CEE) ** — * Sub-Saharan Africa ** – * Middle East and North Africa ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Ibrahim.ID|Ibrahim.ID]] * East, South East Asia and Pacific (ESEAP) ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:0xDeadbeef|0xDeadbeef]] * South Asia ** – The following individuals are elected to be community-at-large members of the U4C, fulfilling a one-year term: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Barkeep49|Barkeep49]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Superpes15|Superpes15]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Civvì|Civvì]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Luke081515|Luke081515]] * – * – * – * – Thank you again to everyone who participated in this process and much appreciation to the candidates for your leadership and dedication to the Wikimedia movement and community. Over the next few weeks, the U4C will begin meeting and planning the 2024-25 year in supporting the implementation and review of the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines. Follow their work on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-wiki]]. On behalf of the UCoC project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 08:14, 3 Korse 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The final text of the Wikimedia Movement Charter is now on Meta</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final draft available|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final draft available}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hi everyone, The final text of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Wikimedia Movement Charter]] is now up on Meta in more than 20 languages for your reading. '''What is the Wikimedia Movement Charter?''' The Wikimedia Movement Charter is a proposed document to define roles and responsibilities for all the members and entities of the Wikimedia movement, including the creation of a new body – the Global Council – for movement governance. '''Join the Wikimedia Movement Charter “Launch Party”''' Join the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Movement Charter Launch Party|“Launch Party”]] on '''June 20, 2024''' at '''14.00-15.00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1718892000 your local time]). During this call, we will celebrate the release of the final Charter and present the content of the Charter. Join and learn about the Charter before casting your vote. '''Movement Charter ratification vote''' Voting will commence on SecurePoll on '''June 25, 2024''' at '''00:01 UTC''' and will conclude on '''July 9, 2024''' at '''23:59 UTC.''' You can read more about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting|voting process, eligibility criteria, and other details]] on Meta. If you have any questions, please leave a comment on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Movement Charter|Meta talk page]] or email the MCDC at [mailto:mcdc@wikimedia.org mcdc@wikimedia.org]. On behalf of the MCDC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 08:44, 11 Korse 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == Plans to enable MinT for Wiki readers in Fula Wikipedia == {{int:Hello}} Fula Wikipedians! Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{int:please-translate}}. The [[mw:Wikimedia_Language_engineering|WMF Language team]] has been working on [[mw:MinT#MinT_for_wiki_readers|MinT for Wiki Readers]]. This feature will allow communities to access more content that is only available in other languages with machine translation in Wikipedia. We will be enabling the initial version of this feature first in Igbo Wikipedia, and your Wikipedia is the next to test and have this feature since it will be beneficial for reading content in other languages. For this, our team would like you to read about the feature and [[:ff:Special:AutomaticTranslation|'''test it''']] so you can: * Ask us questions * Tell us how to improve the feature * Give us your feedback on enabling it in your Wikipedia '''About the feature''' The MinT for Wiki Readers is a feature that will allow readers of Fula Wikipedia to expand their reading options and knowledge beyond the language they are familiar with in Wikipedia. For instance, if someone is interested in a topic or content that only exists in the Japanese language and the person is not familiar with the language. While using the mobile web version of Wikipedia, the reader can access the machine translation version of that content in the Fula language from the language selector or the article's footer (as shown in the media files below). [[File:MinT MVP Language Selector entry point video.webm|Language selector entry point]], [[File:MinT_MVP_Article_footer_entry_point.png|Article footer entry point|align=center|300px|whitebg=no|noborder=yes]] These machine-generated translations of content are clearly identified as such, and the human-created content is surfaced and recommended if available. This feature is in its initial development. It is an early and functional version, and many aspects will be improved based on your community member's feedback on what works and what can be improved to better support your needs as readers. '''How to try the tool''' Before we enable this feature in your Wikipedia by the 26th June 2024, we invite members of your community to try MinT for Wiki Readers in your Wikipedia at [[:ff:Special:AutomaticTranslation|Special:AutomaticTranslation]] and give us early feedback in this thread or on [[mw:Talk:MinT#Feedback_from_Wikipedians_about_MinT_for_Wiki_Readers|this talk page]]. Our team would like to know your impression on: * How do you use the feature * Anything we should consider for our plans to enable it? * Your ideas for improving it. We greatly appreciate your time and effort in testing this tool. We eagerly look forward to your valuable feedback and questions, which will be instrumental in the further development of this feature. Thank you. On behalf of the WMF Language team. [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|yeewtu]]) 21:34, 13 Korse 2024 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Voting to ratify the Wikimedia Movement Charter is now open – cast your vote</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Ratification vote opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Ratification vote opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello everyone, The voting to ratify the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|'''Wikimedia Movement Charter''']] is now open. The Wikimedia Movement Charter is a document to define roles and responsibilities for all the members and entities of the Wikimedia movement, including the creation of a new body – the Global Council – for movement governance. The final version of the Wikimedia Movement Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|available on Meta in different languages]] and attached [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wikimedia_Movement_Charter_(June_2024).pdf here in PDF format] for your reading. Voting commenced on SecurePoll on '''June 25, 2024''' at '''00:01 UTC''' and will conclude on '''July 9, 2024''' at '''23:59 UTC'''. Please read more on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting|voter information and eligibility details]]. After reading the Charter, please [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/398|'''vote here''']] and share this note further. If you have any questions about the ratification vote, please contact the Charter Electoral Commission at [mailto:cec@wikimedia.org '''cec@wikimedia.org''']. On behalf of the CEC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 10:51, 25 Korse 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Voting to ratify the Wikimedia Movement Charter is ending soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final reminder|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello everyone, This is a kind reminder that the voting period to ratify the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Wikimedia Movement Charter]] will be closed on '''July 9, 2024''', at '''23:59 UTC'''. If you have not voted yet, please vote [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/398|on SecurePoll]]. On behalf of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Ratification/Voting#Electoral_Commission|Charter Electoral Commission]],<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 03:45, 8 Morso 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">U4C Special Election - Call for Candidates</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – call for candidates|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – call for candidates}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, A special election has been called to fill additional vacancies on the U4C. The call for candidates phase is open from now through July 19, 2024. The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the [[:foundation:Wikimedia Foundation Universal Code of Conduct|UCoC]]. Community members are invited to submit their applications in the special election for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please review the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|U4C Charter]]. In this special election, according to [[Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter#2. Elections and Terms|chapter 2 of the U4C charter]], there are 9 seats available on the U4C: '''four''' community-at-large seats and '''five''' regional seats to ensure the U4C represents the diversity of the movement. [[Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter#5. Glossary|No more than two members of the U4C can be elected from the same home wiki]]. Therefore, candidates must not have English Wikipedia, German Wikipedia, or Italian Wikipedia as their home wiki. Read more and submit your application on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Meta-wiki]]. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:02, 10 Morso 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Wikimedia Movement Charter ratification voting results</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Results of the ratification vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Results of the ratification vote}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello everyone, After carefully tallying both individual and affiliate votes, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting#Electoral Commission|Charter Electoral Commission]] is pleased to announce the final results of the Wikimedia Movement Charter voting.   As [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Movement Charter#Thank you for your participation in the Movement Charter ratification vote!|communicated]] by the Charter Electoral Commission, we reached the quorum for both Affiliate and individual votes by the time the vote closed on '''July 9, 23:59 UTC'''. We thank all 2,451 individuals and 129 Affiliate representatives who voted in the ratification process. Your votes and comments are invaluable for the future steps in Movement Strategy. The final results of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Wikimedia Movement Charter]] ratification voting held between 25 June and 9 July 2024 are as follows: '''Individual vote:''' Out of 2,451 individuals who voted as of July 9 23:59 (UTC), 2,446 have been accepted as valid votes. Among these, '''1,710''' voted “yes”; '''623''' voted “no”; and '''113''' selected “–” (neutral). Because the neutral votes don’t count towards the total number of votes cast, 73.30% voted to approve the Charter (1710/2333), while 26.70% voted to reject the Charter (623/2333). '''Affiliates vote:''' Out of 129 Affiliates designated voters who voted as of July 9 23:59 (UTC), 129 votes are confirmed as valid votes. Among these, '''93''' voted “yes”; '''18''' voted “no”; and '''18''' selected “–” (neutral). Because the neutral votes don’t count towards the total number of votes cast, 83.78% voted to approve the Charter (93/111), while 16.22% voted to reject the Charter (18/111). '''Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation:''' The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees voted '''not to ratify''' the proposed Charter during their special Board meeting on July 8, 2024. The Chair of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees, Nataliia Tymkiv, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_noticeboard/Board_resolution_and_vote_on_the_proposed_Movement_Charter|shared the result of the vote, the resolution, meeting minutes and proposed next steps]].   With this, the Wikimedia Movement Charter in its current revision is '''not ratified'''. We thank you for your participation in this important moment in our movement’s governance. The Charter Electoral Commission, [[m:User:Abhinav619|Abhinav619]], [[m:User:Borschts|Borschts]], [[m:User:Iwuala Lucy|Iwuala Lucy]], [[m:User:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]], [[m:User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|yeewtu]]) 17:52, 18 Morso 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == Request for feedback on machine translation support variable provided by Google Translate for your Wikipedia == {{int:Hello}} Fulani Wikipedians! Apologies, as this message is not in your language, {{int:Please-translate}}. Google Translate just introduced machine translation support in Fulani language. However, the language has several variant of translations with different codes, so it is unclear if the variant supported by Google could be useful for your community. Therefore, the WMF Language and Product Localisation team wants to know from members of the Fulani Wikipedia community if this variant is helpful for your translation work. For this, my team would like you to: * [https://translate.google.com/?sl=auto&tl=ff Try the machine translation support] at  https://translate.google.com/. You can paste multiple pieces of content from different Wikipedia articles and check whether the provided result is the correct variant for your language. * Provide us with specific feedback on the machine translation quality. Let us know if the translations are accurate, maintain the original meaning, are grammatically correct, and if the variant is suitable for your Wikipedia. '''Our plans to enable the machine translation support''' If the machine translation is the correct variant, and there are no objections to having translation support. We will deploy it once the support is available in the external APIs. We look forward to your feedback in this thread, as we need to be sure we will be providing a helpful support service for your translation work. Thank you! [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|yeewtu]]) 03:58, 25 Morso 2024 (UTC) On behalf of the WMF Language and Product Localisation team. == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Vote now to fill vacancies of the first U4C</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – voting opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – voting opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, I am writing to you to let you know the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is open now through '''August 10, 2024'''. Read the information on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility. The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 02:46, 27 Morso 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Reminder! Vote closing soon to fill vacancies of the first U4C</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, The voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is closing soon. It is open through 10 August 2024. Read the information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024_Special_Election#Voting|the voting page on Meta-wiki to learn more about voting and voter eligibility]]. If you are eligible to vote and have not voted in this special election, it is important that you vote now. '''Why should you vote?''' The U4C is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community input into the committee membership is critical to the success of the UCoC. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 15:29, 6 Juko 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Coming soon: A new sub-referencing feature – try it!</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Sub-referencing"/> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|{{#ifeq:{{#dir}}|ltr|right|left}}|400px]] Hello. For many years, community members have requested an easy way to re-use references with different details. Now, a MediaWiki solution is coming: The new sub-referencing feature will work for wikitext and Visual Editor and will enhance the existing reference system. You can continue to use different ways of referencing, but you will probably encounter sub-references in articles written by other users. More information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|the project page]]. '''We want your feedback''' to make sure this feature works well for you: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|Please try]] the current state of development on beta wiki and [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|let us know what you think]]. * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Sign-up|Sign up here]] to get updates and/or invites to participate in user research activities. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes]] team is planning to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We will reach out to creators/maintainers of tools and templates related to references beforehand. Please help us spread the message. --[[m:User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]]) 10:36, 19 August 2024 (UTC) <section end="Sub-referencing"/> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=27309345 --> == Sign up for the language community meeting on August 30th, 15:00 UTC == Hi all, The next language community meeting is scheduled in a few weeks—on August 30th at 15:00 UTC. If you're interested in joining, you can [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#30_August_2024 sign up on this wiki page]. This participant-driven meeting will focus on sharing language-specific updates related to various projects, discussing technical issues related to language wikis, and working together to find possible solutions. For example, in the last meeting, topics included the Language Converter, the state of language research, updates on the Incubator conversations, and technical challenges around external links not working with special characters on Bengali sites. Do you have any ideas for topics to share technical updates or discuss challenges? Please add agenda items to the document [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/language-community-meeting-aug-2024 here] and reach out to ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org. We look forward to your participation! [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|yeewtu]]) 23:19, 22 Juko 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Announcing the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/board-elections@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/OKCCN2CANIH2K7DXJOL2GPVDFWL27R7C/ Original message at wikimedia-l]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, The scrutineers have finished reviewing the vote and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Elections Committee|Elections Committee]] have certified the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Results|results]] for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) special election]]. I am pleased to announce the following individual as regional members of the U4C, who will fulfill a term until 15 June 2026: * North America (USA and Canada) ** Ajraddatz The following seats were not filled during this special election: * Latin America and Caribbean * Central and East Europe (CEE) * Sub-Saharan Africa * South Asia * The four remaining Community-At-Large seats Thank you again to everyone who participated in this process and much appreciation to the candidates for your leadership and dedication to the Wikimedia movement and community. Over the next few weeks, the U4C will begin meeting and planning the 2024-25 year in supporting the implementation and review of the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines. You can follow their work on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-Wiki]]. On behalf of the U4C and the Elections Committee,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 14:05, 2 Siilto 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Have your say: Vote for the 2024 Board of Trustees!</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. There are twelve (12) candidates running for four (4) seats on the Board. Learn more about the candidates by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Candidates|reading their statements]] and their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Questions_for_candidates|answers to community questions]]. When you are ready, go to the [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/400|SecurePoll]] voting page to vote. '''The vote is open from September 3rd at 00:00 UTC to September 17th at 23:59 UTC'''. To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Voter_eligibility_guidelines|voter eligibility page]]. Best regards, The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|yeewtu]]) 12:14, 3 Siilto 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Your wiki will be in read-only soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2024-09-25|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2024-09-25T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2024-09-25T15:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2024-09-25|en}}. *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> [[User:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]], 09:37, 20 Siilto 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27248326 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Introducing automated bots</span> == Dear Fulfulde Wikipedia Community, We're seeking your input on introducing automated bots to enhance content management and article quality. These bots will assist with tasks like article assessment and content correction. Join the discussion to ensure transparency and collective decision-making. Your feedback is vital for successful implementation. Thank you.[[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]] ([[User talk:De-Invincible|yeewtu]]) 19:33, 21 Siilto 2024 (UTC) :Introducing bot will help us to get what we are capable to, I believe if got it out we will be enable to perform a lot of editing and publishing at the same time. [[User:Adam644|Adam644]] ([[User talk:Adam644|yeewtu]]) 19:49, 21 Siilto 2024 (UTC) :{{Support}}<nowiki> I believe this bot will offer significantly improve content , management and user friendly interface inorder to boost the activities on the page like wise article quality. This automation tasks will reduce the tremendous workload and also may enhance the accuracy. I am Looking forward to its implementation. ~~~~</nowiki> [[User:MOIBARDE|MOIBARDE]] ([[User talk:MOIBARDE|yeewtu]]) 20:08, 21 Siilto 2024 (UTC) :<nowiki>{{Support}}</nowiki> with this bot I believe that we will feel supported and motivated to contribute,this bot will boost our confidence, retention,and content quality.[[User:Sa&#39;eedert|Sa&#39;eedert]] ([[User talk:Sa&#39;eedert|yeewtu]]) 20:14, 21 Siilto 2024 (UTC) :{{Support}} The establishment of the bot will surely diminish the gravity of our workload and also help in managing, organizing, collection and processing of some activities effectively. [[User:Apdoull|Apdoull]] ([[User talk:Apdoull|yeewtu]]) 21:52, 21 Siilto 2024 (UTC) :{{Support}}I believe this bot will significantly improve content management and and article quality.its automated task will reduce workload and enhance accuracy.looking forward to its implementation[[User:Zahraswaty|Zahraswaty]] ([[User talk:Zahraswaty|yeewtu]]) 17:07, 22 Siilto 2024 (UTC) ::{{Support}}<nowiki> I do believe and hope that the bot will improve the editing content management and article quality. Its may also enhance accuracy. Looking forward to to the this new automation and its implementation. ~~~~</nowiki> [[User:Ilya Discuss|Ilya Discuss]] ([[User talk:Ilya Discuss|yeewtu]]) 16:15, 23 Siilto 2024 (UTC) :Hello @[[User:WikiBayer|WikiBayer]], :I hope this message finds you well. I kindly request the unblocking of [[User:Tanvirsdqbot|Tanvirsdqbot]] and [[User:Tanvirsdq|Tanvirsdq]]. The community, including myself, previously asked Tanvir to operate the bot for ffwiki, and while it encountered some issues, neither the bot owner nor we realized a bot flag was necessary. Unblocking them would allow Tanvir to collaborate effectively with ffwiki and enhance our work processes. Thank you for considering this request. [[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]] ([[User talk:De-Invincible|yeewtu]]) 17:50, 28 Siilto 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]] I have stopped the bot due to a disfunktion.The missing botflag was not the reason. [[User:WikiBayer|WikiBayer]] ([[User talk:WikiBayer|yeewtu]]) 18:01, 28 Siilto 2024 (UTC) :::@[[User:WikiBayer|WikiBayer]], Thank you for the clarification regarding the bot's status. I understand that the disfunction was the primary issue. Could you provide more details on the specific problems encountered? This information would help us address any technical issues and ensure smoother operation in the future. We appreciate your support and hope to resolve this matter promptly so that [[User:Tanvirsdq|Tanvirsdq ]] can assist with ffwiki effectively. [[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]] ([[User talk:De-Invincible|yeewtu]]) 05:58, 29 Siilto 2024 (UTC) ::::I have alread do this. on [[:en:User talk:TanvirSdq]] [[:en:Special:Diff/1248239350|Diff1]], [[:en:Special:Diff/1248239064|Diff2]] [[User:WikiBayer|WikiBayer]] ([[User talk:WikiBayer|yeewtu]]) 07:22, 29 Siilto 2024 (UTC) :::::@[[User:WikiBayer|WikiBayer]], Okay, thank you for your help. [[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]] ([[User talk:De-Invincible|yeewtu]]) 07:42, 29 Siilto 2024 (UTC) :Hello everyone, thanks for your interest in automating your wiki's tasks. I'm Tanvir, I'll be more than happy to help you with my knowledge and expertise; I'll be helping you with your technical tasks as a part of "Project Koushal", a project aimed at providing technical support to wikimedia communities . :Thanks @[[User:WikiBayer|WikiBayer]] for understanding the situation and lifting the block. I acknowledge my mistake and will be more careful before deploying any code. Am I set now to run a bot in ffwiki? I probably need a botflag, how do I check if I got that? :I have received a semi formal request from ffwiki to help them with bots. @[[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]] is helping me to prepare a welcome bot for ffwiki. Since the bot sent repetitive messages already, I'll test it in a controlled environment with extreme care. Once the welcome bot is up and running, I'll start on other bot requests of you, if you have any. Thanks again and nice to collaborate with ffwiki, we hope to go far together.[[User:TanvirSdq|TanvirSdq]] ([[User talk:TanvirSdq|yeewtu]]) 16:15, 30 Siilto 2024 (UTC) == 'Wikidata item' link is moving. Find out where... == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><i>Apologies for cross-posting in English. Please consider translating this message.</i>{{tracked|T66315}} Hello everyone, a small change will soon be coming to the user-interface of your Wikimedia project. The [[d:Q16222597|Wikidata item]] [[w:|sitelink]] currently found under the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''General''</u></span> section of the '''Tools''' sidebar menu will move into the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''In Other Projects''</u></span> section. We would like the Wiki communities feedback so please let us know or ask questions on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Discussion page]] before we enable the change which can take place October 4 2024, circa 15:00 UTC+2. More information can be found on [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|the project page]].<br><br>We welcome your feedback and questions.<br> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|yeewtu]]) 18:56, 27 Siilto 2024 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27524260 --> == Invitation to Participate in Wiki Loves Ramadan Community Engagement Survey == Dear all, Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. We are excited to announce the upcoming [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan|Wiki Loves Ramadan]] event, a global initiative aimed at celebrating Ramadan by enriching Wikipedia and its sister projects with content related to this significant time of year. As we plan to organize this event globally, your insights and experiences are crucial in shaping the best possible participation experience for the community. To ensure that Wiki Loves Ramadan is engaging, inclusive, and impactful, we kindly invite you to participate in our community engagement survey. Your feedback will help us understand the needs of the community, set the event's focus, and guide our strategies for organizing this global event. Survey link: https://forms.gle/f66MuzjcPpwzVymu5 Please take a few minutes to share your thoughts. Your input will make a difference! Thank you for being a part of our journey to make Wiki Loves Ramadan a success. Warm regards, User:ZI Jony 03:19, 6 Yarkomaa 2024 (UTC) Wiki Loves Ramadan Organizing Team <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27510935 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Preliminary results of the 2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, Thank you to everyone who participated in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election]]. Close to 6000 community members from more than 180 wiki projects have voted. The following four candidates were the most voted: # [[User:Kritzolina|Christel Steigenberger]] # [[User:Nadzik|Maciej Artur Nadzikiewicz]] # [[User:Victoria|Victoria Doronina]] # [[User:Laurentius|Lorenzo Losa]] While these candidates have been ranked through the vote, they still need to be appointed to the Board of Trustees. They need to pass a successful background check and meet the qualifications outlined in the Bylaws. New trustees will be appointed at the next Board meeting in December 2024. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Results|Learn more about the results on Meta-Wiki.]] Best regards, The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]] 08:25, 14 Yarkomaa 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]] Applications for the committees open on 16 October 2024. Applications for the Affiliations Committee close on 18 November 2024, and applications for the Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on 2 December 2024. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation/Legal/Committee_appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email [mailto:cst@wikimedia.org cst@wikimedia.org] with any questions you may have. For the Committee Support team, <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:07, 16 Yarkomaa 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27601062 --> == 'Wikidata item' link is moving, finally. == Hello everyone, I previously wrote on the 27th September to advise that the ''Wikidata item'' sitelink will change places in the sidebar menu, moving from the '''General''' section into the '''In Other Projects''' section. The scheduled rollout date of 04.10.2024 was delayed due to a necessary request for Mobile/MinervaNeue skin. I am happy to inform that the global rollout can now proceed and will occur later today, 22.10.2024 at 15:00 UTC-2. [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Please let us know]] if you notice any problems or bugs after this change. There should be no need for null-edits or purging cache for the changes to occur. Kind regards, -[[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 11:28, 22 Yarkomaa 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27535421 --> == Final Reminder: Join us in Making Wiki Loves Ramadan Success == Dear all, We’re thrilled to announce the Wiki Loves Ramadan event, a global initiative to celebrate Ramadan by enhancing Wikipedia and its sister projects with valuable content related to this special time of year. As we organize this event globally, we need your valuable input to make it a memorable experience for the community. Last Call to Participate in Our Survey: To ensure that Wiki Loves Ramadan is inclusive and impactful, we kindly request you to complete our community engagement survey. Your feedback will shape the event’s focus and guide our organizing strategies to better meet community needs. * Survey Link: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSffN4prPtR5DRSq9nH-t1z8hG3jZFBbySrv32YoxV8KbTwxig/viewform?usp=sf_link Complete the Survey] * Deadline: November 10, 2024 Please take a few minutes to share your thoughts. Your input will truly make a difference! '''Volunteer Opportunity''': Join the Wiki Loves Ramadan Team! We’re seeking dedicated volunteers for key team roles essential to the success of this initiative. If you’re interested in volunteer roles, we invite you to apply. * Application Link: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfXiox_eEDH4yJ0gxVBgtL7jPe41TINAWYtpNp1JHSk8zhdgw/viewform?usp=sf_link Apply Here] * Application Deadline: October 31, 2024 Explore Open Positions: For a detailed list of roles and their responsibilities, please refer to the position descriptions here: [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1oy0_tilC6kow5GGf6cEuFvdFpekcubCqJlaxkxh-jT4/ Position Descriptions] Thank you for being part of this journey. We look forward to working together to make Wiki Loves Ramadan a success! Warm regards,<br> The Wiki Loves Ramadan Organizing Team 05:11, 29 Yarkomaa 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27568454 --> == Proposal to enable the "Contribute" entry point in Fulah Wikipedia == {{Int:Hello}} Fulah Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language. {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|WMF Language and Product Localization]] team proposes enabling an entry point called "Contribute" to your Wikipedia. The [[:bn:বিশেষ:Contribute|Contribute]] entry point is based on collaborative work with other product teams in the Wikimedia Foundation on [[mediawikiwiki:Edit_Discovery|Edit discovery]], which validated the entry point as a persistent and constant path that contributors took to discover ways to contribute content in Wikipedia. Therefore, enabling this entry point in your Wikipedia will help contributors quickly discover available tools and immediately click to start using them. This entry point is designed to be a central point for discovering contribution tools in Fulah Wikipedia. '''Who can access it''' Once it is enabled in your Wikipedia, newcomers can access the entry point automatically by just logging into their account, click on the User drop-down menu and choose the "Contribute" icon, which takes you to another menu where you will find a self-guided description of what you can do to contribute content, as shown in the image below. An option to "view contributions" is also available to access the list of your contributions. [[File:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|link=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|Mobile Contribute Page]] [[File:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|link=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|Mobile contribute menu (detailed)]] For experienced contributors, the Contribute icon is not automatically shown in their User drop-down menu. They will still see the "Contributions" option unless they change it to the "Contribute" manually. This feature is available in four Wikipedia (Albanian, Malayalam, Mongolian, and Tagalog). We have gotten valuable feedback that helped us improve its discoverability. Now, it is ready to be enabled in other Wikis. One major improvement was to [[phab:T369041|make the entry point optional for experienced contributors]] who still want to have the "Contributions" entry point as default.           We plan to enable it '''on mobile''' for Wikis, where the Section translation tool is enabled. In this way, we will provide a main entry point to the mobile translation dashboard, and the exposure can still be limited by targeting only the mobile platform for now. If there are no objections to having the entry point for mobile users from your community, we will enable it by 20th November 2024. We welcome your feedback and questions in this thread on our proposal to enable it here. Suppose there are no objections, we will deploy the "Contribute" entry point in your Wikipedia. We look forward to your response soon. Thank you! On behalf of the WMF Language and Product Localization team. [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|yeewtu]]) 02:52, 7 Jolal 2024 (UTC) == Sign up for the language community meeting on November 29th, 16:00 UTC == Hello everyone, The next language community meeting is coming up next week, on November 29th, at 16:00 UTC (Zonestamp! For your timezone <https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000>). If you're interested in joining, you can sign up on this wiki page: <https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#29_November_2024>. This participant-driven meeting will be organized by the Wikimedia Foundation’s Language Product Localization team and the Language Diversity Hub. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Moore Wikipedia, and the language support track at Wiki Indaba. We will also have members from the Wayuunaiki community joining us to share their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community within our movement. This meeting will have a Spanish interpretation. Looking forward to seeing you at the language community meeting! Cheers, [[User:SSethi (WMF)|Srishti]] 19:54, 21 Jolal 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27746256 --> == Launching! Join Us for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025! == Dear All, We’re happy to announce the launch of [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]], an annual international campaign dedicated to celebrating and preserving Islamic cultures and history through the power of Wikipedia. As an active contributor to the Local Wikipedia, you are specially invited to participate in the launch. This year’s campaign will be launched for you to join us write, edit, and improve articles that showcase the richness and diversity of Islamic traditions, history, and culture. * Topic: [[m:Event:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch]] * When: Jan 19, 2025 * Time: 16:00 Universal Time UTC and runs throughout Ramadan (starting February 25, 2025). * Join Zoom Meeting: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/88420056597?pwd=NdrpqIhrwAVPeWB8FNb258n7qngqqo.1 * Zoom meeting hosted by [[m:Wikimedia Bangladesh|Wikimedia Bangladesh]] To get started, visit the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|campaign page]] for details, resources, and guidelines: Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025. Add [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participant|your community here]], and organized Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 in your local language. Whether you’re a first-time editor or an experienced Wikipedian, your contributions matter. Together, we can ensure Islamic cultures and traditions are well-represented and accessible to all. Feel free to invite your community and friends too. Kindly reach out if you have any questions or need support as you prepare to participate. Let’s make Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 a success! For the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Team|International Team]] 12:08, 16 Siilo 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27568454 --> == Universal Code of Conduct annual review: provide your comments on the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 01:11, 24 Siilo 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27746256 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2025 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <center>''{{int:please-translate}}''</center> Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2025, to March 31, 2025 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles. Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project: # Create a page for the contest on the local wiki. # Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool. # Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes. # Request local admins for site notice. # Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta project page]]. This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools'''] Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance. We look forward to your immense coordination. Thank you and Best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025 International Team]]''' ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|yeewtu]]) 02:35, 29 Siilo 2025 (UTC) == Wiki Loves Folklore is back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore 2025]]''' an international media contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March. You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&campaign=wlf_2025 submitting] them in this commons contest. You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language. Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. '''Kind regards,''' '''Wiki loves Folklore International Team''' --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|yeewtu]]) 02:35, 29 Siilo 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=26503019 --> == Reminder: first part of the annual UCoC review closes soon == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. This is a reminder that the first phase of the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines will be closing soon. You can make suggestions for changes through [[d:Q614092|the end of day]], 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. After review of the feedback, proposals for updated text will be published on Meta in March for another round of community review. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:48, 3 Colte 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28198931 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr"> Upcoming Language Community Meeting (Feb 28th, 14:00 UTC) and Newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Hello everyone! [[File:WP20Symbols WIKI INCUBATOR.svg|right|frameless|150x150px|alt=An image symbolising multiple languages]] We’re excited to announce that the next '''Language Community Meeting''' is happening soon, '''February 28th at 14:00 UTC'''! If you’d like to join, simply sign up on the '''[[mw:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#28_February_2025|wiki page]]'''. This is a participant-driven meeting where we share updates on language-related projects, discuss technical challenges in language wikis, and collaborate on solutions. In our last meeting, we covered topics like developing language keyboards, creating the Moore Wikipedia, and updates from the language support track at Wiki Indaba. '''Got a topic to share?''' Whether it’s a technical update from your project, a challenge you need help with, or a request for interpretation support, we’d love to hear from you! Feel free to '''reply to this message''' or add agenda items to the document '''[[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-feb-2025|here]]'''. Also, we wanted to highlight that the sixth edition of the Language & Internationalization newsletter (January 2025) is available here: [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January]]. This newsletter provides updates from the October–December 2024 quarter on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects and support efforts, details about community meetings, and ideas for contributing to projects. To stay updated, you can subscribe to the newsletter on its wiki page: [[:mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter]]. We look forward to your ideas and participation at the language community meeting, see you there! <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 08:29, 22 Colte 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28217779 --> == Request for Bot Flag and Bot Permission == Dear Community members, I write to formally request a bot flag and bot permission for [[User:Tanvirsdqbot|Tanvirsdqbot]]. The bot is designed to assist with various tasks on the Fulfulde Wikipedia, primarily starting with sending welcome messages to new users. While over time, the bot’s roles will expand to include tasks such as categorizing pages, correcting minor errors, and other maintenance work to improve the efficiency and quality of the Fulfulde Wikipedia. This will allow editors to focus on more complex contributions. Previously, the bot has been blocked because it lacks a bot flag and permission to operate. A bot flag will allow the bot to perform its tasks without being mistaken for a regular user account, reducing the likelihood of blocks and ensuring smooth operation. I kindly request the community to discuss and approve this request. Your support will ensure that the bot can operate effectively and contribute to the growth and maintenance of the Fulfulde Wikipedia. If there are any concerns or suggestions regarding the bot’s tasks or permissions, [[User:TanvirSdq|TanvirSdq]] will be more than happy to address them. Thank you, [[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]] ([[User talk:De-Invincible|yeewtu]]) 07:07, 28 Colte 2025 (UTC) :I believe this bot will offer significantly improved content , management and user friendly interface in order to boost the activities on the page like wise article quality. This automation tasks will reduce the tremendous workload and also may enhance the accuracy. I am Looking forward to its implementation. [[User:Adam644|Adam644]] ([[User talk:Adam644|yeewtu]]) 07:31, 28 Colte 2025 (UTC) :I support Tanvirsdqbot to have a bot flag and bot permission. [[User:Isah Ali Umar|Isah Ali Umar]] ([[User talk:Isah Ali Umar|yeewtu]]) 07:49, 28 Colte 2025 (UTC) :With bot flag I believe that the bot will operate effectively and will support us in various ways. I therefore endorsed it to have a bot flag. [[User:Sa&#39;eedert|Sa&#39;eedert]] ([[User talk:Sa&#39;eedert|yeewtu]]) 08:32, 28 Colte 2025 (UTC) :Introducing bot will help us to get what we are capable of, I believe if we get it out we will be able to perform a lot of clean up tasks. Bot permission is essential to make that happen. I support. [[User:MOIBARDE|MOIBARDE]] ([[User talk:MOIBARDE|yeewtu]]) 15:31, 28 Colte 2025 (UTC) :The establishment of this bot will surely diminish the gravity of our workload and also help in managing, organizing, collection and processing some activities effectively. I therefore support giving it a bot permission [[User:Apdoull|Apdoull]] ([[User talk:Apdoull|yeewtu]]) [[User:Apdoull|Apdoull]] ([[User talk:Apdoull|yeewtu]]) 07:44, 2 Mbooy 2025 (UTC) :Hello sir, [[User:WikiBayer|WikiBayer]], we would like to request a bot flag and permissions for [[User:Tanvirsdqbot|Tanvirsdqbot]]. The bot has been blocked when tested due to lack of a bot flag, and the community has no objections. It task will begin by sending welcome messages and later help with tasks like categorization and error correction. Please grant the necessary permissions. Thank you! [[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]] ([[User talk:De-Invincible|yeewtu]]) 16:19, 3 Mbooy 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]] the bot ([[Special:Contributions/TanvirSdqBot]]) is no longer blocked. Please visit [[:meta:SRB#Bot status requests]] to officially post the request for bot permissions for ffwiki, linking this local discussion as consensus. [[User:Johannnes89|Johannnes89]] ([[User talk:Johannnes89|yeewtu]]) 09:56, 5 Mbooy 2025 (UTC) :::Thank you for your help sir, @[[User:Johannnes89|Johannnes89]]. [[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]] ([[User talk:De-Invincible|yeewtu]]) 10:58, 5 Mbooy 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]] I guess this is now taken care of [[User:Adelaideslement8723|Adelaideslement8723]] ([[User talk:Adelaideslement8723|yeewtu]]) 13:34, 5 Mbooy 2025 (UTC) :::::Yes, thank you. [[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]] ([[User talk:De-Invincible|yeewtu]]) 15:00, 5 Mbooy 2025 (UTC) == Universal Code of Conduct annual review: proposed changes are available for comment == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. I am writing to you to let you know that [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|proposed changes]] to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter]] are open for review. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|You can provide feedback on suggested changes]]''' through the [[d:Q614092|end of day]] on Tuesday, 18 March 2025. This is the second step in the annual review process, the final step will be community voting on the proposed changes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find relevant links about the process on the UCoC annual review page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] 18:51, 7 Mbooy 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28307738 --> == An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{Int:hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below. [[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the "For you" and "...More" buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups ("Create new pages" and "Expand with new sections")-one for each activity.]] [[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]] We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''. Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. Thank you! On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 02:55, 13 Mbooy 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_CX_Unified_dashboard_announcement_list_1&oldid=28382282 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Your wiki will be in read-only soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2025-03-19|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-03-19T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-03-19T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-03-19|en}}. *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:14, 14 Mbooy 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=28307742 --> == Final proposed modifications to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter now posted == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The proposed modifications to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines]] and the U4C Charter [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Proposed_Changes|are now on Meta-wiki for community notice]] in advance of the voting period. This final draft was developed from the previous two rounds of community review. Community members will be able to vote on these modifications starting on 17 April 2025. The vote will close on 1 May 2025, and results will be announced no later than 12 May 2025. The U4C election period, starting with a call for candidates, will open immediately following the announcement of the review results. More information will be posted on [[m:Special:MyLanguage//Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election|the wiki page for the election]] soon. Please be advised that this process will require more messages to be sent here over the next two months. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 02:04, 4 Seeɗto 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28469465 --> == Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025: Invitation == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:UCDM 2025 general.png|180px|right]] {{int:please-translate}} Hello, dear Wikipedians!<br/> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the fifth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''14th April''' until '''16th May 2025'''. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design, and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contributions in every language! The most active contesters will receive prizes. If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest. <br/> We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) </div> 16:11, 16 Seeɗto 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Hide on Rosé@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Vote now on the revised UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines ("UCoC EG") and the UCoC's Coordinating Committee Charter is open now through the end of 1 May (UTC) ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Voter_information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review of the EG and Charter was planned and implemented by the U4C. Further information will be provided in the coming months about the review of the UCoC itself. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:34, 17 Seeɗto 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28469465 --> == Sub-referencing: User testing == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|400px|right]] <small>''Apologies for writing in English, please help us by providing a translation below''</small> Hi I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]'s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. We are making great strides with the new [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]] and we’d love to invite you to take part in two activities to help us move this work further: #'''Try it out and share your feedback''' #:[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing# Test the prototype|Please try]] the updated ''wikitext'' feature [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on the beta wiki] and let us know what you think, either [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|on our talk page]] or by [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/talktotechwish booking a call] with our UX researcher. #'''Get a sneak peak and help shape the ''Visual Editor'' user designs''' #:Help us test the new design prototypes by participating in user sessions – [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/gxk0taud/apply sign up here to receive an invite]. We're especially hoping to speak with people from underrepresented and diverse groups. If that's you, please consider signing up! No prior or extensive editing experience is required. User sessions will start ''May 14th''. We plan to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We’ll reach out to wikis for piloting in time for deployments. Creators and maintainers of reference-related tools and templates will be contacted beforehand as well. Thank you very much for your support and encouragement so far in helping bring this feature to life! </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]])</bdi> 15:03, 28 Seeɗto 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=28628657 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote on proposed modifications to the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter closes on 1 May 2025 at 23:59 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community in your language, as appropriate, so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C -- <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 03:40, 29 Seeɗto 2025 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == We will be enabling the new Charts extension on your wiki soon! == ''(Apologies for posting in English)'' Hi all! We have good news to share regarding the ongoing problem with graphs and charts affecting all wikis that use them. As you probably know, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|old Graph extension]] was disabled in 2023 [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EWL4AGBEZEDMNNFTM4FRD4MHOU3CVESO/|due to security reasons]]. We’ve worked in these two years to find a solution that could replace the old extension, and provide a safer and better solution to users who wanted to showcase graphs and charts in their articles. We therefore developed the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Charts extension]], which will be replacing the old Graph extension and potentially also the [[:mw:Extension:EasyTimeline|EasyTimeline extension]]. After successfully deploying the extension on Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedia, as well as on MediaWiki.org, as part of a pilot phase, we are now happy to announce that we are moving forward with the next phase of deployment, which will also include your wiki. The deployment will happen in batches, and will start from '''May 6'''. Please, consult [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|our page on MediaWiki.org]] to discover when the new Charts extension will be deployed on your wiki. You can also [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|consult the documentation]] about the extension on MediaWiki.org. If you have questions, need clarifications, or just want to express your opinion about it, please refer to the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension_talk:Chart/Project|project’s talk page on Mediawiki.org]], or ping me directly under this thread. If you encounter issues using Charts once it gets enabled on your wiki, please report it on the [[:mw:Extension_talk:Chart/Project|talk page]] or at [[phab:tag/charts|Phabricator]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:07, 6 Duujal 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=28663781 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Call for Candidates for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The results of voting on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025#Results|available on Meta-wiki]]. You may now [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Candidates|submit your candidacy to serve on the U4C]] through 29 May 2025 at 12:00 UTC. Information about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|eligibility, process, and the timeline are on Meta-wiki]]. Voting on candidates will open on 1 June 2025 and run for two weeks, closing on 15 June 2025 at 12:00 UTC. If you have any questions, you can ask on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|the discussion page for the election]]. -- in cooperation with the U4C, </div><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|yewtare]])</bdi> 22:07, 15 Duujal 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == RfC ongoing regarding Abstract Wikipedia (and your project) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''(Apologies for posting in English, if this is not your first language)'' Hello all! We opened a discussion on Meta about a very delicate issue for the development of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. Since some of the hypothesis involve your project, we wanted to hear your thoughts too. We want to make the decision process clear: we do not yet know which option we want to use, which is why we are consulting here. We will take the arguments from the Wikimedia communities into account, and we want to consult with the different communities and hear arguments that will help us with the decision. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation. You can read the various hypothesis and have your say at [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 15:26, 22 Duujal 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=28768453 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 Selection & Call for Questions</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, This year, the term of 2 (two) Community- and Affiliate-selected Trustees on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees will come to an end [1]. The Board invites the whole movement to participate in this year’s selection process and vote to fill those seats. The Elections Committee will oversee this process with support from Foundation staff [2]. The Governance Committee, composed of trustees who are not candidates in the 2025 community-and-affiliate-selected trustee selection process (Raju Narisetti, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Lorenzo Losa, Kathy Collins, Victoria Doronina and Esra’a Al Shafei) [3], is tasked with providing Board oversight for the 2025 trustee selection process and for keeping the Board informed. More details on the roles of the Elections Committee, Board, and staff are here [4]. Here are the key planned dates: * May 22 – June 5: Announcement (this communication) and call for questions period [6] * June 17 – July 1, 2025: Call for candidates * July 2025: If needed, affiliates vote to shortlist candidates if more than 10 apply [5] * August 2025: Campaign period * August – September 2025: Two-week community voting period * October – November 2025: Background check of selected candidates * Board’s Meeting in December 2025: New trustees seated Learn more about the 2025 selection process - including the detailed timeline, the candidacy process, the campaign rules, and the voter eligibility criteria - on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025|[link]]]. '''Call for Questions''' In each selection process, the community has the opportunity to submit questions for the Board of Trustees candidates to answer. The Election Committee selects questions from the list developed by the community for the candidates to answer. Candidates must answer all the required questions in the application in order to be eligible; otherwise their application will be disqualified. This year, the Election Committee will select 5 questions for the candidates to answer. The selected questions may be a combination of what’s been submitted from the community, if they’re alike or related. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates|[link]]] '''Election Volunteers''' Another way to be involved with the 2025 selection process is to be an Election Volunteer. Election Volunteers are a bridge between the Elections Committee and their respective community. They help ensure their community is represented and mobilize them to vote. Learn more about the program and how to join on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Election_volunteers|[link].]] Thank you! [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Results [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter [3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Committee_Membership,_December_2024 [4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles [5] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/FAQ [6] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates Best regards, Victoria Doronina Board Liaison to the Elections Committee Governance Committee<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|yeewtu]]) 03:07, 28 Duujal 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr"> Upcoming Deployment of the CampaignEvents Extension</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Hello everyone, ''(Apologies for posting in English if English is not your first language. Please help translate to your language.)'' The Campaigns Product Team is planning a global deployment of the '''[[:mw:Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]]''' to all Wikipedias, including this wiki, during the '''week of June 23rd'''. This extension is designed to help organizers plan and manage events, WikiProjects, and other on-wiki collaborations - and to make these efforts more discoverable. The three main features of this extension are: * '''[[:m:Event_Center/Registration|Event Registration]]''': A simple way to sign up for events on the wiki. * '''[[:m:CampaignEvents/Collaboration_list|Collaboration List]]''': A global list of events and a local list of WikiProjects, accessible at '''[[:m:Special:AllEvents|Special:AllEvents]]'''. * '''[[:m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Invitation_list|Invitation Lists]]''': A tool to help organizers find editors who might want to join, based on their past contributions. '''Note''': The extension comes with a new user right called '''"Event Organizer"''', which will be managed by administrators on this wiki. Organizer tools like Event Registration and Invitation Lists will only work if someone is granted this right. The Collaboration List is available to everyone immediately after deployment. The extension is already live on several wikis, including '''Meta, Wikidata, English Wikipedia''', and more ( [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#Current_Deployment_Status_for_CampaignEvents_extension| See the full deployment list]]) If you have any questions, concerns, or feedback, please feel free to share them on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents| extension talkpage]]. We’d love to hear from you before the rollout. Thank you! <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Udehb-WMF|Udehb-WMF]] ([[User talk:Udehb-WMF|yewtare]]) 16:47, 29 Duujal 2025 (UTC)</bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Udehb-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Udehb-WMF/sandbox/deployment_audience&oldid=28803829 --> == Help needed with translating User Interface message strings == {{Int:hello}} Wikimedians I hope this message finds you well! We have some User Interface message strings that need your help to be translated into Fulah. Right now, they're at 0 percent, and it would be fantastic to get them fully localized. @[[User:Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] and @[[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]], thank you for all your contributions in this Wikipedia. Maybe you are interested in volunteering to translate the message strings, and anyone else interested in jumping in and lending a hand. Below is the link for the message strings on translatewiki: * https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-contenttranslation-automatic-translation&language=ff&filter=%21translated&action=translate If you haven’t used [https://translatewiki.net/ translatewiki.net] before, no worries! Here’s what you need: * A good grasp of both English and Fulah. * A TranslateWiki account (your wiki account won’t work here, but you can easily create one with your existing Wiki details, so you don’t have to remember anything new). * A willingness to follow some simple instructions! Once you’ve got your account set up, you’ll need to translate a few random messages for the site to authenticate your knowledge of the language. After that, you can dive right into the translations using the links above. Thanks so much for helping! If you have any questions or need help, let me know. [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|yeewtu]]) 06:56, 7 Korse 2025 (UTC) == Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}} Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:00, 13 Korse 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28848819 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 - Call for Candidates</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div> Hello all, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|call for candidates for the 2025 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection is now open]] from June 17, 2025 – July 2, 2025 at 11:59 UTC [1]. The Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's work, and each Trustee serves a three-year term [2]. This is a volunteer position. This year, the Wikimedia community will vote in late August through September 2025 to fill two (2) seats on the Foundation Board. Could you – or someone you know – be a good fit to join the Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees? [3] Learn more about what it takes to stand for these leadership positions and how to submit your candidacy on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidate application|this Meta-wiki page]] or encourage someone else to run in this year's election. Best regards, Abhishek Suryawanshi<br /> Chair of the Elections Committee On behalf of the Elections Committee and Governance Committee [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Call_for_candidates [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Bylaws#(B)_Term. [3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Resources_for_candidates<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|yeewtu]]) 17:43, 17 Korse 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28866958 --> Useemen e haande bandiraɓe Fulɓe woɓɓe kawtal e wikimidia ngal Fulfulde215 mii winnditee gamma temngo'o arduungal laamu e nder Fulfulde wikipedia ngal ummatore kowtarɓe ɓe kawtal taa daarungo'o kowngal ngal ndaatal jeytul anndal Fulfulde wikipedia e taa ummatore yimmɓe kowtarɓe ɓe kawtal hurre. [[User:Fulani215|Fulani215]] ([[User talk:Fulani215|yeewtu]]) 06:45, 6 Korse 2024 (UTC) == E mii tiɗina ɓaawngo kowtarku ɗon waaɗateta taa ɓesdungo winndande de Fulfulde wikipedia == gamma hemngo anndal ngal kautal hurre e nder walletooɓe ummatore yimmɓe too les kowtarku ɗon waaɗateta cuuɓul Fulfulde wikipedia [[User:Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] ([[User talk:Adamu ab|yeewtu]]) 09:28, 6 Korse 2024 (UTC) == E miitiɗina ɓaawngo kowtarku ɗon waaɗateta taa ɓesdungo winndande de Fulfulde wikipedia == gamma hemngo anndal ngal kautal hurre e nder walletooɓe ummatore yimmɓe too les kowtarku ɗon waaɗateta cuuɓul Fulfulde wikipedia [[User:Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] ([[User talk:Adamu ab|yeewtu]]) 09:32, 6 Korse 2024 (UTC) == Emii ɗon nanaa belɗum wallitaaki banɗam pullo gam o laato ballo hooreejo fulfulde wikipedia. == thanks [[User:Mamman AA|Mamman AA]] ([[User talk:Mamman AA|yeewtu]]) 16:01, 6 Korse 2024 (UTC) == wallitaaki banɗam == emii heeditii haa ɗo'o Gam wallitaaki banɗam pullo hedidaaki laataki ballo ha nder fulfulde wikipedia [[User:Mamman AA|Mamman AA]] ([[User talk:Mamman AA|yeewtu]]) 16:11, 6 Korse 2024 (UTC) Nder Fulfulde koute e yahi,en Arabji nibkii lysdi Naajeriya jam borgu Wikipedia toe sebjee Project. Ehh war,ee traini ko bidaa sarboree editor, Fulfulde Wikipedia kankoo tibere lysdi Naajeriya yaree,en, mawbe bididoo ilmu nankoo tarihi, toe sibiree,ilmu sibgou Ari [[User:Bembety|Bembety]] ([[User talk:Bembety|yeewtu]]) 19:22, 7 Korse 2024 (UTC) Emii semmbedina baawande de ciiryurde kowtarku kautal hurre ngal nder fulfulde Wikipedia Gamma wango'o heebatungo kautal hurre ngal ummatore yimmbe too Les kowtarku don kautal hurre taa nder ndaatai jeytul fulfulde Wikipedia == Emii semmbedina baawande de ciiryurde kowtarku kautal hurre ngal nder fulfulde Wikipedia == Emii semmbedina baawande de ciiryurde kowtarku kautal hurre ngal nder fulfulde Wikipedia == Emii semmbedina baawande de ciiryurde kowtarku kautal hurre ngal nder fulfulde Wikipedia == Gamma wango'o heebatungo kautal hurre ngal nder ummatore yimmbe too Les kowtarku don kautal hurre taa nder ndaatai jeytul fulfulde Wikipedia == E mii semmɓedina ɓaawande de ciiryurde kowtarku kautal hurre ngal nder Fulfulde wikipedia == Gamma wango'o  heeɓatungo kautal  hurre ngal ummatore yimmɓe too les kowtarku ɗon kautal hurre taa nder ndaatal jeytul Fulfulde wikipedia [[User:Hauwa&#39;u lawal ardo|Hauwa&#39;u lawal ardo]] ([[User talk:Hauwa&#39;u lawal ardo|yeewtu]]) 16:17, 8 Korse 2024 (UTC) == E mii semmɓedina ɓaawande de ciiryurde kowtarku kautal hurre ngal nder Fulfulde wikipedia == Mii gyelii Bandirawo Fulani215 yendee kankoo shugabaju yandee Fulfulde Wikipedia. Eii kokarii makoo ffwiki limbee saujee, yauwkee, toe bidido. Har jornii Bandirawo toe bandirabe Fulani tarihi sabojee Naajeriya eii lysdi Africa toe Duneeyaru. Mii gyelii gudunmuwa shugabaju yandee Wikipedia nder Fulfulde. [[User:Igallards7|Igallards7]] ([[User talk:Igallards7|yeewtu]]) 17:47, 8 Korse 2024 (UTC) == Request to be come permanent admin in ffwiki == Useemen e haande bandiraɓe Fulɓe woɓɓe kawtal e wikimidia ngal Fulfulde toe ya,e Fulani215215 mii winnditee gamma temngo'o arduungal laamu e nder Fulfulde wikipedia ngal ummatore kowtarɓe ɓe kawtal taa daarungo'o kowngal ngal ndaatal jeytul anndal Fulfulde wikipedia e taa ummatore yimmɓe kowtarɓe ɓe kawtal huree. [[User:Fulani215|Fulani215]] ([[User talk:Fulani215|yeewtu]]) 18:49, 9 Bowte 2024 (UTC) == Emii semɓiiɗinii bandiraawo giɗɗo tefukii laataki hooreejo haa dow fulfulde wikipeediya bi'ado fulani215 gam yiɗii laato adiminnjo nder fulfulde wikipedia == Adminnjo nder fulfulde wikipedia [[User:Mamman AA|Mamman AA]] ([[User talk:Mamman AA|yeewtu]]) 19:46, 9 Bowte 2024 (UTC) == Announcement/ Emitakou Bandirabe am == Miin wanii bandirabe am Fulani215 e mi wata,en project makko Fulfulde Wikipedia yahai jingirde toe yahai yare,en lysidi Naajeeriya Bioware Visibilizing Minority Languages in Nothing Nigeria sadda bewal baware jorni jangirde ilimi, sanee, toh arddido yawte am sadda yare Kuugal Kanuri, Bole, Karai Karai Diiwal funbina toh waila e Hirna jabi lysine Wikipedian. [[User:Fulani215|Fulani215]] ([[User talk:Fulani215|yeewtu]]) 13:48, 20 Seeɗto 2025 (UTC) :Hey @[[User:Fulani215|Fulani215]], eɗen mbiya wonde Damugal renndo ko ɗo mbaaw-ɗon waɗde kala sifa bayyinango ngo mbaw-ɗon jogade ɗoo. I would therefore, moved your announcement to the community village pump. Thanks for the understanding. [[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]] ([[User talk:De-Invincible|yeewtu]]) 11:58, 29 Duujal 2025 (UTC) ::Walla silko koh sadda Mr chairman Miyetti fuu [[User:Fulani215|Fulani215]] ([[User talk:Fulani215|yeewtu]]) 17:25, 29 Duujal 2025 (UTC) == Emitakou Ardo yewre == Bandirabe am e yewre Fulfulde Wikipedia admin koh don seree andi sawje articles lere to Wikidata lere makko am. [[User:Fulani215|Fulani215]] ([[User talk:Fulani215|yeewtu]]) 07:55, 13 Korse 2025 (UTC) :I support the renewal request of Fulani215 as sysop of ffwiki. [[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]] ([[User talk:De-Invincible|yeewtu]]) 06:30, 20 Korse 2025 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Sister Projects Task Force reviews Wikispore and Wikinews</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Dear Wikimedia Community, The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee (CAC)]] of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees assigned [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Sister Projects Task Force|the Sister Projects Task Force (SPTF)]] to update and implement a procedure for assessing the lifecycle of Sister Projects – wiki [[m:Wikimedia projects|projects supported by Wikimedia Foundation (WMF)]]. A vision of relevant, accessible, and impactful free knowledge has always guided the Wikimedia Movement. As the ecosystem of Wikimedia projects continues to evolve, it is crucial that we periodically review existing projects to ensure they still align with our goals and community capacity. Despite their noble intent, some projects may no longer effectively serve their original purpose. '''Reviewing such projects is not about giving up – it's about responsible stewardship of shared resources'''. Volunteer time, staff support, infrastructure, and community attention are finite, and the non-technical costs tend to grow significantly as our ecosystem has entered a different age of the internet than the one we were founded in. Supporting inactive projects or projects that didn't meet our ambitions can unintentionally divert these resources from areas with more potential impact. Moreover, maintaining projects that no longer reflect the quality and reliability of the Wikimedia name stands for, involves a reputational risk. An abandoned or less reliable project affects trust in the Wikimedia movement. Lastly, '''failing to sunset or reimagine projects that are no longer working can make it much harder to start new ones'''. When the community feels bound to every past decision – no matter how outdated – we risk stagnation. A healthy ecosystem must allow for evolution, adaptation, and, when necessary, letting go. If we create the expectation that every project must exist indefinitely, we limit our ability to experiment and innovate. Because of this, SPTF reviewed two requests concerning the lifecycle of the Sister Projects to work through and demonstrate the review process. We chose Wikispore as a case study for a possible new Sister Project opening and Wikinews as a case study for a review of an existing project. Preliminary findings were discussed with the CAC, and a community consultation on both proposals was recommended. === Wikispore === The [[m:Wikispore|application to consider Wikispore]] was submitted in 2019. SPTF decided to review this request in more depth because rather than being concentrated on a specific topic, as most of the proposals for the new Sister Projects are, Wikispore has the potential to nurture multiple start-up Sister Projects. After careful consideration, the SPTF has decided '''not to recommend''' Wikispore as a Wikimedia Sister Project. Considering the current activity level, the current arrangement allows '''better flexibility''' and experimentation while WMF provides core infrastructural support. We acknowledge the initiative's potential and seek community input on what would constitute a sufficient level of activity and engagement to reconsider its status in the future. As part of the process, we shared the decision with the Wikispore community and invited one of its leaders, Pharos, to an SPTF meeting. Currently, we especially invite feedback on measurable criteria indicating the project's readiness, such as contributor numbers, content volume, and sustained community support. This would clarify the criteria sufficient for opening a new Sister Project, including possible future Wikispore re-application. However, the numbers will always be a guide because any number can be gamed. === Wikinews === We chose to review Wikinews among existing Sister Projects because it is the one for which we have observed the highest level of concern in multiple ways. Since the SPTF was convened in 2023, its members have asked for the community's opinions during conferences and community calls about Sister Projects that did not fulfil their promise in the Wikimedia movement.[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WCNA_2024._Sister_Projects_-_opening%3F_closing%3F_merging%3F_splitting%3F.pdf <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee/Sister_Projects_Task_Force#Wikimania_2023_session_%22Sister_Projects:_past,_present_and_the_glorious_future%22 <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>] Wikinews was the leading candidate for an evaluation because people from multiple language communities proposed it. Additionally, by most measures, it is the least active Sister Project, with the greatest drop in activity over the years. While the Language Committee routinely opens and closes language versions of the Sister Projects in small languages, there has never been a valid proposal to close Wikipedia in major languages or any project in English. This is not true for Wikinews, where there was a proposal to close English Wikinews, which gained some traction but did not result in any action[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_closing_projects/Closure_of_English_Wikinews <nowiki>[4]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F <nowiki>[5]</nowiki>, see section 5] as well as a draft proposal to close all languages of Wikinews[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Proposals_for_closing_projects/Archive_2#Close_Wikinews_completely,_all_languages? <nowiki>[6]</nowiki>]. [[:c:File:Sister Projects Taskforce Wikinews review 2024.pdf|Initial metrics]] compiled by WMF staff also support the community's concerns about Wikinews. Based on this report, SPTF recommends a community reevaluation of Wikinews. We conclude that its current structure and activity levels are the lowest among the existing sister projects. SPTF also recommends pausing the opening of new language editions while the consultation runs. SPTF brings this analysis to a discussion and welcomes discussions of alternative outcomes, including potential restructuring efforts or integration with other Wikimedia initiatives. '''Options''' mentioned so far (which might be applied to just low-activity languages or all languages) include but are not limited to: *Restructure how Wikinews works and is linked to other current events efforts on the projects, *Merge the content of Wikinews into the relevant language Wikipedias, possibly in a new namespace, *Merge content into compatibly licensed external projects, *Archive Wikinews projects. Your insights and perspectives are invaluable in shaping the future of these projects. We encourage all interested community members to share their thoughts on the relevant discussion pages or through other designated feedback channels. === Feedback and next steps === We'd be grateful if you want to take part in a conversation on the future of these projects and the review process. We are setting up two different project pages: [[m:Public consultation about Wikispore|Public consultation about Wikispore]] and [[m:Public consultation about Wikinews|Public consultation about Wikinews]]. Please participate between 27 June 2025 and 27 July 2025, after which we will summarize the discussion to move forward. You can write in your own language. I will also host a community conversation 16th July Wednesday 11.00 UTC and 17th July Thursday 17.00 UTC (call links to follow shortly) and will be around at Wikimania for more discussions. <section end="message"/> </div> -- [[User:Victoria|Victoria]] on behalf of the Sister Project Task Force, 20:56, 27 Korse 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Sister_project_MassMassage_on_behalf_of_Victoria/Target_list&oldid=28911188 --> == Wikidata Item and Property labels soon displayed in Wiki Watchlist/Recent Changes == ''(Apologies for posting in English, you can help by translating into your language)'' Hello everyone, the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team is excited to announce an upcoming change in how Wikidata edit changelogs are displayed in your [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlists]] and [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] lists. If an edit is made on Wikidata that affects a page in another Wikimedia Project, the changelog will contain some information about the nature of the edit. This can include a QID (or Q-number), a PID (or P-number) and a value (which can be text, numbers, dates, or also QID or PID’s). Confused by these terms? See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Glossary|Wikidata:Glossary]] for further explanations. The upcoming change is scheduled for '''17.07.2025''', between '''1300 - 1500 UTC'''. The change will display the label (item name) alongside any QID or PIDs, as seen in the image below: [[File:Apr10 edit summary on Wikidata.png|An edit sum entry on Wikidata, labels display alongside their P- and Q-no.'s]] These changes will only be visible if you have Wikidata edits enabled in your User Preferences for Watchlists and Recent Changes, or have the active filter ‘Wikidata edits’ checkbox toggled on, directly on the Watchlist and Recent Changes pages. Your bot and gadget may be affected! There are thousands of bots, gadgets and user-scripts and whilst we have researched potential effects to many of them, we cannot guarantee there won’t be some that are broken or affected by this change. Further information and context about this change, including how your bot may be affected can be found on this [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|project task page]]. We welcome your questions and feedback, please write to us on this dedicated [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Talk page]]. Thank you, - [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] on behalf of the Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects Team. [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|yeewtu]]) 12:45, 14 Morso 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=28981877 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Temporary accounts will be rolled out soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="body"/> Hello, we are the Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]] team. We would like to announce that '''we plan to enable [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] for this wiki in the week of September 1'''. Temporary accounts are successfully live on 30 wikis, including many large ones like German, Japanese, and French. The change they bring is especially relevant to logged-out editors, who this feature is designed to protect. But it is also relevant to community members like mentors, patrollers, and admins – anyone who reverts edits, blocks users, or otherwise interacts with logged-out editors as part of keeping the wikis safe and accurate. '''Why we are building temporary accounts''' Our wikis should be safer to edit by default for logged-out editors. Temporary accounts allow people to continue editing the wikis without creating an account, while avoiding publicly tying their edits to their IP address. We believe this is in the best interest of our logged-out editors, who make valuable contributions to the wikis and who may later create accounts and grow our community of editors, admins, and other roles. Even though the wikis do warn logged-out editors that their IP address will be associated with their edit, many people may not understand what an IP address is, or that it could be used to connect them to other information about them in ways they might not expect. Additionally, our moderation software and tools rely too heavily on network origin (IP addresses) to identify users and patterns of activity, especially as IP addresses themselves are becoming less stable as identifiers. Temporary accounts allow for more precise interactions with logged-out editors, including more precise blocks, and can help limit how often we unintentionally end up blocking good-faith users who use the same IP addresses as bad-faith users. '''How temporary accounts work''' [[File:Temporary account banner and empty talk page.png|thumb]] Any time a logged-out user publishes an edit on this wiki, a cookie will be set in this user's browser, and a temporary account tied with this cookie will be automatically created. This account's name will follow the pattern: <code dir=ltr>~2025-12345-67</code> (a tilde, current year, a number). On pages like Recent Changes or page history, this name will be displayed. The cookie will expire 90 days after its creation. As long as it exists, all edits made from this device will be attributed to this temporary account. It will be the same account even if the IP address changes, unless the user clears their cookies or uses a different device or web browser. A record of the IP address used at the time of each edit will be stored for 90 days after the edit. However, only some logged-in users will be able to see it. '''What does this mean for different groups of users?''' '''For logged-out editors''' * This increases privacy: currently, if you do not use a registered account to edit, then everybody can see the IP address for the edits you made, even after 90 days. That will no longer be possible on this wiki. * If you use a temporary account to edit from different locations in the last 90 days (for example at home and at a coffee shop), the edit history and the IP addresses for all those locations will now be recorded together, for the same temporary account. Users who [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the relevant requirements]] will be able to view this data. If this creates any personal security concerns for you, please contact talktohumanrights at wikimedia.org for advice. '''For community members interacting with logged-out editors''' * A temporary account is uniquely linked to a device. In comparison, an IP address can be shared with different devices and people (for example, different people at school or at work might have the same IP address). * Compared to the current situation, it will be safer to assume that a temporary user's talk page belongs to only one person, and messages left there will be read by them. As you can see in the screenshot, temporary account users will receive notifications. It will also be possible to thank them for their edits, ping them in discussions, and invite them to get more involved in the community. '''For users who use IP address data to moderate and maintain the wiki''' * '''For patrollers''' who track persistent abusers, investigate violations of policies, etc.: Users who [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the requirements]] will be able to reveal temporary users' IP addresses and all contributions made by temporary accounts from a specific IP address or range ([[Special:IPContributions]]). They will also have access to useful information about the IP addresses thanks to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Info]] feature. Many other pieces of software have been built or adjusted to work with temporary accounts, including AbuseFilter, global blocks, Global User Contributions, and more. (For information for volunteer developers on how to update the code of your tools – see the last part of the message.) * '''For admins blocking logged-out editors''': ** It will be possible to block many abusers by just blocking their temporary accounts. A blocked person won't be able to create new temporary accounts quickly if the admin selects the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblock]] option. ** It will still be possible to block an IP address or IP range. * Temporary accounts will not be retroactively applied to contributions made before the deployment. On Special:Contributions, you will be able to see existing IP user contributions, but not new contributions made by temporary accounts on that IP address. Instead, you should use Special:IPContributions for this. '''Our requests for you, and next steps''' * If you know of any tools, bots, gadgets etc. using data about IP addresses or being available for logged-out users, you may want to test if they work on [[testwiki:Main_Page|testwiki]] or [[test2wiki:Main_Page|test2wiki]]. If you are a volunteer developer, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|read our documentation for developers]], and in particular, the section on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers#How should I update my code?|how your code might need to be updated]]. * If you want to test the temporary account experience, for example just to check what it feels like, go to testwiki or test2wiki and edit without logging in. * Tell us if you know of any difficulties that need to be addressed. We will try to help, and if we are not able, we will consider the available options. * Look at our [[m:Meta:Babel#Temporary_Accounts:_access_to_IP_addresses_and_next_steps|previous message]] about requirements for users without extended rights who may need access to IP addresses. To learn more about the project, check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/FAQ|our FAQ]] – you will find many useful answers there. You may also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|look at the updates]] (we have just posted one) and [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|subscribe to our new newsletter]]. If you'd like to talk to me (Szymon) off-wiki, you will find me on Discord and Telegram. Thank you!<section end="body" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:user:NKohli (WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]], [[m:user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]]</bdi> 21:35, 26 Juko 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Accueil]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/sandbox6&oldid=29181713 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Server switch - Your wiki will be read-only for a short time soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2025-09-24|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-09-24T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-09-24T15:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-09-24|en}}. *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> <span dir=ltr>[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])</span> 15:40, 18 Siilto 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Accueil]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29170715 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Migration to Parsoid</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> <em>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|Read this in another language]]</em> Hello everyone! I am glad to inform you that as the next step in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, Parsoid will soon be turned on as the default article renderer on your wiki. We are gradually increasing the number of wikis using Parsoid, with the intention of making it the default wikitext parser for MediaWiki's next long-term support release. This will make our wikis more reliable and consistent for editors, readers, and tools to use, as well as making the development of future wikitext features easier. If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry! You can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the current page using the Tools submenu, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation. There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Confidence_Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available, including the testing done before we turn on Parsoid for a new wiki. To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]]. <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[mw:User:ABreault (WMF)|Content Transform Team]]</bdi> 23:03, 18 Siilto 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Accueil]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:ABreault (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Foundation/Product_and_Technology/Parsoid_Read_Views/2025-09-22_Wikipedias&oldid=29294855 --> == Requesting community approval for Kaimbot == Hello, I created [[User:Kaimbot|Kaimbot]] to automatically help improve article tagging and maintenance. Kaimbot is written in Python and hosted on [[:meta:Toolforge|Toolforge]]. This bot will automatically add the following templates to the appropriate pages: * [[Template:Stub|Stub]] * [[Template:Unreferenced|Unreferenced]] * [[Template:Uncategorized|Uncategorized]] * [[Template:Update|Update]] * [[Template:Reflist|Reflist]] The bot won't edit any page with the last edit less than 2 days ago. Some tests have been made on [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Kaimbot test wiki]. I am requesting approval from the community to conduct a test run on ffwiki and request for a bot flag on Meta. Cheers -- [[User:Kaim Amin|Kaim Amin]] ([[User talk:Kaim Amin|yeewtu]]) 17:24, 22 Siilto 2025 (UTC) :Pinging [[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]], [[User:Fulani215|Fulani215]] for attention. [[User:Kaim Amin|Kaim Amin]] ([[User talk:Kaim Amin|yeewtu]]) 09:30, 26 Siilto 2025 (UTC) ::Hello Kaim Amin, ::Thank you for sharing the details about Kaimbot and the work you have put into building it. It’s encouraging to see tools being developed to support article maintenance and improve the overall quality of content on fffwiki. ::Your explanation of the bot’s functions (adding templates like Stub, Unreferenced, Uncategorized, Update, and Reflist) and the precaution of avoiding edits to recently updated pages shows that you’ve given thoughtful consideration to its impact. The fact that you have already tested it on the test wiki is also very reassuring. ::On behalf of Fulfulde Community we support the idea of running a test on fffwiki, and I look forward to seeing the results. Wishing you success as you proceed with the request for a bot flag on Meta. ::Best regards, ::Fulani215 [[User:Fulani215|Fulani215]] ([[User talk:Fulani215|yeewtu]]) 14:21, 26 Siilto 2025 (UTC) ::Hello @[[User:Kaim Amin|Kaim Amin]], we are happy that your bot has reached the final stage of completion. Indeed this will be a great help to the community just as the way @[[User:TanvirSdqBot|TanvirSdqBot]] is helping with Stub articles categorization and welcome messages. I will be in touch with the next project idea after a discussion wiith the community members. Thanks for your work. <small style="border:1px solid #444;padding:1px;background:#183693"> [[User:De-Invincible|<strong style="color:#FFF">DE-INVINCIBLE</strong>]] [[User talk:De-Invincible|<span style="color:white;">&nbsp;talk&nbsp;</span>]] </small> 05:30, 27 Siilto 2025 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Have your say: vote for the 2025 Board of Trustees</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|2025 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. Candidates are running for two (2) seats on the Board. To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Voter eligibility guidelines|voter eligibility page]]. Learn more about them by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidates|reading their application statements and watch their candidacy videos]]. When you are ready, go to the [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/405|SecurePoll voting page to vote]]. '''The vote is open from October 8 at 00:00 UTC to October 22 at 23:59 UTC.''' Best regards, Abhishek Suryawanshi<br />Chair, Elections Committee<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|yeewtu]]) 04:48, 9 Yarkomaa 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Accueil]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29360896 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="function1"/> {{int:Hello}}. Please help pick a name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. This project will be a wiki that will enable users to combine functions from [[:f:|Wikifunctions]] and data from Wikidata in order to generate natural language sentences in any supported languages. These sentences can then be used by any Wikipedia (or elsewhere). There will be two rounds of voting, each followed by legal review of candidates, with votes beginning on 20 October and 17 November 2025. Our goal is to have a final project name selected on mid-December 2025. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <section end="function1"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:42, 20 Yarkomaa 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Accueil]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29432175 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]] Applications for the committees open on October 30, 2025. Applications for the Affiliations Committee, Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on December 11, 2025. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Committee appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email cst[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org with any questions you may have. For the Committee Support team, <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -[[m:User:MKaur (WMF)| MKaur (WMF)]] 14:12, 30 Yarkomaa 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Accueil]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:MKaur (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29517125 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Reminder: Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="function2"/> {{int:Hello}}. Reminder: Please help to choose name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. The finalist vote starts today. The finalists for the name are: <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Abstract Wikipedia, Multilingual Wikipedia, Wikiabstracts, Wikigenerator, Proto-Wiki</span>. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <section end="function2"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:22, 20 Jolal 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Accueil]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29583860 --> == Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 == Dear Wikimedia communities, We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year. ''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.'' In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects. We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community. 📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]] If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]] ''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]''''' ''Stay connected and receive updates:'' * [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel] * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list] We look forward to collaborating with you and your community. '''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:44, 16 Siilo 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Accueil]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29879549 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wiki Community, We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;How to Sign Up as an Organizer Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia. Thank you and best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> == Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hello everyone, We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe. ;About Wiki Loves Folklore '''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight: * Folk traditions and rituals * Cultural festivals and celebrations * Traditional attire and crafts * Performing arts, music, and dance * Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world. [[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] ; Host a Local Edition As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to: * Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture * Engage new contributors in your community * Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:''' If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know. If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region. ;Get in Touch If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via: * The project Talk pages * Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org''' We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail. Warm regards, '''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' </div> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|yeewtu]]) 13:21, 18 Siilo 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Accueil]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=29228188 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Annual review of the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 9 February 2026. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> 21:01, 19 Siilo 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Accueil]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29905753 --> == Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]] {{int:please-translate}} Dear Wikipedians! [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''. The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences. 🧩'''How to participate?''' Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine. 🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''. '''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.''' If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&messages=&language=en&x=D banner] into your own language. Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC) </div> (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Accueil]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) == Hello everyone, This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as <code>Module:Itemgroup/list</code>). '''The Change:'''<br /> Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''. '''What You Need To Do:'''<br /> To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search. '''Deadline:'''<br /> We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles. Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|yeewtu]]) 17:11, 3 Seeɗto 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Accueil]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29941252 --> == Request for comment (global AI policy) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}} A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|yeewtu]]) 00:57, 26 Seeɗto 2026 (UTC) </bdi> (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Accueil]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30424282 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote now in the 2026 U4C election</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 Duujal 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Accueil]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == Call to participate: Proposed baseline Neutral Point of View (NPOV) standard == Hello-hello! I am inviting you to participate in the public discussion regarding a proposed baseline Neutral Point of View (NPOV) standard. The proposed baseline is meant for the Wikipedias which do not yet have an NPOV policy, for these communities to adopt, use, and build upon. [[m:Proposed_baseline_NPOV_standard#Proposed_baseline_NPOV_standard|You can find the proposed text here]]. As your Wikipedia does not seem to have an NPOV policy, we hope that this public discussion and proposed baseline standard will support your project community in adopting one. [[m:Talk:Proposed_baseline_NPOV_standard|You can join the public discussion on meta]]<nowiki>. The timeframe for the discussion is from June 17 - July 15, 2026. Looking forward to engagement from your community and hopefully seeing your community to adopt the Neutral Point of View policy! --~~~~</nowiki> [[User:KVaidla (WMF)|KVaidla (WMF)]] ([[User talk:KVaidla (WMF)|yeewtu]]) 07:48, 19 Korse 2026 (UTC) mygwu71i19suw8ong3fgmhe13rrkje4 3 5051 174138 172922 2026-06-18T12:05:36Z MediaWiki message delivery 3284 /* Thank you for organising Feminism and Folklore 2026 */ new section 174138 wikitext text/x-wiki == "Toukuci Lamu Dukku" == Dukku toukocil lamu eii gomben Nigeria.toudin walata touden garee Dukku,cangol Gongola imo toukii gorgal eii wailaa moudun lamu.emou woudi harton 3,815 km2 andi doudii jama,are 207,190 eii limi 2006.sirree dukku houkaen musilmi,en, doun ewodi kahiri,en.moaudu yaree ein fulbe dun hun batatuu fulfulde eii lamu moudun yaree toh gundi ingilishi lokaci batuu. Lamba worou yeree 760.[1] Lawul waila toe lituggal hardun latitude 14'N toe longitude 14'E oseli eii tokocil lamu Hadde kilomita Joe go,on banye humbina eii litugal toe sirre Dukku . [[User:Fulani215|Fulani215]] ([[User talk:Fulani215|yeewtu]]) 12:40, 29 Siilto 2022 (UTC) == Translation == Hi. sorry to bother you but I would like to ask you whether you could please translate this to Hausa? <poem> Lingua Franca Nova (“Elefen”) is a language designed to be particularly simple, consistent, and easy to learn for international communications. It has a number of positive qualities: 1. It has a limited number of phonemes. It sounds similar to Italian or Spanish. 2. It is phonetically spelled. No child should have to spend years learning irregularities. 3. It has a completely regular grammar, similar to the world’s creoles. 4. It has a limited and completely regular set of productive affixes for routine word derivation. 5. It has well-defined rules for word order, in keeping with many major languages. 6. Its vocabulary is strongly rooted in modern Romance languages. These languages are themselves widespread and influential, plus they have contributed the major part of English vocabulary 7. It is designed to be naturally accepting of Latin and Greek technical neologisms, the de facto “world standard”. 8. It is designed to seem relatively “natural” to those who are familiar with Romance languages, without being any more difficult for others to learn. We hope you like Elefen! </poem> Thanks for your help. --[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|yeewtu]]) 08:40, 21 Korse 2023 (UTC) ==Fassara== Waka Lingua Franca Nova ("Elefen") harshe ne da aka ƙera don ya zama mai sauƙi, daidaito, da sauƙin koyo don sadarwar ƙasashen duniya. Yana da amfani masu kyau da yawa: 1. Yana da takaitaccen adadin wayoyi. Yana sauti kama da Italiyanci da kuma Espanya. 2. An rubuta shi ta hanyar sauti. Bai kamata yaro ya kwashe shekaru yana koyan rashin bin doka ba. 3. Yana da nahawu na yau da kullun, kwatankwacin ma'auni na duniya. 4. Yana da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun saiti na yau da kullun na affixes masu amfani don samo kalmar yau da kullun. 5. Yana da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi don tsarin kalmomi, daidai da manyan harsuna da yawa. 6. Kalmominsa sun samo asali ne daga harsunan Romance na zamani. Waɗannan harsuna da kansu sun yaɗu kuma suna da tasiri, kuma sun ba da gudummawar babban ɓangaren ƙamus na Ingilishi. 7. An tsara shi don a yarda da dabi'ar Latin da Girkanci neologisms fasaha, de facto "duniya misali". 8. An ƙera shi don ya zama kamar “na halitta” ga waɗanda suka saba da yarukan Romance, ba tare da ƙarin wahalar koyo ba. Muna fatan kuna son Elefen. [[User:Fulani215|Fulani215]] ([[User talk:Fulani215|yeewtu]]) Thank you for your help. --[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|yeewtu]]) 05:17, 22 Korse 2023 (UTC) :Could you also translate this please? :The basics :* Alphabet and pronunciation :* Letter :* Pronunciation :Word order :* subject – verb – object: :** “the woman loves the house” :* particles – noun – adjectives: :** “the big house” :* auxiliaries – verb – adverbs: :** “I must walk carefully” :* preposition – noun: :** “he is in the garden” :Grammar :* -s (or -es after consonants) forms the plural of nouns: :** “men and women” :* ia forms the past tense of verbs: :** “you worked” :* va is the future tense of verbs: :** “you will work” :* ta is the conditional mood (optional): :** “if I could, I would fly” :* One verb can follow another if it has the same subject: :** “I want to buy a shirt” :* Intransitive verbs become causative simply by adding an object: :** “I move” → “I move the table” :* Add -nte to a verb to make the active participle, which acts as an adjective or noun: :** “giving (adjective) or giver” :* Add -da to a verb to make the passive participle, which acts as an adjective or noun: :** “given or gift” :* A verb can be used as a noun just as it is: :** “we dance” → “the dance” :* An adjective can be used as a noun the same way: :** “a wise man” → “the wise (ones)” :* Adverbs are identical to adjectives: :** “a happy man” → “he/she dances happily” :* to make a question, start with a question word or esce, and end with a question mark: :** “can you dance?” - “when do you prefer to eat?” :Thanks [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|yeewtu]]) 09:18, 22 Korse 2023 (UTC) :okay I will help with the translation :But I have few questions I will like to ask :1.why is me requesting to translate the content? :2.And why in hausa language not any other ? :<nowiki>~~~</nowiki> [[User:Fulani215|Fulani215]] ([[User talk:Fulani215|yeewtu]]) 19:22, 22 Korse 2023 (UTC) ::===Fassara=== ::Wasika ::Lafazin lafazin ::Tsarin kalma ::batu – fi’ili – abu: ::"mace tana son gidan" ::barbashi - suna - sifa: ::"katon gida" ::auxiliaries - fi'ili - karin magana: ::"Dole in yi tafiya a hankali" ::preposition - suna: ::"yana cikin lambu" ::Nahawu ::-s (ko -es bayan baƙaƙe) sun samar da jam'in sunaye: ::"maza da mata" ::ia yana samar da lokutan da suka gabata na fi'ili: ::"kanyi aiki" ::va shine makomar fi'ili: ::"zaka yi aiki" ::ta shine yanayin yanayi (na zaɓi): ::"Idan zan iya, zan tashi" ::Wani fi'ili na iya bin wani idan yana da maudu'i iri ɗaya: ::"Ina son siyan riga" ::Maganganun kalmomin da ba za su iya jurewa ba suna zama sanadi kawai ta ƙara wani abu: ::"Ina motsawa" → "Na motsa tebur" ::Ƙara -nte zuwa fi'ili don sanya mahalarta aiki, wanda ke aiki azaman sifa ko suna: ::"mai bayarwa (siffa) ko mai bayarwa" ::Ƙara -da zuwa fi'ili don sanya maƙasudin shiga, wanda ke aiki azaman sifa ko suna: ::"baiwa ko kyauta" ::Ana iya amfani da fi'ili azaman suna kamar yadda yake: ::"muna rawa" → "dance" ::Ana iya amfani da sifa azaman suna kamar haka: ::“mai hikima” → “masu hikima (masu hikima)” ::Maganganu iri ɗaya ne da sifa: ::"mai farin ciki" → "shi/ta na rawa cikin farin ciki" ::don yin tambaya, fara da kalmar tambaya ko esce, sannan a ƙare da alamar tambaya: ::"zaki iya rawa?"  - "Yaushe ka fi son cin abinci ::<nowiki>~~~</nowiki> [[User:Fulani215|Fulani215]] ([[User talk:Fulani215|yeewtu]]) 19:33, 22 Korse 2023 (UTC) :::thank you, how would you say :::*"Introduction in Fula" :::*"The basics"? -- [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|yeewtu]]) 05:45, 23 Korse 2023 (UTC) ::::mi waniii ::::<nowiki>~~~</nowiki> [[User:Fulani215|Fulani215]] ([[User talk:Fulani215|yeewtu]]) 18:25, 23 Korse 2023 (UTC) == Translation == Could you please translate this? * Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have * Biography * Philosophy and psychology * Philosophy * Psychology * Religion * World view and religion * Social sciences * Language and literature * Science *Technology * Arts and recreation * History and geography * History * Geography Thank you. --[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|yeewtu]]) 09:57, 25 Korse 2023 (UTC) :Wikipedia:Lissafin labaran duk harsuna yakamata su kasance suna da :Tarihin Rayuwa :Falsafa da ilimin halin dan Adam :addini :Kimiyyar zamantakewa :Harshe da adabiKimiyyar :Fasaha :Fasaha da nishaɗi :Tarihi da labarin kasa :Tarihin Kimiya :<nowiki>~~~</nowiki> [[User:Fulani215|Fulani215]] ([[User talk:Fulani215|yeewtu]]) 17:28, 26 Korse 2023 (UTC) Sorry but I don't know which translation corresponds to each word in English. Could you please put it like this? * Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have = Wikipedia:Lissafin labaran duk harsuna yakamata su kasance suna da * Biography = Tarihin Rayuwa * Philosophy and psychology = Falsafa da ilimin halin dan Adam I don't speak a word of Fula and therefore I need to have it like that in order to be able to help. --[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|yeewtu]]) 06:10, 27 Korse 2023 (UTC) :actually it will take alot of time and resources, if you can provide resources I will manage my time and do it for you. :<nowiki>~~~ </nowiki> [[User:Fulani215|Fulani215]] ([[User talk:Fulani215|yeewtu]]) 09:19, 27 Korse 2023 (UTC) ::I created the [[Wikipedia:Lissafin labaran duk harsuna yakamata su kasance suna da|page]] and added the text in English. If you have time, it would be good to have the list in Fula or, at least, the titles. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|yeewtu]]) 15:24, 27 Korse 2023 (UTC) :::okay i look for the possibility :::[[User:Fulani215|Fulani215]] ([[User talk:Fulani215|yeewtu]]) 20:44, 28 Korse 2023 (UTC) ::::Hi, could you please translate this? ::::Ghana Empire: The Ghana Empire (Arabic: غانا), also known as simply Ghana, Ghanata, Wagadou, or Awkar, was a West African empire based in the modern-day southeast of Mauritania and western Mali that existed from c. 300 until c. 1100. The Empire was founded by the Soninke people, and was based in the city of Koumbi Saleh. ::::Thank you very much. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|yeewtu]]) 19:15, 11 Morso 2023 (UTC) :::::Daular Ghana: wanda kuma aka fi sani da Ghana, Ghanata, Wagadou, ko Awkar, daular Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke kudu maso gabashin Mauritania da yammacin Mali ta zamani wacce ta wanzu daga Marni 300 zuwa karni 1100. Mutanen Soninke ne suka kafa daular, kuma an kafa shi a birnin Koumbi Saleh. :::::<nowiki>~~~</nowiki> [[User:Fulani215|Fulani215]] ([[User talk:Fulani215|yeewtu]]) 13:05, 12 Morso 2023 (UTC) ::::::Hi, could you please translate this? ::::::Guosa is a constructed interlanguage originally created by Alex Igbineweka in 1965. It was designed to be a combination of the indigenous languages of Nigeria and to serve as a lingua franca to West Africa. ::::::Thanks for your help. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|yeewtu]]) 21:27, 15 Jolal 2023 (UTC) :::::::Guosa eii doon biddido yare,en mawbe bandirawo <nowiki>[[Alex Igbineweka]]</nowiki> duubi 1965. O janja yare,en Naajeeriya Sheree fransajjo to woyla <nowiki>[[Afri]]</nowiki>. [[User:Fulani215|Fulani215]] ([[User talk:Fulani215|yeewtu]]) 09:44, 16 Jolal 2023 (UTC) ::::::::Thanks, could you please translate this? ::::::::It has the following characteristics: ::::::::* It is an isolating language with subject–verb–object word order. ::::::::* There are no articles. ::::::::* There is no grammatical gender or noun class system. ::::::::* Most grammatical meaning is expressed through particles that precede the words they modify. ::::::::* Adjectives follow the noun. ::::::::* Guosa is generally prepositional. ::::::::Thanks [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|yeewtu]]) 12:37, 16 Jolal 2023 (UTC) :::::::::Thank you for the message, :::::::::Please can you explain exactly what you mean. [[User:Fulani215|Fulani215]] ([[User talk:Fulani215|yeewtu]]) 12:46, 16 Jolal 2023 (UTC) ::::::::::If you could please translate this text to Fulani. ::::::::::It has the following characteristics: ::::::::::* It is an isolating language with subject–verb–object word order. ::::::::::* There are no articles. ::::::::::* There is no grammatical gender or noun class system. ::::::::::* Most grammatical meaning is expressed through particles that precede the words they modify. ::::::::::* Adjectives follow the noun. ::::::::::* Guosa is generally prepositional. ::::::::::[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|yeewtu]]) 12:51, 16 Jolal 2023 (UTC) :::::::::::* Eii doon yare,en mawbe :::::::::::* Eii walah julbe :::::::::::* Eii bididdo se,on hande Grammer o hande makko :::::::::::* Bare,en sennu yawtere :::::::::::* Gouda eii makko sediku :::::::::::[[User:Fulani215|Fulani215]] ([[User talk:Fulani215|yeewtu]]) 13:18, 17 Jolal 2023 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Reminder to vote now to select members of the first U4C</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear Wikimedian, You are receiving this message because you previously participated in the UCoC process. This is a reminder that the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) ends on May 9, 2024. Read the information on the [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility. The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. On behalf of the UCoC project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 23:10, 2 Duujal 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024/Previous_voters_list_2&oldid=26721207 --> == Mass machine translations == Good morning, I have noticed that since the beginning of this year, masses of pages have been created in this project with only copy&paste machine translations, without checking the translations or checking what is being copied. See https://ff.wikiscan.org/. The pages often have wrong titles and also the content is not correct, often "[1], [2]" from the original references are present, but the references are not available, because the pages are just mass copies of some pages that were translated by google translate without verification. <big>Examples<.</big> *[https://ff.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Undelete&target=Main+page+Contents+Current+events+Random+article+About+Wikipedia+Contact+us+Donate+Switch+to+old+look+Contribute+Help+Learn+to+edit+Community+portal+Recent+changes+Upload+file+Contents+hide+%28Top%29+References+External+links+Peter+Aluma&timestamp=20240830170712 Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Switch to old look Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Contents hide (Top) References External links Peter Aluma], *[https://ff.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Undelete&target=Main+menu+WikipediaThe+Free+Encyclopedia+Search+Peedy3274+Appearance+Alerts+%280%29+Notices+%282%29+Watchlist+Personal+tools+Toggle+the+table+of+contents+Ras+Daniel+Heartman&timestamp=20240825161615 Main menu WikipediaThe Free Encyclopedia Search Peedy3274 Appearance Alerts (0) Notices (2) Watchlist Personal tools Toggle the table of contents Ras Daniel Heartman], *[[Monday Emoghavwe]] * ... [[User:WikiBayer|WikiBayer]] ([[User talk:WikiBayer|yeewtu]]) 06:38, 31 Juko 2024 (UTC) :Thank you very much for reaching out to me on this very important topic, as a administrator on ffwiki I have take some measure steps since I noticed this problem by deleting such articles, clean up so many articles, sending messages to the user with such habit on their talk page, but no any respond from them, and I don't have a personal contact with them, though I come to realize that they are new editor's recruited last three months ago. :As a global Wikipedia administrator I will like to colloborate with you to strength my work to see something has done on this crucial topic. [[User:Fulani215|Fulani215]] ([[User talk:Fulani215|yeewtu]]) 10:13, 31 Juko 2024 (UTC) ::[[Special:AbuseFilter/2]] I have now create a warning Filter. Can you write a Warning Template in the Language [[User:WikiBayer|WikiBayer]] ([[User talk:WikiBayer|yeewtu]]) 13:24, 31 Juko 2024 (UTC) :::There are users who have been doing this for a long time, if you have already addressed all of them it would be best to block this users. They won't stop otherwise.--[[User:WikiBayer|WikiBayer]] ([[User talk:WikiBayer|yeewtu]]) 13:58, 31 Juko 2024 (UTC) ::::Give me some days I will do all my possible best to reach out to those new Editor's. [[User:Fulani215|Fulani215]] ([[User talk:Fulani215|yeewtu]]) 18:41, 31 Juko 2024 (UTC) :::Yes I can do that [[User:Fulani215|Fulani215]] ([[User talk:Fulani215|yeewtu]]) 18:37, 31 Juko 2024 (UTC) == Thank you for being a medical contributors! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|130px]] |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" |'''The 2024 Cure Award''' |- | style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" |In 2024 you '''[[mdwiki:WikiProjectMed:WikiProject_Medicine/Stats/Top_medical_editors_2024_(all)|were one of the top medical editors in your language]]'''. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public. We really appreciate you and the vital work you do! Wiki Project Med Foundation is a [[meta:Wikimedia_thematic_organizations|thematic organization]] whose mission is to improve our health content. '''[[meta:Wiki_Project_Med#People_interested|Consider joining for 2025]]''', there are no associated costs. Additionally one of our primary efforts revolves around translating health content. We invite you to '''[https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/index.php try our new workflow]''' if you have not already. Our dashboard automatically [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php collects statistics] of your efforts and we are working on [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/fixwikirefs.php tools to automatically improve formating]. |} Thanks again :-) -- [[mdwiki:User:Doc_James|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' 06:24, 26 Siilo 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Doc James@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Top_Other_Language_Editors_2024&oldid=28172893 --> == Reminder: Submit Your Local Results for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 by 15 May == Dear Fulani215, Thank you for your valuable contributions to '''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025''' in your communities! This is a kind reminder that the '''deadline to submit your local results is 15 May 2025'''. Please make sure to submit the '''complete and detailed results''' of your local contest on the following Meta-Wiki page: '''[[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Results]]''' Additionally, feel free to add a brief summary of your local event under the '''Results''' section in your country/region’s row on the participants page: '''[[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participants]]''' If you need any assistance during this process, don’t hesitate to reach out. Thank you for your continued dedication and support! For, Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team 11:51, 2 Duujal 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/WLR/List/Local_organizers&oldid=28651179 --> == Final Reminder – Submit Full Local Results for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 by 15 May EOD == Dear Fulani215, This is a final reminder that the deadline to submit your '''full and detailed local results''' for '''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025''' is '''15 May 2025''' EOD. Please ensure you complete the following as soon as possible: * Submit your full results on Meta-Wiki here: '''[[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Results]]''' * Add a brief summary of your local event under the "Results" column on: '''[[Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participants]]''' Failure to submit by the deadline may result in exclusion from the international jury consideration. If you need help or encounter any issues, feel free to contact the international team. Thank you once again for your dedication and hard work! ''Warm regards,''<br/> '''Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team''', 02:39, 15 Duujal 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/WLR/List/Local_organizers&oldid=28651179 --> == Join the 6th Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos Campaign – 2025 Edition == Dear Wikimedia affiliate community leader, Thanks for organizing the previous editions of the [[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos Campaign|Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos]] Campaign in your community. We invite your community again to participate in the 6th edition of the [[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2025|Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos Campaign]], a global campaign taking place from July 1 to August 31, 2025. Participants will choose among Wikipedia pages without photos, then add a suitable photo from among the many thousands of photos in the Wikimedia Commons, especially those uploaded from thematic contests ([[:m:Wiki Loves Africa|Wiki Loves Africa]], [[:m:Wiki Loves Earth|Wiki Loves Earth]], [[:m:Wiki Loves Folklore|Wiki Loves Folklore]], [[:m:Wiki Loves Monuments|Wiki Loves Monuments]], etc.) over the years. More than 80 Wikimedia affiliates have participated since the campaign was launched in 2020 and have added images to more than 400,000 Wikipedia articles in over 245 Wikipedia languages. Thanks to the volunteer contributors! We now invite your affiliate to organize and lead the campaign within your community. As a local organizer, you may: *Encourage individual members to take part by adding images to Wikipedia articles. *Host edit-a-thons focused on improving visual content. *Organize training workshops to teach contributors how to correctly integrate images into Wikipedia. These activities will help build local capacity and increase visual content across Wikipedia. Please note that for participants to be eligible to participate in the campaign, they need to have registered an account for at least a year before the official start date of the contest. That is, for the 2025 edition, they must have registered an account on or before July 1, 2025. The account can be from any Wikimedia project wikis. The organizing team is looking for a contact person to coordinate WPWP participation at the Wikimedia user group or chapter level (geographically or thematically) or for a language Wikipedia. We would be glad for you to [[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2025/Participating Communities|sign up directly]] at [[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2025/Participating Communities|WPWP Participating Communities]]. With kind regards, [[User:Reading Beans]] On behalf of the Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos campaign 2025. [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|yeewtu]]) 13:43, 17 Duujal 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:T Cells@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_Pages_Wanting_Photos_2025/Call_for_participation_letter/Targets_past_organizers&oldid=28745740 --> :Thank you so much for finding our community worthy to Participate in the 2025 edition of Wikipedia Page Wanting Photo, am happy to inform you that we have registered as the participating community, and we look forward to hear the next step from you. :Thank you once again [[User:Fulani215|Fulani215]] ([[User talk:Fulani215|yeewtu]]) 20:35, 17 Duujal 2025 (UTC) == Share Your Feedback – Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 == Dear Fulani215 Thank you for being a part of '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]]''' — whether as a contributor, jury member, or local organizer. Your efforts helped make this campaign a meaningful celebration of culture, heritage, and community on Wikimedia platforms. To help us improve and grow this initiative in future years, we kindly ask you to complete a short '''feedback form'''. Your responses are valuable in shaping how we support contributors like you. * '''Feedback Form:''' [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdXEtaqszxcwmTJa8pGT60E7GDtpbssNadR9vZFVFbLicGFBg/viewform Submit your feedback here] * '''Deadline to submit:''' 31 May 2025 It will only take a few minutes to complete, and your input will directly impact how we plan, communicate, and collaborate in the future. Thank you again for your support. We look forward to having you with us in future campaigns! Warm regards,<br/> ''Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team'' 08:51, 19 Duujal 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/WLR/List/Participants&oldid=28751574 --> == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (Yiilooɓe) will expire on 2025-06-19 11:58:45. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[User:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[User talk:Leaderbot|yeewtu]]) 19:42, 12 Korse 2025 (UTC)</div> == Congratulations! You’re Among the Top 25 Contributors of Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 🎉🌙 == Dear Fulani215, We’re excited to inform you that you have been selected as one of the '''Top 25 Contributors''' of the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]] international campaign! Your remarkable dedication and contributions truly stood out among hundreds of participants across the globe. To help us document your experience and improve future editions, we kindly request you to take a moment to fill out our short feedback form: 📋 Feedback Form: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdXEtaqszxcwmTJa8pGT60E7GDtpbssNadR9vZFVFbLicGFBg/viewform After completing the feedback, please request your Top 25 Digital Certificate of Appreciation using this form: 📄 Top 25 Certificate Form: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSepqMajvCTl3XA1xbFbTsPDJO_yxCro4mdU9UzA5T1GfLWl2w/viewform Thank you once again for your contributions to this campaign. We are proud to have you as part of the Wiki Loves Ramadan community. Warm regards,<br/> Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/WLR/List/2025_TOP_25&oldid=28893400 --> == Please Fill Feedback Form to Receive Your WLR 2025 Digital Certificate 🌙 == Dear Fulani215, Greetings from the Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 International Organizing Team! Thank you once again for your valuable support and contribution as a '''Local Organizer / Jury Member''' for [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]]. Your dedication played a vital role in making this global campaign a meaningful success across communities. As part of our post-event documentation and appreciation process, we kindly request you to complete the Participant Feedback Form. This will help us understand your experience and improve future campaigns: 📋 Feedback Form: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdXEtaqszxcwmTJa8pGT60E7GDtpbssNadR9vZFVFbLicGFBg/viewform After submitting the feedback, you’ll be able to request your personalized Digital Certificate of Appreciation through this quick form: 📄 Certificate Request Form: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSc0yv5KHfUY21SpHkIpX_fJ9npsrfK4rWM4onDEkfnFtarcDw/viewform We highly appreciate your time in completing these forms. Should you need any assistance, feel free to reach out. Warm regards,<br/> Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/WLR/List/2025_Local_Team&oldid=28893397 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wikimedian, We thank you for taking an initiative to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;Checklist for Organizers Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us in upcoming office hours We look forward to your presence in the upcoming office hours where the community and the international Team can interact with each other and know more about the contest. resister yourself for the [[:m:Event:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 Office Hours|office hours event]]. Thank you and all the best, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|yeewtu]]) 13:30, 18 Siilo 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/fnf26&oldid=29948401 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2026 – Community Organisers & Jury == Hello {{PAGENAME}}!, Thank you for taking the lead in organising '''Feminism and Folklore 2026''' in your community. We truly appreciate your efforts! To ensure a smooth and successful campaign, please make sure you have: * Fully completed all details on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Feminism and Folklore 2026 Project Page]]: * Started promoting the campaign within your community. * Requested a local administrator to place a '''sitenotice''' about the campaign so users are notified. * Used the '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/fnf/ Article List Generator Tool]''' and shared the generated article lists with your community. === Internet & Childcare Support === Community organisers and jury members who require '''internet and childcare support''' (non-mandatory, opt-in, request-only support) should fill the support request form '''by 22 February 2026'''. '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeutXEF1yTnJfExWUYPIf6SkhcnTgul07BeI-biqT4RE_vsrA/viewform Link to the form]''' Requests submitted after this date will not be entertained. === Important Participation Guidelines === * Minimum article size: '''3000 bytes and 300 words''' (final decision may be set by local organisers). * If your country is not listed on the Article list generator tool, please contact us. === Community Engagement === * Keep your community active and motivated throughout the campaign. * Share your achievements and notable articles with us so we can highlight them globally. * In the support form, please indicate if you would like a '''quick coordination call after the campaign'''. Let’s make '''Feminism and Folklore''', under the banner of '''#WeTogether''', help bridge the '''gender gap''' and '''folklore gap''' on Wikipedia worldwide. 🌍✊ Thank you for your collaboration! ''If someone from your community organisers or jury has missed this message feel free to share this message with them.'' Feminism and Folklore International Team. –[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|yeewtu]]) 05:17, 16 Colte 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/fnf26&oldid=30083330 --> == Block review request == Hi! Could I ask for your review of the block on [[Special:Contributions/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] placed by a global sysop roughly a year ago? If you do not think their contributions necessitate the block, I'd recommend removing it. The short version on my end is that [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] created a new account, [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu mc|Adamu mc]], after their account was blocked and subsequently locked. I identified this yesterday and globally blocked the new account as evading the blocks on the old account. However, reviewing their edits, I don't think they're actually connected to AhmedMustafaaaa. If their contributions to this wiki do not warrant a block, removing their previous account's block would be useful. Thanks for your time, and let me know if I should send this request elsewhere. Best, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|yeewtu]]) 19:07, 16 Mbooy 2026 (UTC) :Hello, :Thank you for taking the time to review the situation and for raising this request. :I appreciate your effort in looking into the block placed on the Adamu ab account and for noting that the connection with the AhmedMustafaaaa account may not be accurate. I also acknowledge that creating the Adamu mc account happened after the original account was blocked and locked. :Going forward, I understand that the appropriate process is to follow the standard appeal procedures rather than creating a new account. I sincerely appreciate your willingness to review the case and your time in helping clarify the situation. :Thank you again for your support and consideration. [[User:Fulani215|Fulani215]] ([[User talk:Fulani215|yeewtu]]) 20:33, 16 Mbooy 2026 (UTC) :Hello, :Thank you for taking the time to review the situation and for raising this request. :I appreciate your effort in looking into the block placed on the Adamu ab account and for noting that the connection with the AhmedMustafaaaa account may not be accurate. I also acknowledge that creating the Adamu mc account happened after the original account was blocked and locked. :Going forward, I understand that the appropriate process is to follow the standard appeal procedures rather than creating a new account. I sincerely appreciate your willingness to review the case and your time in helping clarify the situation. :Thank you again for your support and consideration. [[User:Fulani215|Fulani215]] ([[User talk:Fulani215|yeewtu]]) 18:39, 28 Seeɗto 2026 (UTC) == Next Steps and Feedback meeting for Feminism and Folklore Organizers == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge; padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|center|550px|frameless]] <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="padding: 1em 2em;"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> Dear Organizer, I hope this message finds you well. First and foremost, on behalf of the International Team I want to extend my gratitude to you for your efforts in organizing the '''Feminism and Folklore 2026''' campaign on your local Wikipedia. Your contribution has been instrumental in bridging the gender and folk gap on Wikipedia, and we truly appreciate your dedication to this important cause. As the campaign has ended I wanted to inform you about the next steps. It's time to commence the jury process using the CampWiz or Fountain tool where your campaign was hosted. Please ensure that you update the details of the jury, campaign links and the names of organizers accurately on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|sign-up page]]. Once the jury process is completed, kindly update only the top 3 winners details on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Results|results page]] accordingly. The deadline for jury submission of results is '''April 30, 2026'''. However, if you find that the number of articles is high and you require more time, please don't hesitate to inform us via email or on campaign Meta Wiki talk page. We are more than willing to approve an extension if needed. Should you encounter any issues with the tools, please feel free to reach out to us on Telegram for assistance. Your feedback and progress updates are crucial for us to improve the campaign and better understand your community's insights. Therefore, we kindly ask you to spare just an hour to collectively share your progress and achievements with us during our '''[[:m:Event:Feminism and Folklore 2026 Post-Campaign Office Hour|community feedback session]]'''. Your input will greatly assist us in making the campaign more meaningful and impactful. Thank you once again for your hard work and dedication to the Feminism and Folklore campaign. Your efforts are deeply appreciated, and we look forward to hearing from you soon. Warm regards, [[User:Tiven2240|Tiven2240]] on behalf of Feminism and Folklore International Team <nowiki>#WeTogether</nowiki> </div></div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|yeewtu]]) 11:57, 11 Seeɗto 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/fnf26&oldid=30391231 --> == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:32, 28 Seeɗto 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471751 --> == Final Reminder: Submission of Local Winners for Feminism and Folklore 2026 == Dear Feminism and Folklore organiser, This is a friendly reminder that the deadline for submitting the names and details of your local winners for '''Feminism and Folklore 2026''' is '''5 June 2026'''. Please ensure that your community's [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Results|winner information]] is submitted before this date. Communities that do not provide their winner data by the deadline will unfortunately not be eligible for prize distribution, and the international organizing team will not be able to accommodate late submissions received after 5 June 2026. Thank you for your prompt attention to this matter and for your participation in the campaign. Best regards, '''Feminism and Folklore International Organizing Team''' --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|yeewtu]]) 02:09, 3 Korse 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/wlf2026&oldid=30627457 --> == Invitation to try the Starter Kit Dashboard and share your feedback == Hello @[[User:Fulani215|Fulani215]] Apologies this message is not in your native language. As an admin in the Fulah Wikipedia, you are invited by the [[mw:Language_Onboarding_and_Development|Language Onboarding and Development]] initiative to use the Starter Kit Dashboard. This tool will help you perform essential tasks such as importing infoboxes, tracking your Wikipedia’s activity and growth and connecting with members of the broader Wikimedia community for technical guidance. Starter Kit Dashboard organizes essential setup tasks, making it easy for you to complete them so contributors can begin editing and learning quickly. As an admin, you can also use the Dashboard to track your Wikipedia’s progress and growth. Using this tool will help us evaluate how it can improve the onboarding experience for administrators, and the insights you provide will be used to enhance the experience for new wikis graduating from the incubator. Visit [[mw:Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit|this page]] to learn more about the Starter Kit. Here's how to get started: * Access the Starter Kit Dashboard here: [http://starterkit.toolforge.org/ http://starterkit.toolforge.org] * Login with your wiki credentials, enter the target wiki url (e.g., https://hi.wikipedia.org * Follow the steps shown in the video below to use the tool. [[File:Wikipedia_Starter_Kit_Dashboard_MVP_Demo_Video.webm|809x809px|Wikipedia Starter Kit Dashboard MVP Demo Video]] * After exploring the Dashboard, please share your feedback on [[mw:Talk:Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit|this page,]] focusing on the following questions: ** The parts of the starter kit you expect to use most often, and how you plan to use them. ** The essential tasks you tried, and how easy or difficult they were to complete. ** The wiki tasks you would like the starter kit to guide you through or automate in the future. Most of the tasks that will result in edits on the wiki can be reverted like an edit from the “view history”, so don't be afraid to try them several times. We would appreciate it if you could submit your feedback by June 26, 2026, so we can begin analyzing it to identify areas for improvement. If you have any questions or need assistance, please let me know. Thank you so much for your contributions to your Wikipedia and for helping us shape this tool for new and small Wikipedias. We will keep you updated on any additional things added to the starter kit in the future. Best regards, [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|yeewtu]]) 19:02, 11 Korse 2026 (UTC) == Thank you for organising Feminism and Folklore 2026 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|right|350px]] Dear {{PAGENAME}}, Your dedication, coordination, and hard work played a vital role in making this year's [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore]] campaign successful. We truly appreciate the time and effort you invested in engaging your community and supporting participants. As we have completed the jury phase and begin planning for next year's campaign, we would like to learn from your experiences. Please complete the organisers' feedback form and share your insights, challenges, and suggestions on how we can improve the campaign. '''This feedback form is mandatory for all organisers''', as it helps us evaluate the campaign and make meaningful improvements for future editions. '''Form link [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf6IsGAsxkTEWTwueyLg-gBjRVlY3g2kTNj3xRhDiILiQnQwQ/viewform?usp=dialog here]''' Please submit your response by '''25 June 2026'''. Thank you once again for your invaluable contributions and for helping make Feminism and Folklore a global success. We look forward to working with you again in the future! Regards, '''Feminism and Folklore Team''' --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|yeewtu]]) 12:05, 18 Korse 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/wlf2026&oldid=30704175 --> o9796p9kpvw22z25cofmdxk7rtd5hw8 0 6174 174342 95731 2026-06-18T22:51:13Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Haruna Abubakar''' jibinaa e Lafia, Diiwal Nasarawa, haa 6 lewru Yuuni 1952. Haruna maayi baaba maako nder duuɓi maayi, o ɓeydi mo ɓeydaaki ngam o ɗon ɓeyda baaba maako, o ɓiydi o anndi ɗon baaba maako, ko o ɓeydaama dou maako. == Mayde maako == O jaɓɓitiiɗo Janngirde Ahmadu Bello Zaria, to o janngini jura. Abubakar maayi nder suudu ndun [[London]] ɓaawo nyau ɓurngal e 27 feebari 2005. O haɓɓii nder Lafia.<ref name="tday102">{{cite web|author=Ikokwu|first=Constance|author-link=Constance Ikokwu|date=2002-03-03|title=Senators Who Covet Governors' Job|url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/03/03/20020303pol02.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051128152221/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/03/03/20020303pol02.html|archive-date=2005-11-28|access-date=2010-06-24|work=ThisDay}}</ref> == Firooji == == Tuugnorgal == {{reflist}} [[Category:Yimɓe]] [[Category:Yimɓe Naajeeriya]] [[Category:Yimɓe Afrik]] [[Category:Naajeeriya]] [[Category:Stub]] dakvqv8drf2ie3j9vg723h6ta69m0qn 174343 174342 2026-06-18T22:52:46Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Haruna Abubakar''' jibinaa e Lafia, Diiwal Nasarawa, haa 6 lewru Yuuni 1952. Haruna maayi baaba maako nder duuɓi maayi, o ɓeydi mo ɓeydaaki ngam o ɗon ɓeyda baaba maako, o ɓiydi o anndi ɗon baaba maako, ko o ɓeydaama dou maako.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/n/nigeria/nigerialeg2.txt|title=FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA LEGISLATIVE ELECTION OF 20 FEBRUARY AND 7 MARCH 1999|work=Psephos|access-date=2010-06-24}}</ref> == Mayde maako == O jaɓɓitiiɗo Janngirde Ahmadu Bello Zaria, to o janngini jura. Abubakar maayi nder suudu ndun [[London]] ɓaawo nyau ɓurngal e 27 feebari 2005. O haɓɓii nder Lafia.<ref name="tday102">{{cite web|author=Ikokwu|first=Constance|author-link=Constance Ikokwu|date=2002-03-03|title=Senators Who Covet Governors' Job|url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/03/03/20020303pol02.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051128152221/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/03/03/20020303pol02.html|archive-date=2005-11-28|access-date=2010-06-24|work=ThisDay}}</ref> == Firooji == == Tuugnorgal == {{reflist}} [[Category:Yimɓe]] [[Category:Yimɓe Naajeeriya]] [[Category:Yimɓe Afrik]] [[Category:Naajeeriya]] [[Category:Stub]] pvw25eu3qsamgt0l3ddz2c9c3zrfqgf 0 8230 174372 97489 2026-06-18T23:38:52Z Amama24 14844 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359942376|Lynda Chuba-Ikpeazu]]" 174372 wikitext text/x-wiki Lynda Chuba-Ikpeazu Listen A, anndiraaɗo kadi Lynda Chuba listen A (jibinaa ko ñalnde 22 lewru nduu hitaande 1966), ko o dawriyanke, awokaa, model e jom tiitoonde pijirlooji ŋarɗugol. O heɓi darnde mawnde nde o heɓi njeenaari ndi suka debbo ɓurɗo ŋarɗude e nder leydi Najeriya e hitaande 1986. [1] [2] [3] Ko o ɓiy Chuba Ikpeazu, gonnooɗo hooreejo ñaawirdu, hooreejo fedde fuku koyɗe leydi Najeriya laabi ɗiɗi. [4] O jeyaa ko e rewɓe 11 terɗe suudu sarɗiiji 360 tergal. [5] == Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol == Chuba-Ikpeazu janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde laamu fedde nde, to Enugu, o heɓi kadi dipolom makko ko faati e jokkondiral e dipolom makko ko faati e njuɓɓudi njulaagu to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Kaliforni, to Los Angeles. O jogii kadi dipolom makko ko fayti e sariya. Chuba-Ikpeazu heɓi jaŋde mum ko to leydi Najeriya, to Angalteer, e to leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik, ɗo o gollinoo e nder waktuuji seeɗa ngam wonde model. == Pijirlooji == E hitaande 1986, nde o woni e njuulu to Lagos, Chuba-Ikpeazu heɓi njeenaari gadani e nder kawgel ɓurngel yooɗde e leydi Najeriya . E hitaande 1987, ko kanko woni wakiliijo leydi Najeriya gadano e Miss Universe gila Edna Park e hitaande 1964, caggal ɗuum o waɗtaa Miss Afrik e hitaande ndee.<ref>Onishi, Norimitsu (2000-08-20). "Faltering Giant: A special report.; Against Tough Odds, Nigeria Bets on Reform". ''The New York Times''. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-08-29.</ref> Caggal laamu makko, Chuba-Ikpeazu wonti debbo njulaagu to [[Lagos|diiwaan Lagos]], keɓtinaaɗo e golle petroŋ. == Golle politik == Chuba-Ikpeazu wonnoo ko tergal suudu sarɗiiji gila 1999 haa 2003. E hitaande 2004, Chuba-Ikpeazu heɓiino wooteeji dipiteeji leydi Nijeer, o lomtii diiwaan Onitsha to bannge worgo-fuɗnaange fedde nde, [[Diiwal Aanambaara|to diiwaan Anambra]], hono kanndidaa Parti Demokaraasi PD P). O woniino hooreejo, Goomu suudu sarɗiiji ngam kisal e jaŋde nder geec. Ko o tergal e yiilirde fedde wiyeteende Anambra United . == Tuugnorgal == [[Category:Yimɓe wuurɓe]] fideef4h4wmi8l0s7zd0piocqffou97 174374 174372 2026-06-18T23:39:32Z Amama24 14844 174374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lynda Chuba-Ikpeazu Listen A, anndiraaɗo kadi Lynda Chuba listen A (jibinaa ko ñalnde 22 lewru nduu hitaande 1966), ko o dawriyanke, awokaa, model e jom tiitoonde pijirlooji ŋarɗugol. O heɓi darnde mawnde nde o heɓi njeenaari ndi suka debbo ɓurɗo ŋarɗude e nder leydi Najeriya e hitaande 1986. [1] [2] [3] Ko o ɓiy Chuba Ikpeazu, gonnooɗo hooreejo ñaawirdu, hooreejo fedde fuku koyɗe leydi Najeriya laabi ɗiɗi. [4] O jeyaa ko e rewɓe 11 terɗe suudu sarɗiiji 360 tergal. [5] == Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol == Chuba-Ikpeazu janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde laamu fedde nde, to Enugu, o heɓi kadi dipolom makko ko faati e jokkondiral e dipolom makko ko faati e njuɓɓudi njulaagu to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Kaliforni, to Los Angeles. O jogii kadi dipolom makko ko fayti e sariya. Chuba-Ikpeazu heɓi jaŋde mum ko to leydi Najeriya, to Angalteer, e to leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik, ɗo o gollinoo e nder waktuuji seeɗa ngam wonde model. == Pijirlooji == E hitaande 1986, nde o woni e njuulu to Lagos, Chuba-Ikpeazu heɓi njeenaari gadani e nder kawgel ɓurngel yooɗde e leydi Najeriya . E hitaande 1987, ko kanko woni wakiliijo leydi Najeriya gadano e Miss Universe gila Edna Park e hitaande 1964, caggal ɗuum o waɗtaa Miss Afrik e hitaande ndee.<ref>Onishi, Norimitsu (2000-08-20). "Faltering Giant: A special report.; Against Tough Odds, Nigeria Bets on Reform". ''The New York Times''. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-08-29.</ref> Caggal laamu makko, Chuba-Ikpeazu wonti debbo njulaagu to [[Lagos|diiwaan Lagos]], keɓtinaaɗo e golle petroŋ. == Golle politik == Chuba-Ikpeazu wonnoo ko tergal suudu sarɗiiji gila 1999 haa 2003. E hitaande 2004, Chuba-Ikpeazu heɓiino wooteeji dipiteeji leydi Nijeer, o lomtii diiwaan Onitsha to bannge worgo-fuɗnaange fedde nde, [[Diiwal Aanambaara|to diiwaan Anambra]], hono kanndidaa Parti Demokaraasi PD P). O woniino hooreejo, Goomu suudu sarɗiiji ngam kisal e jaŋde nder geec. Ko o tergal e yiilirde fedde wiyeteende Anambra United . == Tuugnorgal == [[Category:Yimɓe wuurɓe]] jaqe78l5abyqq1jmn7hrfm1kecjt80w 0 9190 174270 43706 2026-06-18T18:31:35Z Amama24 14844 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346742101|Tejumade Alakija]]" 174270 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tejumade Alakija''' listen c (17 lewru Mbooy 1925 – lewru Ut, 2013) ko golloowo laamu leydi Najeriya, ummiima ngam wonde debbo gadano hooreejo laamu leydi Oyo . <ref> Oyo’s First Female Head of Service, Princess Tejumade Alakija Dies at 88!, 23 August 2013, TheStreetJournal.org, Retrieved 15 February 2016 </ref> == Ngendam == Laamɗo debbo biyeteeɗo Alakija jibinaa ko ñalnde 17 lewru Mbooy hitaande 1925, to baaba mum, Sir [[Adesoji Aderemi]], Ooni Ife, to Ile-Ife, to diiwaan Oyo to bannge worgo-fuɗnaange [[Naajeeriya|leydi Najeriya]] . O yahi to duɗe leslese e hakkundeeje Aiyetoro to [[Ifẹ|Ile-Ife]], caggal ɗuum to duɗal sukaaɓe rewɓe Kudeti to Molete, Ibadan ngam jaŋde makko hakkundeere. <ref name=":0" /> E ɓeydude jaŋde makko, Alakija heɓi dipoloma mum ko faati e daartol to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Westfield College to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Londres, Angalteer. O janngi jannginoowo, o heɓi PGCE makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Oxford hakkunde 1950 e 1951, caggal ɗuum o naati e golle laamu leydi Najeriya ɗo o yamiraa jannginde. Laamɗo debbo Alakija kadi golliima e won e ministeeruuji mawɗi, ko wayi no ministeer cellal hono cukko hooreejo leydi e hitaande 1978, e kadi e nder ministeer jaŋde e hitaande 1979, hade makko wonde hooreejo sarwiis siwil dowla e nder diiwaan Oyo. O ummi ngam o laatoo debbo arandeejo hooreejo kuugal laamu lesdi Oyo . Tuggi 1993 haa 1997, o woniino hooreejo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Abuja . Laamɗo debbo biyeteeɗo Alakija maayi ko e [[University College Hospital, Ibadan|opitaal jaaɓi haaɗtirde, Ibadan]] e hitaande 2013. == Tuugnorgal == 6cwkfaqbwscl131f5w5uwpplol10xbg 174271 174270 2026-06-18T18:32:30Z Amama24 14844 174271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tejumade Alakija''' listen c (17 lewru Mbooy 1925 – lewru Ut, 2013) ko golloowo laamu leydi Najeriya, ummiima ngam wonde debbo gadano hooreejo laamu leydi Oyo . <ref> Oyo’s First Female Head of Service, Princess Tejumade Alakija Dies at 88!, 23 August 2013, TheStreetJournal.org, Retrieved 15 February 2016 </ref> == Ngendam == Laamɗo debbo biyeteeɗo Alakija jibinaa ko ñalnde 17 lewru Mbooy hitaande 1925, to baaba mum, Sir [[Adesoji Aderemi]], Ooni Ife, to Ile-Ife, to diiwaan Oyo to bannge worgo-fuɗnaange [[Naajeeriya|leydi Najeriya]] . O yahi to duɗe leslese e hakkundeeje Aiyetoro to [[Ifẹ|Ile-Ife]], caggal ɗuum to duɗal sukaaɓe rewɓe Kudeti to Molete, Ibadan ngam jaŋde makko hakkundeere. <ref name=":0" /> E ɓeydude jaŋde makko, Alakija heɓi dipoloma mum ko faati e daartol to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Westfield College to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Londres, Angalteer. O janngi jannginoowo, o heɓi PGCE makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Oxford hakkunde 1950 e 1951, caggal ɗuum o naati e golle laamu leydi Najeriya ɗo o yamiraa jannginde. Laamɗo debbo Alakija kadi golliima e won e ministeeruuji mawɗi, ko wayi no ministeer cellal hono cukko hooreejo leydi e hitaande 1978, e kadi e nder ministeer jaŋde e hitaande 1979, hade makko wonde hooreejo sarwiis siwil dowla e nder diiwaan Oyo. O ummi ngam o laatoo debbo arandeejo hooreejo kuugal laamu lesdi Oyo . Tuggi 1993 haa 1997, o woniino hooreejo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Abuja . Laamɗo debbo biyeteeɗo Alakija maayi ko e [[University College Hospital, Ibadan|opitaal jaaɓi haaɗtirde, Ibadan]] e hitaande 2013. == Tuugnorgal == fcuwnze4ugwmtjtxwct63s47z6ikao9 0 9521 174569 44302 2026-06-19T11:40:16Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Yusuf Maitama Sule''' firoCFR (1 oktoobar 1929 – 3 lewru juko 2017) ko siyaasaajo Naajeeriya, dipolomaat, mawɗo laamu, joginooɗo danmasanin Kano tiitoonde laamu. E hitaande 1955-1956 ko kanko woni mawɗo fedde nde. E hitaande 1960 o ardiima delegaasiyoŋ Naajeeriya e kawral Dowlaaji Afrik jeytaare. E hitaande 1976, o wonti Komiseer Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe ngam wullitaango renndo, ko ɗum woni darnde makko, o woni gardiiɗo ñaawoore ngenndi ndii. E fuɗɗoode hitaande 1979, ko kanko woni kanndidaa hooreejo leydi e nder lannda ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer kono o dañii Shehu Shagari. O toɗɗaama wakiliijo leydi Naajeeriya to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe caggal nde laamu siwil wari e lewru Seeɗto hitaande 1979. Nde o woni toon o woni hooreejo Goomu keeriiɗo Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe ngam haɓaade apartaayd.[1] Caggal nde hooreejo leydi Shagari suɓaa kadi e hitaande 1983, Maitama Sule waɗtaa jaagorde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi laamu, ko portfolio baɗaaɗo ngam wallitde hooreejo leydi ndi e haɓaade fenaande.[2] sme0mfwisn5z5o1jom9gbrv6tqn0pzd 174570 174569 2026-06-19T11:42:15Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Yusuf Maitama Sule''' firoCFR (1 oktoobar 1929 – 3 lewru juko 2017) ko siyaasaajo Naajeeriya, dipolomaat, mawɗo laamu, joginooɗo danmasanin Kano tiitoonde laamu. E hitaande 1955-1956 ko kanko woni mawɗo fedde nde. E hitaande 1960 o ardiima delegaasiyoŋ Naajeeriya e kawral Dowlaaji Afrik jeytaare. E hitaande 1976, o wonti Komiseer Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe ngam wullitaango renndo, ko ɗum woni darnde makko, o woni gardiiɗo ñaawoore ngenndi ndii. E fuɗɗoode hitaande 1979, ko kanko woni kanndidaa hooreejo leydi e nder lannda ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer kono o dañii Shehu Shagari. O toɗɗaama wakiliijo leydi Naajeeriya to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe caggal nde laamu siwil wari e lewru Seeɗto hitaande 1979. Nde o woni toon o woni hooreejo Goomu keeriiɗo Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe ngam haɓaade apartaayd. Caggal nde hooreejo leydi Shagari suɓaa kadi e hitaande 1983, Maitama Sule waɗtaa jaagorde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi laamu, ko portfolio baɗaaɗo ngam wallitde hooreejo leydi ndi e haɓaade fenaande. syyyn9o289u4nfrckm1ffjl0df4c7b5 0 9528 174255 44317 2026-06-18T17:15:22Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174255 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jaja Anucha Ndubuisi Wachuku''' // b (1 lewru Yarkomaa 1918[1][2] – 7 noowammbar 1996) ko pan-afriknaajol e dowla, awokaa, dawriyanke, dipolomaat e neɗɗankaagal. Ko kanko woni hooreejo suudu sarɗiiji leydi Naajeeriya gadano;[4] kadi ko kanko woni hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya gadano e wakiiliijo duumotooɗo e nder Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe.[5] Kadi, Wachuku woni jaagorɗo leydi Naajeeriya gadano ngam geɗe caggal leydi.[6] Teskaama, Wachuku ko laamɗo Ngwaland, "iwdi yontaaji 20 mawɓe Afrik e nder leydi Igbo to Fuɗnaange Nijeer".[7] Wachuku, mo "hormaama no feewi" e nder laamu leydi Naajeeriya, o naati e laamu Afrik worgo, o walli ngam hisnude Nelson Mandelaa e woɗɓe e ñaawoore warngooji e nder ñaawoore Rivonia 1963–64.E nder deftere makko 1962, ummoraade Lagos: Najeriya, Nelson Mandelaa winndi: "Alet 18 lewru Mbooy 1962: 13h: Min kawri e Mr Jaja Wachuku e gollooɓe mum, min mbaɗi yeewtere nafoore. Asaweere 19 lewru Mbooy 1962: Min ñaamii e Jaja Wachuku." Ñalnde alkamiisa 30 lewru Seeɗto hitaande 2010, hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya, hono Goodluck Jonathan, hokki Wachuku njeenaari ndi o waɗi ngam ɓamtaare leydi Naajeeriya. Kadi, ngam 1 lewru Yarkomaa 2014, ngam mawninde duuɓi 100 leydi Naajeeriya, ɓaawo o suɓaama ngam heɓugo jaalorgal dow ko laarani mawningol duuɓi teemerre, Wachuku, nyande Aljumaa 28 lewru February 2014, teddinaama bana jaambaaro hare ngam ndimu leydi Naajeeriya Biritaniya e ardiiɗo siyaasaaku ardiiɗo lesdi Goodluck Jonathan. Ñalnde alet 6 mars 2020, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Trinity College to leydi Irlande to Dublin, teddinii Wachuku e natal maantiniingal waɗngal e nder fedde daartol duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ngal ; ɗo Wachuku heɓi bak mum e hitaande 1944 e dipolom mum teddungal e nder gannde sariya ; e wonnoo tergal e fedde daartol kolees. 11w0ac3z20tx2zb0s145867h77a5jzm 174256 174255 2026-06-18T17:17:11Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174256 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jaja Anucha Ndubuisi Wachuku''' // b (1 lewru Yarkomaa 1918 – 7 noowammbar 1996) ko pan-afriknaajol e dowla, awokaa, dawriyanke, dipolomaat e neɗɗankaagal. Ko kanko woni hooreejo suudu sarɗiiji leydi Naajeeriya gadano; kadi ko kanko woni hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya gadano e wakiiliijo duumotooɗo e nder Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe.Kadi, Wachuku woni jaagorɗo leydi Naajeeriya gadano ngam geɗe caggal leydi. Teskaama, Wachuku ko laamɗo Ngwaland, "iwdi yontaaji 20 mawɓe Afrik e nder leydi Igbo to Fuɗnaange Nijeer". Wachuku, mo "hormaama no feewi" e nder laamu leydi Naajeeriya, o naati e laamu Afrik worgo, o walli ngam hisnude Nelson Mandelaa e woɗɓe e ñaawoore warngooji e nder ñaawoore Rivonia 1963–64.E nder deftere makko 1962, ummoraade Lagos: Najeriya, Nelson Mandelaa winndi: "Alet 18 lewru Mbooy 1962: 13h: Min kawri e Mr Jaja Wachuku e gollooɓe mum, min mbaɗi yeewtere nafoore. Asaweere 19 lewru Mbooy 1962: Min ñaamii e Jaja Wachuku." Ñalnde alkamiisa 30 lewru Seeɗto hitaande 2010, hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya, hono Goodluck Jonathan, hokki Wachuku njeenaari ndi o waɗi ngam ɓamtaare leydi Naajeeriya. Kadi, ngam 1 lewru Yarkomaa 2014, ngam mawninde duuɓi 100 leydi Naajeeriya, ɓaawo o suɓaama ngam heɓugo jaalorgal dow ko laarani mawningol duuɓi teemerre, Wachuku, nyande Aljumaa 28 lewru February 2014, teddinaama bana jaambaaro hare ngam ndimu leydi Naajeeriya Biritaniya e ardiiɗo siyaasaaku ardiiɗo lesdi Goodluck Jonathan. Ñalnde alet 6 mars 2020, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Trinity College to leydi Irlande to Dublin, teddinii Wachuku e natal maantiniingal waɗngal e nder fedde daartol duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ngal ; ɗo Wachuku heɓi bak mum e hitaande 1944 e dipolom mum teddungal e nder gannde sariya ; e wonnoo tergal e fedde daartol kolees. tbbupyutkvf3l2ci76xbekw2uirjv8u 174257 174256 2026-06-18T17:18:20Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jaja Anucha Ndubuisi Wachuku''' // b (1 lewru Yarkomaa 1918 – 7 noowammbar 1996) ko pan-afriknaajol e dowla, awokaa, dawriyanke, dipolomaat e neɗɗankaagal. Ko kanko woni hooreejo suudu sarɗiiji leydi Naajeeriya gadano; kadi ko kanko woni hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya gadano e wakiiliijo duumotooɗo e nder Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe.Kadi, Wachuku woni jaagorɗo leydi Naajeeriya gadano ngam geɗe caggal leydi. Teskaama, Wachuku ko laamɗo Ngwaland, "iwdi yontaaji 20 mawɓe Afrik e nder leydi Igbo to Fuɗnaange Nijeer". Wachuku, mo "hormaama no feewi" e nder laamu leydi Naajeeriya, o naati e laamu Afrik worgo, o walli ngam hisnude Nelson Mandelaa e woɗɓe e ñaawoore warngooji e nder ñaawoore Rivonia 1963–64.E nder deftere makko 1962, ummoraade Lagos: Najeriya, Nelson Mandelaa winndi: "Alet 18 lewru Mbooy 1962: 13h: Min kawri e Mr Jaja Wachuku e gollooɓe mum, min mbaɗi yeewtere nafoore. Asaweere 19 lewru Mbooy 1962: Min ñaamii e Jaja Wachuku." Ñalnde alkamiisa 30 lewru Seeɗto hitaande 2010, hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya, hono Goodluck Jonathan, hokki Wachuku njeenaari ndi o waɗi ngam ɓamtaare leydi Naajeeriya. Kadi, ngam 1 lewru Yarkomaa 2014, ngam mawninde duuɓi 100 leydi Naajeeriya, ɓaawo o suɓaama ngam heɓugo jaalorgal dow ko laarani mawningol duuɓi teemerre, Wachuku, nyande Aljumaa 28 lewru February 2014, teddinaama bana jaambaaro hare ngam ndimu leydi Naajeeriya Biritaniya e ardiiɗo siyaasaaku ardiiɗo lesdi Goodluck Jonathan. Ñalnde alet 6 mars 2020, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Trinity College to leydi Irlande to Dublin, teddinii Wachuku e natal maantiniingal waɗngal e nder fedde daartol duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ngal ; ɗo Wachuku heɓi bak mum e hitaande 1944 e dipolom mum teddungal e nder gannde sariya ; e wonnoo tergal e fedde daartol kolees. br3dywp6b4e4v2i6l4apj5uvlewhe5q 174258 174257 2026-06-18T17:21:34Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jaja Anucha Ndubuisi Wachuku''' // b (1 lewru Yarkomaa 1918 – 7 noowammbar 1996) ko pan-afriknaajol e dowla, awokaa, dawriyanke, dipolomaat e neɗɗankaagal. Ko kanko woni hooreejo suudu sarɗiiji leydi Naajeeriya gadano; kadi ko kanko woni hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya gadano e wakiiliijo duumotooɗo e nder Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe.Kadi, Wachuku woni jaagorɗo leydi Naajeeriya gadano ngam geɗe caggal leydi. Teskaama, Wachuku ko laamɗo Ngwaland, "iwdi yontaaji 20 mawɓe Afrik e nder leydi Igbo to Fuɗnaange Nijeer". Wachuku, mo "hormaama no feewi" e nder laamu leydi Naajeeriya, o naati e laamu Afrik worgo, o walli ngam hisnude Nelson Mandelaa e woɗɓe e ñaawoore warngooji e nder ñaawoore Rivonia 1963–64.E nder deftere makko 1962, ummoraade Lagos: Najeriya, Nelson Mandelaa winndi: "Alet 18 lewru Mbooy 1962: 13h: Min kawri e Mr Jaja Wachuku e gollooɓe mum, min mbaɗi yeewtere nafoore. Asaweere 19 lewru Mbooy 1962: Min ñaamii e Jaja Wachuku." Ñalnde alkamiisa 30 lewru Seeɗto hitaande 2010, hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya, hono Goodluck Jonathan, hokki Wachuku njeenaari ndi o waɗi ngam ɓamtaare leydi Naajeeriya. Kadi, ngam 1 lewru Yarkomaa 2014, ngam mawninde duuɓi 100 leydi Naajeeriya, ɓaawo o suɓaama ngam heɓugo jaalorgal dow ko laarani mawningol duuɓi teemerre, Wachuku, nyande Aljumaa 28 lewru February 2014, teddinaama bana jaambaaro hare ngam ndimu leydi Naajeeriya Biritaniya e ardiiɗo siyaasaaku ardiiɗo lesdi Goodluck Jonathan. Ñalnde alet 6 mars 2020, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Trinity College to leydi Irlande to Dublin, teddinii Wachuku e natal maantiniingal waɗngal e nder fedde daartol duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ngal ; ɗo Wachuku heɓi bak mum e hitaande 1944 e dipolom mum teddungal e nder gannde sariya ; e wonnoo tergal e fedde daartol kolees.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXB30RnSyU8C&q=jaja+anucha+wachuku+1St+January+1918&pg=PA155|title=Our Rainmaker|isbn=9781450206082|last1=Alayande|first1=Lanre|year=2010|publisher=iUniverse}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Okochi|first=Ibe N. A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0stBAAAAYAAJ&q=Jaja+Wachuku+1918|title=Nigeria's African Policy: A Study of Her Role in the African Unification Movement (1960-73)|date=1990|publisher=Cross Continent Press|language=en}}</ref><ref name="RussianHoe" /><ref name="UN1961">{{cite report|title=Yearbook of the United Nations 1961|chapter=Appendix v: Delegations to the General Assembly and the Councils {{!}} Delegations to Sixteenth Session of General Assembly|page=743|date=1961-12-31|work=[[United Nations Department of Global Communications|Office of Public Information]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|chapter-url=https://www.unmultimedia.org/searchers/yearbook/page.jsp?volume=1961&page=752&searchType=advanced|access-date=2020-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Anyaoku|first=Emeka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qsc1W-AaSocC&dq=Jaja+Wachuku&pg=PA441|title=The Missing Headlines: Selected Speeches|date=1997-01-01|publisher=Liverpool University Press|isbn=978-0-85323-812-6|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Time1961" /> 6861729l4ju37j1d622qef87fi8bmyw 0 11914 174320 49465 2026-06-18T20:16:34Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174320 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isa Wali''' (1928—19 lewru feebariyee 1967) ko dipolomaasi Naajeeriya, o woniino Komisariyaa mawɗo Naajeeriya to Gana. Jibinaa ko e diiwaan Kano ko ɓiɗɗo joyaɓo Wali Kano, Suleymaan, e Hajiya Maryam Nene. O woniino daraniiɗo hakkeeji rewɓe e nder Fuɗnaange leydi Naajeeriya, o hollitii miijooji makko e nder binndanɗe keewɗe ɗe o yi’ata ko ina wona tooñanngeeji rewɓe e nder diiwaan hee. == Ngendam == Isa Wali, jibinaa ko ñalnde 25 sulyee 1928 e juuɗe Suleymaan, Wali Kano, jeyaa ko e leñol Gyanawa, leñol Fulɓe lollungol e humpito mum en e Sariyaaji Lislaam. Caggal maayde baaba makko e hitaande 1939, Isa jibini ɗum ko Abubakar na Wali, jannginoowo aarabeeɓe, gooto e wasiyaaji amiir Kano. Jaŋde makko adannde ina waɗi timminde jaŋde Qur’aana gila omo yahra e duuɓi jeeɗiɗi, caggal ɗuum o naati e duɗal leslesal Kwaru ngam fuɗɗaade jaŋde makko hirnaange, nde o timmini e hitaande 1940. Tuggi 1940 haa 1943, o naati duɗal hakkundeewal Kano hade makko jokkude jaŋde makko to... Duɗal jaŋde aarabeeɓe (SAS) to Kano tuggi 1943 haa 1948, ɗo o "wonnoo almuudo ɓurɗo mawnude e nder duɗal makko", haa teeŋti noon e fannuuji hadiis e tafsir. == Tuugnorgal == bu9alofnnwts67ge1mcga20fk5929hh 174321 174320 2026-06-18T20:17:58Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Isa Wali''' (1928—19 lewru feebariyee 1967) ko dipolomaasi Naajeeriya, o woniino Komisariyaa mawɗo Naajeeriya to Gana. Jibinaa ko e diiwaan Kano ko ɓiɗɗo joyaɓo Wali Kano, Suleymaan, e Hajiya Maryam Nene. O woniino daraniiɗo hakkeeji rewɓe e nder Fuɗnaange leydi Naajeeriya, o hollitii miijooji makko e nder binndanɗe keewɗe ɗe o yi’ata ko ina wona tooñanngeeji rewɓe e nder diiwaan hee. == Ngendam == Isa Wali, jibinaa ko ñalnde 25 sulyee 1928 e juuɗe Suleymaan, Wali Kano, jeyaa ko e leñol Gyanawa, leñol Fulɓe lollungol e humpito mum en e Sariyaaji Lislaam. Caggal maayde baaba makko e hitaande 1939, Isa jibini ɗum ko Abubakar na Wali, jannginoowo aarabeeɓe, gooto e wasiyaaji amiir Kano. Jaŋde makko adannde ina waɗi timminde jaŋde Qur’aana gila omo yahra e duuɓi jeeɗiɗi, caggal ɗuum o naati e duɗal leslesal Kwaru ngam fuɗɗaade jaŋde makko hirnaange, nde o timmini e hitaande 1940. Tuggi 1940 haa 1943, o naati duɗal hakkundeewal Kano hade makko jokkude jaŋde makko to... Duɗal jaŋde aarabeeɓe (SAS) to Kano tuggi 1943 haa 1948, ɗo o "wonnoo almuudo ɓurɗo mawnude e nder duɗal makko", haa teeŋti noon e fannuuji hadiis e tafsir. == Tuugnorgal == 8znbb3rrp185a7hvoubgoujxgddevpe 174322 174321 2026-06-18T20:20:05Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Isa Wali''' (1928—19 lewru feebariyee 1967) ko dipolomaasi Naajeeriya, o woniino Komisariyaa mawɗo Naajeeriya to Gana. Jibinaa ko e diiwaan Kano ko ɓiɗɗo joyaɓo Wali Kano, Suleymaan, e Hajiya Maryam Nene. O woniino daraniiɗo hakkeeji rewɓe e nder Fuɗnaange leydi Naajeeriya, o hollitii miijooji makko e nder binndanɗe keewɗe ɗe o yi’ata ko ina wona tooñanngeeji rewɓe e nder diiwaan hee.<ref>{{cite web|author=Rejoice Ewodage|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2017/02/19/osinbajo-gowon-others-celebrate-ambassador-isa-wali/|title=Osinbajo, Gowon, Others Celebrate Ambassador Isa Wali|access-date=29 January 2024|work=[[Channels TV]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Callaway|first=Barbara J.|date=1987|title=Women and Political Participation in Kano City|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/421813|journal=Comparative Politics|volume=19|issue=4|pages=379–393|doi=10.2307/421813|jstor=421813|issn=0010-4159|url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ngendam == Isa Wali, jibinaa ko ñalnde 25 sulyee 1928 e juuɗe Suleymaan, Wali Kano, jeyaa ko e leñol Gyanawa, leñol Fulɓe lollungol e humpito mum en e Sariyaaji Lislaam. Caggal maayde baaba makko e hitaande 1939, Isa jibini ɗum ko Abubakar na Wali, jannginoowo aarabeeɓe, gooto e wasiyaaji amiir Kano. Jaŋde makko adannde ina waɗi timminde jaŋde Qur’aana gila omo yahra e duuɓi jeeɗiɗi, caggal ɗuum o naati e duɗal leslesal Kwaru ngam fuɗɗaade jaŋde makko hirnaange, nde o timmini e hitaande 1940. Tuggi 1940 haa 1943, o naati duɗal hakkundeewal Kano hade makko jokkude jaŋde makko to... Duɗal jaŋde aarabeeɓe (SAS) to Kano tuggi 1943 haa 1948, ɗo o "wonnoo almuudo ɓurɗo mawnude e nder duɗal makko", haa teeŋti noon e fannuuji hadiis e tafsir. == Tuugnorgal == rhjlwueqyld3sjnv2jpwmnjnqyipn60 174323 174322 2026-06-18T20:21:39Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Isa Wali''' (1928—19 lewru feebariyee 1967) ko dipolomaasi Naajeeriya, o woniino Komisariyaa mawɗo Naajeeriya to Gana. Jibinaa ko e diiwaan Kano ko ɓiɗɗo joyaɓo Wali Kano, Suleymaan, e Hajiya Maryam Nene. O woniino daraniiɗo hakkeeji rewɓe e nder Fuɗnaange leydi Naajeeriya, o hollitii miijooji makko e nder binndanɗe keewɗe ɗe o yi’ata ko ina wona tooñanngeeji rewɓe e nder diiwaan hee.<ref>{{cite web|author=Rejoice Ewodage|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2017/02/19/osinbajo-gowon-others-celebrate-ambassador-isa-wali/|title=Osinbajo, Gowon, Others Celebrate Ambassador Isa Wali|access-date=29 January 2024|work=[[Channels TV]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Callaway|first=Barbara J.|date=1987|title=Women and Political Participation in Kano City|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/421813|journal=Comparative Politics|volume=19|issue=4|pages=379–393|doi=10.2307/421813|jstor=421813|issn=0010-4159|url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ngendam == Isa Wali, jibinaa ko ñalnde 25 sulyee 1928 e juuɗe Suleymaan, Wali Kano, jeyaa ko e leñol Gyanawa, leñol Fulɓe lollungol e humpito mum en e Sariyaaji Lislaam. Caggal maayde baaba makko e hitaande 1939, Isa jibini ɗum ko Abubakar na Wali, jannginoowo aarabeeɓe, gooto e wasiyaaji amiir Kano. Jaŋde makko adannde ina waɗi timminde jaŋde Qur’aana gila omo yahra e duuɓi jeeɗiɗi, caggal ɗuum o naati e duɗal leslesal Kwaru ngam fuɗɗaade jaŋde makko hirnaange, nde o timmini e hitaande 1940. Tuggi 1940 haa 1943, o naati duɗal hakkundeewal Kano hade makko jokkude jaŋde makko to... Duɗal jaŋde aarabeeɓe (SAS) to Kano tuggi 1943 haa 1948, ɗo o "wonnoo almuudo ɓurɗo mawnude e nder duɗal makko", haa teeŋti noon e fannuuji hadiis e tafsir.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Paden|first=John N.|url=http://archive.org/details/ethnicenterprise00ligh|title=Religion and political culture in Kano|date=1973|publisher=Berkeley, University of California Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-520-01738-2}}</ref>{{Rp|page=278}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5thRAQAAMAAJ|title=Federal Nigeria|date=1965|publisher=Consulate General of Nigeria|pages=48|language=en}}</ref> == Tuugnorgal == 4w5nmttxsj163mhsfoilvnenb9t1ym2 0 11916 174243 49469 2026-06-18T16:47:34Z Ilya Discuss 10103 174243 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mallam Sa'adu Zungur (1914''' – 28 lewru Yarkomaa 1958) ko neɗɗo Naajeeriya, yimoowo, juulɗo e ngenndiyanke, o waɗii darnde mawnde e nder dille ndimaagu leydi Naajeeriya haa teeŋti noon e Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya. O ɗon laara bana baaba ‘politik radikal’ haa woyla lesdi Naajeeriya.] Binndi siyaasaaku Zungur ɗi ɗon ƴama laamu koloñaal haa woyla lesdi Naajeeriya, haa teeŋti bee hukuumaaji pamari ɗin, wallitii nder laynde hukuumaaji pamari ɗi lesdi Naajeeriya. Kuuɗe maako nder binndol e siyaasaaku ɗon mari bawɗe haa ɗuuɗal ardiiɓe diina jeytaare haa woyla lesdi Naajeeriya, haa teeŋti bee Aminu Kano e Isa Wali. Zungur sosi kadi pelle politik keewɗe, ina jeyaa heen Fedde Sehilaaɓe Zaria e Fedde Ɓamtaare Elemenji Fuɗnaange, nde tawnoo caggal ɗuum nde waɗii darnde tiiɗnde e ƴellitde ngonka politik diiwaan oo, caggal ɗuum nde jokki e sosde lanndaaji e dille politik caggal ɗuum. E wakkatiiji feere-feere nder duuɓi 1940 haa 1950, o ɗon mari haaje nder lanndaaji siyaasaaku feere-feere bana kawtal lesdi Naajeeriya e lesdi Kamerun, kawtal yimɓe woylaare e kawtal ɓamtaare elemenji woylaare. r52v85ubol9r5jj748555ks0x47x4l6 174244 174243 2026-06-18T16:48:59Z Ilya Discuss 10103 174244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Mallam Sa'adu Zungur (1914''' – 28 lewru Yarkomaa 1958) ko neɗɗo Naajeeriya, yimoowo, juulɗo e ngenndiyanke, o waɗii darnde mawnde e nder dille ndimaagu leydi Naajeeriya haa teeŋti noon e Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya. O ɗon laara bana baaba ‘politik radikal’ haa woyla lesdi Naajeeriya.] Binndi siyaasaaku Zungur ɗi ɗon ƴama laamu koloñaal haa woyla lesdi Naajeeriya, haa teeŋti bee hukuumaaji pamari ɗin, wallitii nder laynde hukuumaaji pamari ɗi lesdi Naajeeriya. Kuuɗe maako nder binndol e siyaasaaku ɗon mari bawɗe haa ɗuuɗal ardiiɓe diina jeytaare haa woyla lesdi Naajeeriya, haa teeŋti bee Aminu Kano e Isa Wali. Zungur sosi kadi pelle politik keewɗe, ina jeyaa heen Fedde Sehilaaɓe Zaria e Fedde Ɓamtaare Elemenji Fuɗnaange, nde tawnoo caggal ɗuum nde waɗii darnde tiiɗnde e ƴellitde ngonka politik diiwaan oo, caggal ɗuum nde jokki e sosde lanndaaji e dille politik caggal ɗuum. E wakkatiiji feere-feere nder duuɓi 1940 haa 1950, o ɗon mari haaje nder lanndaaji siyaasaaku feere-feere bana kawtal lesdi Naajeeriya e lesdi Kamerun, kawtal yimɓe woylaare e kawtal ɓamtaare elemenji woylaare. 46fitauj2j4rx1opdyx6757deh8fmis 0 13355 174146 174123 2026-06-18T12:35:21Z MOIBARDE 10068 i add category 174146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Dauda Soroye Adegbenro''' (1909-1975) ko siyaasayanke [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]], gardiiɗo ngenndi lannda fedde gollorde (AG) e jaagorgal leydi e golle. O teddinaama e leñol makko to Abeokuta, ɓe ndokki mo tiitooɗe laamu Balogun mo Owu Egba e Ekerin mo Egbaland.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=Uwechue|first1=Raph|title=Makers of Modern Africa|date=1991|publisher=Africa Books Limited|location=United Kingdom|isbn=0903274183|page=23|edition=Second}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Historical dictionary of Nigeria|last=Toyin.|first=Falola|date=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|others=Genova, Ann.|isbn=9780810856158|location=Lanham, Md.|oclc=310171807}}</ref> == Nguurndam adanɗam == O jibinaa ko hitaande 1909 to Ago-Owu, e nder diiwaan Ogun.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mynewspapersonline.blogspot.com/2017/08/ds-adegbenro-owu-born-premier-of.html?m=1|title=D.S. Adegbenro: The Owu-born Premier of Western region}}</ref> Dauda Soroye Adegbenro janngii to duɗal [[Afrik]], Owowo ngam jaŋde mum leslesre hade mum yahde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe Baptist, [[Abeokuta]] e duɗal Grammar [[Abeokuta]] ngam jaŋde mum hakkundeere. == Kugal == O fuɗɗi kuugal maako nder hukuumaaji pamari lesdi [[Naajeeriya]], o laati kuugal man diga hitaande 1930 haa hitaande 1937.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2016-01-22|title=Adegbenro Dauda Soroye|url=https://litcaf.com/adegbenro-dauda-soroye/|access-date=2021-04-27|website=Litcaf|language=en-US}}</ref> Caggal ɗuum, o golliima e nder sosiyetee [[Afriknaajo]] denndinɗo.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|title=Historical dictionary of Nigeria|last=Toyin.|first=Falola|date=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|others=Genova, Ann.|isbn=9780810856158|location=Lanham, Md.|oclc=310171807}}</ref> == Politik == Adegbenro naataani e politik tiiɗɗo haa e kitaale 1940. Ko ndeen o naati e fedde Awolowo, [[Akintola]] e woɗɓe ngam udditde lannda Action Group e lewru abriil 1951. Lannda kaa ƴaañii e wooteeji 1951 ngam suɓaade suudu sarɗiiji diiwaan hirnaange kono o dañii ko ɓuri heewde e jooɗorɗe e Diiso ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer e... [[Kamerun]] (NCNC) mo Adegoke Adelabu ardii e nder Diiwaan oo.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/2019-nigeria-needs-prudent-leaders-rewane-adegbenro/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=2019: Nigeria needs prudent leaders - Rewane-Adegbenro|date=2018-11-10|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-16}}</ref> Hay so tawii njeñtudi wooteeji ɗii ina moƴƴi e NCNC, diwgol caggal wooteeji ɗii rokkii AG ko ɓuri heewde.<ref name=":02">{{cite book|last1=Uwechue|first1=Raph|title=Makers of Modern Africa|date=1991|publisher=Africa Books Limited|location=United Kingdom|isbn=0903274183|page=23|edition=Second}}</ref> Adegbenro, hay so tawii noon, suɓaama e ko yaawi sabu ko o jom doole e nder politik Egba nokku oo. Ɓooytaani, o suɓaama e Asaambele diiwaan oo ngam wonde gooto e nulaaɓe mum e nder suudu sarɗiiji leydi ndii to Lagos. O arti e suudu sarɗiiji diiwaan hirnaange e hitaande 1954 ngam wonde Sekreteruuji Parlemaa to jaagorde Ñaawooje, caggal ɗuum o woni jaagorde leydi e golle, caggal ɗuum o woni jaagorde laamu nokku. Ko o gardiiɗo baawɗo, hoolaare, artikulaasiyoŋ. O mahii jokkondiral tiiɗngal e lannda makko e ardiiɓe laamu nguu, haa teeŋti e mawɗo Awolowo mo wonnoo e oon sahaa gardiiɗo diiwaan oo. O fotnoo ko heddaade e gollodiiɗo mawɗo oo hay so tawii noon o yahrii e laana ndiwoowa ngenndiwal, o woni hooreejo luulndo e nder suudu sarɗiiji leydi ndii.<ref name=":03">{{cite book|last1=Uwechue|first1=Raph|title=Makers of Modern Africa|date=1991|publisher=Africa Books Limited|location=United Kingdom|isbn=0903274183|page=23|edition=Second}}</ref> Caggal ''Action Group Crisis'' (''Crisis Action Group'') mo Hirnaange [[Naajeeriya]] waɗi e nder kiris politik luggiɗiiɗo mo caggal mum ɓuuɓni leydi ndii fof, Adegbenro dartinaama e golle mum e nder kuudetaa militeeruuji baɗnooɗi e hitaande 1966. O ardii ''Action Group'' nde Awolowo e ardiiɓe lanndaaji goɗɗi ɗii ngoppitaa. E nder wolde hakkunde leyɗeele leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]], o wonnoo ko jaagorgal njulaagu e njulaagu. O yalti e politik ko e hitaande 1971.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|date=2016-01-22|title=Adegbenro Dauda Soroye|url=https://litcaf.com/adegbenro-dauda-soroye/|access-date=2021-04-27|website=Litcaf|language=en-US}}</ref> O sankii ko hitaande 1975[<ref name=":04">{{cite book|last1=Uwechue|first1=Raph|title=Makers of Modern Africa|date=1991|publisher=Africa Books Limited|location=United Kingdom|isbn=0903274183|page=23|edition=Second}}</ref> == Tuugnorgal == # ''Uweewu, Raf (1991). Waɗooɓe Afrik hannde (Ed. ɗiɗaɓo). Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi: Defte Afrik. p. 23. <nowiki>ISBN 0903274183</nowiki>.'' # ''Toyin., Falola (2009). Saggitorde taariindi leydi Najeriya. Jenowa, Ann. Lanham, Md.: Jaaynde kulɓiniinde. <nowiki>ISBN 9780810856158</nowiki>. OCLC 310171807.'' # ''"D.S. Adegbenro: Ardiiɗo diiwaan Hirnaange jibinaaɗo Owu".'' # ''"Adegbenro Dauda Soroye". Litkaf. 22/01-2016. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 27-04-2021.'' # ''"2019: Naajeeriya ina haani ardiiɓe hakkilantaagal - Rewane-Adegbenro". Leñol Naajeeriya. 11-2018. Keɓtinaa ko 16-03-2019.'' <references /> [[Category:Naajeeriya]] 9e7bn1sqp4h5lmxfn18ivw2dan87di8 0 13645 174156 53176 2026-06-18T13:04:12Z Amama24 14844 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354847286|Adeyemo Alakija]]" 174156 wikitext text/x-wiki Oloye Sir '''Adeyemo Alakija''', Listen c KBE (25 lewru Mbooy 1884 – 10 lewru Mbooy 1952) ko awokaa, dawriyanke e njulaagu Najeriya. O laati tergal nder kawtal lesdi Naajeeriya duuɓi jowee-nayi (9) fuɗɗi hitaande 1933. Nder hitaande 1942, o warti tergal nder kawtal hoore lesdi Naajeeriya. Alakija woni hooreejo leydi Egbe Omo Oduduwa gila hitaande 1948 haa nde o sankii hitaande 1952. Gollal Alakija e Herbert Macaulay e Egerton Shyngle e fuɗɗoode golle makko politik addani mo dañde darnde kono caggal nde o woppi Macaulay e sabu miijooji makko politik ɓutti, njiimaandi makko fuɗɗii ustaade haa e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950 nde o fuɗɗii ƴellitde wellitaare e gite yimɓe. Alakija ƴellitii jokkondiral tiiɗngal e pelle e renndooji keewɗi tawi ina jeyaa heen renndo Libannaaɓe e Siriyankooɓe e nder leydi Nijeer, o fawaa heen medal sedere caggal njillu makko to Liban e hitaande 1949. O joginoo ko tiitoonde laamu '''Lisa''' mo Egbaland e '''Woje Ileri''' mo [[Ifẹ|Ile-Ife]] . == Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol == Alakija jibinaa ko e galle Marculino (heen sahaaji ina wiyee Elemeji) e Maxmilliana Assumpcao ; ko kanko woni ɓiɗɗo gadano e ɓiɓɓe njeeɗiɗo e nder galle hee. Baaba makko ko iwdi Egba, yumma makko ko ɓiy Alfa Sipriyan Akinosho Tairu mo Oyo . Mawniiko gorko biyeteeɗo Maxwell Porphyrio Assumpcao-Alakija ko awokaa to Bahia e jom suudu Sir Olumuyiwa Jibowu, gooto e miñiraaɓe makko (mo yahi haa wonti gollodiiɗo makko e sariya) ko Olayimika Alakija, wonnoo tergal e sahaa gooto e Diiso sarɗiiji leydi Nijeer . Debbo mawɗo gooto, biyeteeɗo Tejumade Assumpcao, wonti [[Olori (title)|Olori]] Tejumade Alakija Ademola, Laamɗo Ademola nde o resi Sir [[Ladapo Ademola]], [[Alake mo Egba|Alake Egbaland]], leydi taaniraaɓe galle makko. Alakija janngi duɗal katolik St Gregory hade mum yahde duɗal CMS Grammar, Lagos . Caggal mum o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Oxford e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1930, o wonti daraniiɗo jaŋde toownde e nder leydi Najeriya e jamaanu koloñaal.<ref>Adebiyi Adegoke (November 27, 2014). "Meet The Literati Yinka Alakija". ''Literati''. Lagos. Retrieved September 29, 2021.</ref> Caggal nde o timmini jaŋde makko hakkundeere, Alakija fuɗɗii golle e nder posto e hitaande 1900, o golliima e nder sarwisaaji laamu fotde duuɓi sappo. Ndeen o yahi haa o janngi sariya to Londres, o heɓi heen seedantaagal makko e hitaande 1913, <ref name="Nwoko" /> caggal ɗuum o udditi duɗal sariya to Lagos. Firaas makko awokaaji ina heɓi nafoore kono njillu makko e politik cuɓaaɗo hawri e luulndaare Herbert Macaulay, gonnooɗo sehil makko mo politik mum seerti sabu kiris Lagos Eleko. <ref name="Nwoko" /> Alakija ina luulndii Eshugbayi Eleko, Oba Lagos e wallitooɓe Oba ina jeyaa heen juulɓe Jamat e Makaolay. O woniino kanndidaa e woote depiteeji 1923 kono o dañii. Kono, tuggi 1933 haa 1941, o woniino tergal toɗɗaangal ngam lomtaade diiwaan Egba e nder Diiso sarɗiiji. Ko kanko kadi woni hooreejo gadano fedde wiyeteende Island Club ... == Kugal == Sir Adeyemo Alakija ko jom jawdi en, o sosi ''jaayndeeji ñalnde kala'' e Ernest Ikoli e Richard Barrow, ko kanko wonnoo hooreejo suudu njulaagu Lagos. Jaaynde ndee ƴellitii ko e ballal ngalu yeeyde sosiyeteeji jeyaaɗi e leyɗeele goɗɗe e hay so tawii noon ina jokki e daranaade laamu. Alakija hoosi hooreejo hukuuma bayyinoowo ɗerewol ngol, woni Sosiyetee Naajeeriya. O woniino kadi tergal e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e golle guwerneer, o woniino kadi hooreejo fedde sukaaɓe leydi Najeriya . O heɓiino semmbe no feewi e mbaydiiji ngenndiyaŋkaagal pinal e nder leydi Najeriya e nder fuɗɗoode teeminannde noogas. Ko ndee ɗoo ƴaañorgal addani ɓesngu makko woppude innde mum purtugeec assimilaasiyoŋ ngam huutoraade innde ''jibinannde'', Alakija, e hitaande 1913. Haa e joofnirde nguurndam makko, ɗum joofni ko e yahde e aristokraasi leñol makko, nde tawnoo o tagaa ko '''Bariyun''' mo Woleriland e '''Igbale''' [[Ifẹ|-Ijele]] Lineage. Oloye Alakija, mo innde mum adannde woni Placido, ko iwdi Afro - Beresiil no [[Korɗo|jiyaaɓe]] heewɓe rimɗinaaɓe hoɗɓe e [[Lagos]] . Pelle ɗee ina mbiyatnoo sahaa e sahaa fof Amaros . Galle Alakija ko wakkati seɗɗa woni Amaro'en ɓurduɓe anndeego nder Naajeeriya. To leydi Naajeeriya, o jaɓɓii yoga e geɗe aadaaji e nder daartol renndo- siyaasaaji e diine Yoruba nde o sosi fedde Reformed Ogboni Fraternity, o wonti Olori Oluwo, walla "Mawɗo", fedde nde. Ko o tergal e fedde nde, o naatni huutoraade maandeeji masonik e nder fedde nde, ko wayi no gite ɗe ɓuuɓnataa e dow V mbayliigu e mbaadiiji tati gonɗi e dow leydi. Kanko e hoore makko kadi ko o mason toowɗo. Alakija waɗii batte e ɓamtaare Egbe Omo Oduduwa e caggal mum fedde Action Group kadi ko dokkuɗo e pelle ɗiɗi ɗee kala. Alakija maayi ko e waktuuji 10 lewru mee hitaande 1952. Jamma ko adii ɗuum, o tawtoraama ñalngu ngu Sir [[Mobolaji Bank Anthony]] yuɓɓini . == Nguurndam neɗɗo == Alakija resi Kiristiina Ayodele Joorji e hitaande 1907. Joorji maayi ko e hitaande 1938, caggal ɗuum o resi debbo goɗɗo, Lady Ayodele. Alakija neldi ko ɓuri heewde e ɓiɓɓe mum gila e debbo mum gadano to leydi Angalteer ngam janngude. Gooto e maɓɓe, ɓiyiiko debbo gooto, ko Aduke Alakija . Gooto e ɓiɓɓe makko, hono Babatunde, ko kaɓantooɗo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde (High Jump) to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Angalteer, kadi omo jeyaa e Afriknaaɓe adanɓe winnditaade ngam heblude pilot. Ɓiɗɗo goɗɗo, Oluwole Ayodele Alakija, ko gonnooɗo hooreejo WASU to Londres, kadi ko tergal Egbe Omo Oduduwa . Mawɗo Alakija ko tergal sosngal e hooreejo Island Club of Lagos kadi ko tergal sosngal e cukko hooreejo [[Fedde Fedde Fuuta Fuuta Nigeria|fedde fuku koyɗe Nijeer]] e hitaande 1933. Taaniiko ko Kojo Annan, jom njulaagu Ganaajo, ɓiy gonnooɗo hooreejo fedde [[Ngenndiije Dentuɗe|ONU]] [[Kofi Annan]] . == Tuugnorgal == sn5gpkkdlew15gee00epl28ff12czpv 174157 174156 2026-06-18T13:10:14Z Amama24 14844 174157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Oloye Sir '''Adeyemo Alakija''', Listen c KBE (25 lewru Mbooy 1884 – 10 lewru Mbooy 1952) ko awokaa, dawriyanke e njulaagu Najeriya. O laati tergal nder kawtal lesdi Naajeeriya duuɓi jowee-nayi (9) fuɗɗi hitaande 1933. Nder hitaande 1942, o warti tergal nder kawtal hoore lesdi Naajeeriya. Alakija woni hooreejo leydi Egbe Omo Oduduwa gila hitaande 1948 haa nde o sankii hitaande 1952. Gollal Alakija e Herbert Macaulay e Egerton Shyngle e fuɗɗoode golle makko politik addani mo dañde darnde kono caggal nde o woppi Macaulay e sabu miijooji makko politik ɓutti, njiimaandi makko fuɗɗii ustaade haa e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950 nde o fuɗɗii ƴellitde wellitaare e gite yimɓe. Alakija ƴellitii jokkondiral tiiɗngal e pelle e renndooji keewɗi tawi ina jeyaa heen renndo Libannaaɓe e Siriyankooɓe e nder leydi Nijeer, o fawaa heen medal sedere caggal njillu makko to Liban e hitaande 1949. O joginoo ko tiitoonde laamu '''Lisa''' mo Egbaland e '''Woje Ileri''' mo [[Ifẹ|Ile-Ife]] . == Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol == Alakija jibinaa ko e galle Marculino (heen sahaaji ina wiyee Elemeji) e Maxmilliana Assumpcao ; ko kanko woni ɓiɗɗo gadano e ɓiɓɓe njeeɗiɗo e nder galle hee. Baaba makko ko iwdi Egba, yumma makko ko ɓiy Alfa Sipriyan Akinosho Tairu mo Oyo . Mawniiko gorko biyeteeɗo Maxwell Porphyrio Assumpcao-Alakija ko awokaa to Bahia e jom suudu Sir Olumuyiwa Jibowu, gooto e miñiraaɓe makko (mo yahi haa wonti gollodiiɗo makko e sariya) ko Olayimika Alakija, wonnoo tergal e sahaa gooto e Diiso sarɗiiji leydi Nijeer . Debbo mawɗo gooto, biyeteeɗo Tejumade Assumpcao, wonti [[Olori (title)|Olori]] Tejumade Alakija Ademola, Laamɗo Ademola nde o resi Sir [[Ladapo Ademola]], [[Alake mo Egba|Alake Egbaland]], leydi taaniraaɓe galle makko. Alakija janngi duɗal katolik St Gregory hade mum yahde duɗal CMS Grammar, Lagos . Caggal mum o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Oxford e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1930, o wonti daraniiɗo jaŋde toownde e nder leydi Najeriya e jamaanu koloñaal.<ref>Adebiyi Adegoke (November 27, 2014). "Meet The Literati Yinka Alakija". ''Literati''. Lagos. Retrieved September 29, 2021.</ref> Caggal nde o timmini jaŋde makko hakkundeere, Alakija fuɗɗii golle e nder posto e hitaande 1900, o golliima e nder sarwisaaji laamu fotde duuɓi sappo. Ndeen o yahi haa o janngi sariya to Londres, o heɓi heen seedantaagal makko e hitaande 1913, <ref name="Nwoko" /> caggal ɗuum o udditi duɗal sariya to Lagos. Firaas makko awokaaji ina heɓi nafoore kono njillu makko e politik cuɓaaɗo hawri e luulndaare Herbert Macaulay, gonnooɗo sehil makko mo politik mum seerti sabu kiris Lagos Eleko. <ref name="Nwoko" /> Alakija ina luulndii Eshugbayi Eleko, Oba Lagos e wallitooɓe Oba ina jeyaa heen juulɓe Jamat e Makaolay. O woniino kanndidaa e woote depiteeji 1923 kono o dañii. Kono, tuggi 1933 haa 1941, o woniino tergal toɗɗaangal ngam lomtaade diiwaan Egba e nder Diiso sarɗiiji. Ko kanko kadi woni hooreejo gadano fedde wiyeteende Island Club ... == Kugal == Sir Adeyemo Alakija ko jom jawdi en, o sosi ''jaayndeeji ñalnde kala'' e Ernest Ikoli e Richard Barrow, ko kanko wonnoo hooreejo suudu njulaagu Lagos. Jaaynde ndee ƴellitii ko e ballal ngalu yeeyde sosiyeteeji jeyaaɗi e leyɗeele goɗɗe e hay so tawii noon ina jokki e daranaade laamu. Alakija hoosi hooreejo hukuuma bayyinoowo ɗerewol ngol, woni Sosiyetee Naajeeriya. O woniino kadi tergal e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e golle guwerneer, o woniino kadi hooreejo fedde sukaaɓe leydi Najeriya . O heɓiino semmbe no feewi e mbaydiiji ngenndiyaŋkaagal pinal e nder leydi Najeriya e nder fuɗɗoode teeminannde noogas. Ko ndee ɗoo ƴaañorgal addani ɓesngu makko woppude innde mum purtugeec assimilaasiyoŋ ngam huutoraade innde ''jibinannde'', Alakija, e hitaande 1913. Haa e joofnirde nguurndam makko, ɗum joofni ko e yahde e aristokraasi leñol makko, nde tawnoo o tagaa ko '''Bariyun''' mo Woleriland e '''Igbale''' [[Ifẹ|-Ijele]] Lineage. Oloye Alakija, mo innde mum adannde woni Placido, ko iwdi Afro - Beresiil no [[Korɗo|jiyaaɓe]] heewɓe rimɗinaaɓe hoɗɓe e [[Lagos]] . Pelle ɗee ina mbiyatnoo sahaa e sahaa fof Amaros . Galle Alakija ko wakkati seɗɗa woni Amaro'en ɓurduɓe anndeego nder Naajeeriya. To leydi Naajeeriya, o jaɓɓii yoga e geɗe aadaaji e nder daartol renndo- siyaasaaji e diine Yoruba nde o sosi fedde Reformed Ogboni Fraternity, o wonti Olori Oluwo, walla "Mawɗo", fedde nde. Ko o tergal e fedde nde, o naatni huutoraade maandeeji masonik e nder fedde nde, ko wayi no gite ɗe ɓuuɓnataa e dow V mbayliigu e mbaadiiji tati gonɗi e dow leydi. Kanko e hoore makko kadi ko o mason toowɗo. Alakija waɗii batte e ɓamtaare Egbe Omo Oduduwa e caggal mum fedde Action Group kadi ko dokkuɗo e pelle ɗiɗi ɗee kala. Alakija maayi ko e waktuuji 10 lewru mee hitaande 1952. Jamma ko adii ɗuum, o tawtoraama ñalngu ngu Sir [[Mobolaji Bank Anthony]] yuɓɓini . == Nguurndam neɗɗo == Alakija resi Kiristiina Ayodele Joorji e hitaande 1907. Joorji maayi ko e hitaande 1938, caggal ɗuum o resi debbo goɗɗo, Lady Ayodele. Alakija neldi ko ɓuri heewde e ɓiɓɓe mum gila e debbo mum gadano to leydi Angalteer ngam janngude. Gooto e maɓɓe, ɓiyiiko debbo gooto, ko Aduke Alakija . Gooto e ɓiɓɓe makko, hono Babatunde, ko kaɓantooɗo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde (High Jump) to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Angalteer, kadi omo jeyaa e Afriknaaɓe adanɓe winnditaade ngam heblude pilot. Ɓiɗɗo goɗɗo, Oluwole Ayodele Alakija, ko gonnooɗo hooreejo WASU to Londres, kadi ko tergal Egbe Omo Oduduwa . Mawɗo Alakija ko tergal sosngal e hooreejo Island Club of Lagos kadi ko tergal sosngal e cukko hooreejo [[Fedde Fedde Fuuta Fuuta Nigeria|fedde fuku koyɗe Nijeer]] e hitaande 1933. Taaniiko ko Kojo Annan, jom njulaagu Ganaajo, ɓiy gonnooɗo hooreejo fedde [[Ngenndiije Dentuɗe|ONU]] [[Kofi Annan]] . == Tuugnorgal == 9j1l52bwtv36e3jw2u2ej71uu09q7yf 174179 174157 2026-06-18T13:49:55Z Fulani215 7983 /* Himobe */ fixed typo 174179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Oloye Sir '''Adeyemo Alakija''', Listen c KBE (25 lewru Mbooy 1884 – 10 lewru Mbooy 1952) ko awokaa, dawriyanke e njulaagu Najeriya. O laati tergal nder kawtal lesdi Naajeeriya duuɓi jowee-nayi (9) fuɗɗi hitaande 1933. Nder hitaande 1942, o warti tergal nder kawtal hoore lesdi Naajeeriya. Alakija woni hooreejo leydi Egbe Omo Oduduwa gila hitaande 1948 haa nde o sankii hitaande 1952. Gollal Alakija e Herbert Macaulay e Egerton Shyngle e fuɗɗoode golle makko politik addani mo dañde darnde kono caggal nde o woppi Macaulay e sabu miijooji makko politik ɓutti, njiimaandi makko fuɗɗii ustaade haa e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950 nde o fuɗɗii ƴellitde wellitaare e gite yimɓe. Alakija ƴellitii jokkondiral tiiɗngal e pelle e renndooji keewɗi tawi ina jeyaa heen renndo Libannaaɓe e Siriyankooɓe e nder leydi Nijeer, o fawaa heen medal sedere caggal njillu makko to Liban e hitaande 1949. O joginoo ko tiitoonde laamu '''Lisa''' mo Egbaland e '''Woje Ileri''' mo [[Ifẹ|Ile-Ife]] . == Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol == Alakija jibinaa ko e galle Marculino (heen sahaaji ina wiyee Elemeji) e Maxmilliana Assumpcao ; ko kanko woni ɓiɗɗo gadano e ɓiɓɓe njeeɗiɗo e nder galle hee. Baaba makko ko iwdi Egba, yumma makko ko ɓiy Alfa Sipriyan Akinosho Tairu mo Oyo . Mawniiko gorko biyeteeɗo Maxwell Porphyrio Assumpcao-Alakija ko awokaa to Bahia e jom suudu Sir Olumuyiwa Jibowu, gooto e miñiraaɓe makko (mo yahi haa wonti gollodiiɗo makko e sariya) ko Olayimika Alakija, wonnoo tergal e sahaa gooto e Diiso sarɗiiji leydi Nijeer . Debbo mawɗo gooto, biyeteeɗo Tejumade Assumpcao, wonti [[Olori (title)|Olori]] Tejumade Alakija Ademola, Laamɗo Ademola nde o resi Sir [[Ladapo Ademola]], [[Alake mo Egba|Alake Egbaland]], leydi taaniraaɓe galle makko. Alakija janngi duɗal katolik St Gregory hade mum yahde duɗal CMS Grammar, Lagos . Caggal mum o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Oxford e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1930, o wonti daraniiɗo jaŋde toownde e nder leydi Najeriya e jamaanu koloñaal.<ref>Adebiyi Adegoke (November 27, 2014). "Meet The Literati Yinka Alakija". ''Literati''. Lagos. Retrieved September 29, 2021.</ref> Caggal nde o timmini jaŋde makko hakkundeere, Alakija fuɗɗii golle e nder posto e hitaande 1900, o golliima e nder sarwisaaji laamu fotde duuɓi sappo. Ndeen o yahi haa o janngi sariya to Londres, o heɓi heen seedantaagal makko e hitaande 1913, <ref name="Nwoko" /> caggal ɗuum o udditi duɗal sariya to Lagos. Firaas makko awokaaji ina heɓi nafoore kono njillu makko e politik cuɓaaɗo hawri e luulndaare Herbert Macaulay, gonnooɗo sehil makko mo politik mum seerti sabu kiris Lagos Eleko. <ref name="Nwoko" /> Alakija ina luulndii Eshugbayi Eleko, Oba Lagos e wallitooɓe Oba ina jeyaa heen juulɓe Jamat e Makaolay. O woniino kanndidaa e woote depiteeji 1923 kono o dañii. Kono, tuggi 1933 haa 1941, o woniino tergal toɗɗaangal ngam lomtaade diiwaan Egba e nder Diiso sarɗiiji. Ko kanko kadi woni hooreejo gadano fedde wiyeteende Island Club ... == Kugal == Sir Adeyemo Alakija ko jom jawdi en, o sosi ''jaayndeeji ñalnde kala'' e Ernest Ikoli e Richard Barrow, ko kanko wonnoo hooreejo suudu njulaagu Lagos. Jaaynde ndee ƴellitii ko e ballal ngalu yeeyde sosiyeteeji jeyaaɗi e leyɗeele goɗɗe e hay so tawii noon ina jokki e daranaade laamu. Alakija hoosi hooreejo hukuuma bayyinoowo ɗerewol ngol, woni Sosiyetee Naajeeriya. O woniino kadi tergal e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e golle guwerneer, o woniino kadi hooreejo fedde sukaaɓe leydi Najeriya . O heɓiino semmbe no feewi e mbaydiiji ngenndiyaŋkaagal pinal e nder leydi Najeriya e nder fuɗɗoode teeminannde noogas. Ko ndee ɗoo ƴaañorgal addani ɓesngu makko woppude innde mum purtugeec assimilaasiyoŋ ngam huutoraade innde ''jibinannde'', Alakija, e hitaande 1913. Haa e joofnirde nguurndam makko, ɗum joofni ko e yahde e aristokraasi leñol makko, nde tawnoo o tagaa ko '''Bariyun''' mo Woleriland e '''Igbale''' [[Ifẹ|-Ijele]] Lineage. Oloye Alakija, mo innde mum adannde woni Placido, ko iwdi Afro - Beresiil no [[Korɗo|jiyaaɓe]] heewɓe rimɗinaaɓe hoɗɓe e [[Lagos]] . Pelle ɗee ina mbiyatnoo sahaa e sahaa fof Amaros . Galle Alakija ko wakkati seɗɗa woni Amaro'en ɓurduɓe anndeego nder Naajeeriya. To leydi Naajeeriya, o jaɓɓii yoga e geɗe aadaaji e nder daartol renndo- siyaasaaji e diine Yoruba nde o sosi fedde Reformed Ogboni Fraternity, o wonti Olori Oluwo, walla "Mawɗo", fedde nde. Ko o tergal e fedde nde, o naatni huutoraade maandeeji masonik e nder fedde nde, ko wayi no gite ɗe ɓuuɓnataa e dow V mbayliigu e mbaadiiji tati gonɗi e dow leydi. Kanko e hoore makko kadi ko o mason toowɗo. Alakija waɗii batte e ɓamtaare Egbe Omo Oduduwa e caggal mum fedde Action Group kadi ko dokkuɗo e pelle ɗiɗi ɗee kala. Alakija maayi ko e waktuuji 10 lewru mee hitaande 1952. Jamma ko adii ɗuum, o tawtoraama ñalngu ngu Sir [[Mobolaji Bank Anthony]] yuɓɓini . == Nguurndam neɗɗo == Alakija resi Kiristiina Ayodele Joorji e hitaande 1907. Joorji maayi ko e hitaande 1938, caggal ɗuum o resi debbo goɗɗo, Lady Ayodele. Alakija neldi ko ɓuri heewde e ɓiɓɓe mum gila e debbo mum gadano to leydi Angalteer ngam janngude. Gooto e maɓɓe, ɓiyiiko debbo gooto, ko Aduke Alakija . Gooto e ɓiɓɓe makko, hono Babatunde, ko kaɓantooɗo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde (High Jump) to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Angalteer, kadi omo jeyaa e Afriknaaɓe adanɓe winnditaade ngam heblude pilot. Ɓiɗɗo goɗɗo, Oluwole Ayodele Alakija, ko gonnooɗo hooreejo WASU to Londres, kadi ko tergal Egbe Omo Oduduwa . Mawɗo Alakija ko tergal sosngal e hooreejo Island Club of Lagos kadi ko tergal sosngal e cukko hooreejo [[Fedde Fedde Fuuta Fuuta Nigeria|fedde fuku koyɗe Nijeer]] e hitaande 1933. Taaniiko ko Kojo Annan, jom njulaagu Ganaajo, ɓiy gonnooɗo hooreejo fedde [[Ngenndiije Dentuɗe|ONU]] [[Kofi Annan]] . == Himobe == 1rqmwtuljaojlf8j9enak2dxkjxub2o 174180 174179 2026-06-18T13:51:40Z Fulani215 7983 /* Kugal */ fixed typo 174180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Oloye Sir '''Adeyemo Alakija''', Listen c KBE (25 lewru Mbooy 1884 – 10 lewru Mbooy 1952) ko awokaa, dawriyanke e njulaagu Najeriya. O laati tergal nder kawtal lesdi Naajeeriya duuɓi jowee-nayi (9) fuɗɗi hitaande 1933. Nder hitaande 1942, o warti tergal nder kawtal hoore lesdi Naajeeriya. Alakija woni hooreejo leydi Egbe Omo Oduduwa gila hitaande 1948 haa nde o sankii hitaande 1952. Gollal Alakija e Herbert Macaulay e Egerton Shyngle e fuɗɗoode golle makko politik addani mo dañde darnde kono caggal nde o woppi Macaulay e sabu miijooji makko politik ɓutti, njiimaandi makko fuɗɗii ustaade haa e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950 nde o fuɗɗii ƴellitde wellitaare e gite yimɓe. Alakija ƴellitii jokkondiral tiiɗngal e pelle e renndooji keewɗi tawi ina jeyaa heen renndo Libannaaɓe e Siriyankooɓe e nder leydi Nijeer, o fawaa heen medal sedere caggal njillu makko to Liban e hitaande 1949. O joginoo ko tiitoonde laamu '''Lisa''' mo Egbaland e '''Woje Ileri''' mo [[Ifẹ|Ile-Ife]] . == Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol == Alakija jibinaa ko e galle Marculino (heen sahaaji ina wiyee Elemeji) e Maxmilliana Assumpcao ; ko kanko woni ɓiɗɗo gadano e ɓiɓɓe njeeɗiɗo e nder galle hee. Baaba makko ko iwdi Egba, yumma makko ko ɓiy Alfa Sipriyan Akinosho Tairu mo Oyo . Mawniiko gorko biyeteeɗo Maxwell Porphyrio Assumpcao-Alakija ko awokaa to Bahia e jom suudu Sir Olumuyiwa Jibowu, gooto e miñiraaɓe makko (mo yahi haa wonti gollodiiɗo makko e sariya) ko Olayimika Alakija, wonnoo tergal e sahaa gooto e Diiso sarɗiiji leydi Nijeer . Debbo mawɗo gooto, biyeteeɗo Tejumade Assumpcao, wonti [[Olori (title)|Olori]] Tejumade Alakija Ademola, Laamɗo Ademola nde o resi Sir [[Ladapo Ademola]], [[Alake mo Egba|Alake Egbaland]], leydi taaniraaɓe galle makko. Alakija janngi duɗal katolik St Gregory hade mum yahde duɗal CMS Grammar, Lagos . Caggal mum o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Oxford e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1930, o wonti daraniiɗo jaŋde toownde e nder leydi Najeriya e jamaanu koloñaal.<ref>Adebiyi Adegoke (November 27, 2014). "Meet The Literati Yinka Alakija". ''Literati''. Lagos. Retrieved September 29, 2021.</ref> Caggal nde o timmini jaŋde makko hakkundeere, Alakija fuɗɗii golle e nder posto e hitaande 1900, o golliima e nder sarwisaaji laamu fotde duuɓi sappo. Ndeen o yahi haa o janngi sariya to Londres, o heɓi heen seedantaagal makko e hitaande 1913, <ref name="Nwoko" /> caggal ɗuum o udditi duɗal sariya to Lagos. Firaas makko awokaaji ina heɓi nafoore kono njillu makko e politik cuɓaaɗo hawri e luulndaare Herbert Macaulay, gonnooɗo sehil makko mo politik mum seerti sabu kiris Lagos Eleko. <ref name="Nwoko" /> Alakija ina luulndii Eshugbayi Eleko, Oba Lagos e wallitooɓe Oba ina jeyaa heen juulɓe Jamat e Makaolay. O woniino kanndidaa e woote depiteeji 1923 kono o dañii. Kono, tuggi 1933 haa 1941, o woniino tergal toɗɗaangal ngam lomtaade diiwaan Egba e nder Diiso sarɗiiji. Ko kanko kadi woni hooreejo gadano fedde wiyeteende Island Club ... == Kugal == Sir Adeyemo Alakija ko jom jawdi en, o sosi ''jaayndeeji ñalnde kala'' e Ernest Ikoli e Richard Barrow, ko kanko wonnoo hooreejo suudu njulaagu Lagos. Jaaynde ndee ƴellitii ko e ballal ngalu yeeyde sosiyeteeji jeyaaɗi e leyɗeele goɗɗe e hay so tawii noon ina jokki e daranaade laamu. Alakija hoosi hooreejo hukuuma bayyinoowo ɗerewol ngol, woni Sosiyetee Naajeeriya. O woniino kadi tergal e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e golle guwerneer, o woniino kadi hooreejo fedde sukaaɓe leydi Najeriya . O heɓiino semmbe no feewi e mbaydiiji ngenndiyaŋkaagal pinal e nder leydi Najeriya e nder fuɗɗoode teeminannde noogas. Ko ndee ɗoo ƴaañorgal addani ɓesngu makko woppude innde mum purtugeec assimilaasiyoŋ ngam huutoraade innde ''jibinannde'', Alakija, e hitaande 1913. Haa e joofnirde nguurndam makko, ɗum joofni ko e yahde e aristokraasi leñol makko, nde tawnoo o tagaa ko '''Bariyun''' mo Woleriland e '''Igbale''' [[Ifẹ|-Ijele]] Lineage. Oloye Alakija, mo innde mum adannde woni Placido, ko iwdi Afro - Beresiil no [[Korɗo|jiyaaɓe]] heewɓe rimɗinaaɓe hoɗɓe e [[Lagos]] . Pelle ɗee ina mbiyatnoo sahaa e sahaa fof Amaros . Galle Alakija ko wakkati seɗɗa woni Amaro'en ɓurduɓe anndeego nder Naajeeriya. To leydi Naajeeriya, o jaɓɓii yoga e geɗe aadaaji e nder daartol renndo- siyaasaaji e diine Yoruba nde o sosi fedde Reformed Ogboni Fraternity, o wonti Olori Oluwo, walla "Mawɗo", fedde nde. Ko o tergal e fedde nde, o naatni huutoraade maandeeji masonik e nder fedde nde, ko wayi no gite ɗe ɓuuɓnataa e dow V mbayliigu e mbaadiiji tati gonɗi e dow leydi. Kanko e hoore makko kadi ko o mason toowɗo. Alakija waɗii batte e ɓamtaare Egbe Omo Oduduwa e caggal mum fedde Action Group kadi ko dokkuɗo e pelle ɗiɗi ɗee kala. Alakija maayi ko e waktuuji 10 lewru mee hitaande 1952. Jamma ko adii ɗuum, o tawtoraama ñalngu ngu yuɓɓini . == Nguurndam neɗɗo == Alakija resi Kiristiina Ayodele Joorji e hitaande 1907. Joorji maayi ko e hitaande 1938, caggal ɗuum o resi debbo goɗɗo, Lady Ayodele. Alakija neldi ko ɓuri heewde e ɓiɓɓe mum gila e debbo mum gadano to leydi Angalteer ngam janngude. Gooto e maɓɓe, ɓiyiiko debbo gooto, ko Aduke Alakija . Gooto e ɓiɓɓe makko, hono Babatunde, ko kaɓantooɗo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde (High Jump) to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Angalteer, kadi omo jeyaa e Afriknaaɓe adanɓe winnditaade ngam heblude pilot. Ɓiɗɗo goɗɗo, Oluwole Ayodele Alakija, ko gonnooɗo hooreejo WASU to Londres, kadi ko tergal Egbe Omo Oduduwa . Mawɗo Alakija ko tergal sosngal e hooreejo Island Club of Lagos kadi ko tergal sosngal e cukko hooreejo [[Fedde Fedde Fuuta Fuuta Nigeria|fedde fuku koyɗe Nijeer]] e hitaande 1933. Taaniiko ko Kojo Annan, jom njulaagu Ganaajo, ɓiy gonnooɗo hooreejo fedde [[Ngenndiije Dentuɗe|ONU]] [[Kofi Annan]] . == Himobe == 8q6yh592m1r99scuph69ocumcs17j2m 174182 174180 2026-06-18T13:52:23Z Fulani215 7983 /* Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol */ fixed typo 174182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Oloye Sir '''Adeyemo Alakija''', Listen c KBE (25 lewru Mbooy 1884 – 10 lewru Mbooy 1952) ko awokaa, dawriyanke e njulaagu Najeriya. O laati tergal nder kawtal lesdi Naajeeriya duuɓi jowee-nayi (9) fuɗɗi hitaande 1933. Nder hitaande 1942, o warti tergal nder kawtal hoore lesdi Naajeeriya. Alakija woni hooreejo leydi Egbe Omo Oduduwa gila hitaande 1948 haa nde o sankii hitaande 1952. Gollal Alakija e Herbert Macaulay e Egerton Shyngle e fuɗɗoode golle makko politik addani mo dañde darnde kono caggal nde o woppi Macaulay e sabu miijooji makko politik ɓutti, njiimaandi makko fuɗɗii ustaade haa e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950 nde o fuɗɗii ƴellitde wellitaare e gite yimɓe. Alakija ƴellitii jokkondiral tiiɗngal e pelle e renndooji keewɗi tawi ina jeyaa heen renndo Libannaaɓe e Siriyankooɓe e nder leydi Nijeer, o fawaa heen medal sedere caggal njillu makko to Liban e hitaande 1949. O joginoo ko tiitoonde laamu '''Lisa''' mo Egbaland e '''Woje Ileri''' mo [[Ifẹ|Ile-Ife]] . == Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol == Alakija jibinaa ko e galle Marculino (heen sahaaji ina wiyee Elemeji) e Maxmilliana Assumpcao ; ko kanko woni ɓiɗɗo gadano e ɓiɓɓe njeeɗiɗo e nder galle hee. Baaba makko ko iwdi Egba, yumma makko ko ɓiy Alfa Sipriyan Akinosho Tairu mo Oyo . Mawniiko gorko biyeteeɗo Maxwell Porphyrio Assumpcao-Alakija ko awokaa to Bahia e jom suudu Sir Olumuyiwa Jibowu, gooto e miñiraaɓe makko (mo yahi haa wonti gollodiiɗo makko e sariya) ko Olayimika Alakija, wonnoo tergal e sahaa gooto e Diiso sarɗiiji leydi Nijeer . Debbo mawɗo gooto, biyeteeɗo Tejumade Assumpcao, wonti [[Olori (title)|Olori]] Tejumade Alakija Ademola, Laamɗo Ademola nde o resi Sir [[Ladapo Ademola]], [[Alake mo Egba|Alake Egbaland]], leydi taaniraaɓe galle makko. Alakija janngi duɗal katolik St Gregory hade mum yahde duɗal CMS Grammar, Lagos . Caggal mum o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Oxford e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1930, o wonti daraniiɗo jaŋde toownde e nder leydi Najeriya e jamaanu koloñaal. Caggal nde o timmini jaŋde makko hakkundeere, Alakija fuɗɗii golle e nder posto e hitaande 1900, o golliima e nder sarwisaaji laamu fotde duuɓi sappo. Ndeen o yahi haa o janngi sariya to Londres, o heɓi heen seedantaagal makko e hitaande 1913, <ref name="Nwoko" /> caggal ɗuum o udditi duɗal sariya to Lagos. Firaas makko awokaaji ina heɓi nafoore kono njillu makko e politik cuɓaaɗo hawri e luulndaare Herbert Macaulay, gonnooɗo sehil makko mo politik mum seerti sabu kiris Lagos Eleko. <ref name="Nwoko" /> Alakija ina luulndii Eshugbayi Eleko, Oba Lagos e wallitooɓe Oba ina jeyaa heen juulɓe Jamat e Makaolay. O woniino kanndidaa e woote depiteeji 1923 kono o dañii. Kono, tuggi 1933 haa 1941, o woniino tergal toɗɗaangal ngam lomtaade diiwaan Egba e nder Diiso sarɗiiji. Ko kanko kadi woni hooreejo gadano fedde wiyeteende Island Club ... == Kugal == Sir Adeyemo Alakija ko jom jawdi en, o sosi ''jaayndeeji ñalnde kala'' e Ernest Ikoli e Richard Barrow, ko kanko wonnoo hooreejo suudu njulaagu Lagos. Jaaynde ndee ƴellitii ko e ballal ngalu yeeyde sosiyeteeji jeyaaɗi e leyɗeele goɗɗe e hay so tawii noon ina jokki e daranaade laamu. Alakija hoosi hooreejo hukuuma bayyinoowo ɗerewol ngol, woni Sosiyetee Naajeeriya. O woniino kadi tergal e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e golle guwerneer, o woniino kadi hooreejo fedde sukaaɓe leydi Najeriya . O heɓiino semmbe no feewi e mbaydiiji ngenndiyaŋkaagal pinal e nder leydi Najeriya e nder fuɗɗoode teeminannde noogas. Ko ndee ɗoo ƴaañorgal addani ɓesngu makko woppude innde mum purtugeec assimilaasiyoŋ ngam huutoraade innde ''jibinannde'', Alakija, e hitaande 1913. Haa e joofnirde nguurndam makko, ɗum joofni ko e yahde e aristokraasi leñol makko, nde tawnoo o tagaa ko '''Bariyun''' mo Woleriland e '''Igbale''' [[Ifẹ|-Ijele]] Lineage. Oloye Alakija, mo innde mum adannde woni Placido, ko iwdi Afro - Beresiil no [[Korɗo|jiyaaɓe]] heewɓe rimɗinaaɓe hoɗɓe e [[Lagos]] . Pelle ɗee ina mbiyatnoo sahaa e sahaa fof Amaros . Galle Alakija ko wakkati seɗɗa woni Amaro'en ɓurduɓe anndeego nder Naajeeriya. To leydi Naajeeriya, o jaɓɓii yoga e geɗe aadaaji e nder daartol renndo- siyaasaaji e diine Yoruba nde o sosi fedde Reformed Ogboni Fraternity, o wonti Olori Oluwo, walla "Mawɗo", fedde nde. Ko o tergal e fedde nde, o naatni huutoraade maandeeji masonik e nder fedde nde, ko wayi no gite ɗe ɓuuɓnataa e dow V mbayliigu e mbaadiiji tati gonɗi e dow leydi. Kanko e hoore makko kadi ko o mason toowɗo. Alakija waɗii batte e ɓamtaare Egbe Omo Oduduwa e caggal mum fedde Action Group kadi ko dokkuɗo e pelle ɗiɗi ɗee kala. Alakija maayi ko e waktuuji 10 lewru mee hitaande 1952. Jamma ko adii ɗuum, o tawtoraama ñalngu ngu yuɓɓini . == Nguurndam neɗɗo == Alakija resi Kiristiina Ayodele Joorji e hitaande 1907. Joorji maayi ko e hitaande 1938, caggal ɗuum o resi debbo goɗɗo, Lady Ayodele. Alakija neldi ko ɓuri heewde e ɓiɓɓe mum gila e debbo mum gadano to leydi Angalteer ngam janngude. Gooto e maɓɓe, ɓiyiiko debbo gooto, ko Aduke Alakija . Gooto e ɓiɓɓe makko, hono Babatunde, ko kaɓantooɗo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde (High Jump) to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Angalteer, kadi omo jeyaa e Afriknaaɓe adanɓe winnditaade ngam heblude pilot. Ɓiɗɗo goɗɗo, Oluwole Ayodele Alakija, ko gonnooɗo hooreejo WASU to Londres, kadi ko tergal Egbe Omo Oduduwa . Mawɗo Alakija ko tergal sosngal e hooreejo Island Club of Lagos kadi ko tergal sosngal e cukko hooreejo [[Fedde Fedde Fuuta Fuuta Nigeria|fedde fuku koyɗe Nijeer]] e hitaande 1933. Taaniiko ko Kojo Annan, jom njulaagu Ganaajo, ɓiy gonnooɗo hooreejo fedde [[Ngenndiije Dentuɗe|ONU]] [[Kofi Annan]] . == Himobe == 581l5fdr90dbpc4w9qe0w5529mo16pz 174183 174182 2026-06-18T13:53:51Z Fulani215 7983 /* Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol */ fixed typo 174183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Oloye Sir '''Adeyemo Alakija''', Listen c KBE (25 lewru Mbooy 1884 – 10 lewru Mbooy 1952) ko awokaa, dawriyanke e njulaagu Najeriya. O laati tergal nder kawtal lesdi Naajeeriya duuɓi jowee-nayi (9) fuɗɗi hitaande 1933. Nder hitaande 1942, o warti tergal nder kawtal hoore lesdi Naajeeriya. Alakija woni hooreejo leydi Egbe Omo Oduduwa gila hitaande 1948 haa nde o sankii hitaande 1952. Gollal Alakija e Herbert Macaulay e Egerton Shyngle e fuɗɗoode golle makko politik addani mo dañde darnde kono caggal nde o woppi Macaulay e sabu miijooji makko politik ɓutti, njiimaandi makko fuɗɗii ustaade haa e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950 nde o fuɗɗii ƴellitde wellitaare e gite yimɓe. Alakija ƴellitii jokkondiral tiiɗngal e pelle e renndooji keewɗi tawi ina jeyaa heen renndo Libannaaɓe e Siriyankooɓe e nder leydi Nijeer, o fawaa heen medal sedere caggal njillu makko to Liban e hitaande 1949. O joginoo ko tiitoonde laamu '''Lisa''' mo Egbaland e '''Woje Ileri''' mo [[Ifẹ|Ile-Ife]] . == Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol == Alakija jibinaa ko e galle Marculino (heen sahaaji ina wiyee Elemeji) e Maxmilliana Assumpcao ; ko kanko woni ɓiɗɗo gadano e ɓiɓɓe njeeɗiɗo e nder galle hee. Baaba makko ko iwdi Egba, yumma makko ko ɓiy Alfa Sipriyan Akinosho Tairu mo Oyo . Mawniiko gorko biyeteeɗo Maxwell Porphyrio Assumpcao-Alakija ko awokaa to Bahia e jom suudu Sir Olumuyiwa Jibowu, gooto e miñiraaɓe makko (mo yahi haa wonti gollodiiɗo makko e sariya) ko Olayimika Alakija, wonnoo tergal e sahaa gooto e Diiso sarɗiiji leydi Nijeer . Debbo mawɗo gooto, biyeteeɗo Tejumade Assumpcao, wonti [[Olori (title)|Olori]] Tejumade Alakija Ademola, Laamɗo Ademola nde o resi Sir [[Ladapo Ademola]], [[Alake mo Egba|Alake Egbaland]], leydi taaniraaɓe galle makko. Alakija janngi duɗal katolik St Gregory hade mum yahde duɗal CMS Grammar, Lagos . Caggal mum o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Oxford e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1930, o wonti daraniiɗo jaŋde toownde e nder leydi Najeriya e jamaanu koloñaal. Caggal nde o timmini jaŋde makko hakkundeere, Alakija fuɗɗii golle e nder posto e hitaande 1900, o golliima e nder sarwisaaji laamu fotde duuɓi sappo. Ndeen o yahi haa o janngi sariya to Londres, o heɓi heen seedantaagal makko e hitaande 1913, caggal ɗuum o udditi duɗal sariya to Lagos. Firaas makko awokaaji ina heɓi nafoore kono njillu makko e politik cuɓaaɗo hawri e luulndaare Herbert Macaulay, gonnooɗo sehil makko mo politik mum seerti sabu kiris Lagos Eleko. Alakija ina luulndii Eshugbayi Eleko, Oba Lagos e wallitooɓe Oba ina jeyaa heen juulɓe Jamat e Makaolay. O woniino kanndidaa e woote depiteeji 1923 kono o dañii. Kono, tuggi 1933 haa 1941, o woniino tergal toɗɗaangal ngam lomtaade diiwaan Egba e nder Diiso sarɗiiji. Ko kanko kadi woni hooreejo gadano fedde wiyeteende Island Club ... == Kugal == Sir Adeyemo Alakija ko jom jawdi en, o sosi ''jaayndeeji ñalnde kala'' e Ernest Ikoli e Richard Barrow, ko kanko wonnoo hooreejo suudu njulaagu Lagos. Jaaynde ndee ƴellitii ko e ballal ngalu yeeyde sosiyeteeji jeyaaɗi e leyɗeele goɗɗe e hay so tawii noon ina jokki e daranaade laamu. Alakija hoosi hooreejo hukuuma bayyinoowo ɗerewol ngol, woni Sosiyetee Naajeeriya. O woniino kadi tergal e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e golle guwerneer, o woniino kadi hooreejo fedde sukaaɓe leydi Najeriya . O heɓiino semmbe no feewi e mbaydiiji ngenndiyaŋkaagal pinal e nder leydi Najeriya e nder fuɗɗoode teeminannde noogas. Ko ndee ɗoo ƴaañorgal addani ɓesngu makko woppude innde mum purtugeec assimilaasiyoŋ ngam huutoraade innde ''jibinannde'', Alakija, e hitaande 1913. Haa e joofnirde nguurndam makko, ɗum joofni ko e yahde e aristokraasi leñol makko, nde tawnoo o tagaa ko '''Bariyun''' mo Woleriland e '''Igbale''' [[Ifẹ|-Ijele]] Lineage. Oloye Alakija, mo innde mum adannde woni Placido, ko iwdi Afro - Beresiil no [[Korɗo|jiyaaɓe]] heewɓe rimɗinaaɓe hoɗɓe e [[Lagos]] . Pelle ɗee ina mbiyatnoo sahaa e sahaa fof Amaros . Galle Alakija ko wakkati seɗɗa woni Amaro'en ɓurduɓe anndeego nder Naajeeriya. To leydi Naajeeriya, o jaɓɓii yoga e geɗe aadaaji e nder daartol renndo- siyaasaaji e diine Yoruba nde o sosi fedde Reformed Ogboni Fraternity, o wonti Olori Oluwo, walla "Mawɗo", fedde nde. Ko o tergal e fedde nde, o naatni huutoraade maandeeji masonik e nder fedde nde, ko wayi no gite ɗe ɓuuɓnataa e dow V mbayliigu e mbaadiiji tati gonɗi e dow leydi. Kanko e hoore makko kadi ko o mason toowɗo. Alakija waɗii batte e ɓamtaare Egbe Omo Oduduwa e caggal mum fedde Action Group kadi ko dokkuɗo e pelle ɗiɗi ɗee kala. Alakija maayi ko e waktuuji 10 lewru mee hitaande 1952. Jamma ko adii ɗuum, o tawtoraama ñalngu ngu yuɓɓini . == Nguurndam neɗɗo == Alakija resi Kiristiina Ayodele Joorji e hitaande 1907. Joorji maayi ko e hitaande 1938, caggal ɗuum o resi debbo goɗɗo, Lady Ayodele. Alakija neldi ko ɓuri heewde e ɓiɓɓe mum gila e debbo mum gadano to leydi Angalteer ngam janngude. Gooto e maɓɓe, ɓiyiiko debbo gooto, ko Aduke Alakija . Gooto e ɓiɓɓe makko, hono Babatunde, ko kaɓantooɗo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde (High Jump) to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Angalteer, kadi omo jeyaa e Afriknaaɓe adanɓe winnditaade ngam heblude pilot. Ɓiɗɗo goɗɗo, Oluwole Ayodele Alakija, ko gonnooɗo hooreejo WASU to Londres, kadi ko tergal Egbe Omo Oduduwa . Mawɗo Alakija ko tergal sosngal e hooreejo Island Club of Lagos kadi ko tergal sosngal e cukko hooreejo [[Fedde Fedde Fuuta Fuuta Nigeria|fedde fuku koyɗe Nijeer]] e hitaande 1933. Taaniiko ko Kojo Annan, jom njulaagu Ganaajo, ɓiy gonnooɗo hooreejo fedde [[Ngenndiije Dentuɗe|ONU]] [[Kofi Annan]] . == Himobe == j49ygnw5cx40axkhmnyny77m6jblkar 0 15043 174272 60079 2026-06-18T18:33:19Z Amama24 14844 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340948720|Bouli Ali Diallo]]" 174272 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Bouli Ali Diallo''' (jibinaa ko 1948) ko ganndo [[Niiser|Niiseernaajo]], kaɓantooɗo. == Nguurndam e golle == Ali Diallo naatii e duɗe janngirɗe keewɗe gila e fuɗɗoode jaŋde mum, ina jeyaa heen duɗal jannginooɓe Cours Normal to [[Tillabéri]], ngal e oon sahaa jaɓata ko rewɓe tan ngona almudɓe. O naati caggal ɗuum to duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Dakar, ɗo o janngi kemikal e biyoloji, o dañi doktoraa makko e ganndal mikroo-biyoloji kuutorteeɗo e hitaande 1978, e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde ganndal e karallaagal Languedoc to Montpellier, ɗo o heɓi ''doktoraa makko d’État'' e ganndal kuuɓtodinngal e mborosaaji e hitaande 1991. <ref>Abdourahmane Idrissa; Samuel Decalo (1 June 2012). ''Historical Dictionary of Niger''. Scarecrow Press. ISBN <bdi>978-0-8108-</bdi></ref> O arti Niiseer ngam jannginde biyoloji to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Abdou Moumouni, golle ɗe o fuɗɗii ƴettude e hitaande 1978. O golliima e golle njuɓɓudi keewɗe e nder duɗal ngal kadi ; tuggi 1987 haa 1993 ko o gardiiɗo jokkondiral caggal leydi, tuggi 1993 haa 1995 ko cukko hooreejo, tuggi 1999 haa 2005 ko o gardiiɗo. O woniino jaagorde jaŋde ngenndiire e hitaande 1995 e hitaande 1996, o woniino cukko hooreejo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Afrik wirto tuggi 2002 haa 2004. O woniino tergal e yiilirde Institut de recherche pour le développement e ONG [[Aide et Action]], tuggi 1999 haa 2004 o ardii Fedde jannginooɓe rewɓe Afrik, nde o sosi fedde mum Niiseer. Ali Diallo heɓii njeenaaje keewɗe ummoraade e Farayse e nder nguurndam mum, ina jeyaa heen njeenaaje Ordre des Palmes Académiques, ɗe o woni ofisee, sabu golle makko jaŋde. O wonii daraniiɗo haɓaade leydi Nijeer, omo haala haala ƴellitaare fartaŋŋeeji jaŋde wonande rewɓe. == Tuugnorgal == [[Category:Yimɓe wuurɓe]] bm90cljzxlacnottunjc0gi3fq7bmme 174273 174272 2026-06-18T18:34:16Z Amama24 14844 174273 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Bouli Ali Diallo''' (jibinaa ko 1948) ko ganndo [[Niiser|Niiseernaajo]], kaɓantooɗo. == Nguurndam e golle == Ali Diallo naatii e duɗe janngirɗe keewɗe gila e fuɗɗoode jaŋde mum, ina jeyaa heen duɗal jannginooɓe Cours Normal to [[Tillabéri]], ngal e oon sahaa jaɓata ko rewɓe tan ngona almudɓe. O naati caggal ɗuum to duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Dakar, ɗo o janngi kemikal e biyoloji, o dañi doktoraa makko e ganndal mikroo-biyoloji kuutorteeɗo e hitaande 1978, e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde ganndal e karallaagal Languedoc to Montpellier, ɗo o heɓi ''doktoraa makko d’État'' e ganndal kuuɓtodinngal e mborosaaji e hitaande 1991. <ref>Abdourahmane Idrissa; Samuel Decalo (1 June 2012). ''Historical Dictionary of Niger''. Scarecrow Press. ISBN <bdi>978-0-8108-</bdi></ref> O arti Niiseer ngam jannginde biyoloji to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Abdou Moumouni, golle ɗe o fuɗɗii ƴettude e hitaande 1978. O golliima e golle njuɓɓudi keewɗe e nder duɗal ngal kadi ; tuggi 1987 haa 1993 ko o gardiiɗo jokkondiral caggal leydi, tuggi 1993 haa 1995 ko cukko hooreejo, tuggi 1999 haa 2005 ko o gardiiɗo. O woniino jaagorde jaŋde ngenndiire e hitaande 1995 e hitaande 1996, o woniino cukko hooreejo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Afrik wirto tuggi 2002 haa 2004. O woniino tergal e yiilirde Institut de recherche pour le développement e ONG [[Aide et Action]], tuggi 1999 haa 2004 o ardii Fedde jannginooɓe rewɓe Afrik, nde o sosi fedde mum Niiseer. Ali Diallo heɓii njeenaaje keewɗe ummoraade e Farayse e nder nguurndam mum, ina jeyaa heen njeenaaje Ordre des Palmes Académiques, ɗe o woni ofisee, sabu golle makko jaŋde. O wonii daraniiɗo haɓaade leydi Nijeer, omo haala haala ƴellitaare fartaŋŋeeji jaŋde wonande rewɓe. == Tuugnorgal == [[Category:Yimɓe wuurɓe]] 35tded97o828porjh4ef31582iwkrq0 0 28908 174370 110432 2026-06-18T23:37:40Z Amama24 14844 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344530591|Kudirat Abiola]]" 174370 wikitext text/x-wiki Alhaja '''Kudirat Abiola''' (jibinaa ko '''Kudirat Olayinka Adeyemi''' ) CFR, mo yimɓe fof nganndi tan ko '''Kudirat Abiola''' (1951 – 4 suwee 1996), ko kampaañ daraniiɗo demokaraasi to leydi Nijeer . O waraama wakkati gorko maako, [[Moshood Abiola]], ɗonno jogi [[Siyaasa leydi Naajeeriya|laamu lesdi Naajeeriya]] . Ko kanko woni kanndidaa ƴamoowo e wooteeji baɗnooɗi to leydi Najeriya e hitaande 1993, o nanngaa ko juuti caggal nde laamu ngu, ɓe ndartini ɗum en e dow ciimtol . == Ngendam == Kudirat Olayinka Adeyemi jibinaa ko e hitaande 1951 to [[Zariya|wuro Zaria]] to leydi Nijeer. Alhaja Kudirat Abiola woni debbo ɗiɗaɓo jom suudu mum. E sahaa maayde makko, ko kanko wonnoo debbo makko mawɗo . <ref>Adigun A. B. Agbaje; Larry Jay Diamond; Ebere Onwudiwe; Oyeleye Oyediran (2004). ''Nigeria's Struggle for Democracy and Good Governance: A Festschrift for Oyeleye Oyediran''. Ibadan University Press (University of Michigan). p. 305. ISBN <bdi>978-9-781-2140-04</bdi>.</ref> == Warngo == Abiola waraama wakkati gorko maako ɗon mari haaje laamu Naajeeriya. Jom suudu makko ina sikkaa ko kañum woni kanndidaa ƴamoowo e wooteeji leydi Najeriya baɗnooɗi e hitaande 1993, o nanngaa ko juuti caggal nde laamu diktatoor [[Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida|Ibrahim Babangida]] woppi ɗi . Warngo ngoo waɗii wiɗto e ñaawoore duuɓi keewɗi caggal ɗuum. E wiyde ciimtol ngol, warngo ngoo yamiraama, caggal ɗuum ko worɓe njeegomo mbaɗi ɗum. Kudirat Abiola maayi e nder oto mum ko e mboros masiŋ. Sofer makko kadi maayi. Balloowo makko keeriiɗo, mo caggal ɗuum tuumaa ina wondi e warɓe mo, ina wonnoo e oto oo kono o dañaani heen hay batte. == Caggal mum == Jom suudu makko ina jokki e nanngeede tawi o ñaawaaka caggal nde o maayi. O maayi ko e ngonkaaji tuugiiɗi ko adii nde wiytee o yoppite ñalnde 7 sulyee 1998. == Njawdi == E sahaa maayde makko, laamu luulndiingu konu "Radio Democracy" sosaa ko jooni, ngu woni ko e [[Norwees|leydi Norwees]] . Laamuuji Amerik, Angalteer, Suwed, Danemark e Norwees mballitii ɗum ngam wallitde joofnude laamu konu e nder leydi Nijeer. Innde Rajo ngoo waylaama wonti ''Rajo Kudirat'' . E hitaande 1998, nokku gooto e nder [[𞤚𞤵𞤬𞤵𞤲𞤣𞤫 𞤐𞤭𞤴𞤮𞤪𞤳|wuro New York,]] innitiraa ko Kudirat Abiola Corner, hay so tawii laamu leydi Najeriya ina seppi ɗum. E lewru oktoobar 1998, major Hamza Al-Mustapha yani e ñaawirdu nduu, kanko e ɓiy hooreejo leydi ɓennuɗo oo, hono Mohammed, tuumaaɗo warde Kudirat Abiola. Woɗɓe heewɓe maa ñaawe wonde ina njogii darnde e maayde Abiola kadi, ina jeyaa heen Rabo Lawal, hooreejo fedde polis Mobile [[Suudu laamu (Villa Aso Rock)|Aso Rock]] . <ref name="peoplechargedandreleased" /> E nder ñaawoore ndee, waroowo mo nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni sabaabu, hono Sarwis Barnabas Jabila, wiyi ina ɗooftoo yamiroore mawɗo mum, hono Hamza Al-Mustapha . Muhammad Abdul, baroowo Abiola, gonɗo e yahdude e oto mo Aboila rewi, seedtii kadi wonde warngo makko waɗi ko e yamiroore al-Mustapha, kadi Mohammad Abacha yamiri mo yo o naata e fedde warooɓe, tawi Alhaji Lateef Sofolahan ina rokka humpitooji ko faati e yimɓe joy. Alhaji Lateef Sofolahan, mo meeɗnoo wonde ofisee porotokol kampaañ e fedde kampaañ hooreejo leydi [[Moshood Abiola]] ’en e hitaande 1993, jaɓi kadi e hitaande 2011 wonde ko o humpitiiɗo laamu Abacha. E lewru sulyee 2011, Rabo, mo nganndu-ɗaa ina joginoo darnde e maayde Abiola, yaltinaa kasoo caggal nde o sokaa duuɓi 13. Ñalnde 30 lewru juko hitaande 2012 Hamza Al-Mustapha e Alhaaji Lateef Shofolahan ñaawaama warngo Alhaaji Kudirat Abiola. Al Mustapha wonnoo ko hooreejo kisal hooreejo leydi ndi, Shofolahan wonnoo ko balloowo makko e hoore mum. Ɓe ɗiɗo fof ɓe njaltinaama caggal ɗuum e ñaawirdu to [[Diiwal Ikko|Lagos]] . Woɗɓe nanngaaɓe e tuumeede darnde e warngo Abiola, maa njaltine tawa ɓe keɓaani ñaawoore kadi. Abiola ina heddii e wonde maande hare leydi Najeriya ngam demokaraasi. Duuɓi sappo e jeenay caggal maayde makko waɗii seppooji to yanaande makko. Documentaire, " The Supreme Price " hollitii daartol no Abiola e gorko mum fof njogori yoɓde njoɓdi kulɓiniindi ngam ɗaɓɓude leydi Naajeeriya ɓurndi moƴƴude e ndimaagu. Ardii ɗum ko Joanna Lipper, jannginoowo to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Harvard, kaaloowo daartol ngol e yiyannde ɓiyiiko debbo, [[Hafsat Olaronke Abiola-Costello,|Hafsat]] . Ina waɗi kadi yeewtere e Walter Carrington, gonnooɗo ammbasadeer Amerik to Nijeer, e winndiyanke keɓɗo njeenaari Nobel biyeteeɗo Wole Soyinka . == Tuugnorgal == 9owxingiuft3mnu0j2ko2y5ba9gonca 174371 174370 2026-06-18T23:38:17Z Amama24 14844 174371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Alhaja '''Kudirat Abiola''' (jibinaa ko '''Kudirat Olayinka Adeyemi''' ) CFR, mo yimɓe fof nganndi tan ko '''Kudirat Abiola''' (1951 – 4 suwee 1996), ko kampaañ daraniiɗo demokaraasi to leydi Nijeer . O waraama wakkati gorko maako, [[Moshood Abiola]], ɗonno jogi [[Siyaasa leydi Naajeeriya|laamu lesdi Naajeeriya]] . Ko kanko woni kanndidaa ƴamoowo e wooteeji baɗnooɗi to leydi Najeriya e hitaande 1993, o nanngaa ko juuti caggal nde laamu ngu, ɓe ndartini ɗum en e dow ciimtol . == Ngendam == Kudirat Olayinka Adeyemi jibinaa ko e hitaande 1951 to [[Zariya|wuro Zaria]] to leydi Nijeer. Alhaja Kudirat Abiola woni debbo ɗiɗaɓo jom suudu mum. E sahaa maayde makko, ko kanko wonnoo debbo makko mawɗo . <ref>Adigun A. B. Agbaje; Larry Jay Diamond; Ebere Onwudiwe; Oyeleye Oyediran (2004). ''Nigeria's Struggle for Democracy and Good Governance: A Festschrift for Oyeleye Oyediran''. Ibadan University Press (University of Michigan). p. 305. ISBN <bdi>978-9-781-2140-04</bdi>.</ref> == Warngo == Abiola waraama wakkati gorko maako ɗon mari haaje laamu Naajeeriya. Jom suudu makko ina sikkaa ko kañum woni kanndidaa ƴamoowo e wooteeji leydi Najeriya baɗnooɗi e hitaande 1993, o nanngaa ko juuti caggal nde laamu diktatoor [[Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida|Ibrahim Babangida]] woppi ɗi . Warngo ngoo waɗii wiɗto e ñaawoore duuɓi keewɗi caggal ɗuum. E wiyde ciimtol ngol, warngo ngoo yamiraama, caggal ɗuum ko worɓe njeegomo mbaɗi ɗum. Kudirat Abiola maayi e nder oto mum ko e mboros masiŋ. Sofer makko kadi maayi. Balloowo makko keeriiɗo, mo caggal ɗuum tuumaa ina wondi e warɓe mo, ina wonnoo e oto oo kono o dañaani heen hay batte. == Caggal mum == Jom suudu makko ina jokki e nanngeede tawi o ñaawaaka caggal nde o maayi. O maayi ko e ngonkaaji tuugiiɗi ko adii nde wiytee o yoppite ñalnde 7 sulyee 1998. == Njawdi == E sahaa maayde makko, laamu luulndiingu konu "Radio Democracy" sosaa ko jooni, ngu woni ko e [[Norwees|leydi Norwees]] . Laamuuji Amerik, Angalteer, Suwed, Danemark e Norwees mballitii ɗum ngam wallitde joofnude laamu konu e nder leydi Nijeer. Innde Rajo ngoo waylaama wonti ''Rajo Kudirat'' . E hitaande 1998, nokku gooto e nder [[𞤚𞤵𞤬𞤵𞤲𞤣𞤫 𞤐𞤭𞤴𞤮𞤪𞤳|wuro New York,]] innitiraa ko Kudirat Abiola Corner, hay so tawii laamu leydi Najeriya ina seppi ɗum. E lewru oktoobar 1998, major Hamza Al-Mustapha yani e ñaawirdu nduu, kanko e ɓiy hooreejo leydi ɓennuɗo oo, hono Mohammed, tuumaaɗo warde Kudirat Abiola. Woɗɓe heewɓe maa ñaawe wonde ina njogii darnde e maayde Abiola kadi, ina jeyaa heen Rabo Lawal, hooreejo fedde polis Mobile [[Suudu laamu (Villa Aso Rock)|Aso Rock]] . <ref name="peoplechargedandreleased" /> E nder ñaawoore ndee, waroowo mo nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni sabaabu, hono Sarwis Barnabas Jabila, wiyi ina ɗooftoo yamiroore mawɗo mum, hono Hamza Al-Mustapha . Muhammad Abdul, baroowo Abiola, gonɗo e yahdude e oto mo Aboila rewi, seedtii kadi wonde warngo makko waɗi ko e yamiroore al-Mustapha, kadi Mohammad Abacha yamiri mo yo o naata e fedde warooɓe, tawi Alhaji Lateef Sofolahan ina rokka humpitooji ko faati e yimɓe joy. Alhaji Lateef Sofolahan, mo meeɗnoo wonde ofisee porotokol kampaañ e fedde kampaañ hooreejo leydi [[Moshood Abiola]] ’en e hitaande 1993, jaɓi kadi e hitaande 2011 wonde ko o humpitiiɗo laamu Abacha. E lewru sulyee 2011, Rabo, mo nganndu-ɗaa ina joginoo darnde e maayde Abiola, yaltinaa kasoo caggal nde o sokaa duuɓi 13. Ñalnde 30 lewru juko hitaande 2012 Hamza Al-Mustapha e Alhaaji Lateef Shofolahan ñaawaama warngo Alhaaji Kudirat Abiola. Al Mustapha wonnoo ko hooreejo kisal hooreejo leydi ndi, Shofolahan wonnoo ko balloowo makko e hoore mum. Ɓe ɗiɗo fof ɓe njaltinaama caggal ɗuum e ñaawirdu to [[Diiwal Ikko|Lagos]] . Woɗɓe nanngaaɓe e tuumeede darnde e warngo Abiola, maa njaltine tawa ɓe keɓaani ñaawoore kadi. Abiola ina heddii e wonde maande hare leydi Najeriya ngam demokaraasi. Duuɓi sappo e jeenay caggal maayde makko waɗii seppooji to yanaande makko. Documentaire, " The Supreme Price " hollitii daartol no Abiola e gorko mum fof njogori yoɓde njoɓdi kulɓiniindi ngam ɗaɓɓude leydi Naajeeriya ɓurndi moƴƴude e ndimaagu. Ardii ɗum ko Joanna Lipper, jannginoowo to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Harvard, kaaloowo daartol ngol e yiyannde ɓiyiiko debbo, [[Hafsat Olaronke Abiola-Costello,|Hafsat]] . Ina waɗi kadi yeewtere e Walter Carrington, gonnooɗo ammbasadeer Amerik to Nijeer, e winndiyanke keɓɗo njeenaari Nobel biyeteeɗo Wole Soyinka . == Tuugnorgal == r8k7eg738q80quhppse5hqmaspd978p 0 34103 174274 142467 2026-06-18T18:35:51Z Amama24 14844 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1298042981|Iyabo Anisulowo]]" 174274 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Iyabo Veronica Anishulowo''' (nee Ajibogun) ko jannginoowo e mawɗo leydi Naajeeriya, o golliima e [[Siyaasa leydi Naajeeriya|laamu leydi Naajeeriya]] e nder tolnooji keewɗi, o jeyaa ko e rewɓe ɓurɓe anndeede e politik e daraniiɓe potal rewɓe e worɓe e nder Afrik. O ummii e darɗe gila e darnde leslesre, o woni jannginoowo ngam wonde jaagorgal leydi ndii e senaateer. Iyabo Anisulowo ina heewi siforeede no Liberal Conservative sabu nafooje mum e nder galleeji e jeytaare rewɓe rewrude e darnde jaŋde toownde winndereyankoore nde o woni e Senaa, o anndiraa ko ‘Feminist Afropolitan’. == Politik dowla == Anisulowo naati siyaasaaku nder hitaande 1991 nde o toɗɗaa hooreejo laamu lesdi Ogun . Hitaande wootere caggal ɗuum, o wonti Komiseer Komiseer Goomu Siwil Dowla Ogun . O woniino kadi Komiseer Demal, Ƴellitaare Ladde e Ngalu Ndiyam e Jaagorgal Jaŋde e laamu Seneraal [[Sani Abacha|Sanni Abacha]] . Caggal mum o yalti e Ministeer Jaŋde dowla ngam tawtoreede guwerneer e les njiimaandi Ogun State chapter mo All People's Party . == Senaa == Anishulowo woniino lomto Ogun hirnaange e nder suudu sarɗiiji gila 2003 haa 2007. Gonnooɗo senaateer oo ina jeyaa e terɗe lannda Demokaraasi Leñol, deƴƴuɓe ngam naatde e fedde [[APC|All Progressives Congress]] . E lewru Oktoobar 2004, caggal tuumeede wonde o ittii N500,000 e N700,000 e nder poosuuji Goomu Senaa ngam laamuuji dowri e nokkuuji, senaateer Anisulowo yani e ɓalli mum, tawi ko banndiiko senaateer Isa Mohammed, gardinooɗo PDP hardline [[Olusegun Obasanjo|Ojoluse]] Njuɓɓudi. Ko goonga o yedditii ndeeɗoo tuuma o wiyi kaalis oo ko ngam batu Dental Parlemaa to Geneve, [[Suwis|Siwis]] e ndeen hitaande. Iyabo Anishulowo meeɗaa ñaaweede walla ñaaweede e kala bonannde.<ref>Soyingbe, Anthonia. "Anisulowo: Why I didn't go far in politics". ''The Daily Independent''. Archived from the original on May 17, 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</ref> == Nguurndam neɗɗo == Anishulowo ina jogii debbo e sukaaɓe, ina hoɗi to Ilaro, wuro ɓurngo mawnude e nokku mo o lomtotoo e nder Senaa. == Tuugnorgal == [[Category:Yimɓe wuurɓe]] 5na48thg9ofvk24i71m0bq1zwzea5cp 174275 174274 2026-06-18T18:36:50Z Amama24 14844 174275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Iyabo Veronica Anishulowo''' (nee Ajibogun) ko jannginoowo e mawɗo leydi Naajeeriya, o golliima e [[Siyaasa leydi Naajeeriya|laamu leydi Naajeeriya]] e nder tolnooji keewɗi, o jeyaa ko e rewɓe ɓurɓe anndeede e politik e daraniiɓe potal rewɓe e worɓe e nder Afrik. O ummii e darɗe gila e darnde leslesre, o woni jannginoowo ngam wonde jaagorgal leydi ndii e senaateer. Iyabo Anisulowo ina heewi siforeede no Liberal Conservative sabu nafooje mum e nder galleeji e jeytaare rewɓe rewrude e darnde jaŋde toownde winndereyankoore nde o woni e Senaa, o anndiraa ko ‘Feminist Afropolitan’. == Politik dowla == Anisulowo naati siyaasaaku nder hitaande 1991 nde o toɗɗaa hooreejo laamu lesdi Ogun . Hitaande wootere caggal ɗuum, o wonti Komiseer Komiseer Goomu Siwil Dowla Ogun . O woniino kadi Komiseer Demal, Ƴellitaare Ladde e Ngalu Ndiyam e Jaagorgal Jaŋde e laamu Seneraal [[Sani Abacha|Sanni Abacha]] . Caggal mum o yalti e Ministeer Jaŋde dowla ngam tawtoreede guwerneer e les njiimaandi Ogun State chapter mo All People's Party . == Senaa == Anishulowo woniino lomto Ogun hirnaange e nder suudu sarɗiiji gila 2003 haa 2007. Gonnooɗo senaateer oo ina jeyaa e terɗe lannda Demokaraasi Leñol, deƴƴuɓe ngam naatde e fedde [[APC|All Progressives Congress]] . E lewru Oktoobar 2004, caggal tuumeede wonde o ittii N500,000 e N700,000 e nder poosuuji Goomu Senaa ngam laamuuji dowri e nokkuuji, senaateer Anisulowo yani e ɓalli mum, tawi ko banndiiko senaateer Isa Mohammed, gardinooɗo PDP hardline [[Olusegun Obasanjo|Ojoluse]] Njuɓɓudi. Ko goonga o yedditii ndeeɗoo tuuma o wiyi kaalis oo ko ngam batu Dental Parlemaa to Geneve, [[Suwis|Siwis]] e ndeen hitaande. Iyabo Anishulowo meeɗaa ñaaweede walla ñaaweede e kala bonannde.<ref>Soyingbe, Anthonia. "Anisulowo: Why I didn't go far in politics". ''The Daily Independent''. Archived from the original on May 17, 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</ref> == Nguurndam neɗɗo == Anishulowo ina jogii debbo e sukaaɓe, ina hoɗi to Ilaro, wuro ɓurngo mawnude e nokku mo o lomtotoo e nder Senaa. == Tuugnorgal == [[Category:Yimɓe wuurɓe]] pbty03mqg7kv5g84tu8vew49oafd5zd 0 42184 174189 174101 2026-06-18T14:33:53Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ulla Sipilä''' ko ñaawoowo Finlande. O ardiima e kawgel fuku winndere rewɓe (2008 e 2009) kam e kawgel Olimpiyaaji winndereeji 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finhockey.fi/taustasivut/artikkeliarkisto/?num=450867|title=Suomen Jääkiekkoliitto - Artikkeliarkisto|website=www.finhockey.fi|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304221156/http://www.finhockey.fi/taustasivut/artikkeliarkisto/?num=450867|archive-date=2010-03-04}}</ref> == Tuugnorgal == 570o0g0tlrdjx6rh7x4b5e7ovonlndx 0 42186 174159 174111 2026-06-18T13:13:15Z Fulani215 7983 /* Himobe */ fixed typo 174159 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gazi Sohel''' (e ɗemngal Bengali: গাজী সোহেল, jibinaa ko ñalnde 13 ut 1979), ganndiraaɗo kadi Gazi Ashraful Afsar Sohel, ko ñaawoowo kirikit to Banngalteer.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/326122.html|title=Gazi Sohel|access-date=8 November 2015|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> == Kuugal Umpiring == Sohel dariima no arbiter e nder pottitte e nder Ligue 1 Bangladesh hakkunde 2012 e 2017. O tawtoraama e kuule seeɗa e nder ladde luulndiinde e nder pottitte Ligue 1 Dakaar, ina jeyaa heen pottital hakkunde Abahani Limited e Prime Doleshwar Abahani Sporting Club e Prime Doleshwar Sporting Club mo timminaaka caggal nde arbitooɓe ɗiɗo ɓee fof ndartini golle mum en kuulal ɓuuɓngal.<ref name="BPL">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1063054.html|title=Bangladesh Premier League, 1st Match: Comilla Victorians v Chittagong Vikings at Dhaka, Nov 8, 2016|access-date=8 November 2016|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/16171847/doleshwar-abahani-match-postponed-incident-umpires|title=Doleshwar-Abahani match postponed after incident with umpires|work=ESPNCricinfo|author=Mohammad Isam|access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21595258/sylhet-lodge-complaint-seven-ball-tight-loss|title=Sylhet lodge complaint after seven-ball over in tight loss|work=ESPNCricinfo|author=Mohammad Isam|access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref> E noowammbar 2018, o suɓaama e nder fedde winndereere toppitiinde ko fayti e ñaawooɓe CPI. E lewru desaambar 2018, o waɗii golle makko gadane e nder njillu makko e nder leydi Indiya to leydi Bangladesh. E lewru Yarkomaa 2021 o ardii e pottital makko gadanal hakkunde leyɗeele ñalnde wootere (ODI), hakkunde leydi Bangladesh e kippu kirikit leydi Indiya. O jeyaa ko e ardiiɓe kawgel fuku Aasi 2022. E lewru sulyee-ut, 2023, o ardii pottitte e nder ladde e nder Ligue 1 Lanka 2023, o wonti arbiter ɗiɗaɓo Bangladesh ngam yuɓɓinde pottitte laawɗuɗe e nder ligue franchise Twenty20 caggal leydi. E lewru Yarkomaa 2024, O innitiraa ko gooto e ardiiɓe pottital sappo e jeegom ngam kawgel fuku winndere 2024 les 19 hitaande..<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/sport/cricket/2018/11/18/two-more-bangladeshi-umpires-added-to-icc-s-umpire-panel|title=Two more Bangladeshi umpires added to ICC’s Umpire Panel|work=Dhaka Tribune|access-date=19 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/article/1565600/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0|script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশের দুই আম্পায়ারকে আইসিসির সুখবর|work=[[Prothom Alo]]|language=bn|access-date=17 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1244023.html|title=2nd ODI, Dhaka, Jan 22 2021, ICC Men's Cricket World Cup Super League|work=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref> == Ƴeew kadi == Doggol ñaawooɓe kirikit hakkunde leyɗeele ñalnde wootere Doggol Twenty20 umpires hakkunde leyɗeele kirikit == Himobe == faa7b3w3lbne75aqjnz4k5ebi8wgj02 174160 174159 2026-06-18T13:14:12Z Fulani215 7983 /* Ƴeew kadi */ fixed typo 174160 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gazi Sohel''' (e ɗemngal Bengali: গাজী সোহেল, jibinaa ko ñalnde 13 ut 1979), ganndiraaɗo kadi Gazi Ashraful Afsar Sohel, ko ñaawoowo kirikit to Banngalteer.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/326122.html|title=Gazi Sohel|access-date=8 November 2015|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> == Kuugal Umpiring == Sohel dariima no arbiter e nder pottitte e nder Ligue 1 Bangladesh hakkunde 2012 e 2017. O tawtoraama e kuule seeɗa e nder ladde luulndiinde e nder pottitte Ligue 1 Dakaar, ina jeyaa heen pottital hakkunde Abahani Limited e Prime Doleshwar Abahani Sporting Club e Prime Doleshwar Sporting Club mo timminaaka caggal nde arbitooɓe ɗiɗo ɓee fof ndartini golle mum en kuulal ɓuuɓngal.<ref name="BPL">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1063054.html|title=Bangladesh Premier League, 1st Match: Comilla Victorians v Chittagong Vikings at Dhaka, Nov 8, 2016|access-date=8 November 2016|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/16171847/doleshwar-abahani-match-postponed-incident-umpires|title=Doleshwar-Abahani match postponed after incident with umpires|work=ESPNCricinfo|author=Mohammad Isam|access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21595258/sylhet-lodge-complaint-seven-ball-tight-loss|title=Sylhet lodge complaint after seven-ball over in tight loss|work=ESPNCricinfo|author=Mohammad Isam|access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref> E noowammbar 2018, o suɓaama e nder fedde winndereere toppitiinde ko fayti e ñaawooɓe CPI. E lewru desaambar 2018, o waɗii golle makko gadane e nder njillu makko e nder leydi Indiya to leydi Bangladesh. E lewru Yarkomaa 2021 o ardii e pottital makko gadanal hakkunde leyɗeele ñalnde wootere (ODI), hakkunde leydi Bangladesh e kippu kirikit leydi Indiya. O jeyaa ko e ardiiɓe kawgel fuku Aasi 2022. E lewru sulyee-ut, 2023, o ardii pottitte e nder ladde e nder Ligue 1 Lanka 2023, o wonti arbiter ɗiɗaɓo Bangladesh ngam yuɓɓinde pottitte laawɗuɗe e nder ligue franchise Twenty20 caggal leydi. E lewru Yarkomaa 2024, O innitiraa ko gooto e ardiiɓe pottital sappo e jeegom ngam kawgel fuku winndere 2024 les 19 hitaande..<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/sport/cricket/2018/11/18/two-more-bangladeshi-umpires-added-to-icc-s-umpire-panel|title=Two more Bangladeshi umpires added to ICC’s Umpire Panel|work=Dhaka Tribune|access-date=19 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/article/1565600/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0|script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশের দুই আম্পায়ারকে আইসিসির সুখবর|work=[[Prothom Alo]]|language=bn|access-date=17 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1244023.html|title=2nd ODI, Dhaka, Jan 22 2021, ICC Men's Cricket World Cup Super League|work=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref> == Ƴeew kadi == * Doggol ñaawooɓe kirikit hakkunde leyɗeele ñalnde wootere * Doggol Twenty20 umpires hakkunde leyɗeele kirikit == Himobe == 6x4x8b5p8n2d8dmx882woubtb76lqb4 174161 174160 2026-06-18T13:14:49Z Fulani215 7983 /* Kuugal Umpiring */ fixed typo 174161 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gazi Sohel''' (e ɗemngal Bengali: গাজী সোহেল, jibinaa ko ñalnde 13 ut 1979), ganndiraaɗo kadi Gazi Ashraful Afsar Sohel, ko ñaawoowo kirikit to Banngalteer.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/326122.html|title=Gazi Sohel|access-date=8 November 2015|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> == Kuugal Umpiring == Sohel dariima no arbiter e nder pottitte e nder Ligue 1 Bangladesh hakkunde 2012 e 2017. O tawtoraama e kuule seeɗa e nder ladde luulndiinde e nder pottitte Ligue 1 Dakaar, ina jeyaa heen pottital hakkunde Abahani Limited e Prime Doleshwar Abahani Sporting Club e Prime Doleshwar Sporting Club mo timminaaka caggal nde arbitooɓe ɗiɗo ɓee fof ndartini golle mum en kuulal ɓuuɓngal.<ref name="BPL">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1063054.html|title=Bangladesh Premier League, 1st Match: Comilla Victorians v Chittagong Vikings at Dhaka, Nov 8, 2016|access-date=8 November 2016|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/16171847/doleshwar-abahani-match-postponed-incident-umpires|title=Doleshwar-Abahani match postponed after incident with umpires|work=ESPNCricinfo|author=Mohammad Isam|access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21595258/sylhet-lodge-complaint-seven-ball-tight-loss|title=Sylhet lodge complaint after seven-ball over in tight loss|work=ESPNCricinfo|author=Mohammad Isam|access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref> E noowammbar 2018, o suɓaama e nder fedde winndereere toppitiinde ko fayti e ñaawooɓe CPI. E lewru desaambar 2018, o waɗii golle makko gadane e nder njillu makko e nder leydi Indiya to leydi Bangladesh. E lewru Yarkomaa 2021 o ardii e pottital makko gadanal hakkunde leyɗeele ñalnde wootere (ODI), hakkunde leydi Bangladesh e kippu kirikit leydi Indiya. O jeyaa ko e ardiiɓe kawgel fuku Aasi 2022. E lewru sulyee-ut, 2023, o ardii pottitte e nder ladde e nder Ligue 1 Lanka 2023, o wonti arbiter ɗiɗaɓo Bangladesh ngam yuɓɓinde pottitte laawɗuɗe e nder ligue franchise Twenty20 caggal leydi.E lewru Yarkomaa 2024, O innitiraa ko gooto e ardiiɓe pottital sappo e jeegom ngam kawgel fuku winndere 2024 les 19 hitaande..<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/sport/cricket/2018/11/18/two-more-bangladeshi-umpires-added-to-icc-s-umpire-panel|title=Two more Bangladeshi umpires added to ICC’s Umpire Panel|work=Dhaka Tribune|access-date=19 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/article/1565600/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0|script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশের দুই আম্পায়ারকে আইসিসির সুখবর|work=[[Prothom Alo]]|language=bn|access-date=17 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1244023.html|title=2nd ODI, Dhaka, Jan 22 2021, ICC Men's Cricket World Cup Super League|work=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref> == Ƴeew kadi == * Doggol ñaawooɓe kirikit hakkunde leyɗeele ñalnde wootere * Doggol Twenty20 umpires hakkunde leyɗeele kirikit == Himobe == qmg8bc3owo4gceaq33b8d3s2lkbwbvs 0 42189 174137 2026-06-18T12:05:07Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. H..." 174137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.[1] Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.[2] === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti. Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.[4] === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.[5] Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.[6] Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."[7] Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.[7] Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.[7] Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.[8] fzi24w63ms6cwwiezqm46nmxz6zmdhc 174139 174137 2026-06-18T12:08:47Z Nnamadee 11577 174139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.[1] Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.[2] === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti. Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.[4] === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.[5] Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.[6] Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."[7] Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.[7] Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.[7] Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.[8] Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.[9] E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,[10] hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.[11] Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.[12] Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.[13] PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",[14] kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.[15] Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.[16] Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I.[16] === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S. E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.[19] Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.[20] Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.[21] == Baraaji jooni ɗii == gecnmb0ta2mq058ulzd35eyfwwltmyk 174140 174139 2026-06-18T12:16:43Z Kalakpagh 9672 added reference 174140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.[2] === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti. Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.[4] === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.[5] Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.[6] Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."[7] Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.[7] Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.[7] Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.[8] Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.[9] E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,[10] hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.[11] Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.[12] Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.[13] PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",[14] kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.[15] Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.[16] Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I.[16] === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S. E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.[19] Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.[20] Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.[21] == Baraaji jooni ɗii == 05aao512qn8j1quih19xfh5r5lazddo 174141 174140 2026-06-18T12:19:10Z Kalakpagh 9672 added reference 174141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti. Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.[4] === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.[5] Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.[6] Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."[7] Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.[7] Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.[7] Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.[8] Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.[9] E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,[10] hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.[11] Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.[12] Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.[13] PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",[14] kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.[15] Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.[16] Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I.[16] === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S. E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.[19] Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.[20] Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.[21] == Baraaji jooni ɗii == 3x0dtuexnonxubaqxisrkzswrc5c90r 174142 174141 2026-06-18T12:23:00Z Kalakpagh 9672 added reference 174142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.[4] === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.[5] Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.[6] Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."[7] Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.[7] Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.[7] Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.[8] Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.[9] E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,[10] hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.[11] Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.[12] Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.[13] PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",[14] kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.[15] Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.[16] Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I.[16] === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S. E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.[19] Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.[20] Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.[21] == Baraaji jooni ɗii == gwivb0x09p32k2dx39o7g1ong4cpzs7 174143 174142 2026-06-18T12:26:43Z Kalakpagh 9672 added reference 174143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.[5] Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.[6] Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."[7] Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.[7] Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.[7] Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.[8] Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.[9] E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,[10] hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.[11] Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.[12] Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.[13] PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",[14] kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.[15] Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.[16] Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I.[16] === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S. E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.[19] Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.[20] Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.[21] == Baraaji jooni ɗii == a634ri5fsj9b5tyvv76r3ut947w8p8q 174144 174143 2026-06-18T12:29:31Z Kalakpagh 9672 added reference 174144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.[6] Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."[7] Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.[7] Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.[7] Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.[8] Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.[9] E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,[10] hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.[11] Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.[12] Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.[13] PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",[14] kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.[15] Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.[16] Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I.[16] === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S. E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.[19] Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.[20] Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.[21] == Baraaji jooni ɗii == sgixc2zr4has0no76a2sfhbykqp7ihj 174145 174144 2026-06-18T12:33:29Z Kalakpagh 9672 /* Feere Belsik */ added reference 174145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."[7] Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.[7] Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.[7] Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.[8] Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.[9] E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,[10] hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.[11] Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.[12] Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.[13] PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",[14] kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.[15] Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.[16] Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I.[16] === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S. E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.[19] Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.[20] Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.[21] == Baraaji jooni ɗii == kjlzqugsu43cn4np0oa45diu3bcgpiz 174147 174145 2026-06-18T12:35:38Z Kalakpagh 9672 /* Feere Belsik */ added reference 174147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.[7] Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.[7] Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.[8] Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.[9] E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,[10] hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.[11] Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.[12] Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.[13] PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",[14] kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.[15] Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.[16] Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I.[16] === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S. E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.[19] Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.[20] Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.[21] == Baraaji jooni ɗii == hf1dw3pw3kdzkb028kzj1v1iwb03g7y 174148 174147 2026-06-18T12:39:09Z Kalakpagh 9672 /* Feere Belsik */ added reused 174148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.[8] Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.[9] E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,[10] hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.[11] Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.[12] Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.[13] PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",[14] kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.[15] Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.[16] Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I.[16] === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S. E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.[19] Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.[20] Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.[21] == Baraaji jooni ɗii == qkfdr0wevrovddux3xilh7mv12kszl5 174149 174148 2026-06-18T12:40:39Z Kalakpagh 9672 added reference 174149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.[9] E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,[10] hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.[11] Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.[12] Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.[13] PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",[14] kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.[15] Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.[16] Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I.[16] === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S. E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.[19] Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.[20] Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.[21] == Baraaji jooni ɗii == pgz27tmcfhdhy8h0cn0ptoaa587ezms 174150 174149 2026-06-18T12:43:32Z Kalakpagh 9672 added reference 174150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,[10] hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.[11] Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.[12] Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.[13] PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",[14] kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.[15] Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.[16] Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I.[16] === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S. E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.[19] Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.[20] Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.[21] == Baraaji jooni ɗii == jpajnrmyx0q04g5xpgegjuu8o475140 174151 174150 2026-06-18T12:44:42Z Kalakpagh 9672 added reference 174151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.[11] Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.[12] Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.[13] PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",[14] kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.[15] Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.[16] Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I.[16] === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S. E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.[19] Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.[20] Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.[21] == Baraaji jooni ɗii == 6dyiyzua0x1zb0dpoy2vcgxf0kqumzc 174152 174151 2026-06-18T12:46:15Z Kalakpagh 9672 updated content 174152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.[12] Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.[13] PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",[14] kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.[15] Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.[16] Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I.[16] === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S. E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.[19] Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.[20] Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.[21] == Baraaji jooni ɗii == ltb1pamy2rt61u3v1lbdz43jz6az42c 174154 174152 2026-06-18T12:47:48Z Kalakpagh 9672 updated content 174154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.[13] PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",[14] kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.[15] Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.[16] Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I.[16] === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S. E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.[19] Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.[20] Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.[21] == Baraaji jooni ɗii == 06vx569ypqqf11kwhxc028jenknp8qn 174155 174154 2026-06-18T12:53:36Z Kalakpagh 9672 added reference 174155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",[14] kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.[15] Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.[16] Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I.[16] === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S. E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.[19] Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.[20] Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.[21] == Baraaji jooni ɗii == 3w0ag89s4gs5mfl7rrncyj1k0lzo8zv 174184 174155 2026-06-18T13:55:03Z Fulani215 7983 /* */ fixed typo 174184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",[14] kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.[15] Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.[16] Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I.[16] === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S. E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.[19] Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.[20] Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.[21] == Baraaji jooni ɗii == otqw0wu1xhto28ya61l41bdpmx74gk9 174186 174184 2026-06-18T13:59:38Z Fulani215 7983 /* Janngude ko yaawi */ fixed typo 174186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",[14] kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.[15] Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.[16] Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I.[16] === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S. E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.[19] Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.[20] Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.[21] == Baraaji jooni ɗii == 7ztx7p2ughl3v0jd8b9maqktaib7rbq 174187 174186 2026-06-18T14:00:26Z Fulani215 7983 /* Feere Belsik */ fixed typo 174187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",[14] kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.[15] Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.[16] Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I.[16] === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S. E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.[19] Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.[20] Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.[21] == Baraaji jooni ɗii == 630q72nvvfmdgetgeojkoci7cz2xl4h 174188 174187 2026-06-18T14:01:06Z Fulani215 7983 /* Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo */ fixed typo 174188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",[14] kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.[15] Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji. Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S. E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.[19] Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.[20] Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.[21] == Baraaji jooni ɗii == es3ghmeii2miih6tkhtyrjgu8way1eq 174200 174188 2026-06-18T15:16:56Z Kalakpagh 9672 added reference 174200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.[15] Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji. Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S. E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.[19] Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.[20] Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.[21] == Baraaji jooni ɗii == mwsgmhfkou9rtn12po96loq23dhtuel 174202 174200 2026-06-18T15:18:32Z Kalakpagh 9672 added reference 174202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji. Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S. E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.[19] Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.[20] Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.[21] == Baraaji jooni ɗii == h0vewg2jovfg4hl1m2rotyi6rfklpca 174204 174202 2026-06-18T15:19:30Z Kalakpagh 9672 added reference 174204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S. E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.[19] Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.[20] Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.[21] == Baraaji jooni ɗii == r8vy5mg85u0bfgr4lo69i1ebf475irx 174206 174204 2026-06-18T15:21:46Z Kalakpagh 9672 added reference 174206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.[19] Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.[20] Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.[21] == Baraaji jooni ɗii == jpo65gru8q4z3vvfdflb6qb1r573x0y 174208 174206 2026-06-18T15:23:59Z Kalakpagh 9672 added reference 174208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.[20] Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.[21] == Baraaji jooni ɗii == bam93ax9krgcqy7fa8nslaylqmzwslw 174210 174208 2026-06-18T15:24:53Z Kalakpagh 9672 added reference 174210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.[21] == Baraaji jooni ɗii == 2eojyo2xqk7kjuqd7dtbmdf7sk4upvh 174211 174210 2026-06-18T15:25:56Z Kalakpagh 9672 added reference 174211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == q9i5lhgjlc6vs4gw3jqhbcdw5c5aa9r 174276 174211 2026-06-18T19:02:04Z Nnamadee 11577 174276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.[22] Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.[16] E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,[23] hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.[24] E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.[25] Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.[26] Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.[27] Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.[28] Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.[29] Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.[16] E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.[30] == Peeje yaajnude == Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.[31] Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.[32] E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.[35] Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.[36] Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.[37] Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.[38] RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. sqyehpxy9r4jckto11jsfayj8j96pro 174277 174276 2026-06-18T19:05:05Z Nnamadee 11577 174277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.[22] Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.[16] E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,[23] hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.[24] E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.[25] Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.[26] Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.[27] Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.[28] Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.[29] Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.[16] E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.[30] == Peeje yaajnude == Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.[31] Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.[32] E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.[35] Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.[36] Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.[37] Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.[38] RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.[40] E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.[41] So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,[42] tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.[43] === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.[44] Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.[45][46] E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.[47] E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.[48][49] E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[40] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.[55][56] Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.[57][58] Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.[59] == Tuugnorgal == s1x865h3g3h7i3tfrlo3jvhexrka0r8 174278 174277 2026-06-18T19:08:36Z Nnamadee 11577 174278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.[22] Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.[16] E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,[23] hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.[24] E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.[25] Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.[26] Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.[27] Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.[28] Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.[29] Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.[16] E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.[30] == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.[31] Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.[32] E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.[35] Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.[36] Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.[37] Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.[38] RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.[40] E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.[41] So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,[42] tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.[43] === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.[44] Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.[45][46] E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.[47] E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.[48][49] E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[40] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.[55][56] Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.[57][58] Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.[59] == Tuugnorgal == i13894hizm5mvll207nawemi5aen50l 174279 174278 2026-06-18T19:09:46Z Nnamadee 11577 174279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.[16] E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,[23] hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.[24] E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.[25] Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.[26] Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.[27] Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.[28] Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.[29] Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.[16] E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.[30] == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.[31] Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.[32] E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.[35] Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.[36] Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.[37] Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.[38] RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.[40] E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.[41] So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,[42] tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.[43] === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.[44] Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.[45][46] E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.[47] E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.[48][49] E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[40] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.[55][56] Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.[57][58] Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.[59] == Tuugnorgal == npwe80i0y2nf93b3fpb6d5q2tdr2pyf 174280 174279 2026-06-18T19:12:51Z Nnamadee 11577 174280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,[23] hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.[24] E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.[25] Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.[26] Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.[27] Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.[28] Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.[29] Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.[16] E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.[30] == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.[31] Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.[32] E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.[35] Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.[36] Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.[37] Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.[38] RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.[40] E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.[41] So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,[42] tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.[43] === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.[44] Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.[45][46] E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.[47] E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.[48][49] E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[40] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.[55][56] Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.[57][58] Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.[59] == Tuugnorgal == 5wjcug7t6kkt4gysusksa5zf6xfngid 174281 174280 2026-06-18T19:14:56Z Nnamadee 11577 174281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.[24] E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.[25] Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.[26] Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.[27] Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.[28] Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.[29] Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.[16] E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.[30] == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.[31] Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.[32] E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.[35] Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.[36] Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.[37] Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.[38] RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.[40] E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.[41] So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,[42] tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.[43] === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.[44] Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.[45][46] E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.[47] E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.[48][49] E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[40] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.[55][56] Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.[57][58] Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.[59] == Tuugnorgal == pvmb5stbhqa2q1le091gtb7m2gkpi9z 174282 174281 2026-06-18T19:15:34Z Nnamadee 11577 174282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.<ref>"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.</ref> E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.[25] Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.[26] Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.[27] Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.[28] Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.[29] Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.[16] E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.[30] == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.[31] Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.[32] E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.[35] Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.[36] Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.[37] Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.[38] RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.[40] E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.[41] So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,[42] tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.[43] === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.[44] Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.[45][46] E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.[47] E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.[48][49] E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[40] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.[55][56] Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.[57][58] Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.[59] == Tuugnorgal == 5ps9mp4qxkht9qic9cntbddd7fs3f2p 174283 174282 2026-06-18T19:16:11Z Nnamadee 11577 174283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.<ref>"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.</ref> E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.<ref>Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.</ref> Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.[26] Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.[27] Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.[28] Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.[29] Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.[16] E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.[30] == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.[31] Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.[32] E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.[35] Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.[36] Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.[37] Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.[38] RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.[40] E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.[41] So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,[42] tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.[43] === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.[44] Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.[45][46] E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.[47] E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.[48][49] E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[40] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.[55][56] Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.[57][58] Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.[59] == Tuugnorgal == ommqpgut2xu4iltj1hpqcbp8j6zcwg6 174284 174283 2026-06-18T19:16:56Z Nnamadee 11577 174284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.<ref>"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.</ref> E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.<ref>Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.</ref> Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.<ref>"MagEnergy Concludes Inga II Rehabilitation Agreement". Marketwire. 31 May 2005.</ref> Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.[27] Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.[28] Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.[29] Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.[16] E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.[30] == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.[31] Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.[32] E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.[35] Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.[36] Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.[37] Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.[38] RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.[40] E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.[41] So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,[42] tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.[43] === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.[44] Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.[45][46] E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.[47] E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.[48][49] E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[40] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.[55][56] Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.[57][58] Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.[59] == Tuugnorgal == rj1aclu7ngpz20zmhb0ifc1e2b8z34k 174285 174284 2026-06-18T19:17:30Z Nnamadee 11577 174285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.<ref>"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.</ref> E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.<ref>Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.</ref> Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.<ref>"MagEnergy Concludes Inga II Rehabilitation Agreement". Marketwire. 31 May 2005.</ref> Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.<ref>"MagEnergy Announces Start of Inga II Hydroelectric Plant Work Program". Marketwire. 1 May 2006.</ref> Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.[28] Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.[29] Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.[16] E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.[30] == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.[31] Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.[32] E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.[35] Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.[36] Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.[37] Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.[38] RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.[40] E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.[41] So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,[42] tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.[43] === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.[44] Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.[45][46] E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.[47] E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.[48][49] E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[40] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.[55][56] Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.[57][58] Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.[59] == Tuugnorgal == g6dsf69qgq9utgpocm8ra05hdt0dicr 174286 174285 2026-06-18T19:18:14Z Nnamadee 11577 174286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.<ref>"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.</ref> E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.<ref>Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.</ref> Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.<ref>"MagEnergy Concludes Inga II Rehabilitation Agreement". Marketwire. 31 May 2005.</ref> Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.<ref>"MagEnergy Announces Start of Inga II Hydroelectric Plant Work Program". Marketwire. 1 May 2006.</ref> Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.<ref>"MagEnergy nears completion of unit rehab at DR Congo's 1,424-MW Inga 2". Hydroworld.com. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.</ref> Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.[29] Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.[16] E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.[30] == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.[31] Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.[32] E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.[35] Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.[36] Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.[37] Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.[38] RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.[40] E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.[41] So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,[42] tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.[43] === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.[44] Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.[45][46] E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.[47] E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.[48][49] E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[40] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.[55][56] Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.[57][58] Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.[59] == Tuugnorgal == 8yl4wu835urhqkvb37jwlux4hjuhcjj 174287 174286 2026-06-18T19:19:02Z Nnamadee 11577 174287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.<ref>"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.</ref> E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.<ref>Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.</ref> Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.<ref>"MagEnergy Concludes Inga II Rehabilitation Agreement". Marketwire. 31 May 2005.</ref> Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.<ref>"MagEnergy Announces Start of Inga II Hydroelectric Plant Work Program". Marketwire. 1 May 2006.</ref> Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.<ref>"MagEnergy nears completion of unit rehab at DR Congo's 1,424-MW Inga 2". Hydroworld.com. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.</ref> Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.<ref>"Everyone Plugs into Inga". Africa Energy Intelligence. 11 February 2009.</ref> Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.[16] E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.[30] == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.[31] Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.[32] E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.[35] Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.[36] Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.[37] Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.[38] RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.[40] E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.[41] So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,[42] tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.[43] === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.[44] Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.[45][46] E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.[47] E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.[48][49] E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[40] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.[55][56] Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.[57][58] Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.[59] == Tuugnorgal == iftdpfa23pqbm8drwjc2gb64xs9d44i 174288 174287 2026-06-18T19:19:37Z Nnamadee 11577 174288 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.<ref>"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.</ref> E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.<ref>Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.</ref> Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.<ref>"MagEnergy Concludes Inga II Rehabilitation Agreement". Marketwire. 31 May 2005.</ref> Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.<ref>"MagEnergy Announces Start of Inga II Hydroelectric Plant Work Program". Marketwire. 1 May 2006.</ref> Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.<ref>"MagEnergy nears completion of unit rehab at DR Congo's 1,424-MW Inga 2". Hydroworld.com. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.</ref> Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.<ref>"Everyone Plugs into Inga". Africa Energy Intelligence. 11 February 2009.</ref> Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.[30] == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.[31] Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.[32] E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.[35] Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.[36] Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.[37] Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.[38] RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.[40] E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.[41] So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,[42] tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.[43] === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.[44] Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.[45][46] E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.[47] E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.[48][49] E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[40] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.[55][56] Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.[57][58] Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.[59] == Tuugnorgal == cw1gh1e7yvk8hugch69krqlblg50v2l 174289 174288 2026-06-18T19:20:20Z Nnamadee 11577 174289 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.<ref>"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.</ref> E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.<ref>Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.</ref> Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.<ref>"MagEnergy Concludes Inga II Rehabilitation Agreement". Marketwire. 31 May 2005.</ref> Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.<ref>"MagEnergy Announces Start of Inga II Hydroelectric Plant Work Program". Marketwire. 1 May 2006.</ref> Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.<ref>"MagEnergy nears completion of unit rehab at DR Congo's 1,424-MW Inga 2". Hydroworld.com. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.</ref> Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.<ref>"Everyone Plugs into Inga". Africa Energy Intelligence. 11 February 2009.</ref> Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.<ref>Jean Marie Takouleu (25 August 2021). "DRC: Inga II hydroelectric plant to power Kamoa-Kakula copper mine". Afrik21.africa. Paris, France. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</ref> == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.[31] Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.[32] E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.[35] Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.[36] Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.[37] Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.[38] RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.[40] E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.[41] So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,[42] tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.[43] === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.[44] Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.[45][46] E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.[47] E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.[48][49] E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[40] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.[55][56] Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.[57][58] Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.[59] == Tuugnorgal == sarkaduqdz377ywk7o6lismvhjs4120 174290 174289 2026-06-18T19:21:34Z Nnamadee 11577 174290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.<ref>"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.</ref> E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.<ref>Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.</ref> Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.<ref>"MagEnergy Concludes Inga II Rehabilitation Agreement". Marketwire. 31 May 2005.</ref> Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.<ref>"MagEnergy Announces Start of Inga II Hydroelectric Plant Work Program". Marketwire. 1 May 2006.</ref> Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.<ref>"MagEnergy nears completion of unit rehab at DR Congo's 1,424-MW Inga 2". Hydroworld.com. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.</ref> Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.<ref>"Everyone Plugs into Inga". Africa Energy Intelligence. 11 February 2009.</ref> Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.<ref>Jean Marie Takouleu (25 August 2021). "DRC: Inga II hydroelectric plant to power Kamoa-Kakula copper mine". Afrik21.africa. Paris, France. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</ref> == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.[31] Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.[32] E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.[35] Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.[36] Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.[37] Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.[38] RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.[40] E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.[41] So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,[42] tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.[43] === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.[44] Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.[45][46] E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.[47] E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.[48][49] E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[40] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.[55][56] Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.[57][58] Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.<ref>"World Bank approves funds to study Congo's Inga dam". Reuters. 20 March 2014. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == 4juj5jr9dlwkson4ereno0sp7k0ticn 174291 174290 2026-06-18T19:22:19Z Nnamadee 11577 174291 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.<ref>"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.</ref> E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.<ref>Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.</ref> Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.<ref>"MagEnergy Concludes Inga II Rehabilitation Agreement". Marketwire. 31 May 2005.</ref> Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.<ref>"MagEnergy Announces Start of Inga II Hydroelectric Plant Work Program". Marketwire. 1 May 2006.</ref> Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.<ref>"MagEnergy nears completion of unit rehab at DR Congo's 1,424-MW Inga 2". Hydroworld.com. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.</ref> Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.<ref>"Everyone Plugs into Inga". Africa Energy Intelligence. 11 February 2009.</ref> Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.<ref>Jean Marie Takouleu (25 August 2021). "DRC: Inga II hydroelectric plant to power Kamoa-Kakula copper mine". Afrik21.africa. Paris, France. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</ref> == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.[31] Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.[32] E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.[35] Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.[36] Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.[37] Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.[38] RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.[40] E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.[41] So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,[42] tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.[43] === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.[44] Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.[45][46] E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.[47] E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.[48][49] E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[40] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.[55][56] Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.<ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond – Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</ref> Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.<ref>"World Bank approves funds to study Congo's Inga dam". Reuters. 20 March 2014. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == qx0fjizhg73zopc7xn0qozigunjtujp 174292 174291 2026-06-18T19:23:04Z Nnamadee 11577 174292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.<ref>"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.</ref> E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.<ref>Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.</ref> Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.<ref>"MagEnergy Concludes Inga II Rehabilitation Agreement". Marketwire. 31 May 2005.</ref> Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.<ref>"MagEnergy Announces Start of Inga II Hydroelectric Plant Work Program". Marketwire. 1 May 2006.</ref> Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.<ref>"MagEnergy nears completion of unit rehab at DR Congo's 1,424-MW Inga 2". Hydroworld.com. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.</ref> Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.<ref>"Everyone Plugs into Inga". Africa Energy Intelligence. 11 February 2009.</ref> Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.<ref>Jean Marie Takouleu (25 August 2021). "DRC: Inga II hydroelectric plant to power Kamoa-Kakula copper mine". Afrik21.africa. Paris, France. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</ref> == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.[31] Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.[32] E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.[35] Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.[36] Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.[37] Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.[38] RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.[40] E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.[41] So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,[42] tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.[43] === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.[44] Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.[45][46] E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.[47] E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.[48][49] E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[40] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.[55][56] Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.<ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond – Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</ref><ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond - Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site | Claverton Group". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2015</ref> Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.<ref>"World Bank approves funds to study Congo's Inga dam". Reuters. 20 March 2014. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == 5mjh9b7snlemaduw3z4gh1fugtbgwbd 174293 174292 2026-06-18T19:24:00Z Nnamadee 11577 174293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.<ref>"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.</ref> E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.<ref>Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.</ref> Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.<ref>"MagEnergy Concludes Inga II Rehabilitation Agreement". Marketwire. 31 May 2005.</ref> Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.<ref>"MagEnergy Announces Start of Inga II Hydroelectric Plant Work Program". Marketwire. 1 May 2006.</ref> Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.<ref>"MagEnergy nears completion of unit rehab at DR Congo's 1,424-MW Inga 2". Hydroworld.com. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.</ref> Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.<ref>"Everyone Plugs into Inga". Africa Energy Intelligence. 11 February 2009.</ref> Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.<ref>Jean Marie Takouleu (25 August 2021). "DRC: Inga II hydroelectric plant to power Kamoa-Kakula copper mine". Afrik21.africa. Paris, France. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</ref> == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.[31] Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.[32] E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.[35] Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.[36] Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.[37] Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.[38] RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.[40] E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.[41] So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,[42] tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.[43] === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.[44] Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.[45][46] E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.[47] E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.[48][49] E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[40] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.<ref>Hammons, T.J.; Blyden, B.K.; Calitz, A.C.; Gulstone, A.B.; Isekemanga, E.; Johnstone, R.; Paluku, K.; Simang, N.-N.; Taher, F. (2000). "African electricity infrastructure interconnections and electricity exchanges". IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 15 (4): 470–480. Bibcode:2000ITEnC..15..470H. doi:10.1109/60.900510.</ref> Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.<ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond – Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</ref><ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond - Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site | Claverton Group". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2015</ref> Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.<ref>"World Bank approves funds to study Congo's Inga dam". Reuters. 20 March 2014. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == alt7wa8zuraprzbqohcao35xubasqva 174294 174293 2026-06-18T19:24:37Z Nnamadee 11577 174294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.<ref>"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.</ref> E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.<ref>Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.</ref> Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.<ref>"MagEnergy Concludes Inga II Rehabilitation Agreement". Marketwire. 31 May 2005.</ref> Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.<ref>"MagEnergy Announces Start of Inga II Hydroelectric Plant Work Program". Marketwire. 1 May 2006.</ref> Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.<ref>"MagEnergy nears completion of unit rehab at DR Congo's 1,424-MW Inga 2". Hydroworld.com. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.</ref> Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.<ref>"Everyone Plugs into Inga". Africa Energy Intelligence. 11 February 2009.</ref> Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.<ref>Jean Marie Takouleu (25 August 2021). "DRC: Inga II hydroelectric plant to power Kamoa-Kakula copper mine". Afrik21.africa. Paris, France. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</ref> == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.[31] Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.[32] E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.[35] Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.[36] Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.[37] Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.[38] RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.[40] E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.[41] So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,[42] tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.[43] === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.[44] Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.[45][46] E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.[47] E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.[48][49] E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[40] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.<ref>Hammons, T.J.; Blyden, B.K.; Calitz, A.C.; Gulstone, A.B.; Isekemanga, E.; Johnstone, R.; Paluku, K.; Simang, N.-N.; Taher, F. (2000). "African electricity infrastructure interconnections and electricity exchanges". IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 15 (4): 470–480. Bibcode:2000ITEnC..15..470H. doi:10.1109/60.900510.</ref><ref>Hammons, T. J.; Taher, F.; Gulstone, A. B.; Blyden, B. K.; Johnston, R.; Isekemanga, E.; Paluku, K.; Calitz, A. C.; Simanga, N. N. (January 1997). "SciTech Connect". IEEE Power Engineering Review. 17 (1). doi:10.1109/MPER.1997.594920. OSTI 479422. S2CID 46233141.</ref> Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.<ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond – Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</ref><ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond - Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site | Claverton Group". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2015</ref> Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.<ref>"World Bank approves funds to study Congo's Inga dam". Reuters. 20 March 2014. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == 0th3uu7kl74kz0leww3b8wnh622q7j4 174295 174294 2026-06-18T19:25:31Z Nnamadee 11577 174295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.<ref>"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.</ref> E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.<ref>Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.</ref> Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.<ref>"MagEnergy Concludes Inga II Rehabilitation Agreement". Marketwire. 31 May 2005.</ref> Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.<ref>"MagEnergy Announces Start of Inga II Hydroelectric Plant Work Program". Marketwire. 1 May 2006.</ref> Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.<ref>"MagEnergy nears completion of unit rehab at DR Congo's 1,424-MW Inga 2". Hydroworld.com. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.</ref> Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.<ref>"Everyone Plugs into Inga". Africa Energy Intelligence. 11 February 2009.</ref> Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.<ref>Jean Marie Takouleu (25 August 2021). "DRC: Inga II hydroelectric plant to power Kamoa-Kakula copper mine". Afrik21.africa. Paris, France. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</ref> == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.<ref>Mbeki, Thabo (20 July 1999). "Podium: The globalization of Africa". The Independent. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.[32] E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.[35] Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.[36] Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.[37] Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.[38] RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.[40] E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.[41] So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,[42] tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.[43] === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.[44] Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.[45][46] E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.[47] E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.[48][49] E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[40] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.<ref>Hammons, T.J.; Blyden, B.K.; Calitz, A.C.; Gulstone, A.B.; Isekemanga, E.; Johnstone, R.; Paluku, K.; Simang, N.-N.; Taher, F. (2000). "African electricity infrastructure interconnections and electricity exchanges". IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 15 (4): 470–480. Bibcode:2000ITEnC..15..470H. doi:10.1109/60.900510.</ref><ref>Hammons, T. J.; Taher, F.; Gulstone, A. B.; Blyden, B. K.; Johnston, R.; Isekemanga, E.; Paluku, K.; Calitz, A. C.; Simanga, N. N. (January 1997). "SciTech Connect". IEEE Power Engineering Review. 17 (1). doi:10.1109/MPER.1997.594920. OSTI 479422. S2CID 46233141.</ref> Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.<ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond – Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</ref><ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond - Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site | Claverton Group". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2015</ref> Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.<ref>"World Bank approves funds to study Congo's Inga dam". Reuters. 20 March 2014. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == et1nhbyytuob3a8x9xbnzo8k04gy7ro 174296 174295 2026-06-18T19:26:20Z Nnamadee 11577 174296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.<ref>"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.</ref> E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.<ref>Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.</ref> Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.<ref>"MagEnergy Concludes Inga II Rehabilitation Agreement". Marketwire. 31 May 2005.</ref> Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.<ref>"MagEnergy Announces Start of Inga II Hydroelectric Plant Work Program". Marketwire. 1 May 2006.</ref> Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.<ref>"MagEnergy nears completion of unit rehab at DR Congo's 1,424-MW Inga 2". Hydroworld.com. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.</ref> Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.<ref>"Everyone Plugs into Inga". Africa Energy Intelligence. 11 February 2009.</ref> Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.<ref>Jean Marie Takouleu (25 August 2021). "DRC: Inga II hydroelectric plant to power Kamoa-Kakula copper mine". Afrik21.africa. Paris, France. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</ref> == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.<ref>Mbeki, Thabo (20 July 1999). "Podium: The globalization of Africa". The Independent. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.<ref>Hale, Briony (17 October 2002). "Africa's grand power exporting plans". BBC News. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.[35] Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.[36] Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.[37] Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.[38] RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.[40] E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.[41] So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,[42] tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.[43] === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.[44] Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.[45][46] E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.[47] E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.[48][49] E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[40] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.<ref>Hammons, T.J.; Blyden, B.K.; Calitz, A.C.; Gulstone, A.B.; Isekemanga, E.; Johnstone, R.; Paluku, K.; Simang, N.-N.; Taher, F. (2000). "African electricity infrastructure interconnections and electricity exchanges". IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 15 (4): 470–480. Bibcode:2000ITEnC..15..470H. doi:10.1109/60.900510.</ref><ref>Hammons, T. J.; Taher, F.; Gulstone, A. B.; Blyden, B. K.; Johnston, R.; Isekemanga, E.; Paluku, K.; Calitz, A. C.; Simanga, N. N. (January 1997). "SciTech Connect". IEEE Power Engineering Review. 17 (1). doi:10.1109/MPER.1997.594920. OSTI 479422. S2CID 46233141.</ref> Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.<ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond – Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</ref><ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond - Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site | Claverton Group". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2015</ref> Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.<ref>"World Bank approves funds to study Congo's Inga dam". Reuters. 20 March 2014. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == lcetdrqf06b0iply4hv9rt8rjcrprbc 174297 174296 2026-06-18T19:27:55Z Nnamadee 11577 174297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.<ref>"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.</ref> E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.<ref>Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.</ref> Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.<ref>"MagEnergy Concludes Inga II Rehabilitation Agreement". Marketwire. 31 May 2005.</ref> Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.<ref>"MagEnergy Announces Start of Inga II Hydroelectric Plant Work Program". Marketwire. 1 May 2006.</ref> Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.<ref>"MagEnergy nears completion of unit rehab at DR Congo's 1,424-MW Inga 2". Hydroworld.com. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.</ref> Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.<ref>"Everyone Plugs into Inga". Africa Energy Intelligence. 11 February 2009.</ref> Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.<ref>Jean Marie Takouleu (25 August 2021). "DRC: Inga II hydroelectric plant to power Kamoa-Kakula copper mine". Afrik21.africa. Paris, France. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</ref> == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.<ref>Mbeki, Thabo (20 July 1999). "Podium: The globalization of Africa". The Independent. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.<ref>Hale, Briony (17 October 2002). "Africa's grand power exporting plans". BBC News. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.<ref>"Hard Talk, Charm Carries the Day for NEPAD". All Africa. 13 June 2002.</ref> Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.[36] Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.[37] Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.[38] RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.[40] E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.[41] So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,[42] tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.[43] === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.[44] Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.[45][46] E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.[47] E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.[48][49] E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[40] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.<ref>Hammons, T.J.; Blyden, B.K.; Calitz, A.C.; Gulstone, A.B.; Isekemanga, E.; Johnstone, R.; Paluku, K.; Simang, N.-N.; Taher, F. (2000). "African electricity infrastructure interconnections and electricity exchanges". IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 15 (4): 470–480. Bibcode:2000ITEnC..15..470H. doi:10.1109/60.900510.</ref><ref>Hammons, T. J.; Taher, F.; Gulstone, A. B.; Blyden, B. K.; Johnston, R.; Isekemanga, E.; Paluku, K.; Calitz, A. C.; Simanga, N. N. (January 1997). "SciTech Connect". IEEE Power Engineering Review. 17 (1). doi:10.1109/MPER.1997.594920. OSTI 479422. S2CID 46233141.</ref> Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.<ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond – Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</ref><ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond - Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site | Claverton Group". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2015</ref> Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.<ref>"World Bank approves funds to study Congo's Inga dam". Reuters. 20 March 2014. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == 1dshhf3e21pitsnyhcah8janalbr9t5 174298 174297 2026-06-18T19:28:37Z Nnamadee 11577 174298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.<ref>"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.</ref> E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.<ref>Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.</ref> Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.<ref>"MagEnergy Concludes Inga II Rehabilitation Agreement". Marketwire. 31 May 2005.</ref> Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.<ref>"MagEnergy Announces Start of Inga II Hydroelectric Plant Work Program". Marketwire. 1 May 2006.</ref> Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.<ref>"MagEnergy nears completion of unit rehab at DR Congo's 1,424-MW Inga 2". Hydroworld.com. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.</ref> Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.<ref>"Everyone Plugs into Inga". Africa Energy Intelligence. 11 February 2009.</ref> Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.<ref>Jean Marie Takouleu (25 August 2021). "DRC: Inga II hydroelectric plant to power Kamoa-Kakula copper mine". Afrik21.africa. Paris, France. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</ref> == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.<ref>Mbeki, Thabo (20 July 1999). "Podium: The globalization of Africa". The Independent. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.<ref>Hale, Briony (17 October 2002). "Africa's grand power exporting plans". BBC News. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.<ref>"Hard Talk, Charm Carries the Day for NEPAD". All Africa. 13 June 2002.</ref> Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.<ref>Thomson, Alistair (22 October 2004). "Africa plans new Congo generator, seeks investment". Reuters.</ref> Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.[37] Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.[38] RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.[40] E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.[41] So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,[42] tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.[43] === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.[44] Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.[45][46] E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.[47] E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.[48][49] E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[40] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.<ref>Hammons, T.J.; Blyden, B.K.; Calitz, A.C.; Gulstone, A.B.; Isekemanga, E.; Johnstone, R.; Paluku, K.; Simang, N.-N.; Taher, F. (2000). "African electricity infrastructure interconnections and electricity exchanges". IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 15 (4): 470–480. Bibcode:2000ITEnC..15..470H. doi:10.1109/60.900510.</ref><ref>Hammons, T. J.; Taher, F.; Gulstone, A. B.; Blyden, B. K.; Johnston, R.; Isekemanga, E.; Paluku, K.; Calitz, A. C.; Simanga, N. N. (January 1997). "SciTech Connect". IEEE Power Engineering Review. 17 (1). doi:10.1109/MPER.1997.594920. OSTI 479422. S2CID 46233141.</ref> Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.<ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond – Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</ref><ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond - Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site | Claverton Group". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2015</ref> Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.<ref>"World Bank approves funds to study Congo's Inga dam". Reuters. 20 March 2014. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == jnu53ig7debxswkaye3ksfz7cm1p079 174299 174298 2026-06-18T19:29:41Z Nnamadee 11577 174299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.<ref>"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.</ref> E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.<ref>Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.</ref> Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.<ref>"MagEnergy Concludes Inga II Rehabilitation Agreement". Marketwire. 31 May 2005.</ref> Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.<ref>"MagEnergy Announces Start of Inga II Hydroelectric Plant Work Program". Marketwire. 1 May 2006.</ref> Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.<ref>"MagEnergy nears completion of unit rehab at DR Congo's 1,424-MW Inga 2". Hydroworld.com. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.</ref> Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.<ref>"Everyone Plugs into Inga". Africa Energy Intelligence. 11 February 2009.</ref> Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.<ref>Jean Marie Takouleu (25 August 2021). "DRC: Inga II hydroelectric plant to power Kamoa-Kakula copper mine". Afrik21.africa. Paris, France. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</ref> == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.<ref>Mbeki, Thabo (20 July 1999). "Podium: The globalization of Africa". The Independent. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.<ref>Hale, Briony (17 October 2002). "Africa's grand power exporting plans". BBC News. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.<ref>"Hard Talk, Charm Carries the Day for NEPAD". All Africa. 13 June 2002.</ref> Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.<ref>Thomson, Alistair (22 October 2004). "Africa plans new Congo generator, seeks investment". Reuters.</ref> Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.<ref>Vasagar, Jeevan (25 February 2005). "Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.[38] RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.[40] E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.[41] So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,[42] tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.[43] === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.[44] Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.[45][46] E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.[47] E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.[48][49] E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[40] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.<ref>Hammons, T.J.; Blyden, B.K.; Calitz, A.C.; Gulstone, A.B.; Isekemanga, E.; Johnstone, R.; Paluku, K.; Simang, N.-N.; Taher, F. (2000). "African electricity infrastructure interconnections and electricity exchanges". IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 15 (4): 470–480. Bibcode:2000ITEnC..15..470H. doi:10.1109/60.900510.</ref><ref>Hammons, T. J.; Taher, F.; Gulstone, A. B.; Blyden, B. K.; Johnston, R.; Isekemanga, E.; Paluku, K.; Calitz, A. C.; Simanga, N. N. (January 1997). "SciTech Connect". IEEE Power Engineering Review. 17 (1). doi:10.1109/MPER.1997.594920. OSTI 479422. S2CID 46233141.</ref> Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.<ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond – Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</ref><ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond - Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site | Claverton Group". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2015</ref> Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.<ref>"World Bank approves funds to study Congo's Inga dam". Reuters. 20 March 2014. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == be7m58aj7crlqit6dsad7t6g9zw26ag 174300 174299 2026-06-18T19:30:33Z Nnamadee 11577 174300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.<ref>"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.</ref> E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.<ref>Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.</ref> Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.<ref>"MagEnergy Concludes Inga II Rehabilitation Agreement". Marketwire. 31 May 2005.</ref> Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.<ref>"MagEnergy Announces Start of Inga II Hydroelectric Plant Work Program". Marketwire. 1 May 2006.</ref> Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.<ref>"MagEnergy nears completion of unit rehab at DR Congo's 1,424-MW Inga 2". Hydroworld.com. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.</ref> Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.<ref>"Everyone Plugs into Inga". Africa Energy Intelligence. 11 February 2009.</ref> Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.<ref>Jean Marie Takouleu (25 August 2021). "DRC: Inga II hydroelectric plant to power Kamoa-Kakula copper mine". Afrik21.africa. Paris, France. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</ref> == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.<ref>Mbeki, Thabo (20 July 1999). "Podium: The globalization of Africa". The Independent. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.<ref>Hale, Briony (17 October 2002). "Africa's grand power exporting plans". BBC News. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.<ref>"Hard Talk, Charm Carries the Day for NEPAD". All Africa. 13 June 2002.</ref> Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.<ref>Thomson, Alistair (22 October 2004). "Africa plans new Congo generator, seeks investment". Reuters.</ref> Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.<ref>Vasagar, Jeevan (25 February 2005). "Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.<ref>"Landmark Agreement to Satisfy Regional Power Needs". All Africa. 8 September 2005.</ref> RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.[40] E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.[41] So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,[42] tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.[43] === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.[44] Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.[45][46] E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.[47] E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.[48][49] E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[40] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.<ref>Hammons, T.J.; Blyden, B.K.; Calitz, A.C.; Gulstone, A.B.; Isekemanga, E.; Johnstone, R.; Paluku, K.; Simang, N.-N.; Taher, F. (2000). "African electricity infrastructure interconnections and electricity exchanges". IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 15 (4): 470–480. Bibcode:2000ITEnC..15..470H. doi:10.1109/60.900510.</ref><ref>Hammons, T. J.; Taher, F.; Gulstone, A. B.; Blyden, B. K.; Johnston, R.; Isekemanga, E.; Paluku, K.; Calitz, A. C.; Simanga, N. N. (January 1997). "SciTech Connect". IEEE Power Engineering Review. 17 (1). doi:10.1109/MPER.1997.594920. OSTI 479422. S2CID 46233141.</ref> Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.<ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond – Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</ref><ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond - Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site | Claverton Group". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2015</ref> Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.<ref>"World Bank approves funds to study Congo's Inga dam". Reuters. 20 March 2014. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == 1in7n0g3d1xgakyor1mfekxuvs65fcq 174301 174300 2026-06-18T19:31:46Z Nnamadee 11577 174301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.<ref>"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.</ref> E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.<ref>Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.</ref> Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.<ref>"MagEnergy Concludes Inga II Rehabilitation Agreement". Marketwire. 31 May 2005.</ref> Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.<ref>"MagEnergy Announces Start of Inga II Hydroelectric Plant Work Program". Marketwire. 1 May 2006.</ref> Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.<ref>"MagEnergy nears completion of unit rehab at DR Congo's 1,424-MW Inga 2". Hydroworld.com. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.</ref> Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.<ref>"Everyone Plugs into Inga". Africa Energy Intelligence. 11 February 2009.</ref> Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.<ref>Jean Marie Takouleu (25 August 2021). "DRC: Inga II hydroelectric plant to power Kamoa-Kakula copper mine". Afrik21.africa. Paris, France. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</ref> == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.<ref>Mbeki, Thabo (20 July 1999). "Podium: The globalization of Africa". The Independent. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.<ref>Hale, Briony (17 October 2002). "Africa's grand power exporting plans". BBC News. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.<ref>"Hard Talk, Charm Carries the Day for NEPAD". All Africa. 13 June 2002.</ref> Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.<ref>Thomson, Alistair (22 October 2004). "Africa plans new Congo generator, seeks investment". Reuters.</ref> Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.<ref>Vasagar, Jeevan (25 February 2005). "Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.<ref>"Landmark Agreement to Satisfy Regional Power Needs". All Africa. 8 September 2005.</ref> RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.<ref name=":0">"GCR - News - DR Congo's Inga 3 dam to double in size to 12GW". globalconstructionreview.com. 13 July 2017. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.</ref><ref name=":0" /> E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.[41] So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,[42] tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.[43] === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.[44] Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.[45][46] E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.[47] E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.[48][49] E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[40] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.<ref>Hammons, T.J.; Blyden, B.K.; Calitz, A.C.; Gulstone, A.B.; Isekemanga, E.; Johnstone, R.; Paluku, K.; Simang, N.-N.; Taher, F. (2000). "African electricity infrastructure interconnections and electricity exchanges". IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 15 (4): 470–480. Bibcode:2000ITEnC..15..470H. doi:10.1109/60.900510.</ref><ref>Hammons, T. J.; Taher, F.; Gulstone, A. B.; Blyden, B. K.; Johnston, R.; Isekemanga, E.; Paluku, K.; Calitz, A. C.; Simanga, N. N. (January 1997). "SciTech Connect". IEEE Power Engineering Review. 17 (1). doi:10.1109/MPER.1997.594920. OSTI 479422. S2CID 46233141.</ref> Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.<ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond – Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</ref><ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond - Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site | Claverton Group". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2015</ref> Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.<ref>"World Bank approves funds to study Congo's Inga dam". Reuters. 20 March 2014. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == c8pf3xaibqcbzx753q63ewhftpza9ij 174302 174301 2026-06-18T19:32:48Z Nnamadee 11577 174302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.<ref>"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.</ref> E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.<ref>Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.</ref> Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.<ref>"MagEnergy Concludes Inga II Rehabilitation Agreement". Marketwire. 31 May 2005.</ref> Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.<ref>"MagEnergy Announces Start of Inga II Hydroelectric Plant Work Program". Marketwire. 1 May 2006.</ref> Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.<ref>"MagEnergy nears completion of unit rehab at DR Congo's 1,424-MW Inga 2". Hydroworld.com. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.</ref> Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.<ref>"Everyone Plugs into Inga". Africa Energy Intelligence. 11 February 2009.</ref> Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.<ref>Jean Marie Takouleu (25 August 2021). "DRC: Inga II hydroelectric plant to power Kamoa-Kakula copper mine". Afrik21.africa. Paris, France. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</ref> == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.<ref>Mbeki, Thabo (20 July 1999). "Podium: The globalization of Africa". The Independent. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.<ref>Hale, Briony (17 October 2002). "Africa's grand power exporting plans". BBC News. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.<ref>"Hard Talk, Charm Carries the Day for NEPAD". All Africa. 13 June 2002.</ref> Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.<ref>Thomson, Alistair (22 October 2004). "Africa plans new Congo generator, seeks investment". Reuters.</ref> Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.<ref>Vasagar, Jeevan (25 February 2005). "Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.<ref>"Landmark Agreement to Satisfy Regional Power Needs". All Africa. 8 September 2005.</ref> RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.<ref name=":0">"GCR - News - DR Congo's Inga 3 dam to double in size to 12GW". globalconstructionreview.com. 13 July 2017. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.</ref><ref name=":0" /> E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.<ref>"Inga 3: An Exclusive Development Deal for Chinese and European companies". International Rivers. 17 October 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2020.</ref> So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,[42] tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.[43] === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.[44] Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.[45][46] E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.[47] E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.[48][49] E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[40] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.<ref>Hammons, T.J.; Blyden, B.K.; Calitz, A.C.; Gulstone, A.B.; Isekemanga, E.; Johnstone, R.; Paluku, K.; Simang, N.-N.; Taher, F. (2000). "African electricity infrastructure interconnections and electricity exchanges". IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 15 (4): 470–480. Bibcode:2000ITEnC..15..470H. doi:10.1109/60.900510.</ref><ref>Hammons, T. J.; Taher, F.; Gulstone, A. B.; Blyden, B. K.; Johnston, R.; Isekemanga, E.; Paluku, K.; Calitz, A. C.; Simanga, N. N. (January 1997). "SciTech Connect". IEEE Power Engineering Review. 17 (1). doi:10.1109/MPER.1997.594920. OSTI 479422. S2CID 46233141.</ref> Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.<ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond – Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</ref><ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond - Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site | Claverton Group". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2015</ref> Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.<ref>"World Bank approves funds to study Congo's Inga dam". Reuters. 20 March 2014. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == d68ja6fv0c7weddhqfdlvm3tkx7l5pn 174303 174302 2026-06-18T19:34:22Z Nnamadee 11577 174303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.<ref>"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.</ref> E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.<ref>Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.</ref> Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.<ref>"MagEnergy Concludes Inga II Rehabilitation Agreement". Marketwire. 31 May 2005.</ref> Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.<ref>"MagEnergy Announces Start of Inga II Hydroelectric Plant Work Program". Marketwire. 1 May 2006.</ref> Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.<ref>"MagEnergy nears completion of unit rehab at DR Congo's 1,424-MW Inga 2". Hydroworld.com. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.</ref> Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.<ref>"Everyone Plugs into Inga". Africa Energy Intelligence. 11 February 2009.</ref> Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.<ref>Jean Marie Takouleu (25 August 2021). "DRC: Inga II hydroelectric plant to power Kamoa-Kakula copper mine". Afrik21.africa. Paris, France. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</ref> == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.<ref>Mbeki, Thabo (20 July 1999). "Podium: The globalization of Africa". The Independent. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.<ref>Hale, Briony (17 October 2002). "Africa's grand power exporting plans". BBC News. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.<ref>"Hard Talk, Charm Carries the Day for NEPAD". All Africa. 13 June 2002.</ref> Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.<ref>Thomson, Alistair (22 October 2004). "Africa plans new Congo generator, seeks investment". Reuters.</ref> Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.<ref>Vasagar, Jeevan (25 February 2005). "Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.<ref>"Landmark Agreement to Satisfy Regional Power Needs". All Africa. 8 September 2005.</ref> RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.<ref name=":0">"GCR - News - DR Congo's Inga 3 dam to double in size to 12GW". globalconstructionreview.com. 13 July 2017. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.</ref><ref name=":0" /> E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.<ref>"Inga 3: An Exclusive Development Deal for Chinese and European companies". International Rivers. 17 October 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2020.</ref> So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,<ref>Emmalogo555 (5 November 2019). "Construction of US$14bn Grand Inga dam in Congo on track". Construction Review Online. Retrieved 31 January 2020</ref> tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.[43] === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.[44] Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.[45][46] E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.[47] E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.[48][49] E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[40] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.<ref>Hammons, T.J.; Blyden, B.K.; Calitz, A.C.; Gulstone, A.B.; Isekemanga, E.; Johnstone, R.; Paluku, K.; Simang, N.-N.; Taher, F. (2000). "African electricity infrastructure interconnections and electricity exchanges". IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 15 (4): 470–480. Bibcode:2000ITEnC..15..470H. doi:10.1109/60.900510.</ref><ref>Hammons, T. J.; Taher, F.; Gulstone, A. B.; Blyden, B. K.; Johnston, R.; Isekemanga, E.; Paluku, K.; Calitz, A. C.; Simanga, N. N. (January 1997). "SciTech Connect". IEEE Power Engineering Review. 17 (1). doi:10.1109/MPER.1997.594920. OSTI 479422. S2CID 46233141.</ref> Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.<ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond – Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</ref><ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond - Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site | Claverton Group". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2015</ref> Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.<ref>"World Bank approves funds to study Congo's Inga dam". Reuters. 20 March 2014. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == bwl1bgue33mqjk6twpfgg7xc8lo9mod 174304 174303 2026-06-18T19:35:50Z Nnamadee 11577 174304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.<ref>"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.</ref> E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.<ref>Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.</ref> Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.<ref>"MagEnergy Concludes Inga II Rehabilitation Agreement". Marketwire. 31 May 2005.</ref> Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.<ref>"MagEnergy Announces Start of Inga II Hydroelectric Plant Work Program". Marketwire. 1 May 2006.</ref> Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.<ref>"MagEnergy nears completion of unit rehab at DR Congo's 1,424-MW Inga 2". Hydroworld.com. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.</ref> Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.<ref>"Everyone Plugs into Inga". Africa Energy Intelligence. 11 February 2009.</ref> Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.<ref>Jean Marie Takouleu (25 August 2021). "DRC: Inga II hydroelectric plant to power Kamoa-Kakula copper mine". Afrik21.africa. Paris, France. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</ref> == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.<ref>Mbeki, Thabo (20 July 1999). "Podium: The globalization of Africa". The Independent. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.<ref>Hale, Briony (17 October 2002). "Africa's grand power exporting plans". BBC News. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.<ref>"Hard Talk, Charm Carries the Day for NEPAD". All Africa. 13 June 2002.</ref> Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.<ref>Thomson, Alistair (22 October 2004). "Africa plans new Congo generator, seeks investment". Reuters.</ref> Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.<ref>Vasagar, Jeevan (25 February 2005). "Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.<ref>"Landmark Agreement to Satisfy Regional Power Needs". All Africa. 8 September 2005.</ref> RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.<ref name=":0">"GCR - News - DR Congo's Inga 3 dam to double in size to 12GW". globalconstructionreview.com. 13 July 2017. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.</ref><ref name=":0" /> E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.<ref>"Inga 3: An Exclusive Development Deal for Chinese and European companies". International Rivers. 17 October 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2020.</ref> So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,<ref>Emmalogo555 (5 November 2019). "Construction of US$14bn Grand Inga dam in Congo on track". Construction Review Online. Retrieved 31 January 2020</ref> tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.<ref>"DRC's giant Inga III dam: Spanish firm ACS throws in the towel". The Africa Report.com. 24 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.</ref> === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.[44] Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.[45][46] E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.[47] E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.[48][49] E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[40] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.<ref>Hammons, T.J.; Blyden, B.K.; Calitz, A.C.; Gulstone, A.B.; Isekemanga, E.; Johnstone, R.; Paluku, K.; Simang, N.-N.; Taher, F. (2000). "African electricity infrastructure interconnections and electricity exchanges". IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 15 (4): 470–480. Bibcode:2000ITEnC..15..470H. doi:10.1109/60.900510.</ref><ref>Hammons, T. J.; Taher, F.; Gulstone, A. B.; Blyden, B. K.; Johnston, R.; Isekemanga, E.; Paluku, K.; Calitz, A. C.; Simanga, N. N. (January 1997). "SciTech Connect". IEEE Power Engineering Review. 17 (1). doi:10.1109/MPER.1997.594920. OSTI 479422. S2CID 46233141.</ref> Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.<ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond – Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</ref><ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond - Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site | Claverton Group". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2015</ref> Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.<ref>"World Bank approves funds to study Congo's Inga dam". Reuters. 20 March 2014. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == gu9omlbpziuwgzq1v2rv10y9c1h3rgy 174305 174304 2026-06-18T19:38:01Z Nnamadee 11577 174305 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.<ref>"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.</ref> E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.<ref>Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.</ref> Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.<ref>"MagEnergy Concludes Inga II Rehabilitation Agreement". Marketwire. 31 May 2005.</ref> Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.<ref>"MagEnergy Announces Start of Inga II Hydroelectric Plant Work Program". Marketwire. 1 May 2006.</ref> Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.<ref>"MagEnergy nears completion of unit rehab at DR Congo's 1,424-MW Inga 2". Hydroworld.com. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.</ref> Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.<ref>"Everyone Plugs into Inga". Africa Energy Intelligence. 11 February 2009.</ref> Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.<ref>Jean Marie Takouleu (25 August 2021). "DRC: Inga II hydroelectric plant to power Kamoa-Kakula copper mine". Afrik21.africa. Paris, France. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</ref> == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.<ref>Mbeki, Thabo (20 July 1999). "Podium: The globalization of Africa". The Independent. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.<ref>Hale, Briony (17 October 2002). "Africa's grand power exporting plans". BBC News. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.<ref>"Hard Talk, Charm Carries the Day for NEPAD". All Africa. 13 June 2002.</ref> Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.<ref>Thomson, Alistair (22 October 2004). "Africa plans new Congo generator, seeks investment". Reuters.</ref> Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.<ref>Vasagar, Jeevan (25 February 2005). "Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.<ref>"Landmark Agreement to Satisfy Regional Power Needs". All Africa. 8 September 2005.</ref> RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.<ref name=":0">"GCR - News - DR Congo's Inga 3 dam to double in size to 12GW". globalconstructionreview.com. 13 July 2017. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.</ref><ref name=":0" /> E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.<ref>"Inga 3: An Exclusive Development Deal for Chinese and European companies". International Rivers. 17 October 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2020.</ref> So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,<ref>Emmalogo555 (5 November 2019). "Construction of US$14bn Grand Inga dam in Congo on track". Construction Review Online. Retrieved 31 January 2020</ref> tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.<ref>"DRC's giant Inga III dam: Spanish firm ACS throws in the towel". The Africa Report.com. 24 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.</ref> === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.<ref>Ansar, Atif; Flyvbjerg, Bent; Budzier, Alexander; Lunn, Daniel (10 March 2014). "Should We Build More Large Dams? The Actual Costs of Hydropower Megaproject Development". Papers.ssrn.com. SSRN 2406852.</ref> Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.[45][46] E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.[47] E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.[48][49] E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[40] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.<ref>Hammons, T.J.; Blyden, B.K.; Calitz, A.C.; Gulstone, A.B.; Isekemanga, E.; Johnstone, R.; Paluku, K.; Simang, N.-N.; Taher, F. (2000). "African electricity infrastructure interconnections and electricity exchanges". IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 15 (4): 470–480. Bibcode:2000ITEnC..15..470H. doi:10.1109/60.900510.</ref><ref>Hammons, T. J.; Taher, F.; Gulstone, A. B.; Blyden, B. K.; Johnston, R.; Isekemanga, E.; Paluku, K.; Calitz, A. C.; Simanga, N. N. (January 1997). "SciTech Connect". IEEE Power Engineering Review. 17 (1). doi:10.1109/MPER.1997.594920. OSTI 479422. S2CID 46233141.</ref> Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.<ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond – Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</ref><ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond - Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site | Claverton Group". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2015</ref> Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.<ref>"World Bank approves funds to study Congo's Inga dam". Reuters. 20 March 2014. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == h7cju4blfifrkjcjqn4ytwkue6wrthp 174306 174305 2026-06-18T19:40:37Z Nnamadee 11577 174306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.<ref>"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.</ref> E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.<ref>Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.</ref> Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.<ref>"MagEnergy Concludes Inga II Rehabilitation Agreement". Marketwire. 31 May 2005.</ref> Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.<ref>"MagEnergy Announces Start of Inga II Hydroelectric Plant Work Program". Marketwire. 1 May 2006.</ref> Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.<ref>"MagEnergy nears completion of unit rehab at DR Congo's 1,424-MW Inga 2". Hydroworld.com. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.</ref> Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.<ref>"Everyone Plugs into Inga". Africa Energy Intelligence. 11 February 2009.</ref> Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.<ref>Jean Marie Takouleu (25 August 2021). "DRC: Inga II hydroelectric plant to power Kamoa-Kakula copper mine". Afrik21.africa. Paris, France. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</ref> == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.<ref>Mbeki, Thabo (20 July 1999). "Podium: The globalization of Africa". The Independent. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.<ref>Hale, Briony (17 October 2002). "Africa's grand power exporting plans". BBC News. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.<ref>"Hard Talk, Charm Carries the Day for NEPAD". All Africa. 13 June 2002.</ref> Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.<ref>Thomson, Alistair (22 October 2004). "Africa plans new Congo generator, seeks investment". Reuters.</ref> Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.<ref>Vasagar, Jeevan (25 February 2005). "Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.<ref>"Landmark Agreement to Satisfy Regional Power Needs". All Africa. 8 September 2005.</ref> RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.<ref name=":0">"GCR - News - DR Congo's Inga 3 dam to double in size to 12GW". globalconstructionreview.com. 13 July 2017. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.</ref><ref name=":0" /> E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.<ref>"Inga 3: An Exclusive Development Deal for Chinese and European companies". International Rivers. 17 October 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2020.</ref> So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,<ref>Emmalogo555 (5 November 2019). "Construction of US$14bn Grand Inga dam in Congo on track". Construction Review Online. Retrieved 31 January 2020</ref> tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.<ref>"DRC's giant Inga III dam: Spanish firm ACS throws in the towel". The Africa Report.com. 24 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.</ref> === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.<ref>Ansar, Atif; Flyvbjerg, Bent; Budzier, Alexander; Lunn, Daniel (10 March 2014). "Should We Build More Large Dams? The Actual Costs of Hydropower Megaproject Development". Papers.ssrn.com. SSRN 2406852.</ref> Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.<ref>"IRIN Africa | SOUTHERN AFRICA: New plant to bring regional power on stream | SOUTHERN AFRICA | Economy | Environment | Other". Irinnews.org. 14 November 2003. Archived from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 15 September 2013.</ref> E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.[47] E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.[48][49] E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[40] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.<ref>Hammons, T.J.; Blyden, B.K.; Calitz, A.C.; Gulstone, A.B.; Isekemanga, E.; Johnstone, R.; Paluku, K.; Simang, N.-N.; Taher, F. (2000). "African electricity infrastructure interconnections and electricity exchanges". IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 15 (4): 470–480. Bibcode:2000ITEnC..15..470H. doi:10.1109/60.900510.</ref><ref>Hammons, T. J.; Taher, F.; Gulstone, A. B.; Blyden, B. K.; Johnston, R.; Isekemanga, E.; Paluku, K.; Calitz, A. C.; Simanga, N. N. (January 1997). "SciTech Connect". IEEE Power Engineering Review. 17 (1). doi:10.1109/MPER.1997.594920. OSTI 479422. S2CID 46233141.</ref> Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.<ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond – Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</ref><ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond - Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site | Claverton Group". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2015</ref> Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.<ref>"World Bank approves funds to study Congo's Inga dam". Reuters. 20 March 2014. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == drkaqauq0b7uc22p9niergw7eua5ufh 174307 174306 2026-06-18T19:45:29Z Nnamadee 11577 174307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.<ref>"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.</ref> E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.<ref>Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.</ref> Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.<ref>"MagEnergy Concludes Inga II Rehabilitation Agreement". Marketwire. 31 May 2005.</ref> Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.<ref>"MagEnergy Announces Start of Inga II Hydroelectric Plant Work Program". Marketwire. 1 May 2006.</ref> Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.<ref>"MagEnergy nears completion of unit rehab at DR Congo's 1,424-MW Inga 2". Hydroworld.com. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.</ref> Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.<ref>"Everyone Plugs into Inga". Africa Energy Intelligence. 11 February 2009.</ref> Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.<ref>Jean Marie Takouleu (25 August 2021). "DRC: Inga II hydroelectric plant to power Kamoa-Kakula copper mine". Afrik21.africa. Paris, France. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</ref> == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.<ref>Mbeki, Thabo (20 July 1999). "Podium: The globalization of Africa". The Independent. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.<ref>Hale, Briony (17 October 2002). "Africa's grand power exporting plans". BBC News. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.<ref>"Hard Talk, Charm Carries the Day for NEPAD". All Africa. 13 June 2002.</ref> Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.<ref>Thomson, Alistair (22 October 2004). "Africa plans new Congo generator, seeks investment". Reuters.</ref> Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.<ref>Vasagar, Jeevan (25 February 2005). "Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.<ref>"Landmark Agreement to Satisfy Regional Power Needs". All Africa. 8 September 2005.</ref> RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.<ref name=":0">"GCR - News - DR Congo's Inga 3 dam to double in size to 12GW". globalconstructionreview.com. 13 July 2017. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.</ref><ref name=":0" /> E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.<ref>"Inga 3: An Exclusive Development Deal for Chinese and European companies". International Rivers. 17 October 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2020.</ref> So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,<ref>Emmalogo555 (5 November 2019). "Construction of US$14bn Grand Inga dam in Congo on track". Construction Review Online. Retrieved 31 January 2020</ref> tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.<ref>"DRC's giant Inga III dam: Spanish firm ACS throws in the towel". The Africa Report.com. 24 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.</ref> === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.<ref>Ansar, Atif; Flyvbjerg, Bent; Budzier, Alexander; Lunn, Daniel (10 March 2014). "Should We Build More Large Dams? The Actual Costs of Hydropower Megaproject Development". Papers.ssrn.com. SSRN 2406852.</ref> Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.<ref>"IRIN Africa | SOUTHERN AFRICA: New plant to bring regional power on stream | SOUTHERN AFRICA | Economy | Environment | Other". Irinnews.org. 14 November 2003. Archived from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 15 September 2013.</ref><ref>"businessinafrica.net". businessinafrica.net. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2013.</ref> E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.[47] E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.[48][49] E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[40] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.<ref>Hammons, T.J.; Blyden, B.K.; Calitz, A.C.; Gulstone, A.B.; Isekemanga, E.; Johnstone, R.; Paluku, K.; Simang, N.-N.; Taher, F. (2000). "African electricity infrastructure interconnections and electricity exchanges". IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 15 (4): 470–480. Bibcode:2000ITEnC..15..470H. doi:10.1109/60.900510.</ref><ref>Hammons, T. J.; Taher, F.; Gulstone, A. B.; Blyden, B. K.; Johnston, R.; Isekemanga, E.; Paluku, K.; Calitz, A. C.; Simanga, N. N. (January 1997). "SciTech Connect". IEEE Power Engineering Review. 17 (1). doi:10.1109/MPER.1997.594920. OSTI 479422. S2CID 46233141.</ref> Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.<ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond – Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</ref><ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond - Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site | Claverton Group". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2015</ref> Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.<ref>"World Bank approves funds to study Congo's Inga dam". Reuters. 20 March 2014. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == kooclfk65n6njcuirox1b8yasxcrd3c 174308 174307 2026-06-18T19:46:14Z Nnamadee 11577 174308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.<ref>"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.</ref> E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.<ref>Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.</ref> Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.<ref>"MagEnergy Concludes Inga II Rehabilitation Agreement". Marketwire. 31 May 2005.</ref> Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.<ref>"MagEnergy Announces Start of Inga II Hydroelectric Plant Work Program". Marketwire. 1 May 2006.</ref> Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.<ref>"MagEnergy nears completion of unit rehab at DR Congo's 1,424-MW Inga 2". Hydroworld.com. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.</ref> Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.<ref>"Everyone Plugs into Inga". Africa Energy Intelligence. 11 February 2009.</ref> Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.<ref>Jean Marie Takouleu (25 August 2021). "DRC: Inga II hydroelectric plant to power Kamoa-Kakula copper mine". Afrik21.africa. Paris, France. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</ref> == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.<ref>Mbeki, Thabo (20 July 1999). "Podium: The globalization of Africa". The Independent. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.<ref>Hale, Briony (17 October 2002). "Africa's grand power exporting plans". BBC News. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.<ref>"Hard Talk, Charm Carries the Day for NEPAD". All Africa. 13 June 2002.</ref> Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.<ref>Thomson, Alistair (22 October 2004). "Africa plans new Congo generator, seeks investment". Reuters.</ref> Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.<ref>Vasagar, Jeevan (25 February 2005). "Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.<ref>"Landmark Agreement to Satisfy Regional Power Needs". All Africa. 8 September 2005.</ref> RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.<ref name=":0">"GCR - News - DR Congo's Inga 3 dam to double in size to 12GW". globalconstructionreview.com. 13 July 2017. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.</ref><ref name=":0" /> E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.<ref>"Inga 3: An Exclusive Development Deal for Chinese and European companies". International Rivers. 17 October 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2020.</ref> So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,<ref>Emmalogo555 (5 November 2019). "Construction of US$14bn Grand Inga dam in Congo on track". Construction Review Online. Retrieved 31 January 2020</ref> tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.<ref>"DRC's giant Inga III dam: Spanish firm ACS throws in the towel". The Africa Report.com. 24 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.</ref> === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.<ref>Ansar, Atif; Flyvbjerg, Bent; Budzier, Alexander; Lunn, Daniel (10 March 2014). "Should We Build More Large Dams? The Actual Costs of Hydropower Megaproject Development". Papers.ssrn.com. SSRN 2406852.</ref> Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.<ref>"IRIN Africa | SOUTHERN AFRICA: New plant to bring regional power on stream | SOUTHERN AFRICA | Economy | Environment | Other". Irinnews.org. 14 November 2003. Archived from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 15 September 2013.</ref><ref>"businessinafrica.net". businessinafrica.net. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2013.</ref> E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.<ref>"DR Congo: Power Output Keeps Rising but Key Issues Remain". Bankable.Africa. 2 April 2025. Retrieved 3 September 2025.</ref> E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.[48][49] E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[40] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.<ref>Hammons, T.J.; Blyden, B.K.; Calitz, A.C.; Gulstone, A.B.; Isekemanga, E.; Johnstone, R.; Paluku, K.; Simang, N.-N.; Taher, F. (2000). "African electricity infrastructure interconnections and electricity exchanges". IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 15 (4): 470–480. Bibcode:2000ITEnC..15..470H. doi:10.1109/60.900510.</ref><ref>Hammons, T. J.; Taher, F.; Gulstone, A. B.; Blyden, B. K.; Johnston, R.; Isekemanga, E.; Paluku, K.; Calitz, A. C.; Simanga, N. N. (January 1997). "SciTech Connect". IEEE Power Engineering Review. 17 (1). doi:10.1109/MPER.1997.594920. OSTI 479422. S2CID 46233141.</ref> Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.<ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond – Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</ref><ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond - Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site | Claverton Group". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2015</ref> Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.<ref>"World Bank approves funds to study Congo's Inga dam". Reuters. 20 March 2014. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == mrkab9qdghvigqd1ns8gb1aserzqewk 174309 174308 2026-06-18T19:47:08Z Nnamadee 11577 174309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.<ref>"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.</ref> E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.<ref>Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.</ref> Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.<ref>"MagEnergy Concludes Inga II Rehabilitation Agreement". Marketwire. 31 May 2005.</ref> Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.<ref>"MagEnergy Announces Start of Inga II Hydroelectric Plant Work Program". Marketwire. 1 May 2006.</ref> Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.<ref>"MagEnergy nears completion of unit rehab at DR Congo's 1,424-MW Inga 2". Hydroworld.com. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.</ref> Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.<ref>"Everyone Plugs into Inga". Africa Energy Intelligence. 11 February 2009.</ref> Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.<ref>Jean Marie Takouleu (25 August 2021). "DRC: Inga II hydroelectric plant to power Kamoa-Kakula copper mine". Afrik21.africa. Paris, France. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</ref> == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.<ref>Mbeki, Thabo (20 July 1999). "Podium: The globalization of Africa". The Independent. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.<ref>Hale, Briony (17 October 2002). "Africa's grand power exporting plans". BBC News. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.<ref>"Hard Talk, Charm Carries the Day for NEPAD". All Africa. 13 June 2002.</ref> Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.<ref>Thomson, Alistair (22 October 2004). "Africa plans new Congo generator, seeks investment". Reuters.</ref> Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.<ref>Vasagar, Jeevan (25 February 2005). "Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.<ref>"Landmark Agreement to Satisfy Regional Power Needs". All Africa. 8 September 2005.</ref> RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.<ref name=":0">"GCR - News - DR Congo's Inga 3 dam to double in size to 12GW". globalconstructionreview.com. 13 July 2017. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.</ref><ref name=":0" /> E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.<ref>"Inga 3: An Exclusive Development Deal for Chinese and European companies". International Rivers. 17 October 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2020.</ref> So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,<ref>Emmalogo555 (5 November 2019). "Construction of US$14bn Grand Inga dam in Congo on track". Construction Review Online. Retrieved 31 January 2020</ref> tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.<ref>"DRC's giant Inga III dam: Spanish firm ACS throws in the towel". The Africa Report.com. 24 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.</ref> === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.<ref>Ansar, Atif; Flyvbjerg, Bent; Budzier, Alexander; Lunn, Daniel (10 March 2014). "Should We Build More Large Dams? The Actual Costs of Hydropower Megaproject Development". Papers.ssrn.com. SSRN 2406852.</ref> Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.<ref>"IRIN Africa | SOUTHERN AFRICA: New plant to bring regional power on stream | SOUTHERN AFRICA | Economy | Environment | Other". Irinnews.org. 14 November 2003. Archived from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 15 September 2013.</ref><ref>"businessinafrica.net". businessinafrica.net. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2013.</ref> E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.<ref>"DR Congo: Power Output Keeps Rising but Key Issues Remain". Bankable.Africa. 2 April 2025. Retrieved 3 September 2025.</ref> E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.<ref>The Grand Inga Dam</ref> E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[40] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.<ref>Hammons, T.J.; Blyden, B.K.; Calitz, A.C.; Gulstone, A.B.; Isekemanga, E.; Johnstone, R.; Paluku, K.; Simang, N.-N.; Taher, F. (2000). "African electricity infrastructure interconnections and electricity exchanges". IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 15 (4): 470–480. Bibcode:2000ITEnC..15..470H. doi:10.1109/60.900510.</ref><ref>Hammons, T. J.; Taher, F.; Gulstone, A. B.; Blyden, B. K.; Johnston, R.; Isekemanga, E.; Paluku, K.; Calitz, A. C.; Simanga, N. N. (January 1997). "SciTech Connect". IEEE Power Engineering Review. 17 (1). doi:10.1109/MPER.1997.594920. OSTI 479422. S2CID 46233141.</ref> Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.<ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond – Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</ref><ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond - Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site | Claverton Group". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2015</ref> Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.<ref>"World Bank approves funds to study Congo's Inga dam". Reuters. 20 March 2014. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == nyuiwvmbypr7twqm2m6509h613wxeqr 174310 174309 2026-06-18T19:47:55Z Nnamadee 11577 174310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.<ref>"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.</ref> E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.<ref>Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.</ref> Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.<ref>"MagEnergy Concludes Inga II Rehabilitation Agreement". Marketwire. 31 May 2005.</ref> Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.<ref>"MagEnergy Announces Start of Inga II Hydroelectric Plant Work Program". Marketwire. 1 May 2006.</ref> Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.<ref>"MagEnergy nears completion of unit rehab at DR Congo's 1,424-MW Inga 2". Hydroworld.com. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.</ref> Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.<ref>"Everyone Plugs into Inga". Africa Energy Intelligence. 11 February 2009.</ref> Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.<ref>Jean Marie Takouleu (25 August 2021). "DRC: Inga II hydroelectric plant to power Kamoa-Kakula copper mine". Afrik21.africa. Paris, France. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</ref> == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.<ref>Mbeki, Thabo (20 July 1999). "Podium: The globalization of Africa". The Independent. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.<ref>Hale, Briony (17 October 2002). "Africa's grand power exporting plans". BBC News. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.<ref>"Hard Talk, Charm Carries the Day for NEPAD". All Africa. 13 June 2002.</ref> Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.<ref>Thomson, Alistair (22 October 2004). "Africa plans new Congo generator, seeks investment". Reuters.</ref> Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.<ref>Vasagar, Jeevan (25 February 2005). "Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.<ref>"Landmark Agreement to Satisfy Regional Power Needs". All Africa. 8 September 2005.</ref> RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.<ref name=":0">"GCR - News - DR Congo's Inga 3 dam to double in size to 12GW". globalconstructionreview.com. 13 July 2017. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.</ref><ref name=":0" /> E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.<ref>"Inga 3: An Exclusive Development Deal for Chinese and European companies". International Rivers. 17 October 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2020.</ref> So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,<ref>Emmalogo555 (5 November 2019). "Construction of US$14bn Grand Inga dam in Congo on track". Construction Review Online. Retrieved 31 January 2020</ref> tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.<ref>"DRC's giant Inga III dam: Spanish firm ACS throws in the towel". The Africa Report.com. 24 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.</ref> === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.<ref>Ansar, Atif; Flyvbjerg, Bent; Budzier, Alexander; Lunn, Daniel (10 March 2014). "Should We Build More Large Dams? The Actual Costs of Hydropower Megaproject Development". Papers.ssrn.com. SSRN 2406852.</ref> Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.<ref>"IRIN Africa | SOUTHERN AFRICA: New plant to bring regional power on stream | SOUTHERN AFRICA | Economy | Environment | Other". Irinnews.org. 14 November 2003. Archived from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 15 September 2013.</ref><ref>"businessinafrica.net". businessinafrica.net. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2013.</ref> E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.<ref>"DR Congo: Power Output Keeps Rising but Key Issues Remain". Bankable.Africa. 2 April 2025. Retrieved 3 September 2025.</ref> E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.<ref>The Grand Inga Dam</ref><ref>Hill, Matthew; Wilson, Tom (7 May 2016). "DR Congo moves to build $100 billion Grand Inga dam, to pick phase-1 contractor by August". mgafrica.com. Mail & Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2016.</ref> E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.[40] Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.<ref>Hammons, T.J.; Blyden, B.K.; Calitz, A.C.; Gulstone, A.B.; Isekemanga, E.; Johnstone, R.; Paluku, K.; Simang, N.-N.; Taher, F. (2000). "African electricity infrastructure interconnections and electricity exchanges". IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 15 (4): 470–480. Bibcode:2000ITEnC..15..470H. doi:10.1109/60.900510.</ref><ref>Hammons, T. J.; Taher, F.; Gulstone, A. B.; Blyden, B. K.; Johnston, R.; Isekemanga, E.; Paluku, K.; Calitz, A. C.; Simanga, N. N. (January 1997). "SciTech Connect". IEEE Power Engineering Review. 17 (1). doi:10.1109/MPER.1997.594920. OSTI 479422. S2CID 46233141.</ref> Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.<ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond – Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</ref><ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond - Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site | Claverton Group". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2015</ref> Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.<ref>"World Bank approves funds to study Congo's Inga dam". Reuters. 20 March 2014. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == 64otxeixy0jnd9i7vqm8qoj3wglfdwl 174311 174310 2026-06-18T19:48:46Z Nnamadee 11577 174311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.<ref>"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.</ref> E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.<ref>Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.</ref> Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.<ref>"MagEnergy Concludes Inga II Rehabilitation Agreement". Marketwire. 31 May 2005.</ref> Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.<ref>"MagEnergy Announces Start of Inga II Hydroelectric Plant Work Program". Marketwire. 1 May 2006.</ref> Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.<ref>"MagEnergy nears completion of unit rehab at DR Congo's 1,424-MW Inga 2". Hydroworld.com. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.</ref> Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.<ref>"Everyone Plugs into Inga". Africa Energy Intelligence. 11 February 2009.</ref> Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.<ref>Jean Marie Takouleu (25 August 2021). "DRC: Inga II hydroelectric plant to power Kamoa-Kakula copper mine". Afrik21.africa. Paris, France. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</ref> == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.<ref>Mbeki, Thabo (20 July 1999). "Podium: The globalization of Africa". The Independent. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.<ref>Hale, Briony (17 October 2002). "Africa's grand power exporting plans". BBC News. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.<ref>"Hard Talk, Charm Carries the Day for NEPAD". All Africa. 13 June 2002.</ref> Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.<ref>Thomson, Alistair (22 October 2004). "Africa plans new Congo generator, seeks investment". Reuters.</ref> Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.<ref>Vasagar, Jeevan (25 February 2005). "Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.<ref>"Landmark Agreement to Satisfy Regional Power Needs". All Africa. 8 September 2005.</ref> RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.<ref name=":0">"GCR - News - DR Congo's Inga 3 dam to double in size to 12GW". globalconstructionreview.com. 13 July 2017. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.</ref><ref name=":0" /> E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.<ref>"Inga 3: An Exclusive Development Deal for Chinese and European companies". International Rivers. 17 October 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2020.</ref> So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,<ref>Emmalogo555 (5 November 2019). "Construction of US$14bn Grand Inga dam in Congo on track". Construction Review Online. Retrieved 31 January 2020</ref> tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.<ref>"DRC's giant Inga III dam: Spanish firm ACS throws in the towel". The Africa Report.com. 24 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.</ref> === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.<ref>Ansar, Atif; Flyvbjerg, Bent; Budzier, Alexander; Lunn, Daniel (10 March 2014). "Should We Build More Large Dams? The Actual Costs of Hydropower Megaproject Development". Papers.ssrn.com. SSRN 2406852.</ref> Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.<ref>"IRIN Africa | SOUTHERN AFRICA: New plant to bring regional power on stream | SOUTHERN AFRICA | Economy | Environment | Other". Irinnews.org. 14 November 2003. Archived from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 15 September 2013.</ref><ref>"businessinafrica.net". businessinafrica.net. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2013.</ref> E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.<ref>"DR Congo: Power Output Keeps Rising but Key Issues Remain". Bankable.Africa. 2 April 2025. Retrieved 3 September 2025.</ref> E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.<ref>The Grand Inga Dam</ref><ref>Hill, Matthew; Wilson, Tom (7 May 2016). "DR Congo moves to build $100 billion Grand Inga dam, to pick phase-1 contractor by August". mgafrica.com. Mail & Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2016.</ref> E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.[50][51] Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.<ref>"GCR - News - DR Congo's Inga 3 dam to double in size to 12GW". globalconstructionreview.com. 13 July 2017. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.</ref> Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.<ref>Hammons, T.J.; Blyden, B.K.; Calitz, A.C.; Gulstone, A.B.; Isekemanga, E.; Johnstone, R.; Paluku, K.; Simang, N.-N.; Taher, F. (2000). "African electricity infrastructure interconnections and electricity exchanges". IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 15 (4): 470–480. Bibcode:2000ITEnC..15..470H. doi:10.1109/60.900510.</ref><ref>Hammons, T. J.; Taher, F.; Gulstone, A. B.; Blyden, B. K.; Johnston, R.; Isekemanga, E.; Paluku, K.; Calitz, A. C.; Simanga, N. N. (January 1997). "SciTech Connect". IEEE Power Engineering Review. 17 (1). doi:10.1109/MPER.1997.594920. OSTI 479422. S2CID 46233141.</ref> Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.<ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond – Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</ref><ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond - Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site | Claverton Group". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2015</ref> Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.<ref>"World Bank approves funds to study Congo's Inga dam". Reuters. 20 March 2014. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == 70x78wdcz86uji6vom377d9opjr8adn 174312 174311 2026-06-18T19:51:02Z Nnamadee 11577 174312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.<ref>"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.</ref> E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.<ref>Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.</ref> Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.<ref>"MagEnergy Concludes Inga II Rehabilitation Agreement". Marketwire. 31 May 2005.</ref> Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.<ref>"MagEnergy Announces Start of Inga II Hydroelectric Plant Work Program". Marketwire. 1 May 2006.</ref> Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.<ref>"MagEnergy nears completion of unit rehab at DR Congo's 1,424-MW Inga 2". Hydroworld.com. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.</ref> Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.<ref>"Everyone Plugs into Inga". Africa Energy Intelligence. 11 February 2009.</ref> Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.<ref>Jean Marie Takouleu (25 August 2021). "DRC: Inga II hydroelectric plant to power Kamoa-Kakula copper mine". Afrik21.africa. Paris, France. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</ref> == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.<ref>Mbeki, Thabo (20 July 1999). "Podium: The globalization of Africa". The Independent. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.<ref>Hale, Briony (17 October 2002). "Africa's grand power exporting plans". BBC News. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.<ref>"Hard Talk, Charm Carries the Day for NEPAD". All Africa. 13 June 2002.</ref> Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.<ref>Thomson, Alistair (22 October 2004). "Africa plans new Congo generator, seeks investment". Reuters.</ref> Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.<ref>Vasagar, Jeevan (25 February 2005). "Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.<ref>"Landmark Agreement to Satisfy Regional Power Needs". All Africa. 8 September 2005.</ref> RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.<ref name=":0">"GCR - News - DR Congo's Inga 3 dam to double in size to 12GW". globalconstructionreview.com. 13 July 2017. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.</ref><ref name=":0" /> E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.<ref>"Inga 3: An Exclusive Development Deal for Chinese and European companies". International Rivers. 17 October 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2020.</ref> So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,<ref>Emmalogo555 (5 November 2019). "Construction of US$14bn Grand Inga dam in Congo on track". Construction Review Online. Retrieved 31 January 2020</ref> tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.<ref>"DRC's giant Inga III dam: Spanish firm ACS throws in the towel". The Africa Report.com. 24 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.</ref> === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.<ref>Ansar, Atif; Flyvbjerg, Bent; Budzier, Alexander; Lunn, Daniel (10 March 2014). "Should We Build More Large Dams? The Actual Costs of Hydropower Megaproject Development". Papers.ssrn.com. SSRN 2406852.</ref> Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.<ref>"IRIN Africa | SOUTHERN AFRICA: New plant to bring regional power on stream | SOUTHERN AFRICA | Economy | Environment | Other". Irinnews.org. 14 November 2003. Archived from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 15 September 2013.</ref><ref>"businessinafrica.net". businessinafrica.net. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2013.</ref> E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.<ref>"DR Congo: Power Output Keeps Rising but Key Issues Remain". Bankable.Africa. 2 April 2025. Retrieved 3 September 2025.</ref> E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.<ref>The Grand Inga Dam</ref><ref>Hill, Matthew; Wilson, Tom (7 May 2016). "DR Congo moves to build $100 billion Grand Inga dam, to pick phase-1 contractor by August". mgafrica.com. Mail & Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2016.</ref> E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.<ref>John, Vidal (28 May 2016). "Construction of world's largest dam in DR Congo could begin within months". theguardian.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2016.</ref> Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.<ref>"GCR - News - DR Congo's Inga 3 dam to double in size to 12GW". globalconstructionreview.com. 13 July 2017. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.</ref> Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.<ref>Hammons, T.J.; Blyden, B.K.; Calitz, A.C.; Gulstone, A.B.; Isekemanga, E.; Johnstone, R.; Paluku, K.; Simang, N.-N.; Taher, F. (2000). "African electricity infrastructure interconnections and electricity exchanges". IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 15 (4): 470–480. Bibcode:2000ITEnC..15..470H. doi:10.1109/60.900510.</ref><ref>Hammons, T. J.; Taher, F.; Gulstone, A. B.; Blyden, B. K.; Johnston, R.; Isekemanga, E.; Paluku, K.; Calitz, A. C.; Simanga, N. N. (January 1997). "SciTech Connect". IEEE Power Engineering Review. 17 (1). doi:10.1109/MPER.1997.594920. OSTI 479422. S2CID 46233141.</ref> Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.<ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond – Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</ref><ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond - Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site | Claverton Group". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2015</ref> Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.<ref>"World Bank approves funds to study Congo's Inga dam". Reuters. 20 March 2014. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == ayjqqjztirexx74hg8g24gos5n5oz2i 174313 174312 2026-06-18T19:52:02Z Nnamadee 11577 174313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.<ref>"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.</ref> E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.<ref>Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.</ref> Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.<ref>"MagEnergy Concludes Inga II Rehabilitation Agreement". Marketwire. 31 May 2005.</ref> Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.<ref>"MagEnergy Announces Start of Inga II Hydroelectric Plant Work Program". Marketwire. 1 May 2006.</ref> Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.<ref>"MagEnergy nears completion of unit rehab at DR Congo's 1,424-MW Inga 2". Hydroworld.com. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.</ref> Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.<ref>"Everyone Plugs into Inga". Africa Energy Intelligence. 11 February 2009.</ref> Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.<ref>Jean Marie Takouleu (25 August 2021). "DRC: Inga II hydroelectric plant to power Kamoa-Kakula copper mine". Afrik21.africa. Paris, France. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</ref> == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.<ref>Mbeki, Thabo (20 July 1999). "Podium: The globalization of Africa". The Independent. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.<ref>Hale, Briony (17 October 2002). "Africa's grand power exporting plans". BBC News. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.<ref>"Hard Talk, Charm Carries the Day for NEPAD". All Africa. 13 June 2002.</ref> Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.<ref>Thomson, Alistair (22 October 2004). "Africa plans new Congo generator, seeks investment". Reuters.</ref> Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.<ref>Vasagar, Jeevan (25 February 2005). "Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.<ref>"Landmark Agreement to Satisfy Regional Power Needs". All Africa. 8 September 2005.</ref> RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.<ref name=":0">"GCR - News - DR Congo's Inga 3 dam to double in size to 12GW". globalconstructionreview.com. 13 July 2017. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.</ref><ref name=":0" /> E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.<ref>"Inga 3: An Exclusive Development Deal for Chinese and European companies". International Rivers. 17 October 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2020.</ref> So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,<ref>Emmalogo555 (5 November 2019). "Construction of US$14bn Grand Inga dam in Congo on track". Construction Review Online. Retrieved 31 January 2020</ref> tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.<ref>"DRC's giant Inga III dam: Spanish firm ACS throws in the towel". The Africa Report.com. 24 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.</ref> === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.<ref>Ansar, Atif; Flyvbjerg, Bent; Budzier, Alexander; Lunn, Daniel (10 March 2014). "Should We Build More Large Dams? The Actual Costs of Hydropower Megaproject Development". Papers.ssrn.com. SSRN 2406852.</ref> Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.<ref>"IRIN Africa | SOUTHERN AFRICA: New plant to bring regional power on stream | SOUTHERN AFRICA | Economy | Environment | Other". Irinnews.org. 14 November 2003. Archived from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 15 September 2013.</ref><ref>"businessinafrica.net". businessinafrica.net. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2013.</ref> E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.<ref>"DR Congo: Power Output Keeps Rising but Key Issues Remain". Bankable.Africa. 2 April 2025. Retrieved 3 September 2025.</ref> E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.<ref>The Grand Inga Dam</ref><ref>Hill, Matthew; Wilson, Tom (7 May 2016). "DR Congo moves to build $100 billion Grand Inga dam, to pick phase-1 contractor by August". mgafrica.com. Mail & Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2016.</ref> E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.<ref>John, Vidal (28 May 2016). "Construction of world's largest dam in DR Congo could begin within months". theguardian.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2016.</ref><ref>Tim, Cashion (23 June 2016). "A grand plan to electrify Congo and Africa". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2016.</ref> Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.<ref>"GCR - News - DR Congo's Inga 3 dam to double in size to 12GW". globalconstructionreview.com. 13 July 2017. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.</ref> Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.[52] Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.<ref>Hammons, T.J.; Blyden, B.K.; Calitz, A.C.; Gulstone, A.B.; Isekemanga, E.; Johnstone, R.; Paluku, K.; Simang, N.-N.; Taher, F. (2000). "African electricity infrastructure interconnections and electricity exchanges". IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 15 (4): 470–480. Bibcode:2000ITEnC..15..470H. doi:10.1109/60.900510.</ref><ref>Hammons, T. J.; Taher, F.; Gulstone, A. B.; Blyden, B. K.; Johnston, R.; Isekemanga, E.; Paluku, K.; Calitz, A. C.; Simanga, N. N. (January 1997). "SciTech Connect". IEEE Power Engineering Review. 17 (1). doi:10.1109/MPER.1997.594920. OSTI 479422. S2CID 46233141.</ref> Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.<ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond – Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</ref><ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond - Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site | Claverton Group". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2015</ref> Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.<ref>"World Bank approves funds to study Congo's Inga dam". Reuters. 20 March 2014. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == ki4ldgtmyx71w4327wd8024qizupa4g 174314 174313 2026-06-18T19:52:57Z Nnamadee 11577 174314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.<ref>"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.</ref> E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.<ref>Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.</ref> Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.<ref>"MagEnergy Concludes Inga II Rehabilitation Agreement". Marketwire. 31 May 2005.</ref> Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.<ref>"MagEnergy Announces Start of Inga II Hydroelectric Plant Work Program". Marketwire. 1 May 2006.</ref> Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.<ref>"MagEnergy nears completion of unit rehab at DR Congo's 1,424-MW Inga 2". Hydroworld.com. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.</ref> Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.<ref>"Everyone Plugs into Inga". Africa Energy Intelligence. 11 February 2009.</ref> Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.<ref>Jean Marie Takouleu (25 August 2021). "DRC: Inga II hydroelectric plant to power Kamoa-Kakula copper mine". Afrik21.africa. Paris, France. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</ref> == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.<ref>Mbeki, Thabo (20 July 1999). "Podium: The globalization of Africa". The Independent. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.<ref>Hale, Briony (17 October 2002). "Africa's grand power exporting plans". BBC News. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.<ref>"Hard Talk, Charm Carries the Day for NEPAD". All Africa. 13 June 2002.</ref> Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.<ref>Thomson, Alistair (22 October 2004). "Africa plans new Congo generator, seeks investment". Reuters.</ref> Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.<ref>Vasagar, Jeevan (25 February 2005). "Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.<ref>"Landmark Agreement to Satisfy Regional Power Needs". All Africa. 8 September 2005.</ref> RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.<ref name=":0">"GCR - News - DR Congo's Inga 3 dam to double in size to 12GW". globalconstructionreview.com. 13 July 2017. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.</ref><ref name=":0" /> E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.<ref>"Inga 3: An Exclusive Development Deal for Chinese and European companies". International Rivers. 17 October 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2020.</ref> So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,<ref>Emmalogo555 (5 November 2019). "Construction of US$14bn Grand Inga dam in Congo on track". Construction Review Online. Retrieved 31 January 2020</ref> tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.<ref>"DRC's giant Inga III dam: Spanish firm ACS throws in the towel". The Africa Report.com. 24 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.</ref> === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.<ref>Ansar, Atif; Flyvbjerg, Bent; Budzier, Alexander; Lunn, Daniel (10 March 2014). "Should We Build More Large Dams? The Actual Costs of Hydropower Megaproject Development". Papers.ssrn.com. SSRN 2406852.</ref> Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.<ref>"IRIN Africa | SOUTHERN AFRICA: New plant to bring regional power on stream | SOUTHERN AFRICA | Economy | Environment | Other". Irinnews.org. 14 November 2003. Archived from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 15 September 2013.</ref><ref>"businessinafrica.net". businessinafrica.net. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2013.</ref> E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.<ref>"DR Congo: Power Output Keeps Rising but Key Issues Remain". Bankable.Africa. 2 April 2025. Retrieved 3 September 2025.</ref> E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.<ref>The Grand Inga Dam</ref><ref>Hill, Matthew; Wilson, Tom (7 May 2016). "DR Congo moves to build $100 billion Grand Inga dam, to pick phase-1 contractor by August". mgafrica.com. Mail & Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2016.</ref> E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.<ref>John, Vidal (28 May 2016). "Construction of world's largest dam in DR Congo could begin within months". theguardian.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2016.</ref><ref>Tim, Cashion (23 June 2016). "A grand plan to electrify Congo and Africa". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2016.</ref> Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.<ref>"GCR - News - DR Congo's Inga 3 dam to double in size to 12GW". globalconstructionreview.com. 13 July 2017. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.</ref> Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.<ref>"World Bank suspends funding for DR Congo's Inga 3 power project". africanews.com. Africanews. 26 July 2016. Archived from the original on 27 July 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2016.</ref> Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.[53][54] == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.<ref>Hammons, T.J.; Blyden, B.K.; Calitz, A.C.; Gulstone, A.B.; Isekemanga, E.; Johnstone, R.; Paluku, K.; Simang, N.-N.; Taher, F. (2000). "African electricity infrastructure interconnections and electricity exchanges". IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 15 (4): 470–480. Bibcode:2000ITEnC..15..470H. doi:10.1109/60.900510.</ref><ref>Hammons, T. J.; Taher, F.; Gulstone, A. B.; Blyden, B. K.; Johnston, R.; Isekemanga, E.; Paluku, K.; Calitz, A. C.; Simanga, N. N. (January 1997). "SciTech Connect". IEEE Power Engineering Review. 17 (1). doi:10.1109/MPER.1997.594920. OSTI 479422. S2CID 46233141.</ref> Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.<ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond – Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</ref><ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond - Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site | Claverton Group". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2015</ref> Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.<ref>"World Bank approves funds to study Congo's Inga dam". Reuters. 20 March 2014. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == rccx9rb68w1zcnzjad8jdpacaqzkw1i 174315 174314 2026-06-18T19:55:19Z Nnamadee 11577 174315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraasuuji Inga''' (e Farayse : Barrages d'Inga ; Holanndee : Ingadam ) ko baraasuuji ɗiɗi kuutorteeɗi e ndiyam, jokkondirɗi e gooto e ɓulli ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, hono ɓulli Inga. Ɓe ngoni ko e hirnaange leydi Konngo, 140 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Kinshasa. Faandaare Inga to maayo Konngo ko fedde ɓuuɓnde (walla katarakt) dow faandaare Livingstone e Pool Malebo. Konngo ina fadi ~96 meeteer (315 ft) e nder ndeeɗoo set katarakt. Hakindo ɓuuɓol maayo Konngo to Inga Falls ko ~42 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1 500 000 cu ft/s). E tuugnaade e ngool ɓuuɓol e ɓuuɓol 96 meeter, ɓuuɓol Inga tan ina jogii mbaawka dañde ~39,6 gigawatt (53 100 000 hp) semmbe mekanik e semmbe kuuraa fotde ko ina wona. Inga Falls woni hannde nokku ɗo kuutorɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe kuutorteeɗe e ndiyam, ina ƴeewtee ngam mahde kuutorɗe ndiyam ɓurɗe mawnude, anndiraaɗe Grand Inga. Eɓɓaande Grand Inga ndee, so joofnaama, maa won nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam. Ko woni eɓɓaande ndee hannde ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade tolno nguleeki ~26 400 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala e hoore ~150 meeteer ; ɗum noon ina foti e mbaawka peewnugol ~38,9 GW. Ndeeɗoo ƴulɓe kuuraa ndiyam maa ɓur laabi ɗiɗi ƴulɓe winndere ndee hannde, woni baraas Three Gorges to maayo Yangtze to Siin. Grand Inga ko eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam "run-of-the-river" ɗo ko ɓuuɓol tokosol tan sosetee ngam wallitde doole ɓuuɓol maayo ngoo. Ɗum noon ko mbele hoore netto ngam turbineeji ndiyam ina waawa ɓadtaade 150 meeter. == Tariya == Laamu koloñaal Belsik ina miijinoo fuɗɗoraade ko wiyetee "The Inga Scheme" e ñalnde aset dekolonisaasiyoŋ e hitaande 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Problems of the Congo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society|date=4 June 1959}}</ref> Inga I timminaama e hitaande 1972, Inga II timminaama e hitaande 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|title=Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?|first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga|publisher=International Policy Digest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> === Janngude ko yaawi === Pottital ndiyam maayo Konngo anndaama gila law, e sahaa nde njiimaandi koloñaal ina yaaji e Afrik, maayooji ina puɗɗii huutoreede ngam heɓde kuuraa. Ciimtol gootol gadanol ko fayti e ngalɗoo baawngal ari ko e laawol wiɗto leydi Amerik e hitaande 1921 ; ko ɓe njiyti koo hollitii wonde Basin Konngo e nder mum fof ina jogii « ko ɓuri nayaɓal doole ndiyam potɗe huutoreede e winndere ndee ». Wonande nokku Inga Falls oo teeŋti noon, ɗum teeŋtinaama duuɓi nay tan caggal ɗuum, ko soldaat Belsiknaajo, ganndo hiisiwal, jom ngalu biyeteeɗo Kolonel Van Deuren. O jokki golle wiɗtooji e saraaji Inga Falls, e nder kitaale 1920 e 1930 won dille feewde e ɓeydaade wiɗtude mbaawka nokku oo e fedde Syneba (1929–1939), kono tan puɗɗagol wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere e fusde Syneba waɗii yahrude yeeso e nokku hee ko juuti.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> Atlantropa, ko peeje ngam hawrude e Orop e Afrik ɗe Herman Soergel miijii e kitaale 1920, ina heen eɓɓaande ngam daɗndude maayo Konngo. E nder ngool peeje, ndiyam ɗam huutortenoo ko ngam ustude jeereende Afrik worgo, e heɓde 22,5 haa 45 gigawatt doole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Feere Belsik === Hay so tawii ŋakkeende yahrude yeeso e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere e caggal mum, mbaawkaaji tantalizing ɗi Inga Falls rokki ɗii ina keddii e hakkillaaji innjiniyankooɓe. Deftere 1954 wiyeteende Engineers’ Dreams limtii eɓɓooje keewɗe mawɗe baawɗe waɗeede e nder miijo (ina jeyaa heen Tunnel Channel garoowo), ɓurɗo mawnude heen ko baraas Inga baawɗo sosde maayo yaajngo haa e nder jeereende Sahara.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=New Sources of Power|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Ko adii nde Konngo heɓata jeytaare mum, Belsiknaaɓe ina njoginoo haa jooni yaakaare mahde eɓɓaande mawnde ngam ƴellitde Inga ngam heɓde kuuraa e nder gollorɗe teeŋtuɗe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo|date=28 September 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Ina jeyaa e ɗeen gollorɗe yeewtaaɗe, "aluminium, ferro-alloys, njuɓɓudi mbaylaandi, kaayitaaji, e njuɓɓudi seerndude isotopeeji."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=March 1958|title=More Power Lights "Darkest Africa"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Yiyngo maɓɓe, ko famɗi fof e yeeso yimɓe, ina tiiɗi, tawi laamu gooto ina renndini ƴellitaare gollorɗe potɗe waɗeede e nder Konngo e Ruhr Almaañ.<ref name="Pop" /> Wonno ko jokkondiral Amerik teeŋtungal e eɓɓaande ndee e mbaadi Clarence E. Blee, gooto e jananɓe joy wonɓe e wiɗto yimɓe 10 e nokku Inga e hitaande 1957 e mawɗo innde innde Amerik e ƴellitaare kuuraa e gollorɗe fedde nde, hono Tennessee Valley Authority.<ref name="Pop" /> Ngolɗoo wiɗto maa jogo darnde mawnde e waawde faamnude laamuuji Belsik ngam waɗde baraas Inga e golle. Feere Inga, nde loowdi mum haali wonde ina waɗi « limlebbi kuutorɗe e baraasuuji », ko kañum woni sabaabu nde Kabinee Belsik ƴetti ñalnde 13 noowammbar 1957, tawi fedde ina foti soseede ngam yuurnitaade no kuutoragol kuuraa eɓɓaande ndee waawirta huutoreede e no nde jogori huutoreede ngam heɓde kaalis. Feere Kabine ndee ina fotnoo yoɓde e oon sahaa 3,16 miliyaar dolaar Amerik, ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum addan 25 000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Plan Approved|date=14 November 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Ciimtol ummoraade e darorɗe lewru abriil 1958 hollitii wonde golle njulaagu ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hakkunde hitaande, tawi ko hitaande 1964/1965 woni hitaande potnde addude daawal gadanal ngal haa timma. Peeje ɗee noddii daawal tati mahngo, fuɗɗoraade e 1 500 MW e coggu 320 miliyoŋ dolaar, caggal ɗuum laabi ɗiɗi oon mbaawka, haa jooni 25 000 MW jaɓaaɗe e fuɗɗoode. Ƴellitaare gollorɗe maa yahru yeeso e daawal, tawa ina wallita e coggu puɗɗagol 0,002 dolaar e kwh, peewnugol 500 000 ton aluminium e mahngo liggorde adannde ndee, e batte mum, faandaare peewnugol timmungol laabi jeegom. Sindikaa winndereejo biyeteeɗo Aluminga, ina waɗi fedde Orop e Amerik worgo, ina yuɓɓina tawo ngam humpitaade ɗum. Kaalis ko huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, haa teeŋti noon nde Belsiknaaɓe paami wonde ɓe mbaawaa timminde hono ndee eɓɓaande tan. Investor en potɓe wonde ɓe jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ina njeyaa heen Banke Adunayankeewo ngam mahngo e ƴellitaare e Banke Orop ngam ƴellitde ngalu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 April 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> E lewru feebariyee 1959 fedde jom jawdi en Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ina heen David Rockefeller njilliima Inga Falls,<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 February 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> hay so tawii noon mahngo ngoo ina jokki e ruttaade caggal e limtooji gadani ɗii, ndeen ina fotnoo waɗeede e hitaande 1961 walla caggal ɗuum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgian Congo Plant Delayed|date=7 April 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Jeytaare Konngo e Belsik momtaani ɗoon e ɗoon nafoore ƴellitaare Inga. Laamu Belsik ina jokki e doolnude eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina kaalda e depiteeji Konngo ngam heɓde jeytaare, tawi ministeer Raymond Scheyven ina ɗaɓɓi sosiyatee gooto hakkunde Konngo e Belsik, ngam wallitde baraas Inga. Ɗuum wonaa miijo tokooso, kono ko eɓɓoore mawnde e nder peeje ƴellitaare Konngo duuɓi joy ɗe o ƴetti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Cautioned on Its Economy|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 February 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Ndeen wasiya ina wayi no heɗaaka, sibu gardiiɗo jaagorɗe keso cuɓaaɗo oo, hono Patrice Lumumba, siifondirii e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi winndereere Konngo, to Wall Street, nanondiral duuɓi capanɗe joyi ngam ƴellitde Konngo ñalnde 22 sulyee 1960, tawi eɓɓaande Inga e peewnugol aluminium jokkondirɗo e mum ina woni e dow doggol ngol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 July 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> PM Lumumba caggal mum woppitii, wiyi wonde nanondiral ngal ko "nanondiral tan e nder doosɗe",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1960|title=CONGO: Where's the War?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022230834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> kono ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, o woppitaama e juuɗe hooreejo konu Mobutu Sese Seko, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. === Inga I e Inga ɗiɗaɓo === Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, e sahaa ŋakkeende deeƴre, murto, e naatgol ONU e feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, ɗum ustaani yaakaare ardiiɓe ɓee e huutoraade doole maayo Konngo. Gila e ɓuuɓri dille Belsik e jiiɓru caggal ɗuum, yalti ko Mobutu Sésé Seko, o heɓti laamu timmungu e hoore makko e lewru noowammbar 1965, o woni hooreejo leydi Konngo doolnuɗo haa e lewru mee 1997. Ko e laamu makko eɓɓaaɗe gadane, haa jooni tan, eɓɓaaɗe generate gila e laamu Fanga mahaa. Inga I woni eɓɓoore adannde addunde haa timma. Janngugol ko feewti e mbaawkaaji wazaama e fedde Itaaliyankoore wiyeteende SICAI e hitaande 1963, nde wasiyii damal ngal wallitde gollorɗe nder leydi tawa ina luurdi e gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e njeeygu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138|url-access=registration}}</ref> Ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu nguu ko laamu nguu, mahngo ngoo waɗi ko tuggi 1968 haa 1972, tawi ko 351 MW tan woni 6 turbineeji.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> Ngalɗoo kuuraa ɓuri huutoreede ko e nokkuuji hoɗɓe e saraaji mum e les mum ; lomto mum ko laaɓtuɗo ngam golle miniraagal to bannge worgo. Inga II woni eɓɓaande ndiyam ɗiɗmere mahaande e nokku hee to fuɗnaange Inga I. Hay so tawii ko turbineeji jeetati tan, nde mahaa ko ngam heɓde 1 424 MW, nde timminii duuɓi sappo timmuɗi caggal Inga I. === Laana kuuraa Inga-Shaba === Ngam jokkondirde mbaawka peewnugol semmbe to Inga e ministeeruuji njamndi e kobalt tawaaɗi saraaji keeri Zambie e nder diiwaan Shaba (Katanga hannde), eɓɓaande hesere fawaade e mahngo laana semmbe ɓurka juutde e jolngo toowngo, tawa ina rewi e renndooji nokkuuji ɗii, ina wayla ɗum e jolngo mbayliigu to nokku mum cakkitiiɗo. Pelle ceertuɗe tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njoginoo ajendaaji faggudu kam e politik ; so tawii jom jawdi en hirnaange e laamu Konngo ina njiɗi wallitde miniraaji Shaba e nder yonta mo coggu njamndi mboɗeeri ɓeydii, laamu nguu ina yiɗi kadi tiiɗtinde doole mum e dow diiwaan fuɗnaange seertuɗo oo, tee Hirnaange ina joginoo nafoore yiyde Konngo ina jokki e tiiɗnaare e nder kampaañ luulndiingo kominist en. Njeeygu eɓɓaande ndee ina ƴeewtee sahaa kala haa dow, haa arti noon e 500 miliyoŋ dolaar ko ɓuri bidsee. Jillondiral pelle keeriiɗe e pelle laamu ndokki ngalu nguu, teeŋti noon e Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, e Banke U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 April 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 April 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> E hitaande 1980, njoɓdi laana ndiwoowa Inga-Shaba ina tolnoo e 24% e ñamaale Konngo, tawi noon, wondude e njulaagu, e njoɓdiiji goɗɗi bonɗi, e ƴettugol kuule bonɗe, addani ɗum en ustude ñamaale e naatgol annduɓe caggal leydi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 January 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Haa hitaande 1999, Konngo ina joginoo haa jooni njoɓdi Banke Ameriknaajo ko ina tolnoo e 900 miliyoŋ dolaar, ɗum noon yoɓooɓe njoɓdi Amerik njoɓaaka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 December 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Nde laana Inga-Shaba ɓadtii timmude e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, binndanɗe keewɗe ndartinii eɓɓaande ndee. Gooto e jaaynde Washington Post hollitii ŋakkeende mum e eɓɓaande Peace Corps jaɓnde ngam moƴƴinde nguura Konngo, o wiyi wonde, "eɓɓaande mawnde ndee, haa jooni, wonti ko elefant daneejo, tawi noon eɓɓoore ndema liɗɗi nde, nde waɗii ko ina wona jooni duuɓi ujunnaaje yimɓe nannduɓe e ɗuum." Gécamines, sosiyatee laamu njulaagu to Shaba mo Belsiknaaɓe sosi e hitaande 1906, joofniri ko haa jooni ko ɓuri heewde e huutoraade kuuraa ndiyam keɓaaɗo e nokku hee, ko noon kadi laana Inga-Shaba tawi ina huutoree e tataɓal tan mbaawka mum. Yanti heen, mbaydi ndii e hoore mum ina ustii sabu leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii kuutoriima njamndi mum ngam haajuuji galleeji keewɗi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Baraaji jooni ɗii == [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Inga dam projects, as of 2006.]] Baraaji ɗiɗi kuutortooɗi ndiyam ɗii, hono Inga I e Inga II, ina ngolloo hannde e ƴellitaare seeɗa. Inga I ina jogii mbaawka 351 MW e Inga II ina jogii 1424 MW.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</ref> Ɓe mahaa ko e laamu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Mobutu Sese Seko, e nder eɓɓaande Inga–Shaba. === Reentaade === RDC ina joginoo caɗeele moƴƴitinde baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi ɗii, ɗi ndartiima, ɗi ngoppitaa ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji gadani ɗii, ko ina tolnoo e 40%, walla ko ɓuri 700 MW seeɗa so hawraama.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru mee 2001, Siemens ina wiyee ina jokkondiri e laamu nguu ngam waɗde jokkondiral miliyaaruuji dolaar, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol e moƴƴitingol jolngo kuuraa RDC, tawa ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol jolngooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii,<ref>"Siemens Plans to Invest $1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.</ref> hay so tawii golle ɗee leeltinaama.<ref>"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.</ref> E cakkital hitaande 2003 wonno kadi ciimtol wonde Banke Adunaajo siifondirii e Siemens nanondiral 450 miliyoŋ dolaar ngam moƴƴinde peccitagol ndiyam e kuuraa e nder leydi RDC, tawi ina jeyaa heen moƴƴitingol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi Inga (ciimtol ngol e oon sahaa ina jogii 30% e mbaawka mum) e laana kuuraa ɗiɗaɓa ummoraade Inga] feewde laamorgo leydi ndii.<ref>Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.</ref> Laaɓaani ko waɗi e ɗeen kontraaji. Seerndi ɗum e lewru mee 2005 sosiyetee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo MagEnergy siifondiri nanondiral e SNEL ngam moƴƴinde yoga e turbineeji Inga II, tawi faandaare mum ko timminde ɗum e hitaande 2009.<ref>"MagEnergy Concludes Inga II Rehabilitation Agreement". Marketwire. 31 May 2005.</ref> Golle goonga ngam moƴƴinde Inga II puɗɗiima haa jooni ñalnde 27 abriil 2006, ko famɗi fof hitaande caggal nde nanondiral gadanal e MagEnergy siynaa.<ref>"MagEnergy Announces Start of Inga II Hydroelectric Plant Work Program". Marketwire. 1 May 2006.</ref> Ndee zoo daawal gadanal, ngal vurnoo wonde ko feewnude turbine gooto 168 MW e golle peewnugol gozze e nder yontere, hollitaama 90% timmaani e lewru abriil 2009, e daawal zii-zo (turbineeji nay gozzi) ina fotnoo 6etde duuvi joyi gozzi.<ref>"MagEnergy nears completion of unit rehab at DR Congo's 1,424-MW Inga 2". Hydroworld.com. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.</ref> Kono tan, sikke ina woodi so tawii laamu nguu ina jaɓi jojjanɗe aadee, e nder ɗuum, sosiyatee Kanadaa biyeteeɗo First Quantum, gollinaama ngam moƴƴinde turbineeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi Inga II.<ref>"Everyone Plugs into Inga". Africa Energy Intelligence. 11 February 2009.</ref> Ngam waɗde feere ndee, SNEL heɓii kaalis ummoraade e Eɓɓaande ƴellitaare luumooji doole diiwaan e nder leydi, nde e hoore mum Banke Adunaajo, Banke Ƴellitaare Afrik, e Banke Oropnaajo ina mballita ɗum.<ref>"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams". International Rivers. Retrieved 19 November 2009.</ref> E lewru ut 2021, ciimtol jaayɗe hollitii wonde Société Nationale d’Électricité (Snel), sosiyetee ngenndiijo kuuraa to leydi Konngo e Ivanhoe Mines Energy RDC, jeyaaɗo e fedde njulaagu Kanadaa, Ivanhoe Mines, nanondirii nde ɗiɗaɓo oo waylata doole ñalnde 18 lewru nduu wakere darnal. Ɗum maa addan 162 megawatt ngam huutoraade lowre njamndi Kamoa-Kakula, sara wuro Kolwezi, to diiwaan Lualaba, to fuɗnaange leydi RDC. Golle ɗee maa mbaɗtu heen moƴƴitinde laana njoorndi toowka Inga–Kolwezi.<ref>Jean Marie Takouleu (25 August 2021). "DRC: Inga II hydroelectric plant to power Kamoa-Kakula copper mine". Afrik21.africa. Paris, France. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</ref> == Peeje yaajnude == [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.]] Ina woodi peeje yaajnude ngam sosde baraas Inga tataɓo, hono Inga III. Eɓɓaaɗe ina kollita wonde so Inga III timmaani, ina waawi dañde 4 500 MW kuuraa. Inga III woni cakkital gollondiral Westcor ngal ina yiɗi jokkondirde e resooji kuuraa e nder leydi Konngo (RDC), Namibi, Angalteer, Bostwana, e Afrik worgo. Banke Adunanke, Banke Afriknaajo ngam Ƴellitaare, Banke Oropnaajo ngam Ngalu, dokkuɓe leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, e sosiyeteeji doole Afrik worgo, kam en fof kollitii yiɗde mum en jokkude eɓɓaande ndee, nde fotnoo yoɓeede ko 80 miliyaar dolaar Amerik. Gooto e wallitooɓe ƴellitaare Inga e yarlitaare ko Afrik worgo. E lewru sulyee 1999, hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo keso cuɓaaɗo, hono Thabo Mbeki, waɗii konngol to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o hollitii ƴellitaare ɓulli Inga ngam ƴellitde semmbeeji ndiyam, ko ɗum yeru ƴellitaare haannde e faggudu Afrik.<ref>Mbeki, Thabo (20 July 1999). "Podium: The globalization of Africa". The Independent. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Wonande Eskom, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore to Afrik worgo, Inga ina yahdi e peeje ɓurɗe yaajde ngam waylude jolngo Afrik jokkondirngo, waɗta ɗum jolngo kuuraa, haa jooni ina rokka Orop e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo.<ref>Hale, Briony (17 October 2002). "Africa's grand power exporting plans". BBC News. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> E hitaande 2002 Inga teskiima e fedde AU ngam ƴellitaare Afrik (NEPAD)[33] e Eskom hollitaama ina wiɗta eɓɓaande Inga nde Eskom e Hydro-Québec ardii eɓɓaande kuutorɗe ngenndiije34. Hono ngool fedde, inniraande « Koridor Doole Hirnaange » (Westcor) yuɓɓinaama haa jooni e lewru feebariyee 2003. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyeteeji joy mawɗi kuutorteeɗi e nder diiwaan hee (Eskom, SNEL, Empresa Nationale de l'Electricité mo Angalteer, eɓɓaande NamPower mo Namibi to $5 miliyaaruuji e mahngo eɓɓaande 44 000 MW dogdu maayo.<ref>"Hard Talk, Charm Carries the Day for NEPAD". All Africa. 13 June 2002.</ref> Memorandum nanondiral hakkunde Westcor siynaama haa jooni ñalnde 22 oktoobar 2004, ngam mahngo Inga III mo 3 400 MW.<ref>Thomson, Alistair (22 October 2004). "Africa plans new Congo generator, seeks investment". Reuters.</ref> Feebariyee garoowo oo, Eskom hollitii peeje kese ngam dogde maayo, fotde 50 miliyaar dolaar.<ref>Vasagar, Jeevan (25 February 2005). "Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</ref> Ndeen lewru suwee 2005 nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Westcor siynaama, rokki kala fedde 20%.<ref>"Landmark Agreement to Satisfy Regional Power Needs". All Africa. 8 September 2005.</ref> RDC feeñii ina woɗɗitoo feere ƴellitaare diiwaan nde Westcor rokki, e lomtaade mahngo Inga III e hoore mum. E lewru suwee 2009 nde udditi bidsee ngam eɓɓaande Inga III fotde miliyaaruuji 7 dolaar, 4320 MW.[39] E ƴattaade Westcor, RDC suɓii ko BHP, anniyanooɗo huutoraade 2 000 MW ngam hoore mum, teeŋti noon e lowre ɓuuɓnde aluminium. E hitaande 2017, eɓɓooje ɗee ko ngam mahde baraas 10–12 GW, ummoraade e 4,8 GW e peeje gadiiɗe ɗee, tawa ina waawi timminde ɗum won e sahaaji caggal hitaande 2024.<ref name=":0">"GCR - News - DR Congo's Inga 3 dam to double in size to 12GW". globalconstructionreview.com. 13 July 2017. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.</ref><ref name=":0" /> E lewru oktoobar 2018, laamu RDC habrii siynude nanondiral e fedde Siin-Espaañ ngam udditde wiɗtooji diisnondiral ngam mahngo baraas Inga III mo 11 000 MW, tawi njoɓdi mum ko 14 miliyaar dolaar. Sosiyeteeji mawɗi e nder fedde nde ko Siin, Sinohydro e ACS Group.<ref>"Inga 3: An Exclusive Development Deal for Chinese and European companies". International Rivers. 17 October 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2020.</ref> So tawii peeje mahngo ngam fasaade III ina kollita wonde ina njokki e laawol e darorɗe hitaande 2019,<ref>Emmalogo555 (5 November 2019). "Construction of US$14bn Grand Inga dam in Congo on track". Construction Review Online. Retrieved 31 January 2020</ref> tergal mawngal potngal wonde e fedde mahngo, fedde Espaañnaare ACS Group, yalti e lewru Yarkomaa 2020, ɗum addi ŋakkeende hoolaare e heddiiɓe e gollodiiɓe Siin e Almaañ.<ref>"DRC's giant Inga III dam: Spanish firm ACS throws in the towel". The Africa Report.com. 24 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.</ref> === Inga mawɗo === Baraas mawɗo Inga oo, so huutoriima ko heewi e doole maayo ngoo, ina waawi dañde fotde 39 000 MW – tee ina ɓeyda no feewi semmbe mo duunde Afrik jogii, tawa ina yoɓee ko ina ɓura 80 miliyaar dolaar. Jokkondirde Inga e laylaytol kuuraa e nder duunde he ngam nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana ɗum en ɓeydaade miliyaaruuji 10 dolaar (hedde 2000), tee ina wona eɓɓaande kuuraa ndiyam ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Ɓeen ñaawooɓe ina mbiya wonde kaalis keewɗo mo eɓɓaande ndee foti huutoraade oo, ina moƴƴi huutoreede e eɓɓaaɗe semmbeeji tokoosi, baawɗe huutoreede e nder nokkuuji, tawa ina moƴƴi e huutoraade haajuuji ɓurɗi heewde e miskineeɓe Afrik. Wiɗto ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford ina wallita e ngool laawol reentaade, sibu hollitii wonde tolno coggu ɓurngu heewde e 245 baraas mawɗo e nder leyɗeele 65 e nder duundeeji jeegom ko 96% e ko yowitii e goonga.<ref>Ansar, Atif; Flyvbjerg, Bent; Budzier, Alexander; Lunn, Daniel (10 March 2014). "Should We Build More Large Dams? The Actual Costs of Hydropower Megaproject Development". Papers.ssrn.com. SSRN 2406852.</ref> Fedde hesere ngam ƴellitaare Afrik, e tawtoreede no feewi sosiyetee ESKOM mo Afrik worgo, hollitii e hitaande 2003 yo fuɗɗo eɓɓaande Grand Inga e hitaande 2010.<ref>"IRIN Africa | SOUTHERN AFRICA: New plant to bring regional power on stream | SOUTHERN AFRICA | Economy | Environment | Other". Irinnews.org. 14 November 2003. Archived from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 15 September 2013.</ref><ref>"businessinafrica.net". businessinafrica.net. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2013.</ref> E mbaadi 39 000 MW, baraas mawɗo Inga oo tan ina waawi yaltinde 250 TWh hitaande kala, walla ko ina tolnoo e 370 TWh hitaande kala wonande nokku oo fof. So en ƴettii yeru, e hitaande 2024, peewnugol kuuraa Konngo ko 13,6 TWh.<ref>"DR Congo: Power Output Keeps Rising but Key Issues Remain". Bankable.Africa. 2 April 2025. Retrieved 3 September 2025.</ref> E hitaande 2005, kuuraa e nder Afrik ko 550 TWh (600 kWh e kala neɗɗo). Eɓɓaande ndee ina ɗaminaa maa yetto 100 miliyaar dolaar Amerik e njoɓdi ƴellitaare.<ref>The Grand Inga Dam</ref><ref>Hill, Matthew; Wilson, Tom (7 May 2016). "DR Congo moves to build $100 billion Grand Inga dam, to pick phase-1 contractor by August". mgafrica.com. Mail & Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2016.</ref> E lewru mee 2016 mahdi ndii wayi ko no fuɗɗotoo ko e nder lebbi keewɗi.<ref>John, Vidal (28 May 2016). "Construction of world's largest dam in DR Congo could begin within months". theguardian.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2016.</ref><ref>Tim, Cashion (23 June 2016). "A grand plan to electrify Congo and Africa". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2016.</ref> Kono e lewru sulyee 2016 Banke Adunanke itti kaalis mum caggal luural eɓɓaande ndee hay so tawii nanondiral coodguuli doole ummoraade e Afrik worgo e sosiyeteeji miniraaji.<ref>"GCR - News - DR Congo's Inga 3 dam to double in size to 12GW". globalconstructionreview.com. 13 July 2017. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.</ref> Dokkal daawal gadanal ngal ina foti tolnaade e 73,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.<ref>"World Bank suspends funding for DR Congo's Inga 3 power project". africanews.com. Africanews. 26 July 2016. Archived from the original on 27 July 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2016.</ref> Won e ƴeewooɓe ina cikki eɓɓaande ndee, ina ciftina wonde nde ina heewi njoɓdi e nder leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni njulaagu nguu, tawi noon ko huunde nde alaa ko nafata e yimɓe ɓee.<ref>Tom, Nevin (13 May 2016). "Congo's Grand Inga plan faces a watershed". bdlive.co.za. Times Media. Archived from the original on 14 May 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2016</ref> == Feere semmbe kuuraa Afrik == Afrik ina sooda semmbe kuuraa seeɗa no feewi e kala neɗɗo so en ƴeewtindiima ɗum e diiwanuuji goɗɗi e winndere ndee. Eɓɓaaɗe ko wayi no baraas mawɗo Inga, baawɗo yaltinde 43,5 GW, ina mbaawi wallitde safrude ŋakkeende kuuraa Afrik. E hitaande 2005, Afrik worgo e Afrik worgo peewnii 70% e 550 TWh (63 GW) kuuraa mo duunde ndee yaltini. Afrik worgo : 230 TWh hitaande kala. / 26,2 GW (4500 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 513 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo : 150 TWh hitaande kala. / 17,1 GW (1000 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo /114 W e kala neɗɗo) Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina heen) : 170 TWh p.a. / 19,4 GW (250 kWh hitaande kala e kala neɗɗo / 29 W e kala neɗɗo) Ina sikkaa wonde baraas mawɗo biyeteeɗo Grand Inga ina waawi yaltinde kuuraa haa heewi e duunde ndee kala. Ko noon ne kadi ko adii kitaale 1990.<ref>Hammons, T.J.; Blyden, B.K.; Calitz, A.C.; Gulstone, A.B.; Isekemanga, E.; Johnstone, R.; Paluku, K.; Simang, N.-N.; Taher, F. (2000). "African electricity infrastructure interconnections and electricity exchanges". IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 15 (4): 470–480. Bibcode:2000ITEnC..15..470H. doi:10.1109/60.900510.</ref><ref>Hammons, T. J.; Taher, F.; Gulstone, A. B.; Blyden, B. K.; Johnston, R.; Isekemanga, E.; Paluku, K.; Calitz, A. C.; Simanga, N. N. (January 1997). "SciTech Connect". IEEE Power Engineering Review. 17 (1). doi:10.1109/MPER.1997.594920. OSTI 479422. S2CID 46233141.</ref> Duunde ndee ina jogii ɓeydagol faggudu e yimɓe hitaande kala, fotde 5% e 2,5%. E hitaande 2005, kuutoragol kuuraa ko 600 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 910 miliyoŋ afriknaajo. Diiwaan mo ŋakkeende semmbe mum duumii ko Afrik worgo Saharaa (Afrik worgo ina woɗɗi), ɗo peewnugol ngol wonnoo tan ko 250 kWh e kala neɗɗo wonande 700 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Hakindo Afrik ko famɗi fof 1000 kWh e kala neɗɗo ina ɗaɓɓi peewnugol duunde he ko ina ɓura 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. Ɗum noon ko laabi tati ko ɓuri heewde e doole baraas Grand Inga. Hakindo winndere ndee e kala neɗɗo ko 3044 kWh e hitaande 2012 (Banke Adunaajo : 2014 Deftere Dowlaaji tokoosi). E wiyde won heen, Grand Inga ina mawni no feewi e feccere e naamne Afrik (43,5 GW njaru kawrital so yerondiraama e 63 GW) ngam wonde lowre doole gollorde tawa jokkondiraani e nokkuuji jaajzi sinkron yeru, kam e resooji doole gozzi.[citation needed] Any dalarge, the tods grid, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri Beresiil e Paraguwaay e hitaande 2009 (17 GW), walla aksidaa gonɗo e werlaaji Sayano–Shushenskaya to Siberi e hitaande 2009 (6,4 GW), maa addan nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik ŋakkere kuuraa, tawi ina waawi addude batte bonɗe. Yeru, ŋakkeende Siberi waɗii batte bonɗe e njulaagu aluminium nokkuuji ɗii. E ngalɗoo hujja, huutoraade ɗum timmuɗo ina ɗaɓɓi jokkondiral e Orop, mbele doole Orop ina mbaawa ndeen ruttaade e Afrik. Ɗuum ina ɓeyda darnde e nder njuɓɓudiiji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ina usta njoɓdiiji ɗii fof.<ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond – Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</ref><ref>Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). "Vision 2020 and beyond - Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site | Claverton Group". Claverton-energy.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2015</ref> Konsorsiiji tati winndereeji ina ɗaɓɓa kontraaji mahngo baraas oo, ganndiraaɗo Inga III, e yeeyde doole ɗe o heɓata, fotde 4 800 MW. Ɗumɗoo ina fotnoo laabi tati doole peewnaaɗe e baraasuuji ɗiɗi gonɗi e Inga ɗii, ɗi duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi, ɗi ŋakkiraaka sabu ñamaale laamu e jom jawɗeele en ɓe ngalaa riis. Banke Adunaajo wiyi, e nder peeje jooni ɗee, Afrik worgo maa sood 2 500 MW e Inga III, 1 300 MW goɗɗo maa yeey e njulaagu Konngo, tawi ina ŋakki doole. Heddii ko 1000 megawatt maa yah to gollordu ngenndiiru SNEL, wallitde rokkude doole fotde miliyoŋaaji 7 neɗɗo e nder saraaji Kinshasa, laamorgo leydi Konngo, e huutoraade denndaangal haajuuji kuuraa ɗi njiɗaa heɓde toon haa 2025.<ref>"World Bank approves funds to study Congo's Inga dam". Reuters. 20 March 2014. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == 1c7xuggyo7q4uzzfldh8967j61gwgvs 0 42190 174153 2026-06-18T12:47:06Z MOIBARDE 10068 Created page with "{{Databox}}Mawɗo '''Ibraahiima Aderibigbe Adesanya''' // C (24 lewru juko hitaande 1922 – 27 lewru abriil 2008) ko o dawriyanke, awokaa, daraniiɗo wellitaare, e ƴellitoowo ndimaagu. O woniino tergal e fedde Action Group, e dow laylaytol ngol o suɓaa e suudu sarɗiiji leydi Hirnaange ngam wallitde diiwaan Ijebu-Igbo e hitaande 1959. O golliima e nder suudu sarɗiiji leydi Najeriya e nder laamu Republique ɗiɗaɓo e les njiimaandi Unity Party of Nigeria. O woniino h..." 174153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Mawɗo '''Ibraahiima Aderibigbe Adesanya''' // C (24 lewru juko hitaande 1922 – 27 lewru abriil 2008) ko o dawriyanke, awokaa, daraniiɗo wellitaare, e ƴellitoowo ndimaagu. O woniino tergal e fedde Action Group, e dow laylaytol ngol o suɓaa e suudu sarɗiiji leydi Hirnaange ngam wallitde diiwaan Ijebu-Igbo e hitaande 1959. O golliima e nder suudu sarɗiiji leydi Najeriya e nder laamu Republique ɗiɗaɓo e les njiimaandi Unity Party of Nigeria. O woniino hooreejo fedde renndo-pinal pan-Yoruba, Afenifere, kadi ko o tergal sosngal Fedde Ngenndiije Demokaraasi (NADECO), nde darnde mum addani laamu demokaraasi artirde e hitaande 1999.[1] ==Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol== Adesanya ko ɓiy safroowo aadaaji lolluɗo, baawɗo, maayɗo Oloye Ezekiyel Adesanya (ina wiyee Baba Obu’keagbo), guurnooɗo hakkunde teeminannde 19ɓiire e 20ɓiire. Yumma makko ko Elisabet Odiya Adesanya.[2] Adesanya janngi duɗal Ijebu Ode Grammar, caggal ɗuum o golliima e janngingol hade makko yahde leydi Angalteer ngam janngude sariya to duɗal sariya Holborn, Gray's Inn e oon sahaa.[1] ==Nguurndam politik gadano== E hitaande 1959, Adesanya arti leydi Naajeeriya, o woni awokaa keɓtinaaɗo, o naati e fedde nde Obafemi Awolowo ardii. E hitaande ndee tan, o suɓaama, o suɓaama e nder suudu sarɗiiji hirnaange ngam lomtaade diiwaan Ijebu Igbo e wooteeji suudu sarɗiiji ñalnde 12 desaambar 1959.[1] Nde o heɓi seedantaagal wonde yeru e miijooji demokaraasi renndoyankooji ɓurɗi teeŋtude e fedde Action Group, o heɓi noddaango goɗɗo e Senaa republique ɗiɗaɓo. O wi'i o ɓuri yiɗugo toɗɗaago senateer maako dow tikket guwerneer mo o hokki mo arandeere nde lanyol Unity Party of Nigeria, lomto Action Group. Ndee ɗoo tinndinoore ina foti ɓeydaade laaɓtude e darnde makko e nder darnde makko ngam ƴellitde politik leydi Najeriya e demokaraasi leydi Najeriya. Ko o Awoist dariiɗo (ɗum woni helmere almuudo Awolowo).[1] O ardii kawtal awokaaji ngam faddaago hooreejo Awolowo dow tuumeeji ɗi laamu lesdi Naajeeriya tuumi ngam wartugo leydi Naajeeriya nder hitaande 1962.[3] ==Ko o gardiiɗo e daraniiɗo== Caggal maayde Obafemi Awolowo e Adekunle Ajasin, Adesanya ƴetti tiitoonde teddungal 'Asiwaju mo Yorubaland' e sahaa gooto o ɓeydii tiiɗnaade e politik, o hawri e Bola Ige, Ayo de Adebanjo, Ganiyu Dawodu, e Bola laawol diiwaan Hirnaange maɓɓe ngam fiɓde e lannda maɓɓe politik wiyeteende Alliance pour la démocratie. Caggal mum Adesanya, e les njiimaandi Afenifere e diiso mawɓe Yoruba, ardii batu mawɓe-dowlaaji Yoruba rewrude e batu ngu ummiima ngam wiyde wonde noddaango batu doosɗe leydi, ɗo sarɗiiji kesi kawral toɗɗaa ngam leydi ndii, ina haani ngam moƴƴere leydi Najeriya. Adesanya woni cukko hooreejo fedde ngenndiire demokaraasi (NADECO), fedde daraniinde demokaraasi sosaande e hitaande 1994.[4] ak38kgakh302uq9lpsmn2cqakibffik 174158 174153 2026-06-18T13:12:10Z MOIBARDE 10068 174158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Mawɗo '''Ibraahiima Aderibigbe Adesanya''' // C (24 lewru juko hitaande 1922 – 27 lewru abriil 2008) ko o dawriyanke, awokaa, daraniiɗo wellitaare, e ƴellitoowo ndimaagu. O woniino tergal e fedde ''Action Group'', e dow laylaytol ngol o suɓaa e suudu sarɗiiji leydi Hirnaange ngam wallitde diiwaan Ijebu-[[Igbo]] e hitaande 1959. O golliima e nder suudu sarɗiiji leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] e nder laamu Republique ɗiɗaɓo e les njiimaandi ''Unity Party of Nigeria''. O woniino hooreejo fedde renndo-pinal pan-[[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], Afenifere, kadi ko o tergal sosngal Fedde Ngenndiije Demokaraasi (NADECO), nde darnde mum addani laamu demokaraasi artirde e hitaande 1999.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol== Adesanya ko ɓiy safroowo aadaaji lolluɗo, baawɗo, maayɗo Oloye Ezekiyel Adesanya (ina wiyee Baba Obu’keagbo), guurnooɗo hakkunde teeminannde 19ɓiire e 20ɓiire. Yumma makko ko Elisabet Odiya Adesanya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Senator Abraham Adesanya, HLR|url=https://hallmarksoflabour.org/dvteam/senator-abraham-adesanya-hlr/|access-date=2024-12-17|website=Hallmarks of Labour Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Adesanya janngi duɗal Ijebu Ode ''Grammar'', caggal ɗuum o golliima e janngingol hade makko yahde leydi Angalteer ngam janngude sariya to duɗal sariya Holborn, Gray's Inn e oon sahaa.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Nguurndam politik gadano== E hitaande 1959, Adesanya arti leydi Naajeeriya, o woni awokaa keɓtinaaɗo, o naati e fedde nde [[Obafemi Awolowo]] ardii. E hitaande ndee tan, o suɓaama, o suɓaama e nder suudu sarɗiiji hirnaange ngam lomtaade diiwaan Ijebu Igbo e wooteeji suudu sarɗiiji ñalnde 12 desaambar 1959.<ref name=":03">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Nde o heɓi seedantaagal wonde yeru e miijooji demokaraasi renndoyankooji ɓurɗi teeŋtude e fedde ''Action Group'', o heɓi noddaango goɗɗo e Senaa republique ɗiɗaɓo. O wi'i o ɓuri yiɗugo toɗɗaago senateer maako dow tikket guwerneer mo o hokki mo arandeere nde lanyol ''Unity Party of Nigeria'', lomto ''Action Group''. Ndee ɗoo tinndinoore ina foti ɓeydaade laaɓtude e darnde makko e nder darnde makko ngam ƴellitde politik leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] e demokaraasi leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Ko o Awoist dariiɗo (ɗum woni helmere almuudo Awolowo).<ref name=":04">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> O ardii kawtal awokaaji ngam faddaago hooreejo Awolowo dow tuumeeji ɗi laamu lesdi Naajeeriya tuumi ngam wartugo leydi nder hitaande 1962.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wakili|first=Isiaka|date=4 May 2008|title=Nigeria: The Life And Times of Adesanya|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200805051208.html|access-date=17 December 2024|website=All Africa}}</ref> ==Ko o gardiiɗo e daraniiɗo== Caggal maayde Obafemi Awolowo e Adekunle Ajasin, Adesanya ƴetti tiitoonde teddungal 'Asiwaju mo ''Yorubaland''<nowiki/>' e sahaa gooto o ɓeydii tiiɗnaade e politik, o hawri e Bola Ige, Ayo de Adebanjo, Ganiyu Dawodu, e Bola laawol diiwaan Hirnaange maɓɓe ngam fiɓde e lannda maɓɓe politik wiyeteende Alliance pour la démocratie. Caggal mum Adesanya, e les njiimaandi Afenifere e diiso mawɓe [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], ardii batu mawɓe-dowlaaji [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] rewrude e batu ngu ummiima ngam wiyde wonde noddaango batu doosɗe leydi, ɗo sarɗiiji kesi kawral toɗɗaa ngam leydi ndii, ina haani ngam moƴƴere leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Adesanya woni cukko hooreejo fedde ngenndiire demokaraasi (NADECO), fedde daraniinde demokaraasi sosaande e hitaande 1994.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-05-02|title=Obasanjo: How Abraham Adesanya rejected me thrice|url=https://www.thecable.ng/obasanjo-abraham-adesanya-rejected-thrice|access-date=2022-03-09|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Turtol e nafoore == E nder daawal ɓurngal mawnude e tooñanngeeji konu, heewɓe e daraniiɓe demokaraasi e oon sahaa, haa arti noon e hooreejo makko e nder Kawtal Demokaraasi Ngenndiwal (NADECO), hono mawɗo Anthony Enahoro, ndogi leydi ndii, njahi egginde. Adesanya heddii e galle mum, ina golla ngam wallitde yimɓe heewɓe e nder leydi [[Naajeeriya]] e wondude e yimɓe heewɓe hono Gani Fawehinmi, [[Femi Falana]], Olisa Agbakoba e woɗɓe heewɓe. Nasaraaku moftorde demokaraasi [[Naajeeriya]] ɗon seɗɗa haa wakkatiire nde'e - arandejum, jaayndeeji jeytaare ɗon gagga, nden yimɓe ɗuɗɓe ɗon ƴama ngam wartugo laamu siwil'en nanngaama. Adesanya waɗii bana jaambaaro Naajeeriya’en ordinateer’en walaa ko laarani kulhuli dow neɗɗo maako, o ɗon ƴama Seneraal Ibrahim Babangida’en dow ko laarani suɓol hooreejo lesdi 12 lewru Juko ngol hooreejo leydi MKO [[Abiola]] heɓi. Nde Seneraal [[Sani Abacha]], lomto Babangida, etinooma waylude hooreejo leydi konu, wonta hooreejo leydi siwil, Adesanya hollitii wonde kanko e NADECO fof, ɓe keddii ko e ƴiye e bannge Seneraal oo. Nde demokaraasi artiri haa ragare nder hitaande 1999, o hawti bee naajeeriya’en woɓɓe mawɓe ngam laarugo waylugo laamu sooja’en. Ɗee golle nji’i kanko e fedde makko fof ina ngarta e limlebbi winndere ndee, ina tawee e jeewte cifaaɗe e miijooji ko faati e leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Ñalnde 14 lewru bowte hitaande 1997, darnde Adesanya nde aldaa e paltoor e ko fayti e laamu bonngu konu, addani mo waɗde etaade warde mo e yamiroore hooreejo leydi ndii e oon sahaa, hono Seneraal Sani Abacha. Adesanya yalti ko ɓooyaani e suudu mum sariya e nder oto mum mo sofereeɓe mum njahrata e mum, nde fedde yiɗɓe warde (caggal ɗuum hollitaama ko fedde Seneraal Abacha) yani. Nde ɗe mbaɗi, gite werlaa oo ɓuuɓtii, jooɗorɗe ɗee ɓuuɓtii e buubaaji. Kanko e sofereeɓe makko ngaraani.[5] Oto oo, ko Mercedes-Benz, haa jooni ko e jeyi musium [[Lagos]]. == Nguurndam neɗɗo == Adesanya resi ko Rosanna Arinola Adesanya (jibinaa Onafalujo), o maayi ko ina wona duuɓi tati caggal makko.[6] Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe nayo: Adebayo Adesanya, Oluwasegunfunmi Adesanya, Modupeola Adesanya Adelaja, e Olufemi Adesanya.[2][7] Ɓe ndañi taaniraaɓe 10. == Ñawu e maayde == E duuɓi makko cakkitiiɗi ɗii, Adesanya fellitii wonde jom doole sabu rafi. O dañii caɗeele, ɗum addani mo uddude e nder hoɗorde makko Apapa. Caggal ɗuum, ardorde makko Afenifere ƴetti sifaa wasiyaaji ngam jaɓɓaade ngonka makko kesa kaa. O sankii ko ñalnde 27 abriil 2008, tawi omo ñaama subaka. O yahrata ko e duuɓi 85.[8] == Njawdi == Gila o maayi, o maaynaama e laabi keewɗi, haa teeŋti e dowlaaji jeegom to bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, hono Lagos, Oyo, Ogun, Ondo, Osun e Ekiti. Jaaɓihaaɗtirde toownde jeyaande e laamu to diiwaan Ogun, nde anndiraa ko Politeknik, nde woni ko e wuro Atikori, Ijebu-Igbo, to diiwaan Ogun, nde inniraa ko Politeknik Abraham Adesanya (AAPOLY) ngam teddinde mo.[9] == Tuugnorgal == n6cps2dod97iis9kerl698lxwxlx5u1 174162 174158 2026-06-18T13:15:39Z Fulani215 7983 /* */ fixed typo 174162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ibraahiima Aderibigbe Adesanya''' // C (24 lewru juko hitaande 1922 – 27 lewru abriil 2008) ko o dawriyanke, awokaa, daraniiɗo wellitaare, e ƴellitoowo ndimaagu. O woniino tergal e fedde ''Action Group'', e dow laylaytol ngol o suɓaa e suudu sarɗiiji leydi Hirnaange ngam wallitde diiwaan Ijebu-[[Igbo]] e hitaande 1959. O golliima e nder suudu sarɗiiji leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] e nder laamu Republique ɗiɗaɓo e les njiimaandi ''Unity Party of Nigeria''. O woniino hooreejo fedde renndo-pinal pan-[[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], Afenifere, kadi ko o tergal sosngal Fedde Ngenndiije Demokaraasi (NADECO), nde darnde mum addani laamu demokaraasi artirde e hitaande 1999.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol== Adesanya ko ɓiy safroowo aadaaji lolluɗo, baawɗo, maayɗo Oloye Ezekiyel Adesanya (ina wiyee Baba Obu’keagbo), guurnooɗo hakkunde teeminannde 19ɓiire e 20ɓiire. Yumma makko ko Elisabet Odiya Adesanya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Senator Abraham Adesanya, HLR|url=https://hallmarksoflabour.org/dvteam/senator-abraham-adesanya-hlr/|access-date=2024-12-17|website=Hallmarks of Labour Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Adesanya janngi duɗal Ijebu Ode ''Grammar'', caggal ɗuum o golliima e janngingol hade makko yahde leydi Angalteer ngam janngude sariya to duɗal sariya Holborn, Gray's Inn e oon sahaa.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Nguurndam politik gadano== E hitaande 1959, Adesanya arti leydi Naajeeriya, o woni awokaa keɓtinaaɗo, o naati e fedde nde [[Obafemi Awolowo]] ardii. E hitaande ndee tan, o suɓaama, o suɓaama e nder suudu sarɗiiji hirnaange ngam lomtaade diiwaan Ijebu Igbo e wooteeji suudu sarɗiiji ñalnde 12 desaambar 1959.<ref name=":03">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Nde o heɓi seedantaagal wonde yeru e miijooji demokaraasi renndoyankooji ɓurɗi teeŋtude e fedde ''Action Group'', o heɓi noddaango goɗɗo e Senaa republique ɗiɗaɓo. O wi'i o ɓuri yiɗugo toɗɗaago senateer maako dow tikket guwerneer mo o hokki mo arandeere nde lanyol ''Unity Party of Nigeria'', lomto ''Action Group''. Ndee ɗoo tinndinoore ina foti ɓeydaade laaɓtude e darnde makko e nder darnde makko ngam ƴellitde politik leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] e demokaraasi leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Ko o Awoist dariiɗo (ɗum woni helmere almuudo Awolowo).<ref name=":04">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> O ardii kawtal awokaaji ngam faddaago hooreejo Awolowo dow tuumeeji ɗi laamu lesdi Naajeeriya tuumi ngam wartugo leydi nder hitaande 1962.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wakili|first=Isiaka|date=4 May 2008|title=Nigeria: The Life And Times of Adesanya|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200805051208.html|access-date=17 December 2024|website=All Africa}}</ref> ==Ko o gardiiɗo e daraniiɗo== Caggal maayde Obafemi Awolowo e Adekunle Ajasin, Adesanya ƴetti tiitoonde teddungal 'Asiwaju mo ''Yorubaland''<nowiki/>' e sahaa gooto o ɓeydii tiiɗnaade e politik, o hawri e Bola Ige, Ayo de Adebanjo, Ganiyu Dawodu, e Bola laawol diiwaan Hirnaange maɓɓe ngam fiɓde e lannda maɓɓe politik wiyeteende Alliance pour la démocratie. Caggal mum Adesanya, e les njiimaandi Afenifere e diiso mawɓe [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], ardii batu mawɓe-dowlaaji [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] rewrude e batu ngu ummiima ngam wiyde wonde noddaango batu doosɗe leydi, ɗo sarɗiiji kesi kawral toɗɗaa ngam leydi ndii, ina haani ngam moƴƴere leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Adesanya woni cukko hooreejo fedde ngenndiire demokaraasi (NADECO), fedde daraniinde demokaraasi sosaande e hitaande 1994.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-05-02|title=Obasanjo: How Abraham Adesanya rejected me thrice|url=https://www.thecable.ng/obasanjo-abraham-adesanya-rejected-thrice|access-date=2022-03-09|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Turtol e nafoore == E nder daawal ɓurngal mawnude e tooñanngeeji konu, heewɓe e daraniiɓe demokaraasi e oon sahaa, haa arti noon e hooreejo makko e nder Kawtal Demokaraasi Ngenndiwal (NADECO), hono mawɗo Anthony Enahoro, ndogi leydi ndii, njahi egginde. Adesanya heddii e galle mum, ina golla ngam wallitde yimɓe heewɓe e nder leydi [[Naajeeriya]] e wondude e yimɓe heewɓe hono Gani Fawehinmi, [[Femi Falana]], Olisa Agbakoba e woɗɓe heewɓe. Nasaraaku moftorde demokaraasi [[Naajeeriya]] ɗon seɗɗa haa wakkatiire nde'e - arandejum, jaayndeeji jeytaare ɗon gagga, nden yimɓe ɗuɗɓe ɗon ƴama ngam wartugo laamu siwil'en nanngaama. Adesanya waɗii bana jaambaaro Naajeeriya’en ordinateer’en walaa ko laarani kulhuli dow neɗɗo maako, o ɗon ƴama Seneraal Ibrahim Babangida’en dow ko laarani suɓol hooreejo lesdi 12 lewru Juko ngol hooreejo leydi MKO [[Abiola]] heɓi. Nde Seneraal [[Sani Abacha]], lomto Babangida, etinooma waylude hooreejo leydi konu, wonta hooreejo leydi siwil, Adesanya hollitii wonde kanko e NADECO fof, ɓe keddii ko e ƴiye e bannge Seneraal oo. Nde demokaraasi artiri haa ragare nder hitaande 1999, o hawti bee naajeeriya’en woɓɓe mawɓe ngam laarugo waylugo laamu sooja’en. Ɗee golle nji’i kanko e fedde makko fof ina ngarta e limlebbi winndere ndee, ina tawee e jeewte cifaaɗe e miijooji ko faati e leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Ñalnde 14 lewru bowte hitaande 1997, darnde Adesanya nde aldaa e paltoor e ko fayti e laamu bonngu konu, addani mo waɗde etaade warde mo e yamiroore hooreejo leydi ndii e oon sahaa, hono Seneraal Sani Abacha. Adesanya yalti ko ɓooyaani e suudu mum sariya e nder oto mum mo sofereeɓe mum njahrata e mum, nde fedde yiɗɓe warde (caggal ɗuum hollitaama ko fedde Seneraal Abacha) yani. Nde ɗe mbaɗi, gite werlaa oo ɓuuɓtii, jooɗorɗe ɗee ɓuuɓtii e buubaaji. Kanko e sofereeɓe makko ngaraani.[5] Oto oo, ko Mercedes-Benz, haa jooni ko e jeyi musium [[Lagos]]. == Nguurndam neɗɗo == Adesanya resi ko Rosanna Arinola Adesanya (jibinaa Onafalujo), o maayi ko ina wona duuɓi tati caggal makko.[6] Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe nayo: Adebayo Adesanya, Oluwasegunfunmi Adesanya, Modupeola Adesanya Adelaja, e Olufemi Adesanya.[2][7] Ɓe ndañi taaniraaɓe 10. == Ñawu e maayde == E duuɓi makko cakkitiiɗi ɗii, Adesanya fellitii wonde jom doole sabu rafi. O dañii caɗeele, ɗum addani mo uddude e nder hoɗorde makko Apapa. Caggal ɗuum, ardorde makko Afenifere ƴetti sifaa wasiyaaji ngam jaɓɓaade ngonka makko kesa kaa. O sankii ko ñalnde 27 abriil 2008, tawi omo ñaama subaka. O yahrata ko e duuɓi 85.[8] == Njawdi == Gila o maayi, o maaynaama e laabi keewɗi, haa teeŋti e dowlaaji jeegom to bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, hono Lagos, Oyo, Ogun, Ondo, Osun e Ekiti. Jaaɓihaaɗtirde toownde jeyaande e laamu to diiwaan Ogun, nde anndiraa ko Politeknik, nde woni ko e wuro Atikori, Ijebu-Igbo, to diiwaan Ogun, nde inniraa ko Politeknik Abraham Adesanya (AAPOLY) ngam teddinde mo.[9] == Tuugnorgal == qe5erjpdcdibqcc540w36ulalsjv5mz 174163 174162 2026-06-18T13:16:04Z Fulani215 7983 /* */ fixed typo 174163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ibraahiima Aderibigbe Adesanya''' // C (24 lewru juko hitaande 1922 – 27 lewru abriil 2008) ko o dawriyanke, awokaa, daraniiɗo wellitaare, e ƴellitoowo ndimaagu. O woniino tergal e fedde ''Action Group'', e dow laylaytol ngol o suɓaa e suudu sarɗiiji leydi Hirnaange ngam wallitde diiwaan Ijebu-[[Igbo]] e hitaande 1959. O golliima e nder suudu sarɗiiji leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] e nder laamu Republique ɗiɗaɓo e les njiimaandi ''Unity Party of Nigeria''. O woniino hooreejo fedde renndo-pinal pan-[[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], Afenifere, kadi ko o tergal sosngal Fedde Ngenndiije Demokaraasi (NADECO), nde darnde mum addani laamu demokaraasi artirde e hitaande 1999.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol== Adesanya ko ɓiy safroowo aadaaji lolluɗo, baawɗo, maayɗo Oloye Ezekiyel Adesanya (ina wiyee Baba Obu’keagbo), guurnooɗo hakkunde teeminannde 19ɓiire e 20ɓiire. Yumma makko ko Elisabet Odiya Adesanya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Senator Abraham Adesanya, HLR|url=https://hallmarksoflabour.org/dvteam/senator-abraham-adesanya-hlr/|access-date=2024-12-17|website=Hallmarks of Labour Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Adesanya janngi duɗal Ijebu Ode ''Grammar'', caggal ɗuum o golliima e janngingol hade makko yahde leydi Angalteer ngam janngude sariya to duɗal sariya Holborn, Gray's Inn e oon sahaa.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Nguurndam politik gadano== E hitaande 1959, Adesanya arti leydi Naajeeriya, o woni awokaa keɓtinaaɗo, o naati e fedde nde [[Obafemi Awolowo]] ardii. E hitaande ndee tan, o suɓaama, o suɓaama e nder suudu sarɗiiji hirnaange ngam lomtaade diiwaan Ijebu Igbo e wooteeji suudu sarɗiiji ñalnde 12 desaambar 1959.<ref name=":03">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Nde o heɓi seedantaagal wonde yeru e miijooji demokaraasi renndoyankooji ɓurɗi teeŋtude e fedde ''Action Group'', o heɓi noddaango goɗɗo e Senaa republique ɗiɗaɓo. O wi'i o ɓuri yiɗugo toɗɗaago senateer maako dow tikket guwerneer mo o hokki mo arandeere nde lanyol ''Unity Party of Nigeria'', lomto ''Action Group''. Ndee ɗoo tinndinoore ina foti ɓeydaade laaɓtude e darnde makko e nder darnde makko ngam ƴellitde politik leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] e demokaraasi leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Ko o Awoist dariiɗo (ɗum woni helmere almuudo Awolowo).<ref name=":04">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> O ardii kawtal awokaaji ngam faddaago hooreejo Awolowo dow tuumeeji ɗi laamu lesdi Naajeeriya tuumi ngam wartugo leydi nder hitaande 1962.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wakili|first=Isiaka|date=4 May 2008|title=Nigeria: The Life And Times of Adesanya|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200805051208.html|access-date=17 December 2024|website=All Africa}}</ref> ==Ko o gardiiɗo e daraniiɗo== Caggal maayde Obafemi Awolowo e Adekunle Ajasin, Adesanya ƴetti tiitoonde teddungal 'Asiwaju mo ''Yorubaland''<nowiki/>' e sahaa gooto o ɓeydii tiiɗnaade e politik, o hawri e Bola Ige, Ayo de Adebanjo, Ganiyu Dawodu, e Bola laawol diiwaan Hirnaange maɓɓe ngam fiɓde e lannda maɓɓe politik wiyeteende Alliance pour la démocratie. Caggal mum Adesanya, e les njiimaandi Afenifere e diiso mawɓe [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], ardii batu mawɓe-dowlaaji [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] rewrude e batu ngu ummiima ngam wiyde wonde noddaango batu doosɗe leydi, ɗo sarɗiiji kesi kawral toɗɗaa ngam leydi ndii, ina haani ngam moƴƴere leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Adesanya woni cukko hooreejo fedde ngenndiire demokaraasi (NADECO), fedde daraniinde demokaraasi sosaande e hitaande 1994.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-05-02|title=Obasanjo: How Abraham Adesanya rejected me thrice|url=https://www.thecable.ng/obasanjo-abraham-adesanya-rejected-thrice|access-date=2022-03-09|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Turtol e nafoore == E nder daawal ɓurngal mawnude e tooñanngeeji konu, heewɓe e daraniiɓe demokaraasi e oon sahaa, haa arti noon e hooreejo makko e nder Kawtal Demokaraasi Ngenndiwal (NADECO), hono mawɗo Anthony Enahoro, ndogi leydi ndii, njahi egginde. Adesanya heddii e galle mum, ina golla ngam wallitde yimɓe heewɓe e nder leydi [[Naajeeriya]] e wondude e yimɓe heewɓe hono Gani Fawehinmi, [[Femi Falana]], Olisa Agbakoba e woɗɓe heewɓe. Nasaraaku moftorde demokaraasi [[Naajeeriya]] ɗon seɗɗa haa wakkatiire nde'e - arandejum, jaayndeeji jeytaare ɗon gagga, nden yimɓe ɗuɗɓe ɗon ƴama ngam wartugo laamu siwil'en nanngaama. Adesanya waɗii bana jaambaaro Naajeeriya’en ordinateer’en walaa ko laarani kulhuli dow neɗɗo maako, o ɗon ƴama Seneraal Ibrahim Babangida’en dow ko laarani suɓol hooreejo lesdi 12 lewru Juko ngol hooreejo leydi MKO [[Abiola]] heɓi. Nde Seneraal [[Sani Abacha]], lomto Babangida, etinooma waylude hooreejo leydi konu, wonta hooreejo leydi siwil, Adesanya hollitii wonde kanko e NADECO fof, ɓe keddii ko e ƴiye e bannge Seneraal oo. Nde demokaraasi artiri haa ragare nder hitaande 1999, o hawti bee naajeeriya’en woɓɓe mawɓe ngam laarugo waylugo laamu sooja’en. Ɗee golle nji’i kanko e fedde makko fof ina ngarta e limlebbi winndere ndee, ina tawee e jeewte cifaaɗe e miijooji ko faati e leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Ñalnde 14 lewru bowte hitaande 1997, darnde Adesanya nde aldaa e paltoor e ko fayti e laamu bonngu konu, addani mo waɗde etaade warde mo e yamiroore hooreejo leydi ndii e oon sahaa, hono Seneraal Sani Abacha. Adesanya yalti ko ɓooyaani e suudu mum sariya e nder oto mum mo sofereeɓe mum njahrata e mum, nde fedde yiɗɓe warde (caggal ɗuum hollitaama ko fedde Seneraal Abacha) yani. Nde ɗe mbaɗi, gite werlaa oo ɓuuɓtii, jooɗorɗe ɗee ɓuuɓtii e buubaaji. Kanko e sofereeɓe makko ngaraani.[5] Oto oo, ko Mercedes-Benz, haa jooni ko e jeyi musium [[Lagos]]. == Nguurndam neɗɗo == Adesanya resi ko Rosanna Arinola Adesanya (jibinaa Onafalujo), o maayi ko ina wona duuɓi tati caggal makko.[6] Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe nayo: Adebayo Adesanya, Oluwasegunfunmi Adesanya, Modupeola Adesanya Adelaja, e Olufemi Adesanya.[2][7] Ɓe ndañi taaniraaɓe 10. == Ñawu e maayde == E duuɓi makko cakkitiiɗi ɗii, Adesanya fellitii wonde jom doole sabu rafi. O dañii caɗeele, ɗum addani mo uddude e nder hoɗorde makko Apapa. Caggal ɗuum, ardorde makko Afenifere ƴetti sifaa wasiyaaji ngam jaɓɓaade ngonka makko kesa kaa. O sankii ko ñalnde 27 abriil 2008, tawi omo ñaama subaka. O yahrata ko e duuɓi 85.[8] == Njawdi == Gila o maayi, o maaynaama e laabi keewɗi, haa teeŋti e dowlaaji jeegom to bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, hono Lagos, Oyo, Ogun, Ondo, Osun e Ekiti. Jaaɓihaaɗtirde toownde jeyaande e laamu to diiwaan Ogun, nde anndiraa ko Politeknik, nde woni ko e wuro Atikori, Ijebu-Igbo, to diiwaan Ogun, nde inniraa ko Politeknik Abraham Adesanya (AAPOLY) ngam teddinde mo.[9] == Tuugnorgal == nebn8p5lrsxj7uxd3nyl2r4fkn7y8c0 174164 174163 2026-06-18T13:16:29Z Fulani215 7983 /* Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol */ fixed typo 174164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ibraahiima Aderibigbe Adesanya''' // C (24 lewru juko hitaande 1922 – 27 lewru abriil 2008) ko o dawriyanke, awokaa, daraniiɗo wellitaare, e ƴellitoowo ndimaagu. O woniino tergal e fedde ''Action Group'', e dow laylaytol ngol o suɓaa e suudu sarɗiiji leydi Hirnaange ngam wallitde diiwaan Ijebu-[[Igbo]] e hitaande 1959. O golliima e nder suudu sarɗiiji leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] e nder laamu Republique ɗiɗaɓo e les njiimaandi ''Unity Party of Nigeria''. O woniino hooreejo fedde renndo-pinal pan-[[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], Afenifere, kadi ko o tergal sosngal Fedde Ngenndiije Demokaraasi (NADECO), nde darnde mum addani laamu demokaraasi artirde e hitaande 1999.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol== Adesanya ko ɓiy safroowo aadaaji lolluɗo, baawɗo, maayɗo Oloye Ezekiyel Adesanya (ina wiyee Baba Obu’keagbo), guurnooɗo hakkunde teeminannde 19ɓiire e 20ɓiire. Yumma makko ko Elisabet Odiya Adesanya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Senator Abraham Adesanya, HLR|url=https://hallmarksoflabour.org/dvteam/senator-abraham-adesanya-hlr/|access-date=2024-12-17|website=Hallmarks of Labour Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Adesanya janngi duɗal Ijebu Ode ''Grammar'', caggal ɗuum o golliima e janngingol hade makko yahde leydi Angalteer ngam janngude sariya to duɗal sariya Holborn, Gray's Inn e oon sahaa.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Nguurndam politik gadano== E hitaande 1959, Adesanya arti leydi Naajeeriya, o woni awokaa keɓtinaaɗo, o naati e fedde nde [[Obafemi Awolowo]] ardii. E hitaande ndee tan, o suɓaama, o suɓaama e nder suudu sarɗiiji hirnaange ngam lomtaade diiwaan Ijebu Igbo e wooteeji suudu sarɗiiji ñalnde 12 desaambar 1959.<ref name=":03">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Nde o heɓi seedantaagal wonde yeru e miijooji demokaraasi renndoyankooji ɓurɗi teeŋtude e fedde ''Action Group'', o heɓi noddaango goɗɗo e Senaa republique ɗiɗaɓo. O wi'i o ɓuri yiɗugo toɗɗaago senateer maako dow tikket guwerneer mo o hokki mo arandeere nde lanyol ''Unity Party of Nigeria'', lomto ''Action Group''. Ndee ɗoo tinndinoore ina foti ɓeydaade laaɓtude e darnde makko e nder darnde makko ngam ƴellitde politik leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] e demokaraasi leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Ko o Awoist dariiɗo (ɗum woni helmere almuudo Awolowo).<ref name=":04">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> O ardii kawtal awokaaji ngam faddaago hooreejo Awolowo dow tuumeeji ɗi laamu lesdi Naajeeriya tuumi ngam wartugo leydi nder hitaande 1962.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wakili|first=Isiaka|date=4 May 2008|title=Nigeria: The Life And Times of Adesanya|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200805051208.html|access-date=17 December 2024|website=All Africa}}</ref> ==Ko o gardiiɗo e daraniiɗo== Caggal maayde Obafemi Awolowo e Adekunle Ajasin, Adesanya ƴetti tiitoonde teddungal 'Asiwaju mo ''Yorubaland''<nowiki/>' e sahaa gooto o ɓeydii tiiɗnaade e politik, o hawri e Bola Ige, Ayo de Adebanjo, Ganiyu Dawodu, e Bola laawol diiwaan Hirnaange maɓɓe ngam fiɓde e lannda maɓɓe politik wiyeteende Alliance pour la démocratie. Caggal mum Adesanya, e les njiimaandi Afenifere e diiso mawɓe [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], ardii batu mawɓe-dowlaaji [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] rewrude e batu ngu ummiima ngam wiyde wonde noddaango batu doosɗe leydi, ɗo sarɗiiji kesi kawral toɗɗaa ngam leydi ndii, ina haani ngam moƴƴere leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Adesanya woni cukko hooreejo fedde ngenndiire demokaraasi (NADECO), fedde daraniinde demokaraasi sosaande e hitaande 1994.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-05-02|title=Obasanjo: How Abraham Adesanya rejected me thrice|url=https://www.thecable.ng/obasanjo-abraham-adesanya-rejected-thrice|access-date=2022-03-09|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Turtol e nafoore == E nder daawal ɓurngal mawnude e tooñanngeeji konu, heewɓe e daraniiɓe demokaraasi e oon sahaa, haa arti noon e hooreejo makko e nder Kawtal Demokaraasi Ngenndiwal (NADECO), hono mawɗo Anthony Enahoro, ndogi leydi ndii, njahi egginde. Adesanya heddii e galle mum, ina golla ngam wallitde yimɓe heewɓe e nder leydi [[Naajeeriya]] e wondude e yimɓe heewɓe hono Gani Fawehinmi, [[Femi Falana]], Olisa Agbakoba e woɗɓe heewɓe. Nasaraaku moftorde demokaraasi [[Naajeeriya]] ɗon seɗɗa haa wakkatiire nde'e - arandejum, jaayndeeji jeytaare ɗon gagga, nden yimɓe ɗuɗɓe ɗon ƴama ngam wartugo laamu siwil'en nanngaama. Adesanya waɗii bana jaambaaro Naajeeriya’en ordinateer’en walaa ko laarani kulhuli dow neɗɗo maako, o ɗon ƴama Seneraal Ibrahim Babangida’en dow ko laarani suɓol hooreejo lesdi 12 lewru Juko ngol hooreejo leydi MKO [[Abiola]] heɓi. Nde Seneraal [[Sani Abacha]], lomto Babangida, etinooma waylude hooreejo leydi konu, wonta hooreejo leydi siwil, Adesanya hollitii wonde kanko e NADECO fof, ɓe keddii ko e ƴiye e bannge Seneraal oo. Nde demokaraasi artiri haa ragare nder hitaande 1999, o hawti bee naajeeriya’en woɓɓe mawɓe ngam laarugo waylugo laamu sooja’en. Ɗee golle nji’i kanko e fedde makko fof ina ngarta e limlebbi winndere ndee, ina tawee e jeewte cifaaɗe e miijooji ko faati e leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Ñalnde 14 lewru bowte hitaande 1997, darnde Adesanya nde aldaa e paltoor e ko fayti e laamu bonngu konu, addani mo waɗde etaade warde mo e yamiroore hooreejo leydi ndii e oon sahaa, hono Seneraal Sani Abacha. Adesanya yalti ko ɓooyaani e suudu mum sariya e nder oto mum mo sofereeɓe mum njahrata e mum, nde fedde yiɗɓe warde (caggal ɗuum hollitaama ko fedde Seneraal Abacha) yani. Nde ɗe mbaɗi, gite werlaa oo ɓuuɓtii, jooɗorɗe ɗee ɓuuɓtii e buubaaji. Kanko e sofereeɓe makko ngaraani.[5] Oto oo, ko Mercedes-Benz, haa jooni ko e jeyi musium [[Lagos]]. == Nguurndam neɗɗo == Adesanya resi ko Rosanna Arinola Adesanya (jibinaa Onafalujo), o maayi ko ina wona duuɓi tati caggal makko.[6] Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe nayo: Adebayo Adesanya, Oluwasegunfunmi Adesanya, Modupeola Adesanya Adelaja, e Olufemi Adesanya.[2][7] Ɓe ndañi taaniraaɓe 10. == Ñawu e maayde == E duuɓi makko cakkitiiɗi ɗii, Adesanya fellitii wonde jom doole sabu rafi. O dañii caɗeele, ɗum addani mo uddude e nder hoɗorde makko Apapa. Caggal ɗuum, ardorde makko Afenifere ƴetti sifaa wasiyaaji ngam jaɓɓaade ngonka makko kesa kaa. O sankii ko ñalnde 27 abriil 2008, tawi omo ñaama subaka. O yahrata ko e duuɓi 85.[8] == Njawdi == Gila o maayi, o maaynaama e laabi keewɗi, haa teeŋti e dowlaaji jeegom to bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, hono Lagos, Oyo, Ogun, Ondo, Osun e Ekiti. Jaaɓihaaɗtirde toownde jeyaande e laamu to diiwaan Ogun, nde anndiraa ko Politeknik, nde woni ko e wuro Atikori, Ijebu-Igbo, to diiwaan Ogun, nde inniraa ko Politeknik Abraham Adesanya (AAPOLY) ngam teddinde mo.[9] == Tuugnorgal == bsmnh751r6eqh42h0kz4017v3fj50d1 174165 174164 2026-06-18T13:18:48Z Fulani215 7983 /* Himobe */ fixed typo 174165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ibraahiima Aderibigbe Adesanya''' // C (24 lewru juko hitaande 1922 – 27 lewru abriil 2008) ko o dawriyanke, awokaa, daraniiɗo wellitaare, e ƴellitoowo ndimaagu. O woniino tergal e fedde ''Action Group'', e dow laylaytol ngol o suɓaa e suudu sarɗiiji leydi Hirnaange ngam wallitde diiwaan Ijebu-[[Igbo]] e hitaande 1959. O golliima e nder suudu sarɗiiji leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] e nder laamu Republique ɗiɗaɓo e les njiimaandi ''Unity Party of Nigeria''. O woniino hooreejo fedde renndo-pinal pan-[[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], Afenifere, kadi ko o tergal sosngal Fedde Ngenndiije Demokaraasi (NADECO), nde darnde mum addani laamu demokaraasi artirde e hitaande 1999.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol== Adesanya ko ɓiy safroowo aadaaji lolluɗo, baawɗo, maayɗo Oloye Ezekiyel Adesanya (ina wiyee Baba Obu’keagbo), guurnooɗo hakkunde teeminannde 19ɓiire e 20ɓiire. Yumma makko ko Elisabet Odiya Adesanya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Senator Abraham Adesanya, HLR|url=https://hallmarksoflabour.org/dvteam/senator-abraham-adesanya-hlr/|access-date=2024-12-17|website=Hallmarks of Labour Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Adesanya janngi duɗal Ijebu Ode ''Grammar'', caggal ɗuum o golliima e janngingol hade makko yahde leydi Angalteer ngam janngude sariya to duɗal sariya Holborn, Gray's Inn e oon sahaa.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Nguurndam politik gadano== E hitaande 1959, Adesanya arti leydi Naajeeriya, o woni awokaa keɓtinaaɗo, o naati e fedde nde [[Obafemi Awolowo]] ardii. E hitaande ndee tan, o suɓaama, o suɓaama e nder suudu sarɗiiji hirnaange ngam lomtaade diiwaan Ijebu Igbo e wooteeji suudu sarɗiiji ñalnde 12 desaambar 1959.<ref name=":03">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Nde o heɓi seedantaagal wonde yeru e miijooji demokaraasi renndoyankooji ɓurɗi teeŋtude e fedde ''Action Group'', o heɓi noddaango goɗɗo e Senaa republique ɗiɗaɓo. O wi'i o ɓuri yiɗugo toɗɗaago senateer maako dow tikket guwerneer mo o hokki mo arandeere nde lanyol ''Unity Party of Nigeria'', lomto ''Action Group''. Ndee ɗoo tinndinoore ina foti ɓeydaade laaɓtude e darnde makko e nder darnde makko ngam ƴellitde politik leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] e demokaraasi leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Ko o Awoist dariiɗo (ɗum woni helmere almuudo Awolowo).<ref name=":04">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> O ardii kawtal awokaaji ngam faddaago hooreejo Awolowo dow tuumeeji ɗi laamu lesdi Naajeeriya tuumi ngam wartugo leydi nder hitaande 1962.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wakili|first=Isiaka|date=4 May 2008|title=Nigeria: The Life And Times of Adesanya|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200805051208.html|access-date=17 December 2024|website=All Africa}}</ref> ==Ko o gardiiɗo e daraniiɗo== Caggal maayde Obafemi Awolowo e Adekunle Ajasin, Adesanya ƴetti tiitoonde teddungal 'Asiwaju mo ''Yorubaland''<nowiki/>' e sahaa gooto o ɓeydii tiiɗnaade e politik, o hawri e Bola Ige, Ayo de Adebanjo, Ganiyu Dawodu, e Bola laawol diiwaan Hirnaange maɓɓe ngam fiɓde e lannda maɓɓe politik wiyeteende Alliance pour la démocratie. Caggal mum Adesanya, e les njiimaandi Afenifere e diiso mawɓe [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], ardii batu mawɓe-dowlaaji [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] rewrude e batu ngu ummiima ngam wiyde wonde noddaango batu doosɗe leydi, ɗo sarɗiiji kesi kawral toɗɗaa ngam leydi ndii, ina haani ngam moƴƴere leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Adesanya woni cukko hooreejo fedde ngenndiire demokaraasi (NADECO), fedde daraniinde demokaraasi sosaande e hitaande 1994.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-05-02|title=Obasanjo: How Abraham Adesanya rejected me thrice|url=https://www.thecable.ng/obasanjo-abraham-adesanya-rejected-thrice|access-date=2022-03-09|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Turtol e nafoore == E nder daawal ɓurngal mawnude e tooñanngeeji konu, heewɓe e daraniiɓe demokaraasi e oon sahaa, haa arti noon e hooreejo makko e nder Kawtal Demokaraasi Ngenndiwal (NADECO), hono mawɗo Anthony Enahoro, ndogi leydi ndii, njahi egginde. Adesanya heddii e galle mum, ina golla ngam wallitde yimɓe heewɓe e nder leydi [[Naajeeriya]] e wondude e yimɓe heewɓe hono Gani Fawehinmi, [[Femi Falana]], Olisa Agbakoba e woɗɓe heewɓe. Nasaraaku moftorde demokaraasi [[Naajeeriya]] ɗon seɗɗa haa wakkatiire nde'e - arandejum, jaayndeeji jeytaare ɗon gagga, nden yimɓe ɗuɗɓe ɗon ƴama ngam wartugo laamu siwil'en nanngaama. Adesanya waɗii bana jaambaaro Naajeeriya’en ordinateer’en walaa ko laarani kulhuli dow neɗɗo maako, o ɗon ƴama Seneraal Ibrahim Babangida’en dow ko laarani suɓol hooreejo lesdi 12 lewru Juko ngol hooreejo leydi MKO [[Abiola]] heɓi. Nde Seneraal [[Sani Abacha]], lomto Babangida, etinooma waylude hooreejo leydi konu, wonta hooreejo leydi siwil, Adesanya hollitii wonde kanko e NADECO fof, ɓe keddii ko e ƴiye e bannge Seneraal oo. Nde demokaraasi artiri haa ragare nder hitaande 1999, o hawti bee naajeeriya’en woɓɓe mawɓe ngam laarugo waylugo laamu sooja’en. Ɗee golle nji’i kanko e fedde makko fof ina ngarta e limlebbi winndere ndee, ina tawee e jeewte cifaaɗe e miijooji ko faati e leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Ñalnde 14 lewru bowte hitaande 1997, darnde Adesanya nde aldaa e paltoor e ko fayti e laamu bonngu konu, addani mo waɗde etaade warde mo e yamiroore hooreejo leydi ndii e oon sahaa, hono Seneraal Sani Abacha. Adesanya yalti ko ɓooyaani e suudu mum sariya e nder oto mum mo sofereeɓe mum njahrata e mum, nde fedde yiɗɓe warde (caggal ɗuum hollitaama ko fedde Seneraal Abacha) yani. Nde ɗe mbaɗi, gite werlaa oo ɓuuɓtii, jooɗorɗe ɗee ɓuuɓtii e buubaaji. Kanko e sofereeɓe makko ngaraani.[5] Oto oo, ko Mercedes-Benz, haa jooni ko e jeyi musium [[Lagos]]. == Nguurndam neɗɗo == Adesanya resi ko Rosanna Arinola Adesanya (jibinaa Onafalujo), o maayi ko ina wona duuɓi tati caggal makko.[6] Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe nayo: Adebayo Adesanya, Oluwasegunfunmi Adesanya, Modupeola Adesanya Adelaja, e Olufemi Adesanya.[2][7] Ɓe ndañi taaniraaɓe 10. == Ñawu e maayde == E duuɓi makko cakkitiiɗi ɗii, Adesanya fellitii wonde jom doole sabu rafi. O dañii caɗeele, ɗum addani mo uddude e nder hoɗorde makko Apapa. Caggal ɗuum, ardorde makko Afenifere ƴetti sifaa wasiyaaji ngam jaɓɓaade ngonka makko kesa kaa. O sankii ko ñalnde 27 abriil 2008, tawi omo ñaama subaka. O yahrata ko e duuɓi 85.[8] == Njawdi == Gila o maayi, o maaynaama e laabi keewɗi, haa teeŋti e dowlaaji jeegom to bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, hono Lagos, Oyo, Ogun, Ondo, Osun e Ekiti. Jaaɓihaaɗtirde toownde jeyaande e laamu to diiwaan Ogun, nde anndiraa ko Politeknik, nde woni ko e wuro Atikori, Ijebu-Igbo, to diiwaan Ogun, nde inniraa ko Politeknik Abraham Adesanya (AAPOLY) ngam teddinde mo.[9] == Himobe== kv7vg5ilpvy174p45xcqs69b3pfbl9p 174166 174165 2026-06-18T13:21:13Z MOIBARDE 10068 Add link and references 174166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ibraahiima Aderibigbe Adesanya''' // C (24 lewru juko hitaande 1922 – 27 lewru abriil 2008) ko o dawriyanke, awokaa, daraniiɗo wellitaare, e ƴellitoowo ndimaagu. O woniino tergal e fedde ''Action Group'', e dow laylaytol ngol o suɓaa e suudu sarɗiiji leydi Hirnaange ngam wallitde diiwaan Ijebu-[[Igbo]] e hitaande 1959. O golliima e nder suudu sarɗiiji leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] e nder laamu Republique ɗiɗaɓo e les njiimaandi ''Unity Party of Nigeria''. O woniino hooreejo fedde renndo-pinal pan-[[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], Afenifere, kadi ko o tergal sosngal Fedde Ngenndiije Demokaraasi (NADECO), nde darnde mum addani laamu demokaraasi artirde e hitaande 1999.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol== Adesanya ko ɓiy safroowo aadaaji lolluɗo, baawɗo, maayɗo Oloye Ezekiyel Adesanya (ina wiyee Baba Obu’keagbo), guurnooɗo hakkunde teeminannde 19ɓiire e 20ɓiire. Yumma makko ko Elisabet Odiya Adesanya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Senator Abraham Adesanya, HLR|url=https://hallmarksoflabour.org/dvteam/senator-abraham-adesanya-hlr/|access-date=2024-12-17|website=Hallmarks of Labour Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Adesanya janngi duɗal Ijebu Ode ''Grammar'', caggal ɗuum o golliima e janngingol hade makko yahde leydi Angalteer ngam janngude sariya to duɗal sariya Holborn, Gray's Inn e oon sahaa.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Nguurndam politik gadano== E hitaande 1959, Adesanya arti leydi Naajeeriya, o woni awokaa keɓtinaaɗo, o naati e fedde nde [[Obafemi Awolowo]] ardii. E hitaande ndee tan, o suɓaama, o suɓaama e nder suudu sarɗiiji hirnaange ngam lomtaade diiwaan Ijebu Igbo e wooteeji suudu sarɗiiji ñalnde 12 desaambar 1959.<ref name=":03">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Nde o heɓi seedantaagal wonde yeru e miijooji demokaraasi renndoyankooji ɓurɗi teeŋtude e fedde ''Action Group'', o heɓi noddaango goɗɗo e Senaa republique ɗiɗaɓo. O wi'i o ɓuri yiɗugo toɗɗaago senateer maako dow tikket guwerneer mo o hokki mo arandeere nde lanyol ''Unity Party of Nigeria'', lomto ''Action Group''. Ndee ɗoo tinndinoore ina foti ɓeydaade laaɓtude e darnde makko e nder darnde makko ngam ƴellitde politik leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] e demokaraasi leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Ko o Awoist dariiɗo (ɗum woni helmere almuudo Awolowo).<ref name=":04">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> O ardii kawtal awokaaji ngam faddaago hooreejo Awolowo dow tuumeeji ɗi laamu lesdi Naajeeriya tuumi ngam wartugo leydi nder hitaande 1962.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wakili|first=Isiaka|date=4 May 2008|title=Nigeria: The Life And Times of Adesanya|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200805051208.html|access-date=17 December 2024|website=All Africa}}</ref> ==Ko o gardiiɗo e daraniiɗo== Caggal maayde Obafemi Awolowo e Adekunle Ajasin, Adesanya ƴetti tiitoonde teddungal 'Asiwaju mo ''Yorubaland''<nowiki/>' e sahaa gooto o ɓeydii tiiɗnaade e politik, o hawri e Bola Ige, Ayo de Adebanjo, Ganiyu Dawodu, e Bola laawol diiwaan Hirnaange maɓɓe ngam fiɓde e lannda maɓɓe politik wiyeteende Alliance pour la démocratie. Caggal mum Adesanya, e les njiimaandi Afenifere e diiso mawɓe [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], ardii batu mawɓe-dowlaaji [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] rewrude e batu ngu ummiima ngam wiyde wonde noddaango batu doosɗe leydi, ɗo sarɗiiji kesi kawral toɗɗaa ngam leydi ndii, ina haani ngam moƴƴere leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Adesanya woni cukko hooreejo fedde ngenndiire demokaraasi (NADECO), fedde daraniinde demokaraasi sosaande e hitaande 1994.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-05-02|title=Obasanjo: How Abraham Adesanya rejected me thrice|url=https://www.thecable.ng/obasanjo-abraham-adesanya-rejected-thrice|access-date=2022-03-09|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Turtol e nafoore == E nder daawal ɓurngal mawnude e tooñanngeeji konu, heewɓe e daraniiɓe demokaraasi e oon sahaa, haa arti noon e hooreejo makko e nder Kawtal Demokaraasi Ngenndiwal (NADECO), hono mawɗo Anthony Enahoro, ndogi leydi ndii, njahi egginde. Adesanya heddii e galle mum, ina golla ngam wallitde yimɓe heewɓe e nder leydi [[Naajeeriya]] e wondude e yimɓe heewɓe hono Gani Fawehinmi, [[Femi Falana]], Olisa Agbakoba e woɗɓe heewɓe. Nasaraaku moftorde demokaraasi [[Naajeeriya]] ɗon seɗɗa haa wakkatiire nde'e - arandejum, jaayndeeji jeytaare ɗon gagga, nden yimɓe ɗuɗɓe ɗon ƴama ngam wartugo laamu siwil'en nanngaama. Adesanya waɗii bana jaambaaro Naajeeriya’en ordinateer’en walaa ko laarani kulhuli dow neɗɗo maako, o ɗon ƴama Seneraal Ibrahim Babangida’en dow ko laarani suɓol hooreejo lesdi 12 lewru Juko ngol hooreejo leydi MKO [[Abiola]] heɓi. Nde Seneraal [[Sani Abacha]], lomto Babangida, etinooma waylude hooreejo leydi konu, wonta hooreejo leydi siwil, Adesanya hollitii wonde kanko e NADECO fof, ɓe keddii ko e ƴiye e bannge Seneraal oo. Nde demokaraasi artiri haa ragare nder hitaande 1999, o hawti bee naajeeriya’en woɓɓe mawɓe ngam laarugo waylugo laamu sooja’en. Ɗee golle nji’i kanko e fedde makko fof ina ngarta e limlebbi winndere ndee, ina tawee e jeewte cifaaɗe e miijooji ko faati e leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Ñalnde 14 lewru bowte hitaande 1997, darnde Adesanya nde aldaa e paltoor e ko fayti e laamu bonngu konu, addani mo waɗde etaade warde mo e yamiroore hooreejo leydi ndii e oon sahaa, hono Seneraal [[Sani Abacha]]. Adesanya yalti ko ɓooyaani e suudu mum sariya e nder oto mum mo sofereeɓe mum njahrata e mum, nde fedde yiɗɓe warde (caggal ɗuum hollitaama ko fedde Seneraal Abacha) yani. Nde ɗe mbaɗi, gite werlaa oo ɓuuɓtii, jooɗorɗe ɗee ɓuuɓtii e buubaaji. Kanko e sofereeɓe makko ngaraani.<ref>{{cite news|last=Aigbogun|first=Frank|title=Anti-government activist attacked by gunmen|newspaper=Associated Press Worldstream|date=January 14, 1997}}</ref> Oto oo, ko Mercedes-Benz, haa jooni ko e jeyi musium [[Lagos]]. == Nguurndam neɗɗo == Adesanya resi ko Rosanna Arinola Adesanya (jibinaa Onafalujo), o maayi ko ina wona duuɓi tati caggal makko.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-01-04|title=THE LIFE AND TIMES OF ROSANNA, PA ABRAHAM ADESANYA'S WIDOW|url=https://encomium.ng/the-life-and-times-of-rosanna-pa-abraham-adesanyas-widow/|access-date=2024-12-17|website=Encomium|language=en-US}}</ref> Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe nayo: Adebayo Adesanya, Oluwasegunfunmi Adesanya, Modupeola Adesanya Adelaja, e Olufemi Adesanya.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Senator Abraham Adesanya, HLR|url=https://hallmarksoflabour.org/dvteam/senator-abraham-adesanya-hlr/|access-date=2024-12-17|website=Hallmarks of Labour Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=eribake|first=akintayo|date=2011-03-15|title=Why we shall miss our mother - Abraham Adesanya's son|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/03/why-we-shall-miss-our-mother-abraham-adesanya%E2%80%99s-son/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ɓe ndañi taaniraaɓe 10. == Ñawu e maayde == E duuɓi makko cakkitiiɗi ɗii, Adesanya fellitii wonde jom doole sabu rafi. O dañii caɗeele, ɗum addani mo uddude e nder hoɗorde makko Apapa. Caggal ɗuum, ardorde makko Afenifere ƴetti sifaa wasiyaaji ngam jaɓɓaade ngonka makko kesa kaa. O sankii ko ñalnde 27 abriil 2008, tawi omo ñaama subaka. O yahrata ko e duuɓi 85.<ref name="lifetimes">{{cite web|title=Pa Abraham Adesanya, His life and times|url=http://nm.onlinenigeria.com/templates/?a=12040&t=Pa%20Abraham%20Adesanya%85%20His%20life%20and%20times|website=nm.onlinenigeria.com|accessdate=2 December 2016|date=30 April 2008|archive-date=2 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202172028/http://nm.onlinenigeria.com/templates/?a=12040&t=Pa%20Abraham%20Adesanya%85%20His%20life%20and%20times|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Njawdi == Gila o maayi, o maaynaama e laabi keewɗi, haa teeŋti e dowlaaji jeegom to bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, hono [[Lagos]], Oyo, Ogun, Ondo, Osun e Ekiti. Jaaɓihaaɗtirde toownde jeyaande e laamu to diiwaan Ogun, nde anndiraa ko Politeknik, nde woni ko e wuro Atikori, Ijebu-Igbo, to diiwaan Ogun, nde inniraa ko Politeknik Abraham Adesanya (AAPOLY) ngam teddinde mo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History|url=https://aapoly.edu.ng/history/|access-date=2024-12-17|website=Abraham Adesanya Polytechnic, Ijebu Igbo|language=en-US}}</ref> == Himobe== mvxa7q9z22jg4yw4gjbzc2xv1g3r8v4 174167 174166 2026-06-18T13:21:28Z Fulani215 7983 /* Ko o gardiiɗo e daraniiɗo */ fixed typo 174167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ibraahiima Aderibigbe Adesanya''' // C (24 lewru juko hitaande 1922 – 27 lewru abriil 2008) ko o dawriyanke, awokaa, daraniiɗo wellitaare, e ƴellitoowo ndimaagu. O woniino tergal e fedde ''Action Group'', e dow laylaytol ngol o suɓaa e suudu sarɗiiji leydi Hirnaange ngam wallitde diiwaan Ijebu-[[Igbo]] e hitaande 1959. O golliima e nder suudu sarɗiiji leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] e nder laamu Republique ɗiɗaɓo e les njiimaandi ''Unity Party of Nigeria''. O woniino hooreejo fedde renndo-pinal pan-[[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], Afenifere, kadi ko o tergal sosngal Fedde Ngenndiije Demokaraasi (NADECO), nde darnde mum addani laamu demokaraasi artirde e hitaande 1999.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol== Adesanya ko ɓiy safroowo aadaaji lolluɗo, baawɗo, maayɗo Oloye Ezekiyel Adesanya (ina wiyee Baba Obu’keagbo), guurnooɗo hakkunde teeminannde 19ɓiire e 20ɓiire. Yumma makko ko Elisabet Odiya Adesanya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Senator Abraham Adesanya, HLR|url=https://hallmarksoflabour.org/dvteam/senator-abraham-adesanya-hlr/|access-date=2024-12-17|website=Hallmarks of Labour Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Adesanya janngi duɗal Ijebu Ode ''Grammar'', caggal ɗuum o golliima e janngingol hade makko yahde leydi Angalteer ngam janngude sariya to duɗal sariya Holborn, Gray's Inn e oon sahaa.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Nguurndam politik gadano== E hitaande 1959, Adesanya arti leydi Naajeeriya, o woni awokaa keɓtinaaɗo, o naati e fedde nde [[Obafemi Awolowo]] ardii. E hitaande ndee tan, o suɓaama, o suɓaama e nder suudu sarɗiiji hirnaange ngam lomtaade diiwaan Ijebu Igbo e wooteeji suudu sarɗiiji ñalnde 12 desaambar 1959.<ref name=":03">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Nde o heɓi seedantaagal wonde yeru e miijooji demokaraasi renndoyankooji ɓurɗi teeŋtude e fedde ''Action Group'', o heɓi noddaango goɗɗo e Senaa republique ɗiɗaɓo. O wi'i o ɓuri yiɗugo toɗɗaago senateer maako dow tikket guwerneer mo o hokki mo arandeere nde lanyol ''Unity Party of Nigeria'', lomto ''Action Group''. Ndee ɗoo tinndinoore ina foti ɓeydaade laaɓtude e darnde makko e nder darnde makko ngam ƴellitde politik leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] e demokaraasi leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Ko o Awoist dariiɗo (ɗum woni helmere almuudo Awolowo).<ref name=":04">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> O ardii kawtal awokaaji ngam faddaago hooreejo Awolowo dow tuumeeji ɗi laamu lesdi Naajeeriya tuumi ngam wartugo leydi nder hitaande 1962.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wakili|first=Isiaka|date=4 May 2008|title=Nigeria: The Life And Times of Adesanya|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200805051208.html|access-date=17 December 2024|website=All Africa}}</ref> ==Ko o gardiiɗo e daraniiɗo== Caggal maayde Obafemi Awolowo e Adekunle Ajasin, Adesanya ƴetti tiitoonde teddungal 'Asiwaju mo ''Yorubaland''<nowiki/>' e sahaa gooto o ɓeydii tiiɗnaade e politik, o hawri e Bola Ige, Ayo de Adebanjo, Ganiyu Dawodu, e Bola laawol diiwaan Hirnaange maɓɓe ngam fiɓde e lannda maɓɓe politik wiyeteende Alliance pour la démocratie. Caggal mum Adesanya, e les njiimaandi Afenifere e diiso mawɓe [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], ardii batu mawɓe-dowlaaji [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] rewrude e batu ngu ummiima ngam wiyde wonde noddaango batu doosɗe leydi, ɗo sarɗiiji kesi kawral toɗɗaa ngam leydi ndii, ina haani ngam moƴƴere leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Adesanya woni cukko hooreejo fedde ngenndiire demokaraasi (NADECO), fedde daraniinde demokaraasi sosaande e hitaande 1994.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-05-02|title=Obasanjo: How Abraham Adesanya rejected me thrice|url=https://www.thecable.ng/obasanjo-abraham-adesanya-rejected-thrice|access-date=2022-03-09|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Turtol e nafoore == E nder daawal ɓurngal mawnude e tooñanngeeji konu, heewɓe e daraniiɓe demokaraasi e oon sahaa, haa arti noon e hooreejo makko e nder Kawtal Demokaraasi Ngenndiwal (NADECO), hono mawɗo Anthony Enahoro, ndogi leydi ndii, njahi egginde. Adesanya heddii e galle mum, ina golla ngam wallitde yimɓe heewɓe e nder leydi [[Naajeeriya]] e wondude e yimɓe heewɓe hono Gani Fawehinmi, [[Femi Falana]], Olisa Agbakoba e woɗɓe heewɓe. Nasaraaku moftorde demokaraasi [[Naajeeriya]] ɗon seɗɗa haa wakkatiire nde'e - arandejum, jaayndeeji jeytaare ɗon gagga, nden yimɓe ɗuɗɓe ɗon ƴama ngam wartugo laamu siwil'en nanngaama. Adesanya waɗii bana jaambaaro Naajeeriya’en ordinateer’en walaa ko laarani kulhuli dow neɗɗo maako, o ɗon ƴama Seneraal Ibrahim Babangida’en dow ko laarani suɓol hooreejo lesdi 12 lewru Juko ngol hooreejo leydi MKO [[Abiola]] heɓi. Nde Seneraal [[Sani Abacha]], lomto Babangida, etinooma waylude hooreejo leydi konu, wonta hooreejo leydi siwil, Adesanya hollitii wonde kanko e NADECO fof, ɓe keddii ko e ƴiye e bannge Seneraal oo. Nde demokaraasi artiri haa ragare nder hitaande 1999, o hawti bee naajeeriya’en woɓɓe mawɓe ngam laarugo waylugo laamu sooja’en. Ɗee golle nji’i kanko e fedde makko fof ina ngarta e limlebbi winndere ndee, ina tawee e jeewte cifaaɗe e miijooji ko faati e leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Ñalnde 14 lewru bowte hitaande 1997, darnde Adesanya nde aldaa e paltoor e ko fayti e laamu bonngu konu, addani mo waɗde etaade warde mo e yamiroore hooreejo leydi ndii e oon sahaa, hono Seneraal [[Sani Abacha]]. Adesanya yalti ko ɓooyaani e suudu mum sariya e nder oto mum mo sofereeɓe mum njahrata e mum, nde fedde yiɗɓe warde (caggal ɗuum hollitaama ko fedde Seneraal Abacha) yani. Nde ɗe mbaɗi, gite werlaa oo ɓuuɓtii, jooɗorɗe ɗee ɓuuɓtii e buubaaji. Kanko e sofereeɓe makko ngaraani.<ref>{{cite news|last=Aigbogun|first=Frank|title=Anti-government activist attacked by gunmen|newspaper=Associated Press Worldstream|date=January 14, 1997}}</ref> Oto oo, ko Mercedes-Benz, haa jooni ko e jeyi musium [[Lagos]]. == Nguurndam neɗɗo == Adesanya resi ko Rosanna Arinola Adesanya (jibinaa Onafalujo), o maayi ko ina wona duuɓi tati caggal makko.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-01-04|title=THE LIFE AND TIMES OF ROSANNA, PA ABRAHAM ADESANYA'S WIDOW|url=https://encomium.ng/the-life-and-times-of-rosanna-pa-abraham-adesanyas-widow/|access-date=2024-12-17|website=Encomium|language=en-US}}</ref> Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe nayo: Adebayo Adesanya, Oluwasegunfunmi Adesanya, Modupeola Adesanya Adelaja, e Olufemi Adesanya.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Senator Abraham Adesanya, HLR|url=https://hallmarksoflabour.org/dvteam/senator-abraham-adesanya-hlr/|access-date=2024-12-17|website=Hallmarks of Labour Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=eribake|first=akintayo|date=2011-03-15|title=Why we shall miss our mother - Abraham Adesanya's son|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/03/why-we-shall-miss-our-mother-abraham-adesanya%E2%80%99s-son/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ɓe ndañi taaniraaɓe 10. == Ñawu e maayde == E duuɓi makko cakkitiiɗi ɗii, Adesanya fellitii wonde jom doole sabu rafi. O dañii caɗeele, ɗum addani mo uddude e nder hoɗorde makko Apapa. Caggal ɗuum, ardorde makko Afenifere ƴetti sifaa wasiyaaji ngam jaɓɓaade ngonka makko kesa kaa. O sankii ko ñalnde 27 abriil 2008, tawi omo ñaama subaka. O yahrata ko e duuɓi 85.<ref name="lifetimes">{{cite web|title=Pa Abraham Adesanya, His life and times|url=http://nm.onlinenigeria.com/templates/?a=12040&t=Pa%20Abraham%20Adesanya%85%20His%20life%20and%20times|website=nm.onlinenigeria.com|accessdate=2 December 2016|date=30 April 2008|archive-date=2 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202172028/http://nm.onlinenigeria.com/templates/?a=12040&t=Pa%20Abraham%20Adesanya%85%20His%20life%20and%20times|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Njawdi == Gila o maayi, o maaynaama e laabi keewɗi, haa teeŋti e dowlaaji jeegom to bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, hono [[Lagos]], Oyo, Ogun, Ondo, Osun e Ekiti. Jaaɓihaaɗtirde toownde jeyaande e laamu to diiwaan Ogun, nde anndiraa ko Politeknik, nde woni ko e wuro Atikori, Ijebu-Igbo, to diiwaan Ogun, nde inniraa ko Politeknik Abraham Adesanya (AAPOLY) ngam teddinde mo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History|url=https://aapoly.edu.ng/history/|access-date=2024-12-17|website=Abraham Adesanya Polytechnic, Ijebu Igbo|language=en-US}}</ref> == Himobe== 93659pm62a55nuhhlw8fkuyvf27i44w 174168 174167 2026-06-18T13:22:25Z Fulani215 7983 /* Njawdi */ fixed typo 174168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ibraahiima Aderibigbe Adesanya''' // C (24 lewru juko hitaande 1922 – 27 lewru abriil 2008) ko o dawriyanke, awokaa, daraniiɗo wellitaare, e ƴellitoowo ndimaagu. O woniino tergal e fedde ''Action Group'', e dow laylaytol ngol o suɓaa e suudu sarɗiiji leydi Hirnaange ngam wallitde diiwaan Ijebu-[[Igbo]] e hitaande 1959. O golliima e nder suudu sarɗiiji leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] e nder laamu Republique ɗiɗaɓo e les njiimaandi ''Unity Party of Nigeria''. O woniino hooreejo fedde renndo-pinal pan-[[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], Afenifere, kadi ko o tergal sosngal Fedde Ngenndiije Demokaraasi (NADECO), nde darnde mum addani laamu demokaraasi artirde e hitaande 1999.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol== Adesanya ko ɓiy safroowo aadaaji lolluɗo, baawɗo, maayɗo Oloye Ezekiyel Adesanya (ina wiyee Baba Obu’keagbo), guurnooɗo hakkunde teeminannde 19ɓiire e 20ɓiire. Yumma makko ko Elisabet Odiya Adesanya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Senator Abraham Adesanya, HLR|url=https://hallmarksoflabour.org/dvteam/senator-abraham-adesanya-hlr/|access-date=2024-12-17|website=Hallmarks of Labour Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Adesanya janngi duɗal Ijebu Ode ''Grammar'', caggal ɗuum o golliima e janngingol hade makko yahde leydi Angalteer ngam janngude sariya to duɗal sariya Holborn, Gray's Inn e oon sahaa.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Nguurndam politik gadano== E hitaande 1959, Adesanya arti leydi Naajeeriya, o woni awokaa keɓtinaaɗo, o naati e fedde nde [[Obafemi Awolowo]] ardii. E hitaande ndee tan, o suɓaama, o suɓaama e nder suudu sarɗiiji hirnaange ngam lomtaade diiwaan Ijebu Igbo e wooteeji suudu sarɗiiji ñalnde 12 desaambar 1959.<ref name=":03">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Nde o heɓi seedantaagal wonde yeru e miijooji demokaraasi renndoyankooji ɓurɗi teeŋtude e fedde ''Action Group'', o heɓi noddaango goɗɗo e Senaa republique ɗiɗaɓo. O wi'i o ɓuri yiɗugo toɗɗaago senateer maako dow tikket guwerneer mo o hokki mo arandeere nde lanyol ''Unity Party of Nigeria'', lomto ''Action Group''. Ndee ɗoo tinndinoore ina foti ɓeydaade laaɓtude e darnde makko e nder darnde makko ngam ƴellitde politik leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] e demokaraasi leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Ko o Awoist dariiɗo (ɗum woni helmere almuudo Awolowo).<ref name=":04">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> O ardii kawtal awokaaji ngam faddaago hooreejo Awolowo dow tuumeeji ɗi laamu lesdi Naajeeriya tuumi ngam wartugo leydi nder hitaande 1962.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wakili|first=Isiaka|date=4 May 2008|title=Nigeria: The Life And Times of Adesanya|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200805051208.html|access-date=17 December 2024|website=All Africa}}</ref> ==Ko o gardiiɗo e daraniiɗo== Caggal maayde Obafemi Awolowo e Adekunle Ajasin, Adesanya ƴetti tiitoonde teddungal 'Asiwaju mo ''Yorubaland''<nowiki/>' e sahaa gooto o ɓeydii tiiɗnaade e politik, o hawri e Bola Ige, Ayo de Adebanjo, Ganiyu Dawodu, e Bola laawol diiwaan Hirnaange maɓɓe ngam fiɓde e lannda maɓɓe politik wiyeteende Alliance pour la démocratie. Caggal mum Adesanya, e les njiimaandi Afenifere e diiso mawɓe [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], ardii batu mawɓe-dowlaaji [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] rewrude e batu ngu ummiima ngam wiyde wonde noddaango batu doosɗe leydi, ɗo sarɗiiji kesi kawral toɗɗaa ngam leydi ndii, ina haani ngam moƴƴere leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Adesanya woni cukko hooreejo fedde ngenndiire demokaraasi (NADECO), fedde daraniinde demokaraasi sosaande e hitaande 1994.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-05-02|title=Obasanjo: How Abraham Adesanya rejected me thrice|url=https://www.thecable.ng/obasanjo-abraham-adesanya-rejected-thrice|access-date=2022-03-09|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Turtol e nafoore == E nder daawal ɓurngal mawnude e tooñanngeeji konu, heewɓe e daraniiɓe demokaraasi e oon sahaa, haa arti noon e hooreejo makko e nder Kawtal Demokaraasi Ngenndiwal (NADECO), hono mawɗo Anthony Enahoro, ndogi leydi ndii, njahi egginde. Adesanya heddii e galle mum, ina golla ngam wallitde yimɓe heewɓe e nder leydi [[Naajeeriya]] e wondude e yimɓe heewɓe hono Gani Fawehinmi, [[Femi Falana]], Olisa Agbakoba e woɗɓe heewɓe. Nasaraaku moftorde demokaraasi [[Naajeeriya]] ɗon seɗɗa haa wakkatiire nde'e - arandejum, jaayndeeji jeytaare ɗon gagga, nden yimɓe ɗuɗɓe ɗon ƴama ngam wartugo laamu siwil'en nanngaama. Adesanya waɗii bana jaambaaro Naajeeriya’en ordinateer’en walaa ko laarani kulhuli dow neɗɗo maako, o ɗon ƴama Seneraal Ibrahim Babangida’en dow ko laarani suɓol hooreejo lesdi 12 lewru Juko ngol hooreejo leydi MKO [[Abiola]] heɓi. Nde Seneraal [[Sani Abacha]], lomto Babangida, etinooma waylude hooreejo leydi konu, wonta hooreejo leydi siwil, Adesanya hollitii wonde kanko e NADECO fof, ɓe keddii ko e ƴiye e bannge Seneraal oo. Nde demokaraasi artiri haa ragare nder hitaande 1999, o hawti bee naajeeriya’en woɓɓe mawɓe ngam laarugo waylugo laamu sooja’en. Ɗee golle nji’i kanko e fedde makko fof ina ngarta e limlebbi winndere ndee, ina tawee e jeewte cifaaɗe e miijooji ko faati e leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Ñalnde 14 lewru bowte hitaande 1997, darnde Adesanya nde aldaa e paltoor e ko fayti e laamu bonngu konu, addani mo waɗde etaade warde mo e yamiroore hooreejo leydi ndii e oon sahaa, hono Seneraal [[Sani Abacha]]. Adesanya yalti ko ɓooyaani e suudu mum sariya e nder oto mum mo sofereeɓe mum njahrata e mum, nde fedde yiɗɓe warde (caggal ɗuum hollitaama ko fedde Seneraal Abacha) yani. Nde ɗe mbaɗi, gite werlaa oo ɓuuɓtii, jooɗorɗe ɗee ɓuuɓtii e buubaaji. Kanko e sofereeɓe makko ngaraani.<ref>{{cite news|last=Aigbogun|first=Frank|title=Anti-government activist attacked by gunmen|newspaper=Associated Press Worldstream|date=January 14, 1997}}</ref> Oto oo, ko Mercedes-Benz, haa jooni ko e jeyi musium [[Lagos]]. == Nguurndam neɗɗo == Adesanya resi ko Rosanna Arinola Adesanya (jibinaa Onafalujo), o maayi ko ina wona duuɓi tati caggal makko.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-01-04|title=THE LIFE AND TIMES OF ROSANNA, PA ABRAHAM ADESANYA'S WIDOW|url=https://encomium.ng/the-life-and-times-of-rosanna-pa-abraham-adesanyas-widow/|access-date=2024-12-17|website=Encomium|language=en-US}}</ref> Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe nayo: Adebayo Adesanya, Oluwasegunfunmi Adesanya, Modupeola Adesanya Adelaja, e Olufemi Adesanya.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Senator Abraham Adesanya, HLR|url=https://hallmarksoflabour.org/dvteam/senator-abraham-adesanya-hlr/|access-date=2024-12-17|website=Hallmarks of Labour Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=eribake|first=akintayo|date=2011-03-15|title=Why we shall miss our mother - Abraham Adesanya's son|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/03/why-we-shall-miss-our-mother-abraham-adesanya%E2%80%99s-son/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ɓe ndañi taaniraaɓe 10. == Ñawu e maayde == E duuɓi makko cakkitiiɗi ɗii, Adesanya fellitii wonde jom doole sabu rafi. O dañii caɗeele, ɗum addani mo uddude e nder hoɗorde makko Apapa. Caggal ɗuum, ardorde makko Afenifere ƴetti sifaa wasiyaaji ngam jaɓɓaade ngonka makko kesa kaa. O sankii ko ñalnde 27 abriil 2008, tawi omo ñaama subaka. O yahrata ko e duuɓi 85.<ref name="lifetimes">{{cite web|title=Pa Abraham Adesanya, His life and times|url=http://nm.onlinenigeria.com/templates/?a=12040&t=Pa%20Abraham%20Adesanya%85%20His%20life%20and%20times|website=nm.onlinenigeria.com|accessdate=2 December 2016|date=30 April 2008|archive-date=2 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202172028/http://nm.onlinenigeria.com/templates/?a=12040&t=Pa%20Abraham%20Adesanya%85%20His%20life%20and%20times|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Njawdi == Gila o maayi, o maaynaama e laabi keewɗi, haa teeŋti e dowlaaji jeegom to bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, hono [[Lagos]], Oyo, Ogun, Ondo, Osun e Ekiti. Jaaɓihaaɗtirde toownde jeyaande e laamu to diiwaan Ogun, nde anndiraa ko Politeknik, nde woni ko e wuro Atikori, Ijebu-Igbo, to diiwaan Ogun, nde inniraa ko Politeknik Abraham Adesanya (AAPOLY) ngam teddinde mo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History|url=https://aapoly.edu.ng/history/|access-date=2024-12-17|website=Abraham Adesanya Polytechnic, Ijebu Igbo|language=en-US}}</ref> == Himobe== nd0ew5tybid8646nszfe0axuoau08v5 174169 174168 2026-06-18T13:22:50Z MOIBARDE 10068 i add category 174169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ibraahiima Aderibigbe Adesanya''' // C (24 lewru juko hitaande 1922 – 27 lewru abriil 2008) ko o dawriyanke, awokaa, daraniiɗo wellitaare, e ƴellitoowo ndimaagu. O woniino tergal e fedde ''Action Group'', e dow laylaytol ngol o suɓaa e suudu sarɗiiji leydi Hirnaange ngam wallitde diiwaan Ijebu-[[Igbo]] e hitaande 1959. O golliima e nder suudu sarɗiiji leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] e nder laamu Republique ɗiɗaɓo e les njiimaandi ''Unity Party of Nigeria''. O woniino hooreejo fedde renndo-pinal pan-[[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], Afenifere, kadi ko o tergal sosngal Fedde Ngenndiije Demokaraasi (NADECO), nde darnde mum addani laamu demokaraasi artirde e hitaande 1999.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol== Adesanya ko ɓiy safroowo aadaaji lolluɗo, baawɗo, maayɗo Oloye Ezekiyel Adesanya (ina wiyee Baba Obu’keagbo), guurnooɗo hakkunde teeminannde 19ɓiire e 20ɓiire. Yumma makko ko Elisabet Odiya Adesanya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Senator Abraham Adesanya, HLR|url=https://hallmarksoflabour.org/dvteam/senator-abraham-adesanya-hlr/|access-date=2024-12-17|website=Hallmarks of Labour Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Adesanya janngi duɗal Ijebu Ode ''Grammar'', caggal ɗuum o golliima e janngingol hade makko yahde leydi Angalteer ngam janngude sariya to duɗal sariya Holborn, Gray's Inn e oon sahaa.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Nguurndam politik gadano== E hitaande 1959, Adesanya arti leydi Naajeeriya, o woni awokaa keɓtinaaɗo, o naati e fedde nde [[Obafemi Awolowo]] ardii. E hitaande ndee tan, o suɓaama, o suɓaama e nder suudu sarɗiiji hirnaange ngam lomtaade diiwaan Ijebu Igbo e wooteeji suudu sarɗiiji ñalnde 12 desaambar 1959.<ref name=":03">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Nde o heɓi seedantaagal wonde yeru e miijooji demokaraasi renndoyankooji ɓurɗi teeŋtude e fedde ''Action Group'', o heɓi noddaango goɗɗo e Senaa republique ɗiɗaɓo. O wi'i o ɓuri yiɗugo toɗɗaago senateer maako dow tikket guwerneer mo o hokki mo arandeere nde lanyol ''Unity Party of Nigeria'', lomto ''Action Group''. Ndee ɗoo tinndinoore ina foti ɓeydaade laaɓtude e darnde makko e nder darnde makko ngam ƴellitde politik leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] e demokaraasi leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Ko o Awoist dariiɗo (ɗum woni helmere almuudo Awolowo).<ref name=":04">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> O ardii kawtal awokaaji ngam faddaago hooreejo Awolowo dow tuumeeji ɗi laamu lesdi Naajeeriya tuumi ngam wartugo leydi nder hitaande 1962.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wakili|first=Isiaka|date=4 May 2008|title=Nigeria: The Life And Times of Adesanya|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200805051208.html|access-date=17 December 2024|website=All Africa}}</ref> ==Ko o gardiiɗo e daraniiɗo== Caggal maayde Obafemi Awolowo e Adekunle Ajasin, Adesanya ƴetti tiitoonde teddungal 'Asiwaju mo ''Yorubaland''<nowiki/>' e sahaa gooto o ɓeydii tiiɗnaade e politik, o hawri e Bola Ige, Ayo de Adebanjo, Ganiyu Dawodu, e Bola laawol diiwaan Hirnaange maɓɓe ngam fiɓde e lannda maɓɓe politik wiyeteende Alliance pour la démocratie. Caggal mum Adesanya, e les njiimaandi Afenifere e diiso mawɓe [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], ardii batu mawɓe-dowlaaji [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] rewrude e batu ngu ummiima ngam wiyde wonde noddaango batu doosɗe leydi, ɗo sarɗiiji kesi kawral toɗɗaa ngam leydi ndii, ina haani ngam moƴƴere leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Adesanya woni cukko hooreejo fedde ngenndiire demokaraasi (NADECO), fedde daraniinde demokaraasi sosaande e hitaande 1994.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-05-02|title=Obasanjo: How Abraham Adesanya rejected me thrice|url=https://www.thecable.ng/obasanjo-abraham-adesanya-rejected-thrice|access-date=2022-03-09|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Turtol e nafoore == E nder daawal ɓurngal mawnude e tooñanngeeji konu, heewɓe e daraniiɓe demokaraasi e oon sahaa, haa arti noon e hooreejo makko e nder Kawtal Demokaraasi Ngenndiwal (NADECO), hono mawɗo Anthony Enahoro, ndogi leydi ndii, njahi egginde. Adesanya heddii e galle mum, ina golla ngam wallitde yimɓe heewɓe e nder leydi [[Naajeeriya]] e wondude e yimɓe heewɓe hono Gani Fawehinmi, [[Femi Falana]], Olisa Agbakoba e woɗɓe heewɓe. Nasaraaku moftorde demokaraasi [[Naajeeriya]] ɗon seɗɗa haa wakkatiire nde'e - arandejum, jaayndeeji jeytaare ɗon gagga, nden yimɓe ɗuɗɓe ɗon ƴama ngam wartugo laamu siwil'en nanngaama. Adesanya waɗii bana jaambaaro Naajeeriya’en ordinateer’en walaa ko laarani kulhuli dow neɗɗo maako, o ɗon ƴama Seneraal Ibrahim Babangida’en dow ko laarani suɓol hooreejo lesdi 12 lewru Juko ngol hooreejo leydi MKO [[Abiola]] heɓi. Nde Seneraal [[Sani Abacha]], lomto Babangida, etinooma waylude hooreejo leydi konu, wonta hooreejo leydi siwil, Adesanya hollitii wonde kanko e NADECO fof, ɓe keddii ko e ƴiye e bannge Seneraal oo. Nde demokaraasi artiri haa ragare nder hitaande 1999, o hawti bee naajeeriya’en woɓɓe mawɓe ngam laarugo waylugo laamu sooja’en. Ɗee golle nji’i kanko e fedde makko fof ina ngarta e limlebbi winndere ndee, ina tawee e jeewte cifaaɗe e miijooji ko faati e leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Ñalnde 14 lewru bowte hitaande 1997, darnde Adesanya nde aldaa e paltoor e ko fayti e laamu bonngu konu, addani mo waɗde etaade warde mo e yamiroore hooreejo leydi ndii e oon sahaa, hono Seneraal [[Sani Abacha]]. Adesanya yalti ko ɓooyaani e suudu mum sariya e nder oto mum mo sofereeɓe mum njahrata e mum, nde fedde yiɗɓe warde (caggal ɗuum hollitaama ko fedde Seneraal Abacha) yani. Nde ɗe mbaɗi, gite werlaa oo ɓuuɓtii, jooɗorɗe ɗee ɓuuɓtii e buubaaji. Kanko e sofereeɓe makko ngaraani.<ref>{{cite news|last=Aigbogun|first=Frank|title=Anti-government activist attacked by gunmen|newspaper=Associated Press Worldstream|date=January 14, 1997}}</ref> Oto oo, ko Mercedes-Benz, haa jooni ko e jeyi musium [[Lagos]]. == Nguurndam neɗɗo == Adesanya resi ko Rosanna Arinola Adesanya (jibinaa Onafalujo), o maayi ko ina wona duuɓi tati caggal makko.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-01-04|title=THE LIFE AND TIMES OF ROSANNA, PA ABRAHAM ADESANYA'S WIDOW|url=https://encomium.ng/the-life-and-times-of-rosanna-pa-abraham-adesanyas-widow/|access-date=2024-12-17|website=Encomium|language=en-US}}</ref> Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe nayo: Adebayo Adesanya, Oluwasegunfunmi Adesanya, Modupeola Adesanya Adelaja, e Olufemi Adesanya.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Senator Abraham Adesanya, HLR|url=https://hallmarksoflabour.org/dvteam/senator-abraham-adesanya-hlr/|access-date=2024-12-17|website=Hallmarks of Labour Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=eribake|first=akintayo|date=2011-03-15|title=Why we shall miss our mother - Abraham Adesanya's son|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/03/why-we-shall-miss-our-mother-abraham-adesanya%E2%80%99s-son/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ɓe ndañi taaniraaɓe 10. == Ñawu e maayde == E duuɓi makko cakkitiiɗi ɗii, Adesanya fellitii wonde jom doole sabu rafi. O dañii caɗeele, ɗum addani mo uddude e nder hoɗorde makko Apapa. Caggal ɗuum, ardorde makko Afenifere ƴetti sifaa wasiyaaji ngam jaɓɓaade ngonka makko kesa kaa. O sankii ko ñalnde 27 abriil 2008, tawi omo ñaama subaka. O yahrata ko e duuɓi 85.<ref name="lifetimes">{{cite web|title=Pa Abraham Adesanya, His life and times|url=http://nm.onlinenigeria.com/templates/?a=12040&t=Pa%20Abraham%20Adesanya%85%20His%20life%20and%20times|website=nm.onlinenigeria.com|accessdate=2 December 2016|date=30 April 2008|archive-date=2 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202172028/http://nm.onlinenigeria.com/templates/?a=12040&t=Pa%20Abraham%20Adesanya%85%20His%20life%20and%20times|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Njawdi == Gila o maayi, o maaynaama e laabi keewɗi, haa teeŋti e dowlaaji jeegom to bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, hono [[Lagos]], Oyo, Ogun, Ondo, Osun e Ekiti. Jaaɓihaaɗtirde toownde jeyaande e laamu to diiwaan Ogun, nde anndiraa ko Politeknik, nde woni ko e wuro Atikori, Ijebu-Igbo, to diiwaan Ogun, nde inniraa ko Politeknik Abraham Adesanya (AAPOLY) ngam teddinde mo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History|url=https://aapoly.edu.ng/history/|access-date=2024-12-17|website=Abraham Adesanya Polytechnic, Ijebu Igbo|language=en-US}}</ref> == Himobe== <references /> [[Category:Naajeeriya]] lqlk0vv71yumvenj183zagk9otgwdm7 174171 174169 2026-06-18T13:45:02Z Fulani215 7983 /* */ fixed typo 174171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ibraahiima Aderibigbe Adesanya''' (24 lewru juko hitaande 1922 – 27 lewru abriil 2008) ko o dawriyanke, awokaa, daraniiɗo wellitaare, e ƴellitoowo ndimaagu. O woniino tergal e fedde ''Action Group'', e dow laylaytol ngol o suɓaa e suudu sarɗiiji leydi Hirnaange ngam wallitde diiwaan Ijebu-[[Igbo]] e hitaande 1959. O golliima e nder suudu sarɗiiji leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] e nder laamu Republique ɗiɗaɓo e les njiimaandi ''Unity Party of Nigeria''. O woniino hooreejo fedde renndo-pinal pan-[[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], Afenifere, kadi ko o tergal sosngal Fedde Ngenndiije Demokaraasi (NADECO), nde darnde mum addani laamu demokaraasi artirde e hitaande 1999.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol== Adesanya ko ɓiy safroowo aadaaji lolluɗo, baawɗo, maayɗo Oloye Ezekiyel Adesanya (ina wiyee Baba Obu’keagbo), guurnooɗo hakkunde teeminannde 19ɓiire e 20ɓiire. Yumma makko ko Elisabet Odiya Adesanya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Senator Abraham Adesanya, HLR|url=https://hallmarksoflabour.org/dvteam/senator-abraham-adesanya-hlr/|access-date=2024-12-17|website=Hallmarks of Labour Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Adesanya janngi duɗal Ijebu Ode ''Grammar'', caggal ɗuum o golliima e janngingol hade makko yahde leydi Angalteer ngam janngude sariya to duɗal sariya Holborn, Gray's Inn e oon sahaa.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Nguurndam politik gadano== E hitaande 1959, Adesanya arti leydi Naajeeriya, o woni awokaa keɓtinaaɗo, o naati e fedde nde [[Obafemi Awolowo]] ardii. E hitaande ndee tan, o suɓaama, o suɓaama e nder suudu sarɗiiji hirnaange ngam lomtaade diiwaan Ijebu Igbo e wooteeji suudu sarɗiiji ñalnde 12 desaambar 1959.<ref name=":03">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Nde o heɓi seedantaagal wonde yeru e miijooji demokaraasi renndoyankooji ɓurɗi teeŋtude e fedde ''Action Group'', o heɓi noddaango goɗɗo e Senaa republique ɗiɗaɓo. O wi'i o ɓuri yiɗugo toɗɗaago senateer maako dow tikket guwerneer mo o hokki mo arandeere nde lanyol ''Unity Party of Nigeria'', lomto ''Action Group''. Ndee ɗoo tinndinoore ina foti ɓeydaade laaɓtude e darnde makko e nder darnde makko ngam ƴellitde politik leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] e demokaraasi leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Ko o Awoist dariiɗo (ɗum woni helmere almuudo Awolowo).<ref name=":04">{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2018-04-28|title=Abraham Adesanya lives on|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abraham-adesanya-lives-on/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> O ardii kawtal awokaaji ngam faddaago hooreejo Awolowo dow tuumeeji ɗi laamu lesdi Naajeeriya tuumi ngam wartugo leydi nder hitaande 1962.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wakili|first=Isiaka|date=4 May 2008|title=Nigeria: The Life And Times of Adesanya|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200805051208.html|access-date=17 December 2024|website=All Africa}}</ref> ==Ko o gardiiɗo e daraniiɗo== Caggal maayde Obafemi Awolowo e Adekunle Ajasin, Adesanya ƴetti tiitoonde teddungal 'Asiwaju mo ''Yorubaland''<nowiki/>' e sahaa gooto o ɓeydii tiiɗnaade e politik, o hawri e Bola Ige, Ayo de Adebanjo, Ganiyu Dawodu, e Bola laawol diiwaan Hirnaange maɓɓe ngam fiɓde e lannda maɓɓe politik wiyeteende Alliance pour la démocratie. Caggal mum Adesanya, e les njiimaandi Afenifere e diiso mawɓe [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], ardii batu mawɓe-dowlaaji [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] rewrude e batu ngu ummiima ngam wiyde wonde noddaango batu doosɗe leydi, ɗo sarɗiiji kesi kawral toɗɗaa ngam leydi ndii, ina haani ngam moƴƴere leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Adesanya woni cukko hooreejo fedde ngenndiire demokaraasi (NADECO), fedde daraniinde demokaraasi sosaande e hitaande 1994.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-05-02|title=Obasanjo: How Abraham Adesanya rejected me thrice|url=https://www.thecable.ng/obasanjo-abraham-adesanya-rejected-thrice|access-date=2022-03-09|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Turtol e nafoore == E nder daawal ɓurngal mawnude e tooñanngeeji konu, heewɓe e daraniiɓe demokaraasi e oon sahaa, haa arti noon e hooreejo makko e nder Kawtal Demokaraasi Ngenndiwal (NADECO), hono mawɗo Anthony Enahoro, ndogi leydi ndii, njahi egginde. Adesanya heddii e galle mum, ina golla ngam wallitde yimɓe heewɓe e nder leydi [[Naajeeriya]] e wondude e yimɓe heewɓe hono Gani Fawehinmi, [[Femi Falana]], Olisa Agbakoba e woɗɓe heewɓe. Nasaraaku moftorde demokaraasi [[Naajeeriya]] ɗon seɗɗa haa wakkatiire nde'e - arandejum, jaayndeeji jeytaare ɗon gagga, nden yimɓe ɗuɗɓe ɗon ƴama ngam wartugo laamu siwil'en nanngaama. Adesanya waɗii bana jaambaaro Naajeeriya’en ordinateer’en walaa ko laarani kulhuli dow neɗɗo maako, o ɗon ƴama Seneraal Ibrahim Babangida’en dow ko laarani suɓol hooreejo lesdi 12 lewru Juko ngol hooreejo leydi MKO [[Abiola]] heɓi. Nde Seneraal [[Sani Abacha]], lomto Babangida, etinooma waylude hooreejo leydi konu, wonta hooreejo leydi siwil, Adesanya hollitii wonde kanko e NADECO fof, ɓe keddii ko e ƴiye e bannge Seneraal oo. Nde demokaraasi artiri haa ragare nder hitaande 1999, o hawti bee naajeeriya’en woɓɓe mawɓe ngam laarugo waylugo laamu sooja’en. Ɗee golle nji’i kanko e fedde makko fof ina ngarta e limlebbi winndere ndee, ina tawee e jeewte cifaaɗe e miijooji ko faati e leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Ñalnde 14 lewru bowte hitaande 1997, darnde Adesanya nde aldaa e paltoor e ko fayti e laamu bonngu konu, addani mo waɗde etaade warde mo e yamiroore hooreejo leydi ndii e oon sahaa, hono Seneraal [[Sani Abacha]]. Adesanya yalti ko ɓooyaani e suudu mum sariya e nder oto mum mo sofereeɓe mum njahrata e mum, nde fedde yiɗɓe warde (caggal ɗuum hollitaama ko fedde Seneraal Abacha) yani. Nde ɗe mbaɗi, gite werlaa oo ɓuuɓtii, jooɗorɗe ɗee ɓuuɓtii e buubaaji. Kanko e sofereeɓe makko ngaraani.<ref>{{cite news|last=Aigbogun|first=Frank|title=Anti-government activist attacked by gunmen|newspaper=Associated Press Worldstream|date=January 14, 1997}}</ref> Oto oo, ko Mercedes-Benz, haa jooni ko e jeyi musium [[Lagos]]. == Nguurndam neɗɗo == Adesanya resi ko Rosanna Arinola Adesanya (jibinaa Onafalujo), o maayi ko ina wona duuɓi tati caggal makko.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-01-04|title=THE LIFE AND TIMES OF ROSANNA, PA ABRAHAM ADESANYA'S WIDOW|url=https://encomium.ng/the-life-and-times-of-rosanna-pa-abraham-adesanyas-widow/|access-date=2024-12-17|website=Encomium|language=en-US}}</ref> Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe nayo: Adebayo Adesanya, Oluwasegunfunmi Adesanya, Modupeola Adesanya Adelaja, e Olufemi Adesanya.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Senator Abraham Adesanya, HLR|url=https://hallmarksoflabour.org/dvteam/senator-abraham-adesanya-hlr/|access-date=2024-12-17|website=Hallmarks of Labour Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=eribake|first=akintayo|date=2011-03-15|title=Why we shall miss our mother - Abraham Adesanya's son|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/03/why-we-shall-miss-our-mother-abraham-adesanya%E2%80%99s-son/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-12-17|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ɓe ndañi taaniraaɓe 10. == Ñawu e maayde == E duuɓi makko cakkitiiɗi ɗii, Adesanya fellitii wonde jom doole sabu rafi. O dañii caɗeele, ɗum addani mo uddude e nder hoɗorde makko Apapa. Caggal ɗuum, ardorde makko Afenifere ƴetti sifaa wasiyaaji ngam jaɓɓaade ngonka makko kesa kaa. O sankii ko ñalnde 27 abriil 2008, tawi omo ñaama subaka. O yahrata ko e duuɓi 85.<ref name="lifetimes">{{cite web|title=Pa Abraham Adesanya, His life and times|url=http://nm.onlinenigeria.com/templates/?a=12040&t=Pa%20Abraham%20Adesanya%85%20His%20life%20and%20times|website=nm.onlinenigeria.com|accessdate=2 December 2016|date=30 April 2008|archive-date=2 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202172028/http://nm.onlinenigeria.com/templates/?a=12040&t=Pa%20Abraham%20Adesanya%85%20His%20life%20and%20times|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Njawdi == Gila o maayi, o maaynaama e laabi keewɗi, haa teeŋti e dowlaaji jeegom to bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, hono [[Lagos]], Oyo, Ogun, Ondo, Osun e Ekiti. Jaaɓihaaɗtirde toownde jeyaande e laamu to diiwaan Ogun, nde anndiraa ko Politeknik, nde woni ko e wuro Atikori, Ijebu-Igbo, to diiwaan Ogun, nde inniraa ko Politeknik Abraham Adesanya (AAPOLY) ngam teddinde mo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History|url=https://aapoly.edu.ng/history/|access-date=2024-12-17|website=Abraham Adesanya Polytechnic, Ijebu Igbo|language=en-US}}</ref> == Himobe== <references /> [[Category:Naajeeriya]] tdzt9qhl3kqq7hsz0abxjxdgym9o2h9 0 42191 174170 2026-06-18T13:30:01Z MOIBARDE 10068 Created page with "{{Databox}}Mawɗo '''Meredith Adisa Akinloye''' // C (19 lewru bowte hitaande 1916 – 18 lewru seeɗto hitaande 2007), ganndiraaɗo A.M.A, ko awokaa Najeriya, ko o dawriyanke, ko o Seriki leydi Ibadanland, ɗum noon ko o mawɗo leñol Yoruba.[1] ==Golle sariya== Akinloye janngi sariya haa janngirde faggudu London hakkunde 1946 e 1948. Nde o arti Naajeeriya, o golli ko juuti e awokaa hade makko naatde e politik.[1] ==Republique gadano== Akinloye wonnoo ko e sosde lannd..." 174170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Mawɗo '''Meredith Adisa Akinloye''' // C (19 lewru bowte hitaande 1916 – 18 lewru seeɗto hitaande 2007), ganndiraaɗo A.M.A, ko awokaa Najeriya, ko o dawriyanke, ko o Seriki leydi Ibadanland, ɗum noon ko o mawɗo leñol Yoruba.[1] ==Golle sariya== Akinloye janngi sariya haa janngirde faggudu London hakkunde 1946 e 1948. Nde o arti Naajeeriya, o golli ko juuti e awokaa hade makko naatde e politik.[1] ==Republique gadano== Akinloye wonnoo ko e sosde lannda politik gadano e nder wuro Ibadan ina wiyee Lannda Leƴƴi Ibadan (IPP) mo o woni hooreejo mayre,[1] tawi ko Adegoke Adelabu woni cukko makko. Lannda makko IPP caggal mum hawri e fedde Action Group, nde hooreejo Obafemi Awolowo ardii, ngam sosde laamu gadano e nder diiwaan hirnaange leydi Naajeeriya, ɗo Akinloye toɗɗaa jaagorgal ndema e jawdi.[1] E nder feccere ɗimmere kitaale 1950 o suɓaama hooreejo diiso wuro Ibadan. E nder caɗeele diiwaan hirnaange e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1960, o yalti e fedde gollorde ngam ardaade Samuel Ladoke Akintola, mo fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore, nde o golli e nder kabine mo gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii e oon sahaa, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. (Laamu nguu liɓaa ko e kuudetaa konu ñalnde 15 lewru Yarkomaa 1966). ==Republique ɗiɗaɓere== Akinloye woni hooreejo lannda siyaasaaku ɓurduɗum mawnugo haa Afrika, lannda lesdi Naajeeriya, laami lesdi man hakkunde 1979 e 1983 nden Shehu Shagari woni hooreejo lesdi. Akinloye yahi lesdi lesdi ndiin nder hitaande 1983 ɓaawo nde lanyol maako fooɗi laamu sooja’en lesdi ndi Seneraal Muhammadu Buhari ardii, nden o warti lesdi Naajeeriya ɓaawo duuɓi sappo nde laamu lesdi Naajeeriya ardii hooreejo lesdi Ernest Shonekan. ==Nguurndam neɗɗo== Oloye Akinloye oo ina joginoo debbo, ina jogii ɓiɓɓe heewɓe.[2] O sankii ko e duuɓi 91 e nder wuro makko ñalnde 18 suwee 2007 caggal rafi seeɗa.[1] ==Tuugnorgal== cnoqh720uqu69gr2vbgcg7ncf4s35r4 174172 174170 2026-06-18T13:46:06Z Fulani215 7983 /* */ fixed typo 174172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Meredith Adisa Akinloye'''(19 lewru bowte hitaande 1916 – 18 lewru seeɗto hitaande 2007), ganndiraaɗo A.M.A, ko awokaa Najeriya, ko o dawriyanke, ko o Seriki leydi Ibadanland, ɗum noon ko o mawɗo leñol Yoruba. ==Golle sariya== Akinloye janngi sariya haa janngirde faggudu London hakkunde 1946 e 1948. Nde o arti Naajeeriya, o golli ko juuti e awokaa hade makko naatde e politik.[1] ==Republique gadano== Akinloye wonnoo ko e sosde lannda politik gadano e nder wuro Ibadan ina wiyee Lannda Leƴƴi Ibadan (IPP) mo o woni hooreejo mayre,[1] tawi ko Adegoke Adelabu woni cukko makko. Lannda makko IPP caggal mum hawri e fedde Action Group, nde hooreejo Obafemi Awolowo ardii, ngam sosde laamu gadano e nder diiwaan hirnaange leydi Naajeeriya, ɗo Akinloye toɗɗaa jaagorgal ndema e jawdi.[1] E nder feccere ɗimmere kitaale 1950 o suɓaama hooreejo diiso wuro Ibadan. E nder caɗeele diiwaan hirnaange e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1960, o yalti e fedde gollorde ngam ardaade Samuel Ladoke Akintola, mo fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore, nde o golli e nder kabine mo gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii e oon sahaa, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. (Laamu nguu liɓaa ko e kuudetaa konu ñalnde 15 lewru Yarkomaa 1966). ==Republique ɗiɗaɓere== Akinloye woni hooreejo lannda siyaasaaku ɓurduɗum mawnugo haa Afrika, lannda lesdi Naajeeriya, laami lesdi man hakkunde 1979 e 1983 nden Shehu Shagari woni hooreejo lesdi. Akinloye yahi lesdi lesdi ndiin nder hitaande 1983 ɓaawo nde lanyol maako fooɗi laamu sooja’en lesdi ndi Seneraal Muhammadu Buhari ardii, nden o warti lesdi Naajeeriya ɓaawo duuɓi sappo nde laamu lesdi Naajeeriya ardii hooreejo lesdi Ernest Shonekan. ==Nguurndam neɗɗo== Oloye Akinloye oo ina joginoo debbo, ina jogii ɓiɓɓe heewɓe.[2] O sankii ko e duuɓi 91 e nder wuro makko ñalnde 18 suwee 2007 caggal rafi seeɗa.[1] ==Tuugnorgal== 9pkgbccjcsg9ah2e29cwokd42df4onf 174173 174172 2026-06-18T13:46:41Z Fulani215 7983 /* */ fixed typo 174173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Meredith Adisa Akinloye'''(19 lewru bowte hitaande 1916 – 18 lewru seeɗto hitaande 2007), ganndiraaɗo A.M.A, ko awokaa Najeriya, ko o dawriyanke, ko o Seriki leydi Ibadanland, ɗum noon ko o mawɗo leñol Yoruba. ==Golle sariya== Akinloye janngi sariya haa janngirde faggudu London hakkunde 1946 e 1948. Nde o arti Naajeeriya, o golli ko juuti e awokaa hade makko naatde e politik.[1] ==Republique gadano== Akinloye wonnoo ko e sosde lannda politik gadano e nder wuro Ibadan ina wiyee Lannda Leƴƴi Ibadan (IPP) mo o woni hooreejo mayre,[1] tawi ko Adegoke Adelabu woni cukko makko. Lannda makko IPP caggal mum hawri e fedde Action Group, nde hooreejo Obafemi Awolowo ardii, ngam sosde laamu gadano e nder diiwaan hirnaange leydi Naajeeriya, ɗo Akinloye toɗɗaa jaagorgal ndema e jawdi.[1] E nder feccere ɗimmere kitaale 1950 o suɓaama hooreejo diiso wuro Ibadan. E nder caɗeele diiwaan hirnaange e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1960, o yalti e fedde gollorde ngam ardaade Samuel Ladoke Akintola, mo fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore, nde o golli e nder kabine mo gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii e oon sahaa, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. (Laamu nguu liɓaa ko e kuudetaa konu ñalnde 15 lewru Yarkomaa 1966). ==Republique ɗiɗaɓere== Akinloye woni hooreejo lannda siyaasaaku ɓurduɗum mawnugo haa Afrika, lannda lesdi Naajeeriya, laami lesdi man hakkunde 1979 e 1983 nden Shehu Shagari woni hooreejo lesdi. Akinloye yahi lesdi lesdi ndiin nder hitaande 1983 ɓaawo nde lanyol maako fooɗi laamu sooja’en lesdi ndi Seneraal Muhammadu Buhari ardii, nden o warti lesdi Naajeeriya ɓaawo duuɓi sappo nde laamu lesdi Naajeeriya ardii hooreejo lesdi Ernest Shonekan. ==Nguurndam neɗɗo== Oloye Akinloye oo ina joginoo debbo, ina jogii ɓiɓɓe heewɓe.[2] O sankii ko e duuɓi 91 e nder wuro makko ñalnde 18 suwee 2007 caggal rafi seeɗa.[1] ==Tuugnorgal== ez8plpeuca069n1uk20l0pnygn2e2a7 174174 174173 2026-06-18T13:47:05Z Fulani215 7983 /* Golle sariya */ fixed typo 174174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Meredith Adisa Akinloye'''(19 lewru bowte hitaande 1916 – 18 lewru seeɗto hitaande 2007), ganndiraaɗo A.M.A, ko awokaa Najeriya, ko o dawriyanke, ko o Seriki leydi Ibadanland, ɗum noon ko o mawɗo leñol Yoruba. ==Golle sariya== Akinloye janngi sariya haa janngirde faggudu London hakkunde 1946 e 1948. Nde o arti Naajeeriya, o golli ko juuti e awokaa hade makko naatde e politik. ==Republique gadano== Akinloye wonnoo ko e sosde lannda politik gadano e nder wuro Ibadan ina wiyee Lannda Leƴƴi Ibadan (IPP) mo o woni hooreejo mayre,[1] tawi ko Adegoke Adelabu woni cukko makko. Lannda makko IPP caggal mum hawri e fedde Action Group, nde hooreejo Obafemi Awolowo ardii, ngam sosde laamu gadano e nder diiwaan hirnaange leydi Naajeeriya, ɗo Akinloye toɗɗaa jaagorgal ndema e jawdi.[1] E nder feccere ɗimmere kitaale 1950 o suɓaama hooreejo diiso wuro Ibadan. E nder caɗeele diiwaan hirnaange e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1960, o yalti e fedde gollorde ngam ardaade Samuel Ladoke Akintola, mo fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore, nde o golli e nder kabine mo gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii e oon sahaa, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. (Laamu nguu liɓaa ko e kuudetaa konu ñalnde 15 lewru Yarkomaa 1966). ==Republique ɗiɗaɓere== Akinloye woni hooreejo lannda siyaasaaku ɓurduɗum mawnugo haa Afrika, lannda lesdi Naajeeriya, laami lesdi man hakkunde 1979 e 1983 nden Shehu Shagari woni hooreejo lesdi. Akinloye yahi lesdi lesdi ndiin nder hitaande 1983 ɓaawo nde lanyol maako fooɗi laamu sooja’en lesdi ndi Seneraal Muhammadu Buhari ardii, nden o warti lesdi Naajeeriya ɓaawo duuɓi sappo nde laamu lesdi Naajeeriya ardii hooreejo lesdi Ernest Shonekan. ==Nguurndam neɗɗo== Oloye Akinloye oo ina joginoo debbo, ina jogii ɓiɓɓe heewɓe.[2] O sankii ko e duuɓi 91 e nder wuro makko ñalnde 18 suwee 2007 caggal rafi seeɗa.[1] ==Tuugnorgal== 8xcb0y4g8fsoj5fwfamqc14jt93qxz4 174175 174174 2026-06-18T13:47:36Z Fulani215 7983 /* Republique gadano */ fixed typo 174175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Meredith Adisa Akinloye'''(19 lewru bowte hitaande 1916 – 18 lewru seeɗto hitaande 2007), ganndiraaɗo A.M.A, ko awokaa Najeriya, ko o dawriyanke, ko o Seriki leydi Ibadanland, ɗum noon ko o mawɗo leñol Yoruba. ==Golle sariya== Akinloye janngi sariya haa janngirde faggudu London hakkunde 1946 e 1948. Nde o arti Naajeeriya, o golli ko juuti e awokaa hade makko naatde e politik. ==Republique gadano== Akinloye wonnoo ko e sosde lannda politik gadano e nder wuro Ibadan ina wiyee Lannda Leƴƴi Ibadan (IPP) mo o woni hooreejo mayre, tawi ko Adegoke Adelabu woni cukko makko. Lannda makko IPP caggal mum hawri e fedde Action Group, nde hooreejo Obafemi Awolowo ardii, ngam sosde laamu gadano e nder diiwaan hirnaange leydi Naajeeriya, ɗo Akinloye toɗɗaa jaagorgal ndema e jawdi. E nder feccere ɗimmere kitaale 1950 o suɓaama hooreejo diiso wuro Ibadan. E nder caɗeele diiwaan hirnaange e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1960, o yalti e fedde gollorde ngam ardaade Samuel Ladoke Akintola, mo fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore, nde o golli e nder kabine mo gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii e oon sahaa, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. (Laamu nguu liɓaa ko e kuudetaa konu ñalnde 15 lewru Yarkomaa 1966). ==Republique ɗiɗaɓere== Akinloye woni hooreejo lannda siyaasaaku ɓurduɗum mawnugo haa Afrika, lannda lesdi Naajeeriya, laami lesdi man hakkunde 1979 e 1983 nden Shehu Shagari woni hooreejo lesdi. Akinloye yahi lesdi lesdi ndiin nder hitaande 1983 ɓaawo nde lanyol maako fooɗi laamu sooja’en lesdi ndi Seneraal Muhammadu Buhari ardii, nden o warti lesdi Naajeeriya ɓaawo duuɓi sappo nde laamu lesdi Naajeeriya ardii hooreejo lesdi Ernest Shonekan. ==Nguurndam neɗɗo== Oloye Akinloye oo ina joginoo debbo, ina jogii ɓiɓɓe heewɓe.[2] O sankii ko e duuɓi 91 e nder wuro makko ñalnde 18 suwee 2007 caggal rafi seeɗa.[1] ==Tuugnorgal== bhmnwafkj9le14hjmg8ivxboz5q4jt5 174176 174175 2026-06-18T13:48:04Z Fulani215 7983 /* Himobe */ fixed typo 174176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Meredith Adisa Akinloye'''(19 lewru bowte hitaande 1916 – 18 lewru seeɗto hitaande 2007), ganndiraaɗo A.M.A, ko awokaa Najeriya, ko o dawriyanke, ko o Seriki leydi Ibadanland, ɗum noon ko o mawɗo leñol Yoruba. ==Golle sariya== Akinloye janngi sariya haa janngirde faggudu London hakkunde 1946 e 1948. Nde o arti Naajeeriya, o golli ko juuti e awokaa hade makko naatde e politik. ==Republique gadano== Akinloye wonnoo ko e sosde lannda politik gadano e nder wuro Ibadan ina wiyee Lannda Leƴƴi Ibadan (IPP) mo o woni hooreejo mayre, tawi ko Adegoke Adelabu woni cukko makko. Lannda makko IPP caggal mum hawri e fedde Action Group, nde hooreejo Obafemi Awolowo ardii, ngam sosde laamu gadano e nder diiwaan hirnaange leydi Naajeeriya, ɗo Akinloye toɗɗaa jaagorgal ndema e jawdi. E nder feccere ɗimmere kitaale 1950 o suɓaama hooreejo diiso wuro Ibadan. E nder caɗeele diiwaan hirnaange e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1960, o yalti e fedde gollorde ngam ardaade Samuel Ladoke Akintola, mo fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore, nde o golli e nder kabine mo gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii e oon sahaa, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. (Laamu nguu liɓaa ko e kuudetaa konu ñalnde 15 lewru Yarkomaa 1966). ==Republique ɗiɗaɓere== Akinloye woni hooreejo lannda siyaasaaku ɓurduɗum mawnugo haa Afrika, lannda lesdi Naajeeriya, laami lesdi man hakkunde 1979 e 1983 nden Shehu Shagari woni hooreejo lesdi. Akinloye yahi lesdi lesdi ndiin nder hitaande 1983 ɓaawo nde lanyol maako fooɗi laamu sooja’en lesdi ndi Seneraal Muhammadu Buhari ardii, nden o warti lesdi Naajeeriya ɓaawo duuɓi sappo nde laamu lesdi Naajeeriya ardii hooreejo lesdi Ernest Shonekan. ==Nguurndam neɗɗo== Oloye Akinloye oo ina joginoo debbo, ina jogii ɓiɓɓe heewɓe.[2] O sankii ko e duuɓi 91 e nder wuro makko ñalnde 18 suwee 2007 caggal rafi seeɗa.[1] ==Himobe== 112t2dfr813m6rz1jgboxqyk5rjd9n5 174177 174176 2026-06-18T13:48:34Z Fulani215 7983 /* */ fixed typo 174177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Meredith Adisa Akinloye''' (19 lewru bowte hitaande 1916 – 18 lewru seeɗto hitaande 2007), ganndiraaɗo A.M.A, ko awokaa Najeriya, ko o dawriyanke, ko o Seriki leydi Ibadanland, ɗum noon ko o mawɗo leñol Yoruba. ==Golle sariya== Akinloye janngi sariya haa janngirde faggudu London hakkunde 1946 e 1948. Nde o arti Naajeeriya, o golli ko juuti e awokaa hade makko naatde e politik. ==Republique gadano== Akinloye wonnoo ko e sosde lannda politik gadano e nder wuro Ibadan ina wiyee Lannda Leƴƴi Ibadan (IPP) mo o woni hooreejo mayre, tawi ko Adegoke Adelabu woni cukko makko. Lannda makko IPP caggal mum hawri e fedde Action Group, nde hooreejo Obafemi Awolowo ardii, ngam sosde laamu gadano e nder diiwaan hirnaange leydi Naajeeriya, ɗo Akinloye toɗɗaa jaagorgal ndema e jawdi. E nder feccere ɗimmere kitaale 1950 o suɓaama hooreejo diiso wuro Ibadan. E nder caɗeele diiwaan hirnaange e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1960, o yalti e fedde gollorde ngam ardaade Samuel Ladoke Akintola, mo fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore, nde o golli e nder kabine mo gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii e oon sahaa, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. (Laamu nguu liɓaa ko e kuudetaa konu ñalnde 15 lewru Yarkomaa 1966). ==Republique ɗiɗaɓere== Akinloye woni hooreejo lannda siyaasaaku ɓurduɗum mawnugo haa Afrika, lannda lesdi Naajeeriya, laami lesdi man hakkunde 1979 e 1983 nden Shehu Shagari woni hooreejo lesdi. Akinloye yahi lesdi lesdi ndiin nder hitaande 1983 ɓaawo nde lanyol maako fooɗi laamu sooja’en lesdi ndi Seneraal Muhammadu Buhari ardii, nden o warti lesdi Naajeeriya ɓaawo duuɓi sappo nde laamu lesdi Naajeeriya ardii hooreejo lesdi Ernest Shonekan. ==Nguurndam neɗɗo== Oloye Akinloye oo ina joginoo debbo, ina jogii ɓiɓɓe heewɓe.[2] O sankii ko e duuɓi 91 e nder wuro makko ñalnde 18 suwee 2007 caggal rafi seeɗa.[1] ==Himobe== k4sznozrjqou0pppxlafireiuo2pvzt 174178 174177 2026-06-18T13:49:10Z Fulani215 7983 /* Nguurndam neɗɗo */ fixed typo 174178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Meredith Adisa Akinloye''' (19 lewru bowte hitaande 1916 – 18 lewru seeɗto hitaande 2007), ganndiraaɗo A.M.A, ko awokaa Najeriya, ko o dawriyanke, ko o Seriki leydi Ibadanland, ɗum noon ko o mawɗo leñol Yoruba. ==Golle sariya== Akinloye janngi sariya haa janngirde faggudu London hakkunde 1946 e 1948. Nde o arti Naajeeriya, o golli ko juuti e awokaa hade makko naatde e politik. ==Republique gadano== Akinloye wonnoo ko e sosde lannda politik gadano e nder wuro Ibadan ina wiyee Lannda Leƴƴi Ibadan (IPP) mo o woni hooreejo mayre, tawi ko Adegoke Adelabu woni cukko makko. Lannda makko IPP caggal mum hawri e fedde Action Group, nde hooreejo Obafemi Awolowo ardii, ngam sosde laamu gadano e nder diiwaan hirnaange leydi Naajeeriya, ɗo Akinloye toɗɗaa jaagorgal ndema e jawdi. E nder feccere ɗimmere kitaale 1950 o suɓaama hooreejo diiso wuro Ibadan. E nder caɗeele diiwaan hirnaange e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1960, o yalti e fedde gollorde ngam ardaade Samuel Ladoke Akintola, mo fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore, nde o golli e nder kabine mo gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii e oon sahaa, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. (Laamu nguu liɓaa ko e kuudetaa konu ñalnde 15 lewru Yarkomaa 1966). ==Republique ɗiɗaɓere== Akinloye woni hooreejo lannda siyaasaaku ɓurduɗum mawnugo haa Afrika, lannda lesdi Naajeeriya, laami lesdi man hakkunde 1979 e 1983 nden Shehu Shagari woni hooreejo lesdi. Akinloye yahi lesdi lesdi ndiin nder hitaande 1983 ɓaawo nde lanyol maako fooɗi laamu sooja’en lesdi ndi Seneraal Muhammadu Buhari ardii, nden o warti lesdi Naajeeriya ɓaawo duuɓi sappo nde laamu lesdi Naajeeriya ardii hooreejo lesdi Ernest Shonekan. ==Nguurndam neɗɗo== Oloye Akinloye oo ina joginoo debbo, ina jogii ɓiɓɓe heewɓe. O sankii ko e duuɓi 91 e nder wuro makko ñalnde 18 suwee 2007 caggal rafi seeɗa. ==Himobe== 3xpszwauuh899y490qnky1wd54b8ijv 174181 174178 2026-06-18T13:51:48Z MOIBARDE 10068 174181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Meredith Adisa Akinloye''' (19 lewru bowte hitaande 1916 – 18 lewru seeɗto hitaande 2007), ganndiraaɗo A.M.A, ko awokaa Najeriya, ko o dawriyanke, ko o Seriki leydi Ibadanland, ɗum noon ko o mawɗo leñol Yoruba. ==Golle sariya== Akinloye janngi sariya haa janngirde faggudu London hakkunde 1946 e 1948. Nde o arti [[Naajeeriya]], o golli ko juuti e awokaa hade makko naatde e politik. ==Republique gadano== Akinloye wonnoo ko e sosde lannda politik gadano e nder wuro Ibadan ina wiyee Lannda Leƴƴi [[Ibadan]] (IPP) mo o woni hooreejo mayre, tawi ko Adegoke Adelabu woni cukko makko. Lannda makko IPP caggal mum hawri e fedde Action Group, nde hooreejo Obafemi Awolowo ardii, ngam sosde laamu gadano e nder diiwaan hirnaange leydi [[Naajeeriya]], ɗo Akinloye toɗɗaa jaagorgal ndema e jawdi. E nder feccere ɗimmere kitaale 1950 o suɓaama hooreejo diiso wuro Ibadan. E nder caɗeele diiwaan hirnaange e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1960, o yalti e fedde gollorde ngam ardaade Samuel Ladoke Akintola, mo fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore, nde o golli e nder kabine mo gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii e oon sahaa, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. (Laamu nguu liɓaa ko e kuudetaa konu ñalnde 15 lewru Yarkomaa 1966). ==Republique ɗiɗaɓere== Akinloye woni hooreejo lannda siyaasaaku ɓurduɗum mawnugo haa Afrika, lannda lesdi Naajeeriya, laami lesdi man hakkunde 1979 e 1983 nden Shehu Shagari woni hooreejo lesdi. Akinloye yahi lesdi lesdi ndiin nder hitaande 1983 ɓaawo nde lanyol maako fooɗi laamu sooja’en lesdi ndi Seneraal [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ardii, nden o warti lesdi Naajeeriya ɓaawo duuɓi sappo nde laamu lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] ardii hooreejo lesdi Ernest Shonekan. ==Nguurndam neɗɗo== Oloye Akinloye oo ina joginoo debbo, ina jogii ɓiɓɓe heewɓe. O sankii ko e duuɓi 91 e nder wuro makko ñalnde 18 suwee 2007 caggal rafi seeɗa. ==Himobe== ng9k9mpbagiw5uvbvsl941swjvfcbv8 174185 174181 2026-06-18T13:58:12Z MOIBARDE 10068 174185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Meredith Adisa Akinloye''' (19 lewru bowte hitaande 1916 – 18 lewru seeɗto hitaande 2007), ganndiraaɗo A.M.A, ko awokaa Najeriya, ko o dawriyanke, ko o Seriki leydi Ibadanland, ɗum noon ko o mawɗo leñol Yoruba.<ref name="vg">{{cite news|first=Bolade|last=Omonijo|author2=Dapo Akinrefon|title=Ibadan Politics: Akinloye, last of the titans, bows out|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/articles/2002/politics/september07/21092007/p221092007.html|location=Lagos, Nigeria|date=2007-09-21|accessdate=2007-09-22|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> ==Golle sariya== Akinloye janngi sariya haa janngirde faggudu London hakkunde 1946 e 1948. Nde o arti [[Naajeeriya]], o golli ko juuti e awokaa hade makko naatde e politik. ==Republique gadano== Akinloye wonnoo ko e sosde lannda politik gadano e nder wuro Ibadan ina wiyee Lannda Leƴƴi [[Ibadan]] (IPP) mo o woni hooreejo mayre, tawi ko Adegoke Adelabu woni cukko makko. Lannda makko IPP caggal mum hawri e fedde Action Group, nde hooreejo Obafemi Awolowo ardii, ngam sosde laamu gadano e nder diiwaan hirnaange leydi [[Naajeeriya]], ɗo Akinloye toɗɗaa jaagorgal ndema e jawdi. E nder feccere ɗimmere kitaale 1950 o suɓaama hooreejo diiso wuro Ibadan. E nder caɗeele diiwaan hirnaange e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1960, o yalti e fedde gollorde ngam ardaade Samuel Ladoke Akintola, mo fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore, nde o golli e nder kabine mo gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii e oon sahaa, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. (Laamu nguu liɓaa ko e kuudetaa konu ñalnde 15 lewru Yarkomaa 1966). ==Republique ɗiɗaɓere== Akinloye woni hooreejo lannda siyaasaaku ɓurduɗum mawnugo haa Afrika, lannda lesdi Naajeeriya, laami lesdi man hakkunde 1979 e 1983 nden Shehu Shagari woni hooreejo lesdi. Akinloye yahi lesdi lesdi ndiin nder hitaande 1983 ɓaawo nde lanyol maako fooɗi laamu sooja’en lesdi ndi Seneraal [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ardii, nden o warti lesdi Naajeeriya ɓaawo duuɓi sappo nde laamu lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] ardii hooreejo lesdi Ernest Shonekan. ==Nguurndam neɗɗo== Oloye Akinloye oo ina joginoo debbo, ina jogii ɓiɓɓe heewɓe. O sankii ko e duuɓi 91 e nder wuro makko ñalnde 18 suwee 2007 caggal rafi seeɗa. ==Himobe== nhie03qaujdp2its4qkii9y9k963ds3 0 42192 174190 2026-06-18T14:36:48Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174190 wikitext text/x-wiki Benjamin Drew Thaler (jibinaa ko ñalnde 30 ut 1981) ko gardiiɗo diɗɗal ngal, kadi ko gooto e ardiiɓe diɗɗal ngal. O wonii laamɗo e nder Ligue Super Men. Ñalnde 24 suwee 2024, Thaler hollitii wonde maa o woppu golle makko, ngam ƴettude darnde hesere e RFL. Ɓawo Thaler mawni ko to Normanton, to leydi Angalteer. Kugal Ñalnde 1 sulyee 2001, ñalngu Ben gadano o fiyi e Leigh e York City Knights. O jeyaa ko e mbayliigu arbiteeɓe Nuwel Selannde e hitaande 2005. Ko kanko woni ñaawoowo e kawgel ngel 2015 to Old Trafford, e kawgel ngel 2015 to Wembley. Ko kanko woni ñaawoowo e kawgel 2017, ngel Leigh Centurions yalti e Ligue des Champions, Hull Kingston Rovers ƴetti, e nder mbayliigu laaɓtungu hakkunde kippuuji ɗiɗi ɗi ƴellitaa e ɗi njippinaa e daawal ɓennungal ngal. Je lesdi feere Thaler waɗii 19 kawgel hakkunde leyɗeele haa hannde : 1. Joorji 0 V 60 Farayse 2005 (Kaɓirɗe leyɗeele Orop) 2. Liban 22 V 8 Riisi 2006 (Kaɓirgal kawgel fuku winndere) 3. Amerik 37 V 22 Jamayka 2009 (Kop Atlantik) 4. Galles 6 V 13 Itali 2010 (Sehilaagal) 5. Angalteer 18 V 10 Egguɓe 2012 (Iwdi hakkunde leyɗeele) 6. Angalteer 20 V 32 Egguɓe 2012 (Iwdi hakkunde leyɗeele) 7. Ecoppi 18 V 30 Irlannda 2012 (Kop Orop) 8. USA 32 V 20 Duunde Cook 2013 (Kop Aduna-Goomuuji) 9. Tonga 16 V 0 Itali 2013 (Kop Aduna-Goomu) 10. Galles 14 V 46 Irlannda 2014 (Kaɓirɗe Orop) 11. Angalteer 26 V 12 Nuwel Selannde 2015 (Seereeji jarribooji) 12. Irlannda 4 V 30 Galles 2015 (Kop Orop) 13. Angalteer 20 V 14 Nuwel Selannde 2015 (Seereeji jarribooji) 14. Ecoppi 12 V 54 Ostarali 2016 (Leƴƴi nay) 15. Angalteer 29 V 10 Liban 2017 (Kop Aduna-Goomu) 16. Galles 6 V 34 Irlannda 2017 (Kop Aduna-Goomuuji) 17. Angalteer 36 V 18 Nuwel Selannde 2018 (Njoɓdi jarribo) 18. Jamayka 38 V 8 Kanadaa 2018 (Kaɓirɗe Amerik) 19. Jamayka 16 V 10 Amerik 2018 (Kaɓirɗe Amerik) Ko kanko wonnoo gardiiɗo wideyoo kawgel Galles e Irlande ñalnde 1 noowammbar 2009. ngam kawgel Orop Rugby League. Ko kanko woni gardiiɗo wideyoo ñalnde 8 noowammbar 2009, Galles v Ecosse. Ko kanko wonnoo ñaawoowo e ñaawoowo wideyoo e nder pijirlooji keewɗi e nder kawgel fuku winndere 2013. Ko kanko woni ñaawoowo e ñaawoowo wideyoo e nder pijirlooji ceertuɗi e kawgel fuku winndere 2017. O yahi haa o woni Arbiter Wideyoo ngam Final. Tuugnorgal eslgf9weixog2tfe4jagd9usqfrl0oa 174191 174190 2026-06-18T14:38:33Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Benjamin Drew Thaler (jibinaa ko ñalnde 30 ut 1981) ko gardiiɗo diɗɗal ngal, kadi ko gooto e ardiiɓe diɗɗal ngal. O wonii laamɗo e nder Ligue Super Men. Ñalnde 24 suwee 2024, Thaler hollitii wonde maa o woppu golle makko, ngam ƴettude darnde hesere e RFL. Ɓawo Thaler mawni ko to Normanton, to leydi Angalteer. Kugal Ñalnde 1 sulyee 2001, ñalngu Ben gadano o fiyi e Leigh e York City Knights. O jeyaa ko e mbayliigu arbiteeɓe Nuwel Selannde e hitaande 2005. Ko kanko woni ñaawoowo e kawgel ngel 2015 to Old Trafford, e kawgel ngel 2015 to Wembley. Ko kanko woni ñaawoowo e kawgel 2017, ngel Leigh Centurions yalti e Ligue des Champions, Hull Kingston Rovers ƴetti, e nder mbayliigu laaɓtungu hakkunde kippuuji ɗiɗi ɗi ƴellitaa e ɗi njippinaa e daawal ɓennungal ngal. Je lesdi feere Thaler waɗii 19 kawgel hakkunde leyɗeele haa hannde : 1. Joorji 0 V 60 Farayse 2005 (Kaɓirɗe leyɗeele Orop) 2. Liban 22 V 8 Riisi 2006 (Kaɓirgal kawgel fuku winndere) 3. Amerik 37 V 22 Jamayka 2009 (Kop Atlantik) 4. Galles 6 V 13 Itali 2010 (Sehilaagal) 5. Angalteer 18 V 10 Egguɓe 2012 (Iwdi hakkunde leyɗeele) 6. Angalteer 20 V 32 Egguɓe 2012 (Iwdi hakkunde leyɗeele) 7. Ecoppi 18 V 30 Irlannda 2012 (Kop Orop) 8. USA 32 V 20 Duunde Cook 2013 (Kop Aduna-Goomuuji) 9. Tonga 16 V 0 Itali 2013 (Kop Aduna-Goomu) 10. Galles 14 V 46 Irlannda 2014 (Kaɓirɗe Orop) 11. Angalteer 26 V 12 Nuwel Selannde 2015 (Seereeji jarribooji) 12. Irlannda 4 V 30 Galles 2015 (Kop Orop) 13. Angalteer 20 V 14 Nuwel Selannde 2015 (Seereeji jarribooji) 14. Ecoppi 12 V 54 Ostarali 2016 (Leƴƴi nay) 15. Angalteer 29 V 10 Liban 2017 (Kop Aduna-Goomu) 16. Galles 6 V 34 Irlannda 2017 (Kop Aduna-Goomuuji) 17. Angalteer 36 V 18 Nuwel Selannde 2018 (Njoɓdi jarribo) 18. Jamayka 38 V 8 Kanadaa 2018 (Kaɓirɗe Amerik) 19. Jamayka 16 V 10 Amerik 2018 (Kaɓirɗe Amerik) Ko kanko wonnoo gardiiɗo wideyoo kawgel Galles e Irlande ñalnde 1 noowammbar 2009. ngam kawgel Orop Rugby League. Ko kanko woni gardiiɗo wideyoo ñalnde 8 noowammbar 2009, Galles v Ecosse. Ko kanko wonnoo ñaawoowo e ñaawoowo wideyoo e nder pijirlooji keewɗi e nder kawgel fuku winndere 2013. Ko kanko woni ñaawoowo e ñaawoowo wideyoo e nder pijirlooji ceertuɗi e kawgel fuku winndere 2017. O yahi haa o woni Arbiter Wideyoo ngam Final. Tuugnorgal 4o7mqdzvx190s2mkvu5k3hf4nsijbnf 174192 174191 2026-06-18T14:41:08Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Benjamin Drew Thaler''' (jibinaa ko ñalnde 30 ut 1981) ko gardiiɗo diɗɗal ngal, kadi ko gooto e ardiiɓe diɗɗal ngal. O wonii laamɗo e nder Ligue Super Men. Ñalnde 24 suwee 2024, Thaler hollitii wonde maa o woppu golle makko, ngam ƴettude darnde hesere e RFL. == Ɓawo == Thaler mawni ko to Normanton, to leydi Angalteer. == Kugal == Ñalnde 1 sulyee 2001, ñalngu Ben gadano o fiyi e Leigh e York City Knights. O jeyaa ko e mbayliigu arbiteeɓe Nuwel Selannde e hitaande 2005. Ko kanko woni ñaawoowo e kawgel ngel 2015 to Old Trafford, e kawgel ngel 2015 to Wembley. Ko kanko woni ñaawoowo e kawgel 2017, ngel Leigh Centurions yalti e Ligue des Champions, Hull Kingston Rovers ƴetti, e nder mbayliigu laaɓtungu hakkunde kippuuji ɗiɗi ɗi ƴellitaa e ɗi njippinaa e daawal ɓennungal ngal. == Je lesdi feere == Thaler waɗii 19 kawgel hakkunde leyɗeele haa hannde : 1. Joorji 0 V 60 Farayse 2005 (Kaɓirɗe leyɗeele Orop) 2. Liban 22 V 8 Riisi 2006 (Kaɓirgal kawgel fuku winndere) 3. Amerik 37 V 22 Jamayka 2009 (Kop Atlantik) 4. Galles 6 V 13 Itali 2010 (Sehilaagal) 5. Angalteer 18 V 10 Egguɓe 2012 (Iwdi hakkunde leyɗeele) 6. Angalteer 20 V 32 Egguɓe 2012 (Iwdi hakkunde leyɗeele) 7. Ecoppi 18 V 30 Irlannda 2012 (Kop Orop) 8. USA 32 V 20 Duunde Cook 2013 (Kop Aduna-Goomuuji) 9. Tonga 16 V 0 Itali 2013 (Kop Aduna-Goomu) 10. Galles 14 V 46 Irlannda 2014 (Kaɓirɗe Orop) 11. Angalteer 26 V 12 Nuwel Selannde 2015 (Seereeji jarribooji) 12. Irlannda 4 V 30 Galles 2015 (Kop Orop) 13. Angalteer 20 V 14 Nuwel Selannde 2015 (Seereeji jarribooji) 14. Ecoppi 12 V 54 Ostarali 2016 (Leƴƴi nay) 15. Angalteer 29 V 10 Liban 2017 (Kop Aduna-Goomu) 16. Galles 6 V 34 Irlannda 2017 (Kop Aduna-Goomuuji) 17. Angalteer 36 V 18 Nuwel Selannde 2018 (Njoɓdi jarribo) 18. Jamayka 38 V 8 Kanadaa 2018 (Kaɓirɗe Amerik) 19. Jamayka 16 V 10 Amerik 2018 (Kaɓirɗe Amerik) Ko kanko wonnoo gardiiɗo wideyoo kawgel Galles e Irlande ñalnde 1 noowammbar 2009. ngam kawgel Orop Rugby League. Ko kanko woni gardiiɗo wideyoo ñalnde 8 noowammbar 2009, Galles v Ecosse. Ko kanko wonnoo ñaawoowo e ñaawoowo wideyoo e nder pijirlooji keewɗi e nder kawgel fuku winndere 2013. Ko kanko woni ñaawoowo e ñaawoowo wideyoo e nder pijirlooji ceertuɗi e kawgel fuku winndere 2017. O yahi haa o woni Arbiter Wideyoo ngam Final. == Tuugnorgal == a8s6h8q7071kwzstbwzuh3nh8ccwxbx 174193 174192 2026-06-18T14:42:50Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Benjamin Drew Thaler''' (jibinaa ko ñalnde 30 ut 1981) ko gardiiɗo diɗɗal ngal, kadi ko gooto e ardiiɓe diɗɗal ngal. O wonii laamɗo e nder Ligue Super Men.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Benjamin Drew THALER personal appointments - Find and update company information - GOV.UK|url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/27mq6U5D6ze6tTAw621w_YDEBag/appointments|access-date=2024-01-12|website=find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rugby-league.com/get-involved/match-officials/full-time-match-officials/ben-thaler|title=Ben Thaler}}</ref> Ñalnde 24 suwee 2024, Thaler hollitii wonde maa o woppu golle makko, ngam ƴettude darnde hesere e RFL. == Ɓawo == Thaler mawni ko to Normanton, to leydi Angalteer. == Kugal == Ñalnde 1 sulyee 2001, ñalngu Ben gadano o fiyi e Leigh e York City Knights. O jeyaa ko e mbayliigu arbiteeɓe Nuwel Selannde e hitaande 2005. Ko kanko woni ñaawoowo e kawgel ngel 2015 to Old Trafford, e kawgel ngel 2015 to Wembley. Ko kanko woni ñaawoowo e kawgel 2017, ngel Leigh Centurions yalti e Ligue des Champions, Hull Kingston Rovers ƴetti, e nder mbayliigu laaɓtungu hakkunde kippuuji ɗiɗi ɗi ƴellitaa e ɗi njippinaa e daawal ɓennungal ngal. == Je lesdi feere == Thaler waɗii 19 kawgel hakkunde leyɗeele haa hannde : 1. Joorji 0 V 60 Farayse 2005 (Kaɓirɗe leyɗeele Orop) 2. Liban 22 V 8 Riisi 2006 (Kaɓirgal kawgel fuku winndere) 3. Amerik 37 V 22 Jamayka 2009 (Kop Atlantik) 4. Galles 6 V 13 Itali 2010 (Sehilaagal) 5. Angalteer 18 V 10 Egguɓe 2012 (Iwdi hakkunde leyɗeele) 6. Angalteer 20 V 32 Egguɓe 2012 (Iwdi hakkunde leyɗeele) 7. Ecoppi 18 V 30 Irlannda 2012 (Kop Orop) 8. USA 32 V 20 Duunde Cook 2013 (Kop Aduna-Goomuuji) 9. Tonga 16 V 0 Itali 2013 (Kop Aduna-Goomu) 10. Galles 14 V 46 Irlannda 2014 (Kaɓirɗe Orop) 11. Angalteer 26 V 12 Nuwel Selannde 2015 (Seereeji jarribooji) 12. Irlannda 4 V 30 Galles 2015 (Kop Orop) 13. Angalteer 20 V 14 Nuwel Selannde 2015 (Seereeji jarribooji) 14. Ecoppi 12 V 54 Ostarali 2016 (Leƴƴi nay) 15. Angalteer 29 V 10 Liban 2017 (Kop Aduna-Goomu) 16. Galles 6 V 34 Irlannda 2017 (Kop Aduna-Goomuuji) 17. Angalteer 36 V 18 Nuwel Selannde 2018 (Njoɓdi jarribo) 18. Jamayka 38 V 8 Kanadaa 2018 (Kaɓirɗe Amerik) 19. Jamayka 16 V 10 Amerik 2018 (Kaɓirɗe Amerik) Ko kanko wonnoo gardiiɗo wideyoo kawgel Galles e Irlande ñalnde 1 noowammbar 2009. ngam kawgel Orop Rugby League. Ko kanko woni gardiiɗo wideyoo ñalnde 8 noowammbar 2009, Galles v Ecosse. Ko kanko wonnoo ñaawoowo e ñaawoowo wideyoo e nder pijirlooji keewɗi e nder kawgel fuku winndere 2013. Ko kanko woni ñaawoowo e ñaawoowo wideyoo e nder pijirlooji ceertuɗi e kawgel fuku winndere 2017. O yahi haa o woni Arbiter Wideyoo ngam Final. == Tuugnorgal == srp3j2w9c1bubfkejo98lte34p1bbkv 174194 174193 2026-06-18T14:44:18Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Benjamin Drew Thaler''' (jibinaa ko ñalnde 30 ut 1981) ko gardiiɗo diɗɗal ngal, kadi ko gooto e ardiiɓe diɗɗal ngal. O wonii laamɗo e nder Ligue Super Men.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Benjamin Drew THALER personal appointments - Find and update company information - GOV.UK|url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/27mq6U5D6ze6tTAw621w_YDEBag/appointments|access-date=2024-01-12|website=find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rugby-league.com/get-involved/match-officials/full-time-match-officials/ben-thaler|title=Ben Thaler}}</ref> Ñalnde 24 suwee 2024, Thaler hollitii wonde maa o woppu golle makko, ngam ƴettude darnde hesere e RFL.<ref>{{cite web|title=Referee Ben Thaler to achieve Challenge Cup final dream|url=https://www.wakefieldexpress.co.uk/news/referee-ben-thaler-to-achieve-challenge-cup-final-dream-2207119|website=Wakefield Express|access-date=23 July 2023|date=29 August 2015}}</ref> == Ɓawo == Thaler mawni ko to Normanton, to leydi Angalteer. == Kugal == Ñalnde 1 sulyee 2001, ñalngu Ben gadano o fiyi e Leigh e York City Knights. O jeyaa ko e mbayliigu arbiteeɓe Nuwel Selannde e hitaande 2005. Ko kanko woni ñaawoowo e kawgel ngel 2015 to Old Trafford, e kawgel ngel 2015 to Wembley. Ko kanko woni ñaawoowo e kawgel 2017, ngel Leigh Centurions yalti e Ligue des Champions, Hull Kingston Rovers ƴetti, e nder mbayliigu laaɓtungu hakkunde kippuuji ɗiɗi ɗi ƴellitaa e ɗi njippinaa e daawal ɓennungal ngal. == Je lesdi feere == Thaler waɗii 19 kawgel hakkunde leyɗeele haa hannde : 1. Joorji 0 V 60 Farayse 2005 (Kaɓirɗe leyɗeele Orop) 2. Liban 22 V 8 Riisi 2006 (Kaɓirgal kawgel fuku winndere) 3. Amerik 37 V 22 Jamayka 2009 (Kop Atlantik) 4. Galles 6 V 13 Itali 2010 (Sehilaagal) 5. Angalteer 18 V 10 Egguɓe 2012 (Iwdi hakkunde leyɗeele) 6. Angalteer 20 V 32 Egguɓe 2012 (Iwdi hakkunde leyɗeele) 7. Ecoppi 18 V 30 Irlannda 2012 (Kop Orop) 8. USA 32 V 20 Duunde Cook 2013 (Kop Aduna-Goomuuji) 9. Tonga 16 V 0 Itali 2013 (Kop Aduna-Goomu) 10. Galles 14 V 46 Irlannda 2014 (Kaɓirɗe Orop) 11. Angalteer 26 V 12 Nuwel Selannde 2015 (Seereeji jarribooji) 12. Irlannda 4 V 30 Galles 2015 (Kop Orop) 13. Angalteer 20 V 14 Nuwel Selannde 2015 (Seereeji jarribooji) 14. Ecoppi 12 V 54 Ostarali 2016 (Leƴƴi nay) 15. Angalteer 29 V 10 Liban 2017 (Kop Aduna-Goomu) 16. Galles 6 V 34 Irlannda 2017 (Kop Aduna-Goomuuji) 17. Angalteer 36 V 18 Nuwel Selannde 2018 (Njoɓdi jarribo) 18. Jamayka 38 V 8 Kanadaa 2018 (Kaɓirɗe Amerik) 19. Jamayka 16 V 10 Amerik 2018 (Kaɓirɗe Amerik) Ko kanko wonnoo gardiiɗo wideyoo kawgel Galles e Irlande ñalnde 1 noowammbar 2009. ngam kawgel Orop Rugby League. Ko kanko woni gardiiɗo wideyoo ñalnde 8 noowammbar 2009, Galles v Ecosse. Ko kanko wonnoo ñaawoowo e ñaawoowo wideyoo e nder pijirlooji keewɗi e nder kawgel fuku winndere 2013. Ko kanko woni ñaawoowo e ñaawoowo wideyoo e nder pijirlooji ceertuɗi e kawgel fuku winndere 2017. O yahi haa o woni Arbiter Wideyoo ngam Final. == Tuugnorgal == fahjcgc4ziqf9kst688kyj6fphh1xr4 174195 174194 2026-06-18T14:45:48Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Benjamin Drew Thaler''' (jibinaa ko ñalnde 30 ut 1981) ko gardiiɗo diɗɗal ngal, kadi ko gooto e ardiiɓe diɗɗal ngal. O wonii laamɗo e nder Ligue Super Men.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Benjamin Drew THALER personal appointments - Find and update company information - GOV.UK|url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/27mq6U5D6ze6tTAw621w_YDEBag/appointments|access-date=2024-01-12|website=find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rugby-league.com/get-involved/match-officials/full-time-match-officials/ben-thaler|title=Ben Thaler}}</ref> Ñalnde 24 suwee 2024, Thaler hollitii wonde maa o woppu golle makko, ngam ƴettude darnde hesere e RFL.<ref>{{cite web|title=Referee Ben Thaler to achieve Challenge Cup final dream|url=https://www.wakefieldexpress.co.uk/news/referee-ben-thaler-to-achieve-challenge-cup-final-dream-2207119|website=Wakefield Express|access-date=23 July 2023|date=29 August 2015}}</ref> == Ɓawo == Thaler mawni ko to Normanton, to leydi Angalteer.<ref>https://www.rugby-league.com/article/63137/belle-vue-swansong-for-thaler</ref> == Kugal == Ñalnde 1 sulyee 2001, ñalngu Ben gadano o fiyi e Leigh e York City Knights. O jeyaa ko e mbayliigu arbiteeɓe Nuwel Selannde e hitaande 2005. Ko kanko woni ñaawoowo e kawgel ngel 2015 to Old Trafford, e kawgel ngel 2015 to Wembley. Ko kanko woni ñaawoowo e kawgel 2017, ngel Leigh Centurions yalti e Ligue des Champions, Hull Kingston Rovers ƴetti, e nder mbayliigu laaɓtungu hakkunde kippuuji ɗiɗi ɗi ƴellitaa e ɗi njippinaa e daawal ɓennungal ngal. == Je lesdi feere == Thaler waɗii 19 kawgel hakkunde leyɗeele haa hannde : 1. Joorji 0 V 60 Farayse 2005 (Kaɓirɗe leyɗeele Orop) 2. Liban 22 V 8 Riisi 2006 (Kaɓirgal kawgel fuku winndere) 3. Amerik 37 V 22 Jamayka 2009 (Kop Atlantik) 4. Galles 6 V 13 Itali 2010 (Sehilaagal) 5. Angalteer 18 V 10 Egguɓe 2012 (Iwdi hakkunde leyɗeele) 6. Angalteer 20 V 32 Egguɓe 2012 (Iwdi hakkunde leyɗeele) 7. Ecoppi 18 V 30 Irlannda 2012 (Kop Orop) 8. USA 32 V 20 Duunde Cook 2013 (Kop Aduna-Goomuuji) 9. Tonga 16 V 0 Itali 2013 (Kop Aduna-Goomu) 10. Galles 14 V 46 Irlannda 2014 (Kaɓirɗe Orop) 11. Angalteer 26 V 12 Nuwel Selannde 2015 (Seereeji jarribooji) 12. Irlannda 4 V 30 Galles 2015 (Kop Orop) 13. Angalteer 20 V 14 Nuwel Selannde 2015 (Seereeji jarribooji) 14. Ecoppi 12 V 54 Ostarali 2016 (Leƴƴi nay) 15. Angalteer 29 V 10 Liban 2017 (Kop Aduna-Goomu) 16. Galles 6 V 34 Irlannda 2017 (Kop Aduna-Goomuuji) 17. Angalteer 36 V 18 Nuwel Selannde 2018 (Njoɓdi jarribo) 18. Jamayka 38 V 8 Kanadaa 2018 (Kaɓirɗe Amerik) 19. Jamayka 16 V 10 Amerik 2018 (Kaɓirɗe Amerik) Ko kanko wonnoo gardiiɗo wideyoo kawgel Galles e Irlande ñalnde 1 noowammbar 2009. ngam kawgel Orop Rugby League. Ko kanko woni gardiiɗo wideyoo ñalnde 8 noowammbar 2009, Galles v Ecosse. Ko kanko wonnoo ñaawoowo e ñaawoowo wideyoo e nder pijirlooji keewɗi e nder kawgel fuku winndere 2013. Ko kanko woni ñaawoowo e ñaawoowo wideyoo e nder pijirlooji ceertuɗi e kawgel fuku winndere 2017. O yahi haa o woni Arbiter Wideyoo ngam Final. == Tuugnorgal == i28wr26ri9uz43x0lnjz9vjlcqsq4kp 0 42193 174196 2026-06-18T15:11:06Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174196 wikitext text/x-wiki Tewodor Teodoridis (e ɗemngal Gerek : Θεόδωρος Θεοδωρίδης ; jibinaa ko ñalnde 1 ut 1965) ko mawɗo fuku koyɗe Gerek. Nguurndam E lewru marse 2016, Theodoridis toɗɗaa yo won gardiiɗo UEFA e sahaa jooni, lomtii Gianni Infantino. Ɗum wonti duumingol e oon lewru suwee, nde hooreejo leydi hannde oo, hono Aleksander Čeferin, toɗɗaa. Ko adii nde o wontata koolaaɗo kuuɓal, ko kanko wonnoo cukko koolaaɗo kuuɓal UEFA. Ko adii nde o naatata UEFA, Theodoridis wonnoo ko tergal yiilirde fedde fuku koyɗe Hellenic (HFF). Tuugnorgal 19yhyyg7n4zkb8e1wgb2lp493cahdat 174197 174196 2026-06-18T15:13:06Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Tewodor Teodoridis (e ɗemngal Gerek : Θεόδωρος Θεοδωρίδης ; jibinaa ko ñalnde 1 ut 1965) ko mawɗo fuku koyɗe Gerek. Nguurndam E lewru marse 2016, Theodoridis toɗɗaa yo won gardiiɗo UEFA e sahaa jooni, lomtii Gianni Infantino. Ɗum wonti duumingol e oon lewru suwee, nde hooreejo leydi hannde oo, hono Aleksander Čeferin, toɗɗaa. Ko adii nde o wontata koolaaɗo kuuɓal, ko kanko wonnoo cukko koolaaɗo kuuɓal UEFA. Ko adii nde o naatata UEFA, Theodoridis wonnoo ko tergal yiilirde fedde fuku koyɗe Hellenic (HFF). Tuugnorgal tjsvaw9eyi7xi30bvwfvcxjmk5dijxs 174198 174197 2026-06-18T15:13:55Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tewodor Teodoridis''' (e ɗemngal Gerek : Θεόδωρος Θεοδωρίδης ; jibinaa ko ñalnde 1 ut 1965) ko mawɗo fuku koyɗe Gerek. == Nguurndam == E lewru marse 2016, Theodoridis toɗɗaa yo won gardiiɗo UEFA e sahaa jooni, lomtii Gianni Infantino. Ɗum wonti duumingol e oon lewru suwee, nde hooreejo leydi hannde oo, hono Aleksander Čeferin, toɗɗaa. Ko adii nde o wontata koolaaɗo kuuɓal, ko kanko wonnoo cukko koolaaɗo kuuɓal UEFA. Ko adii nde o naatata UEFA, Theodoridis wonnoo ko tergal yiilirde fedde fuku koyɗe Hellenic (HFF). == Tuugnorgal == 27fjt8gss7yngji0rozbhvljez3f8yd 174199 174198 2026-06-18T15:16:11Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tewodor Teodoridis''' (e ɗemngal Gerek : Θεόδωρος Θεοδωρίδης ; jibinaa ko ñalnde 1 ut 1965) ko mawɗo fuku koyɗe Gerek..<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.org/about-uefa/administration/general-secretary/|title=UEFA General Secretary|publisher=UEFA|date=15 September 2016|access-date=19 November 2016}}</ref> == Nguurndam == E lewru marse 2016, Theodoridis toɗɗaa yo won gardiiɗo UEFA e sahaa jooni, lomtii Gianni Infantino. Ɗum wonti duumingol e oon lewru suwee, nde hooreejo leydi hannde oo, hono Aleksander Čeferin, toɗɗaa. Ko adii nde o wontata koolaaɗo kuuɓal, ko kanko wonnoo cukko koolaaɗo kuuɓal UEFA. Ko adii nde o naatata UEFA, Theodoridis wonnoo ko tergal yiilirde fedde fuku koyɗe Hellenic (HFF). == Tuugnorgal == 1xyxndarnvqa48gz3dxvt4m5iygwu0c 174201 174199 2026-06-18T15:17:50Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tewodor Teodoridis''' (e ɗemngal Gerek : Θεόδωρος Θεοδωρίδης ; jibinaa ko ñalnde 1 ut 1965) ko mawɗo fuku koyɗe Gerek..<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.org/about-uefa/administration/general-secretary/|title=UEFA General Secretary|publisher=UEFA|date=15 September 2016|access-date=19 November 2016}}</ref> == Nguurndam == E lewru marse 2016, Theodoridis toɗɗaa yo won gardiiɗo UEFA e sahaa jooni, lomtii Gianni Infantino. Ɗum wonti duumingol e oon lewru suwee, nde hooreejo leydi hannde oo, hono Aleksander Čeferin, toɗɗaa. Ko adii nde o wontata koolaaɗo kuuɓal, ko kanko wonnoo cukko koolaaɗo kuuɓal UEFA..<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-soccer-uefa-idUSKCN0W61VS|title=UEFA names Theodoridis as interim replacement for Infantino|publisher=Reuters|date=4 March 2016|access-date=19 November 2016}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://worldsoccertalk.com/2016/03/05/leave-my-son-out-of-olympiacos-match-fixing-talk-says-father-of-new-uefa-chief/|title=Leave my son out of Olympiacos match-fixing talk, says father of new UEFA chief|publisher=World Soccer Talk|date=5 March 2016|access-date=19 November 2016}}</ref> Ko adii nde o naatata UEFA, Theodoridis wonnoo ko tergal yiilirde fedde fuku koyɗe Hellenic (HFF). == Tuugnorgal == bv2903fttaomyvcbynxs87biiodvhp4 174203 174201 2026-06-18T15:18:56Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tewodor Teodoridis''' (e ɗemngal Gerek : Θεόδωρος Θεοδωρίδης ; jibinaa ko ñalnde 1 ut 1965) ko mawɗo fuku koyɗe Gerek..<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.org/about-uefa/administration/general-secretary/|title=UEFA General Secretary|publisher=UEFA|date=15 September 2016|access-date=19 November 2016}}</ref> == Nguurndam == E lewru marse 2016, Theodoridis toɗɗaa yo won gardiiɗo UEFA e sahaa jooni, lomtii Gianni Infantino. Ɗum wonti duumingol e oon lewru suwee, nde hooreejo leydi hannde oo, hono Aleksander Čeferin, toɗɗaa. Ko adii nde o wontata koolaaɗo kuuɓal, ko kanko wonnoo cukko koolaaɗo kuuɓal UEFA..<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-soccer-uefa-idUSKCN0W61VS|title=UEFA names Theodoridis as interim replacement for Infantino|publisher=Reuters|date=4 March 2016|access-date=19 November 2016}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://worldsoccertalk.com/2016/03/05/leave-my-son-out-of-olympiacos-match-fixing-talk-says-father-of-new-uefa-chief/|title=Leave my son out of Olympiacos match-fixing talk, says father of new UEFA chief|publisher=World Soccer Talk|date=5 March 2016|access-date=19 November 2016}}</ref> Ko adii nde o naatata UEFA, Theodoridis wonnoo ko tergal yiilirde fedde fuku koyɗe Hellenic (HFF).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/news-media/news/01e1-0e73a23f8372-fd905889715e-1000--uefa-general-secretary/|title=UEFA General Secretary|publisher=UEFA|date=8 January 2010}}</ref> == Tuugnorgal == m30aamimupweitlj71xt84tfx9fcd53 0 42194 174205 2026-06-18T15:20:49Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174205 wikitext text/x-wiki David Tobey (1 mee 1898 to New York, New York, Dental Dowlaaji Amerik – 25 sulyee 1988) ko ñaawoowo basket Ameriknaajo. O ardii pijirlooji keewɗi maantinɗi to New York hakkunde 1918 e 1925. E hitaande 1926 o ardii pijirlooji Syracuse vs. Caggal ndeen fijo o wonti neɗɗo jiɗɗo, o ardii fijooji keewɗi teeŋtuɗi tuggi 1926 haa 1945, ko wayi no fijo adanngo ngo yimɓe tato ardii (Georgetown vs. Columbia). Caggal nde o woppi golle gardiiɗo, o wonti gardiiɗo basket to Cooper Union to wuro New York. O winnditaa e suudu mawndu Basketball e hitaande 1961. Jokkondire yaajɗe 866uc3kxcafjwb8cyq62lu8j61k0fp2 174207 174205 2026-06-18T15:23:33Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174207 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} David Tobey (1 mee 1898 to New York, New York, Dental Dowlaaji Amerik – 25 sulyee 1988) ko ñaawoowo basket Ameriknaajo. O ardii pijirlooji keewɗi maantinɗi to New York hakkunde 1918 e 1925. E hitaande 1926 o ardii pijirlooji Syracuse vs. Caggal ndeen fijo o wonti neɗɗo jiɗɗo, o ardii fijooji keewɗi teeŋtuɗi tuggi 1926 haa 1945, ko wayi no fijo adanngo ngo yimɓe tato ardii (Georgetown vs. Columbia). Caggal nde o woppi golle gardiiɗo, o wonti gardiiɗo basket to Cooper Union to wuro New York. O winnditaa e suudu mawndu Basketball e hitaande 1961. Jokkondire yaajɗe dem8xlip9wulo0gibtxinv00r05c1ls 174209 174207 2026-06-18T15:24:09Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''David Tobey''' (1 mee 1898 to New York, New York, Dental Dowlaaji Amerik – 25 sulyee 1988) ko ñaawoowo basket Ameriknaajo. O ardii pijirlooji keewɗi maantinɗi to New York hakkunde 1918 e 1925. E hitaande 1926 o ardii pijirlooji Syracuse vs. Caggal ndeen fijo o wonti neɗɗo jiɗɗo, o ardii fijooji keewɗi teeŋtuɗi tuggi 1926 haa 1945, ko wayi no fijo adanngo ngo yimɓe tato ardii (Georgetown vs. Columbia). Caggal nde o woppi golle gardiiɗo, o wonti gardiiɗo basket to Cooper Union to wuro New York. O winnditaa e suudu mawndu Basketball e hitaande 1961. == Jokkondire yaajɗe == ehqn7n0k25ndsf0g1vqie6akcftq3lg 0 42195 174212 2026-06-18T15:29:51Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174212 wikitext text/x-wiki Vicente Troudart ko ñaawoowo baseball to Panama, gollinooɗo e kewuuji keewɗi e nder winndere ndee, haa arti noon e Olimpiyaade 2004. O sankii ko ñalnde 9 lewru bowte hitaande 2016, tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 64. Tuugnorgal 0asnn0up48hme1ezzfd768fibng3b9h 174213 174212 2026-06-18T15:31:27Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Vicente Troudart ko ñaawoowo baseball to Panama, gollinooɗo e kewuuji keewɗi e nder winndere ndee, haa arti noon e Olimpiyaade 2004. O sankii ko ñalnde 9 lewru bowte hitaande 2016, tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 64. Tuugnorgal o302vhew7a801o9c7cwjn2eeb4mn2dh 174214 174213 2026-06-18T15:32:01Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vicente Troudart''' ko ñaawoowo baseball to Panama, gollinooɗo e kewuuji keewɗi e nder winndere ndee, haa arti noon e Olimpiyaade 2004. O sankii ko ñalnde 9 lewru bowte hitaande 2016, tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 64. == Tuugnorgal == 0ctb39fol15zi2x7fqqzgq3vynwbqk3 174215 174214 2026-06-18T15:33:02Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vicente Troudart''' ko ñaawoowo baseball to Panama, gollinooɗo e kewuuji keewɗi e nder winndere ndee, haa arti noon e Olimpiyaade 2004. O sankii ko ñalnde 9 lewru bowte hitaande 2016, tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 64.<ref>[http://www.prensa.com/deportes/Fallece-reconocido-arbitro-Vicente-Troudart_0_4388561226.html Baseball umpire dies recognized Vicente Troudart]</ref><ref>http://portadapanama.com/breves/lamentan-la-muerte-de-arbitro-troudart/</ref> == Tuugnorgal == tcctiqkee4g9h4nhwkvnxl5d744u4z6 0 42196 174216 2026-06-18T15:35:48Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174216 wikitext text/x-wiki Bernard Ulman (16 desaambar 1917 - 30 lewru bowte 1986) ko mawɗo fuku koyɗe e lakros Ameriknaajo. Nguurndam Ulman woniino diɗɗal hakkundeewal lacrosse to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Maryland tuggi 1938 haa 1943 kadi o waɗiino kadi fuku koyɗe e duɗal ngal. Ulman woniino laamu e nder Ligue Nationale de Football (NFL) fotde duuɓi sappo e joy, o suɓaama ngam laamu e nder Super Bowl I e ​​Super Bowl IX. Yanti heen, omo jeyaa e ardiiɓe ɓurɓe anndeede e lacrosse ; golle makko ina njahdi e duuɓi capanɗe ɗiɗi. O naatnaa e suudu teskinndu Lacrosse ngenndiijo e hitaande 2003. Gaagaa laamu, ko o yeeyoowo kaɓirɗe dingiral. Bernard Ulman sankii ko ñalnde 30 lewru Yarkomaa 1986 caggal rafi juutɗo. O mari duuɓi 68. Tuugnorgal 7fh2c0njozgxulsbic211uh9ajgdlu4 174217 174216 2026-06-18T15:37:10Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Bernard Ulman (16 desaambar 1917 - 30 lewru bowte 1986) ko mawɗo fuku koyɗe e lakros Ameriknaajo. Nguurndam Ulman woniino diɗɗal hakkundeewal lacrosse to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Maryland tuggi 1938 haa 1943 kadi o waɗiino kadi fuku koyɗe e duɗal ngal. Ulman woniino laamu e nder Ligue Nationale de Football (NFL) fotde duuɓi sappo e joy, o suɓaama ngam laamu e nder Super Bowl I e ​​Super Bowl IX. Yanti heen, omo jeyaa e ardiiɓe ɓurɓe anndeede e lacrosse ; golle makko ina njahdi e duuɓi capanɗe ɗiɗi. O naatnaa e suudu teskinndu Lacrosse ngenndiijo e hitaande 2003. Gaagaa laamu, ko o yeeyoowo kaɓirɗe dingiral. Bernard Ulman sankii ko ñalnde 30 lewru Yarkomaa 1986 caggal rafi juutɗo. O mari duuɓi 68. Tuugnorgal bhoycjhiqdhv5mm3nrlky09zili5hca 174218 174217 2026-06-18T15:37:56Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bernard Ulman ('''16 desaambar 1917 - 30 lewru bowte 1986) ko mawɗo fuku koyɗe e lakros Ameriknaajo. == Nguurndam == Ulman woniino diɗɗal hakkundeewal lacrosse to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Maryland tuggi 1938 haa 1943 kadi o waɗiino kadi fuku koyɗe e duɗal ngal. Ulman woniino laamu e nder Ligue Nationale de Football (NFL) fotde duuɓi sappo e joy, o suɓaama ngam laamu e nder Super Bowl I e ​​Super Bowl IX. Yanti heen, omo jeyaa e ardiiɓe ɓurɓe anndeede e lacrosse ; golle makko ina njahdi e duuɓi capanɗe ɗiɗi. O naatnaa e suudu teskinndu Lacrosse ngenndiijo e hitaande 2003. Gaagaa laamu, ko o yeeyoowo kaɓirɗe dingiral. Bernard Ulman sankii ko ñalnde 30 lewru Yarkomaa 1986 caggal rafi juutɗo. O mari duuɓi 68. == Tuugnorgal == pnfmvrqjz3q8ljsiygnnxdimj61jiyt 174219 174218 2026-06-18T15:40:09Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bernard Ulman ('''16 desaambar 1917 - 30 lewru bowte 1986) ko mawɗo fuku koyɗe e lakros Ameriknaajo.<ref name="lacrosse">{{cite web|title=Bernard Ulman HOF Biography|url=http://www.uslacrosse.org/museum/hofbios/ulman_bernard.phtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031206172148/http://www.uslacrosse.org/museum/hofbios/ulman_bernard.phtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 6, 2003|publisher=US Lacrosse, Inc|accessdate=October 9, 2007}}</ref><ref name="Time">{{cite web|title=The Men in the Striped Shirts|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900511-1,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023035014/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900511-1,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 23, 2012|publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=January 3, 1969|accessdate=October 9, 2007}}</ref> == Nguurndam == Ulman woniino diɗɗal hakkundeewal lacrosse to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Maryland tuggi 1938 haa 1943 kadi o waɗiino kadi fuku koyɗe e duɗal ngal. Ulman woniino laamu e nder Ligue Nationale de Football (NFL) fotde duuɓi sappo e joy, o suɓaama ngam laamu e nder Super Bowl I e ​​Super Bowl IX. Yanti heen, omo jeyaa e ardiiɓe ɓurɓe anndeede e lacrosse ; golle makko ina njahdi e duuɓi capanɗe ɗiɗi. O naatnaa e suudu teskinndu Lacrosse ngenndiijo e hitaande 2003. Gaagaa laamu, ko o yeeyoowo kaɓirɗe dingiral. Bernard Ulman sankii ko ñalnde 30 lewru Yarkomaa 1986 caggal rafi juutɗo. O mari duuɓi 68. == Tuugnorgal == 215qga4zjvwiys2jo59uxzg39hlqke1 174220 174219 2026-06-18T15:41:21Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bernard Ulman ('''16 desaambar 1917 - 30 lewru bowte 1986) ko mawɗo fuku koyɗe e lakros Ameriknaajo.<ref name="lacrosse">{{cite web|title=Bernard Ulman HOF Biography|url=http://www.uslacrosse.org/museum/hofbios/ulman_bernard.phtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031206172148/http://www.uslacrosse.org/museum/hofbios/ulman_bernard.phtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 6, 2003|publisher=US Lacrosse, Inc|accessdate=October 9, 2007}}</ref><ref name="Time">{{cite web|title=The Men in the Striped Shirts|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900511-1,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023035014/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900511-1,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 23, 2012|publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=January 3, 1969|accessdate=October 9, 2007}}</ref> == Nguurndam == Ulman woniino diɗɗal hakkundeewal lacrosse to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Maryland tuggi 1938 haa 1943 kadi o waɗiino kadi fuku koyɗe e duɗal ngal. Ulman woniino laamu e nder Ligue Nationale de Football (NFL) fotde duuɓi sappo e joy, o suɓaama ngam laamu e nder Super Bowl I e ​​Super Bowl IX. Yanti heen, omo jeyaa e ardiiɓe ɓurɓe anndeede e lacrosse ; golle makko ina njahdi e duuɓi capanɗe ɗiɗi. O naatnaa e suudu teskinndu Lacrosse ngenndiijo e hitaande 2003. Gaagaa laamu, ko o yeeyoowo kaɓirɗe dingiral.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Bernard Ulman, one of Maryland's best-known football and lacrosse...|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/01/31/Bernard-Ulman-one-of-Marylands-best-known-football-and-lacrosse/1028507531600/|access-date=2026-02-19|website=UPI|language=en}}</ref> Bernard Ulman sankii ko ñalnde 30 lewru Yarkomaa 1986 caggal rafi juutɗo. O mari duuɓi 68. == Tuugnorgal == 8ehd2qxdtch4v2iqo06n45fqger90hi 0 42197 174221 2026-06-18T15:44:02Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174221 wikitext text/x-wiki Jansen Visconti ko arbiter Ameriknaajo e nder Ligue des Champions mo o gollinaa e gollotooɓe timmuɓe e hitaande 2020, omo ɓoornii limoore. Visconti heɓi gaañannde e junngo sabu bal bonɗo nde o woni ñaawoowo e nder galle makko e nder pottital nayaɓal hakkunde Detroit Tigers e Cleveland Guardians ñalnde 10 sulyee 2024. Ƴeew kadi Portal nguurndam ikon Portal beisbol Doggol arbitooɓe baseball Ligue des Champions (ko laaɓti) Tuugnorgal p6yfp82hpqbw7zd9c4jg9p5pm0nfz20 174222 174221 2026-06-18T15:46:56Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Jansen Visconti ko arbiter Ameriknaajo e nder Ligue des Champions mo o gollinaa e gollotooɓe timmuɓe e hitaande 2020, omo ɓoornii limoore. Visconti heɓi gaañannde e junngo sabu bal bonɗo nde o woni ñaawoowo e nder galle makko e nder pottital nayaɓal hakkunde Detroit Tigers e Cleveland Guardians ñalnde 10 sulyee 2024. Ƴeew kadi Portal nguurndam ikon Portal beisbol Doggol arbitooɓe baseball Ligue des Champions (ko laaɓti) Tuugnorgal mg7fcha7fod87vdffdhzjg25hwoqifr 174223 174222 2026-06-18T15:48:00Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jansen Visconti''' ko arbiter Ameriknaajo e nder Ligue des Champions mo o gollinaa e gollotooɓe timmuɓe e hitaande 2020, omo ɓoornii limoore. Visconti heɓi gaañannde e junngo sabu bal bonɗo nde o woni ñaawoowo e nder galle makko e nder pottital nayaɓal hakkunde Detroit Tigers e Cleveland Guardians ñalnde 10 sulyee 2024. == Ƴeew kadi == Portal nguurndam ikon Portal beisbol Doggol arbitooɓe baseball Ligue des Champions (ko laaɓti) == Tuugnorgal == 2ixtsry5ga7tdm7qf62davft2wuk76n 174224 174223 2026-06-18T15:49:13Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jansen Visconti''' ko arbiter Ameriknaajo e nder Ligue des Champions mo o gollinaa e gollotooɓe timmuɓe e hitaande 2020, omo ɓoornii limoore.<ref name="MLB promotes five to full-time umpiring staff">{{Cite web|date=February 27, 2020|title=MLB promotes five to full-time umpiring staff|url=https://www.mlb.com/press-release/press-release-mlb-promotes-five-to-full-time-umpiring-staff|access-date=February 27, 2020|website=MLB.com|publisher=MLB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latrobebulletinnews.com/sports/local_sports/latrobe-native-visconti-earns-full-time-mlb-umpire-contract/article_bd299f66-d256-52ed-bddb-d26e410a0634.html|title=Latrobe native Visconti earns full-time MLB umpire contract|work=Latrobe Bulletin|date=February 26, 2020}}</ref><ref name="trib">{{cite web|url=https://triblive.com/sports/latrobe-umpire-jansen-visconti-waiting-for-mlb-to-start/|title=Latrobe umpire Jansen Visconti waiting for MLB to start|work=Pittsburgh Tribune-Review|date=April 27, 2020}}</ref> Visconti heɓi gaañannde e junngo sabu bal bonɗo nde o woni ñaawoowo e nder galle makko e nder pottital nayaɓal hakkunde Detroit Tigers e Cleveland Guardians ñalnde 10 sulyee 2024. == Ƴeew kadi == Portal nguurndam ikon Portal beisbol Doggol arbitooɓe baseball Ligue des Champions (ko laaɓti) == Tuugnorgal == gvdk9dcqqr5ybbir45aj8dxv3ceu2sk 174225 174224 2026-06-18T15:50:25Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jansen Visconti''' ko arbiter Ameriknaajo e nder Ligue des Champions mo o gollinaa e gollotooɓe timmuɓe e hitaande 2020, omo ɓoornii limoore.<ref name="MLB promotes five to full-time umpiring staff">{{Cite web|date=February 27, 2020|title=MLB promotes five to full-time umpiring staff|url=https://www.mlb.com/press-release/press-release-mlb-promotes-five-to-full-time-umpiring-staff|access-date=February 27, 2020|website=MLB.com|publisher=MLB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latrobebulletinnews.com/sports/local_sports/latrobe-native-visconti-earns-full-time-mlb-umpire-contract/article_bd299f66-d256-52ed-bddb-d26e410a0634.html|title=Latrobe native Visconti earns full-time MLB umpire contract|work=Latrobe Bulletin|date=February 26, 2020}}</ref><ref name="trib">{{cite web|url=https://triblive.com/sports/latrobe-umpire-jansen-visconti-waiting-for-mlb-to-start/|title=Latrobe umpire Jansen Visconti waiting for MLB to start|work=Pittsburgh Tribune-Review|date=April 27, 2020}}</ref> Visconti heɓi gaañannde e junngo sabu bal bonɗo nde o woni ñaawoowo e nder galle makko e nder pottital nayaɓal hakkunde Detroit Tigers e Cleveland Guardians ñalnde 10 sulyee 2024.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Woodbery|first=Evan|date=2024-07-10|title=Umpire leaves Tigers-Guardians game after being hit by foul tip|url=https://www.mlive.com/tigers/2024/07/umpire-leaves-tigers-guardians-game-after-being-hit-by-foul-tip.html|access-date=2024-11-15|work=mlive}}</ref> == Ƴeew kadi == Portal nguurndam ikon Portal beisbol Doggol arbitooɓe baseball Ligue des Champions (ko laaɓti) == Tuugnorgal == g020uwdvan8ezyko4nx9nghbyaw77j6 0 42198 174226 2026-06-18T15:53:11Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174226 wikitext text/x-wiki Boris van der Vorst (jibinaa ko 18 feebariyee 1972) woni hooreejo gadano Bokse Aduna, fedde toppitiinde bokse amateur. Ñalnde 18 suwee 2025, Van der Vorst hollitii maa o woppu laamu kala noowammbar 2025. Tuugnorgal 99bze3ur5179vo9sl4i6v0dvrldzjxu 174227 174226 2026-06-18T15:54:50Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Boris van der Vorst (jibinaa ko 18 feebariyee 1972) woni hooreejo gadano Bokse Aduna, fedde toppitiinde bokse amateur. Ñalnde 18 suwee 2025, Van der Vorst hollitii maa o woppu laamu kala noowammbar 2025. Tuugnorgal e306uslons65fhsbm6qqey77pvfmhu3 174228 174227 2026-06-18T15:55:29Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Boris van der Vorst''' (jibinaa ko 18 feebariyee 1972) woni hooreejo gadano Bokse Aduna, fedde toppitiinde bokse amateur. Ñalnde 18 suwee 2025, Van der Vorst hollitii maa o woppu laamu kala noowammbar 2025. == Tuugnorgal == 5oe11tafkofnr83ibwd1m38vs9pugv9 174229 174228 2026-06-18T15:57:01Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Boris van der Vorst''' (jibinaa ko 18 feebariyee 1972) woni hooreejo gadano Bokse Aduna, fedde toppitiinde bokse amateur.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Boris van der Vorst Resume|url=https://www.iba.sport/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Resume-Boris-van-der-Vorst-20220418.pdf|website=International Boxing Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=McRae|first=Donald|date=2025-03-23|title=‘It’s a privilege’: Boris van der Vorst, the man who saved Olympic boxing|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2025/mar/23/its-a-privilege-boris-van-der-vorst-the-man-who-saved-olympic-boxing|access-date=2025-04-15|website=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-25|title=World Boxing elects Van der Vorst 1st president|url=https://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/38977318/world-boxing-elects-boris-van-der-vorst-first-president|access-date=2025-04-15|website=ESPN.com|language=en}}</ref> Ñalnde 18 suwee 2025, Van der Vorst hollitii maa o woppu laamu kala noowammbar 2025. == Tuugnorgal == 3399yhi1q0d7sijbjrkmc6qsks0jgwx 174230 174229 2026-06-18T15:57:50Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Boris van der Vorst''' (jibinaa ko 18 feebariyee 1972) woni hooreejo gadano Bokse Aduna, fedde toppitiinde bokse amateur.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Boris van der Vorst Resume|url=https://www.iba.sport/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Resume-Boris-van-der-Vorst-20220418.pdf|website=International Boxing Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=McRae|first=Donald|date=2025-03-23|title=‘It’s a privilege’: Boris van der Vorst, the man who saved Olympic boxing|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2025/mar/23/its-a-privilege-boris-van-der-vorst-the-man-who-saved-olympic-boxing|access-date=2025-04-15|website=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-25|title=World Boxing elects Van der Vorst 1st president|url=https://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/38977318/world-boxing-elects-boris-van-der-vorst-first-president|access-date=2025-04-15|website=ESPN.com|language=en}}</ref> Ñalnde 18 suwee 2025, Van der Vorst hollitii maa o woppu laamu kala noowammbar 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Boxing president Van der Vorst not seeking re-election|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/sport/world-boxing-president-van-der-vorst-not-seeking-re-election-5356381|access-date=2025-09-18|website=CNA|language=en}}</ref> == Tuugnorgal == 2ekznzpvvue8n3xog61bab8x0e3a76g 0 42199 174231 2026-06-18T16:04:11Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174231 wikitext text/x-wiki マイケル・「ビリー」・ヴォッツォは、オーストラリアン・フットボール・リーグ（AFL）の元審判員です。彼は2006年と2008年のAFLグランドファイナルを含む、通算281試合の審判を務めました。 参考文献 nmq08cj62ld37q17ltd8th7o8bb5t9y 0 42200 174232 2026-06-18T16:17:36Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174232 wikitext text/x-wiki David H. Walsh (5 oktoobar 1889 – 2 suwee 1975) ko ñaawoowo basket Ameriknaajo. O jibinaa ko to wuro wiyeteengo Hoboken. Nde o mawni, o teddinii ko 165 kiloo (75 kg), o woni ko e 1,80 m (1,80 m). O heɓi bak makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Hoboken e hitaande 1907, o heɓi bak makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde jannginooɓe Montclair (hannde ko duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde dowri Montclair) e hitaande 1911, o heɓi bak makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Sargent to hitaande 1914. O fuɗɗii ardaade ko e hitaande 1911, o fuɗɗii ko e duɗe hakkundeeje, o golli laawol makko haa o arti e ardiiɓe jeegom ɓurɓe mawnude e nder geec Fuɗnaange. O wondi kadi e binnduɗo deftere adannde nde o winndi e njuɓɓudi basket. O naatnaa e suudu teskinndu basket e hitaande 1961, o woni ñaawoowo. Jokkondire yaajɗe f23ceiiljfcrbx5dxs6mab732l0tba2 174233 174232 2026-06-18T16:19:32Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} David H. Walsh (5 oktoobar 1889 – 2 suwee 1975) ko ñaawoowo basket Ameriknaajo. O jibinaa ko to wuro wiyeteengo Hoboken. Nde o mawni, o teddinii ko 165 kiloo (75 kg), o woni ko e 1,80 m (1,80 m). O heɓi bak makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Hoboken e hitaande 1907, o heɓi bak makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde jannginooɓe Montclair (hannde ko duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde dowri Montclair) e hitaande 1911, o heɓi bak makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Sargent to hitaande 1914. O fuɗɗii ardaade ko e hitaande 1911, o fuɗɗii ko e duɗe hakkundeeje, o golli laawol makko haa o arti e ardiiɓe jeegom ɓurɓe mawnude e nder geec Fuɗnaange. O wondi kadi e binnduɗo deftere adannde nde o winndi e njuɓɓudi basket. O naatnaa e suudu teskinndu basket e hitaande 1961, o woni ñaawoowo. Jokkondire yaajɗe mlhg8w438upyczbu5lmlwogxxbrxxnd 174234 174233 2026-06-18T16:20:08Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''David H. Walsh''' (5 oktoobar 1889 – 2 suwee 1975) ko ñaawoowo basket Ameriknaajo. O jibinaa ko to wuro wiyeteengo Hoboken. Nde o mawni, o teddinii ko 165 kiloo (75 kg), o woni ko e 1,80 m (1,80 m). O heɓi bak makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Hoboken e hitaande 1907, o heɓi bak makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde jannginooɓe Montclair (hannde ko duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde dowri Montclair) e hitaande 1911, o heɓi bak makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Sargent to hitaande 1914. O fuɗɗii ardaade ko e hitaande 1911, o fuɗɗii ko e duɗe hakkundeeje, o golli laawol makko haa o arti e ardiiɓe jeegom ɓurɓe mawnude e nder geec Fuɗnaange. O wondi kadi e binnduɗo deftere adannde nde o winndi e njuɓɓudi basket. O naatnaa e suudu teskinndu basket e hitaande 1961, o woni ñaawoowo. == Jokkondire yaajɗe == njq0kykabr1sfenvczj1f9osgxr1bia 0 42201 174235 2026-06-18T16:22:49Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174235 wikitext text/x-wiki Brad Watson (jibinaa ko ñalnde 4 oktoobar 1961) ko gardiiɗo fedde hockey leydi Kanadaa, ɓoorniiɗo wutte limto 23. Kugal Haa e darorɗe daawal NHL 2007–08, o ardii 542 pottital e sahaa gonaaɗo e 62 pottital playoff. O ardii ñalnde 8 desaambar 2009, nde Martin Brodeur haɓɓi Terry Sawchuk limre udditgol golle mum e limre mum 103ɓiire. O ardiima kawgel ngel e hitaande 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2012, 2013, e 2014. Watson ardii pottital mum 1 000ɓal e nder NHL to Pepsi Center to Denver ñalnde 21 lewru nduu. Ñalnde 3 mee 2015, Brandon Prust, gardinooɗo Montreal Canadiens, tuumi Watson wonde ina tooña ɗum caggal nde o ƴetti noddaango ɓuuɓngo e daawal gadanal ngal. Caggal ɗuum Prust ñaagii yaafuya e tuume ɗee. Watson woppi golle caggal nde o joofni golle makko e hitaande 2018–2019. Tuugnorgal 05y6q9hw7odtb7lxe5bgfs7dhb8x78v 174236 174235 2026-06-18T16:24:47Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174236 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brad Watson''' (jibinaa ko ñalnde 4 oktoobar 1961) ko gardiiɗo fedde hockey leydi Kanadaa, ɓoorniiɗo wutte limto 23. == Kugal == Haa e darorɗe daawal NHL 2007–08, o ardii 542 pottital e sahaa gonaaɗo e 62 pottital playoff. O ardii ñalnde 8 desaambar 2009, nde Martin Brodeur haɓɓi Terry Sawchuk limre udditgol golle mum e limre mum 103ɓiire. O ardiima kawgel ngel e hitaande 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2012, 2013, e 2014. Watson ardii pottital mum 1 000ɓal e nder NHL to Pepsi Center to Denver ñalnde 21 lewru nduu. Ñalnde 3 mee 2015, Brandon Prust, gardinooɗo Montreal Canadiens, tuumi Watson wonde ina tooña ɗum caggal nde o ƴetti noddaango ɓuuɓngo e daawal gadanal ngal. Caggal ɗuum Prust ñaagii yaafuya e tuume ɗee. Watson woppi golle caggal nde o joofni golle makko e hitaande 2018–2019. == Tuugnorgal == 3fql8kisteu6o3peurcj5wxtzasfn7a 174237 174236 2026-06-18T16:26:12Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174237 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brad Watson''' (jibinaa ko ñalnde 4 oktoobar 1961) ko gardiiɗo fedde hockey leydi Kanadaa, ɓoorniiɗo wutte limto 23.<ref>{{cite web|title=Featured Officials|url=http://www.nhlofficials.com/previous_fo.asp?member_id=2072|website=nhlofficials.com|accessdate=2008-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012050515/http://nhlofficials.com/previous_fo.asp?member_id=2072|archive-date=2007-10-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kugal == Haa e darorɗe daawal NHL 2007–08, o ardii 542 pottital e sahaa gonaaɗo e 62 pottital playoff. O ardii ñalnde 8 desaambar 2009, nde Martin Brodeur haɓɓi Terry Sawchuk limre udditgol golle mum e limre mum 103ɓiire. O ardiima kawgel ngel e hitaande 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2012, 2013, e 2014. Watson ardii pottital mum 1 000ɓal e nder NHL to Pepsi Center to Denver ñalnde 21 lewru nduu. Ñalnde 3 mee 2015, Brandon Prust, gardinooɗo Montreal Canadiens, tuumi Watson wonde ina tooña ɗum caggal nde o ƴetti noddaango ɓuuɓngo e daawal gadanal ngal. Caggal ɗuum Prust ñaagii yaafuya e tuume ɗee. Watson woppi golle caggal nde o joofni golle makko e hitaande 2018–2019. == Tuugnorgal == atnu6um2pxf00t3kzua58etkim5wglo 174238 174237 2026-06-18T16:27:34Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174238 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brad Watson''' (jibinaa ko ñalnde 4 oktoobar 1961) ko gardiiɗo fedde hockey leydi Kanadaa, ɓoorniiɗo wutte limto 23.<ref>{{cite web|title=Featured Officials|url=http://www.nhlofficials.com/previous_fo.asp?member_id=2072|website=nhlofficials.com|accessdate=2008-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012050515/http://nhlofficials.com/previous_fo.asp?member_id=2072|archive-date=2007-10-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kugal == Haa e darorɗe daawal NHL 2007–08, o ardii 542 pottital e sahaa gonaaɗo e 62 pottital playoff. O ardii ñalnde 8 desaambar 2009, nde Martin Brodeur haɓɓi Terry Sawchuk limre udditgol golle mum e limre mum 103ɓiire. O ardiima kawgel ngel e hitaande 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2012, 2013, e 2014..<ref>{{cite web|title=Brad Watson Referees 1000th NHL Game|url=https://scoutingtherefs.com/2014/01/1455/brad-watson-referees-1000th-nhl-game/|website=scoutingtherefs.com|accessdate=September 27, 2018|date=January 22, 2014}}</ref> Watson ardii pottital mum 1 000ɓal e nder NHL to Pepsi Center to Denver ñalnde 21 lewru nduu. Ñalnde 3 mee 2015, Brandon Prust, gardinooɗo Montreal Canadiens, tuumi Watson wonde ina tooña ɗum caggal nde o ƴetti noddaango ɓuuɓngo e daawal gadanal ngal. Caggal ɗuum Prust ñaagii yaafuya e tuume ɗee. Watson woppi golle caggal nde o joofni golle makko e hitaande 2018–2019. == Tuugnorgal == 5cgfdahzmo7zsw3ulb6tz03mzk4a66i 174239 174238 2026-06-18T16:31:19Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174239 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brad Watson''' (jibinaa ko ñalnde 4 oktoobar 1961) ko gardiiɗo fedde hockey leydi Kanadaa, ɓoorniiɗo wutte limto 23.<ref>{{cite web|title=Featured Officials|url=http://www.nhlofficials.com/previous_fo.asp?member_id=2072|website=nhlofficials.com|accessdate=2008-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012050515/http://nhlofficials.com/previous_fo.asp?member_id=2072|archive-date=2007-10-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kugal == Haa e darorɗe daawal NHL 2007–08, o ardii 542 pottital e sahaa gonaaɗo e 62 pottital playoff. O ardii ñalnde 8 desaambar 2009, nde Martin Brodeur haɓɓi Terry Sawchuk limre udditgol golle mum e limre mum 103ɓiire. O ardiima kawgel ngel e hitaande 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2012, 2013, e 2014..<ref>{{cite web|title=Brad Watson Referees 1000th NHL Game|url=https://scoutingtherefs.com/2014/01/1455/brad-watson-referees-1000th-nhl-game/|website=scoutingtherefs.com|accessdate=September 27, 2018|date=January 22, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://montrealgazette.com/sports/Canadiens+Prust+alleges+Brad+Watson+insulted+Game/11025896/story.html|title=Canadiens' Prust alleges ref Brad Watson insulted him in Game 2 against Lightning|author=Kelsey Patterson|agency=The Canadian Press|date=|work=[[Montreal Gazette]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbssports.com/nhl/eye-on-hockey/25175151/canadiens-brandon-prust-apologizes-for-publicly-ripping-ref-brad-watson|title=Canadiens' Brandon Prust apologizes for publicly ripping ref Brad Watson|author=|date=|work=CBSSports.com}}</ref> Ñalnde 3 mee 2015, Brandon Prust, gardinooɗo Montreal Canadiens, tuumi Watson wonde ina tooña ɗum caggal nde o ƴetti noddaango ɓuuɓngo e daawal gadanal ngal. Caggal ɗuum Prust ñaagii yaafuya e tuume ɗee. Watson woppi golle caggal nde o joofni golle makko e hitaande 2018–2019. == Tuugnorgal == 7k6ymogq7zpl4619xzp5jue9lylvm94 0 42202 174240 2026-06-18T16:33:36Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174240 wikitext text/x-wiki Mike Weir ko gonnooɗo hooreejo fuku koyɗe Amerik, gardinooɗo Ligue Nationale de Football (NFL) gila e sahaa NFL 2002 haa e sahaa NFL 2013. Limre uniforme makko ko 50. Ko kanko wonnoo ñaawoowo ladde e nder fedde Mike Carey ardinoonde e sahaa NFL 2013. O hoɗi ko to Kolommbi, to Misuri. Ñalnde 22 mee 2014, lowre Footballzebras.com hollitii wonde Weir artataa e ladde ngam tawtoreede kawgel NFL 2014. Tuugnorgal fvpewzc44qksjlocfwe832mdi0qk93s 174241 174240 2026-06-18T16:34:42Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mike Weir ko gonnooɗo hooreejo fuku koyɗe Amerik, gardinooɗo Ligue Nationale de Football (NFL) gila e sahaa NFL 2002 haa e sahaa NFL 2013. Limre uniforme makko ko 50. Ko kanko wonnoo ñaawoowo ladde e nder fedde Mike Carey ardinoonde e sahaa NFL 2013. O hoɗi ko to Kolommbi, to Misuri. Ñalnde 22 mee 2014, lowre Footballzebras.com hollitii wonde Weir artataa e ladde ngam tawtoreede kawgel NFL 2014. Tuugnorgal mxxtavzlr6mgeq5thh1a4rsmubqk478 174242 174241 2026-06-18T16:35:14Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mike Weir''' ko gonnooɗo hooreejo fuku koyɗe Amerik, gardinooɗo Ligue Nationale de Football (NFL) gila e sahaa NFL 2002 haa e sahaa NFL 2013. Limre uniforme makko ko 50. Ko kanko wonnoo ñaawoowo ladde e nder fedde Mike Carey ardinoonde e sahaa NFL 2013. O hoɗi ko to Kolommbi, to Misuri. Ñalnde 22 mee 2014, lowre Footballzebras.com hollitii wonde Weir artataa e ladde ngam tawtoreede kawgel NFL 2014. == Tuugnorgal == ttcvo478pn92h90otqvf6am758zbf3j 0 42203 174245 2026-06-18T16:52:50Z Ilya Discuss 10103 Created page with "Adolphus Nduneweh Wabara (jibinaa ko 1 lewru juko hitaande 1948) ko siyaasyanke e dipolomasiijo Naajeeriya, o laati hooreejo 10ɓo suudu senaa Naajeeriya diga 2003 haa 2005. Tergal arandewal nder lanyol Democratic Party (PDP), Wabara, o laati tergal nder kawtal lesdi Naajeeriya (NRC) e tergal nder suudu sarɗiiji lesdi Abia nder suudu sarɗiiji lesdi Naajeeriya 3rd Republic. O yahi haa o naati nder lanyol yimɓe nder hitaande 1998, o suɓaama senateer Abia South nder su..." 174245 wikitext text/x-wiki Adolphus Nduneweh Wabara (jibinaa ko 1 lewru juko hitaande 1948) ko siyaasyanke e dipolomasiijo Naajeeriya, o laati hooreejo 10ɓo suudu senaa Naajeeriya diga 2003 haa 2005. Tergal arandewal nder lanyol Democratic Party (PDP), Wabara, o laati tergal nder kawtal lesdi Naajeeriya (NRC) e tergal nder suudu sarɗiiji lesdi Abia nder suudu sarɗiiji lesdi Naajeeriya 3rd Republic. O yahi haa o naati nder lanyol yimɓe nder hitaande 1998, o suɓaama senateer Abia South nder suudu joonde lesdi Naajeeriya ngam duuɓi ɗiɗi jokkindirɗi. O janngi ko e Dental Sowiyet e oon sahaa, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde dowla Kiev ɗo o heɓi Master makko e jokkondiral hakkunde leyɗeele e dow teddungal. Caalaje Adolphus jibinaa ko ñalnde 1 lewru nduu hitaande 1948, to wuro wiyeteengo Port Harcourt, to diiwaan Rivers, to leydi Nijeer. Baaba makko, jeyaaɗo to Ohambele, Ndoki to diiwaan Abia, o gollotoo ko e fedde nde, yumma makko ko njulaagu. Baaba makko kadi ko tergal NCNC gonngal e fuɗɗoode Dental Dowlaaji Igbo e fuɗɗoode mum. Adolphus ko ɗiɗaɓo e nder ɓiɓɓe njeeɗiɗo, miñiraaɓe jeegom e miñi mum debbo gooto. Jaangirde Adolphus Wabara naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe Methodist, to Lagos, o heɓi heen seedantaagal makko e hitaande 1966. Caggal nde o heɓi bursi Fedde nde ngam janngude to Dental Sowiyet, Wabara yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde dowla Kiev, to Kiev ɗo o heɓi dipolom makko e jokkondiral hakkunde leyɗeele e hitaande 1976 Ɗemngal Riisi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Voronezh to Riisi hakkundeejo. Fuɗɗoode golle E darorɗe kitaale 1970, Wabara golliima to Ammbasadeer leydi Najeriya to Londres, ko o golloowo to bannge geɗe caggal leydi haa o artiraa to leydi Caad, o woni hooreejo leydi ndii e hitaande 1984. Duuɓi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum, o woppi golle dipolomaasi, o arti Lagos, leydi Najeriya ɗo o gollotoo e golle seeɗa, ina heen kadi golle njulaagu (bread-making businesses). Kiriisuuji faggudu taariiɗi gonɗi e nder leydi Najeriya fof e kitaale 1980, ƴettii batte mum e golle makko, caggal ɗuum, Wabara golliima e ballal gardiiɗo mawɗo Apapa Trawlers, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore fedde Ibru tuggi 1985 haa 1989. Gila ton, o waɗi kuugal maako arandewal nder siyaasaaku partiiji lesdi Naajeeriya. E sosde kawral lesdi Republicain ngal laamu Ibraahiima Babangida, Wabara yi'i platform ngam laataago kuugal ngam yimɓe lesdi Ukwa East, lesdi Abia. Caggal nde o dañi primaaji lannda, o dañi wooteeji 1992, o fooli kanndidaa lannda Sosiyaal Demokaratik (SDP). Wabara wonti tergal teddungal e nder suudu sarɗiiji to leydi 3ɓiire. Ko ɗoon o toɗɗaa hooreejo Goomu suudu sarɗiiji ko faati e Asii e Pasifik. E nder ndeeɗoo darnde, o neldaa ko laamu fedde ndee e golle dipolomaasi to Dental Dowlaaji Amerik e fedde wiyeteende Black Congressional Caucus. g2i1x3qbrkl55btxeju1a23asty5h4k 174246 174245 2026-06-18T16:55:34Z Ilya Discuss 10103 174246 wikitext text/x-wiki Adolphus Nduneweh Wabara (jibinaa ko 1 lewru juko hitaande 1948) ko siyaasyanke e dipolomasiijo Naajeeriya, o laati hooreejo 10ɓo suudu senaa Naajeeriya diga 2003 haa 2005. Tergal arandewal nder lanyol Democratic Party (PDP), Wabara, o laati tergal nder kawtal lesdi Naajeeriya (NRC) e tergal nder suudu sarɗiiji lesdi Abia nder suudu sarɗiiji lesdi Naajeeriya 3rd Republic. O yahi haa o naati nder lanyol yimɓe nder hitaande 1998, o suɓaama senateer Abia South nder suudu joonde lesdi Naajeeriya ngam duuɓi ɗiɗi jokkindirɗi. O janngi ko e Dental Sowiyet e oon sahaa, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde dowla Kiev ɗo o heɓi Master makko e jokkondiral hakkunde leyɗeele e dow teddungal. Caalaje Adolphus jibinaa ko ñalnde 1 lewru nduu hitaande 1948, to wuro wiyeteengo Port Harcourt, to diiwaan Rivers, to leydi Nijeer. Baaba makko, jeyaaɗo to Ohambele, Ndoki to diiwaan Abia, o gollotoo ko e fedde nde, yumma makko ko njulaagu. Baaba makko kadi ko tergal NCNC gonngal e fuɗɗoode Dental Dowlaaji Igbo e fuɗɗoode mum. Adolphus ko ɗiɗaɓo e nder ɓiɓɓe njeeɗiɗo, miñiraaɓe jeegom e miñi mum debbo gooto. Jaangirde Adolphus Wabara naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe Methodist, to Lagos, o heɓi heen seedantaagal makko e hitaande 1966. Caggal nde o heɓi bursi Fedde nde ngam janngude to Dental Sowiyet, Wabara yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde dowla Kiev, to Kiev ɗo o heɓi dipolom makko e jokkondiral hakkunde leyɗeele e hitaande 1976 Ɗemngal Riisi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Voronezh to Riisi hakkundeejo. Fuɗɗoode golle E darorɗe kitaale 1970, Wabara golliima to Ammbasadeer leydi Najeriya to Londres, ko o golloowo to bannge geɗe caggal leydi haa o artiraa to leydi Caad, o woni hooreejo leydi ndii e hitaande 1984. Duuɓi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum, o woppi golle dipolomaasi, o arti Lagos, leydi Najeriya ɗo o gollotoo e golle seeɗa, ina heen kadi golle njulaagu (bread-making businesses). Kiriisuuji faggudu taariiɗi gonɗi e nder leydi Najeriya fof e kitaale 1980, ƴettii batte mum e golle makko, caggal ɗuum, Wabara golliima e ballal gardiiɗo mawɗo Apapa Trawlers, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore fedde Ibru tuggi 1985 haa 1989. Gila ton, o waɗi kuugal maako arandewal nder siyaasaaku partiiji lesdi Naajeeriya. E sosde kawral lesdi Republicain ngal laamu Ibraahiima Babangida, Wabara yi'i platform ngam laataago kuugal ngam yimɓe lesdi Ukwa East, lesdi Abia. Caggal nde o dañi primaaji lannda, o dañi wooteeji 1992, o fooli kanndidaa lannda Sosiyaal Demokaratik (SDP). Wabara wonti tergal teddungal e nder suudu sarɗiiji to leydi 3ɓiire. Ko ɗoon o toɗɗaa hooreejo Goomu suudu sarɗiiji ko faati e Asii e Pasifik. E nder ndeeɗoo darnde, o neldaa ko laamu fedde ndee e golle dipolomaasi to Dental Dowlaaji Amerik e fedde wiyeteende Black Congressional Caucus. Laabi Wabara nder suudu dipiteeji, bana no soobiraaɓe maako, ta'aama nder hitaande 1993 nde ɓilla siyaasaaku lolluɗum "12 juin" fuɗɗi haa lesdi Naajeeriya. Wooteeji hooreleydaagu ɗi kanndidaa SDP, hooreejo M.K.O Abiola heɓi, ɗi laamu Ibraahiima Babangida ustii, ɗum anndini jiiɓru politik e jiiɓru. Oon hitaande, Wabara ina jeyaa e daraniiɓe ustude kuulal ngal, hay so tawii noon caggal nde hooreejo leydi ndi, hono Seneraal Sanni Abacha, fusi Parlemaa ngenndi. Caggal nde o waɗi dumunna juutɗo to New York, Wabara toɗɗaa yo o won diisneteeɗo e nder diiso laamu nokkuyankeewo Ukwa East, ɗum rokki mo fartaŋŋe golloraade e nder leydi hee. Ko ɗoon o ƴetti golle ɓeydooje, hono Diisneteeɗo toppitiiɗo jaŋde. E hitaande 1996, fartaŋŋe ari haa Wabara yahri yeeso e golle mum politik. Laamu Sani Abacha yaltinii porogaraam mbayliigu hakkunde 16 e 25 mars 1996. Ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri teeŋtude e porogaraam mbayliigu nguu, suɓngooji ɗi ngonaa lanndaaji e nder laamuuji nokkuuji e nder leydi Najeriya, e oon sahaa, Adolphus Wabara suɓaama, suɓaama kadi ngam wonde hooreejo diiso ngam Unkwa East Local Gover. Lannda Demokaraasi Leƴƴi sosaa ko e hitaande 1998, Wabara wonnoo ko tergal sosngal. Hitaande wootere caggal mum, o tawtoraama suɓngooji senateeruuji 1999, o heɓi mandat ngam wallitde diiwaan Abia South e nder senateeruuji leydi Najeriya 4th Republic. Seneraal Ñalnde 3 suwee 1999, Wabara hunnaama wonde senaateer Nijeer ; Balɗe 10 caggal nde Olusegun Obasanjo toɗɗaa e laamu. Wabara ɓooyaani ko toɗɗaa hooreejo goomu peeje Senaa ngam difaade caggal ɗuum, hooreejo goomu Senaa ngam geɗe polis. Ton, o waɗi kampaañ maako ngam nastuki budget ngam moƴƴitinki kuuɗe sooja’en e polis’en lesdi Naajeeriya. E fuɗɗoode kitaale 2000, moƴƴitingol kaɓirɗe konu, ƴellitgol ofiseeji baawɗi wonde fof, ɗi ɓooyaani ko ƴeewteede, moƴƴitingol njuɓɓudi kisal, ko golle Goomuuji Senaa ɗi Wabara ardii ɗii mbaɗi. Nde ɓe ɗon mari haaje ɓillaaji yimɓe miskineeɓe nder diiwalji lesdi Naajeeriya fuu, Wabara e senateer'en woɓɓe diga nokkuuje lesdi Naajeeriya ɗon ƴama kuugal waylugo. Ɗumɗoon noon, ko ngam ustude baasal e haɓaade caɗeele njulaagu petroŋ e ŋakkeende kisal e nder diiwaan Niiseer. Golle maɓɓe ballondiral addani Senaa Naajeeriya sosde e jaɓde sariya NDDC mo hitaande 2001. Laamu Obasanjo siifondirii e kuulal ngal, ko ɗum waɗi Komiseer ƴellitaare Delta Niger (NDDC) sosaa. Komisoŋ oo ina woodi haa hannde. E hitaande 2003, Adolphus Wabara heɓi nasaraaku nder cuɓi PDP ngam suɓol hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya ngam suɓol hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya ngam Abia South. Luutndiiɗo mo ɓurɗo hulɓinaade, mawɗo Chineye Imo, jeyaa ko e lannda leƴƴi leydi Najeriya (ANPP). Imo hollitaama ko kañum heɓi jaaltaaɓe e woote senaateeruuji, kono ñaawirdu appeal hollitii wonde Wabara suɓaama tigi rigi. Luural ummii ko adii e caggal ñaawoore ndee, kono e nder heen, Wabara huniima e nder Senaa leydi Najeriya ngam manndaa ɗiɗaɓo. Hooreejo Senaa Caggal nde o suɓaama kadi e wooteeji mawɗi 2003, Wabara suɓaama ñalnde 3 lewru juko hitaande 2003, o wonti hooreejo suudu sarɗiiji leydi Nijeer. O waɗnoo hoore makko e oon nokku e laamu makko gadano kono o suɓaaka, kono o suɓaama, duuɓi seeɗa caggal ɗuum. Bana hooreejo Senaa lesdi Naajeeriya, Wabara ɗon mari haaje huuwugo yimɓe lesdi Naajeeriya ngam tabitinki kuuɗe hukuumaaji rento lesdi Naajeeriya. O fotnoo kadi ko waasde naatde e jeytaare jaayɗe e ñaawoore. E nder batu Commonwealth e lewru Duujal 2003, Adolphus Wabara wiyi wonde “laamu jaabtiiɗo e baawɗo wonde fof ina foti wonde konngol ... nde tawnoo ko kañum tan woni kuutorgal ngam ɓamtude nafooje demokaraasi, sosde jawdi, e semmbinde yimɓe.” 8lmloz6qjdc3tirqh496mbf3jn4lurs 174247 174246 2026-06-18T16:57:41Z Ilya Discuss 10103 174247 wikitext text/x-wiki Adolphus Nduneweh Wabara (jibinaa ko 1 lewru juko hitaande 1948) ko siyaasyanke e dipolomasiijo Naajeeriya, o laati hooreejo 10ɓo suudu senaa Naajeeriya diga 2003 haa 2005. Tergal arandewal nder lanyol Democratic Party (PDP), Wabara, o laati tergal nder kawtal lesdi Naajeeriya (NRC) e tergal nder suudu sarɗiiji lesdi Abia nder suudu sarɗiiji lesdi Naajeeriya 3rd Republic. O yahi haa o naati nder lanyol yimɓe nder hitaande 1998, o suɓaama senateer Abia South nder suudu joonde lesdi Naajeeriya ngam duuɓi ɗiɗi jokkindirɗi. O janngi ko e Dental Sowiyet e oon sahaa, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde dowla Kiev ɗo o heɓi Master makko e jokkondiral hakkunde leyɗeele e dow teddungal. Caalaje Adolphus jibinaa ko ñalnde 1 lewru nduu hitaande 1948, to wuro wiyeteengo Port Harcourt, to diiwaan Rivers, to leydi Nijeer. Baaba makko, jeyaaɗo to Ohambele, Ndoki to diiwaan Abia, o gollotoo ko e fedde nde, yumma makko ko njulaagu. Baaba makko kadi ko tergal NCNC gonngal e fuɗɗoode Dental Dowlaaji Igbo e fuɗɗoode mum. Adolphus ko ɗiɗaɓo e nder ɓiɓɓe njeeɗiɗo, miñiraaɓe jeegom e miñi mum debbo gooto. Jaangirde Adolphus Wabara naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe Methodist, to Lagos, o heɓi heen seedantaagal makko e hitaande 1966. Caggal nde o heɓi bursi Fedde nde ngam janngude to Dental Sowiyet, Wabara yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde dowla Kiev, to Kiev ɗo o heɓi dipolom makko e jokkondiral hakkunde leyɗeele e hitaande 1976 Ɗemngal Riisi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Voronezh to Riisi hakkundeejo. Fuɗɗoode golle E darorɗe kitaale 1970, Wabara golliima to Ammbasadeer leydi Najeriya to Londres, ko o golloowo to bannge geɗe caggal leydi haa o artiraa to leydi Caad, o woni hooreejo leydi ndii e hitaande 1984. Duuɓi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum, o woppi golle dipolomaasi, o arti Lagos, leydi Najeriya ɗo o gollotoo e golle seeɗa, ina heen kadi golle njulaagu (bread-making businesses). Kiriisuuji faggudu taariiɗi gonɗi e nder leydi Najeriya fof e kitaale 1980, ƴettii batte mum e golle makko, caggal ɗuum, Wabara golliima e ballal gardiiɗo mawɗo Apapa Trawlers, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore fedde Ibru tuggi 1985 haa 1989. Gila ton, o waɗi kuugal maako arandewal nder siyaasaaku partiiji lesdi Naajeeriya. E sosde kawral lesdi Republicain ngal laamu Ibraahiima Babangida, Wabara yi'i platform ngam laataago kuugal ngam yimɓe lesdi Ukwa East, lesdi Abia. Caggal nde o dañi primaaji lannda, o dañi wooteeji 1992, o fooli kanndidaa lannda Sosiyaal Demokaratik (SDP). Wabara wonti tergal teddungal e nder suudu sarɗiiji to leydi 3ɓiire. Ko ɗoon o toɗɗaa hooreejo Goomu suudu sarɗiiji ko faati e Asii e Pasifik. E nder ndeeɗoo darnde, o neldaa ko laamu fedde ndee e golle dipolomaasi to Dental Dowlaaji Amerik e fedde wiyeteende Black Congressional Caucus. Laabi Wabara nder suudu dipiteeji, bana no soobiraaɓe maako, ta'aama nder hitaande 1993 nde ɓilla siyaasaaku lolluɗum "12 juin" fuɗɗi haa lesdi Naajeeriya. Wooteeji hooreleydaagu ɗi kanndidaa SDP, hooreejo M.K.O Abiola heɓi, ɗi laamu Ibraahiima Babangida ustii, ɗum anndini jiiɓru politik e jiiɓru. Oon hitaande, Wabara ina jeyaa e daraniiɓe ustude kuulal ngal, hay so tawii noon caggal nde hooreejo leydi ndi, hono Seneraal Sanni Abacha, fusi Parlemaa ngenndi. Caggal nde o waɗi dumunna juutɗo to New York, Wabara toɗɗaa yo o won diisneteeɗo e nder diiso laamu nokkuyankeewo Ukwa East, ɗum rokki mo fartaŋŋe golloraade e nder leydi hee. Ko ɗoon o ƴetti golle ɓeydooje, hono Diisneteeɗo toppitiiɗo jaŋde. E hitaande 1996, fartaŋŋe ari haa Wabara yahri yeeso e golle mum politik. Laamu Sani Abacha yaltinii porogaraam mbayliigu hakkunde 16 e 25 mars 1996. Ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri teeŋtude e porogaraam mbayliigu nguu, suɓngooji ɗi ngonaa lanndaaji e nder laamuuji nokkuuji e nder leydi Najeriya, e oon sahaa, Adolphus Wabara suɓaama, suɓaama kadi ngam wonde hooreejo diiso ngam Unkwa East Local Gover. Lannda Demokaraasi Leƴƴi sosaa ko e hitaande 1998, Wabara wonnoo ko tergal sosngal. Hitaande wootere caggal mum, o tawtoraama suɓngooji senateeruuji 1999, o heɓi mandat ngam wallitde diiwaan Abia South e nder senateeruuji leydi Najeriya 4th Republic. Seneraal Ñalnde 3 suwee 1999, Wabara hunnaama wonde senaateer Nijeer ; Balɗe 10 caggal nde Olusegun Obasanjo toɗɗaa e laamu. Wabara ɓooyaani ko toɗɗaa hooreejo goomu peeje Senaa ngam difaade caggal ɗuum, hooreejo goomu Senaa ngam geɗe polis. Ton, o waɗi kampaañ maako ngam nastuki budget ngam moƴƴitinki kuuɗe sooja’en e polis’en lesdi Naajeeriya. E fuɗɗoode kitaale 2000, moƴƴitingol kaɓirɗe konu, ƴellitgol ofiseeji baawɗi wonde fof, ɗi ɓooyaani ko ƴeewteede, moƴƴitingol njuɓɓudi kisal, ko golle Goomuuji Senaa ɗi Wabara ardii ɗii mbaɗi. Nde ɓe ɗon mari haaje ɓillaaji yimɓe miskineeɓe nder diiwalji lesdi Naajeeriya fuu, Wabara e senateer'en woɓɓe diga nokkuuje lesdi Naajeeriya ɗon ƴama kuugal waylugo. Ɗumɗoon noon, ko ngam ustude baasal e haɓaade caɗeele njulaagu petroŋ e ŋakkeende kisal e nder diiwaan Niiseer. Golle maɓɓe ballondiral addani Senaa Naajeeriya sosde e jaɓde sariya NDDC mo hitaande 2001. Laamu Obasanjo siifondirii e kuulal ngal, ko ɗum waɗi Komiseer ƴellitaare Delta Niger (NDDC) sosaa. Komisoŋ oo ina woodi haa hannde. E hitaande 2003, Adolphus Wabara heɓi nasaraaku nder cuɓi PDP ngam suɓol hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya ngam suɓol hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya ngam Abia South. Luutndiiɗo mo ɓurɗo hulɓinaade, mawɗo Chineye Imo, jeyaa ko e lannda leƴƴi leydi Najeriya (ANPP). Imo hollitaama ko kañum heɓi jaaltaaɓe e woote senaateeruuji, kono ñaawirdu appeal hollitii wonde Wabara suɓaama tigi rigi. Luural ummii ko adii e caggal ñaawoore ndee, kono e nder heen, Wabara huniima e nder Senaa leydi Najeriya ngam manndaa ɗiɗaɓo. Hooreejo Senaa Caggal nde o suɓaama kadi e wooteeji mawɗi 2003, Wabara suɓaama ñalnde 3 lewru juko hitaande 2003, o wonti hooreejo suudu sarɗiiji leydi Nijeer. O waɗnoo hoore makko e oon nokku e laamu makko gadano kono o suɓaaka, kono o suɓaama, duuɓi seeɗa caggal ɗuum. Bana hooreejo Senaa lesdi Naajeeriya, Wabara ɗon mari haaje huuwugo yimɓe lesdi Naajeeriya ngam tabitinki kuuɗe hukuumaaji rento lesdi Naajeeriya. O fotnoo kadi ko waasde naatde e jeytaare jaayɗe e ñaawoore. E nder batu Commonwealth e lewru Duujal 2003, Adolphus Wabara wiyi wonde “laamu jaabtiiɗo e baawɗo wonde fof ina foti wonde konngol ... nde tawnoo ko kañum tan woni kuutorgal ngam ɓamtude nafooje demokaraasi, sosde jawdi, e semmbinde yimɓe.” E nder balɗe 100 gadane ɗe o woni hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya, Senaa gollidii e ministeer kaalis, e gardagol Dr. Ngozi Okonjo Iweala ngam ustude ñamaale leydi Naajeeriya caggal leydi. Ɗum addani ɗum ustude ñamaale fotde miliyaaruuji capanɗe tati dolaar. E lewru Ogost 2003, Senaa Naajeeriya mo Wabara ardii, ƴetti kuulal jaŋde leslesre winndereere ngam tabitinde kala cukalel e nder leydi Naajeeriya ina jogii hakke jaŋde leslesre. Kuule goɗɗe ɗe njuɓɓudi makko ƴetti ko kuule kuutoragol jaayɗe, kuule waylude seedantaagal kuule, kuule Komisariyaa toppitiiɗo petroŋ, e goɗɗe keewɗe. Goɗɗum kadi ko Wabara heɓi e laamu mum ko eɓɓaande waylude doosɗe leydi 1999. O nuɗɗini dow Naajeeriya, bana lesdi ndi leƴƴi ɗuuɗɗi, ɗon mari haaje doosgal lesdi ngam heɓuki ɗuuɗal yimɓe maako, walaa cemmbiɗinki malla cemmbiɗinki. Wabara sosi goomu ngam ƴeewtaade doosɗe leydi 1999 ɗe udditaa e lewru suwee 2003. Ko ɓuri teeŋtude heen, Wabara ina waɗi nafoore e ittugol kuulal tataɓal ngal laamu Obasanjo addi. Ndee ɗoo kuulal, so siynaama, ina addana hooreeɓe leydi Najeriya jogaade manndaaji tati. Haala makko bonka, « Yimɓe am », fawii ko e darnde makko e kuulal ngal. Ñaawoore duuɓi 14 Tuumre njulaagu Ñalnde 22 marse 2005, Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (NTA) yaltinii ciimtol hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Olusegun Obasanjo, ina tuuma e yeeso yimɓe fof wonde Wabara ina jeyaa e ko addani ɗum waɗde fenaande, fotde 55 miliyoŋ naira (400 000 dolaar). Ndeeɗoo bayyinaango waɗiraa ko aldaa e laawol sariya kuuɓtodinngol, ɗum addani sagataaɓe kewuuji, haa Wabara woppi golle hooreejo Senaa. Fabian Osuji, jaagorgal jaŋde e oon sahaa kadi ina wondi e ñaawoore ndee. Osuji ina wiyee yoɓi Wabara ngam yoɓde Senaa jaɓde bidsee ɓuuɓɗo, ɗoon e ɗoon hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Obasanjo, riiwti ɗum e golle mum. Wabara hollitii wonde tuumeede warngooji e njulaagu nguu ko fenaande, ko etaade añɓe politik bonnude innde makko. Ñaawirde Toownde Fedde nde. Wabara wi'i o ɗon hebbina wiɗitol ngol, nden o wi'i tuume ɗe'e ɗon mari fenaande, ɗe senateer'en Igbo'en yiɗɓe darnde maako ummini. Caggal nde o woppi laamu Senaa, Wabara, e Osuji e woɗɓe njoyo, ñaawaama yeeso Ñaawirde Toownde Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, Abuja ñalnde 12 abriil 2005, e juuɗe Komisariyaa toppitiiɗo ko fayti e njulaagu (ICPC). Limlebbi ɗaɓɓude e jaɓde njoɓdi e golle bonɗe goɗɗe cifaaɗe e Wabara, ɗe o jaɓaani. Tuumaaɗo oo nanngaa, ngoppitaa balɗe nay haa ɓe njaltinaa e kasoo.Nde o woni e jogaade darnde senaateer e nder Asaambele ngenndi, ñaawoore Wabara ndee yaajii haa ɓurti e laamu makko ɗiɗaɓuru. Caggal hareeji sariya juutɗi, ñalnde 1 suwee 2010, ñaawoore Wabara woppitaa. Ñaawirde ndee wiyi wonde tuume ɗee ko fenaande, tee ɗe ndartinaani hollude geɗe prima facie ɗe tuumaaɗo oo waɗi. Ñaawirde ndee hollitii wonde golle laamu fedde ndee e tuumeede ɗee ɓuri hersinaade, ko barbareeje, e ko aldaa e siwil sabu tuumaaɗo oo waɗaani haala e hay gooto e gollotooɓe e kisal hade ñaawoore jaaynde ndee, haa jooni, ɓe mbiyi ko ɓe tooñooɓe. Ñaawirde Odili, ñaawoowo kalfinaaɗo ñaawoore ndee, wiyi wonde « tuumaaɗo oo alaa ko waawi jaabaade e sariya, ɗum noon ina foti yoɓde ɗum ». ICPC, nde weltaaki e ñaawoore ndee, wullitii to Ñaawirde Toownde ɗo ñaawooɓe ɓee kawri, ñaawirde ndee yo ñaawoore ndee artire to Ñaawirde Toownde ngam yaawde ñaaweede E lewru marse 2019, duuɓi sappo e nay caggal nde o arti e Ñaawirde Toownde Fedde nde, Wabara woppitaa, o woppitaa tuumeede warngooji. E wiyde ñaawirdu nduu rewrude e hooreejo ñaawirdu S.E Aladetoyinbo, ñaawirdu nduu waawaano tabitinde ñaawoore ndee e addude seedtiiɓe. Nde tawnoo hujjaaji keewɗi ngalaa ngam ñaawde ñaawoore ndee, tuumaaɗo oo, haa arti noon e Wabara, njaltinaama e kuulal 355 sariya jowitiiɗo e njuɓɓudi ñaawoore warhoore 2015, ngal wiyi : « so tawii wullitaango e kala sahaa hade yamiroore sakkitiinde waɗeede e nder ñaawoore ndee, ina weltina ñaawirdu nduu wonde ina woodi kuule keewɗe ngam hisnude ɗum ina waawi jaɓde mo ittude wullitaango ngoo, caggal ɗuum o woppira tuumaaɗo oo." jhhxugx4hwqf6xabtkr8jhazkz1ql1c 174248 174247 2026-06-18T16:59:49Z Ilya Discuss 10103 174248 wikitext text/x-wiki Adolphus Nduneweh Wabara (jibinaa ko 1 lewru juko hitaande 1948) ko siyaasyanke e dipolomasiijo Naajeeriya, o laati hooreejo 10ɓo suudu senaa Naajeeriya diga 2003 haa 2005. Tergal arandewal nder lanyol Democratic Party (PDP), Wabara, o laati tergal nder kawtal lesdi Naajeeriya (NRC) e tergal nder suudu sarɗiiji lesdi Abia nder suudu sarɗiiji lesdi Naajeeriya 3rd Republic. O yahi haa o naati nder lanyol yimɓe nder hitaande 1998, o suɓaama senateer Abia South nder suudu joonde lesdi Naajeeriya ngam duuɓi ɗiɗi jokkindirɗi. O janngi ko e Dental Sowiyet e oon sahaa, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde dowla Kiev ɗo o heɓi Master makko e jokkondiral hakkunde leyɗeele e dow teddungal. Caalaje Adolphus jibinaa ko ñalnde 1 lewru nduu hitaande 1948, to wuro wiyeteengo Port Harcourt, to diiwaan Rivers, to leydi Nijeer. Baaba makko, jeyaaɗo to Ohambele, Ndoki to diiwaan Abia, o gollotoo ko e fedde nde, yumma makko ko njulaagu. Baaba makko kadi ko tergal NCNC gonngal e fuɗɗoode Dental Dowlaaji Igbo e fuɗɗoode mum. Adolphus ko ɗiɗaɓo e nder ɓiɓɓe njeeɗiɗo, miñiraaɓe jeegom e miñi mum debbo gooto. Jaangirde Adolphus Wabara naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe Methodist, to Lagos, o heɓi heen seedantaagal makko e hitaande 1966. Caggal nde o heɓi bursi Fedde nde ngam janngude to Dental Sowiyet, Wabara yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde dowla Kiev, to Kiev ɗo o heɓi dipolom makko e jokkondiral hakkunde leyɗeele e hitaande 1976 Ɗemngal Riisi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Voronezh to Riisi hakkundeejo. Fuɗɗoode golle E darorɗe kitaale 1970, Wabara golliima to Ammbasadeer leydi Najeriya to Londres, ko o golloowo to bannge geɗe caggal leydi haa o artiraa to leydi Caad, o woni hooreejo leydi ndii e hitaande 1984. Duuɓi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum, o woppi golle dipolomaasi, o arti Lagos, leydi Najeriya ɗo o gollotoo e golle seeɗa, ina heen kadi golle njulaagu (bread-making businesses). Kiriisuuji faggudu taariiɗi gonɗi e nder leydi Najeriya fof e kitaale 1980, ƴettii batte mum e golle makko, caggal ɗuum, Wabara golliima e ballal gardiiɗo mawɗo Apapa Trawlers, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore fedde Ibru tuggi 1985 haa 1989. Gila ton, o waɗi kuugal maako arandewal nder siyaasaaku partiiji lesdi Naajeeriya. E sosde kawral lesdi Republicain ngal laamu Ibraahiima Babangida, Wabara yi'i platform ngam laataago kuugal ngam yimɓe lesdi Ukwa East, lesdi Abia. Caggal nde o dañi primaaji lannda, o dañi wooteeji 1992, o fooli kanndidaa lannda Sosiyaal Demokaratik (SDP). Wabara wonti tergal teddungal e nder suudu sarɗiiji to leydi 3ɓiire. Ko ɗoon o toɗɗaa hooreejo Goomu suudu sarɗiiji ko faati e Asii e Pasifik. E nder ndeeɗoo darnde, o neldaa ko laamu fedde ndee e golle dipolomaasi to Dental Dowlaaji Amerik e fedde wiyeteende Black Congressional Caucus. Laabi Wabara nder suudu dipiteeji, bana no soobiraaɓe maako, ta'aama nder hitaande 1993 nde ɓilla siyaasaaku lolluɗum "12 juin" fuɗɗi haa lesdi Naajeeriya. Wooteeji hooreleydaagu ɗi kanndidaa SDP, hooreejo M.K.O Abiola heɓi, ɗi laamu Ibraahiima Babangida ustii, ɗum anndini jiiɓru politik e jiiɓru. Oon hitaande, Wabara ina jeyaa e daraniiɓe ustude kuulal ngal, hay so tawii noon caggal nde hooreejo leydi ndi, hono Seneraal Sanni Abacha, fusi Parlemaa ngenndi. Caggal nde o waɗi dumunna juutɗo to New York, Wabara toɗɗaa yo o won diisneteeɗo e nder diiso laamu nokkuyankeewo Ukwa East, ɗum rokki mo fartaŋŋe golloraade e nder leydi hee. Ko ɗoon o ƴetti golle ɓeydooje, hono Diisneteeɗo toppitiiɗo jaŋde. E hitaande 1996, fartaŋŋe ari haa Wabara yahri yeeso e golle mum politik. Laamu Sani Abacha yaltinii porogaraam mbayliigu hakkunde 16 e 25 mars 1996. Ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri teeŋtude e porogaraam mbayliigu nguu, suɓngooji ɗi ngonaa lanndaaji e nder laamuuji nokkuuji e nder leydi Najeriya, e oon sahaa, Adolphus Wabara suɓaama, suɓaama kadi ngam wonde hooreejo diiso ngam Unkwa East Local Gover. Lannda Demokaraasi Leƴƴi sosaa ko e hitaande 1998, Wabara wonnoo ko tergal sosngal. Hitaande wootere caggal mum, o tawtoraama suɓngooji senateeruuji 1999, o heɓi mandat ngam wallitde diiwaan Abia South e nder senateeruuji leydi Najeriya 4th Republic. Seneraal Ñalnde 3 suwee 1999, Wabara hunnaama wonde senaateer Nijeer ; Balɗe 10 caggal nde Olusegun Obasanjo toɗɗaa e laamu. Wabara ɓooyaani ko toɗɗaa hooreejo goomu peeje Senaa ngam difaade caggal ɗuum, hooreejo goomu Senaa ngam geɗe polis. Ton, o waɗi kampaañ maako ngam nastuki budget ngam moƴƴitinki kuuɗe sooja’en e polis’en lesdi Naajeeriya. E fuɗɗoode kitaale 2000, moƴƴitingol kaɓirɗe konu, ƴellitgol ofiseeji baawɗi wonde fof, ɗi ɓooyaani ko ƴeewteede, moƴƴitingol njuɓɓudi kisal, ko golle Goomuuji Senaa ɗi Wabara ardii ɗii mbaɗi. Nde ɓe ɗon mari haaje ɓillaaji yimɓe miskineeɓe nder diiwalji lesdi Naajeeriya fuu, Wabara e senateer'en woɓɓe diga nokkuuje lesdi Naajeeriya ɗon ƴama kuugal waylugo. Ɗumɗoon noon, ko ngam ustude baasal e haɓaade caɗeele njulaagu petroŋ e ŋakkeende kisal e nder diiwaan Niiseer. Golle maɓɓe ballondiral addani Senaa Naajeeriya sosde e jaɓde sariya NDDC mo hitaande 2001. Laamu Obasanjo siifondirii e kuulal ngal, ko ɗum waɗi Komiseer ƴellitaare Delta Niger (NDDC) sosaa. Komisoŋ oo ina woodi haa hannde. E hitaande 2003, Adolphus Wabara heɓi nasaraaku nder cuɓi PDP ngam suɓol hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya ngam suɓol hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya ngam Abia South. Luutndiiɗo mo ɓurɗo hulɓinaade, mawɗo Chineye Imo, jeyaa ko e lannda leƴƴi leydi Najeriya (ANPP). Imo hollitaama ko kañum heɓi jaaltaaɓe e woote senaateeruuji, kono ñaawirdu appeal hollitii wonde Wabara suɓaama tigi rigi. Luural ummii ko adii e caggal ñaawoore ndee, kono e nder heen, Wabara huniima e nder Senaa leydi Najeriya ngam manndaa ɗiɗaɓo. Hooreejo Senaa Caggal nde o suɓaama kadi e wooteeji mawɗi 2003, Wabara suɓaama ñalnde 3 lewru juko hitaande 2003, o wonti hooreejo suudu sarɗiiji leydi Nijeer. O waɗnoo hoore makko e oon nokku e laamu makko gadano kono o suɓaaka, kono o suɓaama, duuɓi seeɗa caggal ɗuum. Bana hooreejo Senaa lesdi Naajeeriya, Wabara ɗon mari haaje huuwugo yimɓe lesdi Naajeeriya ngam tabitinki kuuɗe hukuumaaji rento lesdi Naajeeriya. O fotnoo kadi ko waasde naatde e jeytaare jaayɗe e ñaawoore. E nder batu Commonwealth e lewru Duujal 2003, Adolphus Wabara wiyi wonde “laamu jaabtiiɗo e baawɗo wonde fof ina foti wonde konngol ... nde tawnoo ko kañum tan woni kuutorgal ngam ɓamtude nafooje demokaraasi, sosde jawdi, e semmbinde yimɓe.” E nder balɗe 100 gadane ɗe o woni hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya, Senaa gollidii e ministeer kaalis, e gardagol Dr. Ngozi Okonjo Iweala ngam ustude ñamaale leydi Naajeeriya caggal leydi. Ɗum addani ɗum ustude ñamaale fotde miliyaaruuji capanɗe tati dolaar. E lewru Ogost 2003, Senaa Naajeeriya mo Wabara ardii, ƴetti kuulal jaŋde leslesre winndereere ngam tabitinde kala cukalel e nder leydi Naajeeriya ina jogii hakke jaŋde leslesre. Kuule goɗɗe ɗe njuɓɓudi makko ƴetti ko kuule kuutoragol jaayɗe, kuule waylude seedantaagal kuule, kuule Komisariyaa toppitiiɗo petroŋ, e goɗɗe keewɗe. Goɗɗum kadi ko Wabara heɓi e laamu mum ko eɓɓaande waylude doosɗe leydi 1999. O nuɗɗini dow Naajeeriya, bana lesdi ndi leƴƴi ɗuuɗɗi, ɗon mari haaje doosgal lesdi ngam heɓuki ɗuuɗal yimɓe maako, walaa cemmbiɗinki malla cemmbiɗinki. Wabara sosi goomu ngam ƴeewtaade doosɗe leydi 1999 ɗe udditaa e lewru suwee 2003. Ko ɓuri teeŋtude heen, Wabara ina waɗi nafoore e ittugol kuulal tataɓal ngal laamu Obasanjo addi. Ndee ɗoo kuulal, so siynaama, ina addana hooreeɓe leydi Najeriya jogaade manndaaji tati. Haala makko bonka, « Yimɓe am », fawii ko e darnde makko e kuulal ngal. Ñaawoore duuɓi 14 Tuumre njulaagu Ñalnde 22 marse 2005, Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (NTA) yaltinii ciimtol hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Olusegun Obasanjo, ina tuuma e yeeso yimɓe fof wonde Wabara ina jeyaa e ko addani ɗum waɗde fenaande, fotde 55 miliyoŋ naira (400 000 dolaar). Ndeeɗoo bayyinaango waɗiraa ko aldaa e laawol sariya kuuɓtodinngol, ɗum addani sagataaɓe kewuuji, haa Wabara woppi golle hooreejo Senaa. Fabian Osuji, jaagorgal jaŋde e oon sahaa kadi ina wondi e ñaawoore ndee. Osuji ina wiyee yoɓi Wabara ngam yoɓde Senaa jaɓde bidsee ɓuuɓɗo, ɗoon e ɗoon hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Obasanjo, riiwti ɗum e golle mum. Wabara hollitii wonde tuumeede warngooji e njulaagu nguu ko fenaande, ko etaade añɓe politik bonnude innde makko. Ñaawirde Toownde Fedde nde. Wabara wi'i o ɗon hebbina wiɗitol ngol, nden o wi'i tuume ɗe'e ɗon mari fenaande, ɗe senateer'en Igbo'en yiɗɓe darnde maako ummini. Caggal nde o woppi laamu Senaa, Wabara, e Osuji e woɗɓe njoyo, ñaawaama yeeso Ñaawirde Toownde Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, Abuja ñalnde 12 abriil 2005, e juuɗe Komisariyaa toppitiiɗo ko fayti e njulaagu (ICPC). Limlebbi ɗaɓɓude e jaɓde njoɓdi e golle bonɗe goɗɗe cifaaɗe e Wabara, ɗe o jaɓaani. Tuumaaɗo oo nanngaa, ngoppitaa balɗe nay haa ɓe njaltinaa e kasoo.Nde o woni e jogaade darnde senaateer e nder Asaambele ngenndi, ñaawoore Wabara ndee yaajii haa ɓurti e laamu makko ɗiɗaɓuru. Caggal hareeji sariya juutɗi, ñalnde 1 suwee 2010, ñaawoore Wabara woppitaa. Ñaawirde ndee wiyi wonde tuume ɗee ko fenaande, tee ɗe ndartinaani hollude geɗe prima facie ɗe tuumaaɗo oo waɗi. Ñaawirde ndee hollitii wonde golle laamu fedde ndee e tuumeede ɗee ɓuri hersinaade, ko barbareeje, e ko aldaa e siwil sabu tuumaaɗo oo waɗaani haala e hay gooto e gollotooɓe e kisal hade ñaawoore jaaynde ndee, haa jooni, ɓe mbiyi ko ɓe tooñooɓe. Ñaawirde Odili, ñaawoowo kalfinaaɗo ñaawoore ndee, wiyi wonde « tuumaaɗo oo alaa ko waawi jaabaade e sariya, ɗum noon ina foti yoɓde ɗum ». ICPC, nde weltaaki e ñaawoore ndee, wullitii to Ñaawirde Toownde ɗo ñaawooɓe ɓee kawri, ñaawirde ndee yo ñaawoore ndee artire to Ñaawirde Toownde ngam yaawde ñaaweede E lewru marse 2019, duuɓi sappo e nay caggal nde o arti e Ñaawirde Toownde Fedde nde, Wabara woppitaa, o woppitaa tuumeede warngooji. E wiyde ñaawirdu nduu rewrude e hooreejo ñaawirdu S.E Aladetoyinbo, ñaawirdu nduu waawaano tabitinde ñaawoore ndee e addude seedtiiɓe. Nde tawnoo hujjaaji keewɗi ngalaa ngam ñaawde ñaawoore ndee, tuumaaɗo oo, haa arti noon e Wabara, njaltinaama e kuulal 355 sariya jowitiiɗo e njuɓɓudi ñaawoore warhoore 2015, ngal wiyi : « so tawii wullitaango e kala sahaa hade yamiroore sakkitiinde waɗeede e nder ñaawoore ndee, ina weltina ñaawirdu nduu wonde ina woodi kuule keewɗe ngam hisnude ɗum ina waawi jaɓde mo ittude wullitaango ngoo, caggal ɗuum o woppira tuumaaɗo oo." Golle goɗɗe e teddungal Adolfus Wabara joginoo tiitooɗe aadaaji, ko wayi no Agbawodike Izu mo Eziama to Aba, to diiwaan Abia. Caggal nde o heɓi Ph.D. e nder Human Resources to Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Micheal Okapara to duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde ndema, o toɗɗaa ko e juuɗe guwerneer Okezie Ikpeazu ngam wonde Pro-Chancellor e hooreejo Diiso Goomu Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Abia State e hitaande 2015. O golliima e ndeen mbaadi fotde duuɓi ɗiɗi e baɗte e nder electrification duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde ngal e "wellx Jaŋde," Londres. Ndee eɓɓaande noon, ko ngam rokkude almudɓe duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ngal fartaŋŋeeji wiɗtooji ballondiral. Ɗeeɗoo golle fof e wayde noon, udditgol Diiso Goomu nguu, sabu politik, waɗii ñalnde 20 marse 2022 caggal nde Adolphus waɗi haala wonde « PDP maa majju Abia so tawii darnde Guwerneer 2023 ndee zonaama to Ngwa ». Ko o mawɗo dowla, tergal lannda Demokaraasi Yimɓe, Wabara woni koolaaɗo kuuɓal PDP. O jeyaa kadi ko e duɗal jokkondiral hakkunde yimɓe to Londres. E lewru noowammbar 2022 caggal nde gonnooɗo hooreejo BoT woppi laamu, Walid Jibrin, gonnooɗo hooreejo Senaa, Adolphus Wabara, ummii hooreejo keso fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi laamu (PDP). Nguurndam neɗɗo Adolfus resi Felicia Edomola Ikhile mo LGA Esan-West to diiwaan Edo. Ko o ardiiɗo, o golliima e ammbasadeer leydi Najeriya, to Londres, ɗo ɓe kawri, e konsulaa leydi Najeriya to New York. Ɓe njogii ko ɓiɓɓe ɗiɗo. Debbo makko maayi ko ñalnde 10 abriil 2022 tawi ina yahra e duuɓi 69 caggal hare e rafi kanseer. Tuugnorgal p4e200whp3dvfq05p19e8nbqxb2w7wp 174249 174248 2026-06-18T17:01:31Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174249 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adolphus Nduneweh Wabara''' (jibinaa ko 1 lewru juko hitaande 1948) ko siyaasyanke e dipolomasiijo Naajeeriya, o laati hooreejo 10ɓo suudu senaa Naajeeriya diga 2003 haa 2005. Tergal arandewal nder lanyol Democratic Party (PDP), Wabara, o laati tergal nder kawtal lesdi Naajeeriya (NRC) e tergal nder suudu sarɗiiji lesdi Abia nder suudu sarɗiiji lesdi Naajeeriya 3rd Republic. O yahi haa o naati nder lanyol yimɓe nder hitaande 1998, o suɓaama senateer Abia South nder suudu joonde lesdi Naajeeriya ngam duuɓi ɗiɗi jokkindirɗi. O janngi ko e Dental Sowiyet e oon sahaa, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde dowla Kiev ɗo o heɓi Master makko e jokkondiral hakkunde leyɗeele e dow teddungal. == Caalaje == Adolphus jibinaa ko ñalnde 1 lewru nduu hitaande 1948, to wuro wiyeteengo Port Harcourt, to diiwaan Rivers, to leydi Nijeer. Baaba makko, jeyaaɗo to Ohambele, Ndoki to diiwaan Abia, o gollotoo ko e fedde nde, yumma makko ko njulaagu. Baaba makko kadi ko tergal NCNC gonngal e fuɗɗoode Dental Dowlaaji Igbo e fuɗɗoode mum. Adolphus ko ɗiɗaɓo e nder ɓiɓɓe njeeɗiɗo, miñiraaɓe jeegom e miñi mum debbo gooto. == Jaangirde == Adolphus Wabara naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe Methodist, to Lagos, o heɓi heen seedantaagal makko e hitaande 1966. Caggal nde o heɓi bursi Fedde nde ngam janngude to Dental Sowiyet, Wabara yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde dowla Kiev, to Kiev ɗo o heɓi dipolom makko e jokkondiral hakkunde leyɗeele e hitaande 1976 Ɗemngal Riisi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Voronezh to Riisi hakkundeejo. == Fuɗɗoode golle == E darorɗe kitaale 1970, Wabara golliima to Ammbasadeer leydi Najeriya to Londres, ko o golloowo to bannge geɗe caggal leydi haa o artiraa to leydi Caad, o woni hooreejo leydi ndii e hitaande 1984. Duuɓi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum, o woppi golle dipolomaasi, o arti Lagos, leydi Najeriya ɗo o gollotoo e golle seeɗa, ina heen kadi golle njulaagu (bread-making businesses). Kiriisuuji faggudu taariiɗi gonɗi e nder leydi Najeriya fof e kitaale 1980, ƴettii batte mum e golle makko, caggal ɗuum, Wabara golliima e ballal gardiiɗo mawɗo Apapa Trawlers, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore fedde Ibru tuggi 1985 haa 1989. Gila ton, o waɗi kuugal maako arandewal nder siyaasaaku partiiji lesdi Naajeeriya. E sosde kawral lesdi Republicain ngal laamu Ibraahiima Babangida, Wabara yi'i platform ngam laataago kuugal ngam yimɓe lesdi Ukwa East, lesdi Abia. Caggal nde o dañi primaaji lannda, o dañi wooteeji 1992, o fooli kanndidaa lannda Sosiyaal Demokaratik (SDP). Wabara wonti tergal teddungal e nder suudu sarɗiiji to leydi 3ɓiire. Ko ɗoon o toɗɗaa hooreejo Goomu suudu sarɗiiji ko faati e Asii e Pasifik. E nder ndeeɗoo darnde, o neldaa ko laamu fedde ndee e golle dipolomaasi to Dental Dowlaaji Amerik e fedde wiyeteende Black Congressional Caucus. Laabi Wabara nder suudu dipiteeji, bana no soobiraaɓe maako, ta'aama nder hitaande 1993 nde ɓilla siyaasaaku lolluɗum "12 juin" fuɗɗi haa lesdi Naajeeriya. Wooteeji hooreleydaagu ɗi kanndidaa SDP, hooreejo M.K.O Abiola heɓi, ɗi laamu Ibraahiima Babangida ustii, ɗum anndini jiiɓru politik e jiiɓru. Oon hitaande, Wabara ina jeyaa e daraniiɓe ustude kuulal ngal, hay so tawii noon caggal nde hooreejo leydi ndi, hono Seneraal Sanni Abacha, fusi Parlemaa ngenndi. Caggal nde o waɗi dumunna juutɗo to New York, Wabara toɗɗaa yo o won diisneteeɗo e nder diiso laamu nokkuyankeewo Ukwa East, ɗum rokki mo fartaŋŋe golloraade e nder leydi hee. Ko ɗoon o ƴetti golle ɓeydooje, hono Diisneteeɗo toppitiiɗo jaŋde. E hitaande 1996, fartaŋŋe ari haa Wabara yahri yeeso e golle mum politik. Laamu Sani Abacha yaltinii porogaraam mbayliigu hakkunde 16 e 25 mars 1996. Ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri teeŋtude e porogaraam mbayliigu nguu, suɓngooji ɗi ngonaa lanndaaji e nder laamuuji nokkuuji e nder leydi Najeriya, e oon sahaa, Adolphus Wabara suɓaama, suɓaama kadi ngam wonde hooreejo diiso ngam Unkwa East Local Gover. Lannda Demokaraasi Leƴƴi sosaa ko e hitaande 1998, Wabara wonnoo ko tergal sosngal. Hitaande wootere caggal mum, o tawtoraama suɓngooji senateeruuji 1999, o heɓi mandat ngam wallitde diiwaan Abia South e nder senateeruuji leydi Najeriya 4th Republic. == Seneraal == Ñalnde 3 suwee 1999, Wabara hunnaama wonde senaateer Nijeer ; Balɗe 10 caggal nde Olusegun Obasanjo toɗɗaa e laamu. Wabara ɓooyaani ko toɗɗaa hooreejo goomu peeje Senaa ngam difaade caggal ɗuum, hooreejo goomu Senaa ngam geɗe polis. Ton, o waɗi kampaañ maako ngam nastuki budget ngam moƴƴitinki kuuɗe sooja’en e polis’en lesdi Naajeeriya. E fuɗɗoode kitaale 2000, moƴƴitingol kaɓirɗe konu, ƴellitgol ofiseeji baawɗi wonde fof, ɗi ɓooyaani ko ƴeewteede, moƴƴitingol njuɓɓudi kisal, ko golle Goomuuji Senaa ɗi Wabara ardii ɗii mbaɗi. Nde ɓe ɗon mari haaje ɓillaaji yimɓe miskineeɓe nder diiwalji lesdi Naajeeriya fuu, Wabara e senateer'en woɓɓe diga nokkuuje lesdi Naajeeriya ɗon ƴama kuugal waylugo. Ɗumɗoon noon, ko ngam ustude baasal e haɓaade caɗeele njulaagu petroŋ e ŋakkeende kisal e nder diiwaan Niiseer. Golle maɓɓe ballondiral addani Senaa Naajeeriya sosde e jaɓde sariya NDDC mo hitaande 2001. Laamu Obasanjo siifondirii e kuulal ngal, ko ɗum waɗi Komiseer ƴellitaare Delta Niger (NDDC) sosaa. Komisoŋ oo ina woodi haa hannde. E hitaande 2003, Adolphus Wabara heɓi nasaraaku nder cuɓi PDP ngam suɓol hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya ngam suɓol hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya ngam Abia South. Luutndiiɗo mo ɓurɗo hulɓinaade, mawɗo Chineye Imo, jeyaa ko e lannda leƴƴi leydi Najeriya (ANPP). Imo hollitaama ko kañum heɓi jaaltaaɓe e woote senaateeruuji, kono ñaawirdu appeal hollitii wonde Wabara suɓaama tigi rigi. Luural ummii ko adii e caggal ñaawoore ndee, kono e nder heen, Wabara huniima e nder Senaa leydi Najeriya ngam manndaa ɗiɗaɓo. == Hooreejo Senaa == Caggal nde o suɓaama kadi e wooteeji mawɗi 2003, Wabara suɓaama ñalnde 3 lewru juko hitaande 2003, o wonti hooreejo suudu sarɗiiji leydi Nijeer. O waɗnoo hoore makko e oon nokku e laamu makko gadano kono o suɓaaka, kono o suɓaama, duuɓi seeɗa caggal ɗuum. Bana hooreejo Senaa lesdi Naajeeriya, Wabara ɗon mari haaje huuwugo yimɓe lesdi Naajeeriya ngam tabitinki kuuɗe hukuumaaji rento lesdi Naajeeriya. O fotnoo kadi ko waasde naatde e jeytaare jaayɗe e ñaawoore. E nder batu Commonwealth e lewru Duujal 2003, Adolphus Wabara wiyi wonde “laamu jaabtiiɗo e baawɗo wonde fof ina foti wonde konngol ... nde tawnoo ko kañum tan woni kuutorgal ngam ɓamtude nafooje demokaraasi, sosde jawdi, e semmbinde yimɓe.” E nder balɗe 100 gadane ɗe o woni hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya, Senaa gollidii e ministeer kaalis, e gardagol Dr. Ngozi Okonjo Iweala ngam ustude ñamaale leydi Naajeeriya caggal leydi. Ɗum addani ɗum ustude ñamaale fotde miliyaaruuji capanɗe tati dolaar. E lewru Ogost 2003, Senaa Naajeeriya mo Wabara ardii, ƴetti kuulal jaŋde leslesre winndereere ngam tabitinde kala cukalel e nder leydi Naajeeriya ina jogii hakke jaŋde leslesre. Kuule goɗɗe ɗe njuɓɓudi makko ƴetti ko kuule kuutoragol jaayɗe, kuule waylude seedantaagal kuule, kuule Komisariyaa toppitiiɗo petroŋ, e goɗɗe keewɗe. Goɗɗum kadi ko Wabara heɓi e laamu mum ko eɓɓaande waylude doosɗe leydi 1999. O nuɗɗini dow Naajeeriya, bana lesdi ndi leƴƴi ɗuuɗɗi, ɗon mari haaje doosgal lesdi ngam heɓuki ɗuuɗal yimɓe maako, walaa cemmbiɗinki malla cemmbiɗinki. Wabara sosi goomu ngam ƴeewtaade doosɗe leydi 1999 ɗe udditaa e lewru suwee 2003. Ko ɓuri teeŋtude heen, Wabara ina waɗi nafoore e ittugol kuulal tataɓal ngal laamu Obasanjo addi. Ndee ɗoo kuulal, so siynaama, ina addana hooreeɓe leydi Najeriya jogaade manndaaji tati. Haala makko bonka, « Yimɓe am », fawii ko e darnde makko e kuulal ngal. == Ñaawoore duuɓi 14 == == Tuumre njulaagu == Ñalnde 22 marse 2005, Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (NTA) yaltinii ciimtol hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Olusegun Obasanjo, ina tuuma e yeeso yimɓe fof wonde Wabara ina jeyaa e ko addani ɗum waɗde fenaande, fotde 55 miliyoŋ naira (400 000 dolaar). Ndeeɗoo bayyinaango waɗiraa ko aldaa e laawol sariya kuuɓtodinngol, ɗum addani sagataaɓe kewuuji, haa Wabara woppi golle hooreejo Senaa. Fabian Osuji, jaagorgal jaŋde e oon sahaa kadi ina wondi e ñaawoore ndee. Osuji ina wiyee yoɓi Wabara ngam yoɓde Senaa jaɓde bidsee ɓuuɓɗo, ɗoon e ɗoon hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Obasanjo, riiwti ɗum e golle mum. Wabara hollitii wonde tuumeede warngooji e njulaagu nguu ko fenaande, ko etaade añɓe politik bonnude innde makko. Ñaawirde Toownde Fedde nde. Wabara wi'i o ɗon hebbina wiɗitol ngol, nden o wi'i tuume ɗe'e ɗon mari fenaande, ɗe senateer'en Igbo'en yiɗɓe darnde maako ummini. Caggal nde o woppi laamu Senaa, Wabara, e Osuji e woɗɓe njoyo, ñaawaama yeeso Ñaawirde Toownde Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, Abuja ñalnde 12 abriil 2005, e juuɗe Komisariyaa toppitiiɗo ko fayti e njulaagu (ICPC). Limlebbi ɗaɓɓude e jaɓde njoɓdi e golle bonɗe goɗɗe cifaaɗe e Wabara, ɗe o jaɓaani. Tuumaaɗo oo nanngaa, ngoppitaa balɗe nay haa ɓe njaltinaa e kasoo.Nde o woni e jogaade darnde senaateer e nder Asaambele ngenndi, ñaawoore Wabara ndee yaajii haa ɓurti e laamu makko ɗiɗaɓuru. Caggal hareeji sariya juutɗi, ñalnde 1 suwee 2010, ñaawoore Wabara woppitaa. Ñaawirde ndee wiyi wonde tuume ɗee ko fenaande, tee ɗe ndartinaani hollude geɗe prima facie ɗe tuumaaɗo oo waɗi. Ñaawirde ndee hollitii wonde golle laamu fedde ndee e tuumeede ɗee ɓuri hersinaade, ko barbareeje, e ko aldaa e siwil sabu tuumaaɗo oo waɗaani haala e hay gooto e gollotooɓe e kisal hade ñaawoore jaaynde ndee, haa jooni, ɓe mbiyi ko ɓe tooñooɓe. Ñaawirde Odili, ñaawoowo kalfinaaɗo ñaawoore ndee, wiyi wonde « tuumaaɗo oo alaa ko waawi jaabaade e sariya, ɗum noon ina foti yoɓde ɗum ». ICPC, nde weltaaki e ñaawoore ndee, wullitii to Ñaawirde Toownde ɗo ñaawooɓe ɓee kawri, ñaawirde ndee yo ñaawoore ndee artire to Ñaawirde Toownde ngam yaawde ñaaweede E lewru marse 2019, duuɓi sappo e nay caggal nde o arti e Ñaawirde Toownde Fedde nde, Wabara woppitaa, o woppitaa tuumeede warngooji. E wiyde ñaawirdu nduu rewrude e hooreejo ñaawirdu S.E Aladetoyinbo, ñaawirdu nduu waawaano tabitinde ñaawoore ndee e addude seedtiiɓe. Nde tawnoo hujjaaji keewɗi ngalaa ngam ñaawde ñaawoore ndee, tuumaaɗo oo, haa arti noon e Wabara, njaltinaama e kuulal 355 sariya jowitiiɗo e njuɓɓudi ñaawoore warhoore 2015, ngal wiyi : « so tawii wullitaango e kala sahaa hade yamiroore sakkitiinde waɗeede e nder ñaawoore ndee, ina weltina ñaawirdu nduu wonde ina woodi kuule keewɗe ngam hisnude ɗum ina waawi jaɓde mo ittude wullitaango ngoo, caggal ɗuum o woppira tuumaaɗo oo." == Golle goɗɗe e teddungal == Adolfus Wabara joginoo tiitooɗe aadaaji, ko wayi no Agbawodike Izu mo Eziama to Aba, to diiwaan Abia. Caggal nde o heɓi Ph.D. e nder Human Resources to Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Micheal Okapara to duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde ndema, o toɗɗaa ko e juuɗe guwerneer Okezie Ikpeazu ngam wonde Pro-Chancellor e hooreejo Diiso Goomu Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Abia State e hitaande 2015. O golliima e ndeen mbaadi fotde duuɓi ɗiɗi e baɗte e nder electrification duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde ngal e "wellx Jaŋde," Londres. Ndee eɓɓaande noon, ko ngam rokkude almudɓe duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ngal fartaŋŋeeji wiɗtooji ballondiral. Ɗeeɗoo golle fof e wayde noon, udditgol Diiso Goomu nguu, sabu politik, waɗii ñalnde 20 marse 2022 caggal nde Adolphus waɗi haala wonde « PDP maa majju Abia so tawii darnde Guwerneer 2023 ndee zonaama to Ngwa ». Ko o mawɗo dowla, tergal lannda Demokaraasi Yimɓe, Wabara woni koolaaɗo kuuɓal PDP. O jeyaa kadi ko e duɗal jokkondiral hakkunde yimɓe to Londres. E lewru noowammbar 2022 caggal nde gonnooɗo hooreejo BoT woppi laamu, Walid Jibrin, gonnooɗo hooreejo Senaa, Adolphus Wabara, ummii hooreejo keso fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi laamu (PDP). == Nguurndam neɗɗo == Adolfus resi Felicia Edomola Ikhile mo LGA Esan-West to diiwaan Edo. Ko o ardiiɗo, o golliima e ammbasadeer leydi Najeriya, to Londres, ɗo ɓe kawri, e konsulaa leydi Najeriya to New York. Ɓe njogii ko ɓiɓɓe ɗiɗo. Debbo makko maayi ko ñalnde 10 abriil 2022 tawi ina yahra e duuɓi 69 caggal hare e rafi kanseer. == Tuugnorgal == gpz39vbhc5dgs7zeyb2u90xqusdtv12 174250 174249 2026-06-18T17:02:51Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adolphus Nduneweh Wabara''' (jibinaa ko 1 lewru juko hitaande 1948) ko siyaasyanke e dipolomasiijo Naajeeriya, o laati hooreejo 10ɓo suudu senaa Naajeeriya diga 2003 haa 2005. Tergal arandewal nder lanyol Democratic Party (PDP), Wabara, o laati tergal nder kawtal lesdi Naajeeriya (NRC) e tergal nder suudu sarɗiiji lesdi Abia nder suudu sarɗiiji lesdi Naajeeriya 3rd Republic. O yahi haa o naati nder lanyol yimɓe nder hitaande 1998, o suɓaama senateer Abia South nder suudu joonde lesdi Naajeeriya ngam duuɓi ɗiɗi jokkindirɗi. O janngi ko e Dental Sowiyet e oon sahaa, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde dowla Kiev ɗo o heɓi Master makko e jokkondiral hakkunde leyɗeele e dow teddungal. == Caalaje == Adolphus jibinaa ko ñalnde 1 lewru nduu hitaande 1948, to wuro wiyeteengo Port Harcourt, to diiwaan Rivers, to leydi Nijeer. Baaba makko, jeyaaɗo to Ohambele, Ndoki to diiwaan Abia, o gollotoo ko e fedde nde, yumma makko ko njulaagu. Baaba makko kadi ko tergal NCNC gonngal e fuɗɗoode Dental Dowlaaji Igbo e fuɗɗoode mum. Adolphus ko ɗiɗaɓo e nder ɓiɓɓe njeeɗiɗo, miñiraaɓe jeegom e miñi mum debbo gooto. == Jaangirde == Adolphus Wabara naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe Methodist, to Lagos, o heɓi heen seedantaagal makko e hitaande 1966. Caggal nde o heɓi bursi Fedde nde ngam janngude to Dental Sowiyet, Wabara yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde dowla Kiev, to Kiev ɗo o heɓi dipolom makko e jokkondiral hakkunde leyɗeele e hitaande 1976 Ɗemngal Riisi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Voronezh to Riisi hakkundeejo. == Fuɗɗoode golle == E darorɗe kitaale 1970, Wabara golliima to Ammbasadeer leydi Najeriya to Londres, ko o golloowo to bannge geɗe caggal leydi haa o artiraa to leydi Caad, o woni hooreejo leydi ndii e hitaande 1984. Duuɓi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum, o woppi golle dipolomaasi, o arti Lagos, leydi Najeriya ɗo o gollotoo e golle seeɗa, ina heen kadi golle njulaagu (bread-making businesses). Kiriisuuji faggudu taariiɗi gonɗi e nder leydi Najeriya fof e kitaale 1980, ƴettii batte mum e golle makko, caggal ɗuum, Wabara golliima e ballal gardiiɗo mawɗo Apapa Trawlers, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore fedde Ibru tuggi 1985 haa 1989. Gila ton, o waɗi kuugal maako arandewal nder siyaasaaku partiiji lesdi Naajeeriya. E sosde kawral lesdi Republicain ngal laamu Ibraahiima Babangida, Wabara yi'i platform ngam laataago kuugal ngam yimɓe lesdi Ukwa East, lesdi Abia. Caggal nde o dañi primaaji lannda, o dañi wooteeji 1992, o fooli kanndidaa lannda Sosiyaal Demokaratik (SDP). Wabara wonti tergal teddungal e nder suudu sarɗiiji to leydi 3ɓiire. Ko ɗoon o toɗɗaa hooreejo Goomu suudu sarɗiiji ko faati e Asii e Pasifik. E nder ndeeɗoo darnde, o neldaa ko laamu fedde ndee e golle dipolomaasi to Dental Dowlaaji Amerik e fedde wiyeteende Black Congressional Caucus. Laabi Wabara nder suudu dipiteeji, bana no soobiraaɓe maako, ta'aama nder hitaande 1993 nde ɓilla siyaasaaku lolluɗum "12 juin" fuɗɗi haa lesdi Naajeeriya. Wooteeji hooreleydaagu ɗi kanndidaa SDP, hooreejo M.K.O Abiola heɓi, ɗi laamu Ibraahiima Babangida ustii, ɗum anndini jiiɓru politik e jiiɓru. Oon hitaande, Wabara ina jeyaa e daraniiɓe ustude kuulal ngal, hay so tawii noon caggal nde hooreejo leydi ndi, hono Seneraal Sanni Abacha, fusi Parlemaa ngenndi. Caggal nde o waɗi dumunna juutɗo to New York, Wabara toɗɗaa yo o won diisneteeɗo e nder diiso laamu nokkuyankeewo Ukwa East, ɗum rokki mo fartaŋŋe golloraade e nder leydi hee. Ko ɗoon o ƴetti golle ɓeydooje, hono Diisneteeɗo toppitiiɗo jaŋde. E hitaande 1996, fartaŋŋe ari haa Wabara yahri yeeso e golle mum politik. Laamu Sani Abacha yaltinii porogaraam mbayliigu hakkunde 16 e 25 mars 1996. Ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri teeŋtude e porogaraam mbayliigu nguu, suɓngooji ɗi ngonaa lanndaaji e nder laamuuji nokkuuji e nder leydi Najeriya, e oon sahaa, Adolphus Wabara suɓaama, suɓaama kadi ngam wonde hooreejo diiso ngam Unkwa East Local Gover. Lannda Demokaraasi Leƴƴi sosaa ko e hitaande 1998, Wabara wonnoo ko tergal sosngal. Hitaande wootere caggal mum, o tawtoraama suɓngooji senateeruuji 1999, o heɓi mandat ngam wallitde diiwaan Abia South e nder senateeruuji leydi Najeriya 4th Republic. == Seneraal == Ñalnde 3 suwee 1999, Wabara hunnaama wonde senaateer Nijeer ; Balɗe 10 caggal nde Olusegun Obasanjo toɗɗaa e laamu. Wabara ɓooyaani ko toɗɗaa hooreejo goomu peeje Senaa ngam difaade caggal ɗuum, hooreejo goomu Senaa ngam geɗe polis. Ton, o waɗi kampaañ maako ngam nastuki budget ngam moƴƴitinki kuuɗe sooja’en e polis’en lesdi Naajeeriya. E fuɗɗoode kitaale 2000, moƴƴitingol kaɓirɗe konu, ƴellitgol ofiseeji baawɗi wonde fof, ɗi ɓooyaani ko ƴeewteede, moƴƴitingol njuɓɓudi kisal, ko golle Goomuuji Senaa ɗi Wabara ardii ɗii mbaɗi. Nde ɓe ɗon mari haaje ɓillaaji yimɓe miskineeɓe nder diiwalji lesdi Naajeeriya fuu, Wabara e senateer'en woɓɓe diga nokkuuje lesdi Naajeeriya ɗon ƴama kuugal waylugo. Ɗumɗoon noon, ko ngam ustude baasal e haɓaade caɗeele njulaagu petroŋ e ŋakkeende kisal e nder diiwaan Niiseer. Golle maɓɓe ballondiral addani Senaa Naajeeriya sosde e jaɓde sariya NDDC mo hitaande 2001. Laamu Obasanjo siifondirii e kuulal ngal, ko ɗum waɗi Komiseer ƴellitaare Delta Niger (NDDC) sosaa. Komisoŋ oo ina woodi haa hannde. E hitaande 2003, Adolphus Wabara heɓi nasaraaku nder cuɓi PDP ngam suɓol hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya ngam suɓol hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya ngam Abia South. Luutndiiɗo mo ɓurɗo hulɓinaade, mawɗo Chineye Imo, jeyaa ko e lannda leƴƴi leydi Najeriya (ANPP). Imo hollitaama ko kañum heɓi jaaltaaɓe e woote senaateeruuji, kono ñaawirdu appeal hollitii wonde Wabara suɓaama tigi rigi. Luural ummii ko adii e caggal ñaawoore ndee, kono e nder heen, Wabara huniima e nder Senaa leydi Najeriya ngam manndaa ɗiɗaɓo. == Hooreejo Senaa == Caggal nde o suɓaama kadi e wooteeji mawɗi 2003, Wabara suɓaama ñalnde 3 lewru juko hitaande 2003, o wonti hooreejo suudu sarɗiiji leydi Nijeer. O waɗnoo hoore makko e oon nokku e laamu makko gadano kono o suɓaaka, kono o suɓaama, duuɓi seeɗa caggal ɗuum. Bana hooreejo Senaa lesdi Naajeeriya, Wabara ɗon mari haaje huuwugo yimɓe lesdi Naajeeriya ngam tabitinki kuuɗe hukuumaaji rento lesdi Naajeeriya. O fotnoo kadi ko waasde naatde e jeytaare jaayɗe e ñaawoore. E nder batu Commonwealth e lewru Duujal 2003, Adolphus Wabara wiyi wonde “laamu jaabtiiɗo e baawɗo wonde fof ina foti wonde konngol ... nde tawnoo ko kañum tan woni kuutorgal ngam ɓamtude nafooje demokaraasi, sosde jawdi, e semmbinde yimɓe.” E nder balɗe 100 gadane ɗe o woni hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya, Senaa gollidii e ministeer kaalis, e gardagol Dr. Ngozi Okonjo Iweala ngam ustude ñamaale leydi Naajeeriya caggal leydi. Ɗum addani ɗum ustude ñamaale fotde miliyaaruuji capanɗe tati dolaar. E lewru Ogost 2003, Senaa Naajeeriya mo Wabara ardii, ƴetti kuulal jaŋde leslesre winndereere ngam tabitinde kala cukalel e nder leydi Naajeeriya ina jogii hakke jaŋde leslesre. Kuule goɗɗe ɗe njuɓɓudi makko ƴetti ko kuule kuutoragol jaayɗe, kuule waylude seedantaagal kuule, kuule Komisariyaa toppitiiɗo petroŋ, e goɗɗe keewɗe. Goɗɗum kadi ko Wabara heɓi e laamu mum ko eɓɓaande waylude doosɗe leydi 1999. O nuɗɗini dow Naajeeriya, bana lesdi ndi leƴƴi ɗuuɗɗi, ɗon mari haaje doosgal lesdi ngam heɓuki ɗuuɗal yimɓe maako, walaa cemmbiɗinki malla cemmbiɗinki. Wabara sosi goomu ngam ƴeewtaade doosɗe leydi 1999 ɗe udditaa e lewru suwee 2003. Ko ɓuri teeŋtude heen, Wabara ina waɗi nafoore e ittugol kuulal tataɓal ngal laamu Obasanjo addi. Ndee ɗoo kuulal, so siynaama, ina addana hooreeɓe leydi Najeriya jogaade manndaaji tati. Haala makko bonka, « Yimɓe am », fawii ko e darnde makko e kuulal ngal. == Ñaawoore duuɓi 14 == == Tuumre njulaagu == Ñalnde 22 marse 2005, Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (NTA) yaltinii ciimtol hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Olusegun Obasanjo, ina tuuma e yeeso yimɓe fof wonde Wabara ina jeyaa e ko addani ɗum waɗde fenaande, fotde 55 miliyoŋ naira (400 000 dolaar). Ndeeɗoo bayyinaango waɗiraa ko aldaa e laawol sariya kuuɓtodinngol, ɗum addani sagataaɓe kewuuji, haa Wabara woppi golle hooreejo Senaa. Fabian Osuji, jaagorgal jaŋde e oon sahaa kadi ina wondi e ñaawoore ndee. Osuji ina wiyee yoɓi Wabara ngam yoɓde Senaa jaɓde bidsee ɓuuɓɗo, ɗoon e ɗoon hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Obasanjo, riiwti ɗum e golle mum. Wabara hollitii wonde tuumeede warngooji e njulaagu nguu ko fenaande, ko etaade añɓe politik bonnude innde makko. Ñaawirde Toownde Fedde nde. Wabara wi'i o ɗon hebbina wiɗitol ngol, nden o wi'i tuume ɗe'e ɗon mari fenaande, ɗe senateer'en Igbo'en yiɗɓe darnde maako ummini. Caggal nde o woppi laamu Senaa, Wabara, e Osuji e woɗɓe njoyo, ñaawaama yeeso Ñaawirde Toownde Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, Abuja ñalnde 12 abriil 2005, e juuɗe Komisariyaa toppitiiɗo ko fayti e njulaagu (ICPC). Limlebbi ɗaɓɓude e jaɓde njoɓdi e golle bonɗe goɗɗe cifaaɗe e Wabara, ɗe o jaɓaani. Tuumaaɗo oo nanngaa, ngoppitaa balɗe nay haa ɓe njaltinaa e kasoo.Nde o woni e jogaade darnde senaateer e nder Asaambele ngenndi, ñaawoore Wabara ndee yaajii haa ɓurti e laamu makko ɗiɗaɓuru. Caggal hareeji sariya juutɗi, ñalnde 1 suwee 2010, ñaawoore Wabara woppitaa. Ñaawirde ndee wiyi wonde tuume ɗee ko fenaande, tee ɗe ndartinaani hollude geɗe prima facie ɗe tuumaaɗo oo waɗi. Ñaawirde ndee hollitii wonde golle laamu fedde ndee e tuumeede ɗee ɓuri hersinaade, ko barbareeje, e ko aldaa e siwil sabu tuumaaɗo oo waɗaani haala e hay gooto e gollotooɓe e kisal hade ñaawoore jaaynde ndee, haa jooni, ɓe mbiyi ko ɓe tooñooɓe. Ñaawirde Odili, ñaawoowo kalfinaaɗo ñaawoore ndee, wiyi wonde « tuumaaɗo oo alaa ko waawi jaabaade e sariya, ɗum noon ina foti yoɓde ɗum ». ICPC, nde weltaaki e ñaawoore ndee, wullitii to Ñaawirde Toownde ɗo ñaawooɓe ɓee kawri, ñaawirde ndee yo ñaawoore ndee artire to Ñaawirde Toownde ngam yaawde ñaaweede E lewru marse 2019, duuɓi sappo e nay caggal nde o arti e Ñaawirde Toownde Fedde nde, Wabara woppitaa, o woppitaa tuumeede warngooji. E wiyde ñaawirdu nduu rewrude e hooreejo ñaawirdu S.E Aladetoyinbo, ñaawirdu nduu waawaano tabitinde ñaawoore ndee e addude seedtiiɓe. Nde tawnoo hujjaaji keewɗi ngalaa ngam ñaawde ñaawoore ndee, tuumaaɗo oo, haa arti noon e Wabara, njaltinaama e kuulal 355 sariya jowitiiɗo e njuɓɓudi ñaawoore warhoore 2015, ngal wiyi : « so tawii wullitaango e kala sahaa hade yamiroore sakkitiinde waɗeede e nder ñaawoore ndee, ina weltina ñaawirdu nduu wonde ina woodi kuule keewɗe ngam hisnude ɗum ina waawi jaɓde mo ittude wullitaango ngoo, caggal ɗuum o woppira tuumaaɗo oo." == Golle goɗɗe e teddungal == Adolfus Wabara joginoo tiitooɗe aadaaji, ko wayi no Agbawodike Izu mo Eziama to Aba, to diiwaan Abia. Caggal nde o heɓi Ph.D. e nder Human Resources to Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Micheal Okapara to duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde ndema, o toɗɗaa ko e juuɗe guwerneer Okezie Ikpeazu ngam wonde Pro-Chancellor e hooreejo Diiso Goomu Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Abia State e hitaande 2015. O golliima e ndeen mbaadi fotde duuɓi ɗiɗi e baɗte e nder electrification duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde ngal e "wellx Jaŋde," Londres. Ndee eɓɓaande noon, ko ngam rokkude almudɓe duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ngal fartaŋŋeeji wiɗtooji ballondiral. Ɗeeɗoo golle fof e wayde noon, udditgol Diiso Goomu nguu, sabu politik, waɗii ñalnde 20 marse 2022 caggal nde Adolphus waɗi haala wonde « PDP maa majju Abia so tawii darnde Guwerneer 2023 ndee zonaama to Ngwa ». Ko o mawɗo dowla, tergal lannda Demokaraasi Yimɓe, Wabara woni koolaaɗo kuuɓal PDP. O jeyaa kadi ko e duɗal jokkondiral hakkunde yimɓe to Londres. E lewru noowammbar 2022 caggal nde gonnooɗo hooreejo BoT woppi laamu, Walid Jibrin, gonnooɗo hooreejo Senaa, Adolphus Wabara, ummii hooreejo keso fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi laamu (PDP). == Nguurndam neɗɗo == Adolfus resi Felicia Edomola Ikhile mo LGA Esan-West to diiwaan Edo. Ko o ardiiɗo, o golliima e ammbasadeer leydi Najeriya, to Londres, ɗo ɓe kawri, e konsulaa leydi Najeriya to New York. Ɓe njogii ko ɓiɓɓe ɗiɗo. Debbo makko maayi ko ñalnde 10 abriil 2022 tawi ina yahra e duuɓi 69 caggal hare e rafi kanseer. == Tuugnorgal == mmzzbu7crsmf6dqsdv87xhoaoec23ny 174251 174250 2026-06-18T17:04:00Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adolphus Nduneweh Wabara''' (jibinaa ko 1 lewru juko hitaande 1948) ko siyaasyanke e dipolomasiijo Naajeeriya, o laati hooreejo 10ɓo suudu senaa Naajeeriya diga 2003 haa 2005.<ref name="afdev">{{cite web|url=http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/peo/peo_3635.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311070444/http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/peo/peo_3635.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 March 2012|title=Adolphus Wabara|publisher=AfDevInfo|access-date=14 September 2009}}</ref> Tergal arandewal nder lanyol Democratic Party (PDP), Wabara, o laati tergal nder kawtal lesdi Naajeeriya (NRC) e tergal nder suudu sarɗiiji lesdi Abia nder suudu sarɗiiji lesdi Naajeeriya 3rd Republic. O yahi haa o naati nder lanyol yimɓe nder hitaande 1998, o suɓaama senateer Abia South nder suudu joonde lesdi Naajeeriya ngam duuɓi ɗiɗi jokkindirɗi. O janngi ko e Dental Sowiyet e oon sahaa, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde dowla Kiev ɗo o heɓi Master makko e jokkondiral hakkunde leyɗeele e dow teddungal. == Caalaje == Adolphus jibinaa ko ñalnde 1 lewru nduu hitaande 1948, to wuro wiyeteengo Port Harcourt, to diiwaan Rivers, to leydi Nijeer. Baaba makko, jeyaaɗo to Ohambele, Ndoki to diiwaan Abia, o gollotoo ko e fedde nde, yumma makko ko njulaagu. Baaba makko kadi ko tergal NCNC gonngal e fuɗɗoode Dental Dowlaaji Igbo e fuɗɗoode mum. Adolphus ko ɗiɗaɓo e nder ɓiɓɓe njeeɗiɗo, miñiraaɓe jeegom e miñi mum debbo gooto. == Jaangirde == Adolphus Wabara naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe Methodist, to Lagos, o heɓi heen seedantaagal makko e hitaande 1966. Caggal nde o heɓi bursi Fedde nde ngam janngude to Dental Sowiyet, Wabara yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde dowla Kiev, to Kiev ɗo o heɓi dipolom makko e jokkondiral hakkunde leyɗeele e hitaande 1976 Ɗemngal Riisi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Voronezh to Riisi hakkundeejo. == Fuɗɗoode golle == E darorɗe kitaale 1970, Wabara golliima to Ammbasadeer leydi Najeriya to Londres, ko o golloowo to bannge geɗe caggal leydi haa o artiraa to leydi Caad, o woni hooreejo leydi ndii e hitaande 1984. Duuɓi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum, o woppi golle dipolomaasi, o arti Lagos, leydi Najeriya ɗo o gollotoo e golle seeɗa, ina heen kadi golle njulaagu (bread-making businesses). Kiriisuuji faggudu taariiɗi gonɗi e nder leydi Najeriya fof e kitaale 1980, ƴettii batte mum e golle makko, caggal ɗuum, Wabara golliima e ballal gardiiɗo mawɗo Apapa Trawlers, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore fedde Ibru tuggi 1985 haa 1989. Gila ton, o waɗi kuugal maako arandewal nder siyaasaaku partiiji lesdi Naajeeriya. E sosde kawral lesdi Republicain ngal laamu Ibraahiima Babangida, Wabara yi'i platform ngam laataago kuugal ngam yimɓe lesdi Ukwa East, lesdi Abia. Caggal nde o dañi primaaji lannda, o dañi wooteeji 1992, o fooli kanndidaa lannda Sosiyaal Demokaratik (SDP). Wabara wonti tergal teddungal e nder suudu sarɗiiji to leydi 3ɓiire. Ko ɗoon o toɗɗaa hooreejo Goomu suudu sarɗiiji ko faati e Asii e Pasifik. E nder ndeeɗoo darnde, o neldaa ko laamu fedde ndee e golle dipolomaasi to Dental Dowlaaji Amerik e fedde wiyeteende Black Congressional Caucus. Laabi Wabara nder suudu dipiteeji, bana no soobiraaɓe maako, ta'aama nder hitaande 1993 nde ɓilla siyaasaaku lolluɗum "12 juin" fuɗɗi haa lesdi Naajeeriya. Wooteeji hooreleydaagu ɗi kanndidaa SDP, hooreejo M.K.O Abiola heɓi, ɗi laamu Ibraahiima Babangida ustii, ɗum anndini jiiɓru politik e jiiɓru. Oon hitaande, Wabara ina jeyaa e daraniiɓe ustude kuulal ngal, hay so tawii noon caggal nde hooreejo leydi ndi, hono Seneraal Sanni Abacha, fusi Parlemaa ngenndi. Caggal nde o waɗi dumunna juutɗo to New York, Wabara toɗɗaa yo o won diisneteeɗo e nder diiso laamu nokkuyankeewo Ukwa East, ɗum rokki mo fartaŋŋe golloraade e nder leydi hee. Ko ɗoon o ƴetti golle ɓeydooje, hono Diisneteeɗo toppitiiɗo jaŋde. E hitaande 1996, fartaŋŋe ari haa Wabara yahri yeeso e golle mum politik. Laamu Sani Abacha yaltinii porogaraam mbayliigu hakkunde 16 e 25 mars 1996. Ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri teeŋtude e porogaraam mbayliigu nguu, suɓngooji ɗi ngonaa lanndaaji e nder laamuuji nokkuuji e nder leydi Najeriya, e oon sahaa, Adolphus Wabara suɓaama, suɓaama kadi ngam wonde hooreejo diiso ngam Unkwa East Local Gover. Lannda Demokaraasi Leƴƴi sosaa ko e hitaande 1998, Wabara wonnoo ko tergal sosngal. Hitaande wootere caggal mum, o tawtoraama suɓngooji senateeruuji 1999, o heɓi mandat ngam wallitde diiwaan Abia South e nder senateeruuji leydi Najeriya 4th Republic. == Seneraal == Ñalnde 3 suwee 1999, Wabara hunnaama wonde senaateer Nijeer ; Balɗe 10 caggal nde Olusegun Obasanjo toɗɗaa e laamu. Wabara ɓooyaani ko toɗɗaa hooreejo goomu peeje Senaa ngam difaade caggal ɗuum, hooreejo goomu Senaa ngam geɗe polis. Ton, o waɗi kampaañ maako ngam nastuki budget ngam moƴƴitinki kuuɗe sooja’en e polis’en lesdi Naajeeriya. E fuɗɗoode kitaale 2000, moƴƴitingol kaɓirɗe konu, ƴellitgol ofiseeji baawɗi wonde fof, ɗi ɓooyaani ko ƴeewteede, moƴƴitingol njuɓɓudi kisal, ko golle Goomuuji Senaa ɗi Wabara ardii ɗii mbaɗi. Nde ɓe ɗon mari haaje ɓillaaji yimɓe miskineeɓe nder diiwalji lesdi Naajeeriya fuu, Wabara e senateer'en woɓɓe diga nokkuuje lesdi Naajeeriya ɗon ƴama kuugal waylugo. Ɗumɗoon noon, ko ngam ustude baasal e haɓaade caɗeele njulaagu petroŋ e ŋakkeende kisal e nder diiwaan Niiseer. Golle maɓɓe ballondiral addani Senaa Naajeeriya sosde e jaɓde sariya NDDC mo hitaande 2001. Laamu Obasanjo siifondirii e kuulal ngal, ko ɗum waɗi Komiseer ƴellitaare Delta Niger (NDDC) sosaa. Komisoŋ oo ina woodi haa hannde. E hitaande 2003, Adolphus Wabara heɓi nasaraaku nder cuɓi PDP ngam suɓol hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya ngam suɓol hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya ngam Abia South. Luutndiiɗo mo ɓurɗo hulɓinaade, mawɗo Chineye Imo, jeyaa ko e lannda leƴƴi leydi Najeriya (ANPP). Imo hollitaama ko kañum heɓi jaaltaaɓe e woote senaateeruuji, kono ñaawirdu appeal hollitii wonde Wabara suɓaama tigi rigi. Luural ummii ko adii e caggal ñaawoore ndee, kono e nder heen, Wabara huniima e nder Senaa leydi Najeriya ngam manndaa ɗiɗaɓo. == Hooreejo Senaa == Caggal nde o suɓaama kadi e wooteeji mawɗi 2003, Wabara suɓaama ñalnde 3 lewru juko hitaande 2003, o wonti hooreejo suudu sarɗiiji leydi Nijeer. O waɗnoo hoore makko e oon nokku e laamu makko gadano kono o suɓaaka, kono o suɓaama, duuɓi seeɗa caggal ɗuum. Bana hooreejo Senaa lesdi Naajeeriya, Wabara ɗon mari haaje huuwugo yimɓe lesdi Naajeeriya ngam tabitinki kuuɗe hukuumaaji rento lesdi Naajeeriya. O fotnoo kadi ko waasde naatde e jeytaare jaayɗe e ñaawoore. E nder batu Commonwealth e lewru Duujal 2003, Adolphus Wabara wiyi wonde “laamu jaabtiiɗo e baawɗo wonde fof ina foti wonde konngol ... nde tawnoo ko kañum tan woni kuutorgal ngam ɓamtude nafooje demokaraasi, sosde jawdi, e semmbinde yimɓe.” E nder balɗe 100 gadane ɗe o woni hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya, Senaa gollidii e ministeer kaalis, e gardagol Dr. Ngozi Okonjo Iweala ngam ustude ñamaale leydi Naajeeriya caggal leydi. Ɗum addani ɗum ustude ñamaale fotde miliyaaruuji capanɗe tati dolaar. E lewru Ogost 2003, Senaa Naajeeriya mo Wabara ardii, ƴetti kuulal jaŋde leslesre winndereere ngam tabitinde kala cukalel e nder leydi Naajeeriya ina jogii hakke jaŋde leslesre. Kuule goɗɗe ɗe njuɓɓudi makko ƴetti ko kuule kuutoragol jaayɗe, kuule waylude seedantaagal kuule, kuule Komisariyaa toppitiiɗo petroŋ, e goɗɗe keewɗe. Goɗɗum kadi ko Wabara heɓi e laamu mum ko eɓɓaande waylude doosɗe leydi 1999. O nuɗɗini dow Naajeeriya, bana lesdi ndi leƴƴi ɗuuɗɗi, ɗon mari haaje doosgal lesdi ngam heɓuki ɗuuɗal yimɓe maako, walaa cemmbiɗinki malla cemmbiɗinki. Wabara sosi goomu ngam ƴeewtaade doosɗe leydi 1999 ɗe udditaa e lewru suwee 2003. Ko ɓuri teeŋtude heen, Wabara ina waɗi nafoore e ittugol kuulal tataɓal ngal laamu Obasanjo addi. Ndee ɗoo kuulal, so siynaama, ina addana hooreeɓe leydi Najeriya jogaade manndaaji tati. Haala makko bonka, « Yimɓe am », fawii ko e darnde makko e kuulal ngal. == Ñaawoore duuɓi 14 == == Tuumre njulaagu == Ñalnde 22 marse 2005, Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (NTA) yaltinii ciimtol hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Olusegun Obasanjo, ina tuuma e yeeso yimɓe fof wonde Wabara ina jeyaa e ko addani ɗum waɗde fenaande, fotde 55 miliyoŋ naira (400 000 dolaar). Ndeeɗoo bayyinaango waɗiraa ko aldaa e laawol sariya kuuɓtodinngol, ɗum addani sagataaɓe kewuuji, haa Wabara woppi golle hooreejo Senaa. Fabian Osuji, jaagorgal jaŋde e oon sahaa kadi ina wondi e ñaawoore ndee. Osuji ina wiyee yoɓi Wabara ngam yoɓde Senaa jaɓde bidsee ɓuuɓɗo, ɗoon e ɗoon hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Obasanjo, riiwti ɗum e golle mum. Wabara hollitii wonde tuumeede warngooji e njulaagu nguu ko fenaande, ko etaade añɓe politik bonnude innde makko. Ñaawirde Toownde Fedde nde. Wabara wi'i o ɗon hebbina wiɗitol ngol, nden o wi'i tuume ɗe'e ɗon mari fenaande, ɗe senateer'en Igbo'en yiɗɓe darnde maako ummini. Caggal nde o woppi laamu Senaa, Wabara, e Osuji e woɗɓe njoyo, ñaawaama yeeso Ñaawirde Toownde Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, Abuja ñalnde 12 abriil 2005, e juuɗe Komisariyaa toppitiiɗo ko fayti e njulaagu (ICPC). Limlebbi ɗaɓɓude e jaɓde njoɓdi e golle bonɗe goɗɗe cifaaɗe e Wabara, ɗe o jaɓaani. Tuumaaɗo oo nanngaa, ngoppitaa balɗe nay haa ɓe njaltinaa e kasoo.Nde o woni e jogaade darnde senaateer e nder Asaambele ngenndi, ñaawoore Wabara ndee yaajii haa ɓurti e laamu makko ɗiɗaɓuru. Caggal hareeji sariya juutɗi, ñalnde 1 suwee 2010, ñaawoore Wabara woppitaa. Ñaawirde ndee wiyi wonde tuume ɗee ko fenaande, tee ɗe ndartinaani hollude geɗe prima facie ɗe tuumaaɗo oo waɗi. Ñaawirde ndee hollitii wonde golle laamu fedde ndee e tuumeede ɗee ɓuri hersinaade, ko barbareeje, e ko aldaa e siwil sabu tuumaaɗo oo waɗaani haala e hay gooto e gollotooɓe e kisal hade ñaawoore jaaynde ndee, haa jooni, ɓe mbiyi ko ɓe tooñooɓe. Ñaawirde Odili, ñaawoowo kalfinaaɗo ñaawoore ndee, wiyi wonde « tuumaaɗo oo alaa ko waawi jaabaade e sariya, ɗum noon ina foti yoɓde ɗum ». ICPC, nde weltaaki e ñaawoore ndee, wullitii to Ñaawirde Toownde ɗo ñaawooɓe ɓee kawri, ñaawirde ndee yo ñaawoore ndee artire to Ñaawirde Toownde ngam yaawde ñaaweede E lewru marse 2019, duuɓi sappo e nay caggal nde o arti e Ñaawirde Toownde Fedde nde, Wabara woppitaa, o woppitaa tuumeede warngooji. E wiyde ñaawirdu nduu rewrude e hooreejo ñaawirdu S.E Aladetoyinbo, ñaawirdu nduu waawaano tabitinde ñaawoore ndee e addude seedtiiɓe. Nde tawnoo hujjaaji keewɗi ngalaa ngam ñaawde ñaawoore ndee, tuumaaɗo oo, haa arti noon e Wabara, njaltinaama e kuulal 355 sariya jowitiiɗo e njuɓɓudi ñaawoore warhoore 2015, ngal wiyi : « so tawii wullitaango e kala sahaa hade yamiroore sakkitiinde waɗeede e nder ñaawoore ndee, ina weltina ñaawirdu nduu wonde ina woodi kuule keewɗe ngam hisnude ɗum ina waawi jaɓde mo ittude wullitaango ngoo, caggal ɗuum o woppira tuumaaɗo oo." == Golle goɗɗe e teddungal == Adolfus Wabara joginoo tiitooɗe aadaaji, ko wayi no Agbawodike Izu mo Eziama to Aba, to diiwaan Abia. Caggal nde o heɓi Ph.D. e nder Human Resources to Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Micheal Okapara to duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde ndema, o toɗɗaa ko e juuɗe guwerneer Okezie Ikpeazu ngam wonde Pro-Chancellor e hooreejo Diiso Goomu Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Abia State e hitaande 2015. O golliima e ndeen mbaadi fotde duuɓi ɗiɗi e baɗte e nder electrification duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde ngal e "wellx Jaŋde," Londres. Ndee eɓɓaande noon, ko ngam rokkude almudɓe duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ngal fartaŋŋeeji wiɗtooji ballondiral. Ɗeeɗoo golle fof e wayde noon, udditgol Diiso Goomu nguu, sabu politik, waɗii ñalnde 20 marse 2022 caggal nde Adolphus waɗi haala wonde « PDP maa majju Abia so tawii darnde Guwerneer 2023 ndee zonaama to Ngwa ». Ko o mawɗo dowla, tergal lannda Demokaraasi Yimɓe, Wabara woni koolaaɗo kuuɓal PDP. O jeyaa kadi ko e duɗal jokkondiral hakkunde yimɓe to Londres. E lewru noowammbar 2022 caggal nde gonnooɗo hooreejo BoT woppi laamu, Walid Jibrin, gonnooɗo hooreejo Senaa, Adolphus Wabara, ummii hooreejo keso fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi laamu (PDP). == Nguurndam neɗɗo == Adolfus resi Felicia Edomola Ikhile mo LGA Esan-West to diiwaan Edo. Ko o ardiiɗo, o golliima e ammbasadeer leydi Najeriya, to Londres, ɗo ɓe kawri, e konsulaa leydi Najeriya to New York. Ɓe njogii ko ɓiɓɓe ɗiɗo. Debbo makko maayi ko ñalnde 10 abriil 2022 tawi ina yahra e duuɓi 69 caggal hare e rafi kanseer. == Tuugnorgal == 0ojqeg4xhtdimmopioq3lvx0bkxx1ll 174252 174251 2026-06-18T17:05:09Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adolphus Nduneweh Wabara''' (jibinaa ko 1 lewru juko hitaande 1948) ko siyaasyanke e dipolomasiijo Naajeeriya, o laati hooreejo 10ɓo suudu senaa Naajeeriya diga 2003 haa 2005.<ref name="afdev">{{cite web|url=http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/peo/peo_3635.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311070444/http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/peo/peo_3635.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 March 2012|title=Adolphus Wabara|publisher=AfDevInfo|access-date=14 September 2009}}</ref> Tergal arandewal nder lanyol Democratic Party (PDP), Wabara, o laati tergal nder kawtal lesdi Naajeeriya (NRC) e tergal nder suudu sarɗiiji lesdi Abia nder suudu sarɗiiji lesdi Naajeeriya 3rd Republic. O yahi haa o naati nder lanyol yimɓe nder hitaande 1998, o suɓaama senateer Abia South nder suudu joonde lesdi Naajeeriya ngam duuɓi ɗiɗi jokkindirɗi..<ref>{{cite news|last=Ezugwu|first=Obinna|date=February 26, 2020|title=Like the Iroko, Sir Marc Wabara still stands tall @69|work=Business Hallmark|url=https://hallmarknews.com/like-the-iroko-sir-marc-wabara-still-stands-tall-67/|access-date=31 August 2021}}</ref> O janngi ko e Dental Sowiyet e oon sahaa, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde dowla Kiev ɗo o heɓi Master makko e jokkondiral hakkunde leyɗeele e dow teddungal. == Caalaje == Adolphus jibinaa ko ñalnde 1 lewru nduu hitaande 1948, to wuro wiyeteengo Port Harcourt, to diiwaan Rivers, to leydi Nijeer. Baaba makko, jeyaaɗo to Ohambele, Ndoki to diiwaan Abia, o gollotoo ko e fedde nde, yumma makko ko njulaagu. Baaba makko kadi ko tergal NCNC gonngal e fuɗɗoode Dental Dowlaaji Igbo e fuɗɗoode mum. Adolphus ko ɗiɗaɓo e nder ɓiɓɓe njeeɗiɗo, miñiraaɓe jeegom e miñi mum debbo gooto. == Jaangirde == Adolphus Wabara naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe Methodist, to Lagos, o heɓi heen seedantaagal makko e hitaande 1966. Caggal nde o heɓi bursi Fedde nde ngam janngude to Dental Sowiyet, Wabara yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde dowla Kiev, to Kiev ɗo o heɓi dipolom makko e jokkondiral hakkunde leyɗeele e hitaande 1976 Ɗemngal Riisi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Voronezh to Riisi hakkundeejo. == Fuɗɗoode golle == E darorɗe kitaale 1970, Wabara golliima to Ammbasadeer leydi Najeriya to Londres, ko o golloowo to bannge geɗe caggal leydi haa o artiraa to leydi Caad, o woni hooreejo leydi ndii e hitaande 1984. Duuɓi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum, o woppi golle dipolomaasi, o arti Lagos, leydi Najeriya ɗo o gollotoo e golle seeɗa, ina heen kadi golle njulaagu (bread-making businesses). Kiriisuuji faggudu taariiɗi gonɗi e nder leydi Najeriya fof e kitaale 1980, ƴettii batte mum e golle makko, caggal ɗuum, Wabara golliima e ballal gardiiɗo mawɗo Apapa Trawlers, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore fedde Ibru tuggi 1985 haa 1989. Gila ton, o waɗi kuugal maako arandewal nder siyaasaaku partiiji lesdi Naajeeriya. E sosde kawral lesdi Republicain ngal laamu Ibraahiima Babangida, Wabara yi'i platform ngam laataago kuugal ngam yimɓe lesdi Ukwa East, lesdi Abia. Caggal nde o dañi primaaji lannda, o dañi wooteeji 1992, o fooli kanndidaa lannda Sosiyaal Demokaratik (SDP). Wabara wonti tergal teddungal e nder suudu sarɗiiji to leydi 3ɓiire. Ko ɗoon o toɗɗaa hooreejo Goomu suudu sarɗiiji ko faati e Asii e Pasifik. E nder ndeeɗoo darnde, o neldaa ko laamu fedde ndee e golle dipolomaasi to Dental Dowlaaji Amerik e fedde wiyeteende Black Congressional Caucus. Laabi Wabara nder suudu dipiteeji, bana no soobiraaɓe maako, ta'aama nder hitaande 1993 nde ɓilla siyaasaaku lolluɗum "12 juin" fuɗɗi haa lesdi Naajeeriya. Wooteeji hooreleydaagu ɗi kanndidaa SDP, hooreejo M.K.O Abiola heɓi, ɗi laamu Ibraahiima Babangida ustii, ɗum anndini jiiɓru politik e jiiɓru. Oon hitaande, Wabara ina jeyaa e daraniiɓe ustude kuulal ngal, hay so tawii noon caggal nde hooreejo leydi ndi, hono Seneraal Sanni Abacha, fusi Parlemaa ngenndi. Caggal nde o waɗi dumunna juutɗo to New York, Wabara toɗɗaa yo o won diisneteeɗo e nder diiso laamu nokkuyankeewo Ukwa East, ɗum rokki mo fartaŋŋe golloraade e nder leydi hee. Ko ɗoon o ƴetti golle ɓeydooje, hono Diisneteeɗo toppitiiɗo jaŋde. E hitaande 1996, fartaŋŋe ari haa Wabara yahri yeeso e golle mum politik. Laamu Sani Abacha yaltinii porogaraam mbayliigu hakkunde 16 e 25 mars 1996. Ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri teeŋtude e porogaraam mbayliigu nguu, suɓngooji ɗi ngonaa lanndaaji e nder laamuuji nokkuuji e nder leydi Najeriya, e oon sahaa, Adolphus Wabara suɓaama, suɓaama kadi ngam wonde hooreejo diiso ngam Unkwa East Local Gover. Lannda Demokaraasi Leƴƴi sosaa ko e hitaande 1998, Wabara wonnoo ko tergal sosngal. Hitaande wootere caggal mum, o tawtoraama suɓngooji senateeruuji 1999, o heɓi mandat ngam wallitde diiwaan Abia South e nder senateeruuji leydi Najeriya 4th Republic. == Seneraal == Ñalnde 3 suwee 1999, Wabara hunnaama wonde senaateer Nijeer ; Balɗe 10 caggal nde Olusegun Obasanjo toɗɗaa e laamu. Wabara ɓooyaani ko toɗɗaa hooreejo goomu peeje Senaa ngam difaade caggal ɗuum, hooreejo goomu Senaa ngam geɗe polis. Ton, o waɗi kampaañ maako ngam nastuki budget ngam moƴƴitinki kuuɗe sooja’en e polis’en lesdi Naajeeriya. E fuɗɗoode kitaale 2000, moƴƴitingol kaɓirɗe konu, ƴellitgol ofiseeji baawɗi wonde fof, ɗi ɓooyaani ko ƴeewteede, moƴƴitingol njuɓɓudi kisal, ko golle Goomuuji Senaa ɗi Wabara ardii ɗii mbaɗi. Nde ɓe ɗon mari haaje ɓillaaji yimɓe miskineeɓe nder diiwalji lesdi Naajeeriya fuu, Wabara e senateer'en woɓɓe diga nokkuuje lesdi Naajeeriya ɗon ƴama kuugal waylugo. Ɗumɗoon noon, ko ngam ustude baasal e haɓaade caɗeele njulaagu petroŋ e ŋakkeende kisal e nder diiwaan Niiseer. Golle maɓɓe ballondiral addani Senaa Naajeeriya sosde e jaɓde sariya NDDC mo hitaande 2001. Laamu Obasanjo siifondirii e kuulal ngal, ko ɗum waɗi Komiseer ƴellitaare Delta Niger (NDDC) sosaa. Komisoŋ oo ina woodi haa hannde. E hitaande 2003, Adolphus Wabara heɓi nasaraaku nder cuɓi PDP ngam suɓol hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya ngam suɓol hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya ngam Abia South. Luutndiiɗo mo ɓurɗo hulɓinaade, mawɗo Chineye Imo, jeyaa ko e lannda leƴƴi leydi Najeriya (ANPP). Imo hollitaama ko kañum heɓi jaaltaaɓe e woote senaateeruuji, kono ñaawirdu appeal hollitii wonde Wabara suɓaama tigi rigi. Luural ummii ko adii e caggal ñaawoore ndee, kono e nder heen, Wabara huniima e nder Senaa leydi Najeriya ngam manndaa ɗiɗaɓo. == Hooreejo Senaa == Caggal nde o suɓaama kadi e wooteeji mawɗi 2003, Wabara suɓaama ñalnde 3 lewru juko hitaande 2003, o wonti hooreejo suudu sarɗiiji leydi Nijeer. O waɗnoo hoore makko e oon nokku e laamu makko gadano kono o suɓaaka, kono o suɓaama, duuɓi seeɗa caggal ɗuum. Bana hooreejo Senaa lesdi Naajeeriya, Wabara ɗon mari haaje huuwugo yimɓe lesdi Naajeeriya ngam tabitinki kuuɗe hukuumaaji rento lesdi Naajeeriya. O fotnoo kadi ko waasde naatde e jeytaare jaayɗe e ñaawoore. E nder batu Commonwealth e lewru Duujal 2003, Adolphus Wabara wiyi wonde “laamu jaabtiiɗo e baawɗo wonde fof ina foti wonde konngol ... nde tawnoo ko kañum tan woni kuutorgal ngam ɓamtude nafooje demokaraasi, sosde jawdi, e semmbinde yimɓe.” E nder balɗe 100 gadane ɗe o woni hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya, Senaa gollidii e ministeer kaalis, e gardagol Dr. Ngozi Okonjo Iweala ngam ustude ñamaale leydi Naajeeriya caggal leydi. Ɗum addani ɗum ustude ñamaale fotde miliyaaruuji capanɗe tati dolaar. E lewru Ogost 2003, Senaa Naajeeriya mo Wabara ardii, ƴetti kuulal jaŋde leslesre winndereere ngam tabitinde kala cukalel e nder leydi Naajeeriya ina jogii hakke jaŋde leslesre. Kuule goɗɗe ɗe njuɓɓudi makko ƴetti ko kuule kuutoragol jaayɗe, kuule waylude seedantaagal kuule, kuule Komisariyaa toppitiiɗo petroŋ, e goɗɗe keewɗe. Goɗɗum kadi ko Wabara heɓi e laamu mum ko eɓɓaande waylude doosɗe leydi 1999. O nuɗɗini dow Naajeeriya, bana lesdi ndi leƴƴi ɗuuɗɗi, ɗon mari haaje doosgal lesdi ngam heɓuki ɗuuɗal yimɓe maako, walaa cemmbiɗinki malla cemmbiɗinki. Wabara sosi goomu ngam ƴeewtaade doosɗe leydi 1999 ɗe udditaa e lewru suwee 2003. Ko ɓuri teeŋtude heen, Wabara ina waɗi nafoore e ittugol kuulal tataɓal ngal laamu Obasanjo addi. Ndee ɗoo kuulal, so siynaama, ina addana hooreeɓe leydi Najeriya jogaade manndaaji tati. Haala makko bonka, « Yimɓe am », fawii ko e darnde makko e kuulal ngal. == Ñaawoore duuɓi 14 == == Tuumre njulaagu == Ñalnde 22 marse 2005, Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (NTA) yaltinii ciimtol hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Olusegun Obasanjo, ina tuuma e yeeso yimɓe fof wonde Wabara ina jeyaa e ko addani ɗum waɗde fenaande, fotde 55 miliyoŋ naira (400 000 dolaar). Ndeeɗoo bayyinaango waɗiraa ko aldaa e laawol sariya kuuɓtodinngol, ɗum addani sagataaɓe kewuuji, haa Wabara woppi golle hooreejo Senaa. Fabian Osuji, jaagorgal jaŋde e oon sahaa kadi ina wondi e ñaawoore ndee. Osuji ina wiyee yoɓi Wabara ngam yoɓde Senaa jaɓde bidsee ɓuuɓɗo, ɗoon e ɗoon hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Obasanjo, riiwti ɗum e golle mum. Wabara hollitii wonde tuumeede warngooji e njulaagu nguu ko fenaande, ko etaade añɓe politik bonnude innde makko. Ñaawirde Toownde Fedde nde. Wabara wi'i o ɗon hebbina wiɗitol ngol, nden o wi'i tuume ɗe'e ɗon mari fenaande, ɗe senateer'en Igbo'en yiɗɓe darnde maako ummini. Caggal nde o woppi laamu Senaa, Wabara, e Osuji e woɗɓe njoyo, ñaawaama yeeso Ñaawirde Toownde Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, Abuja ñalnde 12 abriil 2005, e juuɗe Komisariyaa toppitiiɗo ko fayti e njulaagu (ICPC). Limlebbi ɗaɓɓude e jaɓde njoɓdi e golle bonɗe goɗɗe cifaaɗe e Wabara, ɗe o jaɓaani. Tuumaaɗo oo nanngaa, ngoppitaa balɗe nay haa ɓe njaltinaa e kasoo.Nde o woni e jogaade darnde senaateer e nder Asaambele ngenndi, ñaawoore Wabara ndee yaajii haa ɓurti e laamu makko ɗiɗaɓuru. Caggal hareeji sariya juutɗi, ñalnde 1 suwee 2010, ñaawoore Wabara woppitaa. Ñaawirde ndee wiyi wonde tuume ɗee ko fenaande, tee ɗe ndartinaani hollude geɗe prima facie ɗe tuumaaɗo oo waɗi. Ñaawirde ndee hollitii wonde golle laamu fedde ndee e tuumeede ɗee ɓuri hersinaade, ko barbareeje, e ko aldaa e siwil sabu tuumaaɗo oo waɗaani haala e hay gooto e gollotooɓe e kisal hade ñaawoore jaaynde ndee, haa jooni, ɓe mbiyi ko ɓe tooñooɓe. Ñaawirde Odili, ñaawoowo kalfinaaɗo ñaawoore ndee, wiyi wonde « tuumaaɗo oo alaa ko waawi jaabaade e sariya, ɗum noon ina foti yoɓde ɗum ». ICPC, nde weltaaki e ñaawoore ndee, wullitii to Ñaawirde Toownde ɗo ñaawooɓe ɓee kawri, ñaawirde ndee yo ñaawoore ndee artire to Ñaawirde Toownde ngam yaawde ñaaweede E lewru marse 2019, duuɓi sappo e nay caggal nde o arti e Ñaawirde Toownde Fedde nde, Wabara woppitaa, o woppitaa tuumeede warngooji. E wiyde ñaawirdu nduu rewrude e hooreejo ñaawirdu S.E Aladetoyinbo, ñaawirdu nduu waawaano tabitinde ñaawoore ndee e addude seedtiiɓe. Nde tawnoo hujjaaji keewɗi ngalaa ngam ñaawde ñaawoore ndee, tuumaaɗo oo, haa arti noon e Wabara, njaltinaama e kuulal 355 sariya jowitiiɗo e njuɓɓudi ñaawoore warhoore 2015, ngal wiyi : « so tawii wullitaango e kala sahaa hade yamiroore sakkitiinde waɗeede e nder ñaawoore ndee, ina weltina ñaawirdu nduu wonde ina woodi kuule keewɗe ngam hisnude ɗum ina waawi jaɓde mo ittude wullitaango ngoo, caggal ɗuum o woppira tuumaaɗo oo." == Golle goɗɗe e teddungal == Adolfus Wabara joginoo tiitooɗe aadaaji, ko wayi no Agbawodike Izu mo Eziama to Aba, to diiwaan Abia. Caggal nde o heɓi Ph.D. e nder Human Resources to Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Micheal Okapara to duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde ndema, o toɗɗaa ko e juuɗe guwerneer Okezie Ikpeazu ngam wonde Pro-Chancellor e hooreejo Diiso Goomu Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Abia State e hitaande 2015. O golliima e ndeen mbaadi fotde duuɓi ɗiɗi e baɗte e nder electrification duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde ngal e "wellx Jaŋde," Londres. Ndee eɓɓaande noon, ko ngam rokkude almudɓe duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ngal fartaŋŋeeji wiɗtooji ballondiral. Ɗeeɗoo golle fof e wayde noon, udditgol Diiso Goomu nguu, sabu politik, waɗii ñalnde 20 marse 2022 caggal nde Adolphus waɗi haala wonde « PDP maa majju Abia so tawii darnde Guwerneer 2023 ndee zonaama to Ngwa ». Ko o mawɗo dowla, tergal lannda Demokaraasi Yimɓe, Wabara woni koolaaɗo kuuɓal PDP. O jeyaa kadi ko e duɗal jokkondiral hakkunde yimɓe to Londres. E lewru noowammbar 2022 caggal nde gonnooɗo hooreejo BoT woppi laamu, Walid Jibrin, gonnooɗo hooreejo Senaa, Adolphus Wabara, ummii hooreejo keso fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi laamu (PDP). == Nguurndam neɗɗo == Adolfus resi Felicia Edomola Ikhile mo LGA Esan-West to diiwaan Edo. Ko o ardiiɗo, o golliima e ammbasadeer leydi Najeriya, to Londres, ɗo ɓe kawri, e konsulaa leydi Najeriya to New York. Ɓe njogii ko ɓiɓɓe ɗiɗo. Debbo makko maayi ko ñalnde 10 abriil 2022 tawi ina yahra e duuɓi 69 caggal hare e rafi kanseer. == Tuugnorgal == rpy3ch5rzra819lt8v6r02m512nvrug 174253 174252 2026-06-18T17:06:30Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adolphus Nduneweh Wabara''' (jibinaa ko 1 lewru juko hitaande 1948) ko siyaasyanke e dipolomasiijo Naajeeriya, o laati hooreejo 10ɓo suudu senaa Naajeeriya diga 2003 haa 2005.<ref name="afdev">{{cite web|url=http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/peo/peo_3635.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311070444/http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/peo/peo_3635.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 March 2012|title=Adolphus Wabara|publisher=AfDevInfo|access-date=14 September 2009}}</ref> Tergal arandewal nder lanyol Democratic Party (PDP), Wabara, o laati tergal nder kawtal lesdi Naajeeriya (NRC) e tergal nder suudu sarɗiiji lesdi Abia nder suudu sarɗiiji lesdi Naajeeriya 3rd Republic. O yahi haa o naati nder lanyol yimɓe nder hitaande 1998, o suɓaama senateer Abia South nder suudu joonde lesdi Naajeeriya ngam duuɓi ɗiɗi jokkindirɗi..<ref>{{cite news|last=Ezugwu|first=Obinna|date=February 26, 2020|title=Like the Iroko, Sir Marc Wabara still stands tall @69|work=Business Hallmark|url=https://hallmarknews.com/like-the-iroko-sir-marc-wabara-still-stands-tall-67/|access-date=31 August 2021}}</ref> O janngi ko e Dental Sowiyet e oon sahaa, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde dowla Kiev ɗo o heɓi Master makko e jokkondiral hakkunde leyɗeele e dow teddungal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://dailypost.ng/2021/08/06/why-i-annulled-june-12-election-involving-mko-abiola-babangida/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=Why I annulled June 12 election involving MKO Abiola – Babangida|last=Silas|first=Don|date=6 August 2021|access-date=2 October 2024|newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref> == Caalaje == Adolphus jibinaa ko ñalnde 1 lewru nduu hitaande 1948, to wuro wiyeteengo Port Harcourt, to diiwaan Rivers, to leydi Nijeer. Baaba makko, jeyaaɗo to Ohambele, Ndoki to diiwaan Abia, o gollotoo ko e fedde nde, yumma makko ko njulaagu. Baaba makko kadi ko tergal NCNC gonngal e fuɗɗoode Dental Dowlaaji Igbo e fuɗɗoode mum. Adolphus ko ɗiɗaɓo e nder ɓiɓɓe njeeɗiɗo, miñiraaɓe jeegom e miñi mum debbo gooto. == Jaangirde == Adolphus Wabara naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe Methodist, to Lagos, o heɓi heen seedantaagal makko e hitaande 1966. Caggal nde o heɓi bursi Fedde nde ngam janngude to Dental Sowiyet, Wabara yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde dowla Kiev, to Kiev ɗo o heɓi dipolom makko e jokkondiral hakkunde leyɗeele e hitaande 1976 Ɗemngal Riisi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Voronezh to Riisi hakkundeejo. == Fuɗɗoode golle == E darorɗe kitaale 1970, Wabara golliima to Ammbasadeer leydi Najeriya to Londres, ko o golloowo to bannge geɗe caggal leydi haa o artiraa to leydi Caad, o woni hooreejo leydi ndii e hitaande 1984. Duuɓi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum, o woppi golle dipolomaasi, o arti Lagos, leydi Najeriya ɗo o gollotoo e golle seeɗa, ina heen kadi golle njulaagu (bread-making businesses). Kiriisuuji faggudu taariiɗi gonɗi e nder leydi Najeriya fof e kitaale 1980, ƴettii batte mum e golle makko, caggal ɗuum, Wabara golliima e ballal gardiiɗo mawɗo Apapa Trawlers, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore fedde Ibru tuggi 1985 haa 1989. Gila ton, o waɗi kuugal maako arandewal nder siyaasaaku partiiji lesdi Naajeeriya. E sosde kawral lesdi Republicain ngal laamu Ibraahiima Babangida, Wabara yi'i platform ngam laataago kuugal ngam yimɓe lesdi Ukwa East, lesdi Abia. Caggal nde o dañi primaaji lannda, o dañi wooteeji 1992, o fooli kanndidaa lannda Sosiyaal Demokaratik (SDP). Wabara wonti tergal teddungal e nder suudu sarɗiiji to leydi 3ɓiire. Ko ɗoon o toɗɗaa hooreejo Goomu suudu sarɗiiji ko faati e Asii e Pasifik. E nder ndeeɗoo darnde, o neldaa ko laamu fedde ndee e golle dipolomaasi to Dental Dowlaaji Amerik e fedde wiyeteende Black Congressional Caucus. Laabi Wabara nder suudu dipiteeji, bana no soobiraaɓe maako, ta'aama nder hitaande 1993 nde ɓilla siyaasaaku lolluɗum "12 juin" fuɗɗi haa lesdi Naajeeriya. Wooteeji hooreleydaagu ɗi kanndidaa SDP, hooreejo M.K.O Abiola heɓi, ɗi laamu Ibraahiima Babangida ustii, ɗum anndini jiiɓru politik e jiiɓru. Oon hitaande, Wabara ina jeyaa e daraniiɓe ustude kuulal ngal, hay so tawii noon caggal nde hooreejo leydi ndi, hono Seneraal Sanni Abacha, fusi Parlemaa ngenndi. Caggal nde o waɗi dumunna juutɗo to New York, Wabara toɗɗaa yo o won diisneteeɗo e nder diiso laamu nokkuyankeewo Ukwa East, ɗum rokki mo fartaŋŋe golloraade e nder leydi hee. Ko ɗoon o ƴetti golle ɓeydooje, hono Diisneteeɗo toppitiiɗo jaŋde. E hitaande 1996, fartaŋŋe ari haa Wabara yahri yeeso e golle mum politik. Laamu Sani Abacha yaltinii porogaraam mbayliigu hakkunde 16 e 25 mars 1996. Ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri teeŋtude e porogaraam mbayliigu nguu, suɓngooji ɗi ngonaa lanndaaji e nder laamuuji nokkuuji e nder leydi Najeriya, e oon sahaa, Adolphus Wabara suɓaama, suɓaama kadi ngam wonde hooreejo diiso ngam Unkwa East Local Gover. Lannda Demokaraasi Leƴƴi sosaa ko e hitaande 1998, Wabara wonnoo ko tergal sosngal. Hitaande wootere caggal mum, o tawtoraama suɓngooji senateeruuji 1999, o heɓi mandat ngam wallitde diiwaan Abia South e nder senateeruuji leydi Najeriya 4th Republic. == Seneraal == Ñalnde 3 suwee 1999, Wabara hunnaama wonde senaateer Nijeer ; Balɗe 10 caggal nde Olusegun Obasanjo toɗɗaa e laamu. Wabara ɓooyaani ko toɗɗaa hooreejo goomu peeje Senaa ngam difaade caggal ɗuum, hooreejo goomu Senaa ngam geɗe polis. Ton, o waɗi kampaañ maako ngam nastuki budget ngam moƴƴitinki kuuɗe sooja’en e polis’en lesdi Naajeeriya. E fuɗɗoode kitaale 2000, moƴƴitingol kaɓirɗe konu, ƴellitgol ofiseeji baawɗi wonde fof, ɗi ɓooyaani ko ƴeewteede, moƴƴitingol njuɓɓudi kisal, ko golle Goomuuji Senaa ɗi Wabara ardii ɗii mbaɗi. Nde ɓe ɗon mari haaje ɓillaaji yimɓe miskineeɓe nder diiwalji lesdi Naajeeriya fuu, Wabara e senateer'en woɓɓe diga nokkuuje lesdi Naajeeriya ɗon ƴama kuugal waylugo. Ɗumɗoon noon, ko ngam ustude baasal e haɓaade caɗeele njulaagu petroŋ e ŋakkeende kisal e nder diiwaan Niiseer. Golle maɓɓe ballondiral addani Senaa Naajeeriya sosde e jaɓde sariya NDDC mo hitaande 2001. Laamu Obasanjo siifondirii e kuulal ngal, ko ɗum waɗi Komiseer ƴellitaare Delta Niger (NDDC) sosaa. Komisoŋ oo ina woodi haa hannde. E hitaande 2003, Adolphus Wabara heɓi nasaraaku nder cuɓi PDP ngam suɓol hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya ngam suɓol hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya ngam Abia South. Luutndiiɗo mo ɓurɗo hulɓinaade, mawɗo Chineye Imo, jeyaa ko e lannda leƴƴi leydi Najeriya (ANPP). Imo hollitaama ko kañum heɓi jaaltaaɓe e woote senaateeruuji, kono ñaawirdu appeal hollitii wonde Wabara suɓaama tigi rigi. Luural ummii ko adii e caggal ñaawoore ndee, kono e nder heen, Wabara huniima e nder Senaa leydi Najeriya ngam manndaa ɗiɗaɓo. == Hooreejo Senaa == Caggal nde o suɓaama kadi e wooteeji mawɗi 2003, Wabara suɓaama ñalnde 3 lewru juko hitaande 2003, o wonti hooreejo suudu sarɗiiji leydi Nijeer. O waɗnoo hoore makko e oon nokku e laamu makko gadano kono o suɓaaka, kono o suɓaama, duuɓi seeɗa caggal ɗuum. Bana hooreejo Senaa lesdi Naajeeriya, Wabara ɗon mari haaje huuwugo yimɓe lesdi Naajeeriya ngam tabitinki kuuɗe hukuumaaji rento lesdi Naajeeriya. O fotnoo kadi ko waasde naatde e jeytaare jaayɗe e ñaawoore. E nder batu Commonwealth e lewru Duujal 2003, Adolphus Wabara wiyi wonde “laamu jaabtiiɗo e baawɗo wonde fof ina foti wonde konngol ... nde tawnoo ko kañum tan woni kuutorgal ngam ɓamtude nafooje demokaraasi, sosde jawdi, e semmbinde yimɓe.” E nder balɗe 100 gadane ɗe o woni hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya, Senaa gollidii e ministeer kaalis, e gardagol Dr. Ngozi Okonjo Iweala ngam ustude ñamaale leydi Naajeeriya caggal leydi. Ɗum addani ɗum ustude ñamaale fotde miliyaaruuji capanɗe tati dolaar. E lewru Ogost 2003, Senaa Naajeeriya mo Wabara ardii, ƴetti kuulal jaŋde leslesre winndereere ngam tabitinde kala cukalel e nder leydi Naajeeriya ina jogii hakke jaŋde leslesre. Kuule goɗɗe ɗe njuɓɓudi makko ƴetti ko kuule kuutoragol jaayɗe, kuule waylude seedantaagal kuule, kuule Komisariyaa toppitiiɗo petroŋ, e goɗɗe keewɗe. Goɗɗum kadi ko Wabara heɓi e laamu mum ko eɓɓaande waylude doosɗe leydi 1999. O nuɗɗini dow Naajeeriya, bana lesdi ndi leƴƴi ɗuuɗɗi, ɗon mari haaje doosgal lesdi ngam heɓuki ɗuuɗal yimɓe maako, walaa cemmbiɗinki malla cemmbiɗinki. Wabara sosi goomu ngam ƴeewtaade doosɗe leydi 1999 ɗe udditaa e lewru suwee 2003. Ko ɓuri teeŋtude heen, Wabara ina waɗi nafoore e ittugol kuulal tataɓal ngal laamu Obasanjo addi. Ndee ɗoo kuulal, so siynaama, ina addana hooreeɓe leydi Najeriya jogaade manndaaji tati. Haala makko bonka, « Yimɓe am », fawii ko e darnde makko e kuulal ngal. == Ñaawoore duuɓi 14 == == Tuumre njulaagu == Ñalnde 22 marse 2005, Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (NTA) yaltinii ciimtol hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Olusegun Obasanjo, ina tuuma e yeeso yimɓe fof wonde Wabara ina jeyaa e ko addani ɗum waɗde fenaande, fotde 55 miliyoŋ naira (400 000 dolaar). Ndeeɗoo bayyinaango waɗiraa ko aldaa e laawol sariya kuuɓtodinngol, ɗum addani sagataaɓe kewuuji, haa Wabara woppi golle hooreejo Senaa. Fabian Osuji, jaagorgal jaŋde e oon sahaa kadi ina wondi e ñaawoore ndee. Osuji ina wiyee yoɓi Wabara ngam yoɓde Senaa jaɓde bidsee ɓuuɓɗo, ɗoon e ɗoon hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Obasanjo, riiwti ɗum e golle mum. Wabara hollitii wonde tuumeede warngooji e njulaagu nguu ko fenaande, ko etaade añɓe politik bonnude innde makko. Ñaawirde Toownde Fedde nde. Wabara wi'i o ɗon hebbina wiɗitol ngol, nden o wi'i tuume ɗe'e ɗon mari fenaande, ɗe senateer'en Igbo'en yiɗɓe darnde maako ummini. Caggal nde o woppi laamu Senaa, Wabara, e Osuji e woɗɓe njoyo, ñaawaama yeeso Ñaawirde Toownde Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, Abuja ñalnde 12 abriil 2005, e juuɗe Komisariyaa toppitiiɗo ko fayti e njulaagu (ICPC). Limlebbi ɗaɓɓude e jaɓde njoɓdi e golle bonɗe goɗɗe cifaaɗe e Wabara, ɗe o jaɓaani. Tuumaaɗo oo nanngaa, ngoppitaa balɗe nay haa ɓe njaltinaa e kasoo.Nde o woni e jogaade darnde senaateer e nder Asaambele ngenndi, ñaawoore Wabara ndee yaajii haa ɓurti e laamu makko ɗiɗaɓuru. Caggal hareeji sariya juutɗi, ñalnde 1 suwee 2010, ñaawoore Wabara woppitaa. Ñaawirde ndee wiyi wonde tuume ɗee ko fenaande, tee ɗe ndartinaani hollude geɗe prima facie ɗe tuumaaɗo oo waɗi. Ñaawirde ndee hollitii wonde golle laamu fedde ndee e tuumeede ɗee ɓuri hersinaade, ko barbareeje, e ko aldaa e siwil sabu tuumaaɗo oo waɗaani haala e hay gooto e gollotooɓe e kisal hade ñaawoore jaaynde ndee, haa jooni, ɓe mbiyi ko ɓe tooñooɓe. Ñaawirde Odili, ñaawoowo kalfinaaɗo ñaawoore ndee, wiyi wonde « tuumaaɗo oo alaa ko waawi jaabaade e sariya, ɗum noon ina foti yoɓde ɗum ». ICPC, nde weltaaki e ñaawoore ndee, wullitii to Ñaawirde Toownde ɗo ñaawooɓe ɓee kawri, ñaawirde ndee yo ñaawoore ndee artire to Ñaawirde Toownde ngam yaawde ñaaweede E lewru marse 2019, duuɓi sappo e nay caggal nde o arti e Ñaawirde Toownde Fedde nde, Wabara woppitaa, o woppitaa tuumeede warngooji. E wiyde ñaawirdu nduu rewrude e hooreejo ñaawirdu S.E Aladetoyinbo, ñaawirdu nduu waawaano tabitinde ñaawoore ndee e addude seedtiiɓe. Nde tawnoo hujjaaji keewɗi ngalaa ngam ñaawde ñaawoore ndee, tuumaaɗo oo, haa arti noon e Wabara, njaltinaama e kuulal 355 sariya jowitiiɗo e njuɓɓudi ñaawoore warhoore 2015, ngal wiyi : « so tawii wullitaango e kala sahaa hade yamiroore sakkitiinde waɗeede e nder ñaawoore ndee, ina weltina ñaawirdu nduu wonde ina woodi kuule keewɗe ngam hisnude ɗum ina waawi jaɓde mo ittude wullitaango ngoo, caggal ɗuum o woppira tuumaaɗo oo." == Golle goɗɗe e teddungal == Adolfus Wabara joginoo tiitooɗe aadaaji, ko wayi no Agbawodike Izu mo Eziama to Aba, to diiwaan Abia. Caggal nde o heɓi Ph.D. e nder Human Resources to Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Micheal Okapara to duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde ndema, o toɗɗaa ko e juuɗe guwerneer Okezie Ikpeazu ngam wonde Pro-Chancellor e hooreejo Diiso Goomu Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Abia State e hitaande 2015. O golliima e ndeen mbaadi fotde duuɓi ɗiɗi e baɗte e nder electrification duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde ngal e "wellx Jaŋde," Londres. Ndee eɓɓaande noon, ko ngam rokkude almudɓe duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ngal fartaŋŋeeji wiɗtooji ballondiral. Ɗeeɗoo golle fof e wayde noon, udditgol Diiso Goomu nguu, sabu politik, waɗii ñalnde 20 marse 2022 caggal nde Adolphus waɗi haala wonde « PDP maa majju Abia so tawii darnde Guwerneer 2023 ndee zonaama to Ngwa ». Ko o mawɗo dowla, tergal lannda Demokaraasi Yimɓe, Wabara woni koolaaɗo kuuɓal PDP. O jeyaa kadi ko e duɗal jokkondiral hakkunde yimɓe to Londres. E lewru noowammbar 2022 caggal nde gonnooɗo hooreejo BoT woppi laamu, Walid Jibrin, gonnooɗo hooreejo Senaa, Adolphus Wabara, ummii hooreejo keso fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi laamu (PDP). == Nguurndam neɗɗo == Adolfus resi Felicia Edomola Ikhile mo LGA Esan-West to diiwaan Edo. Ko o ardiiɗo, o golliima e ammbasadeer leydi Najeriya, to Londres, ɗo ɓe kawri, e konsulaa leydi Najeriya to New York. Ɓe njogii ko ɓiɓɓe ɗiɗo. Debbo makko maayi ko ñalnde 10 abriil 2022 tawi ina yahra e duuɓi 69 caggal hare e rafi kanseer. == Tuugnorgal == miseicu7ed4p2409mqopn09oyd2jvrx 174254 174253 2026-06-18T17:07:32Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adolphus Nduneweh Wabara''' (jibinaa ko 1 lewru juko hitaande 1948) ko siyaasyanke e dipolomasiijo Naajeeriya, o laati hooreejo 10ɓo suudu senaa Naajeeriya diga 2003 haa 2005.<ref name="afdev">{{cite web|url=http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/peo/peo_3635.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311070444/http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/peo/peo_3635.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 March 2012|title=Adolphus Wabara|publisher=AfDevInfo|access-date=14 September 2009}}</ref> Tergal arandewal nder lanyol Democratic Party (PDP), Wabara, o laati tergal nder kawtal lesdi Naajeeriya (NRC) e tergal nder suudu sarɗiiji lesdi Abia nder suudu sarɗiiji lesdi Naajeeriya 3rd Republic. O yahi haa o naati nder lanyol yimɓe nder hitaande 1998, o suɓaama senateer Abia South nder suudu joonde lesdi Naajeeriya ngam duuɓi ɗiɗi jokkindirɗi..<ref>{{cite news|last=Ezugwu|first=Obinna|date=February 26, 2020|title=Like the Iroko, Sir Marc Wabara still stands tall @69|work=Business Hallmark|url=https://hallmarknews.com/like-the-iroko-sir-marc-wabara-still-stands-tall-67/|access-date=31 August 2021}}</ref> O janngi ko e Dental Sowiyet e oon sahaa, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde dowla Kiev ɗo o heɓi Master makko e jokkondiral hakkunde leyɗeele e dow teddungal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://dailypost.ng/2021/08/06/why-i-annulled-june-12-election-involving-mko-abiola-babangida/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=Why I annulled June 12 election involving MKO Abiola – Babangida|last=Silas|first=Don|date=6 August 2021|access-date=2 October 2024|newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref> == Caalaje == Adolphus jibinaa ko ñalnde 1 lewru nduu hitaande 1948, to wuro wiyeteengo Port Harcourt, to diiwaan Rivers, to leydi Nijeer. Baaba makko, jeyaaɗo to Ohambele, Ndoki to diiwaan Abia, o gollotoo ko e fedde nde, yumma makko ko njulaagu. Baaba makko kadi ko tergal NCNC gonngal e fuɗɗoode Dental Dowlaaji Igbo e fuɗɗoode mum. Adolphus ko ɗiɗaɓo e nder ɓiɓɓe njeeɗiɗo, miñiraaɓe jeegom e miñi mum debbo gooto.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.aucegypt.edu/src/engendering/Documents/Common/EngenderingDevelopmentandDemocracybooklet2004.pdf|title=EnGENDERing Development and Democracy|date=3–5 December 2003|publisher=Commonwealth Parliamentary Association|access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref> == Jaangirde == Adolphus Wabara naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe Methodist, to Lagos, o heɓi heen seedantaagal makko e hitaande 1966. Caggal nde o heɓi bursi Fedde nde ngam janngude to Dental Sowiyet, Wabara yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde dowla Kiev, to Kiev ɗo o heɓi dipolom makko e jokkondiral hakkunde leyɗeele e hitaande 1976 Ɗemngal Riisi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Voronezh to Riisi hakkundeejo. == Fuɗɗoode golle == E darorɗe kitaale 1970, Wabara golliima to Ammbasadeer leydi Najeriya to Londres, ko o golloowo to bannge geɗe caggal leydi haa o artiraa to leydi Caad, o woni hooreejo leydi ndii e hitaande 1984. Duuɓi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum, o woppi golle dipolomaasi, o arti Lagos, leydi Najeriya ɗo o gollotoo e golle seeɗa, ina heen kadi golle njulaagu (bread-making businesses). Kiriisuuji faggudu taariiɗi gonɗi e nder leydi Najeriya fof e kitaale 1980, ƴettii batte mum e golle makko, caggal ɗuum, Wabara golliima e ballal gardiiɗo mawɗo Apapa Trawlers, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore fedde Ibru tuggi 1985 haa 1989. Gila ton, o waɗi kuugal maako arandewal nder siyaasaaku partiiji lesdi Naajeeriya. E sosde kawral lesdi Republicain ngal laamu Ibraahiima Babangida, Wabara yi'i platform ngam laataago kuugal ngam yimɓe lesdi Ukwa East, lesdi Abia. Caggal nde o dañi primaaji lannda, o dañi wooteeji 1992, o fooli kanndidaa lannda Sosiyaal Demokaratik (SDP). Wabara wonti tergal teddungal e nder suudu sarɗiiji to leydi 3ɓiire. Ko ɗoon o toɗɗaa hooreejo Goomu suudu sarɗiiji ko faati e Asii e Pasifik. E nder ndeeɗoo darnde, o neldaa ko laamu fedde ndee e golle dipolomaasi to Dental Dowlaaji Amerik e fedde wiyeteende Black Congressional Caucus. Laabi Wabara nder suudu dipiteeji, bana no soobiraaɓe maako, ta'aama nder hitaande 1993 nde ɓilla siyaasaaku lolluɗum "12 juin" fuɗɗi haa lesdi Naajeeriya. Wooteeji hooreleydaagu ɗi kanndidaa SDP, hooreejo M.K.O Abiola heɓi, ɗi laamu Ibraahiima Babangida ustii, ɗum anndini jiiɓru politik e jiiɓru. Oon hitaande, Wabara ina jeyaa e daraniiɓe ustude kuulal ngal, hay so tawii noon caggal nde hooreejo leydi ndi, hono Seneraal Sanni Abacha, fusi Parlemaa ngenndi. Caggal nde o waɗi dumunna juutɗo to New York, Wabara toɗɗaa yo o won diisneteeɗo e nder diiso laamu nokkuyankeewo Ukwa East, ɗum rokki mo fartaŋŋe golloraade e nder leydi hee. Ko ɗoon o ƴetti golle ɓeydooje, hono Diisneteeɗo toppitiiɗo jaŋde. E hitaande 1996, fartaŋŋe ari haa Wabara yahri yeeso e golle mum politik. Laamu Sani Abacha yaltinii porogaraam mbayliigu hakkunde 16 e 25 mars 1996. Ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri teeŋtude e porogaraam mbayliigu nguu, suɓngooji ɗi ngonaa lanndaaji e nder laamuuji nokkuuji e nder leydi Najeriya, e oon sahaa, Adolphus Wabara suɓaama, suɓaama kadi ngam wonde hooreejo diiso ngam Unkwa East Local Gover. Lannda Demokaraasi Leƴƴi sosaa ko e hitaande 1998, Wabara wonnoo ko tergal sosngal. Hitaande wootere caggal mum, o tawtoraama suɓngooji senateeruuji 1999, o heɓi mandat ngam wallitde diiwaan Abia South e nder senateeruuji leydi Najeriya 4th Republic. == Seneraal == Ñalnde 3 suwee 1999, Wabara hunnaama wonde senaateer Nijeer ; Balɗe 10 caggal nde Olusegun Obasanjo toɗɗaa e laamu. Wabara ɓooyaani ko toɗɗaa hooreejo goomu peeje Senaa ngam difaade caggal ɗuum, hooreejo goomu Senaa ngam geɗe polis. Ton, o waɗi kampaañ maako ngam nastuki budget ngam moƴƴitinki kuuɗe sooja’en e polis’en lesdi Naajeeriya. E fuɗɗoode kitaale 2000, moƴƴitingol kaɓirɗe konu, ƴellitgol ofiseeji baawɗi wonde fof, ɗi ɓooyaani ko ƴeewteede, moƴƴitingol njuɓɓudi kisal, ko golle Goomuuji Senaa ɗi Wabara ardii ɗii mbaɗi. Nde ɓe ɗon mari haaje ɓillaaji yimɓe miskineeɓe nder diiwalji lesdi Naajeeriya fuu, Wabara e senateer'en woɓɓe diga nokkuuje lesdi Naajeeriya ɗon ƴama kuugal waylugo. Ɗumɗoon noon, ko ngam ustude baasal e haɓaade caɗeele njulaagu petroŋ e ŋakkeende kisal e nder diiwaan Niiseer. Golle maɓɓe ballondiral addani Senaa Naajeeriya sosde e jaɓde sariya NDDC mo hitaande 2001. Laamu Obasanjo siifondirii e kuulal ngal, ko ɗum waɗi Komiseer ƴellitaare Delta Niger (NDDC) sosaa. Komisoŋ oo ina woodi haa hannde. E hitaande 2003, Adolphus Wabara heɓi nasaraaku nder cuɓi PDP ngam suɓol hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya ngam suɓol hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya ngam Abia South. Luutndiiɗo mo ɓurɗo hulɓinaade, mawɗo Chineye Imo, jeyaa ko e lannda leƴƴi leydi Najeriya (ANPP). Imo hollitaama ko kañum heɓi jaaltaaɓe e woote senaateeruuji, kono ñaawirdu appeal hollitii wonde Wabara suɓaama tigi rigi. Luural ummii ko adii e caggal ñaawoore ndee, kono e nder heen, Wabara huniima e nder Senaa leydi Najeriya ngam manndaa ɗiɗaɓo. == Hooreejo Senaa == Caggal nde o suɓaama kadi e wooteeji mawɗi 2003, Wabara suɓaama ñalnde 3 lewru juko hitaande 2003, o wonti hooreejo suudu sarɗiiji leydi Nijeer. O waɗnoo hoore makko e oon nokku e laamu makko gadano kono o suɓaaka, kono o suɓaama, duuɓi seeɗa caggal ɗuum. Bana hooreejo Senaa lesdi Naajeeriya, Wabara ɗon mari haaje huuwugo yimɓe lesdi Naajeeriya ngam tabitinki kuuɗe hukuumaaji rento lesdi Naajeeriya. O fotnoo kadi ko waasde naatde e jeytaare jaayɗe e ñaawoore. E nder batu Commonwealth e lewru Duujal 2003, Adolphus Wabara wiyi wonde “laamu jaabtiiɗo e baawɗo wonde fof ina foti wonde konngol ... nde tawnoo ko kañum tan woni kuutorgal ngam ɓamtude nafooje demokaraasi, sosde jawdi, e semmbinde yimɓe.” E nder balɗe 100 gadane ɗe o woni hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya, Senaa gollidii e ministeer kaalis, e gardagol Dr. Ngozi Okonjo Iweala ngam ustude ñamaale leydi Naajeeriya caggal leydi. Ɗum addani ɗum ustude ñamaale fotde miliyaaruuji capanɗe tati dolaar. E lewru Ogost 2003, Senaa Naajeeriya mo Wabara ardii, ƴetti kuulal jaŋde leslesre winndereere ngam tabitinde kala cukalel e nder leydi Naajeeriya ina jogii hakke jaŋde leslesre. Kuule goɗɗe ɗe njuɓɓudi makko ƴetti ko kuule kuutoragol jaayɗe, kuule waylude seedantaagal kuule, kuule Komisariyaa toppitiiɗo petroŋ, e goɗɗe keewɗe. Goɗɗum kadi ko Wabara heɓi e laamu mum ko eɓɓaande waylude doosɗe leydi 1999. O nuɗɗini dow Naajeeriya, bana lesdi ndi leƴƴi ɗuuɗɗi, ɗon mari haaje doosgal lesdi ngam heɓuki ɗuuɗal yimɓe maako, walaa cemmbiɗinki malla cemmbiɗinki. Wabara sosi goomu ngam ƴeewtaade doosɗe leydi 1999 ɗe udditaa e lewru suwee 2003. Ko ɓuri teeŋtude heen, Wabara ina waɗi nafoore e ittugol kuulal tataɓal ngal laamu Obasanjo addi. Ndee ɗoo kuulal, so siynaama, ina addana hooreeɓe leydi Najeriya jogaade manndaaji tati. Haala makko bonka, « Yimɓe am », fawii ko e darnde makko e kuulal ngal. == Ñaawoore duuɓi 14 == == Tuumre njulaagu == Ñalnde 22 marse 2005, Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (NTA) yaltinii ciimtol hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Olusegun Obasanjo, ina tuuma e yeeso yimɓe fof wonde Wabara ina jeyaa e ko addani ɗum waɗde fenaande, fotde 55 miliyoŋ naira (400 000 dolaar). Ndeeɗoo bayyinaango waɗiraa ko aldaa e laawol sariya kuuɓtodinngol, ɗum addani sagataaɓe kewuuji, haa Wabara woppi golle hooreejo Senaa. Fabian Osuji, jaagorgal jaŋde e oon sahaa kadi ina wondi e ñaawoore ndee. Osuji ina wiyee yoɓi Wabara ngam yoɓde Senaa jaɓde bidsee ɓuuɓɗo, ɗoon e ɗoon hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Obasanjo, riiwti ɗum e golle mum. Wabara hollitii wonde tuumeede warngooji e njulaagu nguu ko fenaande, ko etaade añɓe politik bonnude innde makko. Ñaawirde Toownde Fedde nde. Wabara wi'i o ɗon hebbina wiɗitol ngol, nden o wi'i tuume ɗe'e ɗon mari fenaande, ɗe senateer'en Igbo'en yiɗɓe darnde maako ummini. Caggal nde o woppi laamu Senaa, Wabara, e Osuji e woɗɓe njoyo, ñaawaama yeeso Ñaawirde Toownde Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, Abuja ñalnde 12 abriil 2005, e juuɗe Komisariyaa toppitiiɗo ko fayti e njulaagu (ICPC). Limlebbi ɗaɓɓude e jaɓde njoɓdi e golle bonɗe goɗɗe cifaaɗe e Wabara, ɗe o jaɓaani. Tuumaaɗo oo nanngaa, ngoppitaa balɗe nay haa ɓe njaltinaa e kasoo.Nde o woni e jogaade darnde senaateer e nder Asaambele ngenndi, ñaawoore Wabara ndee yaajii haa ɓurti e laamu makko ɗiɗaɓuru. Caggal hareeji sariya juutɗi, ñalnde 1 suwee 2010, ñaawoore Wabara woppitaa. Ñaawirde ndee wiyi wonde tuume ɗee ko fenaande, tee ɗe ndartinaani hollude geɗe prima facie ɗe tuumaaɗo oo waɗi. Ñaawirde ndee hollitii wonde golle laamu fedde ndee e tuumeede ɗee ɓuri hersinaade, ko barbareeje, e ko aldaa e siwil sabu tuumaaɗo oo waɗaani haala e hay gooto e gollotooɓe e kisal hade ñaawoore jaaynde ndee, haa jooni, ɓe mbiyi ko ɓe tooñooɓe. Ñaawirde Odili, ñaawoowo kalfinaaɗo ñaawoore ndee, wiyi wonde « tuumaaɗo oo alaa ko waawi jaabaade e sariya, ɗum noon ina foti yoɓde ɗum ». ICPC, nde weltaaki e ñaawoore ndee, wullitii to Ñaawirde Toownde ɗo ñaawooɓe ɓee kawri, ñaawirde ndee yo ñaawoore ndee artire to Ñaawirde Toownde ngam yaawde ñaaweede E lewru marse 2019, duuɓi sappo e nay caggal nde o arti e Ñaawirde Toownde Fedde nde, Wabara woppitaa, o woppitaa tuumeede warngooji. E wiyde ñaawirdu nduu rewrude e hooreejo ñaawirdu S.E Aladetoyinbo, ñaawirdu nduu waawaano tabitinde ñaawoore ndee e addude seedtiiɓe. Nde tawnoo hujjaaji keewɗi ngalaa ngam ñaawde ñaawoore ndee, tuumaaɗo oo, haa arti noon e Wabara, njaltinaama e kuulal 355 sariya jowitiiɗo e njuɓɓudi ñaawoore warhoore 2015, ngal wiyi : « so tawii wullitaango e kala sahaa hade yamiroore sakkitiinde waɗeede e nder ñaawoore ndee, ina weltina ñaawirdu nduu wonde ina woodi kuule keewɗe ngam hisnude ɗum ina waawi jaɓde mo ittude wullitaango ngoo, caggal ɗuum o woppira tuumaaɗo oo." == Golle goɗɗe e teddungal == Adolfus Wabara joginoo tiitooɗe aadaaji, ko wayi no Agbawodike Izu mo Eziama to Aba, to diiwaan Abia. Caggal nde o heɓi Ph.D. e nder Human Resources to Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Micheal Okapara to duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde ndema, o toɗɗaa ko e juuɗe guwerneer Okezie Ikpeazu ngam wonde Pro-Chancellor e hooreejo Diiso Goomu Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Abia State e hitaande 2015. O golliima e ndeen mbaadi fotde duuɓi ɗiɗi e baɗte e nder electrification duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde ngal e "wellx Jaŋde," Londres. Ndee eɓɓaande noon, ko ngam rokkude almudɓe duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ngal fartaŋŋeeji wiɗtooji ballondiral. Ɗeeɗoo golle fof e wayde noon, udditgol Diiso Goomu nguu, sabu politik, waɗii ñalnde 20 marse 2022 caggal nde Adolphus waɗi haala wonde « PDP maa majju Abia so tawii darnde Guwerneer 2023 ndee zonaama to Ngwa ». Ko o mawɗo dowla, tergal lannda Demokaraasi Yimɓe, Wabara woni koolaaɗo kuuɓal PDP. O jeyaa kadi ko e duɗal jokkondiral hakkunde yimɓe to Londres. E lewru noowammbar 2022 caggal nde gonnooɗo hooreejo BoT woppi laamu, Walid Jibrin, gonnooɗo hooreejo Senaa, Adolphus Wabara, ummii hooreejo keso fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi laamu (PDP). == Nguurndam neɗɗo == Adolfus resi Felicia Edomola Ikhile mo LGA Esan-West to diiwaan Edo. Ko o ardiiɗo, o golliima e ammbasadeer leydi Najeriya, to Londres, ɗo ɓe kawri, e konsulaa leydi Najeriya to New York. Ɓe njogii ko ɓiɓɓe ɗiɗo. Debbo makko maayi ko ñalnde 10 abriil 2022 tawi ina yahra e duuɓi 69 caggal hare e rafi kanseer. == Tuugnorgal == deesyl9ramknq1ic675dvmn4riblb68 0 42204 174259 2026-06-18T17:25:19Z Ilya Discuss 10103 Created page with "Mawɗo Frederick Rotimi Alade Williams, QC, SAN (16 Duujal 1920 – 26 Mars 2005) ko awokaajo mawɗo leydi Naajeeriya, kanko woni Naajeeriyajo arandeejo wonnde Awokaajo mawɗo leydi Naajeeriya. E kitaale 1950, o jeyaa ko e fedde wiyeteende Action Group, caggal ɗuum o wonti jaagorde laamu nokkuuji e ñaawoore. O woni hooreejo fedde awokaaji leydi Naajeeriya e hitaande 1959. O acci siyaasaaku nder kitaale 1960, ngam ɓillaaji siyaasaaku nder diiwal Hirnaange Naajeeriya...." 174259 wikitext text/x-wiki Mawɗo Frederick Rotimi Alade Williams, QC, SAN (16 Duujal 1920 – 26 Mars 2005) ko awokaajo mawɗo leydi Naajeeriya, kanko woni Naajeeriyajo arandeejo wonnde Awokaajo mawɗo leydi Naajeeriya. E kitaale 1950, o jeyaa ko e fedde wiyeteende Action Group, caggal ɗuum o wonti jaagorde laamu nokkuuji e ñaawoore. O woni hooreejo fedde awokaaji leydi Naajeeriya e hitaande 1959. O acci siyaasaaku nder kitaale 1960, ngam ɓillaaji siyaasaaku nder diiwal Hirnaange Naajeeriya. E nder golle makko, o tawtoraama ñaawirɗe ciftorteeɗe, ko wayi no Lakanmi vs laamu hirnaange leydi Nijeer, ko ɗum addani laamu konu waawa huutoraade doole mum ngam waɗde sariyaaji jowitiiɗi e jawdi neɗɗo. Oloye Williams, kanko hoore maako o mawɗo Yoruba, o ɗonno nder kawtal awokaaji ardiiɓe Oba Lagos, Adeniji Adele, ngam haɓugo bee ƴamol ngol lanyol lesdi Naajeeriya. Ko adii ɗuum, o heɓiino ballal e sosiyetee ummoraade e suudu laamu Docemo to Lagos. Nguurndam gadano Rotimi Wiliyam jibinaa ko ñalnde 16 lewru Duujal hitaande 1920 to Lagos. Mawniiko gorko ko Akintola Williams, jibinaaɗo hitaande ko adii ɗuum, wonti konte tedduɗo. Baaba makko e kaaw makko fof ko awokaaji, ɓe noddiraa ko e hitaande 1927 e hitaande 1892. O naati duɗal leslesal e kitaale 1930, to duɗal Methodist Ologbowo, caggal ɗuum o naati C.M.S. Duɗal Grammar, Lagos ngam jaŋde makko hakkundeere. Hay so tawii o rokkaama bursi timmuɗo ngam janngude ganndal masiŋaaji to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Yaba, o suɓii ko wonde awokaa. O heɓi dipolomaaji makko ɗiɗaɓi e hitaande 1942, o noddiraa e ñaawirdu to Gray’s Inn, to Londres, e hitaande 1943. O sosi fedde sariyaaji adannde e nder leydi Najeriya e hitaande 1948 e hooreejo Remilekun Fani-Kayode e hooreejo Bode Thomas. Sosiyetee oo ina wiyee « Tomaas, Wiliyam e Kayode ». Fuɗɗoode golle politik E hitaande 1943, o laati awokaajo arandeejo lesdi Naajeeriya haa suudu kiita mawndu lesdi Naajeeriya, ɓaawo man o nasti nder siyaasaaku bana tergal kawtal sukaaɓe Naajeeriya. O ummii ko e wonde hooreejo dillere ndee. Kono tan, ɓooyaani ko dille ɗee naati e caɗeele ɗe denndini ballal mum politik e nder jamaanu Najeriya. Nde dillere nden fuɗɗi ɓustugo haa siyaasaaku, o jeyaa nder jannguɓe nder kawtal siyaasaaku lesdi Naajeeriya, ɓe naati nder kawtal Action Group. Ko kanko wonnoo jiiloowo sariya fedde ndee e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950. O naatiino ko adii ɗuum e galle laamorɗo diiwaan hirnaange oo, sabu makko jogaade tiitoonde laamu Apesin Itoko to Egbaland. O woni kadi caggal ɗuum tergal e diiso sarɗiiji oon diiwaan. O suɓaama nder kawtal wuro Lagos nder hitaande 1953, ɓaawo man o laati hooreejo kawtal ngal. E hitaande 1957, o wonti Jaagorgal leydi Hirnaange, ko kanko woni jaagorgal leydi Najeriya gadano. O waɗaama Queen's Counsel e hitaande 1958, goɗɗo arandeere ngam maako, ngam o jeyaa nder Naajeeriya'en ɗiɗo arande'en waɗaama gooto. Koolol doosɗe leydi Ñalnde 18 oktoobar 1975, Rotimi Williams wonti hooreejo goomu ƴettugol doosɗe leydi. Goomu nguu sosaa ko ngam hollirde eɓɓaande doosgal leydi ngam jaɓde njuɓɓudi konu Obasanjo. O ardii batu nguu ngam hollirde ajendaaji mahngo kawtal jaajngal hakkunde leƴƴi e diiwanuuji. Fedde nden ɗon ƴama ƴamɗe hooreejo lesdi ngam heɓugo ko famɗi fuu 25% nder wooteeji ɗin nder tataɓal ɗiɗi nder diiwalji sappo e jeenay nder lesdi Naajeeriya, nden boo kala diiwalji 19 nder kawtal lesdi Naajeeriya ɗon mari ministaajo wakiliijo. Kadi wonde lanndaaji politik ina poti kadi jogaade ballal ko famɗi fof e nder tataɓe ɗiɗi dowlaaji ɗii, e nder goɗɗi ɗii. Tuugnorgal 68fwwqdwf8xzg71sykphj2v32ddytz9 174260 174259 2026-06-18T17:28:03Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mawɗo Frederick Rotimi Alade Williams, QC, SAN (16 Duujal 1920 – 26 Mars 2005) ko awokaajo mawɗo leydi Naajeeriya, kanko woni Naajeeriyajo arandeejo wonnde Awokaajo mawɗo leydi Naajeeriya. E kitaale 1950, o jeyaa ko e fedde wiyeteende Action Group, caggal ɗuum o wonti jaagorde laamu nokkuuji e ñaawoore. O woni hooreejo fedde awokaaji leydi Naajeeriya e hitaande 1959. O acci siyaasaaku nder kitaale 1960, ngam ɓillaaji siyaasaaku nder diiwal Hirnaange Naajeeriya. E nder golle makko, o tawtoraama ñaawirɗe ciftorteeɗe, ko wayi no Lakanmi vs laamu hirnaange leydi Nijeer, ko ɗum addani laamu konu waawa huutoraade doole mum ngam waɗde sariyaaji jowitiiɗi e jawdi neɗɗo. Oloye Williams, kanko hoore maako o mawɗo Yoruba, o ɗonno nder kawtal awokaaji ardiiɓe Oba Lagos, Adeniji Adele, ngam haɓugo bee ƴamol ngol lanyol lesdi Naajeeriya. Ko adii ɗuum, o heɓiino ballal e sosiyetee ummoraade e suudu laamu Docemo to Lagos. Nguurndam gadano Rotimi Wiliyam jibinaa ko ñalnde 16 lewru Duujal hitaande 1920 to Lagos. Mawniiko gorko ko Akintola Williams, jibinaaɗo hitaande ko adii ɗuum, wonti konte tedduɗo. Baaba makko e kaaw makko fof ko awokaaji, ɓe noddiraa ko e hitaande 1927 e hitaande 1892. O naati duɗal leslesal e kitaale 1930, to duɗal Methodist Ologbowo, caggal ɗuum o naati C.M.S. Duɗal Grammar, Lagos ngam jaŋde makko hakkundeere. Hay so tawii o rokkaama bursi timmuɗo ngam janngude ganndal masiŋaaji to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Yaba, o suɓii ko wonde awokaa. O heɓi dipolomaaji makko ɗiɗaɓi e hitaande 1942, o noddiraa e ñaawirdu to Gray’s Inn, to Londres, e hitaande 1943. O sosi fedde sariyaaji adannde e nder leydi Najeriya e hitaande 1948 e hooreejo Remilekun Fani-Kayode e hooreejo Bode Thomas. Sosiyetee oo ina wiyee « Tomaas, Wiliyam e Kayode ». Fuɗɗoode golle politik E hitaande 1943, o laati awokaajo arandeejo lesdi Naajeeriya haa suudu kiita mawndu lesdi Naajeeriya, ɓaawo man o nasti nder siyaasaaku bana tergal kawtal sukaaɓe Naajeeriya. O ummii ko e wonde hooreejo dillere ndee. Kono tan, ɓooyaani ko dille ɗee naati e caɗeele ɗe denndini ballal mum politik e nder jamaanu Najeriya. Nde dillere nden fuɗɗi ɓustugo haa siyaasaaku, o jeyaa nder jannguɓe nder kawtal siyaasaaku lesdi Naajeeriya, ɓe naati nder kawtal Action Group. Ko kanko wonnoo jiiloowo sariya fedde ndee e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950. O naatiino ko adii ɗuum e galle laamorɗo diiwaan hirnaange oo, sabu makko jogaade tiitoonde laamu Apesin Itoko to Egbaland. O woni kadi caggal ɗuum tergal e diiso sarɗiiji oon diiwaan. O suɓaama nder kawtal wuro Lagos nder hitaande 1953, ɓaawo man o laati hooreejo kawtal ngal. E hitaande 1957, o wonti Jaagorgal leydi Hirnaange, ko kanko woni jaagorgal leydi Najeriya gadano. O waɗaama Queen's Counsel e hitaande 1958, goɗɗo arandeere ngam maako, ngam o jeyaa nder Naajeeriya'en ɗiɗo arande'en waɗaama gooto. Koolol doosɗe leydi Ñalnde 18 oktoobar 1975, Rotimi Williams wonti hooreejo goomu ƴettugol doosɗe leydi. Goomu nguu sosaa ko ngam hollirde eɓɓaande doosgal leydi ngam jaɓde njuɓɓudi konu Obasanjo. O ardii batu nguu ngam hollirde ajendaaji mahngo kawtal jaajngal hakkunde leƴƴi e diiwanuuji. Fedde nden ɗon ƴama ƴamɗe hooreejo lesdi ngam heɓugo ko famɗi fuu 25% nder wooteeji ɗin nder tataɓal ɗiɗi nder diiwalji sappo e jeenay nder lesdi Naajeeriya, nden boo kala diiwalji 19 nder kawtal lesdi Naajeeriya ɗon mari ministaajo wakiliijo. Kadi wonde lanndaaji politik ina poti kadi jogaade ballal ko famɗi fof e nder tataɓe ɗiɗi dowlaaji ɗii, e nder goɗɗi ɗii. Tuugnorgal t05saocfvzsggf3ag6k6gd1o0jtupa8 174261 174260 2026-06-18T17:29:20Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mawɗo Frederick Rotimi Alade Williams''', QC, SAN (16 Duujal 1920 – 26 Mars 2005) ko awokaajo mawɗo leydi Naajeeriya, kanko woni Naajeeriyajo arandeejo wonnde Awokaajo mawɗo leydi Naajeeriya. E kitaale 1950, o jeyaa ko e fedde wiyeteende Action Group, caggal ɗuum o wonti jaagorde laamu nokkuuji e ñaawoore. O woni hooreejo fedde awokaaji leydi Naajeeriya e hitaande 1959. O acci siyaasaaku nder kitaale 1960, ngam ɓillaaji siyaasaaku nder diiwal Hirnaange Naajeeriya. E nder golle makko, o tawtoraama ñaawirɗe ciftorteeɗe, ko wayi no Lakanmi vs laamu hirnaange leydi Nijeer, ko ɗum addani laamu konu waawa huutoraade doole mum ngam waɗde sariyaaji jowitiiɗi e jawdi neɗɗo. Oloye Williams, kanko hoore maako o mawɗo Yoruba, o ɗonno nder kawtal awokaaji ardiiɓe Oba Lagos, Adeniji Adele, ngam haɓugo bee ƴamol ngol lanyol lesdi Naajeeriya. Ko adii ɗuum, o heɓiino ballal e sosiyetee ummoraade e suudu laamu Docemo to Lagos. == Nguurndam gadano == Rotimi Wiliyam jibinaa ko ñalnde 16 lewru Duujal hitaande 1920 to Lagos. Mawniiko gorko ko Akintola Williams, jibinaaɗo hitaande ko adii ɗuum, wonti konte tedduɗo. Baaba makko e kaaw makko fof ko awokaaji, ɓe noddiraa ko e hitaande 1927 e hitaande 1892. O naati duɗal leslesal e kitaale 1930, to duɗal Methodist Ologbowo, caggal ɗuum o naati C.M.S. Duɗal Grammar, Lagos ngam jaŋde makko hakkundeere. Hay so tawii o rokkaama bursi timmuɗo ngam janngude ganndal masiŋaaji to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Yaba, o suɓii ko wonde awokaa. O heɓi dipolomaaji makko ɗiɗaɓi e hitaande 1942, o noddiraa e ñaawirdu to Gray’s Inn, to Londres, e hitaande 1943. O sosi fedde sariyaaji adannde e nder leydi Najeriya e hitaande 1948 e hooreejo Remilekun Fani-Kayode e hooreejo Bode Thomas. Sosiyetee oo ina wiyee « Tomaas, Wiliyam e Kayode ». == Fuɗɗoode golle politik == E hitaande 1943, o laati awokaajo arandeejo lesdi Naajeeriya haa suudu kiita mawndu lesdi Naajeeriya, ɓaawo man o nasti nder siyaasaaku bana tergal kawtal sukaaɓe Naajeeriya. O ummii ko e wonde hooreejo dillere ndee. Kono tan, ɓooyaani ko dille ɗee naati e caɗeele ɗe denndini ballal mum politik e nder jamaanu Najeriya. Nde dillere nden fuɗɗi ɓustugo haa siyaasaaku, o jeyaa nder jannguɓe nder kawtal siyaasaaku lesdi Naajeeriya, ɓe naati nder kawtal Action Group. Ko kanko wonnoo jiiloowo sariya fedde ndee e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950. O naatiino ko adii ɗuum e galle laamorɗo diiwaan hirnaange oo, sabu makko jogaade tiitoonde laamu Apesin Itoko to Egbaland. O woni kadi caggal ɗuum tergal e diiso sarɗiiji oon diiwaan. O suɓaama nder kawtal wuro Lagos nder hitaande 1953, ɓaawo man o laati hooreejo kawtal ngal. E hitaande 1957, o wonti Jaagorgal leydi Hirnaange, ko kanko woni jaagorgal leydi Najeriya gadano. O waɗaama Queen's Counsel e hitaande 1958, goɗɗo arandeere ngam maako, ngam o jeyaa nder Naajeeriya'en ɗiɗo arande'en waɗaama gooto. == Koolol doosɗe leydi == Ñalnde 18 oktoobar 1975, Rotimi Williams wonti hooreejo goomu ƴettugol doosɗe leydi. Goomu nguu sosaa ko ngam hollirde eɓɓaande doosgal leydi ngam jaɓde njuɓɓudi konu Obasanjo. O ardii batu nguu ngam hollirde ajendaaji mahngo kawtal jaajngal hakkunde leƴƴi e diiwanuuji. Fedde nden ɗon ƴama ƴamɗe hooreejo lesdi ngam heɓugo ko famɗi fuu 25% nder wooteeji ɗin nder tataɓal ɗiɗi nder diiwalji sappo e jeenay nder lesdi Naajeeriya, nden boo kala diiwalji 19 nder kawtal lesdi Naajeeriya ɗon mari ministaajo wakiliijo. Kadi wonde lanndaaji politik ina poti kadi jogaade ballal ko famɗi fof e nder tataɓe ɗiɗi dowlaaji ɗii, e nder goɗɗi ɗii. == Tuugnorgal == a0cdgy1h96i0zw68kcgfethfidedphq 174262 174261 2026-06-18T17:30:37Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mawɗo Frederick Rotimi Alade Williams''', QC, SAN (16 Duujal 1920 – 26 Mars 2005) ko awokaajo mawɗo leydi Naajeeriya, kanko woni Naajeeriyajo arandeejo wonnde Awokaajo mawɗo leydi Naajeeriya. E kitaale 1950, o jeyaa ko e fedde wiyeteende Action Group, caggal ɗuum o wonti jaagorde laamu nokkuuji e ñaawoore. O woni hooreejo fedde awokaaji leydi Naajeeriya e hitaande 1959. O acci siyaasaaku nder kitaale 1960, ngam ɓillaaji siyaasaaku nder diiwal Hirnaange Naajeeriya.<ref>[http://www.waado.org/NigerDelta/Memorials/fra_williams_guardian.html "Frederick Rotimi Alade Williams (1920 – 2005)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227081706/http://waado.org/NigerDelta/Memorials/fra_williams_guardian.html|date=27 December 2010}} Nigerian Guardian Editorial, ''The Guardian'', Nigeria, 2 April 2005.</ref> E nder golle makko, o tawtoraama ñaawirɗe ciftorteeɗe, ko wayi no Lakanmi vs laamu hirnaange leydi Nijeer, ko ɗum addani laamu konu waawa huutoraade doole mum ngam waɗde sariyaaji jowitiiɗi e jawdi neɗɗo. Oloye Williams, kanko hoore maako o mawɗo Yoruba, o ɗonno nder kawtal awokaaji ardiiɓe Oba Lagos, Adeniji Adele, ngam haɓugo bee ƴamol ngol lanyol lesdi Naajeeriya. Ko adii ɗuum, o heɓiino ballal e sosiyetee ummoraade e suudu laamu Docemo to Lagos. == Nguurndam gadano == Rotimi Wiliyam jibinaa ko ñalnde 16 lewru Duujal hitaande 1920 to Lagos. Mawniiko gorko ko Akintola Williams, jibinaaɗo hitaande ko adii ɗuum, wonti konte tedduɗo. Baaba makko e kaaw makko fof ko awokaaji, ɓe noddiraa ko e hitaande 1927 e hitaande 1892. O naati duɗal leslesal e kitaale 1930, to duɗal Methodist Ologbowo, caggal ɗuum o naati C.M.S. Duɗal Grammar, Lagos ngam jaŋde makko hakkundeere. Hay so tawii o rokkaama bursi timmuɗo ngam janngude ganndal masiŋaaji to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Yaba, o suɓii ko wonde awokaa. O heɓi dipolomaaji makko ɗiɗaɓi e hitaande 1942, o noddiraa e ñaawirdu to Gray’s Inn, to Londres, e hitaande 1943. O sosi fedde sariyaaji adannde e nder leydi Najeriya e hitaande 1948 e hooreejo Remilekun Fani-Kayode e hooreejo Bode Thomas. Sosiyetee oo ina wiyee « Tomaas, Wiliyam e Kayode ». == Fuɗɗoode golle politik == E hitaande 1943, o laati awokaajo arandeejo lesdi Naajeeriya haa suudu kiita mawndu lesdi Naajeeriya, ɓaawo man o nasti nder siyaasaaku bana tergal kawtal sukaaɓe Naajeeriya. O ummii ko e wonde hooreejo dillere ndee. Kono tan, ɓooyaani ko dille ɗee naati e caɗeele ɗe denndini ballal mum politik e nder jamaanu Najeriya. Nde dillere nden fuɗɗi ɓustugo haa siyaasaaku, o jeyaa nder jannguɓe nder kawtal siyaasaaku lesdi Naajeeriya, ɓe naati nder kawtal Action Group. Ko kanko wonnoo jiiloowo sariya fedde ndee e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950. O naatiino ko adii ɗuum e galle laamorɗo diiwaan hirnaange oo, sabu makko jogaade tiitoonde laamu Apesin Itoko to Egbaland. O woni kadi caggal ɗuum tergal e diiso sarɗiiji oon diiwaan. O suɓaama nder kawtal wuro Lagos nder hitaande 1953, ɓaawo man o laati hooreejo kawtal ngal. E hitaande 1957, o wonti Jaagorgal leydi Hirnaange, ko kanko woni jaagorgal leydi Najeriya gadano. O waɗaama Queen's Counsel e hitaande 1958, goɗɗo arandeere ngam maako, ngam o jeyaa nder Naajeeriya'en ɗiɗo arande'en waɗaama gooto. == Koolol doosɗe leydi == Ñalnde 18 oktoobar 1975, Rotimi Williams wonti hooreejo goomu ƴettugol doosɗe leydi. Goomu nguu sosaa ko ngam hollirde eɓɓaande doosgal leydi ngam jaɓde njuɓɓudi konu Obasanjo. O ardii batu nguu ngam hollirde ajendaaji mahngo kawtal jaajngal hakkunde leƴƴi e diiwanuuji. Fedde nden ɗon ƴama ƴamɗe hooreejo lesdi ngam heɓugo ko famɗi fuu 25% nder wooteeji ɗin nder tataɓal ɗiɗi nder diiwalji sappo e jeenay nder lesdi Naajeeriya, nden boo kala diiwalji 19 nder kawtal lesdi Naajeeriya ɗon mari ministaajo wakiliijo. Kadi wonde lanndaaji politik ina poti kadi jogaade ballal ko famɗi fof e nder tataɓe ɗiɗi dowlaaji ɗii, e nder goɗɗi ɗii. == Tuugnorgal == c19u14k375llh6hs81lm4th4lm671x4 174263 174262 2026-06-18T17:32:24Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mawɗo Frederick Rotimi Alade Williams''', QC, SAN (16 Duujal 1920 – 26 Mars 2005) ko awokaajo mawɗo leydi Naajeeriya, kanko woni Naajeeriyajo arandeejo wonnde Awokaajo mawɗo leydi Naajeeriya. E kitaale 1950, o jeyaa ko e fedde wiyeteende Action Group, caggal ɗuum o wonti jaagorde laamu nokkuuji e ñaawoore. O woni hooreejo fedde awokaaji leydi Naajeeriya e hitaande 1959. O acci siyaasaaku nder kitaale 1960, ngam ɓillaaji siyaasaaku nder diiwal Hirnaange Naajeeriya.<ref>[http://www.waado.org/NigerDelta/Memorials/fra_williams_guardian.html "Frederick Rotimi Alade Williams (1920 – 2005)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227081706/http://waado.org/NigerDelta/Memorials/fra_williams_guardian.html|date=27 December 2010}} Nigerian Guardian Editorial, ''The Guardian'', Nigeria, 2 April 2005.</ref> E nder golle makko, o tawtoraama ñaawirɗe ciftorteeɗe, ko wayi no Lakanmi vs laamu hirnaange leydi Nijeer, ko ɗum addani laamu konu waawa huutoraade doole mum ngam waɗde sariyaaji jowitiiɗi e jawdi neɗɗo. Oloye Williams, kanko hoore maako o mawɗo Yoruba, o ɗonno nder kawtal awokaaji ardiiɓe Oba Lagos, Adeniji Adele, ngam haɓugo bee ƴamol ngol lanyol lesdi Naajeeriya. Ko adii ɗuum, o heɓiino ballal e sosiyetee ummoraade e suudu laamu Docemo to Lagos.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigeriavillagesquare.com/board/main-square/3417-rotimi-williams-exit-colossus.html|title=The Man, His Life Max Amuchie.|access-date=11 June 2007|archive-date=5 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105155140/http://www.nigeriavillagesquare.com/board/main-square/3417-rotimi-williams-exit-colossus.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WILLIAMS, Rotimi Q.C., S.A.N.|url=https://san.ng/team/williams-f-r-a/|last=SanAdmin|website=SAN|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30|archive-date=17 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217184418/https://san.ng/team/williams-f-r-a/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Nguurndam gadano == Rotimi Wiliyam jibinaa ko ñalnde 16 lewru Duujal hitaande 1920 to Lagos. Mawniiko gorko ko Akintola Williams, jibinaaɗo hitaande ko adii ɗuum, wonti konte tedduɗo. Baaba makko e kaaw makko fof ko awokaaji, ɓe noddiraa ko e hitaande 1927 e hitaande 1892. O naati duɗal leslesal e kitaale 1930, to duɗal Methodist Ologbowo, caggal ɗuum o naati C.M.S. Duɗal Grammar, Lagos ngam jaŋde makko hakkundeere. Hay so tawii o rokkaama bursi timmuɗo ngam janngude ganndal masiŋaaji to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Yaba, o suɓii ko wonde awokaa. O heɓi dipolomaaji makko ɗiɗaɓi e hitaande 1942, o noddiraa e ñaawirdu to Gray’s Inn, to Londres, e hitaande 1943. O sosi fedde sariyaaji adannde e nder leydi Najeriya e hitaande 1948 e hooreejo Remilekun Fani-Kayode e hooreejo Bode Thomas. Sosiyetee oo ina wiyee « Tomaas, Wiliyam e Kayode ». == Fuɗɗoode golle politik == E hitaande 1943, o laati awokaajo arandeejo lesdi Naajeeriya haa suudu kiita mawndu lesdi Naajeeriya, ɓaawo man o nasti nder siyaasaaku bana tergal kawtal sukaaɓe Naajeeriya. O ummii ko e wonde hooreejo dillere ndee. Kono tan, ɓooyaani ko dille ɗee naati e caɗeele ɗe denndini ballal mum politik e nder jamaanu Najeriya. Nde dillere nden fuɗɗi ɓustugo haa siyaasaaku, o jeyaa nder jannguɓe nder kawtal siyaasaaku lesdi Naajeeriya, ɓe naati nder kawtal Action Group. Ko kanko wonnoo jiiloowo sariya fedde ndee e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950. O naatiino ko adii ɗuum e galle laamorɗo diiwaan hirnaange oo, sabu makko jogaade tiitoonde laamu Apesin Itoko to Egbaland. O woni kadi caggal ɗuum tergal e diiso sarɗiiji oon diiwaan. O suɓaama nder kawtal wuro Lagos nder hitaande 1953, ɓaawo man o laati hooreejo kawtal ngal. E hitaande 1957, o wonti Jaagorgal leydi Hirnaange, ko kanko woni jaagorgal leydi Najeriya gadano. O waɗaama Queen's Counsel e hitaande 1958, goɗɗo arandeere ngam maako, ngam o jeyaa nder Naajeeriya'en ɗiɗo arande'en waɗaama gooto. == Koolol doosɗe leydi == Ñalnde 18 oktoobar 1975, Rotimi Williams wonti hooreejo goomu ƴettugol doosɗe leydi. Goomu nguu sosaa ko ngam hollirde eɓɓaande doosgal leydi ngam jaɓde njuɓɓudi konu Obasanjo. O ardii batu nguu ngam hollirde ajendaaji mahngo kawtal jaajngal hakkunde leƴƴi e diiwanuuji. Fedde nden ɗon ƴama ƴamɗe hooreejo lesdi ngam heɓugo ko famɗi fuu 25% nder wooteeji ɗin nder tataɓal ɗiɗi nder diiwalji sappo e jeenay nder lesdi Naajeeriya, nden boo kala diiwalji 19 nder kawtal lesdi Naajeeriya ɗon mari ministaajo wakiliijo. Kadi wonde lanndaaji politik ina poti kadi jogaade ballal ko famɗi fof e nder tataɓe ɗiɗi dowlaaji ɗii, e nder goɗɗi ɗii. == Tuugnorgal == ajhho1wc2szek2cmzfkvwkutlx3v1rd 174264 174263 2026-06-18T17:34:52Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mawɗo Frederick Rotimi Alade Williams''', QC, SAN (16 Duujal 1920 – 26 Mars 2005) ko awokaajo mawɗo leydi Naajeeriya, kanko woni Naajeeriyajo arandeejo wonnde Awokaajo mawɗo leydi Naajeeriya. E kitaale 1950, o jeyaa ko e fedde wiyeteende Action Group, caggal ɗuum o wonti jaagorde laamu nokkuuji e ñaawoore. O woni hooreejo fedde awokaaji leydi Naajeeriya e hitaande 1959. O acci siyaasaaku nder kitaale 1960, ngam ɓillaaji siyaasaaku nder diiwal Hirnaange Naajeeriya.<ref>[http://www.waado.org/NigerDelta/Memorials/fra_williams_guardian.html "Frederick Rotimi Alade Williams (1920 – 2005)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227081706/http://waado.org/NigerDelta/Memorials/fra_williams_guardian.html|date=27 December 2010}} Nigerian Guardian Editorial, ''The Guardian'', Nigeria, 2 April 2005.</ref> E nder golle makko, o tawtoraama ñaawirɗe ciftorteeɗe, ko wayi no Lakanmi vs laamu hirnaange leydi Nijeer, ko ɗum addani laamu konu waawa huutoraade doole mum ngam waɗde sariyaaji jowitiiɗi e jawdi neɗɗo. Oloye Williams, kanko hoore maako o mawɗo Yoruba, o ɗonno nder kawtal awokaaji ardiiɓe Oba Lagos, Adeniji Adele, ngam haɓugo bee ƴamol ngol lanyol lesdi Naajeeriya. Ko adii ɗuum, o heɓiino ballal e sosiyetee ummoraade e suudu laamu Docemo to Lagos.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigeriavillagesquare.com/board/main-square/3417-rotimi-williams-exit-colossus.html|title=The Man, His Life Max Amuchie.|access-date=11 June 2007|archive-date=5 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105155140/http://www.nigeriavillagesquare.com/board/main-square/3417-rotimi-williams-exit-colossus.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WILLIAMS, Rotimi Q.C., S.A.N.|url=https://san.ng/team/williams-f-r-a/|last=SanAdmin|website=SAN|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30|archive-date=17 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217184418/https://san.ng/team/williams-f-r-a/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Nguurndam gadano == Rotimi Wiliyam jibinaa ko ñalnde 16 lewru Duujal hitaande 1920 to Lagos. Mawniiko gorko ko Akintola Williams, jibinaaɗo hitaande ko adii ɗuum, wonti konte tedduɗo. Baaba makko e kaaw makko fof ko awokaaji, ɓe noddiraa ko e hitaande 1927 e hitaande 1892. O naati duɗal leslesal e kitaale 1930, to duɗal Methodist Ologbowo, caggal ɗuum o naati C.M.S. Duɗal Grammar, Lagos ngam jaŋde makko hakkundeere. Hay so tawii o rokkaama bursi timmuɗo ngam janngude ganndal masiŋaaji to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Yaba, o suɓii ko wonde awokaa. O heɓi dipolomaaji makko ɗiɗaɓi e hitaande 1942, o noddiraa e ñaawirdu to Gray’s Inn, to Londres, e hitaande 1943. O sosi fedde sariyaaji adannde e nder leydi Najeriya e hitaande 1948 e hooreejo Remilekun Fani-Kayode e hooreejo Bode Thomas. Sosiyetee oo ina wiyee « Tomaas, Wiliyam e Kayode ».<ref>By Femi Fani-Kayode,[http://www.nigerdeltacongress.com/iarticles/in_remembrance_of_fani_power.htm "In remembrance of Fani Power"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229031542/http://nigerdeltacongress.com/iarticles/in_remembrance_of_fani_power.htm|date=29 December 2012}}, ''NigerDeltaCongress.com''</ref><ref>Taiwo Fakoyede (ed.), "F.R.A. Williams: Through the Cases". Longman, 2000. {{ISBN|978-026-010-2}}.</ref> == Fuɗɗoode golle politik == E hitaande 1943, o laati awokaajo arandeejo lesdi Naajeeriya haa suudu kiita mawndu lesdi Naajeeriya, ɓaawo man o nasti nder siyaasaaku bana tergal kawtal sukaaɓe Naajeeriya. O ummii ko e wonde hooreejo dillere ndee. Kono tan, ɓooyaani ko dille ɗee naati e caɗeele ɗe denndini ballal mum politik e nder jamaanu Najeriya. Nde dillere nden fuɗɗi ɓustugo haa siyaasaaku, o jeyaa nder jannguɓe nder kawtal siyaasaaku lesdi Naajeeriya, ɓe naati nder kawtal Action Group. Ko kanko wonnoo jiiloowo sariya fedde ndee e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950. O naatiino ko adii ɗuum e galle laamorɗo diiwaan hirnaange oo, sabu makko jogaade tiitoonde laamu Apesin Itoko to Egbaland. O woni kadi caggal ɗuum tergal e diiso sarɗiiji oon diiwaan. O suɓaama nder kawtal wuro Lagos nder hitaande 1953, ɓaawo man o laati hooreejo kawtal ngal. E hitaande 1957, o wonti Jaagorgal leydi Hirnaange, ko kanko woni jaagorgal leydi Najeriya gadano. O waɗaama Queen's Counsel e hitaande 1958, goɗɗo arandeere ngam maako, ngam o jeyaa nder Naajeeriya'en ɗiɗo arande'en waɗaama gooto. == Koolol doosɗe leydi == Ñalnde 18 oktoobar 1975, Rotimi Williams wonti hooreejo goomu ƴettugol doosɗe leydi. Goomu nguu sosaa ko ngam hollirde eɓɓaande doosgal leydi ngam jaɓde njuɓɓudi konu Obasanjo. O ardii batu nguu ngam hollirde ajendaaji mahngo kawtal jaajngal hakkunde leƴƴi e diiwanuuji. Fedde nden ɗon ƴama ƴamɗe hooreejo lesdi ngam heɓugo ko famɗi fuu 25% nder wooteeji ɗin nder tataɓal ɗiɗi nder diiwalji sappo e jeenay nder lesdi Naajeeriya, nden boo kala diiwalji 19 nder kawtal lesdi Naajeeriya ɗon mari ministaajo wakiliijo. Kadi wonde lanndaaji politik ina poti kadi jogaade ballal ko famɗi fof e nder tataɓe ɗiɗi dowlaaji ɗii, e nder goɗɗi ɗii. == Tuugnorgal == a9uqpzkzxhh7njj1rjervt0ogvzpxoi 0 42205 174265 2026-06-18T17:39:11Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174265 wikitext text/x-wiki Mawɗo Christopher Alexander Sapara Williams CMG (14 sulyee 1855 – 15 mars 1915) ko awokaa gadano jeyaaɗo e leydi Najeriya, noddiraaɗo to ñaawirdu Engele ñalnde 17 noowammbar 1879. Ko jiidaa e golle makko to bannge sariya, o ari ko e waɗde darnde tiiɗnde e nder politik leydi Najeriya e jamaanu koloñaal. O joginoo ko tiitoonde laamɗo Lodifi Ilesha. Mawɗo Sapara Williams ko mawniiko Oguntola Sapara, wonti cafroowo mawɗo. Duuɓi gadani Williams jibinaa ko ñalnde 14 lewru juko hitaande 1855. O jeyaa ko e iwdi Ijesha, kono o jibinaa ko Siyeraa Leyoon.O janngi sariya to Londres to Inner Temple, o noddiraa e bar Engele ñalnde 17 noowammbar 1879. Nde o arti e leydi Angalteer, o fuɗɗii golle sariya to Koloni Lagos Januche un83 ko o awokaa, kadi omo jogii ganndal laaɓtungal e sariyaaji aadaaji ɗi mbinndaaka. O winnditi nder kawtal awokaaji lesdi Naajeeriya nyande 30 lewru Yarkoma hitaande 1888, o laati hooreejo kawtal awokaaji lesdi Naajeeriya diga hitaande 1900 haa hitaande 1915. Hay so tawii Williams ko ɓiɗɗo leydi Najeriya gadano heɓde seedantaagal wonde awokaa, wonaa kanko tan woni golloowo sariya. Sabu ŋakkeende awokaaji baawɗi, haa hitaande 1913 ina heewnoo toɗɗaade yimɓe ɓe ngonaa awokaaji, jogiiɓe jaŋde leslesre e won e ganndal e sariyaaji Engele, ngam waɗde awokaaji. Golle politik Williams toɗɗaa e Diiso sarɗiiji, o woni tergal e mayre gila oktoobar 1901 haa o sankii e hitaande 1915. E hitaande 1903, wonnoo ko caɗeele yoɓde tolnooji ɗi laamɓe leydi ndii moofti e yeeyooɓe, hay so tawii noon Oropnaaɓe ina njaltina heen. Alternatif oo ko lomtinde tolnooji ɗii e ballal. Gomnaajo lesdi William MacGregor ƴami miijooji diga Wiliyam, Charles Joseph George e Obadiya Johnson ngam ardiiɓe miijooji ɓiɓɓe lesdi. Fof ina yiɗi jogaade tolnooji ɗii ngam waasde mettinde laamɓe ɓee. E hitaande 1903 guwerneer MacGregor suɓiima Williams ngam yoɓde njeenaari, kono wasiya makko jaɓaaka. E hitaande 1904, Williams ummini "keeri jooni hakkunde Koloni e Protectorate Fombina Naajeeriya e Protectorate Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya yo ɓe njuɓɓine e addude feccere fombinaare ndee e nder Fombina Naajeeriya, ngam leƴƴi yimɓe haalooɓe ɗemngal Yoruba ɓee fof ngona e les laamu gooto". Sir Frederick Lugard saliima ndee eɓɓaande sabu wellitaare njuɓɓudi, tee kuulal cakkitiingal ngal ɓuri rewde ko e ko o goongɗini koo. Kuulal ngal huutortenoo ngal ko renndinde yimɓe wonɓe e tolno politik e renndo ngoo e nder diiwaan gooto, wonaa etaade yuɓɓinde diiwaanuuji ɗii e keeri leƴƴi. E hitaande 1905, Wiliyam yilliima leydi Angalteer. Nde o woni toon ndee, o waɗii miijooji keewɗi e Biro Koloñaal ngam waylude politik laamɗo. Ina jeyaa e ɗeen sosde duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde jannginooɓe to Lagos, e jogaade jokkondiral politik ɓurngal heewde e guwerneeruuji koloñaal. Sapara Williams luulndiima kuule 1909 jowitiiɗe e bonanndeeji baɗeteeɗi e laamu nguu, ɗe kaɗnoo jaayɗe ñiŋde laamu nguu. O hollitii wonde "ndimaagu Jaayndeeji ko Palladium mawɗo ndimaagu Angalteer ... Seedtaare ko huunde nde yahdaani e jikku leñol Yoruba, tee alaa ɗo haaɗi e doosɗe leydi mum en ... Hoohooɓe ɓurɓe sensible ina mbaawi arde janngo ɓe njiyata seedtorɗe e kala ñiŋooje e bonanndeeji e kala batu jamaanu". Ko o ñaagii koo fof, kuulal ngal wonti sariya. Williams hirjinii Herbert Macauley ngam noddude batu udditgol fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e maccungaagu e ndeenka Aborigine en to Lagos ñalnde 30 ut 1910, ko ɗum addani Macauley waawde feewnude luulndo yimɓe heewɓe e golle koloñaal. Nde woylaare e fombina Naajeeriya hawti nder hitaande 1914, kawtal lesdi kesal ardii Governor, ngal hawti bee ardiiɓe lesdi Biritaniya jeeɗiɗi, ɗiɗo ɓe ngalaa ardiiɓe lesdi Naajeeriya e ɗiɗo Naajeeriya'en, gooto nder maɓɓe woni Williams. O sankii ko ñalnde 15 marse 1915, omo yahra e duuɓi 59.[hol to?] Goongɗingol Miijooji Williams e ƴellitaare koloñaal ina mbaɗi jokkondiral tiiɗngal e miijooji e juɓɓule Orop, kadi omo luulndii ñiŋooje laamu nguu ɗe miijotaako, ɗe moƴƴaani. Kono hay so tawii Williams e laabi keewɗi jaɓii miijooji e nafooje Oropnaaɓe, e lewru oktoobar 1896 o wallitorii jimɗi Egungun, kewu aada. Moves hono ɗii gooto e ardiiɓe Ekitis en to Lagos, laamɓe aadaaji Yoruba en njaɓɓiima ɗum en.Williams meeɗii wiyde: "Awokaa ina wuuri ngam ardaade leñol mum e yahrude yeeso e caɗeele leydi mum". Tuugnorgal auy5rfof5rbx8bhg67sw7aeywp2ucu8 174266 174265 2026-06-18T17:41:26Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mawɗo Christopher Alexander Sapara Williams CMG (14 sulyee 1855 – 15 mars 1915) ko awokaa gadano jeyaaɗo e leydi Najeriya, noddiraaɗo to ñaawirdu Engele ñalnde 17 noowammbar 1879. Ko jiidaa e golle makko to bannge sariya, o ari ko e waɗde darnde tiiɗnde e nder politik leydi Najeriya e jamaanu koloñaal. O joginoo ko tiitoonde laamɗo Lodifi Ilesha. Mawɗo Sapara Williams ko mawniiko Oguntola Sapara, wonti cafroowo mawɗo. Duuɓi gadani Williams jibinaa ko ñalnde 14 lewru juko hitaande 1855. O jeyaa ko e iwdi Ijesha, kono o jibinaa ko Siyeraa Leyoon.O janngi sariya to Londres to Inner Temple, o noddiraa e bar Engele ñalnde 17 noowammbar 1879. Nde o arti e leydi Angalteer, o fuɗɗii golle sariya to Koloni Lagos Januche un83 ko o awokaa, kadi omo jogii ganndal laaɓtungal e sariyaaji aadaaji ɗi mbinndaaka. O winnditi nder kawtal awokaaji lesdi Naajeeriya nyande 30 lewru Yarkoma hitaande 1888, o laati hooreejo kawtal awokaaji lesdi Naajeeriya diga hitaande 1900 haa hitaande 1915. Hay so tawii Williams ko ɓiɗɗo leydi Najeriya gadano heɓde seedantaagal wonde awokaa, wonaa kanko tan woni golloowo sariya. Sabu ŋakkeende awokaaji baawɗi, haa hitaande 1913 ina heewnoo toɗɗaade yimɓe ɓe ngonaa awokaaji, jogiiɓe jaŋde leslesre e won e ganndal e sariyaaji Engele, ngam waɗde awokaaji. Golle politik Williams toɗɗaa e Diiso sarɗiiji, o woni tergal e mayre gila oktoobar 1901 haa o sankii e hitaande 1915. E hitaande 1903, wonnoo ko caɗeele yoɓde tolnooji ɗi laamɓe leydi ndii moofti e yeeyooɓe, hay so tawii noon Oropnaaɓe ina njaltina heen. Alternatif oo ko lomtinde tolnooji ɗii e ballal. Gomnaajo lesdi William MacGregor ƴami miijooji diga Wiliyam, Charles Joseph George e Obadiya Johnson ngam ardiiɓe miijooji ɓiɓɓe lesdi. Fof ina yiɗi jogaade tolnooji ɗii ngam waasde mettinde laamɓe ɓee. E hitaande 1903 guwerneer MacGregor suɓiima Williams ngam yoɓde njeenaari, kono wasiya makko jaɓaaka. E hitaande 1904, Williams ummini "keeri jooni hakkunde Koloni e Protectorate Fombina Naajeeriya e Protectorate Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya yo ɓe njuɓɓine e addude feccere fombinaare ndee e nder Fombina Naajeeriya, ngam leƴƴi yimɓe haalooɓe ɗemngal Yoruba ɓee fof ngona e les laamu gooto". Sir Frederick Lugard saliima ndee eɓɓaande sabu wellitaare njuɓɓudi, tee kuulal cakkitiingal ngal ɓuri rewde ko e ko o goongɗini koo. Kuulal ngal huutortenoo ngal ko renndinde yimɓe wonɓe e tolno politik e renndo ngoo e nder diiwaan gooto, wonaa etaade yuɓɓinde diiwaanuuji ɗii e keeri leƴƴi. E hitaande 1905, Wiliyam yilliima leydi Angalteer. Nde o woni toon ndee, o waɗii miijooji keewɗi e Biro Koloñaal ngam waylude politik laamɗo. Ina jeyaa e ɗeen sosde duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde jannginooɓe to Lagos, e jogaade jokkondiral politik ɓurngal heewde e guwerneeruuji koloñaal. Sapara Williams luulndiima kuule 1909 jowitiiɗe e bonanndeeji baɗeteeɗi e laamu nguu, ɗe kaɗnoo jaayɗe ñiŋde laamu nguu. O hollitii wonde "ndimaagu Jaayndeeji ko Palladium mawɗo ndimaagu Angalteer ... Seedtaare ko huunde nde yahdaani e jikku leñol Yoruba, tee alaa ɗo haaɗi e doosɗe leydi mum en ... Hoohooɓe ɓurɓe sensible ina mbaawi arde janngo ɓe njiyata seedtorɗe e kala ñiŋooje e bonanndeeji e kala batu jamaanu". Ko o ñaagii koo fof, kuulal ngal wonti sariya. Williams hirjinii Herbert Macauley ngam noddude batu udditgol fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e maccungaagu e ndeenka Aborigine en to Lagos ñalnde 30 ut 1910, ko ɗum addani Macauley waawde feewnude luulndo yimɓe heewɓe e golle koloñaal. Nde woylaare e fombina Naajeeriya hawti nder hitaande 1914, kawtal lesdi kesal ardii Governor, ngal hawti bee ardiiɓe lesdi Biritaniya jeeɗiɗi, ɗiɗo ɓe ngalaa ardiiɓe lesdi Naajeeriya e ɗiɗo Naajeeriya'en, gooto nder maɓɓe woni Williams. O sankii ko ñalnde 15 marse 1915, omo yahra e duuɓi 59.[hol to?] Goongɗingol Miijooji Williams e ƴellitaare koloñaal ina mbaɗi jokkondiral tiiɗngal e miijooji e juɓɓule Orop, kadi omo luulndii ñiŋooje laamu nguu ɗe miijotaako, ɗe moƴƴaani. Kono hay so tawii Williams e laabi keewɗi jaɓii miijooji e nafooje Oropnaaɓe, e lewru oktoobar 1896 o wallitorii jimɗi Egungun, kewu aada. Moves hono ɗii gooto e ardiiɓe Ekitis en to Lagos, laamɓe aadaaji Yoruba en njaɓɓiima ɗum en.Williams meeɗii wiyde: "Awokaa ina wuuri ngam ardaade leñol mum e yahrude yeeso e caɗeele leydi mum". Tuugnorgal m22jn9cupjdiurcdigy5b4hhxtgl78u 174267 174266 2026-06-18T17:42:43Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mawɗo Christopher Alexander Sapara Williams CMG''' (14 sulyee 1855 – 15 mars 1915) ko awokaa gadano jeyaaɗo e leydi Najeriya, noddiraaɗo to ñaawirdu Engele ñalnde 17 noowammbar 1879. Ko jiidaa e golle makko to bannge sariya, o ari ko e waɗde darnde tiiɗnde e nder politik leydi Najeriya e jamaanu koloñaal. O joginoo ko tiitoonde laamɗo Lodifi Ilesha. Mawɗo Sapara Williams ko mawniiko Oguntola Sapara, wonti cafroowo mawɗo. == Duuɓi gadani == Williams jibinaa ko ñalnde 14 lewru juko hitaande 1855. O jeyaa ko e iwdi Ijesha, kono o jibinaa ko Siyeraa Leyoon.O janngi sariya to Londres to Inner Temple, o noddiraa e bar Engele ñalnde 17 noowammbar 1879. Nde o arti e leydi Angalteer, o fuɗɗii golle sariya to Koloni Lagos Januche un83 ko o awokaa, kadi omo jogii ganndal laaɓtungal e sariyaaji aadaaji ɗi mbinndaaka. O winnditi nder kawtal awokaaji lesdi Naajeeriya nyande 30 lewru Yarkoma hitaande 1888, o laati hooreejo kawtal awokaaji lesdi Naajeeriya diga hitaande 1900 haa hitaande 1915. Hay so tawii Williams ko ɓiɗɗo leydi Najeriya gadano heɓde seedantaagal wonde awokaa, wonaa kanko tan woni golloowo sariya. Sabu ŋakkeende awokaaji baawɗi, haa hitaande 1913 ina heewnoo toɗɗaade yimɓe ɓe ngonaa awokaaji, jogiiɓe jaŋde leslesre e won e ganndal e sariyaaji Engele, ngam waɗde awokaaji. == Golle politik == Williams toɗɗaa e Diiso sarɗiiji, o woni tergal e mayre gila oktoobar 1901 haa o sankii e hitaande 1915. E hitaande 1903, wonnoo ko caɗeele yoɓde tolnooji ɗi laamɓe leydi ndii moofti e yeeyooɓe, hay so tawii noon Oropnaaɓe ina njaltina heen. Alternatif oo ko lomtinde tolnooji ɗii e ballal. Gomnaajo lesdi William MacGregor ƴami miijooji diga Wiliyam, Charles Joseph George e Obadiya Johnson ngam ardiiɓe miijooji ɓiɓɓe lesdi. Fof ina yiɗi jogaade tolnooji ɗii ngam waasde mettinde laamɓe ɓee. E hitaande 1903 guwerneer MacGregor suɓiima Williams ngam yoɓde njeenaari, kono wasiya makko jaɓaaka. E hitaande 1904, Williams ummini "keeri jooni hakkunde Koloni e Protectorate Fombina Naajeeriya e Protectorate Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya yo ɓe njuɓɓine e addude feccere fombinaare ndee e nder Fombina Naajeeriya, ngam leƴƴi yimɓe haalooɓe ɗemngal Yoruba ɓee fof ngona e les laamu gooto". Sir Frederick Lugard saliima ndee eɓɓaande sabu wellitaare njuɓɓudi, tee kuulal cakkitiingal ngal ɓuri rewde ko e ko o goongɗini koo. Kuulal ngal huutortenoo ngal ko renndinde yimɓe wonɓe e tolno politik e renndo ngoo e nder diiwaan gooto, wonaa etaade yuɓɓinde diiwaanuuji ɗii e keeri leƴƴi. E hitaande 1905, Wiliyam yilliima leydi Angalteer. Nde o woni toon ndee, o waɗii miijooji keewɗi e Biro Koloñaal ngam waylude politik laamɗo. Ina jeyaa e ɗeen sosde duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde jannginooɓe to Lagos, e jogaade jokkondiral politik ɓurngal heewde e guwerneeruuji koloñaal. Sapara Williams luulndiima kuule 1909 jowitiiɗe e bonanndeeji baɗeteeɗi e laamu nguu, ɗe kaɗnoo jaayɗe ñiŋde laamu nguu. O hollitii wonde "ndimaagu Jaayndeeji ko Palladium mawɗo ndimaagu Angalteer ... Seedtaare ko huunde nde yahdaani e jikku leñol Yoruba, tee alaa ɗo haaɗi e doosɗe leydi mum en ... Hoohooɓe ɓurɓe sensible ina mbaawi arde janngo ɓe njiyata seedtorɗe e kala ñiŋooje e bonanndeeji e kala batu jamaanu". Ko o ñaagii koo fof, kuulal ngal wonti sariya. Williams hirjinii Herbert Macauley ngam noddude batu udditgol fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e maccungaagu e ndeenka Aborigine en to Lagos ñalnde 30 ut 1910, ko ɗum addani Macauley waawde feewnude luulndo yimɓe heewɓe e golle koloñaal. Nde woylaare e fombina Naajeeriya hawti nder hitaande 1914, kawtal lesdi kesal ardii Governor, ngal hawti bee ardiiɓe lesdi Biritaniya jeeɗiɗi, ɗiɗo ɓe ngalaa ardiiɓe lesdi Naajeeriya e ɗiɗo Naajeeriya'en, gooto nder maɓɓe woni Williams. O sankii ko ñalnde 15 marse 1915, omo yahra e duuɓi 59.[hol to?] == Goongɗingol == Miijooji Williams e ƴellitaare koloñaal ina mbaɗi jokkondiral tiiɗngal e miijooji e juɓɓule Orop, kadi omo luulndii ñiŋooje laamu nguu ɗe miijotaako, ɗe moƴƴaani. Kono hay so tawii Williams e laabi keewɗi jaɓii miijooji e nafooje Oropnaaɓe, e lewru oktoobar 1896 o wallitorii jimɗi Egungun, kewu aada. Moves hono ɗii gooto e ardiiɓe Ekitis en to Lagos, laamɓe aadaaji Yoruba en njaɓɓiima ɗum en.Williams meeɗii wiyde: "Awokaa ina wuuri ngam ardaade leñol mum e yahrude yeeso e caɗeele leydi mum". == Tuugnorgal == h8glu16j8zgh26b86uh5twnhuv1ovzp 174268 174267 2026-06-18T17:43:53Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mawɗo Christopher Alexander Sapara Williams CMG''' (14 sulyee 1855 – 15 mars 1915) ko awokaa gadano jeyaaɗo e leydi Najeriya, noddiraaɗo to ñaawirdu Engele ñalnde 17 noowammbar 1879. Ko jiidaa e golle makko to bannge sariya, o ari ko e waɗde darnde tiiɗnde e nder politik leydi Najeriya e jamaanu koloñaal. O joginoo ko tiitoonde laamɗo Lodifi Ilesha.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Medical History|year=1974|volume=18|first=Adelolo|last=Adeloye|title=Some Early Nigerian Doctors and Their Contribution to Modern Medicine in West Africa|pmc=1081580|pmid=4618303|issue=3|pages=275–93|doi=10.1017/s0025727300019621}}</ref> Mawɗo Sapara Williams ko mawniiko Oguntola Sapara, wonti cafroowo mawɗo. == Duuɓi gadani == Williams jibinaa ko ñalnde 14 lewru juko hitaande 1855. O jeyaa ko e iwdi Ijesha, kono o jibinaa ko Siyeraa Leyoon.O janngi sariya to Londres to Inner Temple, o noddiraa e bar Engele ñalnde 17 noowammbar 1879. Nde o arti e leydi Angalteer, o fuɗɗii golle sariya to Koloni Lagos Januche un83 ko o awokaa, kadi omo jogii ganndal laaɓtungal e sariyaaji aadaaji ɗi mbinndaaka. O winnditi nder kawtal awokaaji lesdi Naajeeriya nyande 30 lewru Yarkoma hitaande 1888, o laati hooreejo kawtal awokaaji lesdi Naajeeriya diga hitaande 1900 haa hitaande 1915. Hay so tawii Williams ko ɓiɗɗo leydi Najeriya gadano heɓde seedantaagal wonde awokaa, wonaa kanko tan woni golloowo sariya. Sabu ŋakkeende awokaaji baawɗi, haa hitaande 1913 ina heewnoo toɗɗaade yimɓe ɓe ngonaa awokaaji, jogiiɓe jaŋde leslesre e won e ganndal e sariyaaji Engele, ngam waɗde awokaaji. == Golle politik == Williams toɗɗaa e Diiso sarɗiiji, o woni tergal e mayre gila oktoobar 1901 haa o sankii e hitaande 1915. E hitaande 1903, wonnoo ko caɗeele yoɓde tolnooji ɗi laamɓe leydi ndii moofti e yeeyooɓe, hay so tawii noon Oropnaaɓe ina njaltina heen. Alternatif oo ko lomtinde tolnooji ɗii e ballal. Gomnaajo lesdi William MacGregor ƴami miijooji diga Wiliyam, Charles Joseph George e Obadiya Johnson ngam ardiiɓe miijooji ɓiɓɓe lesdi. Fof ina yiɗi jogaade tolnooji ɗii ngam waasde mettinde laamɓe ɓee. E hitaande 1903 guwerneer MacGregor suɓiima Williams ngam yoɓde njeenaari, kono wasiya makko jaɓaaka. E hitaande 1904, Williams ummini "keeri jooni hakkunde Koloni e Protectorate Fombina Naajeeriya e Protectorate Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya yo ɓe njuɓɓine e addude feccere fombinaare ndee e nder Fombina Naajeeriya, ngam leƴƴi yimɓe haalooɓe ɗemngal Yoruba ɓee fof ngona e les laamu gooto". Sir Frederick Lugard saliima ndee eɓɓaande sabu wellitaare njuɓɓudi, tee kuulal cakkitiingal ngal ɓuri rewde ko e ko o goongɗini koo. Kuulal ngal huutortenoo ngal ko renndinde yimɓe wonɓe e tolno politik e renndo ngoo e nder diiwaan gooto, wonaa etaade yuɓɓinde diiwaanuuji ɗii e keeri leƴƴi. E hitaande 1905, Wiliyam yilliima leydi Angalteer. Nde o woni toon ndee, o waɗii miijooji keewɗi e Biro Koloñaal ngam waylude politik laamɗo. Ina jeyaa e ɗeen sosde duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde jannginooɓe to Lagos, e jogaade jokkondiral politik ɓurngal heewde e guwerneeruuji koloñaal. Sapara Williams luulndiima kuule 1909 jowitiiɗe e bonanndeeji baɗeteeɗi e laamu nguu, ɗe kaɗnoo jaayɗe ñiŋde laamu nguu. O hollitii wonde "ndimaagu Jaayndeeji ko Palladium mawɗo ndimaagu Angalteer ... Seedtaare ko huunde nde yahdaani e jikku leñol Yoruba, tee alaa ɗo haaɗi e doosɗe leydi mum en ... Hoohooɓe ɓurɓe sensible ina mbaawi arde janngo ɓe njiyata seedtorɗe e kala ñiŋooje e bonanndeeji e kala batu jamaanu". Ko o ñaagii koo fof, kuulal ngal wonti sariya. Williams hirjinii Herbert Macauley ngam noddude batu udditgol fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e maccungaagu e ndeenka Aborigine en to Lagos ñalnde 30 ut 1910, ko ɗum addani Macauley waawde feewnude luulndo yimɓe heewɓe e golle koloñaal. Nde woylaare e fombina Naajeeriya hawti nder hitaande 1914, kawtal lesdi kesal ardii Governor, ngal hawti bee ardiiɓe lesdi Biritaniya jeeɗiɗi, ɗiɗo ɓe ngalaa ardiiɓe lesdi Naajeeriya e ɗiɗo Naajeeriya'en, gooto nder maɓɓe woni Williams. O sankii ko ñalnde 15 marse 1915, omo yahra e duuɓi 59.[hol to?] == Goongɗingol == Miijooji Williams e ƴellitaare koloñaal ina mbaɗi jokkondiral tiiɗngal e miijooji e juɓɓule Orop, kadi omo luulndii ñiŋooje laamu nguu ɗe miijotaako, ɗe moƴƴaani. Kono hay so tawii Williams e laabi keewɗi jaɓii miijooji e nafooje Oropnaaɓe, e lewru oktoobar 1896 o wallitorii jimɗi Egungun, kewu aada. Moves hono ɗii gooto e ardiiɓe Ekitis en to Lagos, laamɓe aadaaji Yoruba en njaɓɓiima ɗum en.Williams meeɗii wiyde: "Awokaa ina wuuri ngam ardaade leñol mum e yahrude yeeso e caɗeele leydi mum". == Tuugnorgal == 04l7tv40aqd4eb6y2tkrmd7fzjvptsz 174269 174268 2026-06-18T17:46:25Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mawɗo Christopher Alexander Sapara Williams CMG''' (14 sulyee 1855 – 15 mars 1915) ko awokaa gadano jeyaaɗo e leydi Najeriya, noddiraaɗo to ñaawirdu Engele ñalnde 17 noowammbar 1879. Ko jiidaa e golle makko to bannge sariya, o ari ko e waɗde darnde tiiɗnde e nder politik leydi Najeriya e jamaanu koloñaal. O joginoo ko tiitoonde laamɗo Lodifi Ilesha.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Medical History|year=1974|volume=18|first=Adelolo|last=Adeloye|title=Some Early Nigerian Doctors and Their Contribution to Modern Medicine in West Africa|pmc=1081580|pmid=4618303|issue=3|pages=275–93|doi=10.1017/s0025727300019621}}</ref> Mawɗo Sapara Williams ko mawniiko Oguntola Sapara, wonti cafroowo mawɗo. == Duuɓi gadani == Williams jibinaa ko ñalnde 14 lewru juko hitaande 1855. O jeyaa ko e iwdi Ijesha, kono o jibinaa ko Siyeraa Leyoon.O janngi sariya to Londres to Inner Temple, o noddiraa e bar Engele ñalnde 17 noowammbar 1879. Nde o arti e leydi Angalteer, o fuɗɗii golle sariya to Koloni Lagos Januche un83 ko o awokaa, kadi omo jogii ganndal laaɓtungal e sariyaaji aadaaji ɗi mbinndaaka. O winnditi nder kawtal awokaaji lesdi Naajeeriya nyande 30 lewru Yarkoma hitaande 1888, o laati hooreejo kawtal awokaaji lesdi Naajeeriya diga hitaande 1900 haa hitaande 1915.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAQIcqwGqTEC&pg=PA82|page=82|title=Africa & the West: intellectual responses to European culture|author=Philip D. Curtin|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|year=1974|isbn=0-299-06124-8}}</ref><ref name="Jimilehin2010" /><ref name="Akinlami2001" /><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aM40vekC-ucC&pg=PA412|page=412|title=The African diaspora: African origins and New World identities|author1=Isidore Okpewho|author-link=Isidore Okpewho|author2=Carole Boyce Davies|author2-link=Carole Boyce Davies|author3=Ali A. Mazrui|author3-link=Ali A. Mazrui|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2001|isbn=0-253-21494-7}}</ref><ref name="Uko2011" /> Hay so tawii Williams ko ɓiɗɗo leydi Najeriya gadano heɓde seedantaagal wonde awokaa, wonaa kanko tan woni golloowo sariya. Sabu ŋakkeende awokaaji baawɗi, haa hitaande 1913 ina heewnoo toɗɗaade yimɓe ɓe ngonaa awokaaji, jogiiɓe jaŋde leslesre e won e ganndal e sariyaaji Engele, ngam waɗde awokaaji. == Golle politik == Williams toɗɗaa e Diiso sarɗiiji, o woni tergal e mayre gila oktoobar 1901 haa o sankii e hitaande 1915. E hitaande 1903, wonnoo ko caɗeele yoɓde tolnooji ɗi laamɓe leydi ndii moofti e yeeyooɓe, hay so tawii noon Oropnaaɓe ina njaltina heen. Alternatif oo ko lomtinde tolnooji ɗii e ballal. Gomnaajo lesdi William MacGregor ƴami miijooji diga Wiliyam, Charles Joseph George e Obadiya Johnson ngam ardiiɓe miijooji ɓiɓɓe lesdi. Fof ina yiɗi jogaade tolnooji ɗii ngam waasde mettinde laamɓe ɓee. E hitaande 1903 guwerneer MacGregor suɓiima Williams ngam yoɓde njeenaari, kono wasiya makko jaɓaaka. E hitaande 1904, Williams ummini "keeri jooni hakkunde Koloni e Protectorate Fombina Naajeeriya e Protectorate Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya yo ɓe njuɓɓine e addude feccere fombinaare ndee e nder Fombina Naajeeriya, ngam leƴƴi yimɓe haalooɓe ɗemngal Yoruba ɓee fof ngona e les laamu gooto". Sir Frederick Lugard saliima ndee eɓɓaande sabu wellitaare njuɓɓudi, tee kuulal cakkitiingal ngal ɓuri rewde ko e ko o goongɗini koo. Kuulal ngal huutortenoo ngal ko renndinde yimɓe wonɓe e tolno politik e renndo ngoo e nder diiwaan gooto, wonaa etaade yuɓɓinde diiwaanuuji ɗii e keeri leƴƴi. E hitaande 1905, Wiliyam yilliima leydi Angalteer. Nde o woni toon ndee, o waɗii miijooji keewɗi e Biro Koloñaal ngam waylude politik laamɗo. Ina jeyaa e ɗeen sosde duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde jannginooɓe to Lagos, e jogaade jokkondiral politik ɓurngal heewde e guwerneeruuji koloñaal. Sapara Williams luulndiima kuule 1909 jowitiiɗe e bonanndeeji baɗeteeɗi e laamu nguu, ɗe kaɗnoo jaayɗe ñiŋde laamu nguu. O hollitii wonde "ndimaagu Jaayndeeji ko Palladium mawɗo ndimaagu Angalteer ... Seedtaare ko huunde nde yahdaani e jikku leñol Yoruba, tee alaa ɗo haaɗi e doosɗe leydi mum en ... Hoohooɓe ɓurɓe sensible ina mbaawi arde janngo ɓe njiyata seedtorɗe e kala ñiŋooje e bonanndeeji e kala batu jamaanu". Ko o ñaagii koo fof, kuulal ngal wonti sariya. Williams hirjinii Herbert Macauley ngam noddude batu udditgol fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e maccungaagu e ndeenka Aborigine en to Lagos ñalnde 30 ut 1910, ko ɗum addani Macauley waawde feewnude luulndo yimɓe heewɓe e golle koloñaal. Nde woylaare e fombina Naajeeriya hawti nder hitaande 1914, kawtal lesdi kesal ardii Governor, ngal hawti bee ardiiɓe lesdi Biritaniya jeeɗiɗi, ɗiɗo ɓe ngalaa ardiiɓe lesdi Naajeeriya e ɗiɗo Naajeeriya'en, gooto nder maɓɓe woni Williams. O sankii ko ñalnde 15 marse 1915, omo yahra e duuɓi 59.[hol to?] == Goongɗingol == Miijooji Williams e ƴellitaare koloñaal ina mbaɗi jokkondiral tiiɗngal e miijooji e juɓɓule Orop, kadi omo luulndii ñiŋooje laamu nguu ɗe miijotaako, ɗe moƴƴaani. Kono hay so tawii Williams e laabi keewɗi jaɓii miijooji e nafooje Oropnaaɓe, e lewru oktoobar 1896 o wallitorii jimɗi Egungun, kewu aada. Moves hono ɗii gooto e ardiiɓe Ekitis en to Lagos, laamɓe aadaaji Yoruba en njaɓɓiima ɗum en.Williams meeɗii wiyde: "Awokaa ina wuuri ngam ardaade leñol mum e yahrude yeeso e caɗeele leydi mum". == Tuugnorgal == 1juibdmtf3g6pvw90p3pw8qazysiryb 0 42206 174316 2026-06-18T20:06:45Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174316 wikitext text/x-wiki Joseph Edet Akinwale Wey (6 mars 1918 – 12 decembre 1991) ko cukko amiral konu leydi Najeriya, o wonnoo ko hooreejo konu leydi Najeriya (ɗum woni hooreejo konu leydi Najeriya), ko kanko woni jaagorgal caggal leydi, e hooreejo konu leydi Najeriya, ko ɗum waɗi mo hooreejo leydi Najeriya. Nguurndam gadano Wey jibinaa ko to Calabar e lewru marse 1918, baaba mum ko Yoruba, jeyaaɗo to Ogbomosho, yumma mum ko Efik, Wey janngi ko adii fof ko to Calabar, to diiwaan Cross River e to duɗal Metodist, to Ikot Ekpene to diiwaan Akwa Ibom hannde oo; e ɓeydagol jaŋde to Lagos. Golle laana ndiwoowa O naati e Departemaa Marine ko kadet e injenieer e heblo hedde 1940. E joofnirde heblo makko e hitaande 1945, o golliima e denndaangal laanaaji diwooje e nder Departemaa Marine. Nde konu ndiyam sosaa e hitaande 1956, o artiraa e konu ndiyam, o woni sub-lietnaa. E hitaande 1962, o toɗɗaa ko o gardiiɗo base e ofisee laana ndiwoowa kalfinaaɗo Apapa, Lagos. E hitaande 1966, o toɗɗaa Komiseer Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe ngam Sosde, o wonti tergal e Diisnondiral Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe. O artiraa e darndeeji keewɗi, o arti e darnde cakkitiinde, hono cukko amiir. Retireede e maayde O woppi golle makko e hitaande 1975 caggal kuudetaa baɗnooɗo faayiida mo Murtala Mohammed heɓi laamu, o lomtii laamu konu Seneraal Yakubu Gowon. O sankii ko ñalnde 12 desaambar 1991. Darnde konu Hitaande Insignia Darnde konu 1950 Injenieer nder geec 1956 Lietnaa-lietnaa e injenieer 1958 Lietnaa 1960 Lietnaa-komanndaa 1963 Kapiteen 1964 Komodo 1967 Amiral caggal leydi 1971 Cukko amiir Tuugnorgal 5v2i586ewm13vbi82wwpvnll9ilgo2i 174317 174316 2026-06-18T20:08:53Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Joseph Edet Akinwale Wey (6 mars 1918 – 12 decembre 1991) ko cukko amiral konu leydi Najeriya, o wonnoo ko hooreejo konu leydi Najeriya (ɗum woni hooreejo konu leydi Najeriya), ko kanko woni jaagorgal caggal leydi, e hooreejo konu leydi Najeriya, ko ɗum waɗi mo hooreejo leydi Najeriya. Nguurndam gadano Wey jibinaa ko to Calabar e lewru marse 1918, baaba mum ko Yoruba, jeyaaɗo to Ogbomosho, yumma mum ko Efik, Wey janngi ko adii fof ko to Calabar, to diiwaan Cross River e to duɗal Metodist, to Ikot Ekpene to diiwaan Akwa Ibom hannde oo; e ɓeydagol jaŋde to Lagos. Golle laana ndiwoowa O naati e Departemaa Marine ko kadet e injenieer e heblo hedde 1940. E joofnirde heblo makko e hitaande 1945, o golliima e denndaangal laanaaji diwooje e nder Departemaa Marine. Nde konu ndiyam sosaa e hitaande 1956, o artiraa e konu ndiyam, o woni sub-lietnaa. E hitaande 1962, o toɗɗaa ko o gardiiɗo base e ofisee laana ndiwoowa kalfinaaɗo Apapa, Lagos. E hitaande 1966, o toɗɗaa Komiseer Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe ngam Sosde, o wonti tergal e Diisnondiral Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe. O artiraa e darndeeji keewɗi, o arti e darnde cakkitiinde, hono cukko amiir. Retireede e maayde O woppi golle makko e hitaande 1975 caggal kuudetaa baɗnooɗo faayiida mo Murtala Mohammed heɓi laamu, o lomtii laamu konu Seneraal Yakubu Gowon. O sankii ko ñalnde 12 desaambar 1991. Darnde konu Hitaande Insignia Darnde konu 1950 Injenieer nder geec 1956 Lietnaa-lietnaa e injenieer 1958 Lietnaa 1960 Lietnaa-komanndaa 1963 Kapiteen 1964 Komodo 1967 Amiral caggal leydi 1971 Cukko amiir Tuugnorgal 7d85bmzeng7fc1niknv1rrgt6if6ypw 174318 174317 2026-06-18T20:10:52Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Joseph Edet Akinwale Wey''' (6 mars 1918 – 12 decembre 1991) ko cukko amiral konu leydi Najeriya, o wonnoo ko hooreejo konu leydi Najeriya (ɗum woni hooreejo konu leydi Najeriya), ko kanko woni jaagorgal caggal leydi, e hooreejo konu leydi Najeriya, ko ɗum waɗi mo hooreejo leydi Najeriya. == Nguurndam gadano == Wey jibinaa ko to Calabar e lewru marse 1918, baaba mum ko Yoruba, jeyaaɗo to Ogbomosho, yumma mum ko Efik, Wey janngi ko adii fof ko to Calabar, to diiwaan Cross River e to duɗal Metodist, to Ikot Ekpene to diiwaan Akwa Ibom hannde oo; e ɓeydagol jaŋde to Lagos. == Golle laana ndiwoowa == O naati e Departemaa Marine ko kadet e injenieer e heblo hedde 1940. E joofnirde heblo makko e hitaande 1945, o golliima e denndaangal laanaaji diwooje e nder Departemaa Marine. Nde konu ndiyam sosaa e hitaande 1956, o artiraa e konu ndiyam, o woni sub-lietnaa. E hitaande 1962, o toɗɗaa ko o gardiiɗo base e ofisee laana ndiwoowa kalfinaaɗo Apapa, Lagos. E hitaande 1966, o toɗɗaa Komiseer Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe ngam Sosde, o wonti tergal e Diisnondiral Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe. O artiraa e darndeeji keewɗi, o arti e darnde cakkitiinde, hono cukko amiir. == Retireede e maayde == O woppi golle makko e hitaande 1975 caggal kuudetaa baɗnooɗo faayiida mo Murtala Mohammed heɓi laamu, o lomtii laamu konu Seneraal Yakubu Gowon. O sankii ko ñalnde 12 desaambar 1991. == Darnde konu == Hitaande Insignia Darnde konu 1950 Injenieer nder geec 1956 Lietnaa-lietnaa e injenieer 1958 Lietnaa 1960 Lietnaa-komanndaa 1963 Kapiteen 1964 Komodo 1967 Amiral caggal leydi 1971 Cukko amiir == Tuugnorgal == mwxmuj1g047diqcw2sg1s2ft5mvoyd3 174319 174318 2026-06-18T20:14:09Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Joseph Edet Akinwale Wey''' (6 mars 1918 – 12 decembre 1991) ko cukko amiral konu leydi Najeriya, o wonnoo ko hooreejo konu leydi Najeriya (ɗum woni hooreejo konu leydi Najeriya), ko kanko woni jaagorgal caggal leydi, e hooreejo konu leydi Najeriya, ko ɗum waɗi mo hooreejo leydi Najeriya. == Nguurndam gadano == Wey jibinaa ko to Calabar e lewru marse 1918, baaba mum ko Yoruba, jeyaaɗo to Ogbomosho, yumma mum ko Efik, Wey janngi ko adii fof ko to Calabar, to diiwaan Cross River e to duɗal Metodist, to Ikot Ekpene to diiwaan Akwa Ibom hannde oo; e ɓeydagol jaŋde to Lagos.<ref name="AC">{{cite news|last1=Aginam|first1=Arthur-Martins|title=For Whom The Bell Tolls - Nigeria's first naval chief dies at 73|publisher=African Concord|date=December 1991}}</ref><ref name="time2">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,904219,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030154812/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,904219,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 30, 2010|title=An Attentive Listener|accessdate=2007-06-16|date=1970-03-02|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|publisher=[[Time Warner]]}}</ref><ref name="nvs222">{{cite web|url=http://www.nigeriavillagesquare1.com/Records/2004/08/murtala-muhammeds-first-address-to.html|last=Mohammed|first=Murtala|title=Murtala Muhammed's First Address to Nigeria|accessdate=2007-06-16|work=Nigeriavillagesquare.com|publisher=Nigerian Village Square}}</ref> == Golle laana ndiwoowa == O naati e Departemaa Marine ko kadet e injenieer e heblo hedde 1940. E joofnirde heblo makko e hitaande 1945, o golliima e denndaangal laanaaji diwooje e nder Departemaa Marine. Nde konu ndiyam sosaa e hitaande 1956, o artiraa e konu ndiyam, o woni sub-lietnaa. E hitaande 1962, o toɗɗaa ko o gardiiɗo base e ofisee laana ndiwoowa kalfinaaɗo Apapa, Lagos. E hitaande 1966, o toɗɗaa Komiseer Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe ngam Sosde, o wonti tergal e Diisnondiral Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe. O artiraa e darndeeji keewɗi, o arti e darnde cakkitiinde, hono cukko amiir. == Retireede e maayde == O woppi golle makko e hitaande 1975 caggal kuudetaa baɗnooɗo faayiida mo Murtala Mohammed heɓi laamu, o lomtii laamu konu Seneraal Yakubu Gowon. O sankii ko ñalnde 12 desaambar 1991. == Darnde konu == Hitaande Insignia Darnde konu 1950 Injenieer nder geec 1956 Lietnaa-lietnaa e injenieer 1958 Lietnaa 1960 Lietnaa-komanndaa 1963 Kapiteen 1964 Komodo 1967 Amiral caggal leydi 1971 Cukko amiir == Tuugnorgal == 3hmnhxcbv3916dkfe5pxi547kyh92dp 0 42207 174324 2026-06-18T20:24:06Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174324 wikitext text/x-wiki jom njulaagu Wada Nas (1938 – 3 Yarkomaa 2005) ko dawruyanke Nijeernaajo. O jeyaa ko e terɗe 8 e nder fedde Northern Elements Progressive Union ngam golloraade e nder Parlemaa Fedde nde e nder laamu leydi Naajeeriya, caggal ɗuum o hawri e lannda ngenndiijo leydi Naajeeriya (NPN) e nder laamu leydi Naajeeriya ɗiɗaɓuru. O ummiima e darnde ngenndiire, o woni jaagorde e nder laamu konu Sani Abacha, teeŋti noon e wonde gooto e jaagorɗe tati diktatoor oo, jogiiɗe golle keewɗe, o anndiraa wonde gardiiɗo diisnondiral tiiɗngal e mawɗo propagandist laamu nguu. Nguurndam gadano Wadata Nasarawa jibinaa ko hitaande 1938 to nokku Nasarawa to Funtua to diiwaan Katsina to leydi Nijeer koloñaal. Ko kanko woni ɓiɗɗo gadano e sukaaɓe sappo e ɗiɗo ɓe baaba makko Mallam Ibraahiima jibini. O inniri mo ‘Wada’ ko neene makko, innde ummiinde e helmere Hausa ‘Wadata’ (keewgol) nde tawnoo kewu innde makko ina maantiniri ɗum e sadak baali nay, gooto e baaba makko, ɗiɗo e Waziri Katsina, gooto e Muhammadu Dikko, Emir Katsina. O woni yatim gila omo famɗi, o maayi baaba makko nde o woni duuɓi ɗiɗi, yumma makko Amina duuɓi nay caggal ɗuum. Nas nehi ɗum ko mawniiko biyeteeɗo Garba Nasarawa. Nas fuɗɗii jaŋde mum ko e duɗal leslesal to Funtua, o naati heen gila 1945 haa 1949. Caggal ɗuum o winnditii e duɗal hakkundeewal Katsina, nde o timmini jaŋde makko e hitaande 1954, o yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde jannginooɓe Katsina (KTC). E nder sahaa mo o woni e KTC, o ƴellitii nafoore politik, o wonti jiɗɗo Aminu Kano e fedde makko sosiyaalist en wiyeteende NEPU. O winndi Kano ngam hollude yiɗde makko naatde e NEPU, Kano jaabtii ɗum e hirjinde mo yo o timmin jaŋde makko ko adii. 8ryn2tp8w67mtlmftqkszfmz1e1l9nc 174325 174324 2026-06-18T20:27:22Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174325 wikitext text/x-wiki jom njulaagu Wada Nas (1938 – 3 Yarkomaa 2005) ko dawruyanke Nijeernaajo. O jeyaa ko e terɗe 8 e nder fedde Northern Elements Progressive Union ngam golloraade e nder Parlemaa Fedde nde e nder laamu leydi Naajeeriya, caggal ɗuum o hawri e lannda ngenndiijo leydi Naajeeriya (NPN) e nder laamu leydi Naajeeriya ɗiɗaɓuru. O ummiima e darnde ngenndiire, o woni jaagorde e nder laamu konu Sani Abacha, teeŋti noon e wonde gooto e jaagorɗe tati diktatoor oo, jogiiɗe golle keewɗe, o anndiraa wonde gardiiɗo diisnondiral tiiɗngal e mawɗo propagandist laamu nguu. Nguurndam gadano Wadata Nasarawa jibinaa ko hitaande 1938 to nokku Nasarawa to Funtua to diiwaan Katsina to leydi Nijeer koloñaal. Ko kanko woni ɓiɗɗo gadano e sukaaɓe sappo e ɗiɗo ɓe baaba makko Mallam Ibraahiima jibini. O inniri mo ‘Wada’ ko neene makko, innde ummiinde e helmere Hausa ‘Wadata’ (keewgol) nde tawnoo kewu innde makko ina maantiniri ɗum e sadak baali nay, gooto e baaba makko, ɗiɗo e Waziri Katsina, gooto e Muhammadu Dikko, Emir Katsina. O woni yatim gila omo famɗi, o maayi baaba makko nde o woni duuɓi ɗiɗi, yumma makko Amina duuɓi nay caggal ɗuum. Nas nehi ɗum ko mawniiko biyeteeɗo Garba Nasarawa. Nas fuɗɗii jaŋde mum ko e duɗal leslesal to Funtua, o naati heen gila 1945 haa 1949. Caggal ɗuum o winnditii e duɗal hakkundeewal Katsina, nde o timmini jaŋde makko e hitaande 1954, o yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde jannginooɓe Katsina (KTC). E nder sahaa mo o woni e KTC, o ƴellitii nafoore politik, o wonti jiɗɗo Aminu Kano e fedde makko sosiyaalist en wiyeteende NEPU. O winndi Kano ngam hollude yiɗde makko naatde e NEPU, Kano jaabtii ɗum e hirjinde mo yo o timmin jaŋde makko ko adii. Kugal E hitaande 1958, caggal nde o heɓi bak makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde KTC, Nas neldaa Dutsinma to diiwaan Katsina, o woni jannginoowo duɗal. Ko adii nde o ummotoo, o naati e NEPU e dow laawol. Caggal ɗuum o artiraa to wuro wiyeteengo Kaita, wuro woɗngo e nder diiwaan hee, ɗo o wiyi omo waɗa golle politik e innde NEPU. Tiɗnaare makko e kampaañ politik, haa jooni, addani mo toɗɗaade gardiiɗo jaagorɗe NEPU e nder diiwaan hee. Caggal ɗuum o artiraa kadi, oo sahaa to Kankara. E woote gardagol leydi 1959, Nas dañii jooɗorde e nder Parlemaa Fedde nde. NEPU fuɗɗii suɓaade mo ko ngam dogde e wuro makko Funtua. Kono, ina wiyee o ɗaɓɓiriino yo o tawtore e nder diiwaan Kankara/Kogo e nokku hee, sibu o miijii ko peccitagol nder leydi e nder fedde wiyeteende Kongres yimɓe worgo (NPC) rokki mo fartaŋŋe ɓurɗo moƴƴude ngam heɓde. O fooɗiino Hasan Rafindadi, Sarkin Yaki mo Katsina e kanndidaa NPC. Nas ina jeyaa e kanndidaaji 8 NEPU keɓnooɗi jooɗorɗe e nder suudu sarɗiiji leydi ndii, ɗo o woni tergal mum ɓurngal famɗude. O ɗaɓɓiriino suɓaade kadi e hitaande 1964 kono o fooli Abdullahi Usmaan Inde mo NPC. Caggal kuudetaa lewru Yarkomaa 1966, ko ɗum waɗi laamu Naajeeriya gadano, Nas arti Funtua, o fuɗɗii ndema. E nder laamu Republique ɗiɗaɓo, o arti e politik, o woni tergal lannda laamu leydi Najeriya (NPN). Kono, e gartugol laamu konu caggal kuudetaa 1983, o meeɗii hootde ndema. Laamu Abacha E gartugol politik partiiji caggal laamu konu Ibraahiima Babangida, Nas naati e kawtal leydi ndi (NRC), o toɗɗaa hooreejo lannda ka to diiwaan Katsina. O woniino ƴaañoowo daande woote gardagol leydi ñalnde 12 suwee 1993, ɗe kanndidaa lannda Sosiyaalist (SDP) hono M.K.O. Abiola, yalti ko e ƴaañoowo. Kiriis wooteeji ɗii, haa jooni, ƴettii mbaadi etno-regionalist, tawi luulndo ngoo ina heewi fecceede hakkunde politikaaji konservatiif en ummoriiɓe Fuɗnaange e Fuɗnaange bannge gooto, ko ɓuri heewde e politikaaji Yoruba ummoriiɓe Hirnaange bannge goɗɗo oo. Nas ina wallitnoo ustude woote ɗe Babangida waɗi, o jeertinii wonde « so en ƴeewtindiima ñalnde 12 suwee, ko ɗuum woni darnde leydi ndii ». E nder etaade ustude jiiɓru, Babangida woppi laamu, sosi laamu ngenndiwal (ING) e gardagol Ernest Shonekan. E noowammbar 1993, Seneraal Sani Abacha waɗi kuudetaa e ING, heɓti laamu. E fuɗɗoode ko o jaagorgal jaŋde, Nas toɗɗaa gooto e jaagorɗe tati Abacha jogiiɗe golle keewɗe e fuɗɗoode hitaande 1995. E wiyde jaayndiyanke biyeteeɗo Chris McGreal, ɗeen golle sosaa ko e « euphemisme ngam haɓaade luulndo ». Nas anndiraa ko daranaade golle laamu Abacha e yeeso yimɓe fof, tee, e wiyde makko, ko kanko woni mawɗo jaayndeyaagal laamu nguu. Duuɓi makko e nder darnde ndee kadi ina maantini e darnde ngam mooftude miijooji diiwaanuuji, diineeji, e leƴƴi, « ngam wallitde laamu nguu e hulɓinde, ustude walla leefɗinde luulndiiɓe laamu nguu ». E hitaande 1995, caggal nde laamu militeer en mbari winndiyanke biyeteeɗo Ken Saro-Wiwa e daraniiɓe Ogoni woɗɓe njeetato, Nas daranii golle njuɓɓudi ndii, ina tuuma laamuuji janani ina mballita e fitinaaji. Hitaande rewtunde ndee, o ñiŋii Amnesty International wonde « ƴaañoowo » , caggal nde gollotooɓe mum tato nanngaa, tawi ina njahra e jaɓɓungal ngal ammbasadeer Amerik biyeteeɗo Walter Carrington yuɓɓini. n2pds0yhdenwgnhgtzjvjj9t762fp0w 174326 174325 2026-06-18T20:29:54Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174326 wikitext text/x-wiki jom njulaagu Wada Nas (1938 – 3 Yarkomaa 2005) ko dawruyanke Nijeernaajo. O jeyaa ko e terɗe 8 e nder fedde Northern Elements Progressive Union ngam golloraade e nder Parlemaa Fedde nde e nder laamu leydi Naajeeriya, caggal ɗuum o hawri e lannda ngenndiijo leydi Naajeeriya (NPN) e nder laamu leydi Naajeeriya ɗiɗaɓuru. O ummiima e darnde ngenndiire, o woni jaagorde e nder laamu konu Sani Abacha, teeŋti noon e wonde gooto e jaagorɗe tati diktatoor oo, jogiiɗe golle keewɗe, o anndiraa wonde gardiiɗo diisnondiral tiiɗngal e mawɗo propagandist laamu nguu. Nguurndam gadano Wadata Nasarawa jibinaa ko hitaande 1938 to nokku Nasarawa to Funtua to diiwaan Katsina to leydi Nijeer koloñaal. Ko kanko woni ɓiɗɗo gadano e sukaaɓe sappo e ɗiɗo ɓe baaba makko Mallam Ibraahiima jibini. O inniri mo ‘Wada’ ko neene makko, innde ummiinde e helmere Hausa ‘Wadata’ (keewgol) nde tawnoo kewu innde makko ina maantiniri ɗum e sadak baali nay, gooto e baaba makko, ɗiɗo e Waziri Katsina, gooto e Muhammadu Dikko, Emir Katsina. O woni yatim gila omo famɗi, o maayi baaba makko nde o woni duuɓi ɗiɗi, yumma makko Amina duuɓi nay caggal ɗuum. Nas nehi ɗum ko mawniiko biyeteeɗo Garba Nasarawa. Nas fuɗɗii jaŋde mum ko e duɗal leslesal to Funtua, o naati heen gila 1945 haa 1949. Caggal ɗuum o winnditii e duɗal hakkundeewal Katsina, nde o timmini jaŋde makko e hitaande 1954, o yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde jannginooɓe Katsina (KTC). E nder sahaa mo o woni e KTC, o ƴellitii nafoore politik, o wonti jiɗɗo Aminu Kano e fedde makko sosiyaalist en wiyeteende NEPU. O winndi Kano ngam hollude yiɗde makko naatde e NEPU, Kano jaabtii ɗum e hirjinde mo yo o timmin jaŋde makko ko adii. Kugal E hitaande 1958, caggal nde o heɓi bak makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde KTC, Nas neldaa Dutsinma to diiwaan Katsina, o woni jannginoowo duɗal. Ko adii nde o ummotoo, o naati e NEPU e dow laawol. Caggal ɗuum o artiraa to wuro wiyeteengo Kaita, wuro woɗngo e nder diiwaan hee, ɗo o wiyi omo waɗa golle politik e innde NEPU. Tiɗnaare makko e kampaañ politik, haa jooni, addani mo toɗɗaade gardiiɗo jaagorɗe NEPU e nder diiwaan hee. Caggal ɗuum o artiraa kadi, oo sahaa to Kankara. E woote gardagol leydi 1959, Nas dañii jooɗorde e nder Parlemaa Fedde nde. NEPU fuɗɗii suɓaade mo ko ngam dogde e wuro makko Funtua. Kono, ina wiyee o ɗaɓɓiriino yo o tawtore e nder diiwaan Kankara/Kogo e nokku hee, sibu o miijii ko peccitagol nder leydi e nder fedde wiyeteende Kongres yimɓe worgo (NPC) rokki mo fartaŋŋe ɓurɗo moƴƴude ngam heɓde. O fooɗiino Hasan Rafindadi, Sarkin Yaki mo Katsina e kanndidaa NPC. Nas ina jeyaa e kanndidaaji 8 NEPU keɓnooɗi jooɗorɗe e nder suudu sarɗiiji leydi ndii, ɗo o woni tergal mum ɓurngal famɗude. O ɗaɓɓiriino suɓaade kadi e hitaande 1964 kono o fooli Abdullahi Usmaan Inde mo NPC. Caggal kuudetaa lewru Yarkomaa 1966, ko ɗum waɗi laamu Naajeeriya gadano, Nas arti Funtua, o fuɗɗii ndema. E nder laamu Republique ɗiɗaɓo, o arti e politik, o woni tergal lannda laamu leydi Najeriya (NPN). Kono, e gartugol laamu konu caggal kuudetaa 1983, o meeɗii hootde ndema. Laamu Abacha E gartugol politik partiiji caggal laamu konu Ibraahiima Babangida, Nas naati e kawtal leydi ndi (NRC), o toɗɗaa hooreejo lannda ka to diiwaan Katsina. O woniino ƴaañoowo daande woote gardagol leydi ñalnde 12 suwee 1993, ɗe kanndidaa lannda Sosiyaalist (SDP) hono M.K.O. Abiola, yalti ko e ƴaañoowo. Kiriis wooteeji ɗii, haa jooni, ƴettii mbaadi etno-regionalist, tawi luulndo ngoo ina heewi fecceede hakkunde politikaaji konservatiif en ummoriiɓe Fuɗnaange e Fuɗnaange bannge gooto, ko ɓuri heewde e politikaaji Yoruba ummoriiɓe Hirnaange bannge goɗɗo oo. Nas ina wallitnoo ustude woote ɗe Babangida waɗi, o jeertinii wonde « so en ƴeewtindiima ñalnde 12 suwee, ko ɗuum woni darnde leydi ndii ». E nder etaade ustude jiiɓru, Babangida woppi laamu, sosi laamu ngenndiwal (ING) e gardagol Ernest Shonekan. E noowammbar 1993, Seneraal Sani Abacha waɗi kuudetaa e ING, heɓti laamu. E fuɗɗoode ko o jaagorgal jaŋde, Nas toɗɗaa gooto e jaagorɗe tati Abacha jogiiɗe golle keewɗe e fuɗɗoode hitaande 1995. E wiyde jaayndiyanke biyeteeɗo Chris McGreal, ɗeen golle sosaa ko e « euphemisme ngam haɓaade luulndo ». Nas anndiraa ko daranaade golle laamu Abacha e yeeso yimɓe fof, tee, e wiyde makko, ko kanko woni mawɗo jaayndeyaagal laamu nguu. Duuɓi makko e nder darnde ndee kadi ina maantini e darnde ngam mooftude miijooji diiwaanuuji, diineeji, e leƴƴi, « ngam wallitde laamu nguu e hulɓinde, ustude walla leefɗinde luulndiiɓe laamu nguu ». E hitaande 1995, caggal nde laamu militeer en mbari winndiyanke biyeteeɗo Ken Saro-Wiwa e daraniiɓe Ogoni woɗɓe njeetato, Nas daranii golle njuɓɓudi ndii, ina tuuma laamuuji janani ina mballita e fitinaaji. Hitaande rewtunde ndee, o ñiŋii Amnesty International wonde « ƴaañoowo » , caggal nde gollotooɓe mum tato nanngaa, tawi ina njahra e jaɓɓungal ngal ammbasadeer Amerik biyeteeɗo Walter Carrington yuɓɓini. E lewru suwee 1997, nde soldateeɓe jogiiɓe kaɓirɗe keewɗe ndartini fedde salminaango Carrington, nde ɓe mbaɗi ngam teddinde mo nde o joofni golle makko e gardagol ammbasadeer Amerik to Nijeer, Nas tuumi Carrington ko ɗum waɗi ɗum. O teskiima wonde laamu ammbasadeer oo ko « duuɓi nay bonɗi, tawi hay huunde waɗaaka hakkunde leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee to bannge faggudu, pinal, walla politik ». Nas wallitori sosde lannda Demokaraasi Naajeeriya (DPN), gootal nder lanndaaji siyaasaaku jowi sosaaɗi les taskaramji Abacha. Hono no lanndaaji keddiiɗi ɗii nii, DPN jaɓii Abacha wonde kanndidaa mum e woote gardagol leydi 1998, ko ɗum huunde nde Nas ƴetti ngam hollirde "yiɗde Nijeernaaɓe.": 183 Abacha maayi ko lebbi ɗiɗi ko adii nde woote ɗee mbaɗata.: 123 E jamaanu Abacha, jaayndeeji leydi Naajeeriya ndokki Nas inɗe keewɗe ɗe njiyataa, ko wayi no ‘Wada Noise’, ‘Wada Nasty’, ‘Wada Nonsense’, e ‘Wada NADECO’, cakkitiinde ndee ko tuugnorgal fedde toppitiinde demokaraasi (NADECO), nde luulndii militeer en. Republique nayaɓere Caggal maayde Abacha, Seneraal Abdulsalaami Abubakar lomtii mo, o fuɗɗii waylude leydi Nijeer e demokaraasi. Ñalnde 1 sulyee 1998, Nas kam e wondiiɓe mum Wole Oyelese e Laazarus Unaogu loppitaa e laamu. To Ndenndaandi Nayaɓiri Nijeer, Nas sosi lannda Kisnugol Leñol. O woniino balloowo mawɗo Seneraal Muhammadu Buhari, o jaɓi kanndidaagal makko ngam suɓaade hooreejo leydi. O woniino kadi tergal e fedde Buhari (TBO), fedde siyaasaagal sosaande ngam wallitde Buhari e suɓaade hooreejo leydi. Nas wonti ƴamoowo hooreejo leydi Olusegun Obasanjo e binndi mum. O tuumi Obasanjo dow huuwugo ajendaaji suuɗiiɗi ngam wallugo Yoruba'en, nden o wi'i ardiiɓe siyaasaaku Yoruba'en ɗon mari haaje ƴamɗe lesdi Naajeeriya, ɓe ɗon mari haaje toɗɗaago Yoruba'en e Kirista'en. E hitaande 1999, caggal nde fedde ngenndiyaŋkoore wiyeteende Oodua Peoples Congress (OPC) waɗi njangu bonngu e dow ko ɓuri heewde e Hausaaji worgo to Lagos, Nas tuumi Obasanjo sabu waasde waɗde feere ngam haɓaade OPC. O jeertinii wonde "fuɗnaange jooɗotoo ko e ŋoŋɗi, ina ndaara yimɓe mum ina mbaraa e nder fuɗnaange-rewo... Fuɗnaange-rewo ina jogori yoɓde so tawii laamu nguu saliima reende yimɓe mum en e fuɗnaange-rewo, ina ñaawa waɗooɓe bonanndeeji ɗii." Nas ina joginoo rewɓe ɗiɗo e sukaaɓe noogas. O sankii ko ñalnde 3 Yarkomaa 2005. Tuugnorgal ll53n149jphrk9b5tv773lxjfndqm2d 174327 174326 2026-06-18T20:31:29Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174327 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wada Nas''' (1938 – 3 Yarkomaa 2005) ko dawruyanke Nijeernaajo. O jeyaa ko e terɗe 8 e nder fedde Northern Elements Progressive Union ngam golloraade e nder Parlemaa Fedde nde e nder laamu leydi Naajeeriya, caggal ɗuum o hawri e lannda ngenndiijo leydi Naajeeriya (NPN) e nder laamu leydi Naajeeriya ɗiɗaɓuru. O ummiima e darnde ngenndiire, o woni jaagorde e nder laamu konu Sani Abacha, teeŋti noon e wonde gooto e jaagorɗe tati diktatoor oo, jogiiɗe golle keewɗe, o anndiraa wonde gardiiɗo diisnondiral tiiɗngal e mawɗo propagandist laamu nguu. == Nguurndam gadano == Wadata Nasarawa jibinaa ko hitaande 1938 to nokku Nasarawa to Funtua to diiwaan Katsina to leydi Nijeer koloñaal. Ko kanko woni ɓiɗɗo gadano e sukaaɓe sappo e ɗiɗo ɓe baaba makko Mallam Ibraahiima jibini. O inniri mo ‘Wada’ ko neene makko, innde ummiinde e helmere Hausa ‘Wadata’ (keewgol) nde tawnoo kewu innde makko ina maantiniri ɗum e sadak baali nay, gooto e baaba makko, ɗiɗo e Waziri Katsina, gooto e Muhammadu Dikko, Emir Katsina. O woni yatim gila omo famɗi, o maayi baaba makko nde o woni duuɓi ɗiɗi, yumma makko Amina duuɓi nay caggal ɗuum. Nas nehi ɗum ko mawniiko biyeteeɗo Garba Nasarawa. Nas fuɗɗii jaŋde mum ko e duɗal leslesal to Funtua, o naati heen gila 1945 haa 1949. Caggal ɗuum o winnditii e duɗal hakkundeewal Katsina, nde o timmini jaŋde makko e hitaande 1954, o yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde jannginooɓe Katsina (KTC). E nder sahaa mo o woni e KTC, o ƴellitii nafoore politik, o wonti jiɗɗo Aminu Kano e fedde makko sosiyaalist en wiyeteende NEPU. O winndi Kano ngam hollude yiɗde makko naatde e NEPU, Kano jaabtii ɗum e hirjinde mo yo o timmin jaŋde makko ko adii. == Kugal == E hitaande 1958, caggal nde o heɓi bak makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde KTC, Nas neldaa Dutsinma to diiwaan Katsina, o woni jannginoowo duɗal. Ko adii nde o ummotoo, o naati e NEPU e dow laawol. Caggal ɗuum o artiraa to wuro wiyeteengo Kaita, wuro woɗngo e nder diiwaan hee, ɗo o wiyi omo waɗa golle politik e innde NEPU. Tiɗnaare makko e kampaañ politik, haa jooni, addani mo toɗɗaade gardiiɗo jaagorɗe NEPU e nder diiwaan hee. Caggal ɗuum o artiraa kadi, oo sahaa to Kankara. E woote gardagol leydi 1959, Nas dañii jooɗorde e nder Parlemaa Fedde nde. NEPU fuɗɗii suɓaade mo ko ngam dogde e wuro makko Funtua. Kono, ina wiyee o ɗaɓɓiriino yo o tawtore e nder diiwaan Kankara/Kogo e nokku hee, sibu o miijii ko peccitagol nder leydi e nder fedde wiyeteende Kongres yimɓe worgo (NPC) rokki mo fartaŋŋe ɓurɗo moƴƴude ngam heɓde. O fooɗiino Hasan Rafindadi, Sarkin Yaki mo Katsina e kanndidaa NPC. Nas ina jeyaa e kanndidaaji 8 NEPU keɓnooɗi jooɗorɗe e nder suudu sarɗiiji leydi ndii, ɗo o woni tergal mum ɓurngal famɗude. O ɗaɓɓiriino suɓaade kadi e hitaande 1964 kono o fooli Abdullahi Usmaan Inde mo NPC. Caggal kuudetaa lewru Yarkomaa 1966, ko ɗum waɗi laamu Naajeeriya gadano, Nas arti Funtua, o fuɗɗii ndema. E nder laamu Republique ɗiɗaɓo, o arti e politik, o woni tergal lannda laamu leydi Najeriya (NPN). Kono, e gartugol laamu konu caggal kuudetaa 1983, o meeɗii hootde ndema. == Laamu Abacha == E gartugol politik partiiji caggal laamu konu Ibraahiima Babangida, Nas naati e kawtal leydi ndi (NRC), o toɗɗaa hooreejo lannda ka to diiwaan Katsina. O woniino ƴaañoowo daande woote gardagol leydi ñalnde 12 suwee 1993, ɗe kanndidaa lannda Sosiyaalist (SDP) hono M.K.O. Abiola, yalti ko e ƴaañoowo. Kiriis wooteeji ɗii, haa jooni, ƴettii mbaadi etno-regionalist, tawi luulndo ngoo ina heewi fecceede hakkunde politikaaji konservatiif en ummoriiɓe Fuɗnaange e Fuɗnaange bannge gooto, ko ɓuri heewde e politikaaji Yoruba ummoriiɓe Hirnaange bannge goɗɗo oo. Nas ina wallitnoo ustude woote ɗe Babangida waɗi, o jeertinii wonde « so en ƴeewtindiima ñalnde 12 suwee, ko ɗuum woni darnde leydi ndii ». E nder etaade ustude jiiɓru, Babangida woppi laamu, sosi laamu ngenndiwal (ING) e gardagol Ernest Shonekan. E noowammbar 1993, Seneraal Sani Abacha waɗi kuudetaa e ING, heɓti laamu. E fuɗɗoode ko o jaagorgal jaŋde, Nas toɗɗaa gooto e jaagorɗe tati Abacha jogiiɗe golle keewɗe e fuɗɗoode hitaande 1995. E wiyde jaayndiyanke biyeteeɗo Chris McGreal, ɗeen golle sosaa ko e « euphemisme ngam haɓaade luulndo ». Nas anndiraa ko daranaade golle laamu Abacha e yeeso yimɓe fof, tee, e wiyde makko, ko kanko woni mawɗo jaayndeyaagal laamu nguu. Duuɓi makko e nder darnde ndee kadi ina maantini e darnde ngam mooftude miijooji diiwaanuuji, diineeji, e leƴƴi, « ngam wallitde laamu nguu e hulɓinde, ustude walla leefɗinde luulndiiɓe laamu nguu ». E hitaande 1995, caggal nde laamu militeer en mbari winndiyanke biyeteeɗo Ken Saro-Wiwa e daraniiɓe Ogoni woɗɓe njeetato, Nas daranii golle njuɓɓudi ndii, ina tuuma laamuuji janani ina mballita e fitinaaji. Hitaande rewtunde ndee, o ñiŋii Amnesty International wonde « ƴaañoowo » , caggal nde gollotooɓe mum tato nanngaa, tawi ina njahra e jaɓɓungal ngal ammbasadeer Amerik biyeteeɗo Walter Carrington yuɓɓini. E lewru suwee 1997, nde soldateeɓe jogiiɓe kaɓirɗe keewɗe ndartini fedde salminaango Carrington, nde ɓe mbaɗi ngam teddinde mo nde o joofni golle makko e gardagol ammbasadeer Amerik to Nijeer, Nas tuumi Carrington ko ɗum waɗi ɗum. O teskiima wonde laamu ammbasadeer oo ko « duuɓi nay bonɗi, tawi hay huunde waɗaaka hakkunde leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee to bannge faggudu, pinal, walla politik ». Nas wallitori sosde lannda Demokaraasi Naajeeriya (DPN), gootal nder lanndaaji siyaasaaku jowi sosaaɗi les taskaramji Abacha. Hono no lanndaaji keddiiɗi ɗii nii, DPN jaɓii Abacha wonde kanndidaa mum e woote gardagol leydi 1998, ko ɗum huunde nde Nas ƴetti ngam hollirde "yiɗde Nijeernaaɓe.": 183 Abacha maayi ko lebbi ɗiɗi ko adii nde woote ɗee mbaɗata.: 123 E jamaanu Abacha, jaayndeeji leydi Naajeeriya ndokki Nas inɗe keewɗe ɗe njiyataa, ko wayi no ‘Wada Noise’, ‘Wada Nasty’, ‘Wada Nonsense’, e ‘Wada NADECO’, cakkitiinde ndee ko tuugnorgal fedde toppitiinde demokaraasi (NADECO), nde luulndii militeer en. == Republique nayaɓere == Caggal maayde Abacha, Seneraal Abdulsalaami Abubakar lomtii mo, o fuɗɗii waylude leydi Nijeer e demokaraasi. Ñalnde 1 sulyee 1998, Nas kam e wondiiɓe mum Wole Oyelese e Laazarus Unaogu loppitaa e laamu. To Ndenndaandi Nayaɓiri Nijeer, Nas sosi lannda Kisnugol Leñol. O woniino balloowo mawɗo Seneraal Muhammadu Buhari, o jaɓi kanndidaagal makko ngam suɓaade hooreejo leydi. O woniino kadi tergal e fedde Buhari (TBO), fedde siyaasaagal sosaande ngam wallitde Buhari e suɓaade hooreejo leydi. Nas wonti ƴamoowo hooreejo leydi Olusegun Obasanjo e binndi mum. O tuumi Obasanjo dow huuwugo ajendaaji suuɗiiɗi ngam wallugo Yoruba'en, nden o wi'i ardiiɓe siyaasaaku Yoruba'en ɗon mari haaje ƴamɗe lesdi Naajeeriya, ɓe ɗon mari haaje toɗɗaago Yoruba'en e Kirista'en. E hitaande 1999, caggal nde fedde ngenndiyaŋkoore wiyeteende Oodua Peoples Congress (OPC) waɗi njangu bonngu e dow ko ɓuri heewde e Hausaaji worgo to Lagos, Nas tuumi Obasanjo sabu waasde waɗde feere ngam haɓaade OPC. O jeertinii wonde "fuɗnaange jooɗotoo ko e ŋoŋɗi, ina ndaara yimɓe mum ina mbaraa e nder fuɗnaange-rewo... Fuɗnaange-rewo ina jogori yoɓde so tawii laamu nguu saliima reende yimɓe mum en e fuɗnaange-rewo, ina ñaawa waɗooɓe bonanndeeji ɗii." Nas ina joginoo rewɓe ɗiɗo e sukaaɓe noogas. O sankii ko ñalnde 3 Yarkomaa 2005. == Tuugnorgal == gqr1jfjtxqoi10h6mpgotqfdooas3o5 174328 174327 2026-06-18T20:32:16Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Wada Nas''' (1938 – 3 Yarkomaa 2005) ko dawruyanke Nijeernaajo. O jeyaa ko e terɗe 8 e nder fedde Northern Elements Progressive Union ngam golloraade e nder Parlemaa Fedde nde e nder laamu leydi Naajeeriya, caggal ɗuum o hawri e lannda ngenndiijo leydi Naajeeriya (NPN) e nder laamu leydi Naajeeriya ɗiɗaɓuru. O ummiima e darnde ngenndiire, o woni jaagorde e nder laamu konu Sani Abacha, teeŋti noon e wonde gooto e jaagorɗe tati diktatoor oo, jogiiɗe golle keewɗe, o anndiraa wonde gardiiɗo diisnondiral tiiɗngal e mawɗo propagandist laamu nguu. == Nguurndam gadano == Wadata Nasarawa jibinaa ko hitaande 1938 to nokku Nasarawa to Funtua to diiwaan Katsina to leydi Nijeer koloñaal. Ko kanko woni ɓiɗɗo gadano e sukaaɓe sappo e ɗiɗo ɓe baaba makko Mallam Ibraahiima jibini. O inniri mo ‘Wada’ ko neene makko, innde ummiinde e helmere Hausa ‘Wadata’ (keewgol) nde tawnoo kewu innde makko ina maantiniri ɗum e sadak baali nay, gooto e baaba makko, ɗiɗo e Waziri Katsina, gooto e Muhammadu Dikko, Emir Katsina. O woni yatim gila omo famɗi, o maayi baaba makko nde o woni duuɓi ɗiɗi, yumma makko Amina duuɓi nay caggal ɗuum. Nas nehi ɗum ko mawniiko biyeteeɗo Garba Nasarawa. Nas fuɗɗii jaŋde mum ko e duɗal leslesal to Funtua, o naati heen gila 1945 haa 1949. Caggal ɗuum o winnditii e duɗal hakkundeewal Katsina, nde o timmini jaŋde makko e hitaande 1954, o yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde jannginooɓe Katsina (KTC). E nder sahaa mo o woni e KTC, o ƴellitii nafoore politik, o wonti jiɗɗo Aminu Kano e fedde makko sosiyaalist en wiyeteende NEPU. O winndi Kano ngam hollude yiɗde makko naatde e NEPU, Kano jaabtii ɗum e hirjinde mo yo o timmin jaŋde makko ko adii. == Kugal == E hitaande 1958, caggal nde o heɓi bak makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde KTC, Nas neldaa Dutsinma to diiwaan Katsina, o woni jannginoowo duɗal. Ko adii nde o ummotoo, o naati e NEPU e dow laawol. Caggal ɗuum o artiraa to wuro wiyeteengo Kaita, wuro woɗngo e nder diiwaan hee, ɗo o wiyi omo waɗa golle politik e innde NEPU. Tiɗnaare makko e kampaañ politik, haa jooni, addani mo toɗɗaade gardiiɗo jaagorɗe NEPU e nder diiwaan hee. Caggal ɗuum o artiraa kadi, oo sahaa to Kankara. E woote gardagol leydi 1959, Nas dañii jooɗorde e nder Parlemaa Fedde nde. NEPU fuɗɗii suɓaade mo ko ngam dogde e wuro makko Funtua. Kono, ina wiyee o ɗaɓɓiriino yo o tawtore e nder diiwaan Kankara/Kogo e nokku hee, sibu o miijii ko peccitagol nder leydi e nder fedde wiyeteende Kongres yimɓe worgo (NPC) rokki mo fartaŋŋe ɓurɗo moƴƴude ngam heɓde. O fooɗiino Hasan Rafindadi, Sarkin Yaki mo Katsina e kanndidaa NPC. Nas ina jeyaa e kanndidaaji 8 NEPU keɓnooɗi jooɗorɗe e nder suudu sarɗiiji leydi ndii, ɗo o woni tergal mum ɓurngal famɗude. O ɗaɓɓiriino suɓaade kadi e hitaande 1964 kono o fooli Abdullahi Usmaan Inde mo NPC. Caggal kuudetaa lewru Yarkomaa 1966, ko ɗum waɗi laamu Naajeeriya gadano, Nas arti Funtua, o fuɗɗii ndema. E nder laamu Republique ɗiɗaɓo, o arti e politik, o woni tergal lannda laamu leydi Najeriya (NPN). Kono, e gartugol laamu konu caggal kuudetaa 1983, o meeɗii hootde ndema. == Laamu Abacha == E gartugol politik partiiji caggal laamu konu Ibraahiima Babangida, Nas naati e kawtal leydi ndi (NRC), o toɗɗaa hooreejo lannda ka to diiwaan Katsina. O woniino ƴaañoowo daande woote gardagol leydi ñalnde 12 suwee 1993, ɗe kanndidaa lannda Sosiyaalist (SDP) hono M.K.O. Abiola, yalti ko e ƴaañoowo. Kiriis wooteeji ɗii, haa jooni, ƴettii mbaadi etno-regionalist, tawi luulndo ngoo ina heewi fecceede hakkunde politikaaji konservatiif en ummoriiɓe Fuɗnaange e Fuɗnaange bannge gooto, ko ɓuri heewde e politikaaji Yoruba ummoriiɓe Hirnaange bannge goɗɗo oo. Nas ina wallitnoo ustude woote ɗe Babangida waɗi, o jeertinii wonde « so en ƴeewtindiima ñalnde 12 suwee, ko ɗuum woni darnde leydi ndii ». E nder etaade ustude jiiɓru, Babangida woppi laamu, sosi laamu ngenndiwal (ING) e gardagol Ernest Shonekan. E noowammbar 1993, Seneraal Sani Abacha waɗi kuudetaa e ING, heɓti laamu. E fuɗɗoode ko o jaagorgal jaŋde, Nas toɗɗaa gooto e jaagorɗe tati Abacha jogiiɗe golle keewɗe e fuɗɗoode hitaande 1995. E wiyde jaayndiyanke biyeteeɗo Chris McGreal, ɗeen golle sosaa ko e « euphemisme ngam haɓaade luulndo ». Nas anndiraa ko daranaade golle laamu Abacha e yeeso yimɓe fof, tee, e wiyde makko, ko kanko woni mawɗo jaayndeyaagal laamu nguu. Duuɓi makko e nder darnde ndee kadi ina maantini e darnde ngam mooftude miijooji diiwaanuuji, diineeji, e leƴƴi, « ngam wallitde laamu nguu e hulɓinde, ustude walla leefɗinde luulndiiɓe laamu nguu ». E hitaande 1995, caggal nde laamu militeer en mbari winndiyanke biyeteeɗo Ken Saro-Wiwa e daraniiɓe Ogoni woɗɓe njeetato, Nas daranii golle njuɓɓudi ndii, ina tuuma laamuuji janani ina mballita e fitinaaji. Hitaande rewtunde ndee, o ñiŋii Amnesty International wonde « ƴaañoowo » , caggal nde gollotooɓe mum tato nanngaa, tawi ina njahra e jaɓɓungal ngal ammbasadeer Amerik biyeteeɗo Walter Carrington yuɓɓini. E lewru suwee 1997, nde soldateeɓe jogiiɓe kaɓirɗe keewɗe ndartini fedde salminaango Carrington, nde ɓe mbaɗi ngam teddinde mo nde o joofni golle makko e gardagol ammbasadeer Amerik to Nijeer, Nas tuumi Carrington ko ɗum waɗi ɗum. O teskiima wonde laamu ammbasadeer oo ko « duuɓi nay bonɗi, tawi hay huunde waɗaaka hakkunde leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee to bannge faggudu, pinal, walla politik ». Nas wallitori sosde lannda Demokaraasi Naajeeriya (DPN), gootal nder lanndaaji siyaasaaku jowi sosaaɗi les taskaramji Abacha. Hono no lanndaaji keddiiɗi ɗii nii, DPN jaɓii Abacha wonde kanndidaa mum e woote gardagol leydi 1998, ko ɗum huunde nde Nas ƴetti ngam hollirde "yiɗde Nijeernaaɓe.": 183 Abacha maayi ko lebbi ɗiɗi ko adii nde woote ɗee mbaɗata.: 123 E jamaanu Abacha, jaayndeeji leydi Naajeeriya ndokki Nas inɗe keewɗe ɗe njiyataa, ko wayi no ‘Wada Noise’, ‘Wada Nasty’, ‘Wada Nonsense’, e ‘Wada NADECO’, cakkitiinde ndee ko tuugnorgal fedde toppitiinde demokaraasi (NADECO), nde luulndii militeer en. == Republique nayaɓere == Caggal maayde Abacha, Seneraal Abdulsalaami Abubakar lomtii mo, o fuɗɗii waylude leydi Nijeer e demokaraasi. Ñalnde 1 sulyee 1998, Nas kam e wondiiɓe mum Wole Oyelese e Laazarus Unaogu loppitaa e laamu. To Ndenndaandi Nayaɓiri Nijeer, Nas sosi lannda Kisnugol Leñol. O woniino balloowo mawɗo Seneraal Muhammadu Buhari, o jaɓi kanndidaagal makko ngam suɓaade hooreejo leydi. O woniino kadi tergal e fedde Buhari (TBO), fedde siyaasaagal sosaande ngam wallitde Buhari e suɓaade hooreejo leydi. Nas wonti ƴamoowo hooreejo leydi Olusegun Obasanjo e binndi mum. O tuumi Obasanjo dow huuwugo ajendaaji suuɗiiɗi ngam wallugo Yoruba'en, nden o wi'i ardiiɓe siyaasaaku Yoruba'en ɗon mari haaje ƴamɗe lesdi Naajeeriya, ɓe ɗon mari haaje toɗɗaago Yoruba'en e Kirista'en. E hitaande 1999, caggal nde fedde ngenndiyaŋkoore wiyeteende Oodua Peoples Congress (OPC) waɗi njangu bonngu e dow ko ɓuri heewde e Hausaaji worgo to Lagos, Nas tuumi Obasanjo sabu waasde waɗde feere ngam haɓaade OPC. O jeertinii wonde "fuɗnaange jooɗotoo ko e ŋoŋɗi, ina ndaara yimɓe mum ina mbaraa e nder fuɗnaange-rewo... Fuɗnaange-rewo ina jogori yoɓde so tawii laamu nguu saliima reende yimɓe mum en e fuɗnaange-rewo, ina ñaawa waɗooɓe bonanndeeji ɗii." Nas ina joginoo rewɓe ɗiɗo e sukaaɓe noogas. O sankii ko ñalnde 3 Yarkomaa 2005. == Tuugnorgal == 11v1bubqfdsaro9vuj99jzku6mnbsxz 174329 174328 2026-06-18T20:34:16Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Wada Nas''' (1938 – 3 Yarkomaa 2005) ko dawruyanke Nijeernaajo. O jeyaa ko e terɗe 8 e nder fedde Northern Elements Progressive Union ngam golloraade e nder Parlemaa Fedde nde e nder laamu leydi Naajeeriya, caggal ɗuum o hawri e lannda ngenndiijo leydi Naajeeriya (NPN) e nder laamu leydi Naajeeriya ɗiɗaɓuru. O ummiima e darnde ngenndiire, o woni jaagorde e nder laamu konu Sani Abacha, teeŋti noon e wonde gooto e jaagorɗe tati diktatoor oo, jogiiɗe golle keewɗe, o anndiraa wonde gardiiɗo diisnondiral tiiɗngal e mawɗo propagandist laamu nguu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Nas|first=Usman Wada|date=2018-01-07|title=Remembering late Wada Nas|url=https://dailytrust.com/remembering-late-wada-nas/|access-date=2025-02-06|newspaper=[[Media Trust|Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Adenekan|first=Shola Adenekan|date=2005-02-11|title=Wada Nas|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/feb/11/guardianobituaries|access-date=2025-02-05|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Nguurndam gadano == Wadata Nasarawa jibinaa ko hitaande 1938 to nokku Nasarawa to Funtua to diiwaan Katsina to leydi Nijeer koloñaal. Ko kanko woni ɓiɗɗo gadano e sukaaɓe sappo e ɗiɗo ɓe baaba makko Mallam Ibraahiima jibini. O inniri mo ‘Wada’ ko neene makko, innde ummiinde e helmere Hausa ‘Wadata’ (keewgol) nde tawnoo kewu innde makko ina maantiniri ɗum e sadak baali nay, gooto e baaba makko, ɗiɗo e Waziri Katsina, gooto e Muhammadu Dikko, Emir Katsina. O woni yatim gila omo famɗi, o maayi baaba makko nde o woni duuɓi ɗiɗi, yumma makko Amina duuɓi nay caggal ɗuum. Nas nehi ɗum ko mawniiko biyeteeɗo Garba Nasarawa. Nas fuɗɗii jaŋde mum ko e duɗal leslesal to Funtua, o naati heen gila 1945 haa 1949. Caggal ɗuum o winnditii e duɗal hakkundeewal Katsina, nde o timmini jaŋde makko e hitaande 1954, o yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde jannginooɓe Katsina (KTC). E nder sahaa mo o woni e KTC, o ƴellitii nafoore politik, o wonti jiɗɗo Aminu Kano e fedde makko sosiyaalist en wiyeteende NEPU. O winndi Kano ngam hollude yiɗde makko naatde e NEPU, Kano jaabtii ɗum e hirjinde mo yo o timmin jaŋde makko ko adii. == Kugal == E hitaande 1958, caggal nde o heɓi bak makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde KTC, Nas neldaa Dutsinma to diiwaan Katsina, o woni jannginoowo duɗal. Ko adii nde o ummotoo, o naati e NEPU e dow laawol. Caggal ɗuum o artiraa to wuro wiyeteengo Kaita, wuro woɗngo e nder diiwaan hee, ɗo o wiyi omo waɗa golle politik e innde NEPU. Tiɗnaare makko e kampaañ politik, haa jooni, addani mo toɗɗaade gardiiɗo jaagorɗe NEPU e nder diiwaan hee. Caggal ɗuum o artiraa kadi, oo sahaa to Kankara. E woote gardagol leydi 1959, Nas dañii jooɗorde e nder Parlemaa Fedde nde. NEPU fuɗɗii suɓaade mo ko ngam dogde e wuro makko Funtua. Kono, ina wiyee o ɗaɓɓiriino yo o tawtore e nder diiwaan Kankara/Kogo e nokku hee, sibu o miijii ko peccitagol nder leydi e nder fedde wiyeteende Kongres yimɓe worgo (NPC) rokki mo fartaŋŋe ɓurɗo moƴƴude ngam heɓde. O fooɗiino Hasan Rafindadi, Sarkin Yaki mo Katsina e kanndidaa NPC. Nas ina jeyaa e kanndidaaji 8 NEPU keɓnooɗi jooɗorɗe e nder suudu sarɗiiji leydi ndii, ɗo o woni tergal mum ɓurngal famɗude. O ɗaɓɓiriino suɓaade kadi e hitaande 1964 kono o fooli Abdullahi Usmaan Inde mo NPC. Caggal kuudetaa lewru Yarkomaa 1966, ko ɗum waɗi laamu Naajeeriya gadano, Nas arti Funtua, o fuɗɗii ndema. E nder laamu Republique ɗiɗaɓo, o arti e politik, o woni tergal lannda laamu leydi Najeriya (NPN). Kono, e gartugol laamu konu caggal kuudetaa 1983, o meeɗii hootde ndema. == Laamu Abacha == E gartugol politik partiiji caggal laamu konu Ibraahiima Babangida, Nas naati e kawtal leydi ndi (NRC), o toɗɗaa hooreejo lannda ka to diiwaan Katsina. O woniino ƴaañoowo daande woote gardagol leydi ñalnde 12 suwee 1993, ɗe kanndidaa lannda Sosiyaalist (SDP) hono M.K.O. Abiola, yalti ko e ƴaañoowo. Kiriis wooteeji ɗii, haa jooni, ƴettii mbaadi etno-regionalist, tawi luulndo ngoo ina heewi fecceede hakkunde politikaaji konservatiif en ummoriiɓe Fuɗnaange e Fuɗnaange bannge gooto, ko ɓuri heewde e politikaaji Yoruba ummoriiɓe Hirnaange bannge goɗɗo oo. Nas ina wallitnoo ustude woote ɗe Babangida waɗi, o jeertinii wonde « so en ƴeewtindiima ñalnde 12 suwee, ko ɗuum woni darnde leydi ndii ». E nder etaade ustude jiiɓru, Babangida woppi laamu, sosi laamu ngenndiwal (ING) e gardagol Ernest Shonekan. E noowammbar 1993, Seneraal Sani Abacha waɗi kuudetaa e ING, heɓti laamu. E fuɗɗoode ko o jaagorgal jaŋde, Nas toɗɗaa gooto e jaagorɗe tati Abacha jogiiɗe golle keewɗe e fuɗɗoode hitaande 1995. E wiyde jaayndiyanke biyeteeɗo Chris McGreal, ɗeen golle sosaa ko e « euphemisme ngam haɓaade luulndo ». Nas anndiraa ko daranaade golle laamu Abacha e yeeso yimɓe fof, tee, e wiyde makko, ko kanko woni mawɗo jaayndeyaagal laamu nguu. Duuɓi makko e nder darnde ndee kadi ina maantini e darnde ngam mooftude miijooji diiwaanuuji, diineeji, e leƴƴi, « ngam wallitde laamu nguu e hulɓinde, ustude walla leefɗinde luulndiiɓe laamu nguu ». E hitaande 1995, caggal nde laamu militeer en mbari winndiyanke biyeteeɗo Ken Saro-Wiwa e daraniiɓe Ogoni woɗɓe njeetato, Nas daranii golle njuɓɓudi ndii, ina tuuma laamuuji janani ina mballita e fitinaaji. Hitaande rewtunde ndee, o ñiŋii Amnesty International wonde « ƴaañoowo » , caggal nde gollotooɓe mum tato nanngaa, tawi ina njahra e jaɓɓungal ngal ammbasadeer Amerik biyeteeɗo Walter Carrington yuɓɓini. E lewru suwee 1997, nde soldateeɓe jogiiɓe kaɓirɗe keewɗe ndartini fedde salminaango Carrington, nde ɓe mbaɗi ngam teddinde mo nde o joofni golle makko e gardagol ammbasadeer Amerik to Nijeer, Nas tuumi Carrington ko ɗum waɗi ɗum. O teskiima wonde laamu ammbasadeer oo ko « duuɓi nay bonɗi, tawi hay huunde waɗaaka hakkunde leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee to bannge faggudu, pinal, walla politik ». Nas wallitori sosde lannda Demokaraasi Naajeeriya (DPN), gootal nder lanndaaji siyaasaaku jowi sosaaɗi les taskaramji Abacha. Hono no lanndaaji keddiiɗi ɗii nii, DPN jaɓii Abacha wonde kanndidaa mum e woote gardagol leydi 1998, ko ɗum huunde nde Nas ƴetti ngam hollirde "yiɗde Nijeernaaɓe.": 183 Abacha maayi ko lebbi ɗiɗi ko adii nde woote ɗee mbaɗata.: 123 E jamaanu Abacha, jaayndeeji leydi Naajeeriya ndokki Nas inɗe keewɗe ɗe njiyataa, ko wayi no ‘Wada Noise’, ‘Wada Nasty’, ‘Wada Nonsense’, e ‘Wada NADECO’, cakkitiinde ndee ko tuugnorgal fedde toppitiinde demokaraasi (NADECO), nde luulndii militeer en. == Republique nayaɓere == Caggal maayde Abacha, Seneraal Abdulsalaami Abubakar lomtii mo, o fuɗɗii waylude leydi Nijeer e demokaraasi. Ñalnde 1 sulyee 1998, Nas kam e wondiiɓe mum Wole Oyelese e Laazarus Unaogu loppitaa e laamu. To Ndenndaandi Nayaɓiri Nijeer, Nas sosi lannda Kisnugol Leñol. O woniino balloowo mawɗo Seneraal Muhammadu Buhari, o jaɓi kanndidaagal makko ngam suɓaade hooreejo leydi. O woniino kadi tergal e fedde Buhari (TBO), fedde siyaasaagal sosaande ngam wallitde Buhari e suɓaade hooreejo leydi. Nas wonti ƴamoowo hooreejo leydi Olusegun Obasanjo e binndi mum. O tuumi Obasanjo dow huuwugo ajendaaji suuɗiiɗi ngam wallugo Yoruba'en, nden o wi'i ardiiɓe siyaasaaku Yoruba'en ɗon mari haaje ƴamɗe lesdi Naajeeriya, ɓe ɗon mari haaje toɗɗaago Yoruba'en e Kirista'en. E hitaande 1999, caggal nde fedde ngenndiyaŋkoore wiyeteende Oodua Peoples Congress (OPC) waɗi njangu bonngu e dow ko ɓuri heewde e Hausaaji worgo to Lagos, Nas tuumi Obasanjo sabu waasde waɗde feere ngam haɓaade OPC. O jeertinii wonde "fuɗnaange jooɗotoo ko e ŋoŋɗi, ina ndaara yimɓe mum ina mbaraa e nder fuɗnaange-rewo... Fuɗnaange-rewo ina jogori yoɓde so tawii laamu nguu saliima reende yimɓe mum en e fuɗnaange-rewo, ina ñaawa waɗooɓe bonanndeeji ɗii." Nas ina joginoo rewɓe ɗiɗo e sukaaɓe noogas. O sankii ko ñalnde 3 Yarkomaa 2005. == Tuugnorgal == mgzos0x50lgizcempe0pp7175l17meg 174330 174329 2026-06-18T20:36:29Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Wada Nas''' (1938 – 3 Yarkomaa 2005) ko dawruyanke Nijeernaajo. O jeyaa ko e terɗe 8 e nder fedde Northern Elements Progressive Union ngam golloraade e nder Parlemaa Fedde nde e nder laamu leydi Naajeeriya, caggal ɗuum o hawri e lannda ngenndiijo leydi Naajeeriya (NPN) e nder laamu leydi Naajeeriya ɗiɗaɓuru. O ummiima e darnde ngenndiire, o woni jaagorde e nder laamu konu Sani Abacha, teeŋti noon e wonde gooto e jaagorɗe tati diktatoor oo, jogiiɗe golle keewɗe, o anndiraa wonde gardiiɗo diisnondiral tiiɗngal e mawɗo propagandist laamu nguu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Nas|first=Usman Wada|date=2018-01-07|title=Remembering late Wada Nas|url=https://dailytrust.com/remembering-late-wada-nas/|access-date=2025-02-06|newspaper=[[Media Trust|Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Adenekan|first=Shola Adenekan|date=2005-02-11|title=Wada Nas|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/feb/11/guardianobituaries|access-date=2025-02-05|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Nguurndam gadano == Wadata Nasarawa jibinaa ko hitaande 1938 to nokku Nasarawa to Funtua to diiwaan Katsina to leydi Nijeer koloñaal. Ko kanko woni ɓiɗɗo gadano e sukaaɓe sappo e ɗiɗo ɓe baaba makko Mallam Ibraahiima jibini. O inniri mo ‘Wada’ ko neene makko, innde ummiinde e helmere Hausa ‘Wadata’ (keewgol) nde tawnoo kewu innde makko ina maantiniri ɗum e sadak baali nay, gooto e baaba makko, ɗiɗo e Waziri Katsina, gooto e Muhammadu Dikko, Emir Katsina. O woni yatim gila omo famɗi, o maayi baaba makko nde o woni duuɓi ɗiɗi, yumma makko Amina duuɓi nay caggal ɗuum. Nas nehi ɗum ko mawniiko biyeteeɗo Garba Nasarawa.<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Jega|first=Mahmud|date=2016-09-12|title=Nigerians have already changed - Daily Trust|url=https://dailytrust.com/nigerians-have-already-changed/|access-date=2025-02-06|newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Federation of Nigeria|url=https://gazettes.africa/akn/ng/officialGazette/government-gazette/1960-03-24/15/eng@1960-03-24|title=Nigeria Government Gazette dated 1960-03-24 number 15|date=1960-03-24|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Daily Times|url=https://archive.org/details/1966_20240528/|title=Nigeria Year Book 1966|date=1966|pages=22}}</ref> Nas fuɗɗii jaŋde mum ko e duɗal leslesal to Funtuila 1945 haa 1949. Caggal ɗuum o winnditii e duɗal hakkundeewal Katsina, nde o timmini jaŋde makko e hitaande 1954, o yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde jannginooɓe Katsina (KTC). E nder sahaa mo o woni e KTC, o ƴellitii nafoore politik, o wonti jiɗɗo Aminu Kano e fedde makko sosiyaalist en wiyeteende NEPU. O winndi Kano ngam hollude yiɗde makko naatde e NEPU, Kano jaabtii ɗum e hirjinde mo yo o timmin jaŋde makko ko adii. == Kugal == E hitaande 1958, caggal nde o heɓi bak makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde KTC, Nas neldaa Dutsinma to diiwaan Katsina, o woni jannginoowo duɗal. Ko adii nde o ummotoo, o naati e NEPU e dow laawol. Caggal ɗuum o artiraa to wuro wiyeteengo Kaita, wuro woɗngo e nder diiwaan hee, ɗo o wiyi omo waɗa golle politik e innde NEPU. Tiɗnaare makko e kampaañ politik, haa jooni, addani mo toɗɗaade gardiiɗo jaagorɗe NEPU e nder diiwaan hee. Caggal ɗuum o artiraa kadi, oo sahaa to Kankara. E woote gardagol leydi 1959, Nas dañii jooɗorde e nder Parlemaa Fedde nde. NEPU fuɗɗii suɓaade mo ko ngam dogde e wuro makko Funtua. Kono, ina wiyee o ɗaɓɓiriino yo o tawtore e nder diiwaan Kankara/Kogo e nokku hee, sibu o miijii ko peccitagol nder leydi e nder fedde wiyeteende Kongres yimɓe worgo (NPC) rokki mo fartaŋŋe ɓurɗo moƴƴude ngam heɓde. O fooɗiino Hasan Rafindadi, Sarkin Yaki mo Katsina e kanndidaa NPC. Nas ina jeyaa e kanndidaaji 8 NEPU keɓnooɗi jooɗorɗe e nder suudu sarɗiiji leydi ndii, ɗo o woni tergal mum ɓurngal famɗude. O ɗaɓɓiriino suɓaade kadi e hitaande 1964 kono o fooli Abdullahi Usmaan Inde mo NPC. Caggal kuudetaa lewru Yarkomaa 1966, ko ɗum waɗi laamu Naajeeriya gadano, Nas arti Funtua, o fuɗɗii ndema. E nder laamu Republique ɗiɗaɓo, o arti e politik, o woni tergal lannda laamu leydi Najeriya (NPN). Kono, e gartugol laamu konu caggal kuudetaa 1983, o meeɗii hootde ndema. == Laamu Abacha == E gartugol politik partiiji caggal laamu konu Ibraahiima Babangida, Nas naati e kawtal leydi ndi (NRC), o toɗɗaa hooreejo lannda ka to diiwaan Katsina. O woniino ƴaañoowo daande woote gardagol leydi ñalnde 12 suwee 1993, ɗe kanndidaa lannda Sosiyaalist (SDP) hono M.K.O. Abiola, yalti ko e ƴaañoowo. Kiriis wooteeji ɗii, haa jooni, ƴettii mbaadi etno-regionalist, tawi luulndo ngoo ina heewi fecceede hakkunde politikaaji konservatiif en ummoriiɓe Fuɗnaange e Fuɗnaange bannge gooto, ko ɓuri heewde e politikaaji Yoruba ummoriiɓe Hirnaange bannge goɗɗo oo. Nas ina wallitnoo ustude woote ɗe Babangida waɗi, o jeertinii wonde « so en ƴeewtindiima ñalnde 12 suwee, ko ɗuum woni darnde leydi ndii ». E nder etaade ustude jiiɓru, Babangida woppi laamu, sosi laamu ngenndiwal (ING) e gardagol Ernest Shonekan. E noowammbar 1993, Seneraal Sani Abacha waɗi kuudetaa e ING, heɓti laamu. E fuɗɗoode ko o jaagorgal jaŋde, Nas toɗɗaa gooto e jaagorɗe tati Abacha jogiiɗe golle keewɗe e fuɗɗoode hitaande 1995. E wiyde jaayndiyanke biyeteeɗo Chris McGreal, ɗeen golle sosaa ko e « euphemisme ngam haɓaade luulndo ». Nas anndiraa ko daranaade golle laamu Abacha e yeeso yimɓe fof, tee, e wiyde makko, ko kanko woni mawɗo jaayndeyaagal laamu nguu. Duuɓi makko e nder darnde ndee kadi ina maantini e darnde ngam mooftude miijooji diiwaanuuji, diineeji, e leƴƴi, « ngam wallitde laamu nguu e hulɓinde, ustude walla leefɗinde luulndiiɓe laamu nguu ». E hitaande 1995, caggal nde laamu militeer en mbari winndiyanke biyeteeɗo Ken Saro-Wiwa e daraniiɓe Ogoni woɗɓe njeetato, Nas daranii golle njuɓɓudi ndii, ina tuuma laamuuji janani ina mballita e fitinaaji. Hitaande rewtunde ndee, o ñiŋii Amnesty International wonde « ƴaañoowo » , caggal nde gollotooɓe mum tato nanngaa, tawi ina njahra e jaɓɓungal ngal ammbasadeer Amerik biyeteeɗo Walter Carrington yuɓɓini. E lewru suwee 1997, nde soldateeɓe jogiiɓe kaɓirɗe keewɗe ndartini fedde salminaango Carrington, nde ɓe mbaɗi ngam teddinde mo nde o joofni golle makko e gardagol ammbasadeer Amerik to Nijeer, Nas tuumi Carrington ko ɗum waɗi ɗum. O teskiima wonde laamu ammbasadeer oo ko « duuɓi nay bonɗi, tawi hay huunde waɗaaka hakkunde leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee to bannge faggudu, pinal, walla politik ». Nas wallitori sosde lannda Demokaraasi Naajeeriya (DPN), gootal nder lanndaaji siyaasaaku jowi sosaaɗi les taskaramji Abacha. Hono no lanndaaji keddiiɗi ɗii nii, DPN jaɓii Abacha wonde kanndidaa mum e woote gardagol leydi 1998, ko ɗum huunde nde Nas ƴetti ngam hollirde "yiɗde Nijeernaaɓe.": 183 Abacha maayi ko lebbi ɗiɗi ko adii nde woote ɗee mbaɗata.: 123 E jamaanu Abacha, jaayndeeji leydi Naajeeriya ndokki Nas inɗe keewɗe ɗe njiyataa, ko wayi no ‘Wada Noise’, ‘Wada Nasty’, ‘Wada Nonsense’, e ‘Wada NADECO’, cakkitiinde ndee ko tuugnorgal fedde toppitiinde demokaraasi (NADECO), nde luulndii militeer en. == Republique nayaɓere == Caggal maayde Abacha, Seneraal Abdulsalaami Abubakar lomtii mo, o fuɗɗii waylude leydi Nijeer e demokaraasi. Ñalnde 1 sulyee 1998, Nas kam e wondiiɓe mum Wole Oyelese e Laazarus Unaogu loppitaa e laamu. To Ndenndaandi Nayaɓiri Nijeer, Nas sosi lannda Kisnugol Leñol. O woniino balloowo mawɗo Seneraal Muhammadu Buhari, o jaɓi kanndidaagal makko ngam suɓaade hooreejo leydi. O woniino kadi tergal e fedde Buhari (TBO), fedde siyaasaagal sosaande ngam wallitde Buhari e suɓaade hooreejo leydi. Nas wonti ƴamoowo hooreejo leydi Olusegun Obasanjo e binndi mum. O tuumi Obasanjo dow huuwugo ajendaaji suuɗiiɗi ngam wallugo Yoruba'en, nden o wi'i ardiiɓe siyaasaaku Yoruba'en ɗon mari haaje ƴamɗe lesdi Naajeeriya, ɓe ɗon mari haaje toɗɗaago Yoruba'en e Kirista'en. E hitaande 1999, caggal nde fedde ngenndiyaŋkoore wiyeteende Oodua Peoples Congress (OPC) waɗi njangu bonngu e dow ko ɓuri heewde e Hausaaji worgo to Lagos, Nas tuumi Obasanjo sabu waasde waɗde feere ngam haɓaade OPC. O jeertinii wonde "fuɗnaange jooɗotoo ko e ŋoŋɗi, ina ndaara yimɓe mum ina mbaraa e nder fuɗnaange-rewo... Fuɗnaange-rewo ina jogori yoɓde so tawii laamu nguu saliima reende yimɓe mum en e fuɗnaange-rewo, ina ñaawa waɗooɓe bonanndeeji ɗii." Nas ina joginoo rewɓe ɗiɗo e sukaaɓe noogas. O sankii ko ñalnde 3 Yarkomaa 2005. == Tuugnorgal == gole5mg5l5063hmvqtqlwrujh5fkjoh 174392 174330 2026-06-19T00:22:49Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Wada Nas''' (1938 – 3 Yarkomaa 2005) ko dawruyanke Nijeernaajo. O jeyaa ko e terɗe 8 e nder fedde Northern Elements Progressive Union ngam golloraade e nder Parlemaa Fedde nde e nder laamu leydi Naajeeriya, caggal ɗuum o hawri e lannda ngenndiijo leydi Naajeeriya (NPN) e nder laamu leydi Naajeeriya ɗiɗaɓuru. O ummiima e darnde ngenndiire, o woni jaagorde e nder laamu konu Sani Abacha, teeŋti noon e wonde gooto e jaagorɗe tati diktatoor oo, jogiiɗe golle keewɗe, o anndiraa wonde gardiiɗo diisnondiral tiiɗngal e mawɗo propagandist laamu nguu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Nas|first=Usman Wada|date=2018-01-07|title=Remembering late Wada Nas|url=https://dailytrust.com/remembering-late-wada-nas/|access-date=2025-02-06|newspaper=[[Media Trust|Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Adenekan|first=Shola Adenekan|date=2005-02-11|title=Wada Nas|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/feb/11/guardianobituaries|access-date=2025-02-05|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Nguurndam gadano == Wadata Nasarawa jibinaa ko hitaande 1938 to nokku Nasarawa to Funtua to diiwaan Katsina to leydi Nijeer koloñaal. Ko kanko woni ɓiɗɗo gadano e sukaaɓe sappo e ɗiɗo ɓe baaba makko Mallam Ibraahiima jibini. O inniri mo ‘Wada’ ko neene makko, innde ummiinde e helmere Hausa ‘Wadata’ (keewgol) nde tawnoo kewu innde makko ina maantiniri ɗum e sadak baali nay, gooto e baaba makko, ɗiɗo e Waziri Katsina, gooto e Muhammadu Dikko, Emir Katsina. O woni yatim gila omo famɗi, o maayi baaba makko nde o woni duuɓi ɗiɗi, yumma makko Amina duuɓi nay caggal ɗuum. Nas nehi ɗum ko mawniiko biyeteeɗo Garba Nasarawa.<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Jega|first=Mahmud|date=2016-09-12|title=Nigerians have already changed - Daily Trust|url=https://dailytrust.com/nigerians-have-already-changed/|access-date=2025-02-06|newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Federation of Nigeria|url=https://gazettes.africa/akn/ng/officialGazette/government-gazette/1960-03-24/15/eng@1960-03-24|title=Nigeria Government Gazette dated 1960-03-24 number 15|date=1960-03-24|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Daily Times|url=https://archive.org/details/1966_20240528/|title=Nigeria Year Book 1966|date=1966|pages=22}}</ref> Nas fuɗɗii jaŋde mum ko e duɗal leslesal to Funtuila 1945 haa 1949. Caggal ɗuum o winnditii e duɗal hakkundeewal Katsina, nde o timmini jaŋde makko e hitaande 1954, o yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde jannginooɓe Katsina (KTC). E nder sahaa mo o woni e KTC, o ƴellitii nafoore politik, o wonti jiɗɗo Aminu Kano e fedde makko sosiyaalist en wiyeteende NEPU. O winndi Kano ngam hollude yiɗde makko naatde e NEPU, Kano jaabtii ɗum e hirjinde mo yo o timmin jaŋde makko ko adii.<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=French|first=Howard W.|date=1997-09-26|title=U.S. Envoy to Nigeria Is Given a Stormy Farewell|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/26/world/us-envoy-to-nigeria-is-given-a-stormy-farewell.html|access-date=2025-02-06|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Adebajo|first=Adekeye|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781626371125/html?lang=en|title=Liberias Civil War: Nigeria, ECOMOG, and Regional Security in West Africa|date=2007-07-01|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|isbn=978-1-62637-112-5|pages=215|language=en|doi=10.1515/9781626371125}}</ref> == Kugal == E hitaande 1958, caggal nde o heɓi bak makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde KTC, Nas neldaa Dutsinma to diiwaan Katsina, o woni jannginoowo duɗal. Ko adii nde o ummotoo, o naati e NEPU e dow laawol. Caggal ɗuum o artiraa to wuro wiyeteengo Kaita, wuro woɗngo e nder diiwaan hee, ɗo o wiyi omo waɗa golle politik e innde NEPU. Tiɗnaare makko e kampaañ politik, haa jooni, addani mo toɗɗaade gardiiɗo jaagorɗe NEPU e nder diiwaan hee. Caggal ɗuum o artiraa kadi, oo sahaa to Kankara. E woote gardagol leydi 1959, Nas dañii jooɗorde e nder Parlemaa Fedde nde. NEPU fuɗɗii suɓaade mo ko ngam dogde e wuro makko Funtua. Kono, ina wiyee o ɗaɓɓiriino yo o tawtore e nder diiwaan Kankara/Kogo e nokku hee, sibu o miijii ko peccitagol nder leydi e nder fedde wiyeteende Kongres yimɓe worgo (NPC) rokki mo fartaŋŋe ɓurɗo moƴƴude ngam heɓde. O fooɗiino Hasan Rafindadi, Sarkin Yaki mo Katsina e kanndidaa NPC. Nas ina jeyaa e kanndidaaji 8 NEPU keɓnooɗi jooɗorɗe e nder suudu sarɗiiji leydi ndii, ɗo o woni tergal mum ɓurngal famɗude. O ɗaɓɓiriino suɓaade kadi e hitaande 1964 kono o fooli Abdullahi Usmaan Inde mo NPC. Caggal kuudetaa lewru Yarkomaa 1966, ko ɗum waɗi laamu Naajeeriya gadano, Nas arti Funtua, o fuɗɗii ndema. E nder laamu Republique ɗiɗaɓo, o arti e politik, o woni tergal lannda laamu leydi Najeriya (NPN). Kono, e gartugol laamu konu caggal kuudetaa 1983, o meeɗii hootde ndema. == Laamu Abacha == E gartugol politik partiiji caggal laamu konu Ibraahiima Babangida, Nas naati e kawtal leydi ndi (NRC), o toɗɗaa hooreejo lannda ka to diiwaan Katsina. O woniino ƴaañoowo daande woote gardagol leydi ñalnde 12 suwee 1993, ɗe kanndidaa lannda Sosiyaalist (SDP) hono M.K.O. Abiola, yalti ko e ƴaañoowo. Kiriis wooteeji ɗii, haa jooni, ƴettii mbaadi etno-regionalist, tawi luulndo ngoo ina heewi fecceede hakkunde politikaaji konservatiif en ummoriiɓe Fuɗnaange e Fuɗnaange bannge gooto, ko ɓuri heewde e politikaaji Yoruba ummoriiɓe Hirnaange bannge goɗɗo oo. Nas ina wallitnoo ustude woote ɗe Babangida waɗi, o jeertinii wonde « so en ƴeewtindiima ñalnde 12 suwee, ko ɗuum woni darnde leydi ndii ». E nder etaade ustude jiiɓru, Babangida woppi laamu, sosi laamu ngenndiwal (ING) e gardagol Ernest Shonekan. E noowammbar 1993, Seneraal Sani Abacha waɗi kuudetaa e ING, heɓti laamu. E fuɗɗoode ko o jaagorgal jaŋde, Nas toɗɗaa gooto e jaagorɗe tati Abacha jogiiɗe golle keewɗe e fuɗɗoode hitaande 1995. E wiyde jaayndiyanke biyeteeɗo Chris McGreal, ɗeen golle sosaa ko e « euphemisme ngam haɓaade luulndo ». Nas anndiraa ko daranaade golle laamu Abacha e yeeso yimɓe fof, tee, e wiyde makko, ko kanko woni mawɗo jaayndeyaagal laamu nguu. Duuɓi makko e nder darnde ndee kadi ina maantini e darnde ngam mooftude miijooji diiwaanuuji, diineeji, e leƴƴi, « ngam wallitde laamu nguu e hulɓinde, ustude walla leefɗinde luulndiiɓe laamu nguu ». E hitaande 1995, caggal nde laamu militeer en mbari winndiyanke biyeteeɗo Ken Saro-Wiwa e daraniiɓe Ogoni woɗɓe njeetato, Nas daranii golle njuɓɓudi ndii, ina tuuma laamuuji janani ina mballita e fitinaaji. Hitaande rewtunde ndee, o ñiŋii Amnesty International wonde « ƴaañoowo » , caggal nde gollotooɓe mum tato nanngaa, tawi ina njahra e jaɓɓungal ngal ammbasadeer Amerik biyeteeɗo Walter Carrington yuɓɓini. E lewru suwee 1997, nde soldateeɓe jogiiɓe kaɓirɗe keewɗe ndartini fedde salminaango Carrington, nde ɓe mbaɗi ngam teddinde mo nde o joofni golle makko e gardagol ammbasadeer Amerik to Nijeer, Nas tuumi Carrington ko ɗum waɗi ɗum. O teskiima wonde laamu ammbasadeer oo ko « duuɓi nay bonɗi, tawi hay huunde waɗaaka hakkunde leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee to bannge faggudu, pinal, walla politik ». Nas wallitori sosde lannda Demokaraasi Naajeeriya (DPN), gootal nder lanndaaji siyaasaaku jowi sosaaɗi les taskaramji Abacha. Hono no lanndaaji keddiiɗi ɗii nii, DPN jaɓii Abacha wonde kanndidaa mum e woote gardagol leydi 1998, ko ɗum huunde nde Nas ƴetti ngam hollirde "yiɗde Nijeernaaɓe.": 183 Abacha maayi ko lebbi ɗiɗi ko adii nde woote ɗee mbaɗata.: 123 E jamaanu Abacha, jaayndeeji leydi Naajeeriya ndokki Nas inɗe keewɗe ɗe njiyataa, ko wayi no ‘Wada Noise’, ‘Wada Nasty’, ‘Wada Nonsense’, e ‘Wada NADECO’, cakkitiinde ndee ko tuugnorgal fedde toppitiinde demokaraasi (NADECO), nde luulndii militeer en. == Republique nayaɓere == Caggal maayde Abacha, Seneraal Abdulsalaami Abubakar lomtii mo, o fuɗɗii waylude leydi Nijeer e demokaraasi. Ñalnde 1 sulyee 1998, Nas kam e wondiiɓe mum Wole Oyelese e Laazarus Unaogu loppitaa e laamu. To Ndenndaandi Nayaɓiri Nijeer, Nas sosi lannda Kisnugol Leñol. O woniino balloowo mawɗo Seneraal Muhammadu Buhari, o jaɓi kanndidaagal makko ngam suɓaade hooreejo leydi. O woniino kadi tergal e fedde Buhari (TBO), fedde siyaasaagal sosaande ngam wallitde Buhari e suɓaade hooreejo leydi. Nas wonti ƴamoowo hooreejo leydi Olusegun Obasanjo e binndi mum. O tuumi Obasanjo dow huuwugo ajendaaji suuɗiiɗi ngam wallugo Yoruba'en, nden o wi'i ardiiɓe siyaasaaku Yoruba'en ɗon mari haaje ƴamɗe lesdi Naajeeriya, ɓe ɗon mari haaje toɗɗaago Yoruba'en e Kirista'en. E hitaande 1999, caggal nde fedde ngenndiyaŋkoore wiyeteende Oodua Peoples Congress (OPC) waɗi njangu bonngu e dow ko ɓuri heewde e Hausaaji worgo to Lagos, Nas tuumi Obasanjo sabu waasde waɗde feere ngam haɓaade OPC. O jeertinii wonde "fuɗnaange jooɗotoo ko e ŋoŋɗi, ina ndaara yimɓe mum ina mbaraa e nder fuɗnaange-rewo... Fuɗnaange-rewo ina jogori yoɓde so tawii laamu nguu saliima reende yimɓe mum en e fuɗnaange-rewo, ina ñaawa waɗooɓe bonanndeeji ɗii." Nas ina joginoo rewɓe ɗiɗo e sukaaɓe noogas. O sankii ko ñalnde 3 Yarkomaa 2005. == Tuugnorgal == shml67pa5t3rb0ulxoxlc112knu89ux 0 42208 174331 2026-06-18T20:39:05Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174331 wikitext text/x-wiki James Mwankon Vwi (// C jibinaa ko 1 abriil 1952) ko golloowo laamu leydi Najeriya, o woniino tergal suudu sarɗiiji hakkunde 5 Duujal 1992 e 17 Noowammbar 1993 to leydi Najeriya, ko juuti. O lomtii diiwaan Barkin Ladi (jooni diiwaan Barkin Ladi/Riyom) e nder diiwaan Plateau ɓooyɗo mo diiwaan Nassarawa ummorii caggal ɗuum ñalnde 1 oktoobar 1996. Caggal nde o udditaa suudu sarɗiiji tataɓuru ñalnde 5 desaambar 1992, o toɗɗaa e goomu suudu sarɗiiji ko faati e resource minerale. Ko e nder suudu sarɗiiji ndu Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso gorko Kano mo siyaasaaku, cukko hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya (NDC) woni cukko hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya. Nde junta militeer Sani Abacha lomtii laamu nguu e juuɗe laamu ngenndiwal Ernest Shonekan, denndaangal juɓɓule demokaraasiije e nder Republique tataɓere ɗee ndartinaama, ɓurɗo teeŋtude heen ko Asaambele ngenndiwal tataɓere jooɗiiɗo to Abuja. Ndeen o woppii nguurndam politik haa fajiri leydi Naajeeriya nayaɓiri e hitaande 1997 nde o naati e lannda Kongres Naajeeriya (UNCP) anndiraaka e oon sahaa ko ƴaañoowo konu. Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol James Mwankon Vwi jibinaa ko ñalnde 1 abriil 1952 e nder galle Dara Vwi Mwangwong demoowo e De. Ngem Tu Vwi Mwangwong mo Dabwam, Riyom nder nokkuure laamu nokkuure Riyom hannde nde lesdi Plateau. O naati duɗal leslesal to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Riyom (LEA) ɗo o heɓi seedantaagal makko gadanal (FSLC). Ndeen o yahi haa laamorgo leydi Jos e nder njillu ngam heɓde karallaagal njulaagu e hisnude kaalis ngam ɓeydaade jaŋde makko. Caggal nde o heɓi fannuuji makko GCE, o winnditii e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Kaduna ngam janngude Dipolomaaji ngenndiiji toowɗi e laamu e politik. Ndeen o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ahmadu Bello, Zaria ɗo o heɓi dipolom makko gadano, Baccalauréat e njuɓɓudi laamu (BPA) e hitaande 1986. Duuɓi caggal nde o woni e suudu sarɗiiji, o janngi sariya to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Jos gila hitaande 2002 haa 2006 e cachelorons de HLLw) to Bar Nigeria e hitaande 2007. O heɓat caggal mum dipolomaaji ɗiɗaɓi; Master of Laws (LL.M) ummoriiɗo e duɗal gootal waɗde mo jogiiɗo tati kuuɓtodinɗo. 9xyc4rk1uv6rf6430nom8narvomb2fi 174332 174331 2026-06-18T20:42:53Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174332 wikitext text/x-wiki James Mwankon Vwi (// C jibinaa ko 1 abriil 1952) ko golloowo laamu leydi Najeriya, o woniino tergal suudu sarɗiiji hakkunde 5 Duujal 1992 e 17 Noowammbar 1993 to leydi Najeriya, ko juuti. O lomtii diiwaan Barkin Ladi (jooni diiwaan Barkin Ladi/Riyom) e nder diiwaan Plateau ɓooyɗo mo diiwaan Nassarawa ummorii caggal ɗuum ñalnde 1 oktoobar 1996. Caggal nde o udditaa suudu sarɗiiji tataɓuru ñalnde 5 desaambar 1992, o toɗɗaa e goomu suudu sarɗiiji ko faati e resource minerale. Ko e nder suudu sarɗiiji ndu Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso gorko Kano mo siyaasaaku, cukko hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya (NDC) woni cukko hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya. Nde junta militeer Sani Abacha lomtii laamu nguu e juuɗe laamu ngenndiwal Ernest Shonekan, denndaangal juɓɓule demokaraasiije e nder Republique tataɓere ɗee ndartinaama, ɓurɗo teeŋtude heen ko Asaambele ngenndiwal tataɓere jooɗiiɗo to Abuja. Ndeen o woppii nguurndam politik haa fajiri leydi Naajeeriya nayaɓiri e hitaande 1997 nde o naati e lannda Kongres Naajeeriya (UNCP) anndiraaka e oon sahaa ko ƴaañoowo konu. Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol James Mwankon Vwi jibinaa ko ñalnde 1 abriil 1952 e nder galle Dara Vwi Mwangwong demoowo e De. Ngem Tu Vwi Mwangwong mo Dabwam, Riyom nder nokkuure laamu nokkuure Riyom hannde nde lesdi Plateau. O naati duɗal leslesal to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Riyom (LEA) ɗo o heɓi seedantaagal makko gadanal (FSLC). Ndeen o yahi haa laamorgo leydi Jos e nder njillu ngam heɓde karallaagal njulaagu e hisnude kaalis ngam ɓeydaade jaŋde makko. Caggal nde o heɓi fannuuji makko GCE, o winnditii e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Kaduna ngam janngude Dipolomaaji ngenndiiji toowɗi e laamu e politik. Ndeen o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ahmadu Bello, Zaria ɗo o heɓi dipolom makko gadano, Baccalauréat e njuɓɓudi laamu (BPA) e hitaande 1986. Duuɓi caggal nde o woni e suudu sarɗiiji, o janngi sariya to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Jos gila hitaande 2002 haa 2006 e cachelorons de HLLw) to Bar Nigeria e hitaande 2007. O heɓat caggal mum dipolomaaji ɗiɗaɓi; Master of Laws (LL.M) ummoriiɗo e duɗal gootal waɗde mo jogiiɗo tati kuuɓtodinɗo. Golle laamu James Vwi heɓi kuugal maako arandewal nder kuugal laamu lesdi Plateau, ɓaawo man o hoosi kuugal maako haa kuugal lesdi Naajeeriya. Caggal nde o woni gardiiɗo duuɓi jeegom, o felliti naatde e politik tiiɗɗo. E wiyde deftere Chris Anyanwu nde o winndi e nder deftere nde, nde o winndi e nder deftere nde, 1992 haa 1996: 1993 hello 191, o woppi golle ngam naatde e politik ngam o ɗon nuɗɗina o woodi bawɗe wallugo quota maako ngam ɓamtaare lesdi Naajeeriya. O sikki so ƴellitaare leydi ndii ina foti laaɓtude ina foti fuɗɗoraade e dowla baɗɗo politik. Politik Ƴeew kadi: Republique Nijeer tataɓo James Vwi wonnoo ko hooreejo ngenndiijo fedde sukaaɓe Berom (BYM) fedde daraniinde sukaaɓe Berom. E nder oon sahaa o ƴellitii jokkondiral e jokkondiral kesal hakkunde denndaangal cate dillere ndee e nder leydi hee e nder diiwaan hee. E fajiri leydi Naajeeriya tataɓiri caggal nde Asamblee Konstitution timmini golle mum e doosɗe kese e fuɗɗoode hitaande 1989, yimɓe makko noddi mo ngam waɗde doggol ngam suɓaade jooɗorde suudu sarɗiiji ngam suɓaade Barkin Ladi e dow laylaytol lannda Social Democratic Party (SDP). O bayyinaama wonde o dañii njeenaari e wooteeji Asaambele ngenndi (Senaa e suudu sarɗiiji) baɗnooɗi ñalnde 4 sulyee 1992 e 25 800 woote, o fooli tan ko luulndiiɗo makko, hono Reverend Gyang Pam, mo Kawtal ngenndiwal (NRC). James Vwi e sahaa suudu sarɗiiji tataɓuru e hitaande 1993 E hitaande 1997, Vwi naati e doggol guwerneeruuji ngam diiwaan Plateau e dow laylaytol laamu kesu nguu, ngu fedde wiyeteende United Nigeria Congress Party (UNCP) gooto e lanndaaji joy (5) ɗi laamu nguu sosi caggal nde laamu konu leydi ndii itti kuugal laamu nguu. Lanndaaji politik nay keddiiɗi ɗii winnditaa (goomu nguu sankitii) ko ɗiin ngoni : Lannda Demokaraasi Najeeriya (DPN), Kongres ngam nanondiral ngenndiwal (CNC), Diɗɗal Demokaraasi leslesal (GDM) e Lannda Catal Naajeeriya (NCPN). Yiɗde makko ustii nde lanndaaji joy ɗii ndartinaa caggal nde Abacha maayi, lanndaaji politik kesi (Lanndaaji Demokaraasi Leƴƴi, Lannda Yimɓe fof, Kawtal ngam Demokaraasi) sosi e lomto mum en, lomto Abacha, hono Abdulsalami Abubakar. Ɗum jibini doosgal politik kesal, ɓurngal heewde demokaraasi e jamaanu ɓennuɗo oo, tawi ko lanndaaji joy. E gargol laamu Najeriya nayaɓuru ngu fuɗɗii ñalnde 29 lewru mbooy hitaande 1999, James Vwi maa rewru e politikaaji leslesɗi ɗi nganndu-ɗaa ina gasa tawa ina addana mo ɓadtaade no feewi miijooji e miijooji yimɓe remooɓe e nder diiwaan laamu Riyom mo o jibinaa oo. James Vwi yaltinii yeddude tiiɗnde wonde fedde makko to Riyom, fedde nde, dartinii jaagorgal ko feewti e dingiral, Damishi Sango e lannda ka. O salii ko wiyetee dartinde ministeer oo e bannge 10 woɗɓe, ko ɗum feere ngam riiwtude mo e golle makko e nder kabine hooreejo leydi ndii. Darnugol golle ngol ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri teeŋtude e luural hakkunde Sango e guwerneer kuuɓtodinɗo diiwaan Plateau e oon sahaa, hono Joshua Chibi Dariye. Dowla Plateau nder leydi Naajeeriya Ñalnde 12 abriil 2003, Honorable Vwi wonnoo ko gardiiɗo suudu sarɗiiji ngam PDP e wooteeji Asaambele ngenndi e ndeen hitaande. O fooli ko Gyang Dalyop Dantong mo ANPP. O waɗii dumunna mawɗo e nder fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e teleeji (PRTVC) Jos e toɗɗagol mawɗo leydi ndii, hono Joshua Chibi Dariye, guwerneer diiwaan Plateau. Ñalnde 2 lewru bowte hitaande 2008, James Vwi ñaagii denndaangal guwerneeruuji e nder diiwanuuji 36 fedde ndee nde ngoppataa kaalis laamuuji nokkuuji ɗii ngam udditde laawol ƴellitaare yaawnde yiɗde ɓesngu nguu e nder leydi hee. Ko adii nde o ƴettata golle hooreejo laamu nokkuyankeewu Vwi, mo e oon sahaa wonnoo ko Sekreteruuji Diisnondiral laamu nokkuyankeewu Riyom, diiwaan Plateau, wiyi wonde so tawii guwerneeruuji diiwaanuuji ɗii ndokkaani kaalis laamu nokkuyankeewu, ƴellitaare infrastructure to bannge laamu nokkuyankeewu maa jokku e dañde caɗeele teeŋtuɗe, ko ɗum bonnata yimɓe heewɓe. E dow ballal makko e tergal makko ɓennungal e nder suudu sarɗiiji leydi Najeriya, James Vwi jeyaa ko e depiteeji doolnuɗi ummoriiɗi e diiwaan Plateau tawtoraama e wooteeji e batu ngenndiwal 8ɓo All Progressives Congress (APC) ngam suɓaade terɗe Goomu gollordu leydi ndii (NWC) yuɓɓinaangu tuggi 25 haa 28 March26 to Abgle26 the Square. Nguurndam neɗɗo O resi ko Naomi Chundung Vwi, gonnooɗo gardiiɗo jaagorɗe laamu to bannge laamu Plateau. Ɓe kawri, ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe njeegomo. Tuugnorgal 047vpzztdjwc2gkgnzenzp2rkzfioq1 174333 174332 2026-06-18T20:44:10Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} James Mwankon Vwi (// C jibinaa ko 1 abriil 1952) ko golloowo laamu leydi Najeriya, o woniino tergal suudu sarɗiiji hakkunde 5 Duujal 1992 e 17 Noowammbar 1993 to leydi Najeriya, ko juuti. O lomtii diiwaan Barkin Ladi (jooni diiwaan Barkin Ladi/Riyom) e nder diiwaan Plateau ɓooyɗo mo diiwaan Nassarawa ummorii caggal ɗuum ñalnde 1 oktoobar 1996. Caggal nde o udditaa suudu sarɗiiji tataɓuru ñalnde 5 desaambar 1992, o toɗɗaa e goomu suudu sarɗiiji ko faati e resource minerale. Ko e nder suudu sarɗiiji ndu Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso gorko Kano mo siyaasaaku, cukko hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya (NDC) woni cukko hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya. Nde junta militeer Sani Abacha lomtii laamu nguu e juuɗe laamu ngenndiwal Ernest Shonekan, denndaangal juɓɓule demokaraasiije e nder Republique tataɓere ɗee ndartinaama, ɓurɗo teeŋtude heen ko Asaambele ngenndiwal tataɓere jooɗiiɗo to Abuja. Ndeen o woppii nguurndam politik haa fajiri leydi Naajeeriya nayaɓiri e hitaande 1997 nde o naati e lannda Kongres Naajeeriya (UNCP) anndiraaka e oon sahaa ko ƴaañoowo konu. Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol James Mwankon Vwi jibinaa ko ñalnde 1 abriil 1952 e nder galle Dara Vwi Mwangwong demoowo e De. Ngem Tu Vwi Mwangwong mo Dabwam, Riyom nder nokkuure laamu nokkuure Riyom hannde nde lesdi Plateau. O naati duɗal leslesal to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Riyom (LEA) ɗo o heɓi seedantaagal makko gadanal (FSLC). Ndeen o yahi haa laamorgo leydi Jos e nder njillu ngam heɓde karallaagal njulaagu e hisnude kaalis ngam ɓeydaade jaŋde makko. Caggal nde o heɓi fannuuji makko GCE, o winnditii e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Kaduna ngam janngude Dipolomaaji ngenndiiji toowɗi e laamu e politik. Ndeen o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ahmadu Bello, Zaria ɗo o heɓi dipolom makko gadano, Baccalauréat e njuɓɓudi laamu (BPA) e hitaande 1986. Duuɓi caggal nde o woni e suudu sarɗiiji, o janngi sariya to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Jos gila hitaande 2002 haa 2006 e cachelorons de HLLw) to Bar Nigeria e hitaande 2007. O heɓat caggal mum dipolomaaji ɗiɗaɓi; Master of Laws (LL.M) ummoriiɗo e duɗal gootal waɗde mo jogiiɗo tati kuuɓtodinɗo. Golle laamu James Vwi heɓi kuugal maako arandewal nder kuugal laamu lesdi Plateau, ɓaawo man o hoosi kuugal maako haa kuugal lesdi Naajeeriya. Caggal nde o woni gardiiɗo duuɓi jeegom, o felliti naatde e politik tiiɗɗo. E wiyde deftere Chris Anyanwu nde o winndi e nder deftere nde, nde o winndi e nder deftere nde, 1992 haa 1996: 1993 hello 191, o woppi golle ngam naatde e politik ngam o ɗon nuɗɗina o woodi bawɗe wallugo quota maako ngam ɓamtaare lesdi Naajeeriya. O sikki so ƴellitaare leydi ndii ina foti laaɓtude ina foti fuɗɗoraade e dowla baɗɗo politik. Politik Ƴeew kadi: Republique Nijeer tataɓo James Vwi wonnoo ko hooreejo ngenndiijo fedde sukaaɓe Berom (BYM) fedde daraniinde sukaaɓe Berom. E nder oon sahaa o ƴellitii jokkondiral e jokkondiral kesal hakkunde denndaangal cate dillere ndee e nder leydi hee e nder diiwaan hee. E fajiri leydi Naajeeriya tataɓiri caggal nde Asamblee Konstitution timmini golle mum e doosɗe kese e fuɗɗoode hitaande 1989, yimɓe makko noddi mo ngam waɗde doggol ngam suɓaade jooɗorde suudu sarɗiiji ngam suɓaade Barkin Ladi e dow laylaytol lannda Social Democratic Party (SDP). O bayyinaama wonde o dañii njeenaari e wooteeji Asaambele ngenndi (Senaa e suudu sarɗiiji) baɗnooɗi ñalnde 4 sulyee 1992 e 25 800 woote, o fooli tan ko luulndiiɗo makko, hono Reverend Gyang Pam, mo Kawtal ngenndiwal (NRC). James Vwi e sahaa suudu sarɗiiji tataɓuru e hitaande 1993 E hitaande 1997, Vwi naati e doggol guwerneeruuji ngam diiwaan Plateau e dow laylaytol laamu kesu nguu, ngu fedde wiyeteende United Nigeria Congress Party (UNCP) gooto e lanndaaji joy (5) ɗi laamu nguu sosi caggal nde laamu konu leydi ndii itti kuugal laamu nguu. Lanndaaji politik nay keddiiɗi ɗii winnditaa (goomu nguu sankitii) ko ɗiin ngoni : Lannda Demokaraasi Najeeriya (DPN), Kongres ngam nanondiral ngenndiwal (CNC), Diɗɗal Demokaraasi leslesal (GDM) e Lannda Catal Naajeeriya (NCPN). Yiɗde makko ustii nde lanndaaji joy ɗii ndartinaa caggal nde Abacha maayi, lanndaaji politik kesi (Lanndaaji Demokaraasi Leƴƴi, Lannda Yimɓe fof, Kawtal ngam Demokaraasi) sosi e lomto mum en, lomto Abacha, hono Abdulsalami Abubakar. Ɗum jibini doosgal politik kesal, ɓurngal heewde demokaraasi e jamaanu ɓennuɗo oo, tawi ko lanndaaji joy. E gargol laamu Najeriya nayaɓuru ngu fuɗɗii ñalnde 29 lewru mbooy hitaande 1999, James Vwi maa rewru e politikaaji leslesɗi ɗi nganndu-ɗaa ina gasa tawa ina addana mo ɓadtaade no feewi miijooji e miijooji yimɓe remooɓe e nder diiwaan laamu Riyom mo o jibinaa oo. James Vwi yaltinii yeddude tiiɗnde wonde fedde makko to Riyom, fedde nde, dartinii jaagorgal ko feewti e dingiral, Damishi Sango e lannda ka. O salii ko wiyetee dartinde ministeer oo e bannge 10 woɗɓe, ko ɗum feere ngam riiwtude mo e golle makko e nder kabine hooreejo leydi ndii. Darnugol golle ngol ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri teeŋtude e luural hakkunde Sango e guwerneer kuuɓtodinɗo diiwaan Plateau e oon sahaa, hono Joshua Chibi Dariye. Dowla Plateau nder leydi Naajeeriya Ñalnde 12 abriil 2003, Honorable Vwi wonnoo ko gardiiɗo suudu sarɗiiji ngam PDP e wooteeji Asaambele ngenndi e ndeen hitaande. O fooli ko Gyang Dalyop Dantong mo ANPP. O waɗii dumunna mawɗo e nder fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e teleeji (PRTVC) Jos e toɗɗagol mawɗo leydi ndii, hono Joshua Chibi Dariye, guwerneer diiwaan Plateau. Ñalnde 2 lewru bowte hitaande 2008, James Vwi ñaagii denndaangal guwerneeruuji e nder diiwanuuji 36 fedde ndee nde ngoppataa kaalis laamuuji nokkuuji ɗii ngam udditde laawol ƴellitaare yaawnde yiɗde ɓesngu nguu e nder leydi hee. Ko adii nde o ƴettata golle hooreejo laamu nokkuyankeewu Vwi, mo e oon sahaa wonnoo ko Sekreteruuji Diisnondiral laamu nokkuyankeewu Riyom, diiwaan Plateau, wiyi wonde so tawii guwerneeruuji diiwaanuuji ɗii ndokkaani kaalis laamu nokkuyankeewu, ƴellitaare infrastructure to bannge laamu nokkuyankeewu maa jokku e dañde caɗeele teeŋtuɗe, ko ɗum bonnata yimɓe heewɓe. E dow ballal makko e tergal makko ɓennungal e nder suudu sarɗiiji leydi Najeriya, James Vwi jeyaa ko e depiteeji doolnuɗi ummoriiɗi e diiwaan Plateau tawtoraama e wooteeji e batu ngenndiwal 8ɓo All Progressives Congress (APC) ngam suɓaade terɗe Goomu gollordu leydi ndii (NWC) yuɓɓinaangu tuggi 25 haa 28 March26 to Abgle26 the Square. Nguurndam neɗɗo O resi ko Naomi Chundung Vwi, gonnooɗo gardiiɗo jaagorɗe laamu to bannge laamu Plateau. Ɓe kawri, ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe njeegomo. Tuugnorgal 0hd1sjl25iy16okn2zc7axc4hnwt9a5 174334 174333 2026-06-18T20:45:43Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Mwankon Vwi ('''// C jibinaa ko 1 abriil 1952) ko golloowo laamu leydi Najeriya, o woniino tergal suudu sarɗiiji hakkunde 5 Duujal 1992 e 17 Noowammbar 1993 to leydi Najeriya, ko juuti. O lomtii diiwaan Barkin Ladi (jooni diiwaan Barkin Ladi/Riyom) e nder diiwaan Plateau ɓooyɗo mo diiwaan Nassarawa ummorii caggal ɗuum ñalnde 1 oktoobar 1996. Caggal nde o udditaa suudu sarɗiiji tataɓuru ñalnde 5 desaambar 1992, o toɗɗaa e goomu suudu sarɗiiji ko faati e resource minerale. Ko e nder suudu sarɗiiji ndu Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso gorko Kano mo siyaasaaku, cukko hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya (NDC) woni cukko hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya. Nde junta militeer Sani Abacha lomtii laamu nguu e juuɗe laamu ngenndiwal Ernest Shonekan, denndaangal juɓɓule demokaraasiije e nder Republique tataɓere ɗee ndartinaama, ɓurɗo teeŋtude heen ko Asaambele ngenndiwal tataɓere jooɗiiɗo to Abuja. Ndeen o woppii nguurndam politik haa fajiri leydi Naajeeriya nayaɓiri e hitaande 1997 nde o naati e lannda Kongres Naajeeriya (UNCP) anndiraaka e oon sahaa ko ƴaañoowo konu. == Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol == James Mwankon Vwi jibinaa ko ñalnde 1 abriil 1952 e nder galle Dara Vwi Mwangwong demoowo e De. Ngem Tu Vwi Mwangwong mo Dabwam, Riyom nder nokkuure laamu nokkuure Riyom hannde nde lesdi Plateau. O naati duɗal leslesal to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Riyom (LEA) ɗo o heɓi seedantaagal makko gadanal (FSLC). Ndeen o yahi haa laamorgo leydi Jos e nder njillu ngam heɓde karallaagal njulaagu e hisnude kaalis ngam ɓeydaade jaŋde makko. Caggal nde o heɓi fannuuji makko GCE, o winnditii e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Kaduna ngam janngude Dipolomaaji ngenndiiji toowɗi e laamu e politik. Ndeen o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ahmadu Bello, Zaria ɗo o heɓi dipolom makko gadano, Baccalauréat e njuɓɓudi laamu (BPA) e hitaande 1986. Duuɓi caggal nde o woni e suudu sarɗiiji, o janngi sariya to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Jos gila hitaande 2002 haa 2006 e cachelorons de HLLw) to Bar Nigeria e hitaande 2007. O heɓat caggal mum dipolomaaji ɗiɗaɓi; Master of Laws (LL.M) ummoriiɗo e duɗal gootal waɗde mo jogiiɗo tati kuuɓtodinɗo. == Golle laamu == James Vwi heɓi kuugal maako arandewal nder kuugal laamu lesdi Plateau, ɓaawo man o hoosi kuugal maako haa kuugal lesdi Naajeeriya. Caggal nde o woni gardiiɗo duuɓi jeegom, o felliti naatde e politik tiiɗɗo. E wiyde deftere Chris Anyanwu nde o winndi e nder deftere nde, nde o winndi e nder deftere nde, 1992 haa 1996: 1993 hello 191, o woppi golle ngam naatde e politik ngam o ɗon nuɗɗina o woodi bawɗe wallugo quota maako ngam ɓamtaare lesdi Naajeeriya. O sikki so ƴellitaare leydi ndii ina foti laaɓtude ina foti fuɗɗoraade e dowla baɗɗo politik. == Politik == == Ƴeew kadi: Republique Nijeer tataɓo == James Vwi wonnoo ko hooreejo ngenndiijo fedde sukaaɓe Berom (BYM) fedde daraniinde sukaaɓe Berom. E nder oon sahaa o ƴellitii jokkondiral e jokkondiral kesal hakkunde denndaangal cate dillere ndee e nder leydi hee e nder diiwaan hee. E fajiri leydi Naajeeriya tataɓiri caggal nde Asamblee Konstitution timmini golle mum e doosɗe kese e fuɗɗoode hitaande 1989, yimɓe makko noddi mo ngam waɗde doggol ngam suɓaade jooɗorde suudu sarɗiiji ngam suɓaade Barkin Ladi e dow laylaytol lannda Social Democratic Party (SDP). O bayyinaama wonde o dañii njeenaari e wooteeji Asaambele ngenndi (Senaa e suudu sarɗiiji) baɗnooɗi ñalnde 4 sulyee 1992 e 25 800 woote, o fooli tan ko luulndiiɗo makko, hono Reverend Gyang Pam, mo Kawtal ngenndiwal (NRC). James Vwi e sahaa suudu sarɗiiji tataɓuru e hitaande 1993 E hitaande 1997, Vwi naati e doggol guwerneeruuji ngam diiwaan Plateau e dow laylaytol laamu kesu nguu, ngu fedde wiyeteende United Nigeria Congress Party (UNCP) gooto e lanndaaji joy (5) ɗi laamu nguu sosi caggal nde laamu konu leydi ndii itti kuugal laamu nguu. Lanndaaji politik nay keddiiɗi ɗii winnditaa (goomu nguu sankitii) ko ɗiin ngoni : Lannda Demokaraasi Najeeriya (DPN), Kongres ngam nanondiral ngenndiwal (CNC), Diɗɗal Demokaraasi leslesal (GDM) e Lannda Catal Naajeeriya (NCPN). Yiɗde makko ustii nde lanndaaji joy ɗii ndartinaa caggal nde Abacha maayi, lanndaaji politik kesi (Lanndaaji Demokaraasi Leƴƴi, Lannda Yimɓe fof, Kawtal ngam Demokaraasi) sosi e lomto mum en, lomto Abacha, hono Abdulsalami Abubakar. Ɗum jibini doosgal politik kesal, ɓurngal heewde demokaraasi e jamaanu ɓennuɗo oo, tawi ko lanndaaji joy. E gargol laamu Najeriya nayaɓuru ngu fuɗɗii ñalnde 29 lewru mbooy hitaande 1999, James Vwi maa rewru e politikaaji leslesɗi ɗi nganndu-ɗaa ina gasa tawa ina addana mo ɓadtaade no feewi miijooji e miijooji yimɓe remooɓe e nder diiwaan laamu Riyom mo o jibinaa oo. James Vwi yaltinii yeddude tiiɗnde wonde fedde makko to Riyom, fedde nde, dartinii jaagorgal ko feewti e dingiral, Damishi Sango e lannda ka. O salii ko wiyetee dartinde ministeer oo e bannge 10 woɗɓe, ko ɗum feere ngam riiwtude mo e golle makko e nder kabine hooreejo leydi ndii. Darnugol golle ngol ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri teeŋtude e luural hakkunde Sango e guwerneer kuuɓtodinɗo diiwaan Plateau e oon sahaa, hono Joshua Chibi Dariye. == Dowla Plateau nder leydi Naajeeriya == Ñalnde 12 abriil 2003, Honorable Vwi wonnoo ko gardiiɗo suudu sarɗiiji ngam PDP e wooteeji Asaambele ngenndi e ndeen hitaande. O fooli ko Gyang Dalyop Dantong mo ANPP. O waɗii dumunna mawɗo e nder fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e teleeji (PRTVC) Jos e toɗɗagol mawɗo leydi ndii, hono Joshua Chibi Dariye, guwerneer diiwaan Plateau. Ñalnde 2 lewru bowte hitaande 2008, James Vwi ñaagii denndaangal guwerneeruuji e nder diiwanuuji 36 fedde ndee nde ngoppataa kaalis laamuuji nokkuuji ɗii ngam udditde laawol ƴellitaare yaawnde yiɗde ɓesngu nguu e nder leydi hee. Ko adii nde o ƴettata golle hooreejo laamu nokkuyankeewu Vwi, mo e oon sahaa wonnoo ko Sekreteruuji Diisnondiral laamu nokkuyankeewu Riyom, diiwaan Plateau, wiyi wonde so tawii guwerneeruuji diiwaanuuji ɗii ndokkaani kaalis laamu nokkuyankeewu, ƴellitaare infrastructure to bannge laamu nokkuyankeewu maa jokku e dañde caɗeele teeŋtuɗe, ko ɗum bonnata yimɓe heewɓe. E dow ballal makko e tergal makko ɓennungal e nder suudu sarɗiiji leydi Najeriya, James Vwi jeyaa ko e depiteeji doolnuɗi ummoriiɗi e diiwaan Plateau tawtoraama e wooteeji e batu ngenndiwal 8ɓo All Progressives Congress (APC) ngam suɓaade terɗe Goomu gollordu leydi ndii (NWC) yuɓɓinaangu tuggi 25 haa 28 March26 to Abgle26 the Square. == Nguurndam neɗɗo == O resi ko Naomi Chundung Vwi, gonnooɗo gardiiɗo jaagorɗe laamu to bannge laamu Plateau. Ɓe kawri, ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe njeegomo. == Tuugnorgal == sanowl5sp9ebbn9m8lqtn5sfjsqv8a5 174335 174334 2026-06-18T20:49:41Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Mwankon Vwi ('''// C jibinaa ko 1 abriil 1952) ko golloowo laamu leydi Najeriya, o woniino tergal suudu sarɗiiji hakkunde 5 Duujal 1992 e 17 Noowammbar 1993 to leydi Najeriya, ko juuti. O lomtii diiwaan Barkin Ladi (jooni diiwaan Barkin Ladi/Riyom) e nder diiwaan Plateau ɓooyɗo mo diiwaan Nassarawa ummorii caggal ɗuum ñalnde 1 oktoobar 1996. Caggal nde o udditaa suudu sarɗiiji tataɓuru ñalnde 5 desaambar 1992, o toɗɗaa e goomu suudu sarɗiiji ko faati e resource minerale. Ko e nder suudu sarɗiiji ndu Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso gorko Kano mo siyaasaaku, cukko hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya (NDC) woni cukko hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya. Nde junta militeer Sani Abacha lomtii laamu nguu e juuɗe laamu ngenndiwal Ernest Shonekan, denndaangal juɓɓule demokaraasiije e nder Republique tataɓere ɗee ndartinaama, ɓurɗo teeŋtude heen ko Asaambele ngenndiwal tataɓere jooɗiiɗo to Abuja. Ndeen o woppii nguurndam politik haa fajiri leydi Naajeeriya nayaɓiri e hitaande 1997 nde o naati e lannda Kongres Naajeeriya (UNCP) anndiraaka e oon sahaa ko ƴaañoowo konu..<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|last=Anyanwu|first=Chris Ngozi|date=July 4, 1993|title=The Law Makers, 1992-1996: Federal Republic of Nigeria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WbhEAQAAIAAJ|access-date=July 4, 2023|publisher=Start-Craft International|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://acrobat.adobe.com/id/urn:aaid:sc:EU:b5223021-30da-4dc0-8ee7-addc3713dcc6|title=Adobe Acrobat|website=acrobat.adobe.com}}</ref><ref>"NIGERIA: parliamentary elections House of Representatives, 1992" http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2363_92.htm</ref><ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m4v3VNRx5io|title=Throwback: General Sani Abacha's Takeover Speech In 1993. #nigeria|date=9 October 2021|via=YouTube}}</ref> == Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol == James Mwankon Vwi jibinaa ko ñalnde 1 abriil 1952 e nder galle Dara Vwi Mwangwong demoowo e De. Ngem Tu Vwi Mwangwong mo Dabwam, Riyom nder nokkuure laamu nokkuure Riyom hannde nde lesdi Plateau. O naati duɗal leslesal to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Riyom (LEA) ɗo o heɓi seedantaagal makko gadanal (FSLC). Ndeen o yahi haa laamorgo leydi Jos e nder njillu ngam heɓde karallaagal njulaagu e hisnude kaalis ngam ɓeydaade jaŋde makko. Caggal nde o heɓi fannuuji makko GCE, o winnditii e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Kaduna ngam janngude Dipolomaaji ngenndiiji toowɗi e laamu e politik. Ndeen o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ahmadu Bello, Zaria ɗo o heɓi dipolom makko gadano, Baccalauréat e njuɓɓudi laamu (BPA) e hitaande 1986. Duuɓi caggal nde o woni e suudu sarɗiiji, o janngi sariya to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Jos gila hitaande 2002 haa 2006 e cachelorons de HLLw) to Bar Nigeria e hitaande 2007. O heɓat caggal mum dipolomaaji ɗiɗaɓi; Master of Laws (LL.M) ummoriiɗo e duɗal gootal waɗde mo jogiiɗo tati kuuɓtodinɗo. == Golle laamu == James Vwi heɓi kuugal maako arandewal nder kuugal laamu lesdi Plateau, ɓaawo man o hoosi kuugal maako haa kuugal lesdi Naajeeriya. Caggal nde o woni gardiiɗo duuɓi jeegom, o felliti naatde e politik tiiɗɗo. E wiyde deftere Chris Anyanwu nde o winndi e nder deftere nde, nde o winndi e nder deftere nde, 1992 haa 1996: 1993 hello 191, o woppi golle ngam naatde e politik ngam o ɗon nuɗɗina o woodi bawɗe wallugo quota maako ngam ɓamtaare lesdi Naajeeriya. O sikki so ƴellitaare leydi ndii ina foti laaɓtude ina foti fuɗɗoraade e dowla baɗɗo politik. == Politik == == Ƴeew kadi: Republique Nijeer tataɓo == James Vwi wonnoo ko hooreejo ngenndiijo fedde sukaaɓe Berom (BYM) fedde daraniinde sukaaɓe Berom. E nder oon sahaa o ƴellitii jokkondiral e jokkondiral kesal hakkunde denndaangal cate dillere ndee e nder leydi hee e nder diiwaan hee. E fajiri leydi Naajeeriya tataɓiri caggal nde Asamblee Konstitution timmini golle mum e doosɗe kese e fuɗɗoode hitaande 1989, yimɓe makko noddi mo ngam waɗde doggol ngam suɓaade jooɗorde suudu sarɗiiji ngam suɓaade Barkin Ladi e dow laylaytol lannda Social Democratic Party (SDP). O bayyinaama wonde o dañii njeenaari e wooteeji Asaambele ngenndi (Senaa e suudu sarɗiiji) baɗnooɗi ñalnde 4 sulyee 1992 e 25 800 woote, o fooli tan ko luulndiiɗo makko, hono Reverend Gyang Pam, mo Kawtal ngenndiwal (NRC). James Vwi e sahaa suudu sarɗiiji tataɓuru e hitaande 1993 E hitaande 1997, Vwi naati e doggol guwerneeruuji ngam diiwaan Plateau e dow laylaytol laamu kesu nguu, ngu fedde wiyeteende United Nigeria Congress Party (UNCP) gooto e lanndaaji joy (5) ɗi laamu nguu sosi caggal nde laamu konu leydi ndii itti kuugal laamu nguu. Lanndaaji politik nay keddiiɗi ɗii winnditaa (goomu nguu sankitii) ko ɗiin ngoni : Lannda Demokaraasi Najeeriya (DPN), Kongres ngam nanondiral ngenndiwal (CNC), Diɗɗal Demokaraasi leslesal (GDM) e Lannda Catal Naajeeriya (NCPN). Yiɗde makko ustii nde lanndaaji joy ɗii ndartinaa caggal nde Abacha maayi, lanndaaji politik kesi (Lanndaaji Demokaraasi Leƴƴi, Lannda Yimɓe fof, Kawtal ngam Demokaraasi) sosi e lomto mum en, lomto Abacha, hono Abdulsalami Abubakar. Ɗum jibini doosgal politik kesal, ɓurngal heewde demokaraasi e jamaanu ɓennuɗo oo, tawi ko lanndaaji joy. E gargol laamu Najeriya nayaɓuru ngu fuɗɗii ñalnde 29 lewru mbooy hitaande 1999, James Vwi maa rewru e politikaaji leslesɗi ɗi nganndu-ɗaa ina gasa tawa ina addana mo ɓadtaade no feewi miijooji e miijooji yimɓe remooɓe e nder diiwaan laamu Riyom mo o jibinaa oo. James Vwi yaltinii yeddude tiiɗnde wonde fedde makko to Riyom, fedde nde, dartinii jaagorgal ko feewti e dingiral, Damishi Sango e lannda ka. O salii ko wiyetee dartinde ministeer oo e bannge 10 woɗɓe, ko ɗum feere ngam riiwtude mo e golle makko e nder kabine hooreejo leydi ndii. Darnugol golle ngol ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri teeŋtude e luural hakkunde Sango e guwerneer kuuɓtodinɗo diiwaan Plateau e oon sahaa, hono Joshua Chibi Dariye. == Dowla Plateau nder leydi Naajeeriya == Ñalnde 12 abriil 2003, Honorable Vwi wonnoo ko gardiiɗo suudu sarɗiiji ngam PDP e wooteeji Asaambele ngenndi e ndeen hitaande. O fooli ko Gyang Dalyop Dantong mo ANPP. O waɗii dumunna mawɗo e nder fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e teleeji (PRTVC) Jos e toɗɗagol mawɗo leydi ndii, hono Joshua Chibi Dariye, guwerneer diiwaan Plateau. Ñalnde 2 lewru bowte hitaande 2008, James Vwi ñaagii denndaangal guwerneeruuji e nder diiwanuuji 36 fedde ndee nde ngoppataa kaalis laamuuji nokkuuji ɗii ngam udditde laawol ƴellitaare yaawnde yiɗde ɓesngu nguu e nder leydi hee. Ko adii nde o ƴettata golle hooreejo laamu nokkuyankeewu Vwi, mo e oon sahaa wonnoo ko Sekreteruuji Diisnondiral laamu nokkuyankeewu Riyom, diiwaan Plateau, wiyi wonde so tawii guwerneeruuji diiwaanuuji ɗii ndokkaani kaalis laamu nokkuyankeewu, ƴellitaare infrastructure to bannge laamu nokkuyankeewu maa jokku e dañde caɗeele teeŋtuɗe, ko ɗum bonnata yimɓe heewɓe. E dow ballal makko e tergal makko ɓennungal e nder suudu sarɗiiji leydi Najeriya, James Vwi jeyaa ko e depiteeji doolnuɗi ummoriiɗi e diiwaan Plateau tawtoraama e wooteeji e batu ngenndiwal 8ɓo All Progressives Congress (APC) ngam suɓaade terɗe Goomu gollordu leydi ndii (NWC) yuɓɓinaangu tuggi 25 haa 28 March26 to Abgle26 the Square. == Nguurndam neɗɗo == O resi ko Naomi Chundung Vwi, gonnooɗo gardiiɗo jaagorɗe laamu to bannge laamu Plateau. Ɓe kawri, ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe njeegomo. == Tuugnorgal == eh9wj4dmz21envh43pd76kbesft32hp 174336 174335 2026-06-18T20:51:26Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Mwankon Vwi ('''// C jibinaa ko 1 abriil 1952) ko golloowo laamu leydi Najeriya, o woniino tergal suudu sarɗiiji hakkunde 5 Duujal 1992 e 17 Noowammbar 1993 to leydi Najeriya, ko juuti. O lomtii diiwaan Barkin Ladi (jooni diiwaan Barkin Ladi/Riyom) e nder diiwaan Plateau ɓooyɗo mo diiwaan Nassarawa ummorii caggal ɗuum ñalnde 1 oktoobar 1996. Caggal nde o udditaa suudu sarɗiiji tataɓuru ñalnde 5 desaambar 1992, o toɗɗaa e goomu suudu sarɗiiji ko faati e resource minerale. Ko e nder suudu sarɗiiji ndu Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso gorko Kano mo siyaasaaku, cukko hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya (NDC) woni cukko hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya. Nde junta militeer Sani Abacha lomtii laamu nguu e juuɗe laamu ngenndiwal Ernest Shonekan, denndaangal juɓɓule demokaraasiije e nder Republique tataɓere ɗee ndartinaama, ɓurɗo teeŋtude heen ko Asaambele ngenndiwal tataɓere jooɗiiɗo to Abuja. Ndeen o woppii nguurndam politik haa fajiri leydi Naajeeriya nayaɓiri e hitaande 1997 nde o naati e lannda Kongres Naajeeriya (UNCP) anndiraaka e oon sahaa ko ƴaañoowo konu..<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|last=Anyanwu|first=Chris Ngozi|date=July 4, 1993|title=The Law Makers, 1992-1996: Federal Republic of Nigeria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WbhEAQAAIAAJ|access-date=July 4, 2023|publisher=Start-Craft International|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://acrobat.adobe.com/id/urn:aaid:sc:EU:b5223021-30da-4dc0-8ee7-addc3713dcc6|title=Adobe Acrobat|website=acrobat.adobe.com}}</ref><ref>"NIGERIA: parliamentary elections House of Representatives, 1992" http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2363_92.htm</ref><ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m4v3VNRx5io|title=Throwback: General Sani Abacha's Takeover Speech In 1993. #nigeria|date=9 October 2021|via=YouTube}}</ref> == Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol == James Mwankon Vwi jibinaa ko ñalnde 1 abriil 1952 e nder galle Dara Vwi Mwangwong demoowo e De. Ngem Tu Vwi Mwangwong mo Dabwam, Riyom nder nokkuure laamu nokkuure Riyom hannde nde lesdi Plateau. O naati duɗal leslesal to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Riyom (LEA) ɗo o heɓi seedantaagal makko gadanal (FSLC). Ndeen o yahi haa laamorgo leydi Jos e nder njillu ngam heɓde karallaagal njulaagu e hisnude kaalis ngam ɓeydaade jaŋde makko. Caggal nde o heɓi fannuuji makko GCE, o winnditii e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Kaduna ngam janngude Dipolomaaji ngenndiiji toowɗi e laamu e politik. Ndeen o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ahmadu Bello, Zaria ɗo o heɓi dipolom makko gadano, Baccalauréat e njuɓɓudi laamu (BPA) e hitaande 1986. Duuɓi caggal nde o woni e suudu sarɗiiji, o janngi sariya to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Jos gila hitaande 2002 haa 2006 e cachelorons de HLLw) to Bar Nigeria e hitaande 2007. O heɓat caggal mum dipolomaaji ɗiɗaɓi; Master of Laws (LL.M) ummoriiɗo e duɗal gootal waɗde mo jogiiɗo tati kuuɓtodinɗo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.no/books/about/Who_is_who_on_the_Plateau.html?id=BQkB0AEACAAJ&redir_esc=y|title="Who is who on the Plateau": A Compendium of Personalities from Plateau State|first=Andrew|last=Daman Nanyah|date=3 April 2021|via=Google Books}}</ref> == Golle laamu == James Vwi heɓi kuugal maako arandewal nder kuugal laamu lesdi Plateau, ɓaawo man o hoosi kuugal maako haa kuugal lesdi Naajeeriya. Caggal nde o woni gardiiɗo duuɓi jeegom, o felliti naatde e politik tiiɗɗo. E wiyde deftere Chris Anyanwu nde o winndi e nder deftere nde, nde o winndi e nder deftere nde, 1992 haa 1996: 1993 hello 191, o woppi golle ngam naatde e politik ngam o ɗon nuɗɗina o woodi bawɗe wallugo quota maako ngam ɓamtaare lesdi Naajeeriya. O sikki so ƴellitaare leydi ndii ina foti laaɓtude ina foti fuɗɗoraade e dowla baɗɗo politik. == Politik == == Ƴeew kadi: Republique Nijeer tataɓo == James Vwi wonnoo ko hooreejo ngenndiijo fedde sukaaɓe Berom (BYM) fedde daraniinde sukaaɓe Berom. E nder oon sahaa o ƴellitii jokkondiral e jokkondiral kesal hakkunde denndaangal cate dillere ndee e nder leydi hee e nder diiwaan hee. E fajiri leydi Naajeeriya tataɓiri caggal nde Asamblee Konstitution timmini golle mum e doosɗe kese e fuɗɗoode hitaande 1989, yimɓe makko noddi mo ngam waɗde doggol ngam suɓaade jooɗorde suudu sarɗiiji ngam suɓaade Barkin Ladi e dow laylaytol lannda Social Democratic Party (SDP). O bayyinaama wonde o dañii njeenaari e wooteeji Asaambele ngenndi (Senaa e suudu sarɗiiji) baɗnooɗi ñalnde 4 sulyee 1992 e 25 800 woote, o fooli tan ko luulndiiɗo makko, hono Reverend Gyang Pam, mo Kawtal ngenndiwal (NRC). James Vwi e sahaa suudu sarɗiiji tataɓuru e hitaande 1993 E hitaande 1997, Vwi naati e doggol guwerneeruuji ngam diiwaan Plateau e dow laylaytol laamu kesu nguu, ngu fedde wiyeteende United Nigeria Congress Party (UNCP) gooto e lanndaaji joy (5) ɗi laamu nguu sosi caggal nde laamu konu leydi ndii itti kuugal laamu nguu. Lanndaaji politik nay keddiiɗi ɗii winnditaa (goomu nguu sankitii) ko ɗiin ngoni : Lannda Demokaraasi Najeeriya (DPN), Kongres ngam nanondiral ngenndiwal (CNC), Diɗɗal Demokaraasi leslesal (GDM) e Lannda Catal Naajeeriya (NCPN). Yiɗde makko ustii nde lanndaaji joy ɗii ndartinaa caggal nde Abacha maayi, lanndaaji politik kesi (Lanndaaji Demokaraasi Leƴƴi, Lannda Yimɓe fof, Kawtal ngam Demokaraasi) sosi e lomto mum en, lomto Abacha, hono Abdulsalami Abubakar. Ɗum jibini doosgal politik kesal, ɓurngal heewde demokaraasi e jamaanu ɓennuɗo oo, tawi ko lanndaaji joy. E gargol laamu Najeriya nayaɓuru ngu fuɗɗii ñalnde 29 lewru mbooy hitaande 1999, James Vwi maa rewru e politikaaji leslesɗi ɗi nganndu-ɗaa ina gasa tawa ina addana mo ɓadtaade no feewi miijooji e miijooji yimɓe remooɓe e nder diiwaan laamu Riyom mo o jibinaa oo. James Vwi yaltinii yeddude tiiɗnde wonde fedde makko to Riyom, fedde nde, dartinii jaagorgal ko feewti e dingiral, Damishi Sango e lannda ka. O salii ko wiyetee dartinde ministeer oo e bannge 10 woɗɓe, ko ɗum feere ngam riiwtude mo e golle makko e nder kabine hooreejo leydi ndii. Darnugol golle ngol ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri teeŋtude e luural hakkunde Sango e guwerneer kuuɓtodinɗo diiwaan Plateau e oon sahaa, hono Joshua Chibi Dariye. == Dowla Plateau nder leydi Naajeeriya == Ñalnde 12 abriil 2003, Honorable Vwi wonnoo ko gardiiɗo suudu sarɗiiji ngam PDP e wooteeji Asaambele ngenndi e ndeen hitaande. O fooli ko Gyang Dalyop Dantong mo ANPP. O waɗii dumunna mawɗo e nder fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e teleeji (PRTVC) Jos e toɗɗagol mawɗo leydi ndii, hono Joshua Chibi Dariye, guwerneer diiwaan Plateau. Ñalnde 2 lewru bowte hitaande 2008, James Vwi ñaagii denndaangal guwerneeruuji e nder diiwanuuji 36 fedde ndee nde ngoppataa kaalis laamuuji nokkuuji ɗii ngam udditde laawol ƴellitaare yaawnde yiɗde ɓesngu nguu e nder leydi hee. Ko adii nde o ƴettata golle hooreejo laamu nokkuyankeewu Vwi, mo e oon sahaa wonnoo ko Sekreteruuji Diisnondiral laamu nokkuyankeewu Riyom, diiwaan Plateau, wiyi wonde so tawii guwerneeruuji diiwaanuuji ɗii ndokkaani kaalis laamu nokkuyankeewu, ƴellitaare infrastructure to bannge laamu nokkuyankeewu maa jokku e dañde caɗeele teeŋtuɗe, ko ɗum bonnata yimɓe heewɓe. E dow ballal makko e tergal makko ɓennungal e nder suudu sarɗiiji leydi Najeriya, James Vwi jeyaa ko e depiteeji doolnuɗi ummoriiɗi e diiwaan Plateau tawtoraama e wooteeji e batu ngenndiwal 8ɓo All Progressives Congress (APC) ngam suɓaade terɗe Goomu gollordu leydi ndii (NWC) yuɓɓinaangu tuggi 25 haa 28 March26 to Abgle26 the Square. == Nguurndam neɗɗo == O resi ko Naomi Chundung Vwi, gonnooɗo gardiiɗo jaagorɗe laamu to bannge laamu Plateau. Ɓe kawri, ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe njeegomo. == Tuugnorgal == o4x16ngfrk8zi0yceqe9v77y1agscdj 0 42209 174337 2026-06-18T20:55:16Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174337 wikitext text/x-wiki James Churchill Omosanya Vaughan Jr., M.D. (30 mee 1893 – 1937) ko doktoor leydi Nijeer, ko o daraniiɗo politik mawɗo. Jibinannde e jaŋde Vaughan jibinaa ko to Lagos ñalnde 30 mee 1893, ɓiy James Wilson Vaughan, iwdi Scipio Vaughan, ganndo Ameriknaajo mo teeminannde 19ɓiire, mo o dañi kadi iwdi Catawba. Baaba makko ko njulaagu Yoruba Lagos alɗuɗo. O jeyaa ko e fedde annduɓe adannde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde King’s College, Lagos nde ngal sosaa e hitaande 1909. Vaughan e Isaac Ladipo Oluwole ko almudɓe ɗiɗo aranɓe Naajeeriya to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Glasgow, ɓe njanngi toon safaara gila 1913 haa 1918, nde ɓe keɓi dipolomaaji safaara. Almuɓɓe ɗiɗo ɓee ina ngondi e njiyaagu. E nder taskaram ñalngu cakkitiingu nguu e hitaande 1918, Vaughan rokkaama innde caggal "The Twa Dogs" nde Robert Burns winndi, ina nanndi e kuɗol jibinaaɗo e leydi ngoɗndi, "whalpit nokku goɗɗo to caggal leydi". Kugal Nde o arti Naajeeriya e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1920, Vaughan sosi kilinik keeriiɗo. O rokki kadi ballal safaara tawa ko e njoɓdi wonande waasɓe. Vaughan etinooma, tawa alaa ko heɓi heen, mooftude golle doktoor Niiseernaajo biyeteeɗo Oguntola Sapara, mo nganndu-ɗaa ina joginoo nafoore teeŋtunde e safaaraaji gaadanteeji, kono o acci tan ko binndanɗe seeɗa e wiɗtooji makko. Vaughan wonti ƴamoowo laamu koloñaal Angalteer, e hitaande 1934 o jeyaa ko e sosɓe fedde sukaaɓe Lagos wondude e ardiiɓe woɗɓe, hono Dr. Vaughan woni hooreejo gadano fedde nde.Dillere sukaaɓe Lagos ina joginoo e fuɗɗoode ko ɓamtaare jaŋde toownde, kono e nder duuɓi nay wonti fedde ngenndiyaŋkoore ɓurnde waawde e nder leydi ndii. Nde inniraa ko Diɗɗal Sukaaɓe Naajeeriya e hitaande 1936 ngam teeŋtinde paandaale mayre pan-Nijeria.Gooto e geɗe gadane ɗee ko jaŋde janngingol safaara to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Yaba. Tuugnorgal jx4gym776x5tybhlto542e16fo66c2e 174338 174337 2026-06-18T20:56:50Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} James Churchill Omosanya Vaughan Jr., M.D. (30 mee 1893 – 1937) ko doktoor leydi Nijeer, ko o daraniiɗo politik mawɗo. Jibinannde e jaŋde Vaughan jibinaa ko to Lagos ñalnde 30 mee 1893, ɓiy James Wilson Vaughan, iwdi Scipio Vaughan, ganndo Ameriknaajo mo teeminannde 19ɓiire, mo o dañi kadi iwdi Catawba. Baaba makko ko njulaagu Yoruba Lagos alɗuɗo. O jeyaa ko e fedde annduɓe adannde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde King’s College, Lagos nde ngal sosaa e hitaande 1909. Vaughan e Isaac Ladipo Oluwole ko almudɓe ɗiɗo aranɓe Naajeeriya to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Glasgow, ɓe njanngi toon safaara gila 1913 haa 1918, nde ɓe keɓi dipolomaaji safaara. Almuɓɓe ɗiɗo ɓee ina ngondi e njiyaagu. E nder taskaram ñalngu cakkitiingu nguu e hitaande 1918, Vaughan rokkaama innde caggal "The Twa Dogs" nde Robert Burns winndi, ina nanndi e kuɗol jibinaaɗo e leydi ngoɗndi, "whalpit nokku goɗɗo to caggal leydi". Kugal Nde o arti Naajeeriya e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1920, Vaughan sosi kilinik keeriiɗo. O rokki kadi ballal safaara tawa ko e njoɓdi wonande waasɓe. Vaughan etinooma, tawa alaa ko heɓi heen, mooftude golle doktoor Niiseernaajo biyeteeɗo Oguntola Sapara, mo nganndu-ɗaa ina joginoo nafoore teeŋtunde e safaaraaji gaadanteeji, kono o acci tan ko binndanɗe seeɗa e wiɗtooji makko. Vaughan wonti ƴamoowo laamu koloñaal Angalteer, e hitaande 1934 o jeyaa ko e sosɓe fedde sukaaɓe Lagos wondude e ardiiɓe woɗɓe, hono Dr. Vaughan woni hooreejo gadano fedde nde.Dillere sukaaɓe Lagos ina joginoo e fuɗɗoode ko ɓamtaare jaŋde toownde, kono e nder duuɓi nay wonti fedde ngenndiyaŋkoore ɓurnde waawde e nder leydi ndii. Nde inniraa ko Diɗɗal Sukaaɓe Naajeeriya e hitaande 1936 ngam teeŋtinde paandaale mayre pan-Nijeria.Gooto e geɗe gadane ɗee ko jaŋde janngingol safaara to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Yaba. Tuugnorgal ogolwcobb5ju9ohzy6j7sv1m3rn9f4f 174339 174338 2026-06-18T20:57:51Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Churchill Omosanya''' Vaughan Jr., M.D. (30 mee 1893 – 1937) ko doktoor leydi Nijeer, ko o daraniiɗo politik mawɗo. == Jibinannde e jaŋde == Vaughan jibinaa ko to Lagos ñalnde 30 mee 1893, ɓiy James Wilson Vaughan, iwdi Scipio Vaughan, ganndo Ameriknaajo mo teeminannde 19ɓiire, mo o dañi kadi iwdi Catawba. Baaba makko ko njulaagu Yoruba Lagos alɗuɗo. O jeyaa ko e fedde annduɓe adannde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde King’s College, Lagos nde ngal sosaa e hitaande 1909. Vaughan e Isaac Ladipo Oluwole ko almudɓe ɗiɗo aranɓe Naajeeriya to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Glasgow, ɓe njanngi toon safaara gila 1913 haa 1918, nde ɓe keɓi dipolomaaji safaara. Almuɓɓe ɗiɗo ɓee ina ngondi e njiyaagu. E nder taskaram ñalngu cakkitiingu nguu e hitaande 1918, Vaughan rokkaama innde caggal "The Twa Dogs" nde Robert Burns winndi, ina nanndi e kuɗol jibinaaɗo e leydi ngoɗndi, "whalpit nokku goɗɗo to caggal leydi". == Kugal == Nde o arti Naajeeriya e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1920, Vaughan sosi kilinik keeriiɗo. O rokki kadi ballal safaara tawa ko e njoɓdi wonande waasɓe. Vaughan etinooma, tawa alaa ko heɓi heen, mooftude golle doktoor Niiseernaajo biyeteeɗo Oguntola Sapara, mo nganndu-ɗaa ina joginoo nafoore teeŋtunde e safaaraaji gaadanteeji, kono o acci tan ko binndanɗe seeɗa e wiɗtooji makko. Vaughan wonti ƴamoowo laamu koloñaal Angalteer, e hitaande 1934 o jeyaa ko e sosɓe fedde sukaaɓe Lagos wondude e ardiiɓe woɗɓe, hono Dr. Vaughan woni hooreejo gadano fedde nde.Dillere sukaaɓe Lagos ina joginoo e fuɗɗoode ko ɓamtaare jaŋde toownde, kono e nder duuɓi nay wonti fedde ngenndiyaŋkoore ɓurnde waawde e nder leydi ndii. Nde inniraa ko Diɗɗal Sukaaɓe Naajeeriya e hitaande 1936 ngam teeŋtinde paandaale mayre pan-Nijeria.Gooto e geɗe gadane ɗee ko jaŋde janngingol safaara to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Yaba. == Tuugnorgal == 8u9op7nqnpbivvrnl8rgs6mytlfe8g5 174340 174339 2026-06-18T21:01:14Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Churchill Omosanya''' Vaughan Jr., M.D. (30 mee 1893 – 1937) ko doktoor leydi Nijeer, ko o daraniiɗo politik mawɗo. == Jibinannde e jaŋde == Vaughan jibinaa ko to Lagos ñalnde 30 mee 1893, ɓiy James Wilson Vaughan, iwdi Scipio Vaughan, ganndo Ameriknaajo mo teeminannde 19ɓiire, mo o dañi kadi iwdi Catawba. Baaba makko ko njulaagu Yoruba Lagos alɗuɗo. O jeyaa ko e fedde annduɓe adannde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde King’s College, Lagos nde ngal sosaa e hitaande 1909. Vaughan e Isaac Ladipo Oluwole ko almudɓe ɗiɗo aranɓe Naajeeriya to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Glasgow, ɓe njanngi toon safaara gila 1913 haa 1918, nde ɓe keɓi dipolomaaji safaara. Almuɓɓe ɗiɗo ɓee ina ngondi e njiyaagu. E nder taskaram ñalngu cakkitiingu nguu e hitaande 1918, Vaughan rokkaama innde caggal "The Twa Dogs" nde Robert Burns winndi, ina nanndi e kuɗol jibinaaɗo e leydi ngoɗndi, "whalpit nokku goɗɗo to caggal leydi".,<ref name="Uglasgowbio" /><ref name="gla.ac.uk">{{Cite web|title=University of Glasgow - MyGlasgow - Archive Services - Collections - International Archives - Africa - Nigeria|url=https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/archives/collections/internationalarchives/africa/nigeria/|website=www.gla.ac.uk|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KFPGDQAAQBAJ|title=Atlantic Bonds: A Nineteenth-Century Odyssey from America to Africa|author1=Lisa A. Lindsay|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|page=22|year=2017|isbn=9781469631134}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FdJAAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA203|title=Biography and the Black Atlantic (The Early Modern Americas)|author1=Lisa A. Lindsay|author2=John Wood Sweet|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|page=203|year=2013|isbn=978-0-812-2087-02}}</ref><ref name="Starfield2001" /> == Kugal == Nde o arti Naajeeriya e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1920, Vaughan sosi kilinik keeriiɗo. O rokki kadi ballal safaara tawa ko e njoɓdi wonande waasɓe. Vaughan etinooma, tawa alaa ko heɓi heen, mooftude golle doktoor Niiseernaajo biyeteeɗo Oguntola Sapara, mo nganndu-ɗaa ina joginoo nafoore teeŋtunde e safaaraaji gaadanteeji, kono o acci tan ko binndanɗe seeɗa e wiɗtooji makko. Vaughan wonti ƴamoowo laamu koloñaal Angalteer, e hitaande 1934 o jeyaa ko e sosɓe fedde sukaaɓe Lagos wondude e ardiiɓe woɗɓe, hono Dr. Vaughan woni hooreejo gadano fedde nde.Dillere sukaaɓe Lagos ina joginoo e fuɗɗoode ko ɓamtaare jaŋde toownde, kono e nder duuɓi nay wonti fedde ngenndiyaŋkoore ɓurnde waawde e nder leydi ndii. Nde inniraa ko Diɗɗal Sukaaɓe Naajeeriya e hitaande 1936 ngam teeŋtinde paandaale mayre pan-Nijeria.Gooto e geɗe gadane ɗee ko jaŋde janngingol safaara to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Yaba. == Tuugnorgal == r55811q8ivh1gh02x6xyisb2bzuk6w8 174341 174340 2026-06-18T21:03:47Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Churchill Omosanya''' Vaughan Jr., M.D. (30 mee 1893 – 1937) ko doktoor leydi Nijeer, ko o daraniiɗo politik mawɗo. == Jibinannde e jaŋde == Vaughan jibinaa ko to Lagos ñalnde 30 mee 1893, ɓiy James Wilson Vaughan, iwdi Scipio Vaughan, ganndo Ameriknaajo mo teeminannde 19ɓiire, mo o dañi kadi iwdi Catawba. Baaba makko ko njulaagu Yoruba Lagos alɗuɗo. O jeyaa ko e fedde annduɓe adannde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde King’s College, Lagos nde ngal sosaa e hitaande 1909. Vaughan e Isaac Ladipo Oluwole ko almudɓe ɗiɗo aranɓe Naajeeriya to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Glasgow, ɓe njanngi toon safaara gila 1913 haa 1918, nde ɓe keɓi dipolomaaji safaara. Almuɓɓe ɗiɗo ɓee ina ngondi e njiyaagu. E nder taskaram ñalngu cakkitiingu nguu e hitaande 1918, Vaughan rokkaama innde caggal "The Twa Dogs" nde Robert Burns winndi, ina nanndi e kuɗol jibinaaɗo e leydi ngoɗndi, "whalpit nokku goɗɗo to caggal leydi".,<ref name="Uglasgowbio" /><ref name="gla.ac.uk">{{Cite web|title=University of Glasgow - MyGlasgow - Archive Services - Collections - International Archives - Africa - Nigeria|url=https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/archives/collections/internationalarchives/africa/nigeria/|website=www.gla.ac.uk|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KFPGDQAAQBAJ|title=Atlantic Bonds: A Nineteenth-Century Odyssey from America to Africa|author1=Lisa A. Lindsay|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|page=22|year=2017|isbn=9781469631134}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FdJAAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA203|title=Biography and the Black Atlantic (The Early Modern Americas)|author1=Lisa A. Lindsay|author2=John Wood Sweet|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|page=203|year=2013|isbn=978-0-812-2087-02}}</ref><ref name="Starfield2001" /> == Kugal == Nde o arti Naajeeriya e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1920, Vaughan sosi kilinik keeriiɗo. O rokki kadi ballal safaara tawa ko e njoɓdi wonande waasɓe. Vaughan etinooma, tawa alaa ko heɓi heen, mooftude golle doktoor Niiseernaajo biyeteeɗo Oguntola Sapara, mo nganndu-ɗaa ina joginoo nafoore teeŋtunde e safaaraaji gaadanteeji, kono o acci tan ko binndanɗe seeɗa e wiɗtooji makko.<ref name="Uglasgowbio2" /> Vaughan wonti ƴamoowo laamu koloñaal Angalteer, e hitaande 1934 o jeyaa ko e sosɓe fedde sukaaɓe Lagos wondude e ardiiɓe woɗɓe, hono Dr. Vaughan woni hooreejo gadano fedde nde.Dillere sukaaɓe Lagos ina joginoo e fuɗɗoode ko ɓamtaare jaŋde toownde, kono e nder duuɓi nay wonti fedde ngenndiyaŋkoore ɓurnde waawde e nder leydi ndii. Nde inniraa ko Diɗɗal Sukaaɓe Naajeeriya e hitaande 1936 ngam teeŋtinde paandaale mayre pan-Nijeria.Gooto e geɗe gadane ɗee ko jaŋde janngingol safaara to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Yaba. == Tuugnorgal == 825usbom29o3e5r78vszdyrihe1m278 0 42210 174344 2026-06-18T22:59:08Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174344 wikitext text/x-wiki Abdussalam Abdulkarim Zaura (jibinaa ko 7 feebariyee 1977), ganndiraaɗo kadi A. A. Zaura, ko jom ngalu, jom moƴƴere, jom politik. Ko kanko sosi A. A. Zaura Foundation, fedde nde wonaa laamuyaŋkoore, daraniinde eɓɓaaɗe neɗɗankaagal e ƴellitaare. O tawtoraama suɓol senateeruuji Kano Central e hitaande 2023, o woniino kanndidaajo lannda APC, kono o foolii Rufa'i Hanga mo lannda yimɓe leydi Naajeeriya keso (NNPP). Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol Zaura jibinaa ko Dakata, e nder laamu Nassarawa, e nder diiwaan Kano. O ɗon nder wuro Zaura Babba haa lesdi Ungogo, lesdi Kano. O timmini jaŋde makko leslesre to Zaura Babba, o jokki jaŋde makko hakkundeere to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde karallaagal laamu Bagauda to wuro Kano. O heɓi Dipolom Innjiniyaar to Duɗal Karallaagal, Politeknik dowla Kano, Kano e hitaande 2000 Zaura jokkiti jangirde maako haa Jaami'aare Baze haa Abuja Naajeeriya. ɗo o heɓi BSC e ganndal politik e njuɓɓudi laamu, kam e Master e njuɓɓudi laamu. Kugal Ko adii nde o naatata e politik, Zaura ina jokki e golle njulaagu, haa teeŋti noon e fannu petroŋ e gaas. Ko kanko woni hooreejo sosiyatee petroŋ e gaas biyeteeɗo Zaura Energy Limited, gonɗo to Kano, leydi Nijeer. O woni kadi hooreejo fedde Plambeck Emirates Nigeria Limited, sosiyetee petroŋ e gaas golloowo e leydi Najeriya, jogiiɗo njuɓɓudi mum to leydi Almaañ. Zaura kadi ko gardiiɗo Sals Core Limited, sosiyatee toppitiiɗo yeeyde e renndinde otooji. E lewru noowammbar 2022, Abdussalam tuumaama waɗde fenaande fotde miliyoŋaaji 1,3 dolaar, tawi ko Komiseer toppitiiɗo ko fayti e bonanndeeji faggudu e kaalis (EFCC). O tuumaama o heɓi kaalis o ko e juuɗe gooto e Bashir Jamilu e fenaande, o rokki mo geɗe petroŋ. Caggal nde ñaawirde ndee ƴeewti hujjaaji ɗii no feewi, ñaawirde ndee tawi ko senaateer Zaura alaa ko o waɗi so wonaa kuuge ɗe Komiseer toppitiiɗo ko fayti e bonanndeeji faggudu e kaalis (EFCC) fawi e makko, ñaawoore ndee ƴettaa ko e makko. Filantropi Zaura woni sosɗo A. A. Zaura Foundation, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore, nde yiɗi ko moƴƴinde nguurndam yimɓe ɓe ngalaa jawdi e nder leydi Najeriya. Foundation waɗii eɓɓooji keewɗi ngam wallitde neɗɗaagu e ƴellitaare, ko wayi no rokkude bursiiji, cellal, rokkude ndiyam, e porogaraamuuji doole. Zaura hokki kadi ceede e kuuje ngam daliilaaji feere-feere, bana ɓiɓɓe yiite, musiibaaji ilam, e nyawu COVID-19. E hitaande 2022, o hokki bursiiji 200 miliyon naira ngam 200 sukaaɓe nder jiha Kano Nguurndam politik Abdulkarim nasti siyaasaaku nder hitaande 2019, nde o ɗon nodda suɓol hooreejo lesdi Kano nder hitaande 2019 haa lesdi lanyol lesdi Naajeeriya (GPN). Caggal mum o woppi APC, o dañii darnde wootere ngam suɓaade hooreejo leydi Kano Central e nder wooteeji 2023. O waɗi kampaañ e dow laylaytol semmbinde sukaaɓe, jaŋde, cellal, e ƴellitaare gollorɗe. [citations excessive] Kono o dañaani heen nafoore, o dañii Rufa'i Hanga mo NNPP. E lewru Duujal hitaande 2022, otooji Zaura njani e wuro Gayawa, to diiwaan Kano, tawi ko yimɓe ɓe nganndaaka, mbari heen 17 neɗɗo. Zaura ñiŋii njanngu nguu, o noddi jam e kisal e nder diiwaan hee. Tuugnorgal id8tdmhkgxbn8ir21smrel4l3puqiqh 174345 174344 2026-06-18T23:00:26Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Abdussalam Abdulkarim Zaura (jibinaa ko 7 feebariyee 1977), ganndiraaɗo kadi A. A. Zaura, ko jom ngalu, jom moƴƴere, jom politik. Ko kanko sosi A. A. Zaura Foundation, fedde nde wonaa laamuyaŋkoore, daraniinde eɓɓaaɗe neɗɗankaagal e ƴellitaare. O tawtoraama suɓol senateeruuji Kano Central e hitaande 2023, o woniino kanndidaajo lannda APC, kono o foolii Rufa'i Hanga mo lannda yimɓe leydi Naajeeriya keso (NNPP). Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol Zaura jibinaa ko Dakata, e nder laamu Nassarawa, e nder diiwaan Kano. O ɗon nder wuro Zaura Babba haa lesdi Ungogo, lesdi Kano. O timmini jaŋde makko leslesre to Zaura Babba, o jokki jaŋde makko hakkundeere to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde karallaagal laamu Bagauda to wuro Kano. O heɓi Dipolom Innjiniyaar to Duɗal Karallaagal, Politeknik dowla Kano, Kano e hitaande 2000 Zaura jokkiti jangirde maako haa Jaami'aare Baze haa Abuja Naajeeriya. ɗo o heɓi BSC e ganndal politik e njuɓɓudi laamu, kam e Master e njuɓɓudi laamu. Kugal Ko adii nde o naatata e politik, Zaura ina jokki e golle njulaagu, haa teeŋti noon e fannu petroŋ e gaas. Ko kanko woni hooreejo sosiyatee petroŋ e gaas biyeteeɗo Zaura Energy Limited, gonɗo to Kano, leydi Nijeer. O woni kadi hooreejo fedde Plambeck Emirates Nigeria Limited, sosiyetee petroŋ e gaas golloowo e leydi Najeriya, jogiiɗo njuɓɓudi mum to leydi Almaañ. Zaura kadi ko gardiiɗo Sals Core Limited, sosiyatee toppitiiɗo yeeyde e renndinde otooji. E lewru noowammbar 2022, Abdussalam tuumaama waɗde fenaande fotde miliyoŋaaji 1,3 dolaar, tawi ko Komiseer toppitiiɗo ko fayti e bonanndeeji faggudu e kaalis (EFCC). O tuumaama o heɓi kaalis o ko e juuɗe gooto e Bashir Jamilu e fenaande, o rokki mo geɗe petroŋ. Caggal nde ñaawirde ndee ƴeewti hujjaaji ɗii no feewi, ñaawirde ndee tawi ko senaateer Zaura alaa ko o waɗi so wonaa kuuge ɗe Komiseer toppitiiɗo ko fayti e bonanndeeji faggudu e kaalis (EFCC) fawi e makko, ñaawoore ndee ƴettaa ko e makko. Filantropi Zaura woni sosɗo A. A. Zaura Foundation, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore, nde yiɗi ko moƴƴinde nguurndam yimɓe ɓe ngalaa jawdi e nder leydi Najeriya. Foundation waɗii eɓɓooji keewɗi ngam wallitde neɗɗaagu e ƴellitaare, ko wayi no rokkude bursiiji, cellal, rokkude ndiyam, e porogaraamuuji doole. Zaura hokki kadi ceede e kuuje ngam daliilaaji feere-feere, bana ɓiɓɓe yiite, musiibaaji ilam, e nyawu COVID-19. E hitaande 2022, o hokki bursiiji 200 miliyon naira ngam 200 sukaaɓe nder jiha Kano Nguurndam politik Abdulkarim nasti siyaasaaku nder hitaande 2019, nde o ɗon nodda suɓol hooreejo lesdi Kano nder hitaande 2019 haa lesdi lanyol lesdi Naajeeriya (GPN). Caggal mum o woppi APC, o dañii darnde wootere ngam suɓaade hooreejo leydi Kano Central e nder wooteeji 2023. O waɗi kampaañ e dow laylaytol semmbinde sukaaɓe, jaŋde, cellal, e ƴellitaare gollorɗe. [citations excessive] Kono o dañaani heen nafoore, o dañii Rufa'i Hanga mo NNPP. E lewru Duujal hitaande 2022, otooji Zaura njani e wuro Gayawa, to diiwaan Kano, tawi ko yimɓe ɓe nganndaaka, mbari heen 17 neɗɗo. Zaura ñiŋii njanngu nguu, o noddi jam e kisal e nder diiwaan hee. Tuugnorgal i28r0z8uj6gf9q7yd9a8byrll5dtlua 174346 174345 2026-06-18T23:01:35Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdussalam Abdulkarim Zaura''' (jibinaa ko 7 feebariyee 1977), ganndiraaɗo kadi A. A. Zaura, ko jom ngalu, jom moƴƴere, jom politik. Ko kanko sosi A. A. Zaura Foundation, fedde nde wonaa laamuyaŋkoore, daraniinde eɓɓaaɗe neɗɗankaagal e ƴellitaare. O tawtoraama suɓol senateeruuji Kano Central e hitaande 2023, o woniino kanndidaajo lannda APC, kono o foolii Rufa'i Hanga mo lannda yimɓe leydi Naajeeriya keso (NNPP). == Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol == Zaura jibinaa ko Dakata, e nder laamu Nassarawa, e nder diiwaan Kano. O ɗon nder wuro Zaura Babba haa lesdi Ungogo, lesdi Kano. O timmini jaŋde makko leslesre to Zaura Babba, o jokki jaŋde makko hakkundeere to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde karallaagal laamu Bagauda to wuro Kano. O heɓi Dipolom Innjiniyaar to Duɗal Karallaagal, Politeknik dowla Kano, Kano e hitaande 2000 Zaura jokkiti jangirde maako haa Jaami'aare Baze haa Abuja Naajeeriya. ɗo o heɓi BSC e ganndal politik e njuɓɓudi laamu, kam e Master e njuɓɓudi laamu. Kugal Ko adii nde o naatata e politik, Zaura ina jokki e golle njulaagu, haa teeŋti noon e fannu petroŋ e gaas. Ko kanko woni hooreejo sosiyatee petroŋ e gaas biyeteeɗo Zaura Energy Limited, gonɗo to Kano, leydi Nijeer. O woni kadi hooreejo fedde Plambeck Emirates Nigeria Limited, sosiyetee petroŋ e gaas golloowo e leydi Najeriya, jogiiɗo njuɓɓudi mum to leydi Almaañ. Zaura kadi ko gardiiɗo Sals Core Limited, sosiyatee toppitiiɗo yeeyde e renndinde otooji. E lewru noowammbar 2022, Abdussalam tuumaama waɗde fenaande fotde miliyoŋaaji 1,3 dolaar, tawi ko Komiseer toppitiiɗo ko fayti e bonanndeeji faggudu e kaalis (EFCC). O tuumaama o heɓi kaalis o ko e juuɗe gooto e Bashir Jamilu e fenaande, o rokki mo geɗe petroŋ. Caggal nde ñaawirde ndee ƴeewti hujjaaji ɗii no feewi, ñaawirde ndee tawi ko senaateer Zaura alaa ko o waɗi so wonaa kuuge ɗe Komiseer toppitiiɗo ko fayti e bonanndeeji faggudu e kaalis (EFCC) fawi e makko, ñaawoore ndee ƴettaa ko e makko. == Filantropi == Zaura woni sosɗo A. A. Zaura Foundation, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore, nde yiɗi ko moƴƴinde nguurndam yimɓe ɓe ngalaa jawdi e nder leydi Najeriya. Foundation waɗii eɓɓooji keewɗi ngam wallitde neɗɗaagu e ƴellitaare, ko wayi no rokkude bursiiji, cellal, rokkude ndiyam, e porogaraamuuji doole. Zaura hokki kadi ceede e kuuje ngam daliilaaji feere-feere, bana ɓiɓɓe yiite, musiibaaji ilam, e nyawu COVID-19. E hitaande 2022, o hokki bursiiji 200 miliyon naira ngam 200 sukaaɓe nder jiha Kano == Nguurndam politik == Abdulkarim nasti siyaasaaku nder hitaande 2019, nde o ɗon nodda suɓol hooreejo lesdi Kano nder hitaande 2019 haa lesdi lanyol lesdi Naajeeriya (GPN). Caggal mum o woppi APC, o dañii darnde wootere ngam suɓaade hooreejo leydi Kano Central e nder wooteeji 2023. O waɗi kampaañ e dow laylaytol semmbinde sukaaɓe, jaŋde, cellal, e ƴellitaare gollorɗe. [citations excessive] Kono o dañaani heen nafoore, o dañii Rufa'i Hanga mo NNPP. E lewru Duujal hitaande 2022, otooji Zaura njani e wuro Gayawa, to diiwaan Kano, tawi ko yimɓe ɓe nganndaaka, mbari heen 17 neɗɗo. Zaura ñiŋii njanngu nguu, o noddi jam e kisal e nder diiwaan hee. == Tuugnorgal == qsm4z0oc702a0ws93jwnlj9u2ipjvwg 174347 174346 2026-06-18T23:03:18Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdussalam Abdulkarim Zaura''' (jibinaa ko 7 feebariyee 1977), ganndiraaɗo kadi A. A. Zaura, ko jom ngalu, jom moƴƴere, jom politik. Ko kanko sosi A. A. Zaura Foundation, fedde nde wonaa laamuyaŋkoore, daraniinde eɓɓaaɗe neɗɗankaagal e ƴellitaare. O tawtoraama suɓol senateeruuji Kano Central e hitaande 2023, o woniino kanndidaajo lannda APC, kono o foolii Rufa'i Hanga mo lannda yimɓe leydi Naajeeriya keso (NNPP).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-11-27|title=A. A. Zaura: An Uncelebrated Kano Philanthropist|website=Nigerian Kicker|url=https://nigeriankicker.com/a-a-zaura-an-uncelebrated-kano-philanthropist/|access-date=2023-01-11|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-12-09|title=Kano APC senatorial candidate: "I won't give in to pressure from my political adversaries"|url=https://editor.guardian.ng/news/kano-apc-senatorial-candidate-i-wont-give-in-to-pressure-from-my-political-adversaries/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2023-01-11|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Muhammad|first=Adamu|date=2022-04-12|title=Kano central senatorial district: Who fits the cap?|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/kano-central-senatorial-district-who-fits-the-cap/|location=Abuja, Nigeria|access-date=2023-01-11|newspaper=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]}}</ref> == Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol == Zaura jibinaa ko Dakata, e nder laamu Nassarawa, e nder diiwaan Kano. O ɗon nder wuro Zaura Babba haa lesdi Ungogo, lesdi Kano. O timmini jaŋde makko leslesre to Zaura Babba, o jokki jaŋde makko hakkundeere to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde karallaagal laamu Bagauda to wuro Kano. O heɓi Dipolom Innjiniyaar to Duɗal Karallaagal, Politeknik dowla Kano, Kano e hitaande 2000 Zaura jokkiti jangirde maako haa Jaami'aare Baze haa Abuja Naajeeriya. ɗo o heɓi BSC e ganndal politik e njuɓɓudi laamu, kam e Master e njuɓɓudi laamu. Kugal Ko adii nde o naatata e politik, Zaura ina jokki e golle njulaagu, haa teeŋti noon e fannu petroŋ e gaas. Ko kanko woni hooreejo sosiyatee petroŋ e gaas biyeteeɗo Zaura Energy Limited, gonɗo to Kano, leydi Nijeer. O woni kadi hooreejo fedde Plambeck Emirates Nigeria Limited, sosiyetee petroŋ e gaas golloowo e leydi Najeriya, jogiiɗo njuɓɓudi mum to leydi Almaañ. Zaura kadi ko gardiiɗo Sals Core Limited, sosiyatee toppitiiɗo yeeyde e renndinde otooji. E lewru noowammbar 2022, Abdussalam tuumaama waɗde fenaande fotde miliyoŋaaji 1,3 dolaar, tawi ko Komiseer toppitiiɗo ko fayti e bonanndeeji faggudu e kaalis (EFCC). O tuumaama o heɓi kaalis o ko e juuɗe gooto e Bashir Jamilu e fenaande, o rokki mo geɗe petroŋ. Caggal nde ñaawirde ndee ƴeewti hujjaaji ɗii no feewi, ñaawirde ndee tawi ko senaateer Zaura alaa ko o waɗi so wonaa kuuge ɗe Komiseer toppitiiɗo ko fayti e bonanndeeji faggudu e kaalis (EFCC) fawi e makko, ñaawoore ndee ƴettaa ko e makko. == Filantropi == Zaura woni sosɗo A. A. Zaura Foundation, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore, nde yiɗi ko moƴƴinde nguurndam yimɓe ɓe ngalaa jawdi e nder leydi Najeriya. Foundation waɗii eɓɓooji keewɗi ngam wallitde neɗɗaagu e ƴellitaare, ko wayi no rokkude bursiiji, cellal, rokkude ndiyam, e porogaraamuuji doole. Zaura hokki kadi ceede e kuuje ngam daliilaaji feere-feere, bana ɓiɓɓe yiite, musiibaaji ilam, e nyawu COVID-19. E hitaande 2022, o hokki bursiiji 200 miliyon naira ngam 200 sukaaɓe nder jiha Kano == Nguurndam politik == Abdulkarim nasti siyaasaaku nder hitaande 2019, nde o ɗon nodda suɓol hooreejo lesdi Kano nder hitaande 2019 haa lesdi lanyol lesdi Naajeeriya (GPN). Caggal mum o woppi APC, o dañii darnde wootere ngam suɓaade hooreejo leydi Kano Central e nder wooteeji 2023. O waɗi kampaañ e dow laylaytol semmbinde sukaaɓe, jaŋde, cellal, e ƴellitaare gollorɗe. [citations excessive] Kono o dañaani heen nafoore, o dañii Rufa'i Hanga mo NNPP. E lewru Duujal hitaande 2022, otooji Zaura njani e wuro Gayawa, to diiwaan Kano, tawi ko yimɓe ɓe nganndaaka, mbari heen 17 neɗɗo. Zaura ñiŋii njanngu nguu, o noddi jam e kisal e nder diiwaan hee. == Tuugnorgal == mr71svv9s7yzawtmw8wdhrntli454m7 174348 174347 2026-06-18T23:05:09Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdussalam Abdulkarim Zaura''' (jibinaa ko 7 feebariyee 1977), ganndiraaɗo kadi A. A. Zaura, ko jom ngalu, jom moƴƴere, jom politik. Ko kanko sosi A. A. Zaura Foundation, fedde nde wonaa laamuyaŋkoore, daraniinde eɓɓaaɗe neɗɗankaagal e ƴellitaare. O tawtoraama suɓol senateeruuji Kano Central e hitaande 2023, o woniino kanndidaajo lannda APC, kono o foolii Rufa'i Hanga mo lannda yimɓe leydi Naajeeriya keso (NNPP).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-11-27|title=A. A. Zaura: An Uncelebrated Kano Philanthropist|website=Nigerian Kicker|url=https://nigeriankicker.com/a-a-zaura-an-uncelebrated-kano-philanthropist/|access-date=2023-01-11|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-12-09|title=Kano APC senatorial candidate: "I won't give in to pressure from my political adversaries"|url=https://editor.guardian.ng/news/kano-apc-senatorial-candidate-i-wont-give-in-to-pressure-from-my-political-adversaries/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2023-01-11|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Muhammad|first=Adamu|date=2022-04-12|title=Kano central senatorial district: Who fits the cap?|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/kano-central-senatorial-district-who-fits-the-cap/|location=Abuja, Nigeria|access-date=2023-01-11|newspaper=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]}}</ref> == Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol == Zaura jibinaa ko Dakata, e nder laamu Nassarawa, e nder diiwaan Kano. O ɗon nder wuro Zaura Babba haa lesdi Ungogo, lesdi Kano. O timmini jaŋde makko leslesre to Zaura Babba, o jokki jaŋde makko hakkundeere to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde .<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Abdulkarim Abdulsalam Zaura Archives|url=https://editor.guardian.ng/tag/abdulkarim-abdulsalam-zaura/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2023-01-11|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=B.I|first1=Margret|title=Mr Abdusalam Abdulkarim Zaura shares insight on economy diversification, business, Kano politics - Aluta News|url=https://alutanews.ng/2023/12/16/mr-abdusalam-abdulkarim-zaura-shares-insight-on-economy-diversification-business-kano-politics/|access-date=21 February 2024|date=16 December 2023}}</ref> O heɓi Dipolom Innjiniyaar to Duɗal Karallaagal, Politeknik dowla Kano, Kano e hitaande 2000 Zaura jokkiti jangirde maako haa Jaami'aare Baze haa Abuja Naajeeriya. ɗo o heɓi BSC e ganndal politik e njuɓɓudi laamu, kam e Master e njuɓɓudi laamu. Kugal Ko adii nde o naatata e politik, Zaura ina jokki e golle njulaagu, haa teeŋti noon e fannu petroŋ e gaas. Ko kanko woni hooreejo sosiyatee petroŋ e gaas biyeteeɗo Zaura Energy Limited, gonɗo to Kano, leydi Nijeer. O woni kadi hooreejo fedde Plambeck Emirates Nigeria Limited, sosiyetee petroŋ e gaas golloowo e leydi Najeriya, jogiiɗo njuɓɓudi mum to leydi Almaañ. Zaura kadi ko gardiiɗo Sals Core Limited, sosiyatee toppitiiɗo yeeyde e renndinde otooji. E lewru noowammbar 2022, Abdussalam tuumaama waɗde fenaande fotde miliyoŋaaji 1,3 dolaar, tawi ko Komiseer toppitiiɗo ko fayti e bonanndeeji faggudu e kaalis (EFCC). O tuumaama o heɓi kaalis o ko e juuɗe gooto e Bashir Jamilu e fenaande, o rokki mo geɗe petroŋ. Caggal nde ñaawirde ndee ƴeewti hujjaaji ɗii no feewi, ñaawirde ndee tawi ko senaateer Zaura alaa ko o waɗi so wonaa kuuge ɗe Komiseer toppitiiɗo ko fayti e bonanndeeji faggudu e kaalis (EFCC) fawi e makko, ñaawoore ndee ƴettaa ko e makko. == Filantropi == Zaura woni sosɗo A. A. Zaura Foundation, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore, nde yiɗi ko moƴƴinde nguurndam yimɓe ɓe ngalaa jawdi e nder leydi Najeriya. Foundation waɗii eɓɓooji keewɗi ngam wallitde neɗɗaagu e ƴellitaare, ko wayi no rokkude bursiiji, cellal, rokkude ndiyam, e porogaraamuuji doole. Zaura hokki kadi ceede e kuuje ngam daliilaaji feere-feere, bana ɓiɓɓe yiite, musiibaaji ilam, e nyawu COVID-19. E hitaande 2022, o hokki bursiiji 200 miliyon naira ngam 200 sukaaɓe nder jiha Kano == Nguurndam politik == Abdulkarim nasti siyaasaaku nder hitaande 2019, nde o ɗon nodda suɓol hooreejo lesdi Kano nder hitaande 2019 haa lesdi lanyol lesdi Naajeeriya (GPN). Caggal mum o woppi APC, o dañii darnde wootere ngam suɓaade hooreejo leydi Kano Central e nder wooteeji 2023. O waɗi kampaañ e dow laylaytol semmbinde sukaaɓe, jaŋde, cellal, e ƴellitaare gollorɗe. [citations excessive] Kono o dañaani heen nafoore, o dañii Rufa'i Hanga mo NNPP. E lewru Duujal hitaande 2022, otooji Zaura njani e wuro Gayawa, to diiwaan Kano, tawi ko yimɓe ɓe nganndaaka, mbari heen 17 neɗɗo. Zaura ñiŋii njanngu nguu, o noddi jam e kisal e nder diiwaan hee. == Tuugnorgal == ncfanda3eifsu1yjzt0m8dr7vey64n9 0 42211 174349 2026-06-18T23:08:45Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174349 wikitext text/x-wiki Bello Maitama Yusuf HeɗtoGCON (14 abriil 1947 – 13 oktoobar 2023) ko neɗɗo politik e njulaagu leydi Nijeer. O wonti jaagorgal nder leydi e hitaande 1979, e jaagorgal njulaagu e hitaande 1982, e senaateer repressing Jigawa caka laabi 3. Ko adii nde o naatata e politik, o sosi Quartz Integrated Services Nigeria Limited ko juuti caggal nde o timmini jaŋde makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde, ko sosiyetee mahngo lolluɗo, baawɗo no feewi, mo fuɗɗii golle mum ko to Kano. Yanti heen kadi, ko kanko wonnoo hooreejo e nder njuɓɓudi sosiyeteeji mahdi goɗɗi nay e oon sahaa, ɗum noon, o jeyaa ko e sukaaɓe ɓurɓe famɗude miliyoŋaaji keewɗi e nder Fuɗnaange leydi Nijeer e oon sahaa. Ko jiidaa e ɗuum, ko o awokaa, o wonnoo ko mawɗo binnditagol to Ñaawirde Toownde to Kano. O woniino kadi tergal Asaambele ngenndi, haa e jamaanu makko, omo jeyaa e miliyaaruuji seeɗa Jigawa. Bello Maitama waɗii dingiral ngam denndaangal dawriyankooɓe e njulaagu e nder leydi Najeriya. O janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde North Gate, Washington, o jeyaa ko e lannda ngenndiijo leydi Najeriya, mo alaa ɗo haaɗi. Nguurndam e golle Bello Maitama Yuusuf jibinaa ko ñalnde 14 abriil hitaande 1947 to Gwaram, Jigawa. E hitaande 1976, Bello Maitama naati e laawol politik, o hawri e lannda ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer (NPN). Naatgol makko e politik fuɗɗii ko e balɗe jaŋde toownde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ahmadu Bello (ABU), Zaria, ɗo o yalti e gardiiɗo janngooɓe mawɗo. Sosde jokkondiral e maayɗo Malam Aminu Kano, o wallitii no feewi e saaktude miijooji politik Aminu Kano. Nde o naati nder NPN, Bello Maitama heɓi darnde maako arandeere nder siyaasaaku, bana depiteejo toɗɗaaɗo bee laamu lesdi Kano ɓooyma. Siistem doolnuɗo oo ina waɗi jillondiral dipiteeji cuɓaaɗi e toɗɗaaɗi, tawi Bello ina lomtoo laamu nokku Gwaram e Birnin Kudu kawraaɗo. Darnde makko e golle politik ina joginoo caɗeele e nder duuɓi jaŋde toownde nde o renndini binndanɗe politik Aminu Kano e nder duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde. Ɗum addani ardiiɓe duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde ɓee salaade ɗum en, haa arti noon e ittude ɗum en e golle mum en sabu naatde e politik lanndaaji ɗii, ko ɓuri heewde e duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde ɗee. Ndeeɗoo yonta gadano ko fuɗɗoode njiimaandi politik Bello Maitama, lelni mbaydi golle politik ɓurɗe yaajde e duumaade. Bello Maitama jeyaa ko e sosɓe lannda ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer (NPN) mo alaa ɗo haaɗi. E yonta mo golle politik haɗaa sabu haɗde konu, ardiiɓe Fuɗnaange-rewo jogiiɓe paandaale goote, ina heen D. S Tarka e woɗɓe, kawri to Kano ngam sosde fedde wootere. Maitama, e oon sahaa ko suka, ina yuɓɓina batuuji cuuɗiiɗi to galle mum to Tarauni. Yimɓe mawɓe tawtoranooɓe ɗeen batuuji ko Aliyu Makaman Bidda, Aminu Kano, Inuwa Wada, Umaru Dikko, Adamu Ciroma, Sola Saraki, Shehu Shagari, Yahaya Konde, Sule Gaya, porfeseer Iya Abubakar, e Yusuf Maitama Sule, e woɗɓe. Kuulal kawtal ngal ko sosde fedde politik wiyeteende Mouvement National de Nigeria.Caggal nde ɓe ngummii Lagos, fedde nde waɗii njuɓɓudi mum, Aliyu Makaman Bidda woni hooreejo leydi ndii e sahaa jooni, Adamu Ciroma woni sekereteer. Ko ngootaagu adanngu nguu fof, fijirde feeñii e gartugol Kano. Luural ummii ko feewti e darnde Aminu Kano e nder jaayndeyaagal NMN, ɗum addani ɗum sosde lannda politik keso – Lannda rimɗinde leƴƴi (PRP). Bello Maitama, mettuɗo e ngalɗoo ƴellitaare, yiyti caɗeele potɗe arde e senngo banndiraagal e ngootaagu to bannge worgo. nhefdvcxlgint537kn0oqivpsqdf67f 174350 174349 2026-06-18T23:12:12Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174350 wikitext text/x-wiki Bello Maitama Yusuf HeɗtoGCON (14 abriil 1947 – 13 oktoobar 2023) ko neɗɗo politik e njulaagu leydi Nijeer. O wonti jaagorgal nder leydi e hitaande 1979, e jaagorgal njulaagu e hitaande 1982, e senaateer repressing Jigawa caka laabi 3. Ko adii nde o naatata e politik, o sosi Quartz Integrated Services Nigeria Limited ko juuti caggal nde o timmini jaŋde makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde, ko sosiyetee mahngo lolluɗo, baawɗo no feewi, mo fuɗɗii golle mum ko to Kano. Yanti heen kadi, ko kanko wonnoo hooreejo e nder njuɓɓudi sosiyeteeji mahdi goɗɗi nay e oon sahaa, ɗum noon, o jeyaa ko e sukaaɓe ɓurɓe famɗude miliyoŋaaji keewɗi e nder Fuɗnaange leydi Nijeer e oon sahaa. Ko jiidaa e ɗuum, ko o awokaa, o wonnoo ko mawɗo binnditagol to Ñaawirde Toownde to Kano. O woniino kadi tergal Asaambele ngenndi, haa e jamaanu makko, omo jeyaa e miliyaaruuji seeɗa Jigawa. Bello Maitama waɗii dingiral ngam denndaangal dawriyankooɓe e njulaagu e nder leydi Najeriya. O janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde North Gate, Washington, o jeyaa ko e lannda ngenndiijo leydi Najeriya, mo alaa ɗo haaɗi. Nguurndam e golle Bello Maitama Yuusuf jibinaa ko ñalnde 14 abriil hitaande 1947 to Gwaram, Jigawa. E hitaande 1976, Bello Maitama naati e laawol politik, o hawri e lannda ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer (NPN). Naatgol makko e politik fuɗɗii ko e balɗe jaŋde toownde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ahmadu Bello (ABU), Zaria, ɗo o yalti e gardiiɗo janngooɓe mawɗo. Sosde jokkondiral e maayɗo Malam Aminu Kano, o wallitii no feewi e saaktude miijooji politik Aminu Kano. Nde o naati nder NPN, Bello Maitama heɓi darnde maako arandeere nder siyaasaaku, bana depiteejo toɗɗaaɗo bee laamu lesdi Kano ɓooyma. Siistem doolnuɗo oo ina waɗi jillondiral dipiteeji cuɓaaɗi e toɗɗaaɗi, tawi Bello ina lomtoo laamu nokku Gwaram e Birnin Kudu kawraaɗo. Darnde makko e golle politik ina joginoo caɗeele e nder duuɓi jaŋde toownde nde o renndini binndanɗe politik Aminu Kano e nder duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde. Ɗum addani ardiiɓe duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde ɓee salaade ɗum en, haa arti noon e ittude ɗum en e golle mum en sabu naatde e politik lanndaaji ɗii, ko ɓuri heewde e duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde ɗee. Ndeeɗoo yonta gadano ko fuɗɗoode njiimaandi politik Bello Maitama, lelni mbaydi golle politik ɓurɗe yaajde e duumaade. Bello Maitama jeyaa ko e sosɓe lannda ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer (NPN) mo alaa ɗo haaɗi. E yonta mo golle politik haɗaa sabu haɗde konu, ardiiɓe Fuɗnaange-rewo jogiiɓe paandaale goote, ina heen D. S Tarka e woɗɓe, kawri to Kano ngam sosde fedde wootere. Maitama, e oon sahaa ko suka, ina yuɓɓina batuuji cuuɗiiɗi to galle mum to Tarauni. Yimɓe mawɓe tawtoranooɓe ɗeen batuuji ko Aliyu Makaman Bidda, Aminu Kano, Inuwa Wada, Umaru Dikko, Adamu Ciroma, Sola Saraki, Shehu Shagari, Yahaya Konde, Sule Gaya, porfeseer Iya Abubakar, e Yusuf Maitama Sule, e woɗɓe. Kuulal kawtal ngal ko sosde fedde politik wiyeteende Mouvement National de Nigeria.Caggal nde ɓe ngummii Lagos, fedde nde waɗii njuɓɓudi mum, Aliyu Makaman Bidda woni hooreejo leydi ndii e sahaa jooni, Adamu Ciroma woni sekereteer. Ko ngootaagu adanngu nguu fof, fijirde feeñii e gartugol Kano. Luural ummii ko feewti e darnde Aminu Kano e nder jaayndeyaagal NMN, ɗum addani ɗum sosde lannda politik keso – Lannda rimɗinde leƴƴi (PRP). Bello Maitama, mettuɗo e ngalɗoo ƴellitaare, yiyti caɗeele potɗe arde e senngo banndiraagal e ngootaagu to bannge worgo. Eɓɓooje mbaɗaama ngam haɓaade, Bello Maitama ɓadtiima Alhaji Aminu Dantata, o ñaagii Aminu Kano nde reentoo ngootaagu diiwaan Fuɗnaange. Kono e nder yontere wootere, kabaaru oo yani wonde PRP sosaa, tawi ko Aminu Kano woni hooreejo mum. Hay so tawii ko ceertugol politik, yonta oo seedtiima tolno sehilaagal, tawi ko jeewte maantinɗe mbaylaandi hakkunde NPN e PRP, teeŋtinii kuule nguura e hoɗorde jowitiiɗe e maandeeji lanndaaji mum en. Ko o ministaajo njulaagu, o woniino kalfinaaɗo ustude marsandiisuuji naatnaaɗi e nder leydi Najeriya ɗi ina ustoo no feewi ngalu leydi ndii e nder leydi ndii. E nder laamu makko o jaagorɗe o haali ko feewti e ŋakkeende peccitagol lisaasuuji naatgol. E anndude ŋakkeende humpito, haa teeŋti noon e bannge worgo, o yiɗi ko demokaraasii golle ɗee. To bannge daartol, ko ɓuri heewde e laylayti renndo ina tawee e Lagos, ina ɓura njulaagu e nder diiwaan hee. Maitama yiɗiino feewnude ndeeɗoo ŋakkeende ballondiral e ƴellitde laylayti renndo e nder leydi ndii kala. Ngam semmbinde jom en jawɗeele en Fuɗnaange, ɓe nganndaa no feewi e njuɓɓudi laylaytol naatgol, Maitama gollodiima e bankeeji ngam udditde ɓataakeeji. Ndee eɓɓaande wallitii golle faggudu to Fuɗnaange, ina addana njulaagu mawngu e nokkuuji ko wayi no Bauchi, Adamawa, e Maiduguri. Ko o ministeer, Maitama ina jokki e dokkal bidsee, ina reena rokkude liiseeji ko ɓuri keerol jaɓangol ngol. O haali kadi dow kuugal hokkugo ceede haa Lagos, ngam heɓugo ceede ko ɓuri potal hakkunde lesɗe. Ɗee peeje peewtuɗe addani faggudu ngenndi ɓurndu yuumtude. Hay so tawii o tuumaama e laamu Shagari, Maitama teeŋtinii darnde laamu nguu e golle laaɓtuɗe. Fotde semmbe yimɓe e feewnude ŋakkeende faggudu ina hollita darnde Maitama ngam gollanaade leydi Naajeeriya e hakkille udditiiɗo. Yusuf suɓaama nder Senaa lesdi Naajeeriya ngam lesdi Jigawa South West nder lewru Abriil 1999, nden o suɓaama nder lewru Abriil 2003. O waɗi kuuɗe mawɗe ngam haɓugo bee mannda tataɓo. E siftorde batu to galle makko e Obasanjo e guwerneer mum, Ibrahim Saminu Turaki, Maitama hollitii fodoore, ina jeyaa heen mahngo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde e nder diiwaan makko, ngam ustude ballal e ajendaaji ɗii. Hay so tawii o fotnoo ko ƴattaade, Maitama saliima no feewi ɗaɓɓaande manndaa tataɓo, o waɗii konngol maantinngol e nder Asaambele ngenndi. O saliima ɓeydude laamu Obasanjo, o teeŋtini nanondiral daartol e diine ngam teeŋtinde wonde juutde balɗe addantaa ɗum ƴellitaare. Nde hare manndaa tataɓo ndee hawri e caɗeele, Maitama jokki e kuule mum. O yalti e woote Senaa, o tuumaama ko o fenaande feewde e luulndiiɓe manndaa tataɓo, o winndi ɓataake feewde e Komiseer ngenndiijo woote (INEC) ngam humpitaade wonde o yaltii. Teskaama hay gooto e kanndidaaji ganndaaɗi e luulndaade manndaa tataɓo yaltaani e ndeen woote. Bello Maitama kadi tuumi hooreejo leydi Obasanjo sabu mum bonnude njuɓɓudi petroŋ, kadi ko o tergal mawngal e goomu Senaa ngam sukaaɓe e dingiral. O rokkaa kadi innde « Sarduanan Dutse » e nder diiwaan makko Jigawa. Bello Maitama caggal ɗuum woppi golle politik e njulaagu, ɓiyiiko mawɗo biyeteeɗo Yusuf jokki e golle mum. Bello Maitama Yusuf maayi ñalnde 13 lewru nduu hitaande 2023, tawi ina yahra e duuɓi 76. Gooto e miliyaaruuji seeɗa Jigawa, Bello Maitama Yuusuf sosi dingiral ngam denndaangal politikaaji e njulaagu e nder leydi Najeriya. Teskorɗe 4zga3atqvrke79gspovhunuwcrqejk8 174351 174350 2026-06-18T23:13:42Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Bello Maitama Yusuf HeɗtoGCON (14 abriil 1947 – 13 oktoobar 2023) ko neɗɗo politik e njulaagu leydi Nijeer. O wonti jaagorgal nder leydi e hitaande 1979, e jaagorgal njulaagu e hitaande 1982, e senaateer repressing Jigawa caka laabi 3. Ko adii nde o naatata e politik, o sosi Quartz Integrated Services Nigeria Limited ko juuti caggal nde o timmini jaŋde makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde, ko sosiyetee mahngo lolluɗo, baawɗo no feewi, mo fuɗɗii golle mum ko to Kano. Yanti heen kadi, ko kanko wonnoo hooreejo e nder njuɓɓudi sosiyeteeji mahdi goɗɗi nay e oon sahaa, ɗum noon, o jeyaa ko e sukaaɓe ɓurɓe famɗude miliyoŋaaji keewɗi e nder Fuɗnaange leydi Nijeer e oon sahaa. Ko jiidaa e ɗuum, ko o awokaa, o wonnoo ko mawɗo binnditagol to Ñaawirde Toownde to Kano. O woniino kadi tergal Asaambele ngenndi, haa e jamaanu makko, omo jeyaa e miliyaaruuji seeɗa Jigawa. Bello Maitama waɗii dingiral ngam denndaangal dawriyankooɓe e njulaagu e nder leydi Najeriya. O janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde North Gate, Washington, o jeyaa ko e lannda ngenndiijo leydi Najeriya, mo alaa ɗo haaɗi. Nguurndam e golle Bello Maitama Yuusuf jibinaa ko ñalnde 14 abriil hitaande 1947 to Gwaram, Jigawa. E hitaande 1976, Bello Maitama naati e laawol politik, o hawri e lannda ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer (NPN). Naatgol makko e politik fuɗɗii ko e balɗe jaŋde toownde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ahmadu Bello (ABU), Zaria, ɗo o yalti e gardiiɗo janngooɓe mawɗo. Sosde jokkondiral e maayɗo Malam Aminu Kano, o wallitii no feewi e saaktude miijooji politik Aminu Kano. Nde o naati nder NPN, Bello Maitama heɓi darnde maako arandeere nder siyaasaaku, bana depiteejo toɗɗaaɗo bee laamu lesdi Kano ɓooyma. Siistem doolnuɗo oo ina waɗi jillondiral dipiteeji cuɓaaɗi e toɗɗaaɗi, tawi Bello ina lomtoo laamu nokku Gwaram e Birnin Kudu kawraaɗo. Darnde makko e golle politik ina joginoo caɗeele e nder duuɓi jaŋde toownde nde o renndini binndanɗe politik Aminu Kano e nder duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde. Ɗum addani ardiiɓe duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde ɓee salaade ɗum en, haa arti noon e ittude ɗum en e golle mum en sabu naatde e politik lanndaaji ɗii, ko ɓuri heewde e duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde ɗee. Ndeeɗoo yonta gadano ko fuɗɗoode njiimaandi politik Bello Maitama, lelni mbaydi golle politik ɓurɗe yaajde e duumaade. Bello Maitama jeyaa ko e sosɓe lannda ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer (NPN) mo alaa ɗo haaɗi. E yonta mo golle politik haɗaa sabu haɗde konu, ardiiɓe Fuɗnaange-rewo jogiiɓe paandaale goote, ina heen D. S Tarka e woɗɓe, kawri to Kano ngam sosde fedde wootere. Maitama, e oon sahaa ko suka, ina yuɓɓina batuuji cuuɗiiɗi to galle mum to Tarauni. Yimɓe mawɓe tawtoranooɓe ɗeen batuuji ko Aliyu Makaman Bidda, Aminu Kano, Inuwa Wada, Umaru Dikko, Adamu Ciroma, Sola Saraki, Shehu Shagari, Yahaya Konde, Sule Gaya, porfeseer Iya Abubakar, e Yusuf Maitama Sule, e woɗɓe. Kuulal kawtal ngal ko sosde fedde politik wiyeteende Mouvement National de Nigeria.Caggal nde ɓe ngummii Lagos, fedde nde waɗii njuɓɓudi mum, Aliyu Makaman Bidda woni hooreejo leydi ndii e sahaa jooni, Adamu Ciroma woni sekereteer. Ko ngootaagu adanngu nguu fof, fijirde feeñii e gartugol Kano. Luural ummii ko feewti e darnde Aminu Kano e nder jaayndeyaagal NMN, ɗum addani ɗum sosde lannda politik keso – Lannda rimɗinde leƴƴi (PRP). Bello Maitama, mettuɗo e ngalɗoo ƴellitaare, yiyti caɗeele potɗe arde e senngo banndiraagal e ngootaagu to bannge worgo. Eɓɓooje mbaɗaama ngam haɓaade, Bello Maitama ɓadtiima Alhaji Aminu Dantata, o ñaagii Aminu Kano nde reentoo ngootaagu diiwaan Fuɗnaange. Kono e nder yontere wootere, kabaaru oo yani wonde PRP sosaa, tawi ko Aminu Kano woni hooreejo mum. Hay so tawii ko ceertugol politik, yonta oo seedtiima tolno sehilaagal, tawi ko jeewte maantinɗe mbaylaandi hakkunde NPN e PRP, teeŋtinii kuule nguura e hoɗorde jowitiiɗe e maandeeji lanndaaji mum en. Ko o ministaajo njulaagu, o woniino kalfinaaɗo ustude marsandiisuuji naatnaaɗi e nder leydi Najeriya ɗi ina ustoo no feewi ngalu leydi ndii e nder leydi ndii. E nder laamu makko o jaagorɗe o haali ko feewti e ŋakkeende peccitagol lisaasuuji naatgol. E anndude ŋakkeende humpito, haa teeŋti noon e bannge worgo, o yiɗi ko demokaraasii golle ɗee. To bannge daartol, ko ɓuri heewde e laylayti renndo ina tawee e Lagos, ina ɓura njulaagu e nder diiwaan hee. Maitama yiɗiino feewnude ndeeɗoo ŋakkeende ballondiral e ƴellitde laylayti renndo e nder leydi ndii kala. Ngam semmbinde jom en jawɗeele en Fuɗnaange, ɓe nganndaa no feewi e njuɓɓudi laylaytol naatgol, Maitama gollodiima e bankeeji ngam udditde ɓataakeeji. Ndee eɓɓaande wallitii golle faggudu to Fuɗnaange, ina addana njulaagu mawngu e nokkuuji ko wayi no Bauchi, Adamawa, e Maiduguri. Ko o ministeer, Maitama ina jokki e dokkal bidsee, ina reena rokkude liiseeji ko ɓuri keerol jaɓangol ngol. O haali kadi dow kuugal hokkugo ceede haa Lagos, ngam heɓugo ceede ko ɓuri potal hakkunde lesɗe. Ɗee peeje peewtuɗe addani faggudu ngenndi ɓurndu yuumtude. Hay so tawii o tuumaama e laamu Shagari, Maitama teeŋtinii darnde laamu nguu e golle laaɓtuɗe. Fotde semmbe yimɓe e feewnude ŋakkeende faggudu ina hollita darnde Maitama ngam gollanaade leydi Naajeeriya e hakkille udditiiɗo. Yusuf suɓaama nder Senaa lesdi Naajeeriya ngam lesdi Jigawa South West nder lewru Abriil 1999, nden o suɓaama nder lewru Abriil 2003. O waɗi kuuɗe mawɗe ngam haɓugo bee mannda tataɓo. E siftorde batu to galle makko e Obasanjo e guwerneer mum, Ibrahim Saminu Turaki, Maitama hollitii fodoore, ina jeyaa heen mahngo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde e nder diiwaan makko, ngam ustude ballal e ajendaaji ɗii. Hay so tawii o fotnoo ko ƴattaade, Maitama saliima no feewi ɗaɓɓaande manndaa tataɓo, o waɗii konngol maantinngol e nder Asaambele ngenndi. O saliima ɓeydude laamu Obasanjo, o teeŋtini nanondiral daartol e diine ngam teeŋtinde wonde juutde balɗe addantaa ɗum ƴellitaare. Nde hare manndaa tataɓo ndee hawri e caɗeele, Maitama jokki e kuule mum. O yalti e woote Senaa, o tuumaama ko o fenaande feewde e luulndiiɓe manndaa tataɓo, o winndi ɓataake feewde e Komiseer ngenndiijo woote (INEC) ngam humpitaade wonde o yaltii. Teskaama hay gooto e kanndidaaji ganndaaɗi e luulndaade manndaa tataɓo yaltaani e ndeen woote. Bello Maitama kadi tuumi hooreejo leydi Obasanjo sabu mum bonnude njuɓɓudi petroŋ, kadi ko o tergal mawngal e goomu Senaa ngam sukaaɓe e dingiral. O rokkaa kadi innde « Sarduanan Dutse » e nder diiwaan makko Jigawa. Bello Maitama caggal ɗuum woppi golle politik e njulaagu, ɓiyiiko mawɗo biyeteeɗo Yusuf jokki e golle mum. Bello Maitama Yusuf maayi ñalnde 13 lewru nduu hitaande 2023, tawi ina yahra e duuɓi 76. Gooto e miliyaaruuji seeɗa Jigawa, Bello Maitama Yuusuf sosi dingiral ngam denndaangal politikaaji e njulaagu e nder leydi Najeriya. Teskorɗe tnxm37qzrkev7j1etjkd86z5fzzhuox 174352 174351 2026-06-18T23:14:18Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bello Maitama Yusuf HeɗtoGCON''' (14 abriil 1947 – 13 oktoobar 2023) ko neɗɗo politik e njulaagu leydi Nijeer. O wonti jaagorgal nder leydi e hitaande 1979, e jaagorgal njulaagu e hitaande 1982, e senaateer repressing Jigawa caka laabi 3. Ko adii nde o naatata e politik, o sosi Quartz Integrated Services Nigeria Limited ko juuti caggal nde o timmini jaŋde makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde, ko sosiyetee mahngo lolluɗo, baawɗo no feewi, mo fuɗɗii golle mum ko to Kano. Yanti heen kadi, ko kanko wonnoo hooreejo e nder njuɓɓudi sosiyeteeji mahdi goɗɗi nay e oon sahaa, ɗum noon, o jeyaa ko e sukaaɓe ɓurɓe famɗude miliyoŋaaji keewɗi e nder Fuɗnaange leydi Nijeer e oon sahaa. Ko jiidaa e ɗuum, ko o awokaa, o wonnoo ko mawɗo binnditagol to Ñaawirde Toownde to Kano. O woniino kadi tergal Asaambele ngenndi, haa e jamaanu makko, omo jeyaa e miliyaaruuji seeɗa Jigawa. Bello Maitama waɗii dingiral ngam denndaangal dawriyankooɓe e njulaagu e nder leydi Najeriya. O janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde North Gate, Washington, o jeyaa ko e lannda ngenndiijo leydi Najeriya, mo alaa ɗo haaɗi. Nguurndam e golle Bello Maitama Yuusuf jibinaa ko ñalnde 14 abriil hitaande 1947 to Gwaram, Jigawa. E hitaande 1976, Bello Maitama naati e laawol politik, o hawri e lannda ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer (NPN). Naatgol makko e politik fuɗɗii ko e balɗe jaŋde toownde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ahmadu Bello (ABU), Zaria, ɗo o yalti e gardiiɗo janngooɓe mawɗo. Sosde jokkondiral e maayɗo Malam Aminu Kano, o wallitii no feewi e saaktude miijooji politik Aminu Kano. Nde o naati nder NPN, Bello Maitama heɓi darnde maako arandeere nder siyaasaaku, bana depiteejo toɗɗaaɗo bee laamu lesdi Kano ɓooyma. Siistem doolnuɗo oo ina waɗi jillondiral dipiteeji cuɓaaɗi e toɗɗaaɗi, tawi Bello ina lomtoo laamu nokku Gwaram e Birnin Kudu kawraaɗo. Darnde makko e golle politik ina joginoo caɗeele e nder duuɓi jaŋde toownde nde o renndini binndanɗe politik Aminu Kano e nder duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde. Ɗum addani ardiiɓe duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde ɓee salaade ɗum en, haa arti noon e ittude ɗum en e golle mum en sabu naatde e politik lanndaaji ɗii, ko ɓuri heewde e duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde ɗee. Ndeeɗoo yonta gadano ko fuɗɗoode njiimaandi politik Bello Maitama, lelni mbaydi golle politik ɓurɗe yaajde e duumaade. Bello Maitama jeyaa ko e sosɓe lannda ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer (NPN) mo alaa ɗo haaɗi. E yonta mo golle politik haɗaa sabu haɗde konu, ardiiɓe Fuɗnaange-rewo jogiiɓe paandaale goote, ina heen D. S Tarka e woɗɓe, kawri to Kano ngam sosde fedde wootere. Maitama, e oon sahaa ko suka, ina yuɓɓina batuuji cuuɗiiɗi to galle mum to Tarauni. Yimɓe mawɓe tawtoranooɓe ɗeen batuuji ko Aliyu Makaman Bidda, Aminu Kano, Inuwa Wada, Umaru Dikko, Adamu Ciroma, Sola Saraki, Shehu Shagari, Yahaya Konde, Sule Gaya, porfeseer Iya Abubakar, e Yusuf Maitama Sule, e woɗɓe. Kuulal kawtal ngal ko sosde fedde politik wiyeteende Mouvement National de Nigeria.Caggal nde ɓe ngummii Lagos, fedde nde waɗii njuɓɓudi mum, Aliyu Makaman Bidda woni hooreejo leydi ndii e sahaa jooni, Adamu Ciroma woni sekereteer. Ko ngootaagu adanngu nguu fof, fijirde feeñii e gartugol Kano. Luural ummii ko feewti e darnde Aminu Kano e nder jaayndeyaagal NMN, ɗum addani ɗum sosde lannda politik keso – Lannda rimɗinde leƴƴi (PRP). Bello Maitama, mettuɗo e ngalɗoo ƴellitaare, yiyti caɗeele potɗe arde e senngo banndiraagal e ngootaagu to bannge worgo. Eɓɓooje mbaɗaama ngam haɓaade, Bello Maitama ɓadtiima Alhaji Aminu Dantata, o ñaagii Aminu Kano nde reentoo ngootaagu diiwaan Fuɗnaange. Kono e nder yontere wootere, kabaaru oo yani wonde PRP sosaa, tawi ko Aminu Kano woni hooreejo mum. Hay so tawii ko ceertugol politik, yonta oo seedtiima tolno sehilaagal, tawi ko jeewte maantinɗe mbaylaandi hakkunde NPN e PRP, teeŋtinii kuule nguura e hoɗorde jowitiiɗe e maandeeji lanndaaji mum en. Ko o ministaajo njulaagu, o woniino kalfinaaɗo ustude marsandiisuuji naatnaaɗi e nder leydi Najeriya ɗi ina ustoo no feewi ngalu leydi ndii e nder leydi ndii. E nder laamu makko o jaagorɗe o haali ko feewti e ŋakkeende peccitagol lisaasuuji naatgol. E anndude ŋakkeende humpito, haa teeŋti noon e bannge worgo, o yiɗi ko demokaraasii golle ɗee. To bannge daartol, ko ɓuri heewde e laylayti renndo ina tawee e Lagos, ina ɓura njulaagu e nder diiwaan hee. Maitama yiɗiino feewnude ndeeɗoo ŋakkeende ballondiral e ƴellitde laylayti renndo e nder leydi ndii kala. Ngam semmbinde jom en jawɗeele en Fuɗnaange, ɓe nganndaa no feewi e njuɓɓudi laylaytol naatgol, Maitama gollodiima e bankeeji ngam udditde ɓataakeeji. Ndee eɓɓaande wallitii golle faggudu to Fuɗnaange, ina addana njulaagu mawngu e nokkuuji ko wayi no Bauchi, Adamawa, e Maiduguri. Ko o ministeer, Maitama ina jokki e dokkal bidsee, ina reena rokkude liiseeji ko ɓuri keerol jaɓangol ngol. O haali kadi dow kuugal hokkugo ceede haa Lagos, ngam heɓugo ceede ko ɓuri potal hakkunde lesɗe. Ɗee peeje peewtuɗe addani faggudu ngenndi ɓurndu yuumtude. Hay so tawii o tuumaama e laamu Shagari, Maitama teeŋtinii darnde laamu nguu e golle laaɓtuɗe. Fotde semmbe yimɓe e feewnude ŋakkeende faggudu ina hollita darnde Maitama ngam gollanaade leydi Naajeeriya e hakkille udditiiɗo. Yusuf suɓaama nder Senaa lesdi Naajeeriya ngam lesdi Jigawa South West nder lewru Abriil 1999, nden o suɓaama nder lewru Abriil 2003. O waɗi kuuɗe mawɗe ngam haɓugo bee mannda tataɓo. E siftorde batu to galle makko e Obasanjo e guwerneer mum, Ibrahim Saminu Turaki, Maitama hollitii fodoore, ina jeyaa heen mahngo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde e nder diiwaan makko, ngam ustude ballal e ajendaaji ɗii. Hay so tawii o fotnoo ko ƴattaade, Maitama saliima no feewi ɗaɓɓaande manndaa tataɓo, o waɗii konngol maantinngol e nder Asaambele ngenndi. O saliima ɓeydude laamu Obasanjo, o teeŋtini nanondiral daartol e diine ngam teeŋtinde wonde juutde balɗe addantaa ɗum ƴellitaare. Nde hare manndaa tataɓo ndee hawri e caɗeele, Maitama jokki e kuule mum. O yalti e woote Senaa, o tuumaama ko o fenaande feewde e luulndiiɓe manndaa tataɓo, o winndi ɓataake feewde e Komiseer ngenndiijo woote (INEC) ngam humpitaade wonde o yaltii. Teskaama hay gooto e kanndidaaji ganndaaɗi e luulndaade manndaa tataɓo yaltaani e ndeen woote. Bello Maitama kadi tuumi hooreejo leydi Obasanjo sabu mum bonnude njuɓɓudi petroŋ, kadi ko o tergal mawngal e goomu Senaa ngam sukaaɓe e dingiral. O rokkaa kadi innde « Sarduanan Dutse » e nder diiwaan makko Jigawa. Bello Maitama caggal ɗuum woppi golle politik e njulaagu, ɓiyiiko mawɗo biyeteeɗo Yusuf jokki e golle mum. Bello Maitama Yusuf maayi ñalnde 13 lewru nduu hitaande 2023, tawi ina yahra e duuɓi 76. Gooto e miliyaaruuji seeɗa Jigawa, Bello Maitama Yuusuf sosi dingiral ngam denndaangal politikaaji e njulaagu e nder leydi Najeriya. Teskorɗe krktz6ko40yhdh9l6gc51yprpnl4lwv 174353 174352 2026-06-18T23:15:22Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bello Maitama Yusuf HeɗtoGCON''' (14 abriil 1947 – 13 oktoobar 2023) ko neɗɗo politik e njulaagu leydi Nijeer. O wonti jaagorgal nder leydi e hitaande 1979, e jaagorgal njulaagu e hitaande 1982, e senaateer repressing Jigawa caka laabi 3. Ko adii nde o naatata e politik, o sosi Quartz Integrated Services Nigeria Limited ko juuti caggal nde o timmini jaŋde makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde, ko sosiyetee mahngo lolluɗo, baawɗo no feewi, mo fuɗɗii golle mum ko to Kano. Yanti heen kadi, ko kanko wonnoo hooreejo e nder njuɓɓudi sosiyeteeji mahdi goɗɗi nay e oon sahaa, ɗum noon, o jeyaa ko e sukaaɓe ɓurɓe famɗude miliyoŋaaji keewɗi e nder Fuɗnaange leydi Nijeer e oon sahaa. Ko jiidaa e ɗuum, ko o awokaa, o wonnoo ko mawɗo binnditagol to Ñaawirde Toownde to Kano. O woniino kadi tergal Asaambele ngenndi, haa e jamaanu makko, omo jeyaa e miliyaaruuji seeɗa Jigawa. Bello Maitama waɗii dingiral ngam denndaangal dawriyankooɓe e njulaagu e nder leydi Najeriya. O janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde North Gate, Washington, o jeyaa ko e lannda ngenndiijo leydi Najeriya, mo alaa ɗo haaɗi. == Nguurndam e golle == Bello Maitama Yuusuf jibinaa ko ñalnde 14 abriil hitaande 1947 to Gwaram, Jigawa. E hitaande 1976, Bello Maitama naati e laawol politik, o hawri e lannda ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer (NPN). Naatgol makko e politik fuɗɗii ko e balɗe jaŋde toownde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ahmadu Bello (ABU), Zaria, ɗo o yalti e gardiiɗo janngooɓe mawɗo. Sosde jokkondiral e maayɗo Malam Aminu Kano, o wallitii no feewi e saaktude miijooji politik Aminu Kano. Nde o naati nder NPN, Bello Maitama heɓi darnde maako arandeere nder siyaasaaku, bana depiteejo toɗɗaaɗo bee laamu lesdi Kano ɓooyma. Siistem doolnuɗo oo ina waɗi jillondiral dipiteeji cuɓaaɗi e toɗɗaaɗi, tawi Bello ina lomtoo laamu nokku Gwaram e Birnin Kudu kawraaɗo. Darnde makko e golle politik ina joginoo caɗeele e nder duuɓi jaŋde toownde nde o renndini binndanɗe politik Aminu Kano e nder duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde. Ɗum addani ardiiɓe duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde ɓee salaade ɗum en, haa arti noon e ittude ɗum en e golle mum en sabu naatde e politik lanndaaji ɗii, ko ɓuri heewde e duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde ɗee. Ndeeɗoo yonta gadano ko fuɗɗoode njiimaandi politik Bello Maitama, lelni mbaydi golle politik ɓurɗe yaajde e duumaade. Bello Maitama jeyaa ko e sosɓe lannda ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer (NPN) mo alaa ɗo haaɗi. E yonta mo golle politik haɗaa sabu haɗde konu, ardiiɓe Fuɗnaange-rewo jogiiɓe paandaale goote, ina heen D. S Tarka e woɗɓe, kawri to Kano ngam sosde fedde wootere. Maitama, e oon sahaa ko suka, ina yuɓɓina batuuji cuuɗiiɗi to galle mum to Tarauni. Yimɓe mawɓe tawtoranooɓe ɗeen batuuji ko Aliyu Makaman Bidda, Aminu Kano, Inuwa Wada, Umaru Dikko, Adamu Ciroma, Sola Saraki, Shehu Shagari, Yahaya Konde, Sule Gaya, porfeseer Iya Abubakar, e Yusuf Maitama Sule, e woɗɓe. Kuulal kawtal ngal ko sosde fedde politik wiyeteende Mouvement National de Nigeria.Caggal nde ɓe ngummii Lagos, fedde nde waɗii njuɓɓudi mum, Aliyu Makaman Bidda woni hooreejo leydi ndii e sahaa jooni, Adamu Ciroma woni sekereteer. Ko ngootaagu adanngu nguu fof, fijirde feeñii e gartugol Kano. Luural ummii ko feewti e darnde Aminu Kano e nder jaayndeyaagal NMN, ɗum addani ɗum sosde lannda politik keso – Lannda rimɗinde leƴƴi (PRP). Bello Maitama, mettuɗo e ngalɗoo ƴellitaare, yiyti caɗeele potɗe arde e senngo banndiraagal e ngootaagu to bannge worgo. Eɓɓooje mbaɗaama ngam haɓaade, Bello Maitama ɓadtiima Alhaji Aminu Dantata, o ñaagii Aminu Kano nde reentoo ngootaagu diiwaan Fuɗnaange. Kono e nder yontere wootere, kabaaru oo yani wonde PRP sosaa, tawi ko Aminu Kano woni hooreejo mum. Hay so tawii ko ceertugol politik, yonta oo seedtiima tolno sehilaagal, tawi ko jeewte maantinɗe mbaylaandi hakkunde NPN e PRP, teeŋtinii kuule nguura e hoɗorde jowitiiɗe e maandeeji lanndaaji mum en. Ko o ministaajo njulaagu, o woniino kalfinaaɗo ustude marsandiisuuji naatnaaɗi e nder leydi Najeriya ɗi ina ustoo no feewi ngalu leydi ndii e nder leydi ndii. E nder laamu makko o jaagorɗe o haali ko feewti e ŋakkeende peccitagol lisaasuuji naatgol. E anndude ŋakkeende humpito, haa teeŋti noon e bannge worgo, o yiɗi ko demokaraasii golle ɗee. To bannge daartol, ko ɓuri heewde e laylayti renndo ina tawee e Lagos, ina ɓura njulaagu e nder diiwaan hee. Maitama yiɗiino feewnude ndeeɗoo ŋakkeende ballondiral e ƴellitde laylayti renndo e nder leydi ndii kala. Ngam semmbinde jom en jawɗeele en Fuɗnaange, ɓe nganndaa no feewi e njuɓɓudi laylaytol naatgol, Maitama gollodiima e bankeeji ngam udditde ɓataakeeji. Ndee eɓɓaande wallitii golle faggudu to Fuɗnaange, ina addana njulaagu mawngu e nokkuuji ko wayi no Bauchi, Adamawa, e Maiduguri. Ko o ministeer, Maitama ina jokki e dokkal bidsee, ina reena rokkude liiseeji ko ɓuri keerol jaɓangol ngol. O haali kadi dow kuugal hokkugo ceede haa Lagos, ngam heɓugo ceede ko ɓuri potal hakkunde lesɗe. Ɗee peeje peewtuɗe addani faggudu ngenndi ɓurndu yuumtude. Hay so tawii o tuumaama e laamu Shagari, Maitama teeŋtinii darnde laamu nguu e golle laaɓtuɗe. Fotde semmbe yimɓe e feewnude ŋakkeende faggudu ina hollita darnde Maitama ngam gollanaade leydi Naajeeriya e hakkille udditiiɗo. Yusuf suɓaama nder Senaa lesdi Naajeeriya ngam lesdi Jigawa South West nder lewru Abriil 1999, nden o suɓaama nder lewru Abriil 2003. O waɗi kuuɗe mawɗe ngam haɓugo bee mannda tataɓo. E siftorde batu to galle makko e Obasanjo e guwerneer mum, Ibrahim Saminu Turaki, Maitama hollitii fodoore, ina jeyaa heen mahngo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde e nder diiwaan makko, ngam ustude ballal e ajendaaji ɗii. Hay so tawii o fotnoo ko ƴattaade, Maitama saliima no feewi ɗaɓɓaande manndaa tataɓo, o waɗii konngol maantinngol e nder Asaambele ngenndi. O saliima ɓeydude laamu Obasanjo, o teeŋtini nanondiral daartol e diine ngam teeŋtinde wonde juutde balɗe addantaa ɗum ƴellitaare. Nde hare manndaa tataɓo ndee hawri e caɗeele, Maitama jokki e kuule mum. O yalti e woote Senaa, o tuumaama ko o fenaande feewde e luulndiiɓe manndaa tataɓo, o winndi ɓataake feewde e Komiseer ngenndiijo woote (INEC) ngam humpitaade wonde o yaltii. Teskaama hay gooto e kanndidaaji ganndaaɗi e luulndaade manndaa tataɓo yaltaani e ndeen woote. Bello Maitama kadi tuumi hooreejo leydi Obasanjo sabu mum bonnude njuɓɓudi petroŋ, kadi ko o tergal mawngal e goomu Senaa ngam sukaaɓe e dingiral. O rokkaa kadi innde « Sarduanan Dutse » e nder diiwaan makko Jigawa. Bello Maitama caggal ɗuum woppi golle politik e njulaagu, ɓiyiiko mawɗo biyeteeɗo Yusuf jokki e golle mum. Bello Maitama Yusuf maayi ñalnde 13 lewru nduu hitaande 2023, tawi ina yahra e duuɓi 76. Gooto e miliyaaruuji seeɗa Jigawa, Bello Maitama Yuusuf sosi dingiral ngam denndaangal politikaaji e njulaagu e nder leydi Najeriya. == Teskorɗe == 70gunu0k9daldz5nc2520qnc97ncv4s 174354 174353 2026-06-18T23:16:34Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bello Maitama Yusuf HeɗtoGCON''' (14 abriil 1947 – 13 oktoobar 2023) ko neɗɗo politik e njulaagu leydi Nijeer. O wonti jaagorgal nder leydi e hitaande 1979, e jaagorgal njulaagu e hitaande 1982, e senaateer repressing Jigawa caka laabi 3. Ko adii nde o naatata e politik, o sosi Quartz Integrated Services Nigeria Limited ko juuti caggal nde o timmini jaŋde makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde, ko sosiyetee mahngo lolluɗo, baawɗo no feewi, mo fuɗɗii golle mum ko to Kano. Yanti heen kadi, ko kanko wonnoo hooreejo e nder njuɓɓudi sosiyeteeji mahdi goɗɗi nay e oon sahaa, ɗum noon, o jeyaa ko e sukaaɓe ɓurɓe famɗude miliyoŋaaji keewɗi e nder Fuɗnaange leydi Nijeer e oon sahaa. Ko jiidaa e ɗuum, ko o awokaa, o wonnoo ko mawɗo binnditagol to Ñaawirde Toownde to Kano. O woniino kadi tergal Asaambele ngenndi, haa e jamaanu makko, omo jeyaa e miliyaaruuji seeɗa Jigawa. Bello Maitama waɗii dingiral ngam denndaangal dawriyankooɓe e njulaagu e nder leydi Najeriya.<ref>"Nigerian President's Visit to Romania," British Broadcasting Corporation, 18 September 1982</ref> O janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde North Gate, Washington, o jeyaa ko e lannda ngenndiijo leydi Najeriya, mo alaa ɗo haaɗi. == Nguurndam e golle == Bello Maitama Yuusuf jibinaa ko ñalnde 14 abriil hitaande 1947 to Gwaram, Jigawa. E hitaande 1976, Bello Maitama naati e laawol politik, o hawri e lannda ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer (NPN). Naatgol makko e politik fuɗɗii ko e balɗe jaŋde toownde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ahmadu Bello (ABU), Zaria, ɗo o yalti e gardiiɗo janngooɓe mawɗo. Sosde jokkondiral e maayɗo Malam Aminu Kano, o wallitii no feewi e saaktude miijooji politik Aminu Kano. Nde o naati nder NPN, Bello Maitama heɓi darnde maako arandeere nder siyaasaaku, bana depiteejo toɗɗaaɗo bee laamu lesdi Kano ɓooyma. Siistem doolnuɗo oo ina waɗi jillondiral dipiteeji cuɓaaɗi e toɗɗaaɗi, tawi Bello ina lomtoo laamu nokku Gwaram e Birnin Kudu kawraaɗo. Darnde makko e golle politik ina joginoo caɗeele e nder duuɓi jaŋde toownde nde o renndini binndanɗe politik Aminu Kano e nder duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde. Ɗum addani ardiiɓe duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde ɓee salaade ɗum en, haa arti noon e ittude ɗum en e golle mum en sabu naatde e politik lanndaaji ɗii, ko ɓuri heewde e duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde ɗee. Ndeeɗoo yonta gadano ko fuɗɗoode njiimaandi politik Bello Maitama, lelni mbaydi golle politik ɓurɗe yaajde e duumaade. Bello Maitama jeyaa ko e sosɓe lannda ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer (NPN) mo alaa ɗo haaɗi. E yonta mo golle politik haɗaa sabu haɗde konu, ardiiɓe Fuɗnaange-rewo jogiiɓe paandaale goote, ina heen D. S Tarka e woɗɓe, kawri to Kano ngam sosde fedde wootere. Maitama, e oon sahaa ko suka, ina yuɓɓina batuuji cuuɗiiɗi to galle mum to Tarauni. Yimɓe mawɓe tawtoranooɓe ɗeen batuuji ko Aliyu Makaman Bidda, Aminu Kano, Inuwa Wada, Umaru Dikko, Adamu Ciroma, Sola Saraki, Shehu Shagari, Yahaya Konde, Sule Gaya, porfeseer Iya Abubakar, e Yusuf Maitama Sule, e woɗɓe. Kuulal kawtal ngal ko sosde fedde politik wiyeteende Mouvement National de Nigeria.Caggal nde ɓe ngummii Lagos, fedde nde waɗii njuɓɓudi mum, Aliyu Makaman Bidda woni hooreejo leydi ndii e sahaa jooni, Adamu Ciroma woni sekereteer. Ko ngootaagu adanngu nguu fof, fijirde feeñii e gartugol Kano. Luural ummii ko feewti e darnde Aminu Kano e nder jaayndeyaagal NMN, ɗum addani ɗum sosde lannda politik keso – Lannda rimɗinde leƴƴi (PRP). Bello Maitama, mettuɗo e ngalɗoo ƴellitaare, yiyti caɗeele potɗe arde e senngo banndiraagal e ngootaagu to bannge worgo. Eɓɓooje mbaɗaama ngam haɓaade, Bello Maitama ɓadtiima Alhaji Aminu Dantata, o ñaagii Aminu Kano nde reentoo ngootaagu diiwaan Fuɗnaange. Kono e nder yontere wootere, kabaaru oo yani wonde PRP sosaa, tawi ko Aminu Kano woni hooreejo mum. Hay so tawii ko ceertugol politik, yonta oo seedtiima tolno sehilaagal, tawi ko jeewte maantinɗe mbaylaandi hakkunde NPN e PRP, teeŋtinii kuule nguura e hoɗorde jowitiiɗe e maandeeji lanndaaji mum en. Ko o ministaajo njulaagu, o woniino kalfinaaɗo ustude marsandiisuuji naatnaaɗi e nder leydi Najeriya ɗi ina ustoo no feewi ngalu leydi ndii e nder leydi ndii. E nder laamu makko o jaagorɗe o haali ko feewti e ŋakkeende peccitagol lisaasuuji naatgol. E anndude ŋakkeende humpito, haa teeŋti noon e bannge worgo, o yiɗi ko demokaraasii golle ɗee. To bannge daartol, ko ɓuri heewde e laylayti renndo ina tawee e Lagos, ina ɓura njulaagu e nder diiwaan hee. Maitama yiɗiino feewnude ndeeɗoo ŋakkeende ballondiral e ƴellitde laylayti renndo e nder leydi ndii kala. Ngam semmbinde jom en jawɗeele en Fuɗnaange, ɓe nganndaa no feewi e njuɓɓudi laylaytol naatgol, Maitama gollodiima e bankeeji ngam udditde ɓataakeeji. Ndee eɓɓaande wallitii golle faggudu to Fuɗnaange, ina addana njulaagu mawngu e nokkuuji ko wayi no Bauchi, Adamawa, e Maiduguri. Ko o ministeer, Maitama ina jokki e dokkal bidsee, ina reena rokkude liiseeji ko ɓuri keerol jaɓangol ngol. O haali kadi dow kuugal hokkugo ceede haa Lagos, ngam heɓugo ceede ko ɓuri potal hakkunde lesɗe. Ɗee peeje peewtuɗe addani faggudu ngenndi ɓurndu yuumtude. Hay so tawii o tuumaama e laamu Shagari, Maitama teeŋtinii darnde laamu nguu e golle laaɓtuɗe. Fotde semmbe yimɓe e feewnude ŋakkeende faggudu ina hollita darnde Maitama ngam gollanaade leydi Naajeeriya e hakkille udditiiɗo. Yusuf suɓaama nder Senaa lesdi Naajeeriya ngam lesdi Jigawa South West nder lewru Abriil 1999, nden o suɓaama nder lewru Abriil 2003. O waɗi kuuɗe mawɗe ngam haɓugo bee mannda tataɓo. E siftorde batu to galle makko e Obasanjo e guwerneer mum, Ibrahim Saminu Turaki, Maitama hollitii fodoore, ina jeyaa heen mahngo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde e nder diiwaan makko, ngam ustude ballal e ajendaaji ɗii. Hay so tawii o fotnoo ko ƴattaade, Maitama saliima no feewi ɗaɓɓaande manndaa tataɓo, o waɗii konngol maantinngol e nder Asaambele ngenndi. O saliima ɓeydude laamu Obasanjo, o teeŋtini nanondiral daartol e diine ngam teeŋtinde wonde juutde balɗe addantaa ɗum ƴellitaare. Nde hare manndaa tataɓo ndee hawri e caɗeele, Maitama jokki e kuule mum. O yalti e woote Senaa, o tuumaama ko o fenaande feewde e luulndiiɓe manndaa tataɓo, o winndi ɓataake feewde e Komiseer ngenndiijo woote (INEC) ngam humpitaade wonde o yaltii. Teskaama hay gooto e kanndidaaji ganndaaɗi e luulndaade manndaa tataɓo yaltaani e ndeen woote. Bello Maitama kadi tuumi hooreejo leydi Obasanjo sabu mum bonnude njuɓɓudi petroŋ, kadi ko o tergal mawngal e goomu Senaa ngam sukaaɓe e dingiral. O rokkaa kadi innde « Sarduanan Dutse » e nder diiwaan makko Jigawa. Bello Maitama caggal ɗuum woppi golle politik e njulaagu, ɓiyiiko mawɗo biyeteeɗo Yusuf jokki e golle mum. Bello Maitama Yusuf maayi ñalnde 13 lewru nduu hitaande 2023, tawi ina yahra e duuɓi 76. Gooto e miliyaaruuji seeɗa Jigawa, Bello Maitama Yuusuf sosi dingiral ngam denndaangal politikaaji e njulaagu e nder leydi Najeriya. == Teskorɗe == 5u2vtrajfstouuicb594x9grjvu9ja5 174355 174354 2026-06-18T23:17:34Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bello Maitama Yusuf HeɗtoGCON''' (14 abriil 1947 – 13 oktoobar 2023) ko neɗɗo politik e njulaagu leydi Nijeer. O wonti jaagorgal nder leydi e hitaande 1979, e jaagorgal njulaagu e hitaande 1982, e senaateer repressing Jigawa caka laabi 3. Ko adii nde o naatata e politik, o sosi Quartz Integrated Services Nigeria Limited ko juuti caggal nde o timmini jaŋde makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde, ko sosiyetee mahngo lolluɗo, baawɗo no feewi, mo fuɗɗii golle mum ko to Kano. Yanti heen kadi, ko kanko wonnoo hooreejo e nder njuɓɓudi sosiyeteeji mahdi goɗɗi nay e oon sahaa, ɗum noon, o jeyaa ko e sukaaɓe ɓurɓe famɗude miliyoŋaaji keewɗi e nder Fuɗnaange leydi Nijeer e oon sahaa. Ko jiidaa e ɗuum, ko o awokaa, o wonnoo ko mawɗo binnditagol to Ñaawirde Toownde to Kano. O woniino kadi tergal Asaambele ngenndi, haa e jamaanu makko, omo jeyaa e miliyaaruuji seeɗa Jigawa. Bello Maitama waɗii dingiral ngam denndaangal dawriyankooɓe e njulaagu e nder leydi Najeriya.<ref>"Nigerian President's Visit to Romania," British Broadcasting Corporation, 18 September 1982</ref> O janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde North Gate, Washington, o jeyaa ko e lannda ngenndiijo leydi Najeriya, mo alaa ɗo haaɗi.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Coming era of penny-pinching - The Nation Newspaper|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/coming-era-of-penny-pinching/amp/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=26 February 2022|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|date=17 May 2015}}</ref> == Nguurndam e golle == Bello Maitama Yuusuf jibinaa ko ñalnde 14 abriil hitaande 1947 to Gwaram, Jigawa. E hitaande 1976, Bello Maitama naati e laawol politik, o hawri e lannda ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer (NPN). Naatgol makko e politik fuɗɗii ko e balɗe jaŋde toownde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ahmadu Bello (ABU), Zaria, ɗo o yalti e gardiiɗo janngooɓe mawɗo. Sosde jokkondiral e maayɗo Malam Aminu Kano, o wallitii no feewi e saaktude miijooji politik Aminu Kano. Nde o naati nder NPN, Bello Maitama heɓi darnde maako arandeere nder siyaasaaku, bana depiteejo toɗɗaaɗo bee laamu lesdi Kano ɓooyma. Siistem doolnuɗo oo ina waɗi jillondiral dipiteeji cuɓaaɗi e toɗɗaaɗi, tawi Bello ina lomtoo laamu nokku Gwaram e Birnin Kudu kawraaɗo. Darnde makko e golle politik ina joginoo caɗeele e nder duuɓi jaŋde toownde nde o renndini binndanɗe politik Aminu Kano e nder duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde. Ɗum addani ardiiɓe duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde ɓee salaade ɗum en, haa arti noon e ittude ɗum en e golle mum en sabu naatde e politik lanndaaji ɗii, ko ɓuri heewde e duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde ɗee. Ndeeɗoo yonta gadano ko fuɗɗoode njiimaandi politik Bello Maitama, lelni mbaydi golle politik ɓurɗe yaajde e duumaade. Bello Maitama jeyaa ko e sosɓe lannda ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer (NPN) mo alaa ɗo haaɗi. E yonta mo golle politik haɗaa sabu haɗde konu, ardiiɓe Fuɗnaange-rewo jogiiɓe paandaale goote, ina heen D. S Tarka e woɗɓe, kawri to Kano ngam sosde fedde wootere. Maitama, e oon sahaa ko suka, ina yuɓɓina batuuji cuuɗiiɗi to galle mum to Tarauni. Yimɓe mawɓe tawtoranooɓe ɗeen batuuji ko Aliyu Makaman Bidda, Aminu Kano, Inuwa Wada, Umaru Dikko, Adamu Ciroma, Sola Saraki, Shehu Shagari, Yahaya Konde, Sule Gaya, porfeseer Iya Abubakar, e Yusuf Maitama Sule, e woɗɓe. Kuulal kawtal ngal ko sosde fedde politik wiyeteende Mouvement National de Nigeria.Caggal nde ɓe ngummii Lagos, fedde nde waɗii njuɓɓudi mum, Aliyu Makaman Bidda woni hooreejo leydi ndii e sahaa jooni, Adamu Ciroma woni sekereteer. Ko ngootaagu adanngu nguu fof, fijirde feeñii e gartugol Kano. Luural ummii ko feewti e darnde Aminu Kano e nder jaayndeyaagal NMN, ɗum addani ɗum sosde lannda politik keso – Lannda rimɗinde leƴƴi (PRP). Bello Maitama, mettuɗo e ngalɗoo ƴellitaare, yiyti caɗeele potɗe arde e senngo banndiraagal e ngootaagu to bannge worgo. Eɓɓooje mbaɗaama ngam haɓaade, Bello Maitama ɓadtiima Alhaji Aminu Dantata, o ñaagii Aminu Kano nde reentoo ngootaagu diiwaan Fuɗnaange. Kono e nder yontere wootere, kabaaru oo yani wonde PRP sosaa, tawi ko Aminu Kano woni hooreejo mum. Hay so tawii ko ceertugol politik, yonta oo seedtiima tolno sehilaagal, tawi ko jeewte maantinɗe mbaylaandi hakkunde NPN e PRP, teeŋtinii kuule nguura e hoɗorde jowitiiɗe e maandeeji lanndaaji mum en. Ko o ministaajo njulaagu, o woniino kalfinaaɗo ustude marsandiisuuji naatnaaɗi e nder leydi Najeriya ɗi ina ustoo no feewi ngalu leydi ndii e nder leydi ndii. E nder laamu makko o jaagorɗe o haali ko feewti e ŋakkeende peccitagol lisaasuuji naatgol. E anndude ŋakkeende humpito, haa teeŋti noon e bannge worgo, o yiɗi ko demokaraasii golle ɗee. To bannge daartol, ko ɓuri heewde e laylayti renndo ina tawee e Lagos, ina ɓura njulaagu e nder diiwaan hee. Maitama yiɗiino feewnude ndeeɗoo ŋakkeende ballondiral e ƴellitde laylayti renndo e nder leydi ndii kala. Ngam semmbinde jom en jawɗeele en Fuɗnaange, ɓe nganndaa no feewi e njuɓɓudi laylaytol naatgol, Maitama gollodiima e bankeeji ngam udditde ɓataakeeji. Ndee eɓɓaande wallitii golle faggudu to Fuɗnaange, ina addana njulaagu mawngu e nokkuuji ko wayi no Bauchi, Adamawa, e Maiduguri. Ko o ministeer, Maitama ina jokki e dokkal bidsee, ina reena rokkude liiseeji ko ɓuri keerol jaɓangol ngol. O haali kadi dow kuugal hokkugo ceede haa Lagos, ngam heɓugo ceede ko ɓuri potal hakkunde lesɗe. Ɗee peeje peewtuɗe addani faggudu ngenndi ɓurndu yuumtude. Hay so tawii o tuumaama e laamu Shagari, Maitama teeŋtinii darnde laamu nguu e golle laaɓtuɗe. Fotde semmbe yimɓe e feewnude ŋakkeende faggudu ina hollita darnde Maitama ngam gollanaade leydi Naajeeriya e hakkille udditiiɗo. Yusuf suɓaama nder Senaa lesdi Naajeeriya ngam lesdi Jigawa South West nder lewru Abriil 1999, nden o suɓaama nder lewru Abriil 2003. O waɗi kuuɗe mawɗe ngam haɓugo bee mannda tataɓo. E siftorde batu to galle makko e Obasanjo e guwerneer mum, Ibrahim Saminu Turaki, Maitama hollitii fodoore, ina jeyaa heen mahngo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde e nder diiwaan makko, ngam ustude ballal e ajendaaji ɗii. Hay so tawii o fotnoo ko ƴattaade, Maitama saliima no feewi ɗaɓɓaande manndaa tataɓo, o waɗii konngol maantinngol e nder Asaambele ngenndi. O saliima ɓeydude laamu Obasanjo, o teeŋtini nanondiral daartol e diine ngam teeŋtinde wonde juutde balɗe addantaa ɗum ƴellitaare. Nde hare manndaa tataɓo ndee hawri e caɗeele, Maitama jokki e kuule mum. O yalti e woote Senaa, o tuumaama ko o fenaande feewde e luulndiiɓe manndaa tataɓo, o winndi ɓataake feewde e Komiseer ngenndiijo woote (INEC) ngam humpitaade wonde o yaltii. Teskaama hay gooto e kanndidaaji ganndaaɗi e luulndaade manndaa tataɓo yaltaani e ndeen woote. Bello Maitama kadi tuumi hooreejo leydi Obasanjo sabu mum bonnude njuɓɓudi petroŋ, kadi ko o tergal mawngal e goomu Senaa ngam sukaaɓe e dingiral. O rokkaa kadi innde « Sarduanan Dutse » e nder diiwaan makko Jigawa. Bello Maitama caggal ɗuum woppi golle politik e njulaagu, ɓiyiiko mawɗo biyeteeɗo Yusuf jokki e golle mum. Bello Maitama Yusuf maayi ñalnde 13 lewru nduu hitaande 2023, tawi ina yahra e duuɓi 76. Gooto e miliyaaruuji seeɗa Jigawa, Bello Maitama Yuusuf sosi dingiral ngam denndaangal politikaaji e njulaagu e nder leydi Najeriya. == Teskorɗe == 3qobwq5ppyi8tzmghrr5lepulq1evhc 174356 174355 2026-06-18T23:18:31Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bello Maitama Yusuf HeɗtoGCON''' (14 abriil 1947 – 13 oktoobar 2023) ko neɗɗo politik e njulaagu leydi Nijeer. O wonti jaagorgal nder leydi e hitaande 1979, e jaagorgal njulaagu e hitaande 1982, e senaateer repressing Jigawa caka laabi 3. Ko adii nde o naatata e politik, o sosi Quartz Integrated Services Nigeria Limited ko juuti caggal nde o timmini jaŋde makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde, ko sosiyetee mahngo lolluɗo, baawɗo no feewi, mo fuɗɗii golle mum ko to Kano. Yanti heen kadi, ko kanko wonnoo hooreejo e nder njuɓɓudi sosiyeteeji mahdi goɗɗi nay e oon sahaa, ɗum noon, o jeyaa ko e sukaaɓe ɓurɓe famɗude miliyoŋaaji keewɗi e nder Fuɗnaange leydi Nijeer e oon sahaa. Ko jiidaa e ɗuum, ko o awokaa, o wonnoo ko mawɗo binnditagol to Ñaawirde Toownde to Kano. O woniino kadi tergal Asaambele ngenndi, haa e jamaanu makko, omo jeyaa e miliyaaruuji seeɗa Jigawa. Bello Maitama waɗii dingiral ngam denndaangal dawriyankooɓe e njulaagu e nder leydi Najeriya.<ref>"Nigerian President's Visit to Romania," British Broadcasting Corporation, 18 September 1982</ref> O janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde North Gate, Washington, o jeyaa ko e lannda ngenndiijo leydi Najeriya, mo alaa ɗo haaɗi.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Coming era of penny-pinching - The Nation Newspaper|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/coming-era-of-penny-pinching/amp/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=26 February 2022|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|date=17 May 2015}}</ref> == Nguurndam e golle == Bello Maitama Yuusuf jibinaa ko ñalnde 14 abriil hitaande 1947 to Gwaram, Jigawa. E hitaande 1976, Bello Maitama naati e laawol politik, o hawri e lannda ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer (NPN). Naatgol makko e politik fuɗɗii ko e balɗe jaŋde toownde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ahmadu Bello (ABU), Zaria, ɗo o yalti e gardiiɗo janngooɓe mawɗo. Sosde jokkondiral e maayɗo Malam Aminu Kano, o wallitii no feewi e saaktude miijooji politik Aminu Kano.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yusuf, Sen Bello Maitama|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/yusuf-bello-maitama/|website=Blerf's Who's Who in Nigeria|date=31 March 2017|access-date=13 October 2023}}</ref> Nde o naati nder NPN, Bello Maitama heɓi darnde maako arandeere nder siyaasaaku, bana depiteejo toɗɗaaɗo bee laamu lesdi Kano ɓooyma. Siistem doolnuɗo oo ina waɗi jillondiral dipiteeji cuɓaaɗi e toɗɗaaɗi, tawi Bello ina lomtoo laamu nokku Gwaram e Birnin Kudu kawraaɗo. Darnde makko e golle politik ina joginoo caɗeele e nder duuɓi jaŋde toownde nde o renndini binndanɗe politik Aminu Kano e nder duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde. Ɗum addani ardiiɓe duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde ɓee salaade ɗum en, haa arti noon e ittude ɗum en e golle mum en sabu naatde e politik lanndaaji ɗii, ko ɓuri heewde e duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde ɗee. Ndeeɗoo yonta gadano ko fuɗɗoode njiimaandi politik Bello Maitama, lelni mbaydi golle politik ɓurɗe yaajde e duumaade. Bello Maitama jeyaa ko e sosɓe lannda ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer (NPN) mo alaa ɗo haaɗi. E yonta mo golle politik haɗaa sabu haɗde konu, ardiiɓe Fuɗnaange-rewo jogiiɓe paandaale goote, ina heen D. S Tarka e woɗɓe, kawri to Kano ngam sosde fedde wootere. Maitama, e oon sahaa ko suka, ina yuɓɓina batuuji cuuɗiiɗi to galle mum to Tarauni. Yimɓe mawɓe tawtoranooɓe ɗeen batuuji ko Aliyu Makaman Bidda, Aminu Kano, Inuwa Wada, Umaru Dikko, Adamu Ciroma, Sola Saraki, Shehu Shagari, Yahaya Konde, Sule Gaya, porfeseer Iya Abubakar, e Yusuf Maitama Sule, e woɗɓe. Kuulal kawtal ngal ko sosde fedde politik wiyeteende Mouvement National de Nigeria.Caggal nde ɓe ngummii Lagos, fedde nde waɗii njuɓɓudi mum, Aliyu Makaman Bidda woni hooreejo leydi ndii e sahaa jooni, Adamu Ciroma woni sekereteer. Ko ngootaagu adanngu nguu fof, fijirde feeñii e gartugol Kano. Luural ummii ko feewti e darnde Aminu Kano e nder jaayndeyaagal NMN, ɗum addani ɗum sosde lannda politik keso – Lannda rimɗinde leƴƴi (PRP). Bello Maitama, mettuɗo e ngalɗoo ƴellitaare, yiyti caɗeele potɗe arde e senngo banndiraagal e ngootaagu to bannge worgo. Eɓɓooje mbaɗaama ngam haɓaade, Bello Maitama ɓadtiima Alhaji Aminu Dantata, o ñaagii Aminu Kano nde reentoo ngootaagu diiwaan Fuɗnaange. Kono e nder yontere wootere, kabaaru oo yani wonde PRP sosaa, tawi ko Aminu Kano woni hooreejo mum. Hay so tawii ko ceertugol politik, yonta oo seedtiima tolno sehilaagal, tawi ko jeewte maantinɗe mbaylaandi hakkunde NPN e PRP, teeŋtinii kuule nguura e hoɗorde jowitiiɗe e maandeeji lanndaaji mum en. Ko o ministaajo njulaagu, o woniino kalfinaaɗo ustude marsandiisuuji naatnaaɗi e nder leydi Najeriya ɗi ina ustoo no feewi ngalu leydi ndii e nder leydi ndii. E nder laamu makko o jaagorɗe o haali ko feewti e ŋakkeende peccitagol lisaasuuji naatgol. E anndude ŋakkeende humpito, haa teeŋti noon e bannge worgo, o yiɗi ko demokaraasii golle ɗee. To bannge daartol, ko ɓuri heewde e laylayti renndo ina tawee e Lagos, ina ɓura njulaagu e nder diiwaan hee. Maitama yiɗiino feewnude ndeeɗoo ŋakkeende ballondiral e ƴellitde laylayti renndo e nder leydi ndii kala. Ngam semmbinde jom en jawɗeele en Fuɗnaange, ɓe nganndaa no feewi e njuɓɓudi laylaytol naatgol, Maitama gollodiima e bankeeji ngam udditde ɓataakeeji. Ndee eɓɓaande wallitii golle faggudu to Fuɗnaange, ina addana njulaagu mawngu e nokkuuji ko wayi no Bauchi, Adamawa, e Maiduguri. Ko o ministeer, Maitama ina jokki e dokkal bidsee, ina reena rokkude liiseeji ko ɓuri keerol jaɓangol ngol. O haali kadi dow kuugal hokkugo ceede haa Lagos, ngam heɓugo ceede ko ɓuri potal hakkunde lesɗe. Ɗee peeje peewtuɗe addani faggudu ngenndi ɓurndu yuumtude. Hay so tawii o tuumaama e laamu Shagari, Maitama teeŋtinii darnde laamu nguu e golle laaɓtuɗe. Fotde semmbe yimɓe e feewnude ŋakkeende faggudu ina hollita darnde Maitama ngam gollanaade leydi Naajeeriya e hakkille udditiiɗo. Yusuf suɓaama nder Senaa lesdi Naajeeriya ngam lesdi Jigawa South West nder lewru Abriil 1999, nden o suɓaama nder lewru Abriil 2003. O waɗi kuuɗe mawɗe ngam haɓugo bee mannda tataɓo. E siftorde batu to galle makko e Obasanjo e guwerneer mum, Ibrahim Saminu Turaki, Maitama hollitii fodoore, ina jeyaa heen mahngo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde e nder diiwaan makko, ngam ustude ballal e ajendaaji ɗii. Hay so tawii o fotnoo ko ƴattaade, Maitama saliima no feewi ɗaɓɓaande manndaa tataɓo, o waɗii konngol maantinngol e nder Asaambele ngenndi. O saliima ɓeydude laamu Obasanjo, o teeŋtini nanondiral daartol e diine ngam teeŋtinde wonde juutde balɗe addantaa ɗum ƴellitaare. Nde hare manndaa tataɓo ndee hawri e caɗeele, Maitama jokki e kuule mum. O yalti e woote Senaa, o tuumaama ko o fenaande feewde e luulndiiɓe manndaa tataɓo, o winndi ɓataake feewde e Komiseer ngenndiijo woote (INEC) ngam humpitaade wonde o yaltii. Teskaama hay gooto e kanndidaaji ganndaaɗi e luulndaade manndaa tataɓo yaltaani e ndeen woote. Bello Maitama kadi tuumi hooreejo leydi Obasanjo sabu mum bonnude njuɓɓudi petroŋ, kadi ko o tergal mawngal e goomu Senaa ngam sukaaɓe e dingiral. O rokkaa kadi innde « Sarduanan Dutse » e nder diiwaan makko Jigawa. Bello Maitama caggal ɗuum woppi golle politik e njulaagu, ɓiyiiko mawɗo biyeteeɗo Yusuf jokki e golle mum. Bello Maitama Yusuf maayi ñalnde 13 lewru nduu hitaande 2023, tawi ina yahra e duuɓi 76. Gooto e miliyaaruuji seeɗa Jigawa, Bello Maitama Yuusuf sosi dingiral ngam denndaangal politikaaji e njulaagu e nder leydi Najeriya. == Teskorɗe == sws66mx9598o0jrc6jjtf2xb14dsjv4 174357 174356 2026-06-18T23:20:06Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bello Maitama Yusuf HeɗtoGCON''' (14 abriil 1947 – 13 oktoobar 2023) ko neɗɗo politik e njulaagu leydi Nijeer. O wonti jaagorgal nder leydi e hitaande 1979, e jaagorgal njulaagu e hitaande 1982, e senaateer repressing Jigawa caka laabi 3. Ko adii nde o naatata e politik, o sosi Quartz Integrated Services Nigeria Limited ko juuti caggal nde o timmini jaŋde makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde, ko sosiyetee mahngo lolluɗo, baawɗo no feewi, mo fuɗɗii golle mum ko to Kano. Yanti heen kadi, ko kanko wonnoo hooreejo e nder njuɓɓudi sosiyeteeji mahdi goɗɗi nay e oon sahaa, ɗum noon, o jeyaa ko e sukaaɓe ɓurɓe famɗude miliyoŋaaji keewɗi e nder Fuɗnaange leydi Nijeer e oon sahaa. Ko jiidaa e ɗuum, ko o awokaa, o wonnoo ko mawɗo binnditagol to Ñaawirde Toownde to Kano. O woniino kadi tergal Asaambele ngenndi, haa e jamaanu makko, omo jeyaa e miliyaaruuji seeɗa Jigawa. Bello Maitama waɗii dingiral ngam denndaangal dawriyankooɓe e njulaagu e nder leydi Najeriya.<ref>"Nigerian President's Visit to Romania," British Broadcasting Corporation, 18 September 1982</ref> O janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde North Gate, Washington, o jeyaa ko e lannda ngenndiijo leydi Najeriya, mo alaa ɗo haaɗi.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Coming era of penny-pinching - The Nation Newspaper|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/coming-era-of-penny-pinching/amp/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=26 February 2022|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|date=17 May 2015}}</ref> == Nguurndam e golle == Bello Maitama Yuusuf jibinaa ko ñalnde 14 abriil hitaande 1947 to Gwaram, Jigawa. E hitaande 1976, Bello Maitama naati e laawol politik, o hawri e lannda ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer (NPN). Naatgol makko e politik fuɗɗii ko e balɗe jaŋde toownde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ahmadu Bello (ABU), Zaria, ɗo o yalti e gardiiɗo janngooɓe mawɗo. Sosde jokkondiral e maayɗo Malam Aminu Kano, o wallitii no feewi e saaktude miijooji politik Aminu Kano.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yusuf, Sen Bello Maitama|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/yusuf-bello-maitama/|website=Blerf's Who's Who in Nigeria|date=31 March 2017|access-date=13 October 2023}}</ref> Nde o naati nder NPN, Bello Maitama heɓi darnde maako arandeere nder siyaasaaku, bana depiteejo toɗɗaaɗo bee laamu lesdi Kano ɓooyma. Siistem doolnuɗo oo ina waɗi jillondiral dipiteeji cuɓaaɗi e toɗɗaaɗi, tawi Bello ina lomtoo laamu nokku Gwaram e Birnin Kudu kawraaɗo..<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/reminiscences-with-senator-bello-maitama-yusuf.html|title=Reminiscences with Senator Bello Maitama Yusuf|last1=Ibrahim|first1=Yusha’u A.|last2=Giginyu|first2=Ibrahim Musa|date=27 May 2018|newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-GB|access-date=7 February 2020|last3=Ibrahim|first3=Tijjani|last4=Ngbokai|first4=Richard|last5=Kano}}</ref> Darnde makko e golle politik ina joginoo caɗeele e nder duuɓi jaŋde toownde nde o renndini binndanɗe politik Aminu Kano e nder duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde. Ɗum addani ardiiɓe duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde ɓee salaade ɗum en, haa arti noon e ittude ɗum en e golle mum en sabu naatde e politik lanndaaji ɗii, ko ɓuri heewde e duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde ɗee. Ndeeɗoo yonta gadano ko fuɗɗoode njiimaandi politik Bello Maitama, lelni mbaydi golle politik ɓurɗe yaajde e duumaade. Bello Maitama jeyaa ko e sosɓe lannda ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer (NPN) mo alaa ɗo haaɗi. E yonta mo golle politik haɗaa sabu haɗde konu, ardiiɓe Fuɗnaange-rewo jogiiɓe paandaale goote, ina heen D. S Tarka e woɗɓe, kawri to Kano ngam sosde fedde wootere. Maitama, e oon sahaa ko suka, ina yuɓɓina batuuji cuuɗiiɗi to galle mum to Tarauni. Yimɓe mawɓe tawtoranooɓe ɗeen batuuji ko Aliyu Makaman Bidda, Aminu Kano, Inuwa Wada, Umaru Dikko, Adamu Ciroma, Sola Saraki, Shehu Shagari, Yahaya Konde, Sule Gaya, porfeseer Iya Abubakar, e Yusuf Maitama Sule, e woɗɓe. Kuulal kawtal ngal ko sosde fedde politik wiyeteende Mouvement National de Nigeria.Caggal nde ɓe ngummii Lagos, fedde nde waɗii njuɓɓudi mum, Aliyu Makaman Bidda woni hooreejo leydi ndii e sahaa jooni, Adamu Ciroma woni sekereteer. Ko ngootaagu adanngu nguu fof, fijirde feeñii e gartugol Kano. Luural ummii ko feewti e darnde Aminu Kano e nder jaayndeyaagal NMN, ɗum addani ɗum sosde lannda politik keso – Lannda rimɗinde leƴƴi (PRP). Bello Maitama, mettuɗo e ngalɗoo ƴellitaare, yiyti caɗeele potɗe arde e senngo banndiraagal e ngootaagu to bannge worgo. Eɓɓooje mbaɗaama ngam haɓaade, Bello Maitama ɓadtiima Alhaji Aminu Dantata, o ñaagii Aminu Kano nde reentoo ngootaagu diiwaan Fuɗnaange. Kono e nder yontere wootere, kabaaru oo yani wonde PRP sosaa, tawi ko Aminu Kano woni hooreejo mum. Hay so tawii ko ceertugol politik, yonta oo seedtiima tolno sehilaagal, tawi ko jeewte maantinɗe mbaylaandi hakkunde NPN e PRP, teeŋtinii kuule nguura e hoɗorde jowitiiɗe e maandeeji lanndaaji mum en. Ko o ministaajo njulaagu, o woniino kalfinaaɗo ustude marsandiisuuji naatnaaɗi e nder leydi Najeriya ɗi ina ustoo no feewi ngalu leydi ndii e nder leydi ndii. E nder laamu makko o jaagorɗe o haali ko feewti e ŋakkeende peccitagol lisaasuuji naatgol. E anndude ŋakkeende humpito, haa teeŋti noon e bannge worgo, o yiɗi ko demokaraasii golle ɗee. To bannge daartol, ko ɓuri heewde e laylayti renndo ina tawee e Lagos, ina ɓura njulaagu e nder diiwaan hee. Maitama yiɗiino feewnude ndeeɗoo ŋakkeende ballondiral e ƴellitde laylayti renndo e nder leydi ndii kala. Ngam semmbinde jom en jawɗeele en Fuɗnaange, ɓe nganndaa no feewi e njuɓɓudi laylaytol naatgol, Maitama gollodiima e bankeeji ngam udditde ɓataakeeji. Ndee eɓɓaande wallitii golle faggudu to Fuɗnaange, ina addana njulaagu mawngu e nokkuuji ko wayi no Bauchi, Adamawa, e Maiduguri. Ko o ministeer, Maitama ina jokki e dokkal bidsee, ina reena rokkude liiseeji ko ɓuri keerol jaɓangol ngol. O haali kadi dow kuugal hokkugo ceede haa Lagos, ngam heɓugo ceede ko ɓuri potal hakkunde lesɗe. Ɗee peeje peewtuɗe addani faggudu ngenndi ɓurndu yuumtude. Hay so tawii o tuumaama e laamu Shagari, Maitama teeŋtinii darnde laamu nguu e golle laaɓtuɗe. Fotde semmbe yimɓe e feewnude ŋakkeende faggudu ina hollita darnde Maitama ngam gollanaade leydi Naajeeriya e hakkille udditiiɗo. Yusuf suɓaama nder Senaa lesdi Naajeeriya ngam lesdi Jigawa South West nder lewru Abriil 1999, nden o suɓaama nder lewru Abriil 2003. O waɗi kuuɗe mawɗe ngam haɓugo bee mannda tataɓo. E siftorde batu to galle makko e Obasanjo e guwerneer mum, Ibrahim Saminu Turaki, Maitama hollitii fodoore, ina jeyaa heen mahngo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde e nder diiwaan makko, ngam ustude ballal e ajendaaji ɗii. Hay so tawii o fotnoo ko ƴattaade, Maitama saliima no feewi ɗaɓɓaande manndaa tataɓo, o waɗii konngol maantinngol e nder Asaambele ngenndi. O saliima ɓeydude laamu Obasanjo, o teeŋtini nanondiral daartol e diine ngam teeŋtinde wonde juutde balɗe addantaa ɗum ƴellitaare. Nde hare manndaa tataɓo ndee hawri e caɗeele, Maitama jokki e kuule mum. O yalti e woote Senaa, o tuumaama ko o fenaande feewde e luulndiiɓe manndaa tataɓo, o winndi ɓataake feewde e Komiseer ngenndiijo woote (INEC) ngam humpitaade wonde o yaltii. Teskaama hay gooto e kanndidaaji ganndaaɗi e luulndaade manndaa tataɓo yaltaani e ndeen woote. Bello Maitama kadi tuumi hooreejo leydi Obasanjo sabu mum bonnude njuɓɓudi petroŋ, kadi ko o tergal mawngal e goomu Senaa ngam sukaaɓe e dingiral. O rokkaa kadi innde « Sarduanan Dutse » e nder diiwaan makko Jigawa. Bello Maitama caggal ɗuum woppi golle politik e njulaagu, ɓiyiiko mawɗo biyeteeɗo Yusuf jokki e golle mum. Bello Maitama Yusuf maayi ñalnde 13 lewru nduu hitaande 2023, tawi ina yahra e duuɓi 76. Gooto e miliyaaruuji seeɗa Jigawa, Bello Maitama Yuusuf sosi dingiral ngam denndaangal politikaaji e njulaagu e nder leydi Najeriya. == Teskorɗe == 8j0c6q3r66x26dkkna5qphd6i0fo09a 174358 174357 2026-06-18T23:22:01Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bello Maitama Yusuf HeɗtoGCON''' (14 abriil 1947 – 13 oktoobar 2023) ko neɗɗo politik e njulaagu leydi Nijeer. O wonti jaagorgal nder leydi e hitaande 1979, e jaagorgal njulaagu e hitaande 1982, e senaateer repressing Jigawa caka laabi 3. Ko adii nde o naatata e politik, o sosi Quartz Integrated Services Nigeria Limited ko juuti caggal nde o timmini jaŋde makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde, ko sosiyetee mahngo lolluɗo, baawɗo no feewi, mo fuɗɗii golle mum ko to Kano. Yanti heen kadi, ko kanko wonnoo hooreejo e nder njuɓɓudi sosiyeteeji mahdi goɗɗi nay e oon sahaa, ɗum noon, o jeyaa ko e sukaaɓe ɓurɓe famɗude miliyoŋaaji keewɗi e nder Fuɗnaange leydi Nijeer e oon sahaa. Ko jiidaa e ɗuum, ko o awokaa, o wonnoo ko mawɗo binnditagol to Ñaawirde Toownde to Kano. O woniino kadi tergal Asaambele ngenndi, haa e jamaanu makko, omo jeyaa e miliyaaruuji seeɗa Jigawa. Bello Maitama waɗii dingiral ngam denndaangal dawriyankooɓe e njulaagu e nder leydi Najeriya.<ref>"Nigerian President's Visit to Romania," British Broadcasting Corporation, 18 September 1982</ref> O janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde North Gate, Washington, o jeyaa ko e lannda ngenndiijo leydi Najeriya, mo alaa ɗo haaɗi.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Coming era of penny-pinching - The Nation Newspaper|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/coming-era-of-penny-pinching/amp/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=26 February 2022|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|date=17 May 2015}}</ref> == Nguurndam e golle == Bello Maitama Yuusuf jibinaa ko ñalnde 14 abriil hitaande 1947 to Gwaram, Jigawa. E hitaande 1976, Bello Maitama naati e laawol politik, o hawri e lannda ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer (NPN). Naatgol makko e politik fuɗɗii ko e balɗe jaŋde toownde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ahmadu Bello (ABU), Zaria, ɗo o yalti e gardiiɗo janngooɓe mawɗo. Sosde jokkondiral e maayɗo Malam Aminu Kano, o wallitii no feewi e saaktude miijooji politik Aminu Kano.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yusuf, Sen Bello Maitama|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/yusuf-bello-maitama/|website=Blerf's Who's Who in Nigeria|date=31 March 2017|access-date=13 October 2023}}</ref> Nde o naati nder NPN, Bello Maitama heɓi darnde maako arandeere nder siyaasaaku, bana depiteejo toɗɗaaɗo bee laamu lesdi Kano ɓooyma. Siistem doolnuɗo oo ina waɗi jillondiral dipiteeji cuɓaaɗi e toɗɗaaɗi, tawi Bello ina lomtoo laamu nokku Gwaram e Birnin Kudu kawraaɗo..<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/reminiscences-with-senator-bello-maitama-yusuf.html|title=Reminiscences with Senator Bello Maitama Yusuf|last1=Ibrahim|first1=Yusha’u A.|last2=Giginyu|first2=Ibrahim Musa|date=27 May 2018|newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-GB|access-date=7 February 2020|last3=Ibrahim|first3=Tijjani|last4=Ngbokai|first4=Richard|last5=Kano}}</ref> Darnde makko e golle politik ina joginoo caɗeele e nder duuɓi jaŋde toownde nde o renndini binndanɗe politik Aminu Kano e nder duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde. Ɗum addani ardiiɓe duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde ɓee salaade ɗum en, haa arti noon e ittude ɗum en e golle mum en sabu naatde e politik lanndaaji ɗii, ko ɓuri heewde e duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde ɗee. Ndeeɗoo yonta gadano ko fuɗɗoode njiimaandi politik Bello Maitama, lelni mbaydi golle politik ɓurɗe yaajde e duumaade.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Nwachukwu|first=John Owen|date=6 May 2019|title=President Buhari gives appointment to ex-minister accused of corruption|url=https://dailypost.ng/2019/05/06/president-buhari-gives-appointment-ex-minister-accused-corruption/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=27 February 2022|newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Bello Maitama jeyaa ko e sosɓe lannda ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer (NPN) mo alaa ɗo haaɗi. E yonta mo golle politik haɗaa sabu haɗde konu, ardiiɓe Fuɗnaange-rewo jogiiɓe paandaale goote, ina heen D. S Tarka e woɗɓe, kawri to Kano ngam sosde fedde wootere. Maitama, e oon sahaa ko suka, ina yuɓɓina batuuji cuuɗiiɗi to galle mum to Tarauni. Yimɓe mawɓe tawtoranooɓe ɗeen batuuji ko Aliyu Makaman Bidda, Aminu Kano, Inuwa Wada, Umaru Dikko, Adamu Ciroma, Sola Saraki, Shehu Shagari, Yahaya Konde, Sule Gaya, porfeseer Iya Abubakar, e Yusuf Maitama Sule, e woɗɓe. Kuulal kawtal ngal ko sosde fedde politik wiyeteende Mouvement National de Nigeria.Caggal nde ɓe ngummii Lagos, fedde nde waɗii njuɓɓudi mum, Aliyu Makaman Bidda woni hooreejo leydi ndii e sahaa jooni, Adamu Ciroma woni sekereteer. Ko ngootaagu adanngu nguu fof, fijirde feeñii e gartugol Kano. Luural ummii ko feewti e darnde Aminu Kano e nder jaayndeyaagal NMN, ɗum addani ɗum sosde lannda politik keso – Lannda rimɗinde leƴƴi (PRP). Bello Maitama, mettuɗo e ngalɗoo ƴellitaare, yiyti caɗeele potɗe arde e senngo banndiraagal e ngootaagu to bannge worgo. Eɓɓooje mbaɗaama ngam haɓaade, Bello Maitama ɓadtiima Alhaji Aminu Dantata, o ñaagii Aminu Kano nde reentoo ngootaagu diiwaan Fuɗnaange. Kono e nder yontere wootere, kabaaru oo yani wonde PRP sosaa, tawi ko Aminu Kano woni hooreejo mum. Hay so tawii ko ceertugol politik, yonta oo seedtiima tolno sehilaagal, tawi ko jeewte maantinɗe mbaylaandi hakkunde NPN e PRP, teeŋtinii kuule nguura e hoɗorde jowitiiɗe e maandeeji lanndaaji mum en. Ko o ministaajo njulaagu, o woniino kalfinaaɗo ustude marsandiisuuji naatnaaɗi e nder leydi Najeriya ɗi ina ustoo no feewi ngalu leydi ndii e nder leydi ndii. E nder laamu makko o jaagorɗe o haali ko feewti e ŋakkeende peccitagol lisaasuuji naatgol. E anndude ŋakkeende humpito, haa teeŋti noon e bannge worgo, o yiɗi ko demokaraasii golle ɗee. To bannge daartol, ko ɓuri heewde e laylayti renndo ina tawee e Lagos, ina ɓura njulaagu e nder diiwaan hee. Maitama yiɗiino feewnude ndeeɗoo ŋakkeende ballondiral e ƴellitde laylayti renndo e nder leydi ndii kala. Ngam semmbinde jom en jawɗeele en Fuɗnaange, ɓe nganndaa no feewi e njuɓɓudi laylaytol naatgol, Maitama gollodiima e bankeeji ngam udditde ɓataakeeji. Ndee eɓɓaande wallitii golle faggudu to Fuɗnaange, ina addana njulaagu mawngu e nokkuuji ko wayi no Bauchi, Adamawa, e Maiduguri. Ko o ministeer, Maitama ina jokki e dokkal bidsee, ina reena rokkude liiseeji ko ɓuri keerol jaɓangol ngol. O haali kadi dow kuugal hokkugo ceede haa Lagos, ngam heɓugo ceede ko ɓuri potal hakkunde lesɗe. Ɗee peeje peewtuɗe addani faggudu ngenndi ɓurndu yuumtude. Hay so tawii o tuumaama e laamu Shagari, Maitama teeŋtinii darnde laamu nguu e golle laaɓtuɗe. Fotde semmbe yimɓe e feewnude ŋakkeende faggudu ina hollita darnde Maitama ngam gollanaade leydi Naajeeriya e hakkille udditiiɗo. Yusuf suɓaama nder Senaa lesdi Naajeeriya ngam lesdi Jigawa South West nder lewru Abriil 1999, nden o suɓaama nder lewru Abriil 2003. O waɗi kuuɗe mawɗe ngam haɓugo bee mannda tataɓo. E siftorde batu to galle makko e Obasanjo e guwerneer mum, Ibrahim Saminu Turaki, Maitama hollitii fodoore, ina jeyaa heen mahngo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde e nder diiwaan makko, ngam ustude ballal e ajendaaji ɗii. Hay so tawii o fotnoo ko ƴattaade, Maitama saliima no feewi ɗaɓɓaande manndaa tataɓo, o waɗii konngol maantinngol e nder Asaambele ngenndi. O saliima ɓeydude laamu Obasanjo, o teeŋtini nanondiral daartol e diine ngam teeŋtinde wonde juutde balɗe addantaa ɗum ƴellitaare. Nde hare manndaa tataɓo ndee hawri e caɗeele, Maitama jokki e kuule mum. O yalti e woote Senaa, o tuumaama ko o fenaande feewde e luulndiiɓe manndaa tataɓo, o winndi ɓataake feewde e Komiseer ngenndiijo woote (INEC) ngam humpitaade wonde o yaltii. Teskaama hay gooto e kanndidaaji ganndaaɗi e luulndaade manndaa tataɓo yaltaani e ndeen woote. Bello Maitama kadi tuumi hooreejo leydi Obasanjo sabu mum bonnude njuɓɓudi petroŋ, kadi ko o tergal mawngal e goomu Senaa ngam sukaaɓe e dingiral. O rokkaa kadi innde « Sarduanan Dutse » e nder diiwaan makko Jigawa. Bello Maitama caggal ɗuum woppi golle politik e njulaagu, ɓiyiiko mawɗo biyeteeɗo Yusuf jokki e golle mum. Bello Maitama Yusuf maayi ñalnde 13 lewru nduu hitaande 2023, tawi ina yahra e duuɓi 76. Gooto e miliyaaruuji seeɗa Jigawa, Bello Maitama Yuusuf sosi dingiral ngam denndaangal politikaaji e njulaagu e nder leydi Najeriya. == Teskorɗe == 5oqiop9ph8c8rdigb1czk6c76r5527u 0 42212 174359 2026-06-18T23:27:04Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174359 wikitext text/x-wiki Musa Yar'Adua ListenR(1912–1993) woni siyaasaajo Naajeeriya, jannginoowo, o laati Jaagorɗo kuuɗe Lagos wakkati laamu lesdi Naajeeriya. Yar'Adua wonnoo ko jaagorgal nde duunde Lagos e leydi laamorgo leydi ndi toɗɗaa ngam wonde wuro Lagos e hitaande 1963. Ko adii nde o naatata e politik, o golliima e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde duuɓi sappo e nay, caggal ɗuum o joginoo golle njuɓɓudi e nder laamu Katsina Native Authority. Tuggi 1953 haa o sankii, o woniino tergal e Diiso Emiraaji Katsina, o woniino adan Tafida, caggal ɗuum o wonii Mutawalle. Kanko woni baaba Umaru Muusa Yar'adua ardiido lesdi Naajeeriya 13ɓo e Shehu Muusa Yar'adua ardiiɗo konu laamu Obasanjo. Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol Musa Yar'Adua jibinaa ko e hitaande 1912 to Katsina, ndeen jeyaa ko e leydi Naajeeriya to bannge worgo. Baaba makko ina wiyee Mallam Umaru ina joginoo tiitoonde Mutawalle (kaalis laamɗo) Imiraa Katsina e laamu Amiir Muhammadu Dikko. Yumma makko ina wiyee Malama Binta ko fulnaajo jeyaaɗo e leñol Sullubawa, miñiiko debbo Emiir Dikko. Yar’Adua fuɗɗii jaŋde mum ko e duɗal leslesal Katsina e hitaande 1926. Tuggi 1928 haa 1930, o janngi ko e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Katsina. Kugal Caggal nde o heɓi bak makko, Yar'Adua golliima e duɗal hakkundeewal Katsina fotde duuɓi sappo e nay. E hitaande 1945, o arti e departemaa ndema to laamu leydi Katsina (KNA), o toɗɗaa Wazirin Gona (sekereteer ndema) o jooɗii to Daudawa. O wonii e ndeeɗoo darnde haa hitaande 1953. E ndeen hitaande, caggal nde Isa Kaita toɗɗaa e suudu sarɗiiji diiwaan oo, Yar’Adua lomtii mo e Tafida (sekereteer ƴellitaare) KNA. E hitaande 1955, Yar’Adua naati e Kawtal Leƴƴi Worgo. O fooli, o heɓi nasaraaku haa lesdi Katsina Central nder wooteeji lesdi Naajeeriya nder hitaande 1959. Caggal suɓol ngol, o toɗɗaama jaagorɗo ko feewti e pension, establishment e Naajeeriya e nder kabine gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii hono no Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. E hitaande 1960, o artiraa e golle jaagorgal geɗe Lagos, golle ɗe o joginoo haa nde Republique gadano oo yani e hitaande 1966. Jaagorgal ko feewti e geɗe Lagos E nder duuɓi ko adii nde Naajeeriya heɓata ndimu mum e hitaande 1960 e nder Republique gadano (1960–1966), laamorgo leydi ndii, e nder renndo mum e faggudu mum, waɗii sahaa mawnugol jaawngol. Jaagorgal Yar'Adua gollodii e Diisnondiral wuro Lagos e hukuuma ƴellitaare ngam ƴellitde ƴellitaare e laamorgo ngo. Ministeer oo ina jeyaa e hokkude leaseeji to misiyoŋaaji janani yiɗɓe sosde ammbasadeeruuji walla konsulaaji e nder leydi Najeriya, o gollodiima e fedde U.N. Nguurndam caggal Caggal kuudetaa e lewru Yarkomaa 1966, Yar'Adua ƴetti hakkille mum e geɗe nokkuuje e nder Katsina, haa teeŋti noon e nde o woni e nder Diiso Emiraaji Katsina, o jokki e wonde Tafida, caggal ɗuum o woni Mutawalle, tiitoonde nde o heɓi e hitaande 1986. E nder laamu leydi Nijeer ɗiɗaɓuru (1979–1983), o woniino tergal Parti Naajeeriya (1979–1983). Yar'Adua sankii ñalnde 22 lewru juko hitaande 1993. : 222 Nguurndam neɗɗo Yar'Adua resndi Hajiya Daada (1922-2024). Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe ɗuuɗɓe, hawtaade e Shehu, hooreejo hukuumaaji lesdi Naajeeriya, Umaru, hooreejo lesdi Naajeeriya 13ɓo, e Abdulaziz, mo woni nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya. Tuugnorgal si6xyq5qzuz7ff2q8d2zkrxp0m1e4ob 174360 174359 2026-06-18T23:28:11Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Musa Yar'Adua ListenR(1912–1993) woni siyaasaajo Naajeeriya, jannginoowo, o laati Jaagorɗo kuuɗe Lagos wakkati laamu lesdi Naajeeriya. Yar'Adua wonnoo ko jaagorgal nde duunde Lagos e leydi laamorgo leydi ndi toɗɗaa ngam wonde wuro Lagos e hitaande 1963. Ko adii nde o naatata e politik, o golliima e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde duuɓi sappo e nay, caggal ɗuum o joginoo golle njuɓɓudi e nder laamu Katsina Native Authority. Tuggi 1953 haa o sankii, o woniino tergal e Diiso Emiraaji Katsina, o woniino adan Tafida, caggal ɗuum o wonii Mutawalle. Kanko woni baaba Umaru Muusa Yar'adua ardiido lesdi Naajeeriya 13ɓo e Shehu Muusa Yar'adua ardiiɗo konu laamu Obasanjo. Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol Musa Yar'Adua jibinaa ko e hitaande 1912 to Katsina, ndeen jeyaa ko e leydi Naajeeriya to bannge worgo. Baaba makko ina wiyee Mallam Umaru ina joginoo tiitoonde Mutawalle (kaalis laamɗo) Imiraa Katsina e laamu Amiir Muhammadu Dikko. Yumma makko ina wiyee Malama Binta ko fulnaajo jeyaaɗo e leñol Sullubawa, miñiiko debbo Emiir Dikko. Yar’Adua fuɗɗii jaŋde mum ko e duɗal leslesal Katsina e hitaande 1926. Tuggi 1928 haa 1930, o janngi ko e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Katsina. Kugal Caggal nde o heɓi bak makko, Yar'Adua golliima e duɗal hakkundeewal Katsina fotde duuɓi sappo e nay. E hitaande 1945, o arti e departemaa ndema to laamu leydi Katsina (KNA), o toɗɗaa Wazirin Gona (sekereteer ndema) o jooɗii to Daudawa. O wonii e ndeeɗoo darnde haa hitaande 1953. E ndeen hitaande, caggal nde Isa Kaita toɗɗaa e suudu sarɗiiji diiwaan oo, Yar’Adua lomtii mo e Tafida (sekereteer ƴellitaare) KNA. E hitaande 1955, Yar’Adua naati e Kawtal Leƴƴi Worgo. O fooli, o heɓi nasaraaku haa lesdi Katsina Central nder wooteeji lesdi Naajeeriya nder hitaande 1959. Caggal suɓol ngol, o toɗɗaama jaagorɗo ko feewti e pension, establishment e Naajeeriya e nder kabine gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii hono no Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. E hitaande 1960, o artiraa e golle jaagorgal geɗe Lagos, golle ɗe o joginoo haa nde Republique gadano oo yani e hitaande 1966. Jaagorgal ko feewti e geɗe Lagos E nder duuɓi ko adii nde Naajeeriya heɓata ndimu mum e hitaande 1960 e nder Republique gadano (1960–1966), laamorgo leydi ndii, e nder renndo mum e faggudu mum, waɗii sahaa mawnugol jaawngol. Jaagorgal Yar'Adua gollodii e Diisnondiral wuro Lagos e hukuuma ƴellitaare ngam ƴellitde ƴellitaare e laamorgo ngo. Ministeer oo ina jeyaa e hokkude leaseeji to misiyoŋaaji janani yiɗɓe sosde ammbasadeeruuji walla konsulaaji e nder leydi Najeriya, o gollodiima e fedde U.N. Nguurndam caggal Caggal kuudetaa e lewru Yarkomaa 1966, Yar'Adua ƴetti hakkille mum e geɗe nokkuuje e nder Katsina, haa teeŋti noon e nde o woni e nder Diiso Emiraaji Katsina, o jokki e wonde Tafida, caggal ɗuum o woni Mutawalle, tiitoonde nde o heɓi e hitaande 1986. E nder laamu leydi Nijeer ɗiɗaɓuru (1979–1983), o woniino tergal Parti Naajeeriya (1979–1983). Yar'Adua sankii ñalnde 22 lewru juko hitaande 1993. : 222 Nguurndam neɗɗo Yar'Adua resndi Hajiya Daada (1922-2024). Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe ɗuuɗɓe, hawtaade e Shehu, hooreejo hukuumaaji lesdi Naajeeriya, Umaru, hooreejo lesdi Naajeeriya 13ɓo, e Abdulaziz, mo woni nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya. Tuugnorgal obxielxbs78nig2k9djn96mkvzap3k8 174361 174360 2026-06-18T23:28:44Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Musa Yar'Adua ListenR'''(1912–1993) woni siyaasaajo Naajeeriya, jannginoowo, o laati Jaagorɗo kuuɗe Lagos wakkati laamu lesdi Naajeeriya. Yar'Adua wonnoo ko jaagorgal nde duunde Lagos e leydi laamorgo leydi ndi toɗɗaa ngam wonde wuro Lagos e hitaande 1963. Ko adii nde o naatata e politik, o golliima e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde duuɓi sappo e nay, caggal ɗuum o joginoo golle njuɓɓudi e nder laamu Katsina Native Authority. Tuggi 1953 haa o sankii, o woniino tergal e Diiso Emiraaji Katsina, o woniino adan Tafida, caggal ɗuum o wonii Mutawalle. Kanko woni baaba Umaru Muusa Yar'adua ardiido lesdi Naajeeriya 13ɓo e Shehu Muusa Yar'adua ardiiɗo konu laamu Obasanjo. Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol Musa Yar'Adua jibinaa ko e hitaande 1912 to Katsina, ndeen jeyaa ko e leydi Naajeeriya to bannge worgo. Baaba makko ina wiyee Mallam Umaru ina joginoo tiitoonde Mutawalle (kaalis laamɗo) Imiraa Katsina e laamu Amiir Muhammadu Dikko. Yumma makko ina wiyee Malama Binta ko fulnaajo jeyaaɗo e leñol Sullubawa, miñiiko debbo Emiir Dikko. Yar’Adua fuɗɗii jaŋde mum ko e duɗal leslesal Katsina e hitaande 1926. Tuggi 1928 haa 1930, o janngi ko e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Katsina. Kugal Caggal nde o heɓi bak makko, Yar'Adua golliima e duɗal hakkundeewal Katsina fotde duuɓi sappo e nay. E hitaande 1945, o arti e departemaa ndema to laamu leydi Katsina (KNA), o toɗɗaa Wazirin Gona (sekereteer ndema) o jooɗii to Daudawa. O wonii e ndeeɗoo darnde haa hitaande 1953. E ndeen hitaande, caggal nde Isa Kaita toɗɗaa e suudu sarɗiiji diiwaan oo, Yar’Adua lomtii mo e Tafida (sekereteer ƴellitaare) KNA. E hitaande 1955, Yar’Adua naati e Kawtal Leƴƴi Worgo. O fooli, o heɓi nasaraaku haa lesdi Katsina Central nder wooteeji lesdi Naajeeriya nder hitaande 1959. Caggal suɓol ngol, o toɗɗaama jaagorɗo ko feewti e pension, establishment e Naajeeriya e nder kabine gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii hono no Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. E hitaande 1960, o artiraa e golle jaagorgal geɗe Lagos, golle ɗe o joginoo haa nde Republique gadano oo yani e hitaande 1966. Jaagorgal ko feewti e geɗe Lagos E nder duuɓi ko adii nde Naajeeriya heɓata ndimu mum e hitaande 1960 e nder Republique gadano (1960–1966), laamorgo leydi ndii, e nder renndo mum e faggudu mum, waɗii sahaa mawnugol jaawngol. Jaagorgal Yar'Adua gollodii e Diisnondiral wuro Lagos e hukuuma ƴellitaare ngam ƴellitde ƴellitaare e laamorgo ngo. Ministeer oo ina jeyaa e hokkude leaseeji to misiyoŋaaji janani yiɗɓe sosde ammbasadeeruuji walla konsulaaji e nder leydi Najeriya, o gollodiima e fedde U.N. Nguurndam caggal Caggal kuudetaa e lewru Yarkomaa 1966, Yar'Adua ƴetti hakkille mum e geɗe nokkuuje e nder Katsina, haa teeŋti noon e nde o woni e nder Diiso Emiraaji Katsina, o jokki e wonde Tafida, caggal ɗuum o woni Mutawalle, tiitoonde nde o heɓi e hitaande 1986. E nder laamu leydi Nijeer ɗiɗaɓuru (1979–1983), o woniino tergal Parti Naajeeriya (1979–1983). Yar'Adua sankii ñalnde 22 lewru juko hitaande 1993. : 222 Nguurndam neɗɗo Yar'Adua resndi Hajiya Daada (1922-2024). Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe ɗuuɗɓe, hawtaade e Shehu, hooreejo hukuumaaji lesdi Naajeeriya, Umaru, hooreejo lesdi Naajeeriya 13ɓo, e Abdulaziz, mo woni nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya. Tuugnorgal mc108d3k9689rtbm4i5s1dqvhs9c6it 174362 174361 2026-06-18T23:30:04Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Musa Yar'Adua ListenR'''(1912–1993) woni siyaasaajo Naajeeriya, jannginoowo, o laati Jaagorɗo kuuɗe Lagos wakkati laamu lesdi Naajeeriya. Yar'Adua wonnoo ko jaagorgal nde duunde Lagos e leydi laamorgo leydi ndi toɗɗaa ngam wonde wuro Lagos e hitaande 1963. Ko adii nde o naatata e politik, o golliima e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde duuɓi sappo e nay, caggal ɗuum o joginoo golle njuɓɓudi e nder laamu Katsina Native Authority. Tuggi 1953 haa o sankii, o woniino tergal e Diiso Emiraaji Katsina, o woniino adan Tafida, caggal ɗuum o wonii Mutawalle. Kanko woni baaba Umaru Muusa Yar'adua ardiido lesdi Naajeeriya 13ɓo e Shehu Muusa Yar'adua ardiiɗo konu laamu Obasanjo. == Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol == Musa Yar'Adua jibinaa ko e hitaande 1912 to Katsina, ndeen jeyaa ko e leydi Naajeeriya to bannge worgo. Baaba makko ina wiyee Mallam Umaru ina joginoo tiitoonde Mutawalle (kaalis laamɗo) Imiraa Katsina e laamu Amiir Muhammadu Dikko. Yumma makko ina wiyee Malama Binta ko fulnaajo jeyaaɗo e leñol Sullubawa, miñiiko debbo Emiir Dikko. Yar’Adua fuɗɗii jaŋde mum ko e duɗal leslesal Katsina e hitaande 1926. Tuggi 1928 haa 1930, o janngi ko e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Katsina. == Kugal == Caggal nde o heɓi bak makko, Yar'Adua golliima e duɗal hakkundeewal Katsina fotde duuɓi sappo e nay. E hitaande 1945, o arti e departemaa ndema to laamu leydi Katsina (KNA), o toɗɗaa Wazirin Gona (sekereteer ndema) o jooɗii to Daudawa. O wonii e ndeeɗoo darnde haa hitaande 1953. E ndeen hitaande, caggal nde Isa Kaita toɗɗaa e suudu sarɗiiji diiwaan oo, Yar’Adua lomtii mo e Tafida (sekereteer ƴellitaare) KNA. E hitaande 1955, Yar’Adua naati e Kawtal Leƴƴi Worgo. O fooli, o heɓi nasaraaku haa lesdi Katsina Central nder wooteeji lesdi Naajeeriya nder hitaande 1959. Caggal suɓol ngol, o toɗɗaama jaagorɗo ko feewti e pension, establishment e Naajeeriya e nder kabine gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii hono no Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. E hitaande 1960, o artiraa e golle jaagorgal geɗe Lagos, golle ɗe o joginoo haa nde Republique gadano oo yani e hitaande 1966. == Jaagorgal ko feewti e geɗe Lagos == E nder duuɓi ko adii nde Naajeeriya heɓata ndimu mum e hitaande 1960 e nder Republique gadano (1960–1966), laamorgo leydi ndii, e nder renndo mum e faggudu mum, waɗii sahaa mawnugol jaawngol. Jaagorgal Yar'Adua gollodii e Diisnondiral wuro Lagos e hukuuma ƴellitaare ngam ƴellitde ƴellitaare e laamorgo ngo. Ministeer oo ina jeyaa e hokkude leaseeji to misiyoŋaaji janani yiɗɓe sosde ammbasadeeruuji walla konsulaaji e nder leydi Najeriya, o gollodiima e fedde U.N. == Nguurndam caggal == Caggal kuudetaa e lewru Yarkomaa 1966, Yar'Adua ƴetti hakkille mum e geɗe nokkuuje e nder Katsina, haa teeŋti noon e nde o woni e nder Diiso Emiraaji Katsina, o jokki e wonde Tafida, caggal ɗuum o woni Mutawalle, tiitoonde nde o heɓi e hitaande 1986. E nder laamu leydi Nijeer ɗiɗaɓuru (1979–1983), o woniino tergal Parti Naajeeriya (1979–1983). Yar'Adua sankii ñalnde 22 lewru juko hitaande 1993. : 222 == Nguurndam neɗɗo == Yar'Adua resndi Hajiya Daada (1922-2024). Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe ɗuuɗɓe, hawtaade e Shehu, hooreejo hukuumaaji lesdi Naajeeriya, Umaru, hooreejo lesdi Naajeeriya 13ɓo, e Abdulaziz, mo woni nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya. == Tuugnorgal == le78nywz4gb1e5hiavptx6mbfl1ol9b 174363 174362 2026-06-18T23:32:06Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Musa Yar'Adua ListenR'''(1912–1993) woni siyaasaajo Naajeeriya, jannginoowo, o laati Jaagorɗo kuuɗe Lagos wakkati laamu lesdi Naajeeriya. Yar'Adua wonnoo ko jaagorgal nde duunde Lagos e leydi laamorgo leydi ndi toɗɗaa ngam wonde wuro Lagos e hitaande 1963. Ko adii nde o naatata e politik, o golliima e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde duuɓi sappo e nay, caggal ɗuum o joginoo golle njuɓɓudi e nder laamu Katsina Native Authority. Tuggi 1953 haa o sankii, o woniino tergal e Diiso Emiraaji Katsina, o woniino adan Tafida, caggal ɗuum o wonii Mutawalle. Kanko woni baaba Umaru Muusa Yar'adua ardiido lesdi Naajeeriya 13ɓo e Shehu Muusa Yar'adua ardiiɗo konu laamu Obasanjo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Ministry of Lagos Affairs|last=Ezechukwu|first=G.O.|date=December 21, 1963|work=Morning Post}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/alhaji-musa-yaradua-mp/|title=YAR'ADUA, Alh Musa|date=4 November 2016|work=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Siollun|first=Max|url=http://archive.org/details/oilpoliticsviole0000siol|title=Oil, politics and violence : Nigeria's military coup culture (1966-1976)|date=2009|publisher=New York : Algora Pub.|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-87586-708-3|pages=90}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Umaru Musa Yar'Adua {{!}} Nigerian President, Politician & Activist {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Umaru-Musa-YarAdua|access-date=2024-02-14|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> == Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol == Musa Yar'Adua jibinaa ko e hitaande 1912 to Katsina, ndeen jeyaa ko e leydi Naajeeriya to bannge worgo. Baaba makko ina wiyee Mallam Umaru ina joginoo tiitoonde Mutawalle (kaalis laamɗo) Imiraa Katsina e laamu Amiir Muhammadu Dikko. Yumma makko ina wiyee Malama Binta ko fulnaajo jeyaaɗo e leñol Sullubawa, miñiiko debbo Emiir Dikko. Yar’Adua fuɗɗii jaŋde mum ko e duɗal leslesal Katsina e hitaande 1926. Tuggi 1928 haa 1930, o janngi ko e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Katsina. == Kugal == Caggal nde o heɓi bak makko, Yar'Adua golliima e duɗal hakkundeewal Katsina fotde duuɓi sappo e nay. E hitaande 1945, o arti e departemaa ndema to laamu leydi Katsina (KNA), o toɗɗaa Wazirin Gona (sekereteer ndema) o jooɗii to Daudawa. O wonii e ndeeɗoo darnde haa hitaande 1953. E ndeen hitaande, caggal nde Isa Kaita toɗɗaa e suudu sarɗiiji diiwaan oo, Yar’Adua lomtii mo e Tafida (sekereteer ƴellitaare) KNA. E hitaande 1955, Yar’Adua naati e Kawtal Leƴƴi Worgo. O fooli, o heɓi nasaraaku haa lesdi Katsina Central nder wooteeji lesdi Naajeeriya nder hitaande 1959. Caggal suɓol ngol, o toɗɗaama jaagorɗo ko feewti e pension, establishment e Naajeeriya e nder kabine gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii hono no Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. E hitaande 1960, o artiraa e golle jaagorgal geɗe Lagos, golle ɗe o joginoo haa nde Republique gadano oo yani e hitaande 1966. == Jaagorgal ko feewti e geɗe Lagos == E nder duuɓi ko adii nde Naajeeriya heɓata ndimu mum e hitaande 1960 e nder Republique gadano (1960–1966), laamorgo leydi ndii, e nder renndo mum e faggudu mum, waɗii sahaa mawnugol jaawngol. Jaagorgal Yar'Adua gollodii e Diisnondiral wuro Lagos e hukuuma ƴellitaare ngam ƴellitde ƴellitaare e laamorgo ngo. Ministeer oo ina jeyaa e hokkude leaseeji to misiyoŋaaji janani yiɗɓe sosde ammbasadeeruuji walla konsulaaji e nder leydi Najeriya, o gollodiima e fedde U.N. == Nguurndam caggal == Caggal kuudetaa e lewru Yarkomaa 1966, Yar'Adua ƴetti hakkille mum e geɗe nokkuuje e nder Katsina, haa teeŋti noon e nde o woni e nder Diiso Emiraaji Katsina, o jokki e wonde Tafida, caggal ɗuum o woni Mutawalle, tiitoonde nde o heɓi e hitaande 1986. E nder laamu leydi Nijeer ɗiɗaɓuru (1979–1983), o woniino tergal Parti Naajeeriya (1979–1983). Yar'Adua sankii ñalnde 22 lewru juko hitaande 1993. : 222 == Nguurndam neɗɗo == Yar'Adua resndi Hajiya Daada (1922-2024). Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe ɗuuɗɓe, hawtaade e Shehu, hooreejo hukuumaaji lesdi Naajeeriya, Umaru, hooreejo lesdi Naajeeriya 13ɓo, e Abdulaziz, mo woni nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya. == Tuugnorgal == 3hi5z7hepmgcl2whoxs4tad6mm7jbwn 174364 174363 2026-06-18T23:34:19Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Musa Yar'Adua ListenR'''(1912–1993) woni siyaasaajo Naajeeriya, jannginoowo, o laati Jaagorɗo kuuɗe Lagos wakkati laamu lesdi Naajeeriya. Yar'Adua wonnoo ko jaagorgal nde duunde Lagos e leydi laamorgo leydi ndi toɗɗaa ngam wonde wuro Lagos e hitaande 1963. Ko adii nde o naatata e politik, o golliima e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde duuɓi sappo e nay, caggal ɗuum o joginoo golle njuɓɓudi e nder laamu Katsina Native Authority. Tuggi 1953 haa o sankii, o woniino tergal e Diiso Emiraaji Katsina, o woniino adan Tafida, caggal ɗuum o wonii Mutawalle. Kanko woni baaba Umaru Muusa Yar'adua ardiido lesdi Naajeeriya 13ɓo e Shehu Muusa Yar'adua ardiiɗo konu laamu Obasanjo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Ministry of Lagos Affairs|last=Ezechukwu|first=G.O.|date=December 21, 1963|work=Morning Post}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/alhaji-musa-yaradua-mp/|title=YAR'ADUA, Alh Musa|date=4 November 2016|work=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Siollun|first=Max|url=http://archive.org/details/oilpoliticsviole0000siol|title=Oil, politics and violence : Nigeria's military coup culture (1966-1976)|date=2009|publisher=New York : Algora Pub.|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-87586-708-3|pages=90}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Umaru Musa Yar'Adua {{!}} Nigerian President, Politician & Activist {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Umaru-Musa-YarAdua|access-date=2024-02-14|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> == Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol == Musa Yar'Adua jibinaa ko e hitaande 1912 to Katsina, ndeen jeyaa ko e leydi Naajeeriya to bannge worgo. Baaba makko ina wiyee Mallam Umaru ina joginoo tiitoonde Mutawalle (kaalis laamɗo) Imiraa Katsina e laamu Amiir Muhammadu Dikko. Yumma makko ina wiyee Malama Binta ko fulnaajo jeyaaɗo e leñol Sullubawa, miñiiko debbo Emiir Dikko.<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Shagari|first=Shehu Usman Aliyu|url=http://archive.org/details/shehushagaribeck0000shag|title=Shehu Shagari : beckoned to serve : an autobiography|date=2001|publisher=Nigeria : Heinemann ed. books (Nigeria) plc|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-978-129-932-2|pages=89}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/sim_africa-digest_1960-02_7_4|title=Africa Digest 1960-02: Vol 7 Iss 4|date=February 1960|publisher=Africa Publications Trust|others=Internet Archive|language=English}}</ref> Yar’Adua fuɗɗii jaŋde mum ko e duɗal leslesal Katsina e hitaande 1926. Tuggi 1928 haa 1930, o janngi ko e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Katsina. == Kugal == Caggal nde o heɓi bak makko, Yar'Adua golliima e duɗal hakkundeewal Katsina fotde duuɓi sappo e nay. E hitaande 1945, o arti e departemaa ndema to laamu leydi Katsina (KNA), o toɗɗaa Wazirin Gona (sekereteer ndema) o jooɗii to Daudawa. O wonii e ndeeɗoo darnde haa hitaande 1953. E ndeen hitaande, caggal nde Isa Kaita toɗɗaa e suudu sarɗiiji diiwaan oo, Yar’Adua lomtii mo e Tafida (sekereteer ƴellitaare) KNA. E hitaande 1955, Yar’Adua naati e Kawtal Leƴƴi Worgo. O fooli, o heɓi nasaraaku haa lesdi Katsina Central nder wooteeji lesdi Naajeeriya nder hitaande 1959. Caggal suɓol ngol, o toɗɗaama jaagorɗo ko feewti e pension, establishment e Naajeeriya e nder kabine gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii hono no Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. E hitaande 1960, o artiraa e golle jaagorgal geɗe Lagos, golle ɗe o joginoo haa nde Republique gadano oo yani e hitaande 1966. == Jaagorgal ko feewti e geɗe Lagos == E nder duuɓi ko adii nde Naajeeriya heɓata ndimu mum e hitaande 1960 e nder Republique gadano (1960–1966), laamorgo leydi ndii, e nder renndo mum e faggudu mum, waɗii sahaa mawnugol jaawngol. Jaagorgal Yar'Adua gollodii e Diisnondiral wuro Lagos e hukuuma ƴellitaare ngam ƴellitde ƴellitaare e laamorgo ngo. Ministeer oo ina jeyaa e hokkude leaseeji to misiyoŋaaji janani yiɗɓe sosde ammbasadeeruuji walla konsulaaji e nder leydi Najeriya, o gollodiima e fedde U.N. == Nguurndam caggal == Caggal kuudetaa e lewru Yarkomaa 1966, Yar'Adua ƴetti hakkille mum e geɗe nokkuuje e nder Katsina, haa teeŋti noon e nde o woni e nder Diiso Emiraaji Katsina, o jokki e wonde Tafida, caggal ɗuum o woni Mutawalle, tiitoonde nde o heɓi e hitaande 1986. E nder laamu leydi Nijeer ɗiɗaɓuru (1979–1983), o woniino tergal Parti Naajeeriya (1979–1983). Yar'Adua sankii ñalnde 22 lewru juko hitaande 1993. : 222 == Nguurndam neɗɗo == Yar'Adua resndi Hajiya Daada (1922-2024). Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe ɗuuɗɓe, hawtaade e Shehu, hooreejo hukuumaaji lesdi Naajeeriya, Umaru, hooreejo lesdi Naajeeriya 13ɓo, e Abdulaziz, mo woni nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya. == Tuugnorgal == 1aqckq4p30g4htf11a0rix2f5icqvaz 174367 174364 2026-06-18T23:35:43Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Musa Yar'Adua ListenR'''(1912–1993) woni siyaasaajo Naajeeriya, jannginoowo, o laati Jaagorɗo kuuɗe Lagos wakkati laamu lesdi Naajeeriya. Yar'Adua wonnoo ko jaagorgal nde duunde Lagos e leydi laamorgo leydi ndi toɗɗaa ngam wonde wuro Lagos e hitaande 1963. Ko adii nde o naatata e politik, o golliima e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde duuɓi sappo e nay, caggal ɗuum o joginoo golle njuɓɓudi e nder laamu Katsina Native Authority. Tuggi 1953 haa o sankii, o woniino tergal e Diiso Emiraaji Katsina, o woniino adan Tafida, caggal ɗuum o wonii Mutawalle. Kanko woni baaba Umaru Muusa Yar'adua ardiido lesdi Naajeeriya 13ɓo e Shehu Muusa Yar'adua ardiiɗo konu laamu Obasanjo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Ministry of Lagos Affairs|last=Ezechukwu|first=G.O.|date=December 21, 1963|work=Morning Post}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/alhaji-musa-yaradua-mp/|title=YAR'ADUA, Alh Musa|date=4 November 2016|work=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Siollun|first=Max|url=http://archive.org/details/oilpoliticsviole0000siol|title=Oil, politics and violence : Nigeria's military coup culture (1966-1976)|date=2009|publisher=New York : Algora Pub.|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-87586-708-3|pages=90}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Umaru Musa Yar'Adua {{!}} Nigerian President, Politician & Activist {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Umaru-Musa-YarAdua|access-date=2024-02-14|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> == Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol == Musa Yar'Adua jibinaa ko e hitaande 1912 to Katsina, ndeen jeyaa ko e leydi Naajeeriya to bannge worgo. Baaba makko ina wiyee Mallam Umaru ina joginoo tiitoonde Mutawalle (kaalis laamɗo) Imiraa Katsina e laamu Amiir Muhammadu Dikko. Yumma makko ina wiyee Malama Binta ko fulnaajo jeyaaɗo e leñol Sullubawa, miñiiko debbo Emiir Dikko.<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Shagari|first=Shehu Usman Aliyu|url=http://archive.org/details/shehushagaribeck0000shag|title=Shehu Shagari : beckoned to serve : an autobiography|date=2001|publisher=Nigeria : Heinemann ed. books (Nigeria) plc|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-978-129-932-2|pages=89}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/sim_africa-digest_1960-02_7_4|title=Africa Digest 1960-02: Vol 7 Iss 4|date=February 1960|publisher=Africa Publications Trust|others=Internet Archive|language=English}}</ref> Yar’Adua fuɗɗii jaŋde mum ko e duɗal leslesal Katsina e hitaande 1926. Tuggi 1928 haa 1930, o janngi ko e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Katsina. == Kugal == Caggal nde o heɓi bak makko, Yar'Adua golliima e duɗal hakkundeewal Katsina fotde duuɓi sappo e nay. E hitaande 1945, o arti e departemaa ndema to laamu leydi Katsina (KNA), o toɗɗaa Wazirin Gona (sekereteer ndema) o jooɗii to Daudawa. O wonii e ndeeɗoo darnde haa hitaande 1953. E ndeen hitaande, caggal nde Isa Kaita toɗɗaa e suudu sarɗiiji diiwaan oo, Yar’Adua lomtii mo e Tafida (sekereteer ƴellitaare) KNA.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Maishanu|first=Abubakar Ahmadu|date=September 3, 2024|title=Yar'Adua's mother buried in Katsina: What you might not know about her|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/730976-yaraduas-mother-buried-in-katsina-what-you-might-not-know-about-her.html|access-date=2025-06-24|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2024-09-03|title=Matriarch of Yar'Adua Family, Dada Habi Yar'Adua, Passes Away at 102|url=https://www.arise.tv/matriarch-of-yaradua-family-dada-habi-yaradua-passes-away-at-102/|access-date=2025-06-24|website=Arise News|language=en-US}}</ref> E hitaande 1955, Yar’Adua naati e Kawtal Leƴƴi Worgo. O fooli, o heɓi nasaraaku haa lesdi Katsina Central nder wooteeji lesdi Naajeeriya nder hitaande 1959. Caggal suɓol ngol, o toɗɗaama jaagorɗo ko feewti e pension, establishment e Naajeeriya e nder kabine gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii hono no Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. E hitaande 1960, o artiraa e golle jaagorgal geɗe Lagos, golle ɗe o joginoo haa nde Republique gadano oo yani e hitaande 1966. == Jaagorgal ko feewti e geɗe Lagos == E nder duuɓi ko adii nde Naajeeriya heɓata ndimu mum e hitaande 1960 e nder Republique gadano (1960–1966), laamorgo leydi ndii, e nder renndo mum e faggudu mum, waɗii sahaa mawnugol jaawngol. Jaagorgal Yar'Adua gollodii e Diisnondiral wuro Lagos e hukuuma ƴellitaare ngam ƴellitde ƴellitaare e laamorgo ngo. Ministeer oo ina jeyaa e hokkude leaseeji to misiyoŋaaji janani yiɗɓe sosde ammbasadeeruuji walla konsulaaji e nder leydi Najeriya, o gollodiima e fedde U.N. == Nguurndam caggal == Caggal kuudetaa e lewru Yarkomaa 1966, Yar'Adua ƴetti hakkille mum e geɗe nokkuuje e nder Katsina, haa teeŋti noon e nde o woni e nder Diiso Emiraaji Katsina, o jokki e wonde Tafida, caggal ɗuum o woni Mutawalle, tiitoonde nde o heɓi e hitaande 1986. E nder laamu leydi Nijeer ɗiɗaɓuru (1979–1983), o woniino tergal Parti Naajeeriya (1979–1983). Yar'Adua sankii ñalnde 22 lewru juko hitaande 1993. : 222 == Nguurndam neɗɗo == Yar'Adua resndi Hajiya Daada (1922-2024). Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe ɗuuɗɓe, hawtaade e Shehu, hooreejo hukuumaaji lesdi Naajeeriya, Umaru, hooreejo lesdi Naajeeriya 13ɓo, e Abdulaziz, mo woni nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya. == Tuugnorgal == bs3fc6jami5afjmulushe38jo1g9d28 174416 174367 2026-06-19T04:03:10Z Adamu mc 10501 Edit 174416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Musa Yar'Adua ListenR''' (1912–1993) woni siyaasaajo [[Naajeeriya]], jannginoowo, o laati Jaagorɗo kuuɗe Lagos wakkati laamu [[Leydi|lesdi]] Naajeeriya. Yar'Adua wonnoo ko jaagorgal nde duunde Lagos e leydi laamorgo leydi ndi toɗɗaa ngam wonde wuro Lagos e hitaande alif 1963. Ko adii nde o naatata e politik, o golliima e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde duuɓi sappo e nay, caggal ɗuum o joginoo golle njuɓɓudi e nder laamu Katsina Native Authority. Tuggi 1953 haa o sankii, o woniino tergal e Diiso Emiraaji Katsina, o woniino adan Tafida, caggal ɗuum o wonii Mutawalle. Kanko woni baaba Umaru Muusa Yar'adua ardiido lesdi Naajeeriya 13ɓo e Shehu Muusa Yar'adua ardiiɗo konu laamu Obasanjo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Ministry of Lagos Affairs|last=Ezechukwu|first=G.O.|date=December 21, 1963|work=Morning Post}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/alhaji-musa-yaradua-mp/|title=YAR'ADUA, Alh Musa|date=4 November 2016|work=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Siollun|first=Max|url=http://archive.org/details/oilpoliticsviole0000siol|title=Oil, politics and violence : Nigeria's military coup culture (1966-1976)|date=2009|publisher=New York : Algora Pub.|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-87586-708-3|pages=90}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Umaru Musa Yar'Adua {{!}} Nigerian President, Politician & Activist {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Umaru-Musa-YarAdua|access-date=2024-02-14|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> == Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol == Musa Yar'Adua jibinaa ko e hitaande 1912 to Katsina, ndeen jeyaa ko e leydi Naajeeriya to bannge worgo. Baaba makko ina wiyee Mallam Umaru ina joginoo tiitoonde Mutawalle (kaalis laamɗo) Imiraa Katsina e laamu Amiir Muhammadu Dikko. Yumma makko ina wiyee Malama Binta ko fulnaajo jeyaaɗo e leñol Sullubawa, miñiiko debbo Emiir Dikko.<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Shagari|first=Shehu Usman Aliyu|url=http://archive.org/details/shehushagaribeck0000shag|title=Shehu Shagari : beckoned to serve : an autobiography|date=2001|publisher=Nigeria : Heinemann ed. books (Nigeria) plc|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-978-129-932-2|pages=89}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/sim_africa-digest_1960-02_7_4|title=Africa Digest 1960-02: Vol 7 Iss 4|date=February 1960|publisher=Africa Publications Trust|others=Internet Archive|language=English}}</ref> Yar’Adua fuɗɗii jaŋde mum ko e duɗal leslesal Katsina e hitaande 1926. Tuggi 1928 haa 1930, o janngi ko e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Katsina. == Kugal == Caggal nde o heɓi bak makko, Yar'Adua golliima e duɗal hakkundeewal Katsina fotde duuɓi sappo e nay. E hitaande 1945, o arti e departemaa ndema to laamu leydi Katsina (KNA), o toɗɗaa Wazirin Gona (sekereteer ndema) o jooɗii to Daudawa. O wonii e ndeeɗoo darnde haa hitaande 1953. E ndeen hitaande, caggal nde Isa Kaita toɗɗaa e suudu sarɗiiji diiwaan oo, Yar’Adua lomtii mo e Tafida (sekereteer ƴellitaare) KNA.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Maishanu|first=Abubakar Ahmadu|date=September 3, 2024|title=Yar'Adua's mother buried in Katsina: What you might not know about her|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/730976-yaraduas-mother-buried-in-katsina-what-you-might-not-know-about-her.html|access-date=2025-06-24|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2024-09-03|title=Matriarch of Yar'Adua Family, Dada Habi Yar'Adua, Passes Away at 102|url=https://www.arise.tv/matriarch-of-yaradua-family-dada-habi-yaradua-passes-away-at-102/|access-date=2025-06-24|website=Arise News|language=en-US}}</ref> E hitaande 1955, Yar’Adua naati e Kawtal Leƴƴi Worgo. O fooli, o heɓi nasaraaku haa lesdi Katsina Central nder wooteeji lesdi Naajeeriya nder hitaande 1959. Caggal suɓol ngol, o toɗɗaama jaagorɗo ko feewti e pension, establishment e Naajeeriya e nder kabine gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii hono no Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. E hitaande 1960, o artiraa e golle jaagorgal geɗe Lagos, golle ɗe o joginoo haa nde Republique gadano oo yani e hitaande 1966. == Jaagorgal ko feewti e geɗe Lagos == E nder duuɓi ko adii nde Naajeeriya heɓata ndimu mum e hitaande 1960 e nder Republique gadano (1960–1966), laamorgo leydi ndii, e nder renndo mum e faggudu mum, waɗii sahaa mawnugol jaawngol. Jaagorgal Yar'Adua gollodii e Diisnondiral wuro Lagos e hukuuma ƴellitaare ngam ƴellitde ƴellitaare e laamorgo ngo. Ministeer oo ina jeyaa e hokkude leaseeji to misiyoŋaaji janani yiɗɓe sosde ammbasadeeruuji walla konsulaaji e nder leydi Najeriya, o gollodiima e fedde U.N. == Nguurndam caggal == Caggal kuudetaa e lewru Yarkomaa 1966, Yar'Adua ƴetti hakkille mum e geɗe nokkuuje e nder Katsina, haa teeŋti noon e nde o woni e nder Diiso Emiraaji Katsina, o jokki e wonde Tafida, caggal ɗuum o woni Mutawalle, tiitoonde nde o heɓi e hitaande 1986. E nder laamu leydi Nijeer ɗiɗaɓuru (1979–1983), o woniino tergal Parti Naajeeriya (1979–1983). Yar'Adua sankii ñalnde 22 lewru juko hitaande 1993. : 222 == Nguurndam neɗɗo == Yar'Adua resndi Hajiya Daada (1922-2024). Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe ɗuuɗɓe, hawtaade e Shehu, hooreejo hukuumaaji lesdi Naajeeriya, Umaru, hooreejo lesdi Naajeeriya 13ɓo, e Abdulaziz, mo woni nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya. == Tuugnorgal == by05hc0bu7vi4qbumnm19ije847c0b5 0 42213 174365 2026-06-18T23:34:24Z Amama24 14844 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348974822|Hannah Awolowo]]" 174365 wikitext text/x-wiki Mawɗo '''hannde idowu dideolu awolowo (''' listen c née Adelana ; 25 noowammbar 1915 – 19 suwee 2015), ganndiraaɗo '''HID''', ko debbo njulaagu e politik Nijeer. == Nguurndam == Awolowo jibinaa ko e galle jom en hakkillaaji en e nder renndo tokooso [[Ikenne]], to diiwaan Ogun, to leydi Najeriya. O janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe rewɓe Methodist to [[Lagos]] . O resii politikyanke biyeteeɗo Obafemi Awolowo tuggi 26 desaambar 1937 haa o maayi e hitaande 1987. O inniri mo no feewi "jewel makko mo alaa nafoore". O woniino kadi debbo njulaagu e politik jom hakkille. O waɗii darnde tiiɗnde e nder politik [[Western State (Nigeria)|Hirnaange Naajeeriya]] . O dariima e jom suudu makko e nder fedde nde NCNC e AG, wiyeteende [[United Progressive Grand Alliance|Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe]] (UPGA), nde o woni e ñaaweede e nder kasoo.<ref>Oyetimi, Kehinde (23 November 2010). "Hannah Idowu Dideolu Awolowo(HID) clocks 95 on Thursday". Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.</ref> Feere ndee ko yo o tawtore woote ɗee, so o dañii, o woppa jom suudu makko e woote gardagol leydi. Ngam timminde koyɗol makko wonde hooreejo leydi e nder leydi ɗiɗmiri ndii, o waɗii njilluuji e nder leydi ndii e jom suudu makko ina kampaañ. O yuɓɓinii kadi fedde rewɓe lannda kaa, omo tawtoree kala batuuji lannda kaa. Debbo jom jawdi, o laati ardiiɗo lesdi Naajeeriya ngam soodugo limngal limngal lesdi Naajeeriya (NTC) nder hitaande 1957. Ko kanko boo woni arandeejo nastugo kuuje lace e limce feere haa lesdi Naajeeriya. Ko jiidaa e tiitooɗe goɗɗe keewɗe, o joginoo ko laamu Yeye Oodua leydi Yorubaland . Ñalnde 19 suwee 2015, o sankii ko omo yahra e duuɓi 99, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi tan o dañi duuɓi 100. O wirnaa ko sara gorko makko to Ikenne ñalnde 25 noowammbar 2015. Gonnooɗo cukko hooreejo leydi Nijeer, [[Yemi Osinbajo]], ina resndi taaniiko debbo, Dolapo Soyode . == Tuugnorgal == cm7i9vzwhg1qr9bb5b3wvk12xk6w7n3 174366 174365 2026-06-18T23:35:09Z Amama24 14844 174366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mawɗo '''hannde idowu dideolu awolowo (''' listen c née Adelana ; 25 noowammbar 1915 – 19 suwee 2015), ganndiraaɗo '''HID''', ko debbo njulaagu e politik Nijeer. == Nguurndam == Awolowo jibinaa ko e galle jom en hakkillaaji en e nder renndo tokooso [[Ikenne]], to diiwaan Ogun, to leydi Najeriya. O janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe rewɓe Methodist to [[Lagos]] . O resii politikyanke biyeteeɗo Obafemi Awolowo tuggi 26 desaambar 1937 haa o maayi e hitaande 1987. O inniri mo no feewi "jewel makko mo alaa nafoore". O woniino kadi debbo njulaagu e politik jom hakkille. O waɗii darnde tiiɗnde e nder politik [[Western State (Nigeria)|Hirnaange Naajeeriya]] . O dariima e jom suudu makko e nder fedde nde NCNC e AG, wiyeteende [[United Progressive Grand Alliance|Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe]] (UPGA), nde o woni e ñaaweede e nder kasoo.<ref>Oyetimi, Kehinde (23 November 2010). "Hannah Idowu Dideolu Awolowo(HID) clocks 95 on Thursday". Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.</ref> Feere ndee ko yo o tawtore woote ɗee, so o dañii, o woppa jom suudu makko e woote gardagol leydi. Ngam timminde koyɗol makko wonde hooreejo leydi e nder leydi ɗiɗmiri ndii, o waɗii njilluuji e nder leydi ndii e jom suudu makko ina kampaañ. O yuɓɓinii kadi fedde rewɓe lannda kaa, omo tawtoree kala batuuji lannda kaa. Debbo jom jawdi, o laati ardiiɗo lesdi Naajeeriya ngam soodugo limngal limngal lesdi Naajeeriya (NTC) nder hitaande 1957. Ko kanko boo woni arandeejo nastugo kuuje lace e limce feere haa lesdi Naajeeriya. Ko jiidaa e tiitooɗe goɗɗe keewɗe, o joginoo ko laamu Yeye Oodua leydi Yorubaland . Ñalnde 19 suwee 2015, o sankii ko omo yahra e duuɓi 99, ko ina wona lebbi ɗiɗi tan o dañi duuɓi 100. O wirnaa ko sara gorko makko to Ikenne ñalnde 25 noowammbar 2015. Gonnooɗo cukko hooreejo leydi Nijeer, [[Yemi Osinbajo]], ina resndi taaniiko debbo, Dolapo Soyode . == Tuugnorgal == 2lldvwcffiigc6e9tm9e0zi691qeus9 0 42214 174368 2026-06-18T23:35:49Z Amama24 14844 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359257561|Kofoworola Bucknor]]" 174368 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kofoworola Bucknor''' (jibinaa ko 30 abriil 1939) ko neɗɗo dawruɗo leydi Najeriya, gonnooɗo cukko guwerneer [[Diiwal Ikko|diiwaan Lagos]] . Ko kanko woni cukko guwerneer to [[Bola Tinubu]] tuggi 1999 haa 2002. == Nguurndam gadano == Kofoworola Akerele jibinaa ko ñalnde 30 lewru abriil hitaande 1939, to Oni Akerele, koolaaɗo kuuɓal leydi Najeriya, kadi ko kanko woni seppo gadano e nder leydi Najeriya. O janngi to duɗal sukaaɓe rewɓe CMS to Lagos hade makko yahde e hitaande 1949 to Surrey Angalteer ngam heɓde seedantaagal makko to bannge sariya. Kofoworola janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde [[Ibadan|St.]] <ref>olufemiajasa (2 March 2026). "Kofoworola Bucknor-Akerele: A lifetime of courage, service, unwavering integrity". ''Vanguard News''. Retrieved 30 March 2026.</ref> == Kugal == O heɓi dipoloma makko e jaayndeyaagal e hitaande 1962, o golliima e jaayndeyaagal BBC e ''[[VON (magazine)|VON]]'' Magazine. O laati cukko guwerneer lesdi Lagos nde Bola Tinubu laati guwerneer nyande 29 lewru Mayru hitaande 1999. Akerele laati tergal nder kawtal hoore lesdi Naajeeriya diga hitaande 1977 haa hitaande 1978 haa o walliti nder limngal laamu lesdi Naajeeriya. O suɓaama kadi senaateer lomtotooɗo Lagos Central, o dañii innde no daande nuunɗal, jaɓgol e nafooje demokaraasi e nder Republique tataɓo. == Tuugnorgal == [[Category:Yimɓe wuurɓe]] 5iupcnshpda9cosoc1izkxxr0mskvnt 174369 174368 2026-06-18T23:36:24Z Amama24 14844 174369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kofoworola Bucknor''' (jibinaa ko 30 abriil 1939) ko neɗɗo dawruɗo leydi Najeriya, gonnooɗo cukko guwerneer [[Diiwal Ikko|diiwaan Lagos]] . Ko kanko woni cukko guwerneer to [[Bola Tinubu]] tuggi 1999 haa 2002. == Nguurndam gadano == Kofoworola Akerele jibinaa ko ñalnde 30 lewru abriil hitaande 1939, to Oni Akerele, koolaaɗo kuuɓal leydi Najeriya, kadi ko kanko woni seppo gadano e nder leydi Najeriya. O janngi to duɗal sukaaɓe rewɓe CMS to Lagos hade makko yahde e hitaande 1949 to Surrey Angalteer ngam heɓde seedantaagal makko to bannge sariya. Kofoworola janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde [[Ibadan|St.]] <ref>olufemiajasa (2 March 2026). "Kofoworola Bucknor-Akerele: A lifetime of courage, service, unwavering integrity". ''Vanguard News''. Retrieved 30 March 2026.</ref> == Kugal == O heɓi dipoloma makko e jaayndeyaagal e hitaande 1962, o golliima e jaayndeyaagal BBC e ''[[VON (magazine)|VON]]'' Magazine. O laati cukko guwerneer lesdi Lagos nde Bola Tinubu laati guwerneer nyande 29 lewru Mayru hitaande 1999. Akerele laati tergal nder kawtal hoore lesdi Naajeeriya diga hitaande 1977 haa hitaande 1978 haa o walliti nder limngal laamu lesdi Naajeeriya. O suɓaama kadi senaateer lomtotooɗo Lagos Central, o dañii innde no daande nuunɗal, jaɓgol e nafooje demokaraasi e nder Republique tataɓo. == Tuugnorgal == [[Category:Yimɓe wuurɓe]] lo0dhrtst6gmwquzuqprrbndrzdr9fg 174417 174369 2026-06-19T04:04:59Z Adamu mc 10501 Edit 174417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kofoworola Bucknor''' (jibinaa ko nyalde sapponde ɗiɗi 30 lewru abriil hiitande alif 1939) ko neɗɗo dawruɗo leydi Najeriya, gonnooɗo cukko guwerneer [[Diiwal Ikko|diiwaan Lagos]] . Ko kanko woni cukko guwerneer to [[Bola Tinubu]] tuggi 1999 haa 2002. == Nguurndam gadano == Kofoworola Akerele jibinaa ko ñalnde 30 lewru abriil hitaande 1939, to Oni Akerele, koolaaɗo kuuɓal leydi Najeriya, kadi ko kanko woni seppo gadano e nder leydi Najeriya. O janngi to duɗal sukaaɓe rewɓe CMS to Lagos hade makko yahde e hitaande 1949 to Surrey Angalteer ngam heɓde seedantaagal makko to bannge sariya. Kofoworola janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde [[Ibadan|St.]] <ref>olufemiajasa (2 March 2026). "Kofoworola Bucknor-Akerele: A lifetime of courage, service, unwavering integrity". ''Vanguard News''. Retrieved 30 March 2026.</ref> == Kugal == O heɓi dipoloma makko e jaayndeyaagal e hitaande 1962, o golliima e jaayndeyaagal BBC e ''[[VON (magazine)|VON]]'' Magazine. O laati cukko guwerneer lesdi Lagos nde Bola Tinubu laati guwerneer nyande 29 lewru Mayru hitaande 1999. Akerele laati tergal nder kawtal hoore lesdi Naajeeriya diga hitaande 1977 haa hitaande 1978 haa o walliti nder limngal laamu lesdi Naajeeriya. O suɓaama kadi senaateer lomtotooɗo Lagos Central, o dañii innde no daande nuunɗal, jaɓgol e nafooje demokaraasi e nder Republique tataɓo. == Tuugnorgal == [[Category:Yimɓe wuurɓe]] epwtfy4n6fljz7a8vbcoz0hjakvg80d 0 42215 174373 2026-06-18T23:39:28Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174373 wikitext text/x-wiki Alhaji Salihu Abubakar Tanko Yakasai OFR (jibinaa ko 5 lewru Duujal hitaande 1925) ko dawriyanke Najeriya, mawɗo dowla. O siforiima hoore makko wonde Marxist-Leninist, kadi ko o tergal sosngal Dental Progressive Elements Northern, o wonnoo ko neɗɗo mawɗo e nder dingiral politik radikal leydi Najeriya e kitaale 1950 e 1960. Caggal mum o waɗii golle laamu keewɗe, ina jeyaa heen Komiseer dowla to Kano e les njiimaandi guwerneer militeer Audu Bako e balloowo keeriiɗo e jokkondiral Asamblee ngenndiijo e hooreejo leydi Shehu Shagari e nder laamu Republique ɗiɗaɓo. Ko o tergal sosngal Fedde Diisnondiral Arewa. Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol Salihu Abubakar Tanko Yakasai jibinaa ko ñalnde 5 lewru Duujal hitaande 1925 to nokku Kofar Mata to wuro Kano, ndeen jeyaa ko e leydi Nijeer koloñaal.: 532 Baaba makko, Abubakar Barau, ko iwdi Chamba ummoriiɗo Adamawa. Hauwa Abubakar, yumma makko, ko fulnaajo jeyaaɗo Lau, e nder leydi wiyeteendi hannde Diiwaan Taraba. Ɓe kawri, ɓe resndi to Kano, ɗo ɓe koɗi caggal nde ɓe eggi toon.: 3 O rokkaa innde Salihu, o inniri ɗum ‘Tanko’. O waɗi ko heewi e nehdi makko ko e diiwaan Yakasai to Kano, ɗo o heɓi innde makko cakkitiinde. : 532 E nder cukaagu makko, Tanko ko yumma makko rokki ɗum sehil mum ɓadiiɗo, koɗo mum, hono Yaya Boyi, ngam ƴellitde ɗum, ko ɗum huunde woownde waɗeede e renndo Hawsa en e oon sahaa. Nde o heɓi duuɓi nay, baaba makko ummini ɓesngu nguu gila Kofar Mata, fayti Yakasai, ɗo Tanko fuɗɗii jaŋde mum adannde e nder diine lislaam. Tuggude e hitaande 1933 fayde e hitaande 1937, o naati duɗal qur’aana gonngal to Yakasai. E hitaande 1935, o winnditii kadi to duɗal leslesal Shahuci to Kano. Kono e hitaande 1937, hade makko timminde jaŋde makko toownde, o ummii e baaba makko to Hardawa to Bauchi, ɗo baaba makko gollotoo ko e mbaydi mbaylaandi. Nde o woni Hardawa, o jokki jaŋde makko lislaam e duɗal Qur’aana goɗɗo haa hitaande 1939.: 8 Nde o arti Kano, Tanko fuɗɗii jaŋde makko lislaam e nder duɗe keewɗe, o timmini jaŋde makko e hitaande 1942. E hitaande 1941, o arti e duɗal leslesal Shahuci, o naati e duɗe jamma, o timmini e hitaande 1946. Hakkunde 1952 e 1955, Tanko naati e duɗe janngirɗe ɗemngal Engele ɗe British Council yuɓɓini to Kano. E hitaande 1956, o naati e kursus ko faati e fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore, rewrude e departemaa Extra-Mural to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ibadan. Yakasai jokki jaŋde mum e hitaande 1963 to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe Wilhelm Pieck to leydi Almaañ, ɗo o heɓi dipolomaaji ganndal politik. ruhl625cfent40x64l6r5d3n8f608tm 174375 174373 2026-06-18T23:45:06Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174375 wikitext text/x-wiki Alhaji Salihu Abubakar Tanko Yakasai OFR (jibinaa ko 5 lewru Duujal hitaande 1925) ko dawriyanke Najeriya, mawɗo dowla. O siforiima hoore makko wonde Marxist-Leninist, kadi ko o tergal sosngal Dental Progressive Elements Northern, o wonnoo ko neɗɗo mawɗo e nder dingiral politik radikal leydi Najeriya e kitaale 1950 e 1960. Caggal mum o waɗii golle laamu keewɗe, ina jeyaa heen Komiseer dowla to Kano e les njiimaandi guwerneer militeer Audu Bako e balloowo keeriiɗo e jokkondiral Asamblee ngenndiijo e hooreejo leydi Shehu Shagari e nder laamu Republique ɗiɗaɓo. Ko o tergal sosngal Fedde Diisnondiral Arewa. Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol Salihu Abubakar Tanko Yakasai jibinaa ko ñalnde 5 lewru Duujal hitaande 1925 to nokku Kofar Mata to wuro Kano, ndeen jeyaa ko e leydi Nijeer koloñaal.: 532 Baaba makko, Abubakar Barau, ko iwdi Chamba ummoriiɗo Adamawa. Hauwa Abubakar, yumma makko, ko fulnaajo jeyaaɗo Lau, e nder leydi wiyeteendi hannde Diiwaan Taraba. Ɓe kawri, ɓe resndi to Kano, ɗo ɓe koɗi caggal nde ɓe eggi toon.: 3 O rokkaa innde Salihu, o inniri ɗum ‘Tanko’. O waɗi ko heewi e nehdi makko ko e diiwaan Yakasai to Kano, ɗo o heɓi innde makko cakkitiinde. : 532 E nder cukaagu makko, Tanko ko yumma makko rokki ɗum sehil mum ɓadiiɗo, koɗo mum, hono Yaya Boyi, ngam ƴellitde ɗum, ko ɗum huunde woownde waɗeede e renndo Hawsa en e oon sahaa. Nde o heɓi duuɓi nay, baaba makko ummini ɓesngu nguu gila Kofar Mata, fayti Yakasai, ɗo Tanko fuɗɗii jaŋde mum adannde e nder diine lislaam. Tuggude e hitaande 1933 fayde e hitaande 1937, o naati duɗal qur’aana gonngal to Yakasai. E hitaande 1935, o winnditii kadi to duɗal leslesal Shahuci to Kano. Kono e hitaande 1937, hade makko timminde jaŋde makko toownde, o ummii e baaba makko to Hardawa to Bauchi, ɗo baaba makko gollotoo ko e mbaydi mbaylaandi. Nde o woni Hardawa, o jokki jaŋde makko lislaam e duɗal Qur’aana goɗɗo haa hitaande 1939.: 8 Nde o arti Kano, Tanko fuɗɗii jaŋde makko lislaam e nder duɗe keewɗe, o timmini jaŋde makko e hitaande 1942. E hitaande 1941, o arti e duɗal leslesal Shahuci, o naati e duɗe jamma, o timmini e hitaande 1946. Hakkunde 1952 e 1955, Tanko naati e duɗe janngirɗe ɗemngal Engele ɗe British Council yuɓɓini to Kano. E hitaande 1956, o naati e kursus ko faati e fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore, rewrude e departemaa Extra-Mural to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ibadan. Yakasai jokki jaŋde mum e hitaande 1963 to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe Wilhelm Pieck to leydi Almaañ, ɗo o heɓi dipolomaaji ganndal politik. Kugal Golle makko puɗɗaaɗe (1941-1947) Yakasai fuɗɗii golle mum ko e hitaande 1941.[10]: 17 Njulaagu makko mawni no feewi, o ɓooyaani o fuɗɗii feewnude comci duɗe ngam duɗe Kano, haa arti noon e duɗal hakkundeewal Kano. E oon sahaa, Yakasai ɓuri tiiɗnaade ko e yaajtinde golle mum taƴɗe. Naatgol makko e dawrugol fuɗɗii ko e jaŋngude golle miijotooɓe dawrugol ko wayi no Sa’adu Zungur, Aminu Kano, Iisaa Wali, Nuhu Bamalli, e Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. Ɗee binndanɗe, keewɗe yaltude e jaayɗe ɗemngal Hausa hono Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo, ina keewi noddude jeytaare leydi Nijeer, ina ñiŋa laamu koloñaal Biritaan. Naatgol Yakasai e politik no feewi fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1946, caggal nde o tawtoraama batu politik to Kano, ngu Diiso ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer e leydi Kameruun (NCNC) yuɓɓini. Haalooɓe e kawral ngal ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri teeŋtude e daraniiɓe ndimaagu leydi Naajeeriya, ko wayi no Herbert Macaulay e Nnamdi Azikiwe. E nder ballal maɓɓe, Yakasai siftinii caggal ɗuum wonde seppo ngoo ko « fuɗɗoode nafoore am e politik ». Siyaas radikal e duuɓi NEPU (1947-1967) Yakasai e kitaale 1950 E hitaande 1947, e dow ballal njillu delegaasiyoŋ NCNC to Kano, Yakasai e sukaaɓe woɗɓe heewɓe sosi Fedde Sukaaɓe Kano (KYA). Hitaande rewtunde ndee, o naati e fedde pinal wiyeteende Jam’iyyar Mutanen Arewa (JMA), fedde pinal nde annduɓe Fuɗnaange Nijeer cosi e hitaande 1948. E hitaande 1950, fedde terɗe JMA e daraniiɓe politik woɗɓe, ina heen Yakasai, sosi lannda politik keso, wiyeteeɗo Dental ProgresPUsive Fuɗnaange E). E darorɗe hitaande 1950, NEPU taƴi jokkondiral mum e JMA e dow laawol caggal nde JMA salii waɗde golle politik. NEPU heɓi nafoore woote ko yaawi e wooteeji gardagol leydi e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange lewru suwee 1951, heɓi 12 e nder 26 jooɗorde to Kano tan. Ndeeɗoo nafoore yaawnde hulɓinii terɗe Asaambele diiwaan Fuɗnaange ɓurɗe heewde doole, ɗum addani politikaaji keewɗi jokkondirde e JMA. Ñalnde 1 oktoobar 1951, JMA wayli wonti lannda politik e innde hesere wiyeteende Kongres yimɓe worgo (NPC)]: 80–81 E fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950, Yakasai ina wondi e yimoowo biyeteeɗo Mudi Sipikin e Mustafa Dambatta sosde Diɗɗal Askiyankooɓe. Anniya mum ko golloraade no fedde sukaaɓe NEPU e nder fedde Zikist Movement ɓurnde yaajde (walla ko nanndi e mum), fedde nde "ina joginoo darnde tiiɗnde ngam saaktude e nder sukaaɓe NEPU's class analysis to Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya e haa teeŋti noon e ustude njiyaagu aadaaji hakkunde Habe stock e terɗe laamɓe Fulani kalasuuji.": 174 : 262 Caggal fitinaaji Kano e hitaande 1953, Dillere Askianiste en wonti Fedde Golle Positive (PAW), nde fuɗɗorii miijaade ko fedde daraniinde hoore mum e hareeji ɗi doolnuɓe daraniiɓe NPC mbaɗata, anndiraaɗi Jam’iyyar Mahaukata (‘Parti Madmen’). E gardagol Yakasai, hono binndoowo ngenndi, PAW ɓeydii doolnude, o fusi e hitaande 1954 caggal nde "wotti ko ɓuri doolnude.": 263 Caggal ɗuum o artiraa Runduna Samarin Sawaba e wasiyaaji Sa'adu Zungur.: 174 : 10: 419–420 E oon hitaande kadi, Yakasai toɗɗaa yo won hooreejo jaaynde lannda NEPU, wiyeteende Daily Comet Yakasai fooli wooteeji lesdi 1959 ngam suɓol Karaye nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi amma o fooli kanndidaajo NPC, Muhammadu Gwarzo. : 147 E lewru oktoobar 1960, Yakasai, e oon sahaa koolaaɗo kuuɓal NEPU, riiwaa e lannda kaa. O siftini caggal ɗuum wonde ittugol makko ngol ko e luural miijooji, haa teeŋti noon e darnde makko ngam ƴellitde njuɓɓudi marxist-leninist, tawa ina naatna heen kuule maoist en e nder doosɗe lannda NEPU. Ɗum ari ko caggal njillu ngu Yakasai e woɗɓe mbaɗi e nder Dental Sowiyet, Siin, e Almaañ fuɗnaange, tawi ɓe njaɓaani.: 194 Caggal nde o riiwaa, o sosi lannda Sawaba mo Nijeer (SPN) o jokkondiri e lannda Sawaba doolnuɗo e nder leydi Niiseer. SPN mo Yakasai rokkii ballal logistique e geriyaaji Sawabist en e kaɓirɗe janngooɓe, ina wiyee ina mbaɗa njulaagu kaɓirɗe ngam wallitde caɗeele maɓɓe. E lewru sulyee 1965, caggal nde fitinaaji mbaɗi e nder wuro wiyeteengo Kofar Mata to Kano hakkunde Sawabist en e laamuuji leydi Nijeer, Yakasai nanngaa, tuumaama ina joginoo renndo ngo rewaani laawol. Kono o woppitaama sabu ŋakkeende hujjaaji, kadi sabu lannda Sawaba bayyinaaka e dow laabi e nder leydi Nijeer e sahaa nde o waɗi ndee.: 209–210 Yakasai artii e NEPU e hitaande 1963.: 200 O woniino binndoowo Mouvement de l’État Kano, fedde ‘nationaliste’ Kano sosaande e lewru sulyee 1965 ngam ustude seerndude diiwaan oo e laamu diiwaan Fuɗnaange. Caggal nde Republique gadano oo yani, laamu konu keso nguu, hono Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, haɗi denndaangal lanndaaji e pelle politik, dartini golle politik Yakasai.: 198 p4nbs3uf5p9t0wuo6weer8t4i1i2ubl 174376 174375 2026-06-18T23:50:27Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174376 wikitext text/x-wiki Alhaji Salihu Abubakar Tanko Yakasai OFR (jibinaa ko 5 lewru Duujal hitaande 1925) ko dawriyanke Najeriya, mawɗo dowla. O siforiima hoore makko wonde Marxist-Leninist, kadi ko o tergal sosngal Dental Progressive Elements Northern, o wonnoo ko neɗɗo mawɗo e nder dingiral politik radikal leydi Najeriya e kitaale 1950 e 1960. Caggal mum o waɗii golle laamu keewɗe, ina jeyaa heen Komiseer dowla to Kano e les njiimaandi guwerneer militeer Audu Bako e balloowo keeriiɗo e jokkondiral Asamblee ngenndiijo e hooreejo leydi Shehu Shagari e nder laamu Republique ɗiɗaɓo. Ko o tergal sosngal Fedde Diisnondiral Arewa. Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol Salihu Abubakar Tanko Yakasai jibinaa ko ñalnde 5 lewru Duujal hitaande 1925 to nokku Kofar Mata to wuro Kano, ndeen jeyaa ko e leydi Nijeer koloñaal.: 532 Baaba makko, Abubakar Barau, ko iwdi Chamba ummoriiɗo Adamawa. Hauwa Abubakar, yumma makko, ko fulnaajo jeyaaɗo Lau, e nder leydi wiyeteendi hannde Diiwaan Taraba. Ɓe kawri, ɓe resndi to Kano, ɗo ɓe koɗi caggal nde ɓe eggi toon.: 3 O rokkaa innde Salihu, o inniri ɗum ‘Tanko’. O waɗi ko heewi e nehdi makko ko e diiwaan Yakasai to Kano, ɗo o heɓi innde makko cakkitiinde. : 532 E nder cukaagu makko, Tanko ko yumma makko rokki ɗum sehil mum ɓadiiɗo, koɗo mum, hono Yaya Boyi, ngam ƴellitde ɗum, ko ɗum huunde woownde waɗeede e renndo Hawsa en e oon sahaa. Nde o heɓi duuɓi nay, baaba makko ummini ɓesngu nguu gila Kofar Mata, fayti Yakasai, ɗo Tanko fuɗɗii jaŋde mum adannde e nder diine lislaam. Tuggude e hitaande 1933 fayde e hitaande 1937, o naati duɗal qur’aana gonngal to Yakasai. E hitaande 1935, o winnditii kadi to duɗal leslesal Shahuci to Kano. Kono e hitaande 1937, hade makko timminde jaŋde makko toownde, o ummii e baaba makko to Hardawa to Bauchi, ɗo baaba makko gollotoo ko e mbaydi mbaylaandi. Nde o woni Hardawa, o jokki jaŋde makko lislaam e duɗal Qur’aana goɗɗo haa hitaande 1939.: 8 Nde o arti Kano, Tanko fuɗɗii jaŋde makko lislaam e nder duɗe keewɗe, o timmini jaŋde makko e hitaande 1942. E hitaande 1941, o arti e duɗal leslesal Shahuci, o naati e duɗe jamma, o timmini e hitaande 1946. Hakkunde 1952 e 1955, Tanko naati e duɗe janngirɗe ɗemngal Engele ɗe British Council yuɓɓini to Kano. E hitaande 1956, o naati e kursus ko faati e fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore, rewrude e departemaa Extra-Mural to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ibadan. Yakasai jokki jaŋde mum e hitaande 1963 to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe Wilhelm Pieck to leydi Almaañ, ɗo o heɓi dipolomaaji ganndal politik. Kugal Golle makko puɗɗaaɗe (1941-1947) Yakasai fuɗɗii golle mum ko e hitaande 1941.[10]: 17 Njulaagu makko mawni no feewi, o ɓooyaani o fuɗɗii feewnude comci duɗe ngam duɗe Kano, haa arti noon e duɗal hakkundeewal Kano. E oon sahaa, Yakasai ɓuri tiiɗnaade ko e yaajtinde golle mum taƴɗe. Naatgol makko e dawrugol fuɗɗii ko e jaŋngude golle miijotooɓe dawrugol ko wayi no Sa’adu Zungur, Aminu Kano, Iisaa Wali, Nuhu Bamalli, e Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. Ɗee binndanɗe, keewɗe yaltude e jaayɗe ɗemngal Hausa hono Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo, ina keewi noddude jeytaare leydi Nijeer, ina ñiŋa laamu koloñaal Biritaan. Naatgol Yakasai e politik no feewi fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1946, caggal nde o tawtoraama batu politik to Kano, ngu Diiso ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer e leydi Kameruun (NCNC) yuɓɓini. Haalooɓe e kawral ngal ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri teeŋtude e daraniiɓe ndimaagu leydi Naajeeriya, ko wayi no Herbert Macaulay e Nnamdi Azikiwe. E nder ballal maɓɓe, Yakasai siftinii caggal ɗuum wonde seppo ngoo ko « fuɗɗoode nafoore am e politik ». Siyaas radikal e duuɓi NEPU (1947-1967) Yakasai e kitaale 1950 E hitaande 1947, e dow ballal njillu delegaasiyoŋ NCNC to Kano, Yakasai e sukaaɓe woɗɓe heewɓe sosi Fedde Sukaaɓe Kano (KYA). Hitaande rewtunde ndee, o naati e fedde pinal wiyeteende Jam’iyyar Mutanen Arewa (JMA), fedde pinal nde annduɓe Fuɗnaange Nijeer cosi e hitaande 1948. E hitaande 1950, fedde terɗe JMA e daraniiɓe politik woɗɓe, ina heen Yakasai, sosi lannda politik keso, wiyeteeɗo Dental ProgresPUsive Fuɗnaange E). E darorɗe hitaande 1950, NEPU taƴi jokkondiral mum e JMA e dow laawol caggal nde JMA salii waɗde golle politik. NEPU heɓi nafoore woote ko yaawi e wooteeji gardagol leydi e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange lewru suwee 1951, heɓi 12 e nder 26 jooɗorde to Kano tan. Ndeeɗoo nafoore yaawnde hulɓinii terɗe Asaambele diiwaan Fuɗnaange ɓurɗe heewde doole, ɗum addani politikaaji keewɗi jokkondirde e JMA. Ñalnde 1 oktoobar 1951, JMA wayli wonti lannda politik e innde hesere wiyeteende Kongres yimɓe worgo (NPC)]: 80–81 E fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950, Yakasai ina wondi e yimoowo biyeteeɗo Mudi Sipikin e Mustafa Dambatta sosde Diɗɗal Askiyankooɓe. Anniya mum ko golloraade no fedde sukaaɓe NEPU e nder fedde Zikist Movement ɓurnde yaajde (walla ko nanndi e mum), fedde nde "ina joginoo darnde tiiɗnde ngam saaktude e nder sukaaɓe NEPU's class analysis to Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya e haa teeŋti noon e ustude njiyaagu aadaaji hakkunde Habe stock e terɗe laamɓe Fulani kalasuuji.": 174 : 262 Caggal fitinaaji Kano e hitaande 1953, Dillere Askianiste en wonti Fedde Golle Positive (PAW), nde fuɗɗorii miijaade ko fedde daraniinde hoore mum e hareeji ɗi doolnuɓe daraniiɓe NPC mbaɗata, anndiraaɗi Jam’iyyar Mahaukata (‘Parti Madmen’). E gardagol Yakasai, hono binndoowo ngenndi, PAW ɓeydii doolnude, o fusi e hitaande 1954 caggal nde "wotti ko ɓuri doolnude.": 263 Caggal ɗuum o artiraa Runduna Samarin Sawaba e wasiyaaji Sa'adu Zungur.: 174 : 10: 419–420 E oon hitaande kadi, Yakasai toɗɗaa yo won hooreejo jaaynde lannda NEPU, wiyeteende Daily Comet Yakasai fooli wooteeji lesdi 1959 ngam suɓol Karaye nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi amma o fooli kanndidaajo NPC, Muhammadu Gwarzo. : 147 E lewru oktoobar 1960, Yakasai, e oon sahaa koolaaɗo kuuɓal NEPU, riiwaa e lannda kaa. O siftini caggal ɗuum wonde ittugol makko ngol ko e luural miijooji, haa teeŋti noon e darnde makko ngam ƴellitde njuɓɓudi marxist-leninist, tawa ina naatna heen kuule maoist en e nder doosɗe lannda NEPU. Ɗum ari ko caggal njillu ngu Yakasai e woɗɓe mbaɗi e nder Dental Sowiyet, Siin, e Almaañ fuɗnaange, tawi ɓe njaɓaani.: 194 Caggal nde o riiwaa, o sosi lannda Sawaba mo Nijeer (SPN) o jokkondiri e lannda Sawaba doolnuɗo e nder leydi Niiseer. SPN mo Yakasai rokkii ballal logistique e geriyaaji Sawabist en e kaɓirɗe janngooɓe, ina wiyee ina mbaɗa njulaagu kaɓirɗe ngam wallitde caɗeele maɓɓe. E lewru sulyee 1965, caggal nde fitinaaji mbaɗi e nder wuro wiyeteengo Kofar Mata to Kano hakkunde Sawabist en e laamuuji leydi Nijeer, Yakasai nanngaa, tuumaama ina joginoo renndo ngo rewaani laawol. Kono o woppitaama sabu ŋakkeende hujjaaji, kadi sabu lannda Sawaba bayyinaaka e dow laabi e nder leydi Nijeer e sahaa nde o waɗi ndee.: 209–210 Yakasai artii e NEPU e hitaande 1963.: 200 O woniino binndoowo Mouvement de l’État Kano, fedde ‘nationaliste’ Kano sosaande e lewru sulyee 1965 ngam ustude seerndude diiwaan oo e laamu diiwaan Fuɗnaange. Caggal nde Republique gadano oo yani, laamu konu keso nguu, hono Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, haɗi denndaangal lanndaaji e pelle politik, dartini golle politik Yakasai.: 198 Komisinaajo lesdi Kano (1967-1975) E hitaande 1967, Yakasai toɗɗaama Komiseer Dowla ngam humpitaade ko Audu Bako, Guwerneer Militeer Dowla Kano keso sosaa oo. Caggal nde kabine o wayli e hitaande 1971, Bako artiri mo e golle Komiseer Dowla to bannge laddeeji, ƴellitaare renndo, e koperatiifuuji. Hitaande rewtunde ndee, Yakasai toɗɗaa komisariyaajo dowla to bannge kaalis caggal maayde gardiiɗo makko, hono Umaru Gumel. Caggal nde laamu Seneraal Yakubu Gowon liɓaa e hitaande 1975, hooreejo leydi keso oo, hono Seneraal Murtala Muhammed lomtii denndaangal guwerneeruuji konu, haa arti noon e Bako. Gomnaajo sooje'en keso toɗɗaaɗo dow lesdi Kano, Kolonel Sani Bello, fuɗɗi wiɗito dow hukuuma Bako. Jawdi e jawdi mawɓe, haa arti noon e Yakasai, nanngaama e tuumeede fenaande. Yakasai caggal ɗuum wiyi wonde wiɗto ngoo waɗi ko e politik, ko Murtala Muhammed ardii ɗum, mo o siftini wonde « balloowo NPC », o fawi heen Bako e wondiiɓe mum sabu ko ɓe nganndu-ɗaa ina njokkondiri e NEPU. Politik ngenndi e laamu ɗiɗaɓuru (1975-1983) E nder ardungal lesdi Naajeeriya diga laamu sooja’en haa laamu siwil, Yakasai ɗonno nder kawtal siyaasa’en e annduɓe sosɓe Mouvement National, kawtal ngal ɓaawo man wayli haa laati lannda lesdi Naajeeriya (NPN). Yakasai toɗɗaama yo won binndoowo jaayndeyaagal NPN.: 207 E nder laamu ɗiɗaɓuru (1979–1983), o woniino balloowo keeriiɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Shehu Shagari, to bannge jokkondiral e Asaambele ngenndi.: 293 Yakasai kadi woniino ‘wakilaagu’ Shagari e Aminu Kano, gonnooɗo hooreejo NEPU, gardiiɗo luulndo wiyeteende People’s Redemption. Hay so tawii ina ardii lanndaaji luulndiiɗi ɗii, Shagari ina heewi jokkondirde e Kano e geɗe politik. : 207 Golle makko caggal ɗuum (1983–hannde) Republique ɗiɗaɓere joofi ko caggal kuudetaa konu e lewru Duujal hitaande 1983, tawi ko Seneraal Muhammadu Buhari ardii ɗum. Caggal ɗuum, Fedde Kisal Ngenndiire (NSO) nanngi politikaaji keewɗi, ina jeyaa heen Yakasai, nanngaaɗo tawi ñaawaaka to kasoo kisal ɓurngal mawnude to Kirikiri. Yakasai yoɓaama ɓaawo Seneraal Ibraahiima Babangida liɓi laamu Buhari nder hitaande 1985, o heɓi ardungal lesdi ndi'i. Kono o nanngaa kadi e hitaande 1986 sabu makko naatde e geɗe dawrugol. E laamu Seneraal Sani Abacha (1993-1998), Yakasai ina joginoo « jokkondiral tiiɗngal » e diktatoor oo. E duuɓi gadani Republique nayaɓere, Yakasai ina jeyaa e terɗe sosɗe lannda kisal yimɓe, tawi ko gonnooɗo politik NEPU goɗɗo, hono Wada Nas ardii ɗum. O woniino tergal sosngal e tergal e Yiilirde Ngenndiire Arewa Consultative Forum (ACF), fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e renndo e politik to bannge worgo leydi Najeriya. E nder nguurndam makko politik, Yakasai hollitii wonde polis nanngii mo laabi 14 to Kano tan. Nguurndam neɗɗo Yakasai ina resndi rewɓe heewɓe. Omo jogii ɓiɓɓe 19 e taaniraaɓe ko ina tolnoo e 80. Gooto nder ɓikkon maako, Salihu Tanko Yakasai, laati balloowo hukuuma lesdi Kano nder laylaytol rento (social media) haa nde o nanngaama diga Departemaa Kuugal lesdi haa ragare lewru February 2021. Yakasai yaltinii deftere nguurndam mum ina wiyee Tanko Yakasai: Daartol nguurndam lesɗikiniiɗo, deftere nguurndam mum e hitaande 2004. E hitaande 2014, laamu Ganye to diiwaan Adamawa rokki mo tiitoonde aadaaji Kauran Ganye. Tuugnorgal aqcwe8u3sld4eb62vk19hmmh4ue11h6 174377 174376 2026-06-18T23:51:50Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Alhaji Salihu Abubakar Tanko Yakasai OFR (jibinaa ko 5 lewru Duujal hitaande 1925) ko dawriyanke Najeriya, mawɗo dowla. O siforiima hoore makko wonde Marxist-Leninist, kadi ko o tergal sosngal Dental Progressive Elements Northern, o wonnoo ko neɗɗo mawɗo e nder dingiral politik radikal leydi Najeriya e kitaale 1950 e 1960. Caggal mum o waɗii golle laamu keewɗe, ina jeyaa heen Komiseer dowla to Kano e les njiimaandi guwerneer militeer Audu Bako e balloowo keeriiɗo e jokkondiral Asamblee ngenndiijo e hooreejo leydi Shehu Shagari e nder laamu Republique ɗiɗaɓo. Ko o tergal sosngal Fedde Diisnondiral Arewa. Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol Salihu Abubakar Tanko Yakasai jibinaa ko ñalnde 5 lewru Duujal hitaande 1925 to nokku Kofar Mata to wuro Kano, ndeen jeyaa ko e leydi Nijeer koloñaal.: 532 Baaba makko, Abubakar Barau, ko iwdi Chamba ummoriiɗo Adamawa. Hauwa Abubakar, yumma makko, ko fulnaajo jeyaaɗo Lau, e nder leydi wiyeteendi hannde Diiwaan Taraba. Ɓe kawri, ɓe resndi to Kano, ɗo ɓe koɗi caggal nde ɓe eggi toon.: 3 O rokkaa innde Salihu, o inniri ɗum ‘Tanko’. O waɗi ko heewi e nehdi makko ko e diiwaan Yakasai to Kano, ɗo o heɓi innde makko cakkitiinde. : 532 E nder cukaagu makko, Tanko ko yumma makko rokki ɗum sehil mum ɓadiiɗo, koɗo mum, hono Yaya Boyi, ngam ƴellitde ɗum, ko ɗum huunde woownde waɗeede e renndo Hawsa en e oon sahaa. Nde o heɓi duuɓi nay, baaba makko ummini ɓesngu nguu gila Kofar Mata, fayti Yakasai, ɗo Tanko fuɗɗii jaŋde mum adannde e nder diine lislaam. Tuggude e hitaande 1933 fayde e hitaande 1937, o naati duɗal qur’aana gonngal to Yakasai. E hitaande 1935, o winnditii kadi to duɗal leslesal Shahuci to Kano. Kono e hitaande 1937, hade makko timminde jaŋde makko toownde, o ummii e baaba makko to Hardawa to Bauchi, ɗo baaba makko gollotoo ko e mbaydi mbaylaandi. Nde o woni Hardawa, o jokki jaŋde makko lislaam e duɗal Qur’aana goɗɗo haa hitaande 1939.: 8 Nde o arti Kano, Tanko fuɗɗii jaŋde makko lislaam e nder duɗe keewɗe, o timmini jaŋde makko e hitaande 1942. E hitaande 1941, o arti e duɗal leslesal Shahuci, o naati e duɗe jamma, o timmini e hitaande 1946. Hakkunde 1952 e 1955, Tanko naati e duɗe janngirɗe ɗemngal Engele ɗe British Council yuɓɓini to Kano. E hitaande 1956, o naati e kursus ko faati e fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore, rewrude e departemaa Extra-Mural to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ibadan. Yakasai jokki jaŋde mum e hitaande 1963 to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe Wilhelm Pieck to leydi Almaañ, ɗo o heɓi dipolomaaji ganndal politik. Kugal Golle makko puɗɗaaɗe (1941-1947) Yakasai fuɗɗii golle mum ko e hitaande 1941.[10]: 17 Njulaagu makko mawni no feewi, o ɓooyaani o fuɗɗii feewnude comci duɗe ngam duɗe Kano, haa arti noon e duɗal hakkundeewal Kano. E oon sahaa, Yakasai ɓuri tiiɗnaade ko e yaajtinde golle mum taƴɗe. Naatgol makko e dawrugol fuɗɗii ko e jaŋngude golle miijotooɓe dawrugol ko wayi no Sa’adu Zungur, Aminu Kano, Iisaa Wali, Nuhu Bamalli, e Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. Ɗee binndanɗe, keewɗe yaltude e jaayɗe ɗemngal Hausa hono Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo, ina keewi noddude jeytaare leydi Nijeer, ina ñiŋa laamu koloñaal Biritaan. Naatgol Yakasai e politik no feewi fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1946, caggal nde o tawtoraama batu politik to Kano, ngu Diiso ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer e leydi Kameruun (NCNC) yuɓɓini. Haalooɓe e kawral ngal ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri teeŋtude e daraniiɓe ndimaagu leydi Naajeeriya, ko wayi no Herbert Macaulay e Nnamdi Azikiwe. E nder ballal maɓɓe, Yakasai siftinii caggal ɗuum wonde seppo ngoo ko « fuɗɗoode nafoore am e politik ». Siyaas radikal e duuɓi NEPU (1947-1967) Yakasai e kitaale 1950 E hitaande 1947, e dow ballal njillu delegaasiyoŋ NCNC to Kano, Yakasai e sukaaɓe woɗɓe heewɓe sosi Fedde Sukaaɓe Kano (KYA). Hitaande rewtunde ndee, o naati e fedde pinal wiyeteende Jam’iyyar Mutanen Arewa (JMA), fedde pinal nde annduɓe Fuɗnaange Nijeer cosi e hitaande 1948. E hitaande 1950, fedde terɗe JMA e daraniiɓe politik woɗɓe, ina heen Yakasai, sosi lannda politik keso, wiyeteeɗo Dental ProgresPUsive Fuɗnaange E). E darorɗe hitaande 1950, NEPU taƴi jokkondiral mum e JMA e dow laawol caggal nde JMA salii waɗde golle politik. NEPU heɓi nafoore woote ko yaawi e wooteeji gardagol leydi e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange lewru suwee 1951, heɓi 12 e nder 26 jooɗorde to Kano tan. Ndeeɗoo nafoore yaawnde hulɓinii terɗe Asaambele diiwaan Fuɗnaange ɓurɗe heewde doole, ɗum addani politikaaji keewɗi jokkondirde e JMA. Ñalnde 1 oktoobar 1951, JMA wayli wonti lannda politik e innde hesere wiyeteende Kongres yimɓe worgo (NPC)]: 80–81 E fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950, Yakasai ina wondi e yimoowo biyeteeɗo Mudi Sipikin e Mustafa Dambatta sosde Diɗɗal Askiyankooɓe. Anniya mum ko golloraade no fedde sukaaɓe NEPU e nder fedde Zikist Movement ɓurnde yaajde (walla ko nanndi e mum), fedde nde "ina joginoo darnde tiiɗnde ngam saaktude e nder sukaaɓe NEPU's class analysis to Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya e haa teeŋti noon e ustude njiyaagu aadaaji hakkunde Habe stock e terɗe laamɓe Fulani kalasuuji.": 174 : 262 Caggal fitinaaji Kano e hitaande 1953, Dillere Askianiste en wonti Fedde Golle Positive (PAW), nde fuɗɗorii miijaade ko fedde daraniinde hoore mum e hareeji ɗi doolnuɓe daraniiɓe NPC mbaɗata, anndiraaɗi Jam’iyyar Mahaukata (‘Parti Madmen’). E gardagol Yakasai, hono binndoowo ngenndi, PAW ɓeydii doolnude, o fusi e hitaande 1954 caggal nde "wotti ko ɓuri doolnude.": 263 Caggal ɗuum o artiraa Runduna Samarin Sawaba e wasiyaaji Sa'adu Zungur.: 174 : 10: 419–420 E oon hitaande kadi, Yakasai toɗɗaa yo won hooreejo jaaynde lannda NEPU, wiyeteende Daily Comet Yakasai fooli wooteeji lesdi 1959 ngam suɓol Karaye nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi amma o fooli kanndidaajo NPC, Muhammadu Gwarzo. : 147 E lewru oktoobar 1960, Yakasai, e oon sahaa koolaaɗo kuuɓal NEPU, riiwaa e lannda kaa. O siftini caggal ɗuum wonde ittugol makko ngol ko e luural miijooji, haa teeŋti noon e darnde makko ngam ƴellitde njuɓɓudi marxist-leninist, tawa ina naatna heen kuule maoist en e nder doosɗe lannda NEPU. Ɗum ari ko caggal njillu ngu Yakasai e woɗɓe mbaɗi e nder Dental Sowiyet, Siin, e Almaañ fuɗnaange, tawi ɓe njaɓaani.: 194 Caggal nde o riiwaa, o sosi lannda Sawaba mo Nijeer (SPN) o jokkondiri e lannda Sawaba doolnuɗo e nder leydi Niiseer. SPN mo Yakasai rokkii ballal logistique e geriyaaji Sawabist en e kaɓirɗe janngooɓe, ina wiyee ina mbaɗa njulaagu kaɓirɗe ngam wallitde caɗeele maɓɓe. E lewru sulyee 1965, caggal nde fitinaaji mbaɗi e nder wuro wiyeteengo Kofar Mata to Kano hakkunde Sawabist en e laamuuji leydi Nijeer, Yakasai nanngaa, tuumaama ina joginoo renndo ngo rewaani laawol. Kono o woppitaama sabu ŋakkeende hujjaaji, kadi sabu lannda Sawaba bayyinaaka e dow laabi e nder leydi Nijeer e sahaa nde o waɗi ndee.: 209–210 Yakasai artii e NEPU e hitaande 1963.: 200 O woniino binndoowo Mouvement de l’État Kano, fedde ‘nationaliste’ Kano sosaande e lewru sulyee 1965 ngam ustude seerndude diiwaan oo e laamu diiwaan Fuɗnaange. Caggal nde Republique gadano oo yani, laamu konu keso nguu, hono Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, haɗi denndaangal lanndaaji e pelle politik, dartini golle politik Yakasai.: 198 Komisinaajo lesdi Kano (1967-1975) E hitaande 1967, Yakasai toɗɗaama Komiseer Dowla ngam humpitaade ko Audu Bako, Guwerneer Militeer Dowla Kano keso sosaa oo. Caggal nde kabine o wayli e hitaande 1971, Bako artiri mo e golle Komiseer Dowla to bannge laddeeji, ƴellitaare renndo, e koperatiifuuji. Hitaande rewtunde ndee, Yakasai toɗɗaa komisariyaajo dowla to bannge kaalis caggal maayde gardiiɗo makko, hono Umaru Gumel. Caggal nde laamu Seneraal Yakubu Gowon liɓaa e hitaande 1975, hooreejo leydi keso oo, hono Seneraal Murtala Muhammed lomtii denndaangal guwerneeruuji konu, haa arti noon e Bako. Gomnaajo sooje'en keso toɗɗaaɗo dow lesdi Kano, Kolonel Sani Bello, fuɗɗi wiɗito dow hukuuma Bako. Jawdi e jawdi mawɓe, haa arti noon e Yakasai, nanngaama e tuumeede fenaande. Yakasai caggal ɗuum wiyi wonde wiɗto ngoo waɗi ko e politik, ko Murtala Muhammed ardii ɗum, mo o siftini wonde « balloowo NPC », o fawi heen Bako e wondiiɓe mum sabu ko ɓe nganndu-ɗaa ina njokkondiri e NEPU. Politik ngenndi e laamu ɗiɗaɓuru (1975-1983) E nder ardungal lesdi Naajeeriya diga laamu sooja’en haa laamu siwil, Yakasai ɗonno nder kawtal siyaasa’en e annduɓe sosɓe Mouvement National, kawtal ngal ɓaawo man wayli haa laati lannda lesdi Naajeeriya (NPN). Yakasai toɗɗaama yo won binndoowo jaayndeyaagal NPN.: 207 E nder laamu ɗiɗaɓuru (1979–1983), o woniino balloowo keeriiɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Shehu Shagari, to bannge jokkondiral e Asaambele ngenndi.: 293 Yakasai kadi woniino ‘wakilaagu’ Shagari e Aminu Kano, gonnooɗo hooreejo NEPU, gardiiɗo luulndo wiyeteende People’s Redemption. Hay so tawii ina ardii lanndaaji luulndiiɗi ɗii, Shagari ina heewi jokkondirde e Kano e geɗe politik. : 207 Golle makko caggal ɗuum (1983–hannde) Republique ɗiɗaɓere joofi ko caggal kuudetaa konu e lewru Duujal hitaande 1983, tawi ko Seneraal Muhammadu Buhari ardii ɗum. Caggal ɗuum, Fedde Kisal Ngenndiire (NSO) nanngi politikaaji keewɗi, ina jeyaa heen Yakasai, nanngaaɗo tawi ñaawaaka to kasoo kisal ɓurngal mawnude to Kirikiri. Yakasai yoɓaama ɓaawo Seneraal Ibraahiima Babangida liɓi laamu Buhari nder hitaande 1985, o heɓi ardungal lesdi ndi'i. Kono o nanngaa kadi e hitaande 1986 sabu makko naatde e geɗe dawrugol. E laamu Seneraal Sani Abacha (1993-1998), Yakasai ina joginoo « jokkondiral tiiɗngal » e diktatoor oo. E duuɓi gadani Republique nayaɓere, Yakasai ina jeyaa e terɗe sosɗe lannda kisal yimɓe, tawi ko gonnooɗo politik NEPU goɗɗo, hono Wada Nas ardii ɗum. O woniino tergal sosngal e tergal e Yiilirde Ngenndiire Arewa Consultative Forum (ACF), fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e renndo e politik to bannge worgo leydi Najeriya. E nder nguurndam makko politik, Yakasai hollitii wonde polis nanngii mo laabi 14 to Kano tan. Nguurndam neɗɗo Yakasai ina resndi rewɓe heewɓe. Omo jogii ɓiɓɓe 19 e taaniraaɓe ko ina tolnoo e 80. Gooto nder ɓikkon maako, Salihu Tanko Yakasai, laati balloowo hukuuma lesdi Kano nder laylaytol rento (social media) haa nde o nanngaama diga Departemaa Kuugal lesdi haa ragare lewru February 2021. Yakasai yaltinii deftere nguurndam mum ina wiyee Tanko Yakasai: Daartol nguurndam lesɗikiniiɗo, deftere nguurndam mum e hitaande 2004. E hitaande 2014, laamu Ganye to diiwaan Adamawa rokki mo tiitoonde aadaaji Kauran Ganye. Tuugnorgal kkpcthxi7e34tsg81ip6qmvnwsyl3v4 174378 174377 2026-06-18T23:52:23Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alhaji Salihu Abubakar Tanko Yakasai OFR''' (jibinaa ko 5 lewru Duujal hitaande 1925) ko dawriyanke Najeriya, mawɗo dowla. O siforiima hoore makko wonde Marxist-Leninist, kadi ko o tergal sosngal Dental Progressive Elements Northern, o wonnoo ko neɗɗo mawɗo e nder dingiral politik radikal leydi Najeriya e kitaale 1950 e 1960. Caggal mum o waɗii golle laamu keewɗe, ina jeyaa heen Komiseer dowla to Kano e les njiimaandi guwerneer militeer Audu Bako e balloowo keeriiɗo e jokkondiral Asamblee ngenndiijo e hooreejo leydi Shehu Shagari e nder laamu Republique ɗiɗaɓo. Ko o tergal sosngal Fedde Diisnondiral Arewa. Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol Salihu Abubakar Tanko Yakasai jibinaa ko ñalnde 5 lewru Duujal hitaande 1925 to nokku Kofar Mata to wuro Kano, ndeen jeyaa ko e leydi Nijeer koloñaal.: 532 Baaba makko, Abubakar Barau, ko iwdi Chamba ummoriiɗo Adamawa. Hauwa Abubakar, yumma makko, ko fulnaajo jeyaaɗo Lau, e nder leydi wiyeteendi hannde Diiwaan Taraba. Ɓe kawri, ɓe resndi to Kano, ɗo ɓe koɗi caggal nde ɓe eggi toon.: 3 O rokkaa innde Salihu, o inniri ɗum ‘Tanko’. O waɗi ko heewi e nehdi makko ko e diiwaan Yakasai to Kano, ɗo o heɓi innde makko cakkitiinde. : 532 E nder cukaagu makko, Tanko ko yumma makko rokki ɗum sehil mum ɓadiiɗo, koɗo mum, hono Yaya Boyi, ngam ƴellitde ɗum, ko ɗum huunde woownde waɗeede e renndo Hawsa en e oon sahaa. Nde o heɓi duuɓi nay, baaba makko ummini ɓesngu nguu gila Kofar Mata, fayti Yakasai, ɗo Tanko fuɗɗii jaŋde mum adannde e nder diine lislaam. Tuggude e hitaande 1933 fayde e hitaande 1937, o naati duɗal qur’aana gonngal to Yakasai. E hitaande 1935, o winnditii kadi to duɗal leslesal Shahuci to Kano. Kono e hitaande 1937, hade makko timminde jaŋde makko toownde, o ummii e baaba makko to Hardawa to Bauchi, ɗo baaba makko gollotoo ko e mbaydi mbaylaandi. Nde o woni Hardawa, o jokki jaŋde makko lislaam e duɗal Qur’aana goɗɗo haa hitaande 1939.: 8 Nde o arti Kano, Tanko fuɗɗii jaŋde makko lislaam e nder duɗe keewɗe, o timmini jaŋde makko e hitaande 1942. E hitaande 1941, o arti e duɗal leslesal Shahuci, o naati e duɗe jamma, o timmini e hitaande 1946. Hakkunde 1952 e 1955, Tanko naati e duɗe janngirɗe ɗemngal Engele ɗe British Council yuɓɓini to Kano. E hitaande 1956, o naati e kursus ko faati e fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore, rewrude e departemaa Extra-Mural to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ibadan. Yakasai jokki jaŋde mum e hitaande 1963 to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe Wilhelm Pieck to leydi Almaañ, ɗo o heɓi dipolomaaji ganndal politik. Kugal Golle makko puɗɗaaɗe (1941-1947) Yakasai fuɗɗii golle mum ko e hitaande 1941.[10]: 17 Njulaagu makko mawni no feewi, o ɓooyaani o fuɗɗii feewnude comci duɗe ngam duɗe Kano, haa arti noon e duɗal hakkundeewal Kano. E oon sahaa, Yakasai ɓuri tiiɗnaade ko e yaajtinde golle mum taƴɗe. Naatgol makko e dawrugol fuɗɗii ko e jaŋngude golle miijotooɓe dawrugol ko wayi no Sa’adu Zungur, Aminu Kano, Iisaa Wali, Nuhu Bamalli, e Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. Ɗee binndanɗe, keewɗe yaltude e jaayɗe ɗemngal Hausa hono Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo, ina keewi noddude jeytaare leydi Nijeer, ina ñiŋa laamu koloñaal Biritaan. Naatgol Yakasai e politik no feewi fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1946, caggal nde o tawtoraama batu politik to Kano, ngu Diiso ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer e leydi Kameruun (NCNC) yuɓɓini. Haalooɓe e kawral ngal ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri teeŋtude e daraniiɓe ndimaagu leydi Naajeeriya, ko wayi no Herbert Macaulay e Nnamdi Azikiwe. E nder ballal maɓɓe, Yakasai siftinii caggal ɗuum wonde seppo ngoo ko « fuɗɗoode nafoore am e politik ». Siyaas radikal e duuɓi NEPU (1947-1967) Yakasai e kitaale 1950 E hitaande 1947, e dow ballal njillu delegaasiyoŋ NCNC to Kano, Yakasai e sukaaɓe woɗɓe heewɓe sosi Fedde Sukaaɓe Kano (KYA). Hitaande rewtunde ndee, o naati e fedde pinal wiyeteende Jam’iyyar Mutanen Arewa (JMA), fedde pinal nde annduɓe Fuɗnaange Nijeer cosi e hitaande 1948. E hitaande 1950, fedde terɗe JMA e daraniiɓe politik woɗɓe, ina heen Yakasai, sosi lannda politik keso, wiyeteeɗo Dental ProgresPUsive Fuɗnaange E). E darorɗe hitaande 1950, NEPU taƴi jokkondiral mum e JMA e dow laawol caggal nde JMA salii waɗde golle politik. NEPU heɓi nafoore woote ko yaawi e wooteeji gardagol leydi e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange lewru suwee 1951, heɓi 12 e nder 26 jooɗorde to Kano tan. Ndeeɗoo nafoore yaawnde hulɓinii terɗe Asaambele diiwaan Fuɗnaange ɓurɗe heewde doole, ɗum addani politikaaji keewɗi jokkondirde e JMA. Ñalnde 1 oktoobar 1951, JMA wayli wonti lannda politik e innde hesere wiyeteende Kongres yimɓe worgo (NPC)]: 80–81 E fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950, Yakasai ina wondi e yimoowo biyeteeɗo Mudi Sipikin e Mustafa Dambatta sosde Diɗɗal Askiyankooɓe. Anniya mum ko golloraade no fedde sukaaɓe NEPU e nder fedde Zikist Movement ɓurnde yaajde (walla ko nanndi e mum), fedde nde "ina joginoo darnde tiiɗnde ngam saaktude e nder sukaaɓe NEPU's class analysis to Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya e haa teeŋti noon e ustude njiyaagu aadaaji hakkunde Habe stock e terɗe laamɓe Fulani kalasuuji.": 174 : 262 Caggal fitinaaji Kano e hitaande 1953, Dillere Askianiste en wonti Fedde Golle Positive (PAW), nde fuɗɗorii miijaade ko fedde daraniinde hoore mum e hareeji ɗi doolnuɓe daraniiɓe NPC mbaɗata, anndiraaɗi Jam’iyyar Mahaukata (‘Parti Madmen’). E gardagol Yakasai, hono binndoowo ngenndi, PAW ɓeydii doolnude, o fusi e hitaande 1954 caggal nde "wotti ko ɓuri doolnude.": 263 Caggal ɗuum o artiraa Runduna Samarin Sawaba e wasiyaaji Sa'adu Zungur.: 174 : 10: 419–420 E oon hitaande kadi, Yakasai toɗɗaa yo won hooreejo jaaynde lannda NEPU, wiyeteende Daily Comet Yakasai fooli wooteeji lesdi 1959 ngam suɓol Karaye nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi amma o fooli kanndidaajo NPC, Muhammadu Gwarzo. : 147 E lewru oktoobar 1960, Yakasai, e oon sahaa koolaaɗo kuuɓal NEPU, riiwaa e lannda kaa. O siftini caggal ɗuum wonde ittugol makko ngol ko e luural miijooji, haa teeŋti noon e darnde makko ngam ƴellitde njuɓɓudi marxist-leninist, tawa ina naatna heen kuule maoist en e nder doosɗe lannda NEPU. Ɗum ari ko caggal njillu ngu Yakasai e woɗɓe mbaɗi e nder Dental Sowiyet, Siin, e Almaañ fuɗnaange, tawi ɓe njaɓaani.: 194 Caggal nde o riiwaa, o sosi lannda Sawaba mo Nijeer (SPN) o jokkondiri e lannda Sawaba doolnuɗo e nder leydi Niiseer. SPN mo Yakasai rokkii ballal logistique e geriyaaji Sawabist en e kaɓirɗe janngooɓe, ina wiyee ina mbaɗa njulaagu kaɓirɗe ngam wallitde caɗeele maɓɓe. E lewru sulyee 1965, caggal nde fitinaaji mbaɗi e nder wuro wiyeteengo Kofar Mata to Kano hakkunde Sawabist en e laamuuji leydi Nijeer, Yakasai nanngaa, tuumaama ina joginoo renndo ngo rewaani laawol. Kono o woppitaama sabu ŋakkeende hujjaaji, kadi sabu lannda Sawaba bayyinaaka e dow laabi e nder leydi Nijeer e sahaa nde o waɗi ndee.: 209–210 Yakasai artii e NEPU e hitaande 1963.: 200 O woniino binndoowo Mouvement de l’État Kano, fedde ‘nationaliste’ Kano sosaande e lewru sulyee 1965 ngam ustude seerndude diiwaan oo e laamu diiwaan Fuɗnaange. Caggal nde Republique gadano oo yani, laamu konu keso nguu, hono Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, haɗi denndaangal lanndaaji e pelle politik, dartini golle politik Yakasai.: 198 Komisinaajo lesdi Kano (1967-1975) E hitaande 1967, Yakasai toɗɗaama Komiseer Dowla ngam humpitaade ko Audu Bako, Guwerneer Militeer Dowla Kano keso sosaa oo. Caggal nde kabine o wayli e hitaande 1971, Bako artiri mo e golle Komiseer Dowla to bannge laddeeji, ƴellitaare renndo, e koperatiifuuji. Hitaande rewtunde ndee, Yakasai toɗɗaa komisariyaajo dowla to bannge kaalis caggal maayde gardiiɗo makko, hono Umaru Gumel. Caggal nde laamu Seneraal Yakubu Gowon liɓaa e hitaande 1975, hooreejo leydi keso oo, hono Seneraal Murtala Muhammed lomtii denndaangal guwerneeruuji konu, haa arti noon e Bako. Gomnaajo sooje'en keso toɗɗaaɗo dow lesdi Kano, Kolonel Sani Bello, fuɗɗi wiɗito dow hukuuma Bako. Jawdi e jawdi mawɓe, haa arti noon e Yakasai, nanngaama e tuumeede fenaande. Yakasai caggal ɗuum wiyi wonde wiɗto ngoo waɗi ko e politik, ko Murtala Muhammed ardii ɗum, mo o siftini wonde « balloowo NPC », o fawi heen Bako e wondiiɓe mum sabu ko ɓe nganndu-ɗaa ina njokkondiri e NEPU. Politik ngenndi e laamu ɗiɗaɓuru (1975-1983) E nder ardungal lesdi Naajeeriya diga laamu sooja’en haa laamu siwil, Yakasai ɗonno nder kawtal siyaasa’en e annduɓe sosɓe Mouvement National, kawtal ngal ɓaawo man wayli haa laati lannda lesdi Naajeeriya (NPN). Yakasai toɗɗaama yo won binndoowo jaayndeyaagal NPN.: 207 E nder laamu ɗiɗaɓuru (1979–1983), o woniino balloowo keeriiɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Shehu Shagari, to bannge jokkondiral e Asaambele ngenndi.: 293 Yakasai kadi woniino ‘wakilaagu’ Shagari e Aminu Kano, gonnooɗo hooreejo NEPU, gardiiɗo luulndo wiyeteende People’s Redemption. Hay so tawii ina ardii lanndaaji luulndiiɗi ɗii, Shagari ina heewi jokkondirde e Kano e geɗe politik. : 207 Golle makko caggal ɗuum (1983–hannde) Republique ɗiɗaɓere joofi ko caggal kuudetaa konu e lewru Duujal hitaande 1983, tawi ko Seneraal Muhammadu Buhari ardii ɗum. Caggal ɗuum, Fedde Kisal Ngenndiire (NSO) nanngi politikaaji keewɗi, ina jeyaa heen Yakasai, nanngaaɗo tawi ñaawaaka to kasoo kisal ɓurngal mawnude to Kirikiri. Yakasai yoɓaama ɓaawo Seneraal Ibraahiima Babangida liɓi laamu Buhari nder hitaande 1985, o heɓi ardungal lesdi ndi'i. Kono o nanngaa kadi e hitaande 1986 sabu makko naatde e geɗe dawrugol. E laamu Seneraal Sani Abacha (1993-1998), Yakasai ina joginoo « jokkondiral tiiɗngal » e diktatoor oo. E duuɓi gadani Republique nayaɓere, Yakasai ina jeyaa e terɗe sosɗe lannda kisal yimɓe, tawi ko gonnooɗo politik NEPU goɗɗo, hono Wada Nas ardii ɗum. O woniino tergal sosngal e tergal e Yiilirde Ngenndiire Arewa Consultative Forum (ACF), fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e renndo e politik to bannge worgo leydi Najeriya. E nder nguurndam makko politik, Yakasai hollitii wonde polis nanngii mo laabi 14 to Kano tan. Nguurndam neɗɗo Yakasai ina resndi rewɓe heewɓe. Omo jogii ɓiɓɓe 19 e taaniraaɓe ko ina tolnoo e 80. Gooto nder ɓikkon maako, Salihu Tanko Yakasai, laati balloowo hukuuma lesdi Kano nder laylaytol rento (social media) haa nde o nanngaama diga Departemaa Kuugal lesdi haa ragare lewru February 2021. Yakasai yaltinii deftere nguurndam mum ina wiyee Tanko Yakasai: Daartol nguurndam lesɗikiniiɗo, deftere nguurndam mum e hitaande 2004. E hitaande 2014, laamu Ganye to diiwaan Adamawa rokki mo tiitoonde aadaaji Kauran Ganye. Tuugnorgal eu0mcrc50328c4b2z11w98x5eqzkzp7 174379 174378 2026-06-18T23:53:01Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alhaji Salihu Abubakar Tanko Yakasai OFR''' (jibinaa ko 5 lewru Duujal hitaande 1925) ko dawriyanke Najeriya, mawɗo dowla. O siforiima hoore makko wonde Marxist-Leninist, kadi ko o tergal sosngal Dental Progressive Elements Northern, o wonnoo ko neɗɗo mawɗo e nder dingiral politik radikal leydi Najeriya e kitaale 1950 e 1960. Caggal mum o waɗii golle laamu keewɗe, ina jeyaa heen Komiseer dowla to Kano e les njiimaandi guwerneer militeer Audu Bako e balloowo keeriiɗo e jokkondiral Asamblee ngenndiijo e hooreejo leydi Shehu Shagari e nder laamu Republique ɗiɗaɓo. Ko o tergal sosngal Fedde Diisnondiral Arewa. == Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol == Salihu Abubakar Tanko Yakasai jibinaa ko ñalnde 5 lewru Duujal hitaande 1925 to nokku Kofar Mata to wuro Kano, ndeen jeyaa ko e leydi Nijeer koloñaal.: 532 Baaba makko, Abubakar Barau, ko iwdi Chamba ummoriiɗo Adamawa. Hauwa Abubakar, yumma makko, ko fulnaajo jeyaaɗo Lau, e nder leydi wiyeteendi hannde Diiwaan Taraba. Ɓe kawri, ɓe resndi to Kano, ɗo ɓe koɗi caggal nde ɓe eggi toon.: 3 O rokkaa innde Salihu, o inniri ɗum ‘Tanko’. O waɗi ko heewi e nehdi makko ko e diiwaan Yakasai to Kano, ɗo o heɓi innde makko cakkitiinde. : 532 E nder cukaagu makko, Tanko ko yumma makko rokki ɗum sehil mum ɓadiiɗo, koɗo mum, hono Yaya Boyi, ngam ƴellitde ɗum, ko ɗum huunde woownde waɗeede e renndo Hawsa en e oon sahaa. Nde o heɓi duuɓi nay, baaba makko ummini ɓesngu nguu gila Kofar Mata, fayti Yakasai, ɗo Tanko fuɗɗii jaŋde mum adannde e nder diine lislaam. Tuggude e hitaande 1933 fayde e hitaande 1937, o naati duɗal qur’aana gonngal to Yakasai. E hitaande 1935, o winnditii kadi to duɗal leslesal Shahuci to Kano. Kono e hitaande 1937, hade makko timminde jaŋde makko toownde, o ummii e baaba makko to Hardawa to Bauchi, ɗo baaba makko gollotoo ko e mbaydi mbaylaandi. Nde o woni Hardawa, o jokki jaŋde makko lislaam e duɗal Qur’aana goɗɗo haa hitaande 1939.: 8 Nde o arti Kano, Tanko fuɗɗii jaŋde makko lislaam e nder duɗe keewɗe, o timmini jaŋde makko e hitaande 1942. E hitaande 1941, o arti e duɗal leslesal Shahuci, o naati e duɗe jamma, o timmini e hitaande 1946. Hakkunde 1952 e 1955, Tanko naati e duɗe janngirɗe ɗemngal Engele ɗe British Council yuɓɓini to Kano. E hitaande 1956, o naati e kursus ko faati e fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore, rewrude e departemaa Extra-Mural to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ibadan. Yakasai jokki jaŋde mum e hitaande 1963 to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe Wilhelm Pieck to leydi Almaañ, ɗo o heɓi dipolomaaji ganndal politik. Kugal Golle makko puɗɗaaɗe (1941-1947) Yakasai fuɗɗii golle mum ko e hitaande 1941.[10]: 17 Njulaagu makko mawni no feewi, o ɓooyaani o fuɗɗii feewnude comci duɗe ngam duɗe Kano, haa arti noon e duɗal hakkundeewal Kano. E oon sahaa, Yakasai ɓuri tiiɗnaade ko e yaajtinde golle mum taƴɗe. Naatgol makko e dawrugol fuɗɗii ko e jaŋngude golle miijotooɓe dawrugol ko wayi no Sa’adu Zungur, Aminu Kano, Iisaa Wali, Nuhu Bamalli, e Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. Ɗee binndanɗe, keewɗe yaltude e jaayɗe ɗemngal Hausa hono Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo, ina keewi noddude jeytaare leydi Nijeer, ina ñiŋa laamu koloñaal Biritaan. Naatgol Yakasai e politik no feewi fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1946, caggal nde o tawtoraama batu politik to Kano, ngu Diiso ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer e leydi Kameruun (NCNC) yuɓɓini. Haalooɓe e kawral ngal ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri teeŋtude e daraniiɓe ndimaagu leydi Naajeeriya, ko wayi no Herbert Macaulay e Nnamdi Azikiwe. E nder ballal maɓɓe, Yakasai siftinii caggal ɗuum wonde seppo ngoo ko « fuɗɗoode nafoore am e politik ». Siyaas radikal e duuɓi NEPU (1947-1967) Yakasai e kitaale 1950 E hitaande 1947, e dow ballal njillu delegaasiyoŋ NCNC to Kano, Yakasai e sukaaɓe woɗɓe heewɓe sosi Fedde Sukaaɓe Kano (KYA). Hitaande rewtunde ndee, o naati e fedde pinal wiyeteende Jam’iyyar Mutanen Arewa (JMA), fedde pinal nde annduɓe Fuɗnaange Nijeer cosi e hitaande 1948. E hitaande 1950, fedde terɗe JMA e daraniiɓe politik woɗɓe, ina heen Yakasai, sosi lannda politik keso, wiyeteeɗo Dental ProgresPUsive Fuɗnaange E). E darorɗe hitaande 1950, NEPU taƴi jokkondiral mum e JMA e dow laawol caggal nde JMA salii waɗde golle politik. NEPU heɓi nafoore woote ko yaawi e wooteeji gardagol leydi e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange lewru suwee 1951, heɓi 12 e nder 26 jooɗorde to Kano tan. Ndeeɗoo nafoore yaawnde hulɓinii terɗe Asaambele diiwaan Fuɗnaange ɓurɗe heewde doole, ɗum addani politikaaji keewɗi jokkondirde e JMA. Ñalnde 1 oktoobar 1951, JMA wayli wonti lannda politik e innde hesere wiyeteende Kongres yimɓe worgo (NPC)]: 80–81 E fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950, Yakasai ina wondi e yimoowo biyeteeɗo Mudi Sipikin e Mustafa Dambatta sosde Diɗɗal Askiyankooɓe. Anniya mum ko golloraade no fedde sukaaɓe NEPU e nder fedde Zikist Movement ɓurnde yaajde (walla ko nanndi e mum), fedde nde "ina joginoo darnde tiiɗnde ngam saaktude e nder sukaaɓe NEPU's class analysis to Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya e haa teeŋti noon e ustude njiyaagu aadaaji hakkunde Habe stock e terɗe laamɓe Fulani kalasuuji.": 174 : 262 Caggal fitinaaji Kano e hitaande 1953, Dillere Askianiste en wonti Fedde Golle Positive (PAW), nde fuɗɗorii miijaade ko fedde daraniinde hoore mum e hareeji ɗi doolnuɓe daraniiɓe NPC mbaɗata, anndiraaɗi Jam’iyyar Mahaukata (‘Parti Madmen’). E gardagol Yakasai, hono binndoowo ngenndi, PAW ɓeydii doolnude, o fusi e hitaande 1954 caggal nde "wotti ko ɓuri doolnude.": 263 Caggal ɗuum o artiraa Runduna Samarin Sawaba e wasiyaaji Sa'adu Zungur.: 174 : 10: 419–420 E oon hitaande kadi, Yakasai toɗɗaa yo won hooreejo jaaynde lannda NEPU, wiyeteende Daily Comet Yakasai fooli wooteeji lesdi 1959 ngam suɓol Karaye nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi amma o fooli kanndidaajo NPC, Muhammadu Gwarzo. : 147 E lewru oktoobar 1960, Yakasai, e oon sahaa koolaaɗo kuuɓal NEPU, riiwaa e lannda kaa. O siftini caggal ɗuum wonde ittugol makko ngol ko e luural miijooji, haa teeŋti noon e darnde makko ngam ƴellitde njuɓɓudi marxist-leninist, tawa ina naatna heen kuule maoist en e nder doosɗe lannda NEPU. Ɗum ari ko caggal njillu ngu Yakasai e woɗɓe mbaɗi e nder Dental Sowiyet, Siin, e Almaañ fuɗnaange, tawi ɓe njaɓaani.: 194 Caggal nde o riiwaa, o sosi lannda Sawaba mo Nijeer (SPN) o jokkondiri e lannda Sawaba doolnuɗo e nder leydi Niiseer. SPN mo Yakasai rokkii ballal logistique e geriyaaji Sawabist en e kaɓirɗe janngooɓe, ina wiyee ina mbaɗa njulaagu kaɓirɗe ngam wallitde caɗeele maɓɓe. E lewru sulyee 1965, caggal nde fitinaaji mbaɗi e nder wuro wiyeteengo Kofar Mata to Kano hakkunde Sawabist en e laamuuji leydi Nijeer, Yakasai nanngaa, tuumaama ina joginoo renndo ngo rewaani laawol. Kono o woppitaama sabu ŋakkeende hujjaaji, kadi sabu lannda Sawaba bayyinaaka e dow laabi e nder leydi Nijeer e sahaa nde o waɗi ndee.: 209–210 Yakasai artii e NEPU e hitaande 1963.: 200 O woniino binndoowo Mouvement de l’État Kano, fedde ‘nationaliste’ Kano sosaande e lewru sulyee 1965 ngam ustude seerndude diiwaan oo e laamu diiwaan Fuɗnaange. Caggal nde Republique gadano oo yani, laamu konu keso nguu, hono Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, haɗi denndaangal lanndaaji e pelle politik, dartini golle politik Yakasai.: 198 Komisinaajo lesdi Kano (1967-1975) E hitaande 1967, Yakasai toɗɗaama Komiseer Dowla ngam humpitaade ko Audu Bako, Guwerneer Militeer Dowla Kano keso sosaa oo. Caggal nde kabine o wayli e hitaande 1971, Bako artiri mo e golle Komiseer Dowla to bannge laddeeji, ƴellitaare renndo, e koperatiifuuji. Hitaande rewtunde ndee, Yakasai toɗɗaa komisariyaajo dowla to bannge kaalis caggal maayde gardiiɗo makko, hono Umaru Gumel. Caggal nde laamu Seneraal Yakubu Gowon liɓaa e hitaande 1975, hooreejo leydi keso oo, hono Seneraal Murtala Muhammed lomtii denndaangal guwerneeruuji konu, haa arti noon e Bako. Gomnaajo sooje'en keso toɗɗaaɗo dow lesdi Kano, Kolonel Sani Bello, fuɗɗi wiɗito dow hukuuma Bako. Jawdi e jawdi mawɓe, haa arti noon e Yakasai, nanngaama e tuumeede fenaande. Yakasai caggal ɗuum wiyi wonde wiɗto ngoo waɗi ko e politik, ko Murtala Muhammed ardii ɗum, mo o siftini wonde « balloowo NPC », o fawi heen Bako e wondiiɓe mum sabu ko ɓe nganndu-ɗaa ina njokkondiri e NEPU. Politik ngenndi e laamu ɗiɗaɓuru (1975-1983) E nder ardungal lesdi Naajeeriya diga laamu sooja’en haa laamu siwil, Yakasai ɗonno nder kawtal siyaasa’en e annduɓe sosɓe Mouvement National, kawtal ngal ɓaawo man wayli haa laati lannda lesdi Naajeeriya (NPN). Yakasai toɗɗaama yo won binndoowo jaayndeyaagal NPN.: 207 E nder laamu ɗiɗaɓuru (1979–1983), o woniino balloowo keeriiɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Shehu Shagari, to bannge jokkondiral e Asaambele ngenndi.: 293 Yakasai kadi woniino ‘wakilaagu’ Shagari e Aminu Kano, gonnooɗo hooreejo NEPU, gardiiɗo luulndo wiyeteende People’s Redemption. Hay so tawii ina ardii lanndaaji luulndiiɗi ɗii, Shagari ina heewi jokkondirde e Kano e geɗe politik. : 207 Golle makko caggal ɗuum (1983–hannde) Republique ɗiɗaɓere joofi ko caggal kuudetaa konu e lewru Duujal hitaande 1983, tawi ko Seneraal Muhammadu Buhari ardii ɗum. Caggal ɗuum, Fedde Kisal Ngenndiire (NSO) nanngi politikaaji keewɗi, ina jeyaa heen Yakasai, nanngaaɗo tawi ñaawaaka to kasoo kisal ɓurngal mawnude to Kirikiri. Yakasai yoɓaama ɓaawo Seneraal Ibraahiima Babangida liɓi laamu Buhari nder hitaande 1985, o heɓi ardungal lesdi ndi'i. Kono o nanngaa kadi e hitaande 1986 sabu makko naatde e geɗe dawrugol. E laamu Seneraal Sani Abacha (1993-1998), Yakasai ina joginoo « jokkondiral tiiɗngal » e diktatoor oo. E duuɓi gadani Republique nayaɓere, Yakasai ina jeyaa e terɗe sosɗe lannda kisal yimɓe, tawi ko gonnooɗo politik NEPU goɗɗo, hono Wada Nas ardii ɗum. O woniino tergal sosngal e tergal e Yiilirde Ngenndiire Arewa Consultative Forum (ACF), fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e renndo e politik to bannge worgo leydi Najeriya. E nder nguurndam makko politik, Yakasai hollitii wonde polis nanngii mo laabi 14 to Kano tan. Nguurndam neɗɗo Yakasai ina resndi rewɓe heewɓe. Omo jogii ɓiɓɓe 19 e taaniraaɓe ko ina tolnoo e 80. Gooto nder ɓikkon maako, Salihu Tanko Yakasai, laati balloowo hukuuma lesdi Kano nder laylaytol rento (social media) haa nde o nanngaama diga Departemaa Kuugal lesdi haa ragare lewru February 2021. Yakasai yaltinii deftere nguurndam mum ina wiyee Tanko Yakasai: Daartol nguurndam lesɗikiniiɗo, deftere nguurndam mum e hitaande 2004. E hitaande 2014, laamu Ganye to diiwaan Adamawa rokki mo tiitoonde aadaaji Kauran Ganye. Tuugnorgal 9m141nz8so46tsrzlnnt40bou4sq4av 174380 174379 2026-06-18T23:54:37Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alhaji Salihu Abubakar Tanko Yakasai OFR''' (jibinaa ko 5 lewru Duujal hitaande 1925) ko dawriyanke Najeriya, mawɗo dowla. O siforiima hoore makko wonde Marxist-Leninist, kadi ko o tergal sosngal Dental Progressive Elements Northern, o wonnoo ko neɗɗo mawɗo e nder dingiral politik radikal leydi Najeriya e kitaale 1950 e 1960. Caggal mum o waɗii golle laamu keewɗe, ina jeyaa heen Komiseer dowla to Kano e les njiimaandi guwerneer militeer Audu Bako e balloowo keeriiɗo e jokkondiral Asamblee ngenndiijo e hooreejo leydi Shehu Shagari e nder laamu Republique ɗiɗaɓo. Ko o tergal sosngal Fedde Diisnondiral Arewa. == Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol == Salihu Abubakar Tanko Yakasai jibinaa ko ñalnde 5 lewru Duujal hitaande 1925 to nokku Kofar Mata to wuro Kano, ndeen jeyaa ko e leydi Nijeer koloñaal.: 532 Baaba makko, Abubakar Barau, ko iwdi Chamba ummoriiɗo Adamawa. Hauwa Abubakar, yumma makko, ko fulnaajo jeyaaɗo Lau, e nder leydi wiyeteendi hannde Diiwaan Taraba. Ɓe kawri, ɓe resndi to Kano, ɗo ɓe koɗi caggal nde ɓe eggi toon.: 3 O rokkaa innde Salihu, o inniri ɗum ‘Tanko’. O waɗi ko heewi e nehdi makko ko e diiwaan Yakasai to Kano, ɗo o heɓi innde makko cakkitiinde. : 532 E nder cukaagu makko, Tanko ko yumma makko rokki ɗum sehil mum ɓadiiɗo, koɗo mum, hono Yaya Boyi, ngam ƴellitde ɗum, ko ɗum huunde woownde waɗeede e renndo Hawsa en e oon sahaa. Nde o heɓi duuɓi nay, baaba makko ummini ɓesngu nguu gila Kofar Mata, fayti Yakasai, ɗo Tanko fuɗɗii jaŋde mum adannde e nder diine lislaam. Tuggude e hitaande 1933 fayde e hitaande 1937, o naati duɗal qur’aana gonngal to Yakasai. E hitaande 1935, o winnditii kadi to duɗal leslesal Shahuci to Kano. Kono e hitaande 1937, hade makko timminde jaŋde makko toownde, o ummii e baaba makko to Hardawa to Bauchi, ɗo baaba makko gollotoo ko e mbaydi mbaylaandi. Nde o woni Hardawa, o jokki jaŋde makko lislaam e duɗal Qur’aana goɗɗo haa hitaande 1939.: 8 Nde o arti Kano, Tanko fuɗɗii jaŋde makko lislaam e nder duɗe keewɗe, o timmini jaŋde makko e hitaande 1942. E hitaande 1941, o arti e duɗal leslesal Shahuci, o naati e duɗe jamma, o timmini e hitaande 1946. Hakkunde 1952 e 1955, Tanko naati e duɗe janngirɗe ɗemngal Engele ɗe British Council yuɓɓini to Kano. E hitaande 1956, o naati e kursus ko faati e fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore, rewrude e departemaa Extra-Mural to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ibadan. Yakasai jokki jaŋde mum e hitaande 1963 to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe Wilhelm Pieck to leydi Almaañ, ɗo o heɓi dipolomaaji ganndal politik. == Kugal == Golle makko puɗɗaaɗe (1941-1947) Yakasai fuɗɗii golle mum ko e hitaande 1941.[10]: 17 Njulaagu makko mawni no feewi, o ɓooyaani o fuɗɗii feewnude comci duɗe ngam duɗe Kano, haa arti noon e duɗal hakkundeewal Kano. E oon sahaa, Yakasai ɓuri tiiɗnaade ko e yaajtinde golle mum taƴɗe. Naatgol makko e dawrugol fuɗɗii ko e jaŋngude golle miijotooɓe dawrugol ko wayi no Sa’adu Zungur, Aminu Kano, Iisaa Wali, Nuhu Bamalli, e Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. Ɗee binndanɗe, keewɗe yaltude e jaayɗe ɗemngal Hausa hono Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo, ina keewi noddude jeytaare leydi Nijeer, ina ñiŋa laamu koloñaal Biritaan. Naatgol Yakasai e politik no feewi fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1946, caggal nde o tawtoraama batu politik to Kano, ngu Diiso ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer e leydi Kameruun (NCNC) yuɓɓini. Haalooɓe e kawral ngal ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri teeŋtude e daraniiɓe ndimaagu leydi Naajeeriya, ko wayi no Herbert Macaulay e Nnamdi Azikiwe. E nder ballal maɓɓe, Yakasai siftinii caggal ɗuum wonde seppo ngoo ko « fuɗɗoode nafoore am e politik ». Siyaas radikal e duuɓi NEPU (1947-1967) == Yakasai e kitaale 1950 == E hitaande 1947, e dow ballal njillu delegaasiyoŋ NCNC to Kano, Yakasai e sukaaɓe woɗɓe heewɓe sosi Fedde Sukaaɓe Kano (KYA). Hitaande rewtunde ndee, o naati e fedde pinal wiyeteende Jam’iyyar Mutanen Arewa (JMA), fedde pinal nde annduɓe Fuɗnaange Nijeer cosi e hitaande 1948. E hitaande 1950, fedde terɗe JMA e daraniiɓe politik woɗɓe, ina heen Yakasai, sosi lannda politik keso, wiyeteeɗo Dental ProgresPUsive Fuɗnaange E). E darorɗe hitaande 1950, NEPU taƴi jokkondiral mum e JMA e dow laawol caggal nde JMA salii waɗde golle politik. NEPU heɓi nafoore woote ko yaawi e wooteeji gardagol leydi e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange lewru suwee 1951, heɓi 12 e nder 26 jooɗorde to Kano tan. Ndeeɗoo nafoore yaawnde hulɓinii terɗe Asaambele diiwaan Fuɗnaange ɓurɗe heewde doole, ɗum addani politikaaji keewɗi jokkondirde e JMA. Ñalnde 1 oktoobar 1951, JMA wayli wonti lannda politik e innde hesere wiyeteende Kongres yimɓe worgo (NPC)]: 80–81 E fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950, Yakasai ina wondi e yimoowo biyeteeɗo Mudi Sipikin e Mustafa Dambatta sosde Diɗɗal Askiyankooɓe. Anniya mum ko golloraade no fedde sukaaɓe NEPU e nder fedde Zikist Movement ɓurnde yaajde (walla ko nanndi e mum), fedde nde "ina joginoo darnde tiiɗnde ngam saaktude e nder sukaaɓe NEPU's class analysis to Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya e haa teeŋti noon e ustude njiyaagu aadaaji hakkunde Habe stock e terɗe laamɓe Fulani kalasuuji.": 174 : 262 Caggal fitinaaji Kano e hitaande 1953, Dillere Askianiste en wonti Fedde Golle Positive (PAW), nde fuɗɗorii miijaade ko fedde daraniinde hoore mum e hareeji ɗi doolnuɓe daraniiɓe NPC mbaɗata, anndiraaɗi Jam’iyyar Mahaukata (‘Parti Madmen’). E gardagol Yakasai, hono binndoowo ngenndi, PAW ɓeydii doolnude, o fusi e hitaande 1954 caggal nde "wotti ko ɓuri doolnude.": 263 Caggal ɗuum o artiraa Runduna Samarin Sawaba e wasiyaaji Sa'adu Zungur.: 174 : 10: 419–420 E oon hitaande kadi, Yakasai toɗɗaa yo won hooreejo jaaynde lannda NEPU, wiyeteende Daily Comet Yakasai fooli wooteeji lesdi 1959 ngam suɓol Karaye nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi amma o fooli kanndidaajo NPC, Muhammadu Gwarzo. : 147 E lewru oktoobar 1960, Yakasai, e oon sahaa koolaaɗo kuuɓal NEPU, riiwaa e lannda kaa. O siftini caggal ɗuum wonde ittugol makko ngol ko e luural miijooji, haa teeŋti noon e darnde makko ngam ƴellitde njuɓɓudi marxist-leninist, tawa ina naatna heen kuule maoist en e nder doosɗe lannda NEPU. Ɗum ari ko caggal njillu ngu Yakasai e woɗɓe mbaɗi e nder Dental Sowiyet, Siin, e Almaañ fuɗnaange, tawi ɓe njaɓaani.: 194 Caggal nde o riiwaa, o sosi lannda Sawaba mo Nijeer (SPN) o jokkondiri e lannda Sawaba doolnuɗo e nder leydi Niiseer. SPN mo Yakasai rokkii ballal logistique e geriyaaji Sawabist en e kaɓirɗe janngooɓe, ina wiyee ina mbaɗa njulaagu kaɓirɗe ngam wallitde caɗeele maɓɓe. E lewru sulyee 1965, caggal nde fitinaaji mbaɗi e nder wuro wiyeteengo Kofar Mata to Kano hakkunde Sawabist en e laamuuji leydi Nijeer, Yakasai nanngaa, tuumaama ina joginoo renndo ngo rewaani laawol. Kono o woppitaama sabu ŋakkeende hujjaaji, kadi sabu lannda Sawaba bayyinaaka e dow laabi e nder leydi Nijeer e sahaa nde o waɗi ndee.: 209–210 Yakasai artii e NEPU e hitaande 1963.: 200 O woniino binndoowo Mouvement de l’État Kano, fedde ‘nationaliste’ Kano sosaande e lewru sulyee 1965 ngam ustude seerndude diiwaan oo e laamu diiwaan Fuɗnaange. Caggal nde Republique gadano oo yani, laamu konu keso nguu, hono Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, haɗi denndaangal lanndaaji e pelle politik, dartini golle politik Yakasai.: 198 == Komisinaajo lesdi Kano (1967-1975) == E hitaande 1967, Yakasai toɗɗaama Komiseer Dowla ngam humpitaade ko Audu Bako, Guwerneer Militeer Dowla Kano keso sosaa oo. Caggal nde kabine o wayli e hitaande 1971, Bako artiri mo e golle Komiseer Dowla to bannge laddeeji, ƴellitaare renndo, e koperatiifuuji. Hitaande rewtunde ndee, Yakasai toɗɗaa komisariyaajo dowla to bannge kaalis caggal maayde gardiiɗo makko, hono Umaru Gumel. Caggal nde laamu Seneraal Yakubu Gowon liɓaa e hitaande 1975, hooreejo leydi keso oo, hono Seneraal Murtala Muhammed lomtii denndaangal guwerneeruuji konu, haa arti noon e Bako. Gomnaajo sooje'en keso toɗɗaaɗo dow lesdi Kano, Kolonel Sani Bello, fuɗɗi wiɗito dow hukuuma Bako. Jawdi e jawdi mawɓe, haa arti noon e Yakasai, nanngaama e tuumeede fenaande. Yakasai caggal ɗuum wiyi wonde wiɗto ngoo waɗi ko e politik, ko Murtala Muhammed ardii ɗum, mo o siftini wonde « balloowo NPC », o fawi heen Bako e wondiiɓe mum sabu ko ɓe nganndu-ɗaa ina njokkondiri e NEPU. == Politik ngenndi e laamu ɗiɗaɓuru (1975-1983) == E nder ardungal lesdi Naajeeriya diga laamu sooja’en haa laamu siwil, Yakasai ɗonno nder kawtal siyaasa’en e annduɓe sosɓe Mouvement National, kawtal ngal ɓaawo man wayli haa laati lannda lesdi Naajeeriya (NPN). Yakasai toɗɗaama yo won binndoowo jaayndeyaagal NPN.: 207 E nder laamu ɗiɗaɓuru (1979–1983), o woniino balloowo keeriiɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Shehu Shagari, to bannge jokkondiral e Asaambele ngenndi.: 293 Yakasai kadi woniino ‘wakilaagu’ Shagari e Aminu Kano, gonnooɗo hooreejo NEPU, gardiiɗo luulndo wiyeteende People’s Redemption. Hay so tawii ina ardii lanndaaji luulndiiɗi ɗii, Shagari ina heewi jokkondirde e Kano e geɗe politik. : 207 == Golle makko caggal ɗuum (1983–hannde) == Republique ɗiɗaɓere joofi ko caggal kuudetaa konu e lewru Duujal hitaande 1983, tawi ko Seneraal Muhammadu Buhari ardii ɗum. Caggal ɗuum, Fedde Kisal Ngenndiire (NSO) nanngi politikaaji keewɗi, ina jeyaa heen Yakasai, nanngaaɗo tawi ñaawaaka to kasoo kisal ɓurngal mawnude to Kirikiri. Yakasai yoɓaama ɓaawo Seneraal Ibraahiima Babangida liɓi laamu Buhari nder hitaande 1985, o heɓi ardungal lesdi ndi'i. Kono o nanngaa kadi e hitaande 1986 sabu makko naatde e geɗe dawrugol. E laamu Seneraal Sani Abacha (1993-1998), Yakasai ina joginoo « jokkondiral tiiɗngal » e diktatoor oo. E duuɓi gadani Republique nayaɓere, Yakasai ina jeyaa e terɗe sosɗe lannda kisal yimɓe, tawi ko gonnooɗo politik NEPU goɗɗo, hono Wada Nas ardii ɗum. O woniino tergal sosngal e tergal e Yiilirde Ngenndiire Arewa Consultative Forum (ACF), fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e renndo e politik to bannge worgo leydi Najeriya. E nder nguurndam makko politik, Yakasai hollitii wonde polis nanngii mo laabi 14 to Kano tan. == Nguurndam neɗɗo == Yakasai ina resndi rewɓe heewɓe. Omo jogii ɓiɓɓe 19 e taaniraaɓe ko ina tolnoo e 80. Gooto nder ɓikkon maako, Salihu Tanko Yakasai, laati balloowo hukuuma lesdi Kano nder laylaytol rento (social media) haa nde o nanngaama diga Departemaa Kuugal lesdi haa ragare lewru February 2021. Yakasai yaltinii deftere nguurndam mum ina wiyee Tanko Yakasai: Daartol nguurndam lesɗikiniiɗo, deftere nguurndam mum e hitaande 2004. E hitaande 2014, laamu Ganye to diiwaan Adamawa rokki mo tiitoonde aadaaji Kauran Ganye. == Tuugnorgal == 18l1z0q51bholzyhd6ipr60eke1yj0w 174381 174380 2026-06-18T23:58:20Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alhaji Salihu Abubakar Tanko Yakasai OFR''' (jibinaa ko 5 lewru Duujal hitaande 1925) ko dawriyanke Najeriya, mawɗo dowla. O siforiima hoore makko wonde Marxist-Leninist, kadi ko o tergal sosngal Dental Progressive Elements Northern, o wonnoo ko neɗɗo mawɗo e nder dingiral politik radikal leydi Najeriya e kitaale 1950 e 1960. Caggal mum o waɗii golle laamu keewɗe, ina jeyaa heen Komiseer dowla to Kano e les njiimaandi guwerneer militeer Audu Bako e balloowo keeriiɗo e jokkondiral Asamblee ngenndiijo e hooreejo leydi Shehu Shagari e nder laamu Republique ɗiɗaɓo. Ko o tergal sosngal Fedde Diisnondiral Arewa.'<ref name=":11" />.<ref name=":9" /> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nationaldailyng.com/2015/yakassai-fasehun-blast-buhari-over-dasuki/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=Yakassai, Fasehun blast Buhari over Dasuki|date=24 November 2015|access-date=December 13, 2015|newspaper=National Daily}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/tanko-yakasai-i-didnt-collect-one-kobo-from-jonathan/217472/|title=Tanko Yakasai: I Didn't Collect One Kobo from Jonathan|access-date=December 13, 2015|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> == Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol == Salihu Abubakar Tanko Yakasai jibinaa ko ñalnde 5 lewru Duujal hitaande 1925 to nokku Kofar Mata to wuro Kano, ndeen jeyaa ko e leydi Nijeer koloñaal.: 532 Baaba makko, Abubakar Barau, ko iwdi Chamba ummoriiɗo Adamawa. Hauwa Abubakar, yumma makko, ko fulnaajo jeyaaɗo Lau, e nder leydi wiyeteendi hannde Diiwaan Taraba. Ɓe kawri, ɓe resndi to Kano, ɗo ɓe koɗi caggal nde ɓe eggi toon.: 3 O rokkaa innde Salihu, o inniri ɗum ‘Tanko’. O waɗi ko heewi e nehdi makko ko e diiwaan Yakasai to Kano, ɗo o heɓi innde makko cakkitiinde. : 532 E nder cukaagu makko, Tanko ko yumma makko rokki ɗum sehil mum ɓadiiɗo, koɗo mum, hono Yaya Boyi, ngam ƴellitde ɗum, ko ɗum huunde woownde waɗeede e renndo Hawsa en e oon sahaa. Nde o heɓi duuɓi nay, baaba makko ummini ɓesngu nguu gila Kofar Mata, fayti Yakasai, ɗo Tanko fuɗɗii jaŋde mum adannde e nder diine lislaam. Tuggude e hitaande 1933 fayde e hitaande 1937, o naati duɗal qur’aana gonngal to Yakasai. E hitaande 1935, o winnditii kadi to duɗal leslesal Shahuci to Kano. Kono e hitaande 1937, hade makko timminde jaŋde makko toownde, o ummii e baaba makko to Hardawa to Bauchi, ɗo baaba makko gollotoo ko e mbaydi mbaylaandi. Nde o woni Hardawa, o jokki jaŋde makko lislaam e duɗal Qur’aana goɗɗo haa hitaande 1939.: 8 Nde o arti Kano, Tanko fuɗɗii jaŋde makko lislaam e nder duɗe keewɗe, o timmini jaŋde makko e hitaande 1942. E hitaande 1941, o arti e duɗal leslesal Shahuci, o naati e duɗe jamma, o timmini e hitaande 1946. Hakkunde 1952 e 1955, Tanko naati e duɗe janngirɗe ɗemngal Engele ɗe British Council yuɓɓini to Kano. E hitaande 1956, o naati e kursus ko faati e fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore, rewrude e departemaa Extra-Mural to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ibadan. Yakasai jokki jaŋde mum e hitaande 1963 to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe Wilhelm Pieck to leydi Almaañ, ɗo o heɓi dipolomaaji ganndal politik. == Kugal == Golle makko puɗɗaaɗe (1941-1947) Yakasai fuɗɗii golle mum ko e hitaande 1941.[10]: 17 Njulaagu makko mawni no feewi, o ɓooyaani o fuɗɗii feewnude comci duɗe ngam duɗe Kano, haa arti noon e duɗal hakkundeewal Kano. E oon sahaa, Yakasai ɓuri tiiɗnaade ko e yaajtinde golle mum taƴɗe. Naatgol makko e dawrugol fuɗɗii ko e jaŋngude golle miijotooɓe dawrugol ko wayi no Sa’adu Zungur, Aminu Kano, Iisaa Wali, Nuhu Bamalli, e Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. Ɗee binndanɗe, keewɗe yaltude e jaayɗe ɗemngal Hausa hono Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo, ina keewi noddude jeytaare leydi Nijeer, ina ñiŋa laamu koloñaal Biritaan. Naatgol Yakasai e politik no feewi fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1946, caggal nde o tawtoraama batu politik to Kano, ngu Diiso ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer e leydi Kameruun (NCNC) yuɓɓini. Haalooɓe e kawral ngal ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri teeŋtude e daraniiɓe ndimaagu leydi Naajeeriya, ko wayi no Herbert Macaulay e Nnamdi Azikiwe. E nder ballal maɓɓe, Yakasai siftinii caggal ɗuum wonde seppo ngoo ko « fuɗɗoode nafoore am e politik ». Siyaas radikal e duuɓi NEPU (1947-1967) == Yakasai e kitaale 1950 == E hitaande 1947, e dow ballal njillu delegaasiyoŋ NCNC to Kano, Yakasai e sukaaɓe woɗɓe heewɓe sosi Fedde Sukaaɓe Kano (KYA). Hitaande rewtunde ndee, o naati e fedde pinal wiyeteende Jam’iyyar Mutanen Arewa (JMA), fedde pinal nde annduɓe Fuɗnaange Nijeer cosi e hitaande 1948. E hitaande 1950, fedde terɗe JMA e daraniiɓe politik woɗɓe, ina heen Yakasai, sosi lannda politik keso, wiyeteeɗo Dental ProgresPUsive Fuɗnaange E). E darorɗe hitaande 1950, NEPU taƴi jokkondiral mum e JMA e dow laawol caggal nde JMA salii waɗde golle politik. NEPU heɓi nafoore woote ko yaawi e wooteeji gardagol leydi e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange lewru suwee 1951, heɓi 12 e nder 26 jooɗorde to Kano tan. Ndeeɗoo nafoore yaawnde hulɓinii terɗe Asaambele diiwaan Fuɗnaange ɓurɗe heewde doole, ɗum addani politikaaji keewɗi jokkondirde e JMA. Ñalnde 1 oktoobar 1951, JMA wayli wonti lannda politik e innde hesere wiyeteende Kongres yimɓe worgo (NPC)]: 80–81 E fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950, Yakasai ina wondi e yimoowo biyeteeɗo Mudi Sipikin e Mustafa Dambatta sosde Diɗɗal Askiyankooɓe. Anniya mum ko golloraade no fedde sukaaɓe NEPU e nder fedde Zikist Movement ɓurnde yaajde (walla ko nanndi e mum), fedde nde "ina joginoo darnde tiiɗnde ngam saaktude e nder sukaaɓe NEPU's class analysis to Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya e haa teeŋti noon e ustude njiyaagu aadaaji hakkunde Habe stock e terɗe laamɓe Fulani kalasuuji.": 174 : 262 Caggal fitinaaji Kano e hitaande 1953, Dillere Askianiste en wonti Fedde Golle Positive (PAW), nde fuɗɗorii miijaade ko fedde daraniinde hoore mum e hareeji ɗi doolnuɓe daraniiɓe NPC mbaɗata, anndiraaɗi Jam’iyyar Mahaukata (‘Parti Madmen’). E gardagol Yakasai, hono binndoowo ngenndi, PAW ɓeydii doolnude, o fusi e hitaande 1954 caggal nde "wotti ko ɓuri doolnude.": 263 Caggal ɗuum o artiraa Runduna Samarin Sawaba e wasiyaaji Sa'adu Zungur.: 174 : 10: 419–420 E oon hitaande kadi, Yakasai toɗɗaa yo won hooreejo jaaynde lannda NEPU, wiyeteende Daily Comet Yakasai fooli wooteeji lesdi 1959 ngam suɓol Karaye nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi amma o fooli kanndidaajo NPC, Muhammadu Gwarzo. : 147 E lewru oktoobar 1960, Yakasai, e oon sahaa koolaaɗo kuuɓal NEPU, riiwaa e lannda kaa. O siftini caggal ɗuum wonde ittugol makko ngol ko e luural miijooji, haa teeŋti noon e darnde makko ngam ƴellitde njuɓɓudi marxist-leninist, tawa ina naatna heen kuule maoist en e nder doosɗe lannda NEPU. Ɗum ari ko caggal njillu ngu Yakasai e woɗɓe mbaɗi e nder Dental Sowiyet, Siin, e Almaañ fuɗnaange, tawi ɓe njaɓaani.: 194 Caggal nde o riiwaa, o sosi lannda Sawaba mo Nijeer (SPN) o jokkondiri e lannda Sawaba doolnuɗo e nder leydi Niiseer. SPN mo Yakasai rokkii ballal logistique e geriyaaji Sawabist en e kaɓirɗe janngooɓe, ina wiyee ina mbaɗa njulaagu kaɓirɗe ngam wallitde caɗeele maɓɓe. E lewru sulyee 1965, caggal nde fitinaaji mbaɗi e nder wuro wiyeteengo Kofar Mata to Kano hakkunde Sawabist en e laamuuji leydi Nijeer, Yakasai nanngaa, tuumaama ina joginoo renndo ngo rewaani laawol. Kono o woppitaama sabu ŋakkeende hujjaaji, kadi sabu lannda Sawaba bayyinaaka e dow laabi e nder leydi Nijeer e sahaa nde o waɗi ndee.: 209–210 Yakasai artii e NEPU e hitaande 1963.: 200 O woniino binndoowo Mouvement de l’État Kano, fedde ‘nationaliste’ Kano sosaande e lewru sulyee 1965 ngam ustude seerndude diiwaan oo e laamu diiwaan Fuɗnaange. Caggal nde Republique gadano oo yani, laamu konu keso nguu, hono Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, haɗi denndaangal lanndaaji e pelle politik, dartini golle politik Yakasai.: 198 == Komisinaajo lesdi Kano (1967-1975) == E hitaande 1967, Yakasai toɗɗaama Komiseer Dowla ngam humpitaade ko Audu Bako, Guwerneer Militeer Dowla Kano keso sosaa oo. Caggal nde kabine o wayli e hitaande 1971, Bako artiri mo e golle Komiseer Dowla to bannge laddeeji, ƴellitaare renndo, e koperatiifuuji. Hitaande rewtunde ndee, Yakasai toɗɗaa komisariyaajo dowla to bannge kaalis caggal maayde gardiiɗo makko, hono Umaru Gumel. Caggal nde laamu Seneraal Yakubu Gowon liɓaa e hitaande 1975, hooreejo leydi keso oo, hono Seneraal Murtala Muhammed lomtii denndaangal guwerneeruuji konu, haa arti noon e Bako. Gomnaajo sooje'en keso toɗɗaaɗo dow lesdi Kano, Kolonel Sani Bello, fuɗɗi wiɗito dow hukuuma Bako. Jawdi e jawdi mawɓe, haa arti noon e Yakasai, nanngaama e tuumeede fenaande. Yakasai caggal ɗuum wiyi wonde wiɗto ngoo waɗi ko e politik, ko Murtala Muhammed ardii ɗum, mo o siftini wonde « balloowo NPC », o fawi heen Bako e wondiiɓe mum sabu ko ɓe nganndu-ɗaa ina njokkondiri e NEPU. == Politik ngenndi e laamu ɗiɗaɓuru (1975-1983) == E nder ardungal lesdi Naajeeriya diga laamu sooja’en haa laamu siwil, Yakasai ɗonno nder kawtal siyaasa’en e annduɓe sosɓe Mouvement National, kawtal ngal ɓaawo man wayli haa laati lannda lesdi Naajeeriya (NPN). Yakasai toɗɗaama yo won binndoowo jaayndeyaagal NPN.: 207 E nder laamu ɗiɗaɓuru (1979–1983), o woniino balloowo keeriiɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Shehu Shagari, to bannge jokkondiral e Asaambele ngenndi.: 293 Yakasai kadi woniino ‘wakilaagu’ Shagari e Aminu Kano, gonnooɗo hooreejo NEPU, gardiiɗo luulndo wiyeteende People’s Redemption. Hay so tawii ina ardii lanndaaji luulndiiɗi ɗii, Shagari ina heewi jokkondirde e Kano e geɗe politik. : 207 == Golle makko caggal ɗuum (1983–hannde) == Republique ɗiɗaɓere joofi ko caggal kuudetaa konu e lewru Duujal hitaande 1983, tawi ko Seneraal Muhammadu Buhari ardii ɗum. Caggal ɗuum, Fedde Kisal Ngenndiire (NSO) nanngi politikaaji keewɗi, ina jeyaa heen Yakasai, nanngaaɗo tawi ñaawaaka to kasoo kisal ɓurngal mawnude to Kirikiri. Yakasai yoɓaama ɓaawo Seneraal Ibraahiima Babangida liɓi laamu Buhari nder hitaande 1985, o heɓi ardungal lesdi ndi'i. Kono o nanngaa kadi e hitaande 1986 sabu makko naatde e geɗe dawrugol. E laamu Seneraal Sani Abacha (1993-1998), Yakasai ina joginoo « jokkondiral tiiɗngal » e diktatoor oo. E duuɓi gadani Republique nayaɓere, Yakasai ina jeyaa e terɗe sosɗe lannda kisal yimɓe, tawi ko gonnooɗo politik NEPU goɗɗo, hono Wada Nas ardii ɗum. O woniino tergal sosngal e tergal e Yiilirde Ngenndiire Arewa Consultative Forum (ACF), fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e renndo e politik to bannge worgo leydi Najeriya. E nder nguurndam makko politik, Yakasai hollitii wonde polis nanngii mo laabi 14 to Kano tan. == Nguurndam neɗɗo == Yakasai ina resndi rewɓe heewɓe. Omo jogii ɓiɓɓe 19 e taaniraaɓe ko ina tolnoo e 80. Gooto nder ɓikkon maako, Salihu Tanko Yakasai, laati balloowo hukuuma lesdi Kano nder laylaytol rento (social media) haa nde o nanngaama diga Departemaa Kuugal lesdi haa ragare lewru February 2021. Yakasai yaltinii deftere nguurndam mum ina wiyee Tanko Yakasai: Daartol nguurndam lesɗikiniiɗo, deftere nguurndam mum e hitaande 2004. E hitaande 2014, laamu Ganye to diiwaan Adamawa rokki mo tiitoonde aadaaji Kauran Ganye. == Tuugnorgal == 7da3lm6syd096vpma3d3zo1plmz8e85 174382 174381 2026-06-19T00:01:11Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alhaji Salihu Abubakar Tanko Yakasai OFR''' (jibinaa ko 5 lewru Duujal hitaande 1925) ko dawriyanke Najeriya, mawɗo dowla. O siforiima hoore makko wonde Marxist-Leninist, kadi ko o tergal sosngal Dental Progressive Elements Northern, o wonnoo ko neɗɗo mawɗo e nder dingiral politik radikal leydi Najeriya e kitaale 1950 e 1960. Caggal mum o waɗii golle laamu keewɗe, ina jeyaa heen Komiseer dowla to Kano e les njiimaandi guwerneer militeer Audu Bako e balloowo keeriiɗo e jokkondiral Asamblee ngenndiijo e hooreejo leydi Shehu Shagari e nder laamu Republique ɗiɗaɓo. Ko o tergal sosngal Fedde Diisnondiral Arewa.'<ref name=":11" />.<ref name=":9" /> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nationaldailyng.com/2015/yakassai-fasehun-blast-buhari-over-dasuki/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=Yakassai, Fasehun blast Buhari over Dasuki|date=24 November 2015|access-date=December 13, 2015|newspaper=National Daily}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/tanko-yakasai-i-didnt-collect-one-kobo-from-jonathan/217472/|title=Tanko Yakasai: I Didn't Collect One Kobo from Jonathan|access-date=December 13, 2015|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> == Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol == Salihu Abubakar Tanko Yakasai jibinaa ko ñalnde 5 lewru Duujal hitaande 1925 to nokku Kofar Mata to wuro Kano, ndeen jeyaa ko e leydi Nijeer koloñaal.: 532 Baaba makko, Abubakar Barau, ko iwdi Chamba ummoriiɗo Adamawa. Hauwa Abubakar, yumma makko, ko fulnaajo jeyaaɗo Lau, e nder leydi wiyeteendi hannde Diiwaan Taraba. Ɓe kawri, ɓe resndi to Kano, ɗo ɓe koɗi caggal nde ɓe eggi toon.: 3 O rokkaa innde Salihu, o inniri ɗum ‘Tanko’. O waɗi ko heewi e nehdi makko ko e diiwaan Yakasai to Kano, ɗo o heɓi innde makko cakkitiinde. : 532 E nder cukaagu makko, Tanko ko yumma makko rokki ɗum sehil mum ɓadiiɗo, koɗo mum, hono Yaya Boyi, ngam ƴellitde ɗum, ko ɗum huunde woownde waɗeede e renndo Hawsa en e oon sahaa. Nde o heɓi duuɓi nay, baaba makko ummini ɓesngu nguu gila Kofar Mata, fayti Yakasai, ɗo Tanko fuɗɗii jaŋde mum adannde e nder diine lislaam. Tuggude e hitaande 1933 fayde e hitaande 1937, o naati duɗal qur’aana gonngal to Yakasai. E hitaande 1935, o winnditii kadi to duɗal leslesal Shahuci to Kano. Kono e hitaande 1937, hade makko timminde jaŋde makko toownde, o ummii e baaba makko to Hardawa to Bauchi, ɗo baaba makko gollotoo ko e mbaydi mbaylaandi. Nde o woni Hardawa, o jokki jaŋde makko lislaam e duɗal Qur’aana goɗɗo haa hitaande 1939.: 8 Nde o arti Kano, Tanko fuɗɗii jaŋde makko lislaam e nder duɗe keewɗe, o timmini jaŋde makko e hit.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=van Walraven|first=Klaas|url=https://brill.com/display/title/21961|title=The Yearning for Relief|date=2013-02-05|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-24575-4|pages=531–533|language=en|doi=10.1163/9789004245754}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Yakasai|first=Tanko|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ZsuAQAAIAAJ|title=The Story of a Humble Life: An Autobiography|date=2004|publisher=Amana Publishers|isbn=978-978-36701-6-7|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|page=3}}<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|last=Ojoye|first=Taiwo|date=2018-01-07|title=Those who practise polygamy live longer than those in monogamy — Tanko Yakasai|url=https://punchng.com/those-who-practise-polygamy-live-longer-than-those-in-monogamy-tanko-yakasai/|access-date=2025-06-11|newspaper=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=Idris|first=Hamza|date=2024-12-06|title=I thought I was Jukun — Tanko Yakasai at 99 - Daily Trust|url=https://dailytrust.com/i-thought-i-was-jukun-tanko-yakasai-at-99/|access-date=2025-06-11|newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}</ref> E hitaande 1941, o arti e duɗal leslesal Shahuci, o naati e duɗe jamma, o timmini e hitaande 1946. Hakkunde 1952 e 1955, Tanko naati e duɗe janngirɗe ɗemngal Engele ɗe British Council yuɓɓini to Kano. E hitaande 1956, o naati e kursus ko faati e fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore, rewrude e departemaa Extra-Mural to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ibadan. Yakasai jokki jaŋde mum e hitaande 1963 to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe Wilhelm Pieck to leydi Almaañ, ɗo o heɓi dipolomaaji ganndal politik. == Kugal == Golle makko puɗɗaaɗe (1941-1947) Yakasai fuɗɗii golle mum ko e hitaande 1941.[10]: 17 Njulaagu makko mawni no feewi, o ɓooyaani o fuɗɗii feewnude comci duɗe ngam duɗe Kano, haa arti noon e duɗal hakkundeewal Kano. E oon sahaa, Yakasai ɓuri tiiɗnaade ko e yaajtinde golle mum taƴɗe. Naatgol makko e dawrugol fuɗɗii ko e jaŋngude golle miijotooɓe dawrugol ko wayi no Sa’adu Zungur, Aminu Kano, Iisaa Wali, Nuhu Bamalli, e Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. Ɗee binndanɗe, keewɗe yaltude e jaayɗe ɗemngal Hausa hono Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo, ina keewi noddude jeytaare leydi Nijeer, ina ñiŋa laamu koloñaal Biritaan. Naatgol Yakasai e politik no feewi fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1946, caggal nde o tawtoraama batu politik to Kano, ngu Diiso ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer e leydi Kameruun (NCNC) yuɓɓini. Haalooɓe e kawral ngal ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri teeŋtude e daraniiɓe ndimaagu leydi Naajeeriya, ko wayi no Herbert Macaulay e Nnamdi Azikiwe. E nder ballal maɓɓe, Yakasai siftinii caggal ɗuum wonde seppo ngoo ko « fuɗɗoode nafoore am e politik ». Siyaas radikal e duuɓi NEPU (1947-1967) == Yakasai e kitaale 1950 == E hitaande 1947, e dow ballal njillu delegaasiyoŋ NCNC to Kano, Yakasai e sukaaɓe woɗɓe heewɓe sosi Fedde Sukaaɓe Kano (KYA). Hitaande rewtunde ndee, o naati e fedde pinal wiyeteende Jam’iyyar Mutanen Arewa (JMA), fedde pinal nde annduɓe Fuɗnaange Nijeer cosi e hitaande 1948. E hitaande 1950, fedde terɗe JMA e daraniiɓe politik woɗɓe, ina heen Yakasai, sosi lannda politik keso, wiyeteeɗo Dental ProgresPUsive Fuɗnaange E). E darorɗe hitaande 1950, NEPU taƴi jokkondiral mum e JMA e dow laawol caggal nde JMA salii waɗde golle politik. NEPU heɓi nafoore woote ko yaawi e wooteeji gardagol leydi e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange lewru suwee 1951, heɓi 12 e nder 26 jooɗorde to Kano tan. Ndeeɗoo nafoore yaawnde hulɓinii terɗe Asaambele diiwaan Fuɗnaange ɓurɗe heewde doole, ɗum addani politikaaji keewɗi jokkondirde e JMA. Ñalnde 1 oktoobar 1951, JMA wayli wonti lannda politik e innde hesere wiyeteende Kongres yimɓe worgo (NPC)]: 80–81 E fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950, Yakasai ina wondi e yimoowo biyeteeɗo Mudi Sipikin e Mustafa Dambatta sosde Diɗɗal Askiyankooɓe. Anniya mum ko golloraade no fedde sukaaɓe NEPU e nder fedde Zikist Movement ɓurnde yaajde (walla ko nanndi e mum), fedde nde "ina joginoo darnde tiiɗnde ngam saaktude e nder sukaaɓe NEPU's class analysis to Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya e haa teeŋti noon e ustude njiyaagu aadaaji hakkunde Habe stock e terɗe laamɓe Fulani kalasuuji.": 174 : 262 Caggal fitinaaji Kano e hitaande 1953, Dillere Askianiste en wonti Fedde Golle Positive (PAW), nde fuɗɗorii miijaade ko fedde daraniinde hoore mum e hareeji ɗi doolnuɓe daraniiɓe NPC mbaɗata, anndiraaɗi Jam’iyyar Mahaukata (‘Parti Madmen’). E gardagol Yakasai, hono binndoowo ngenndi, PAW ɓeydii doolnude, o fusi e hitaande 1954 caggal nde "wotti ko ɓuri doolnude.": 263 Caggal ɗuum o artiraa Runduna Samarin Sawaba e wasiyaaji Sa'adu Zungur.: 174 : 10: 419–420 E oon hitaande kadi, Yakasai toɗɗaa yo won hooreejo jaaynde lannda NEPU, wiyeteende Daily Comet Yakasai fooli wooteeji lesdi 1959 ngam suɓol Karaye nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi amma o fooli kanndidaajo NPC, Muhammadu Gwarzo. : 147 E lewru oktoobar 1960, Yakasai, e oon sahaa koolaaɗo kuuɓal NEPU, riiwaa e lannda kaa. O siftini caggal ɗuum wonde ittugol makko ngol ko e luural miijooji, haa teeŋti noon e darnde makko ngam ƴellitde njuɓɓudi marxist-leninist, tawa ina naatna heen kuule maoist en e nder doosɗe lannda NEPU. Ɗum ari ko caggal njillu ngu Yakasai e woɗɓe mbaɗi e nder Dental Sowiyet, Siin, e Almaañ fuɗnaange, tawi ɓe njaɓaani.: 194 Caggal nde o riiwaa, o sosi lannda Sawaba mo Nijeer (SPN) o jokkondiri e lannda Sawaba doolnuɗo e nder leydi Niiseer. SPN mo Yakasai rokkii ballal logistique e geriyaaji Sawabist en e kaɓirɗe janngooɓe, ina wiyee ina mbaɗa njulaagu kaɓirɗe ngam wallitde caɗeele maɓɓe. E lewru sulyee 1965, caggal nde fitinaaji mbaɗi e nder wuro wiyeteengo Kofar Mata to Kano hakkunde Sawabist en e laamuuji leydi Nijeer, Yakasai nanngaa, tuumaama ina joginoo renndo ngo rewaani laawol. Kono o woppitaama sabu ŋakkeende hujjaaji, kadi sabu lannda Sawaba bayyinaaka e dow laabi e nder leydi Nijeer e sahaa nde o waɗi ndee.: 209–210 Yakasai artii e NEPU e hitaande 1963.: 200 O woniino binndoowo Mouvement de l’État Kano, fedde ‘nationaliste’ Kano sosaande e lewru sulyee 1965 ngam ustude seerndude diiwaan oo e laamu diiwaan Fuɗnaange. Caggal nde Republique gadano oo yani, laamu konu keso nguu, hono Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, haɗi denndaangal lanndaaji e pelle politik, dartini golle politik Yakasai.: 198 == Komisinaajo lesdi Kano (1967-1975) == E hitaande 1967, Yakasai toɗɗaama Komiseer Dowla ngam humpitaade ko Audu Bako, Guwerneer Militeer Dowla Kano keso sosaa oo. Caggal nde kabine o wayli e hitaande 1971, Bako artiri mo e golle Komiseer Dowla to bannge laddeeji, ƴellitaare renndo, e koperatiifuuji. Hitaande rewtunde ndee, Yakasai toɗɗaa komisariyaajo dowla to bannge kaalis caggal maayde gardiiɗo makko, hono Umaru Gumel. Caggal nde laamu Seneraal Yakubu Gowon liɓaa e hitaande 1975, hooreejo leydi keso oo, hono Seneraal Murtala Muhammed lomtii denndaangal guwerneeruuji konu, haa arti noon e Bako. Gomnaajo sooje'en keso toɗɗaaɗo dow lesdi Kano, Kolonel Sani Bello, fuɗɗi wiɗito dow hukuuma Bako. Jawdi e jawdi mawɓe, haa arti noon e Yakasai, nanngaama e tuumeede fenaande. Yakasai caggal ɗuum wiyi wonde wiɗto ngoo waɗi ko e politik, ko Murtala Muhammed ardii ɗum, mo o siftini wonde « balloowo NPC », o fawi heen Bako e wondiiɓe mum sabu ko ɓe nganndu-ɗaa ina njokkondiri e NEPU. == Politik ngenndi e laamu ɗiɗaɓuru (1975-1983) == E nder ardungal lesdi Naajeeriya diga laamu sooja’en haa laamu siwil, Yakasai ɗonno nder kawtal siyaasa’en e annduɓe sosɓe Mouvement National, kawtal ngal ɓaawo man wayli haa laati lannda lesdi Naajeeriya (NPN). Yakasai toɗɗaama yo won binndoowo jaayndeyaagal NPN.: 207 E nder laamu ɗiɗaɓuru (1979–1983), o woniino balloowo keeriiɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Shehu Shagari, to bannge jokkondiral e Asaambele ngenndi.: 293 Yakasai kadi woniino ‘wakilaagu’ Shagari e Aminu Kano, gonnooɗo hooreejo NEPU, gardiiɗo luulndo wiyeteende People’s Redemption. Hay so tawii ina ardii lanndaaji luulndiiɗi ɗii, Shagari ina heewi jokkondirde e Kano e geɗe politik. : 207 == Golle makko caggal ɗuum (1983–hannde) == Republique ɗiɗaɓere joofi ko caggal kuudetaa konu e lewru Duujal hitaande 1983, tawi ko Seneraal Muhammadu Buhari ardii ɗum. Caggal ɗuum, Fedde Kisal Ngenndiire (NSO) nanngi politikaaji keewɗi, ina jeyaa heen Yakasai, nanngaaɗo tawi ñaawaaka to kasoo kisal ɓurngal mawnude to Kirikiri. Yakasai yoɓaama ɓaawo Seneraal Ibraahiima Babangida liɓi laamu Buhari nder hitaande 1985, o heɓi ardungal lesdi ndi'i. Kono o nanngaa kadi e hitaande 1986 sabu makko naatde e geɗe dawrugol. E laamu Seneraal Sani Abacha (1993-1998), Yakasai ina joginoo « jokkondiral tiiɗngal » e diktatoor oo. E duuɓi gadani Republique nayaɓere, Yakasai ina jeyaa e terɗe sosɗe lannda kisal yimɓe, tawi ko gonnooɗo politik NEPU goɗɗo, hono Wada Nas ardii ɗum. O woniino tergal sosngal e tergal e Yiilirde Ngenndiire Arewa Consultative Forum (ACF), fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e renndo e politik to bannge worgo leydi Najeriya. E nder nguurndam makko politik, Yakasai hollitii wonde polis nanngii mo laabi 14 to Kano tan. == Nguurndam neɗɗo == Yakasai ina resndi rewɓe heewɓe. Omo jogii ɓiɓɓe 19 e taaniraaɓe ko ina tolnoo e 80. Gooto nder ɓikkon maako, Salihu Tanko Yakasai, laati balloowo hukuuma lesdi Kano nder laylaytol rento (social media) haa nde o nanngaama diga Departemaa Kuugal lesdi haa ragare lewru February 2021. Yakasai yaltinii deftere nguurndam mum ina wiyee Tanko Yakasai: Daartol nguurndam lesɗikiniiɗo, deftere nguurndam mum e hitaande 2004. E hitaande 2014, laamu Ganye to diiwaan Adamawa rokki mo tiitoonde aadaaji Kauran Ganye. == Tuugnorgal == rhju7w5rv5b8aotmk17asmmu0vbupdx 0 42216 174383 2026-06-19T00:07:52Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174383 wikitext text/x-wiki Joseph Wayas GCON (21 mee 1941 – 30 noowammbar 2021) ko hooreejo Senaa leydi Najeriya e sahaa laamu ɗiɗaɓuru leydi Najeriya (1979-1983). Ɓawo Wayas jibinaa ko to Basang, Obanliku, to diiwaan Cross River ñalnde 21 lewru mbooy hitaande 1941, o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Dennis. O yahi to leydi Angalteer ɗo o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde karallaagal toowngal Tottenham, to Londres, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde njulaagu, ganndal e karallaagal West Bronwich, to Birmingham e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Aston, to Birmingham.e Nde o arti Naajeeriya, o golliima e golle gardiiɗo walla kalfinaaɗo golle gila 1960-1969 e nder sosiyeteeji keewɗi to Naajeeriya e leydi Angalteer. Wayas wonnoo ko tergal fedde toppitiinde geɗe hakkunde leyɗeele to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln, to Amerik. O woniino komisinaajo ngam yah-ngartaa, diiwaan Fuɗnaange-rewo, jooni o feccii e diiwaanuuji Akwa Ibom e Cross River gila 1972-74. O woniino tergal Asaambele doosgal e hitaande 1977-78. Hooreejo Senaa Nde Seneraal Olusegun Obasanjo timmini laamu sooja'en nder hitaande 1979, Joseph Wayas suɓaama nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya dow laylaytol rento lesdi Naajeeriya (NPN) nden o toɗɗaama hooreejo suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya. O lomtii diiwaan senateeruuji worgo e bannge senateer Joseph Oqua Ansa gardinooɗo diiwaan senateeruuji calabar. Wayas ina joginoo jotondiral moƴƴal e hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Shehu Shagari, omo teskii wonde kuule ɗee ina keewi yeewteede e nanondireede hade mum en naatde. Wayas meeɗiino fijde tennis e ammbasadeer Amerik to leydi Naajeeriya, hono Mr. E gardagol Wayas, Senaa noddii Tony Momoh, gardinooɗo jaaynde Daily Times, ngam ƴattaade. Ɗum addani mo hare mawnde to bannge sariya, nde Momoh heɓiino wiyde wonde ko o jaayndiyanke, doosgal leydi rokki mo doole ngam ñaawde laamu nguu e kala sahaa. Nde o yilliima Amerik e lewru suwee 1981, Wayas jaɓɓaama e boksiyee biyeteeɗo Muhammad Ali, o werlii fedde mawnde ngam teddinde mo. Ali meeɗiino yillaade leydi Najeriya, o heɓiino safaara red-carpet. E nder ardorde wooteeji 1983, Wayas wonnoo ko hooreejo lannda NPN "Lagos Group" ballitoowo waylude guwerneer e nder diiwaan Cross River, e luulndaade "Home Front" mo guwerneer jooni oo, hono Clement Isong ardii. Wayas acci laamu bee woɓɓe nder hukuumaaji Shagari nde Seneraal Muhammadu Buhari waɗi kuudetaa nder hitaande 1983, nden o yahi lesdi ndi'i. O arti e hitaande 1987, o nanngaa e kasoo politik, 1987-1988. Caggal golle Wayas wonnoo ko cukko hooreejo KOMISIYOŊ batu doosgal ngenndiwal 1994/1995 yuɓɓinɗo e jibinannde batu ngenndiwal e hoore mum. E hitaande 1998 Wayas woni tergal sosngal lannda yimɓe fof. Caggal ɗuum o naati lannda Demokaraasi Leƴƴi e hitaande 2001 e dow yamiroore guwerneer Cross River Donald Duke. O laati goonɗinɗo masin dow Fedde nde'e, bana no ɗum huuwirta caɗeele demokaraasi lesdi Naajeeriya, ɗe ɗon holla nder konu lesdi Naajeeriya. E lewru oktoobar 2003 o haali ko feewti e peeje laamu fedde nde, o siftini ɗe « ɗe ngonaa doosɗe leydi ». Wayas toɗɗaama hooreejo fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e Asaambele leƴƴi Fuɗnaange-rewo (SSPA). E lewru Yarkomaa 2009 o siftinii ɗaɓɓaaɗe caggal wooteeji to ñaawirɗe woote ko ɗe ngalaa hakkille, ɗe ngalaa hakkille, ɗe ngalaa waktuuji. E hitaande ndee tan o toɗɗaa e gooto e teddungal ɗiɗi ɓurngal toowde e nder leydi Nijeer, hono « Grand Commandant de l’Ordre du Niger » (GCON). E hitaande 2010 ndeeɗoo njeenaari ko hooreejo leydi ndi hono Goodluck Jonathan rokki mo. E lewru Yarkomaa 2010, Wayas wiyi yo cukko hooreejo leydi Goodluck Jonathan rokke yamiroore wonde hooreejo leydi haa nde gartugol hooreejo leydi Umaru Yar'Adua, mo ñawu nguu wonnoo ko juuti. Bibliyogaraafi Wayas, Yuusuf (1979). Darnde ardungal lesdi Naajeeriya nder Afrika. Makmilan. ISBN 0333-26295-6. Tuugnorgal g1p2gvkg0qskbs42t4177wflsdimrd6 174384 174383 2026-06-19T00:09:38Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Joseph Wayas GCON (21 mee 1941 – 30 noowammbar 2021) ko hooreejo Senaa leydi Najeriya e sahaa laamu ɗiɗaɓuru leydi Najeriya (1979-1983). Ɓawo Wayas jibinaa ko to Basang, Obanliku, to diiwaan Cross River ñalnde 21 lewru mbooy hitaande 1941, o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Dennis. O yahi to leydi Angalteer ɗo o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde karallaagal toowngal Tottenham, to Londres, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde njulaagu, ganndal e karallaagal West Bronwich, to Birmingham e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Aston, to Birmingham.e Nde o arti Naajeeriya, o golliima e golle gardiiɗo walla kalfinaaɗo golle gila 1960-1969 e nder sosiyeteeji keewɗi to Naajeeriya e leydi Angalteer. Wayas wonnoo ko tergal fedde toppitiinde geɗe hakkunde leyɗeele to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln, to Amerik. O woniino komisinaajo ngam yah-ngartaa, diiwaan Fuɗnaange-rewo, jooni o feccii e diiwaanuuji Akwa Ibom e Cross River gila 1972-74. O woniino tergal Asaambele doosgal e hitaande 1977-78. Hooreejo Senaa Nde Seneraal Olusegun Obasanjo timmini laamu sooja'en nder hitaande 1979, Joseph Wayas suɓaama nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya dow laylaytol rento lesdi Naajeeriya (NPN) nden o toɗɗaama hooreejo suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya. O lomtii diiwaan senateeruuji worgo e bannge senateer Joseph Oqua Ansa gardinooɗo diiwaan senateeruuji calabar. Wayas ina joginoo jotondiral moƴƴal e hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Shehu Shagari, omo teskii wonde kuule ɗee ina keewi yeewteede e nanondireede hade mum en naatde. Wayas meeɗiino fijde tennis e ammbasadeer Amerik to leydi Naajeeriya, hono Mr. E gardagol Wayas, Senaa noddii Tony Momoh, gardinooɗo jaaynde Daily Times, ngam ƴattaade. Ɗum addani mo hare mawnde to bannge sariya, nde Momoh heɓiino wiyde wonde ko o jaayndiyanke, doosgal leydi rokki mo doole ngam ñaawde laamu nguu e kala sahaa. Nde o yilliima Amerik e lewru suwee 1981, Wayas jaɓɓaama e boksiyee biyeteeɗo Muhammad Ali, o werlii fedde mawnde ngam teddinde mo. Ali meeɗiino yillaade leydi Najeriya, o heɓiino safaara red-carpet. E nder ardorde wooteeji 1983, Wayas wonnoo ko hooreejo lannda NPN "Lagos Group" ballitoowo waylude guwerneer e nder diiwaan Cross River, e luulndaade "Home Front" mo guwerneer jooni oo, hono Clement Isong ardii. Wayas acci laamu bee woɓɓe nder hukuumaaji Shagari nde Seneraal Muhammadu Buhari waɗi kuudetaa nder hitaande 1983, nden o yahi lesdi ndi'i. O arti e hitaande 1987, o nanngaa e kasoo politik, 1987-1988. Caggal golle Wayas wonnoo ko cukko hooreejo KOMISIYOŊ batu doosgal ngenndiwal 1994/1995 yuɓɓinɗo e jibinannde batu ngenndiwal e hoore mum. E hitaande 1998 Wayas woni tergal sosngal lannda yimɓe fof. Caggal ɗuum o naati lannda Demokaraasi Leƴƴi e hitaande 2001 e dow yamiroore guwerneer Cross River Donald Duke. O laati goonɗinɗo masin dow Fedde nde'e, bana no ɗum huuwirta caɗeele demokaraasi lesdi Naajeeriya, ɗe ɗon holla nder konu lesdi Naajeeriya. E lewru oktoobar 2003 o haali ko feewti e peeje laamu fedde nde, o siftini ɗe « ɗe ngonaa doosɗe leydi ». Wayas toɗɗaama hooreejo fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e Asaambele leƴƴi Fuɗnaange-rewo (SSPA). E lewru Yarkomaa 2009 o siftinii ɗaɓɓaaɗe caggal wooteeji to ñaawirɗe woote ko ɗe ngalaa hakkille, ɗe ngalaa hakkille, ɗe ngalaa waktuuji. E hitaande ndee tan o toɗɗaa e gooto e teddungal ɗiɗi ɓurngal toowde e nder leydi Nijeer, hono « Grand Commandant de l’Ordre du Niger » (GCON). E hitaande 2010 ndeeɗoo njeenaari ko hooreejo leydi ndi hono Goodluck Jonathan rokki mo. E lewru Yarkomaa 2010, Wayas wiyi yo cukko hooreejo leydi Goodluck Jonathan rokke yamiroore wonde hooreejo leydi haa nde gartugol hooreejo leydi Umaru Yar'Adua, mo ñawu nguu wonnoo ko juuti. Bibliyogaraafi Wayas, Yuusuf (1979). Darnde ardungal lesdi Naajeeriya nder Afrika. Makmilan. ISBN 0333-26295-6. Tuugnorgal c1ahe9xzt6j4up7r8432upvvlofft6f 174385 174384 2026-06-19T00:10:13Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Joseph Wayas GCON''' (21 mee 1941 – 30 noowammbar 2021) ko hooreejo Senaa leydi Najeriya e sahaa laamu ɗiɗaɓuru leydi Najeriya (1979-1983). == Ɓawo == Wayas jibinaa ko to Basang, Obanliku, to diiwaan Cross River ñalnde 21 lewru mbooy hitaande 1941, o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Dennis. O yahi to leydi Angalteer ɗo o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde karallaagal toowngal Tottenham, to Londres, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde njulaagu, ganndal e karallaagal West Bronwich, to Birmingham e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Aston, to Birmingham.e Nde o arti Naajeeriya, o golliima e golle gardiiɗo walla kalfinaaɗo golle gila 1960-1969 e nder sosiyeteeji keewɗi to Naajeeriya e leydi Angalteer. Wayas wonnoo ko tergal fedde toppitiinde geɗe hakkunde leyɗeele to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln, to Amerik. O woniino komisinaajo ngam yah-ngartaa, diiwaan Fuɗnaange-rewo, jooni o feccii e diiwaanuuji Akwa Ibom e Cross River gila 1972-74. O woniino tergal Asaambele doosgal e hitaande 1977-78. Hooreejo Senaa Nde Seneraal Olusegun Obasanjo timmini laamu sooja'en nder hitaande 1979, Joseph Wayas suɓaama nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya dow laylaytol rento lesdi Naajeeriya (NPN) nden o toɗɗaama hooreejo suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya. O lomtii diiwaan senateeruuji worgo e bannge senateer Joseph Oqua Ansa gardinooɗo diiwaan senateeruuji calabar. Wayas ina joginoo jotondiral moƴƴal e hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Shehu Shagari, omo teskii wonde kuule ɗee ina keewi yeewteede e nanondireede hade mum en naatde. Wayas meeɗiino fijde tennis e ammbasadeer Amerik to leydi Naajeeriya, hono Mr. E gardagol Wayas, Senaa noddii Tony Momoh, gardinooɗo jaaynde Daily Times, ngam ƴattaade. Ɗum addani mo hare mawnde to bannge sariya, nde Momoh heɓiino wiyde wonde ko o jaayndiyanke, doosgal leydi rokki mo doole ngam ñaawde laamu nguu e kala sahaa. Nde o yilliima Amerik e lewru suwee 1981, Wayas jaɓɓaama e boksiyee biyeteeɗo Muhammad Ali, o werlii fedde mawnde ngam teddinde mo. Ali meeɗiino yillaade leydi Najeriya, o heɓiino safaara red-carpet. E nder ardorde wooteeji 1983, Wayas wonnoo ko hooreejo lannda NPN "Lagos Group" ballitoowo waylude guwerneer e nder diiwaan Cross River, e luulndaade "Home Front" mo guwerneer jooni oo, hono Clement Isong ardii. Wayas acci laamu bee woɓɓe nder hukuumaaji Shagari nde Seneraal Muhammadu Buhari waɗi kuudetaa nder hitaande 1983, nden o yahi lesdi ndi'i. O arti e hitaande 1987, o nanngaa e kasoo politik, 1987-1988. Caggal golle Wayas wonnoo ko cukko hooreejo KOMISIYOŊ batu doosgal ngenndiwal 1994/1995 yuɓɓinɗo e jibinannde batu ngenndiwal e hoore mum. E hitaande 1998 Wayas woni tergal sosngal lannda yimɓe fof. Caggal ɗuum o naati lannda Demokaraasi Leƴƴi e hitaande 2001 e dow yamiroore guwerneer Cross River Donald Duke. O laati goonɗinɗo masin dow Fedde nde'e, bana no ɗum huuwirta caɗeele demokaraasi lesdi Naajeeriya, ɗe ɗon holla nder konu lesdi Naajeeriya. E lewru oktoobar 2003 o haali ko feewti e peeje laamu fedde nde, o siftini ɗe « ɗe ngonaa doosɗe leydi ». Wayas toɗɗaama hooreejo fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e Asaambele leƴƴi Fuɗnaange-rewo (SSPA). E lewru Yarkomaa 2009 o siftinii ɗaɓɓaaɗe caggal wooteeji to ñaawirɗe woote ko ɗe ngalaa hakkille, ɗe ngalaa hakkille, ɗe ngalaa waktuuji. E hitaande ndee tan o toɗɗaa e gooto e teddungal ɗiɗi ɓurngal toowde e nder leydi Nijeer, hono « Grand Commandant de l’Ordre du Niger » (GCON). E hitaande 2010 ndeeɗoo njeenaari ko hooreejo leydi ndi hono Goodluck Jonathan rokki mo. E lewru Yarkomaa 2010, Wayas wiyi yo cukko hooreejo leydi Goodluck Jonathan rokke yamiroore wonde hooreejo leydi haa nde gartugol hooreejo leydi Umaru Yar'Adua, mo ñawu nguu wonnoo ko juuti. Bibliyogaraafi Wayas, Yuusuf (1979). Darnde ardungal lesdi Naajeeriya nder Afrika. Makmilan. ISBN 0333-26295-6. Tuugnorgal pz5xi8wvqhzjsd79bax98mk2ssm4zkj 174386 174385 2026-06-19T00:11:29Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Joseph Wayas GCON''' (21 mee 1941 – 30 noowammbar 2021) ko hooreejo Senaa leydi Najeriya e sahaa laamu ɗiɗaɓuru leydi Najeriya (1979-1983). == Ɓawo == Wayas jibinaa ko to Basang, Obanliku, to diiwaan Cross River ñalnde 21 lewru mbooy hitaande 1941, o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Dennis. O yahi to leydi Angalteer ɗo o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde karallaagal toowngal Tottenham, to Londres, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde njulaagu, ganndal e karallaagal West Bronwich, to Birmingham e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Aston, to Birmingham.e Nde o arti Naajeeriya, o golliima e golle gardiiɗo walla kalfinaaɗo golle gila 1960-1969 e nder sosiyeteeji keewɗi to Naajeeriya e leydi Angalteer. Wayas wonnoo ko tergal fedde toppitiinde geɗe hakkunde leyɗeele to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln, to Amerik. O woniino komisinaajo ngam yah-ngartaa, diiwaan Fuɗnaange-rewo, jooni o feccii e diiwaanuuji Akwa Ibom e Cross River gila 1972-74. O woniino tergal Asaambele doosgal e hitaande 1977-78. Hooreejo Senaa Nde Seneraal Olusegun Obasanjo timmini laamu sooja'en nder hitaande 1979, Joseph Wayas suɓaama nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya dow laylaytol rento lesdi Naajeeriya (NPN) nden o toɗɗaama hooreejo suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya. O lomtii diiwaan senateeruuji worgo e bannge senateer Joseph Oqua Ansa gardinooɗo diiwaan senateeruuji calabar. Wayas ina joginoo jotondiral moƴƴal e hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Shehu Shagari, omo teskii wonde kuule ɗee ina keewi yeewteede e nanondireede hade mum en naatde. Wayas meeɗiino fijde tennis e ammbasadeer Amerik to leydi Naajeeriya, hono Mr. E gardagol Wayas, Senaa noddii Tony Momoh, gardinooɗo jaaynde Daily Times, ngam ƴattaade. Ɗum addani mo hare mawnde to bannge sariya, nde Momoh heɓiino wiyde wonde ko o jaayndiyanke, doosgal leydi rokki mo doole ngam ñaawde laamu nguu e kala sahaa. Nde o yilliima Amerik e lewru suwee 1981, Wayas jaɓɓaama e boksiyee biyeteeɗo Muhammad Ali, o werlii fedde mawnde ngam teddinde mo. Ali meeɗiino yillaade leydi Najeriya, o heɓiino safaara red-carpet. E nder ardorde wooteeji 1983, Wayas wonnoo ko hooreejo lannda NPN "Lagos Group" ballitoowo waylude guwerneer e nder diiwaan Cross River, e luulndaade "Home Front" mo guwerneer jooni oo, hono Clement Isong ardii. Wayas acci laamu bee woɓɓe nder hukuumaaji Shagari nde Seneraal Muhammadu Buhari waɗi kuudetaa nder hitaande 1983, nden o yahi lesdi ndi'i. O arti e hitaande 1987, o nanngaa e kasoo politik, 1987-1988. Caggal golle Wayas wonnoo ko cukko hooreejo KOMISIYOŊ batu doosgal ngenndiwal 1994/1995 yuɓɓinɗo e jibinannde batu ngenndiwal e hoore mum. E hitaande 1998 Wayas woni tergal sosngal lannda yimɓe fof. Caggal ɗuum o naati lannda Demokaraasi Leƴƴi e hitaande 2001 e dow yamiroore guwerneer Cross River Donald Duke. O laati goonɗinɗo masin dow Fedde nde'e, bana no ɗum huuwirta caɗeele demokaraasi lesdi Naajeeriya, ɗe ɗon holla nder konu lesdi Naajeeriya. E lewru oktoobar 2003 o haali ko feewti e peeje laamu fedde nde, o siftini ɗe « ɗe ngonaa doosɗe leydi ». Wayas toɗɗaama hooreejo fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e Asaambele leƴƴi Fuɗnaange-rewo (SSPA). E lewru Yarkomaa 2009 o siftinii ɗaɓɓaaɗe caggal wooteeji to ñaawirɗe woote ko ɗe ngalaa hakkille, ɗe ngalaa hakkille, ɗe ngalaa waktuuji. E hitaande ndee tan o toɗɗaa e gooto e teddungal ɗiɗi ɓurngal toowde e nder leydi Nijeer, hono « Grand Commandant de l’Ordre du Niger » (GCON). E hitaande 2010 ndeeɗoo njeenaari ko hooreejo leydi ndi hono Goodluck Jonathan rokki mo. E lewru Yarkomaa 2010, Wayas wiyi yo cukko hooreejo leydi Goodluck Jonathan rokke yamiroore wonde hooreejo leydi haa nde gartugol hooreejo leydi Umaru Yar'Adua, mo ñawu nguu wonnoo ko juuti. == Bibliyogaraafi == Wayas, Yuusuf (1979). Darnde ardungal lesdi Naajeeriya nder Afrika. Makmilan. ISBN 0333-26295-6. == Tuugnorgal == grm0ph2mnil7ijbfyeoagyumxxyffnk 174387 174386 2026-06-19T00:12:48Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Joseph Wayas GCON''' (21 mee 1941 – 30 noowammbar 2021) ko hooreejo Senaa leydi Najeriya e sahaa laamu ɗiɗaɓuru leydi Najeriya (1979-1983).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thecable.ng/joseph-wayas-former-senate-president-is-dead|title=Joseph Wayas, former senate president, is dead|last=Akpan|first=Samuel|date=2 December 2021|access-date=11 November 2024|newspaper=[[TheCable]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Olufemi|first=Damilola|date=12 March 2023|title=Ex-Senate President Wayas not buried 14 months after death|url=https://punchng.com/ex-senate-president-wayas-not-buried-14-months-after-death/|access-date=2 February 2024|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Ɓawo == Wayas jibinaa ko to Basang, Obanliku, to diiwaan Cross River ñalnde 21 lewru mbooy hitaande 1941, o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Dennis. O yahi to leydi Angalteer ɗo o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde karallaagal toowngal Tottenham, to Londres, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde njulaagu, ganndal e karallaagal West Bronwich, to Birmingham e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Aston, to Birmingham.e Nde o arti Naajeeriya, o golliima e golle gardiiɗo walla kalfinaaɗo golle gila 1960-1969 e nder sosiyeteeji keewɗi to Naajeeriya e leydi Angalteer. Wayas wonnoo ko tergal fedde toppitiinde geɗe hakkunde leyɗeele to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln, to Amerik. O woniino komisinaajo ngam yah-ngartaa, diiwaan Fuɗnaange-rewo, jooni o feccii e diiwaanuuji Akwa Ibom e Cross River gila 1972-74. O woniino tergal Asaambele doosgal e hitaande 1977-78. Hooreejo Senaa Nde Seneraal Olusegun Obasanjo timmini laamu sooja'en nder hitaande 1979, Joseph Wayas suɓaama nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya dow laylaytol rento lesdi Naajeeriya (NPN) nden o toɗɗaama hooreejo suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya. O lomtii diiwaan senateeruuji worgo e bannge senateer Joseph Oqua Ansa gardinooɗo diiwaan senateeruuji calabar. Wayas ina joginoo jotondiral moƴƴal e hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Shehu Shagari, omo teskii wonde kuule ɗee ina keewi yeewteede e nanondireede hade mum en naatde. Wayas meeɗiino fijde tennis e ammbasadeer Amerik to leydi Naajeeriya, hono Mr. E gardagol Wayas, Senaa noddii Tony Momoh, gardinooɗo jaaynde Daily Times, ngam ƴattaade. Ɗum addani mo hare mawnde to bannge sariya, nde Momoh heɓiino wiyde wonde ko o jaayndiyanke, doosgal leydi rokki mo doole ngam ñaawde laamu nguu e kala sahaa. Nde o yilliima Amerik e lewru suwee 1981, Wayas jaɓɓaama e boksiyee biyeteeɗo Muhammad Ali, o werlii fedde mawnde ngam teddinde mo. Ali meeɗiino yillaade leydi Najeriya, o heɓiino safaara red-carpet. E nder ardorde wooteeji 1983, Wayas wonnoo ko hooreejo lannda NPN "Lagos Group" ballitoowo waylude guwerneer e nder diiwaan Cross River, e luulndaade "Home Front" mo guwerneer jooni oo, hono Clement Isong ardii. Wayas acci laamu bee woɓɓe nder hukuumaaji Shagari nde Seneraal Muhammadu Buhari waɗi kuudetaa nder hitaande 1983, nden o yahi lesdi ndi'i. O arti e hitaande 1987, o nanngaa e kasoo politik, 1987-1988. Caggal golle Wayas wonnoo ko cukko hooreejo KOMISIYOŊ batu doosgal ngenndiwal 1994/1995 yuɓɓinɗo e jibinannde batu ngenndiwal e hoore mum. E hitaande 1998 Wayas woni tergal sosngal lannda yimɓe fof. Caggal ɗuum o naati lannda Demokaraasi Leƴƴi e hitaande 2001 e dow yamiroore guwerneer Cross River Donald Duke. O laati goonɗinɗo masin dow Fedde nde'e, bana no ɗum huuwirta caɗeele demokaraasi lesdi Naajeeriya, ɗe ɗon holla nder konu lesdi Naajeeriya. E lewru oktoobar 2003 o haali ko feewti e peeje laamu fedde nde, o siftini ɗe « ɗe ngonaa doosɗe leydi ». Wayas toɗɗaama hooreejo fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e Asaambele leƴƴi Fuɗnaange-rewo (SSPA). E lewru Yarkomaa 2009 o siftinii ɗaɓɓaaɗe caggal wooteeji to ñaawirɗe woote ko ɗe ngalaa hakkille, ɗe ngalaa hakkille, ɗe ngalaa waktuuji. E hitaande ndee tan o toɗɗaa e gooto e teddungal ɗiɗi ɓurngal toowde e nder leydi Nijeer, hono « Grand Commandant de l’Ordre du Niger » (GCON). E hitaande 2010 ndeeɗoo njeenaari ko hooreejo leydi ndi hono Goodluck Jonathan rokki mo. E lewru Yarkomaa 2010, Wayas wiyi yo cukko hooreejo leydi Goodluck Jonathan rokke yamiroore wonde hooreejo leydi haa nde gartugol hooreejo leydi Umaru Yar'Adua, mo ñawu nguu wonnoo ko juuti. == Bibliyogaraafi == Wayas, Yuusuf (1979). Darnde ardungal lesdi Naajeeriya nder Afrika. Makmilan. ISBN 0333-26295-6. == Tuugnorgal == 5qubui0d92z0nspikq7w6fxy2y3gazh 174388 174387 2026-06-19T00:14:00Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Joseph Wayas GCON''' (21 mee 1941 – 30 noowammbar 2021) ko hooreejo Senaa leydi Najeriya e sahaa laamu ɗiɗaɓuru leydi Najeriya (1979-1983).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thecable.ng/joseph-wayas-former-senate-president-is-dead|title=Joseph Wayas, former senate president, is dead|last=Akpan|first=Samuel|date=2 December 2021|access-date=11 November 2024|newspaper=[[TheCable]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Olufemi|first=Damilola|date=12 March 2023|title=Ex-Senate President Wayas not buried 14 months after death|url=https://punchng.com/ex-senate-president-wayas-not-buried-14-months-after-death/|access-date=2 February 2024|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Ɓawo == Wayas jibinaa ko to Basang, Obanliku, to diiwaan Cross River ñalnde 21 lewru mbooy hitaande 1941, o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Dennis. O yahi to leydi Angalteer ɗo o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde karallaagal toowngal Tottenham, to Londres, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde njulaagu, ganndal e karallaagal West Bronwich, to Birmingham e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Aston, to Birmingham.e<ref name="mininf">{{cite web|url=http://www.profilesnigeria.info/wayas.htm|title=Senator Joseph Wayas President of the Senate Federal Republic of Nigeria (1979-1983)|publisher=Federal Ministry of Information and Communications, Nigeria|access-date=28 February 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318031450/http://www.profilesnigeria.info/wayas.htm|archive-date=18 March 2012}}</ref> Nde o arti Naajeeriya, o golliima e golle gardiiɗo walla kalfinaaɗo golle gila 1960-1969 e nder sosiyeteeji keewɗi to Naajeeriya e leydi Angalteer. Wayas wonnoo ko tergal fedde toppitiinde geɗe hakkunde leyɗeele to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln, to Amerik. O woniino komisinaajo ngam yah-ngartaa, diiwaan Fuɗnaange-rewo, jooni o feccii e diiwaanuuji Akwa Ibom e Cross River gila 1972-74. O woniino tergal Asaambele doosgal e hitaande 1977-78. Hooreejo Senaa Nde Seneraal Olusegun Obasanjo timmini laamu sooja'en nder hitaande 1979, Joseph Wayas suɓaama nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya dow laylaytol rento lesdi Naajeeriya (NPN) nden o toɗɗaama hooreejo suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya. O lomtii diiwaan senateeruuji worgo e bannge senateer Joseph Oqua Ansa gardinooɗo diiwaan senateeruuji calabar. Wayas ina joginoo jotondiral moƴƴal e hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Shehu Shagari, omo teskii wonde kuule ɗee ina keewi yeewteede e nanondireede hade mum en naatde. Wayas meeɗiino fijde tennis e ammbasadeer Amerik to leydi Naajeeriya, hono Mr. E gardagol Wayas, Senaa noddii Tony Momoh, gardinooɗo jaaynde Daily Times, ngam ƴattaade. Ɗum addani mo hare mawnde to bannge sariya, nde Momoh heɓiino wiyde wonde ko o jaayndiyanke, doosgal leydi rokki mo doole ngam ñaawde laamu nguu e kala sahaa. Nde o yilliima Amerik e lewru suwee 1981, Wayas jaɓɓaama e boksiyee biyeteeɗo Muhammad Ali, o werlii fedde mawnde ngam teddinde mo. Ali meeɗiino yillaade leydi Najeriya, o heɓiino safaara red-carpet. E nder ardorde wooteeji 1983, Wayas wonnoo ko hooreejo lannda NPN "Lagos Group" ballitoowo waylude guwerneer e nder diiwaan Cross River, e luulndaade "Home Front" mo guwerneer jooni oo, hono Clement Isong ardii. Wayas acci laamu bee woɓɓe nder hukuumaaji Shagari nde Seneraal Muhammadu Buhari waɗi kuudetaa nder hitaande 1983, nden o yahi lesdi ndi'i. O arti e hitaande 1987, o nanngaa e kasoo politik, 1987-1988. Caggal golle Wayas wonnoo ko cukko hooreejo KOMISIYOŊ batu doosgal ngenndiwal 1994/1995 yuɓɓinɗo e jibinannde batu ngenndiwal e hoore mum. E hitaande 1998 Wayas woni tergal sosngal lannda yimɓe fof. Caggal ɗuum o naati lannda Demokaraasi Leƴƴi e hitaande 2001 e dow yamiroore guwerneer Cross River Donald Duke. O laati goonɗinɗo masin dow Fedde nde'e, bana no ɗum huuwirta caɗeele demokaraasi lesdi Naajeeriya, ɗe ɗon holla nder konu lesdi Naajeeriya. E lewru oktoobar 2003 o haali ko feewti e peeje laamu fedde nde, o siftini ɗe « ɗe ngonaa doosɗe leydi ». Wayas toɗɗaama hooreejo fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e Asaambele leƴƴi Fuɗnaange-rewo (SSPA). E lewru Yarkomaa 2009 o siftinii ɗaɓɓaaɗe caggal wooteeji to ñaawirɗe woote ko ɗe ngalaa hakkille, ɗe ngalaa hakkille, ɗe ngalaa waktuuji. E hitaande ndee tan o toɗɗaa e gooto e teddungal ɗiɗi ɓurngal toowde e nder leydi Nijeer, hono « Grand Commandant de l’Ordre du Niger » (GCON). E hitaande 2010 ndeeɗoo njeenaari ko hooreejo leydi ndi hono Goodluck Jonathan rokki mo. E lewru Yarkomaa 2010, Wayas wiyi yo cukko hooreejo leydi Goodluck Jonathan rokke yamiroore wonde hooreejo leydi haa nde gartugol hooreejo leydi Umaru Yar'Adua, mo ñawu nguu wonnoo ko juuti. == Bibliyogaraafi == Wayas, Yuusuf (1979). Darnde ardungal lesdi Naajeeriya nder Afrika. Makmilan. ISBN 0333-26295-6. == Tuugnorgal == rhnkplbutor99oxti1syktkwv52atly 174389 174388 2026-06-19T00:15:36Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Joseph Wayas GCON''' (21 mee 1941 – 30 noowammbar 2021) ko hooreejo Senaa leydi Najeriya e sahaa laamu ɗiɗaɓuru leydi Najeriya (1979-1983).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thecable.ng/joseph-wayas-former-senate-president-is-dead|title=Joseph Wayas, former senate president, is dead|last=Akpan|first=Samuel|date=2 December 2021|access-date=11 November 2024|newspaper=[[TheCable]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Olufemi|first=Damilola|date=12 March 2023|title=Ex-Senate President Wayas not buried 14 months after death|url=https://punchng.com/ex-senate-president-wayas-not-buried-14-months-after-death/|access-date=2 February 2024|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Ɓawo == Wayas jibinaa ko to Basang, Obanliku, to diiwaan Cross River ñalnde 21 lewru mbooy hitaande 1941, o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Dennis. O yahi to leydi Angalteer ɗo o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde karallaagal toowngal Tottenham, to Londres, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde njulaagu, ganndal e karallaagal West Bronwich, to Birmingham e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Aston, to Birmingham.e<ref name="mininf">{{cite web|url=http://www.profilesnigeria.info/wayas.htm|title=Senator Joseph Wayas President of the Senate Federal Republic of Nigeria (1979-1983)|publisher=Federal Ministry of Information and Communications, Nigeria|access-date=28 February 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318031450/http://www.profilesnigeria.info/wayas.htm|archive-date=18 March 2012}}</ref> Nde o arti Naajeeriya, o golliima e golle gardiiɗo walla kalfinaaɗo golle gila 1960-1969 e nder sosiyeteeji keewɗi to Naajeeriya e leydi Angalteer.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=953&Itemid=34|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=In the News|last1=Akintunde|first1=Kazeem|last2=Binuyo|first2=Kunle|date=17 May 2009|access-date=28 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927130841/http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=953&Itemid=34|archive-date=27 September 2011|url-status=dead|newspaper=[[Newswatch (Nigeria)|Newswatch]]}}</ref> Wayas wonnoo ko tergal fedde toppitiinde geɗe hakkunde leyɗeele to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln, to Amerik. O woniino komisinaajo ngam yah-ngartaa, diiwaan Fuɗnaange-rewo, jooni o feccii e diiwaanuuji Akwa Ibom e Cross River gila 1972-74. O woniino tergal Asaambele doosgal e hitaande 1977-78. Hooreejo Senaa Nde Seneraal Olusegun Obasanjo timmini laamu sooja'en nder hitaande 1979, Joseph Wayas suɓaama nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya dow laylaytol rento lesdi Naajeeriya (NPN) nden o toɗɗaama hooreejo suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya. O lomtii diiwaan senateeruuji worgo e bannge senateer Joseph Oqua Ansa gardinooɗo diiwaan senateeruuji calabar. Wayas ina joginoo jotondiral moƴƴal e hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Shehu Shagari, omo teskii wonde kuule ɗee ina keewi yeewteede e nanondireede hade mum en naatde. Wayas meeɗiino fijde tennis e ammbasadeer Amerik to leydi Naajeeriya, hono Mr. E gardagol Wayas, Senaa noddii Tony Momoh, gardinooɗo jaaynde Daily Times, ngam ƴattaade. Ɗum addani mo hare mawnde to bannge sariya, nde Momoh heɓiino wiyde wonde ko o jaayndiyanke, doosgal leydi rokki mo doole ngam ñaawde laamu nguu e kala sahaa. Nde o yilliima Amerik e lewru suwee 1981, Wayas jaɓɓaama e boksiyee biyeteeɗo Muhammad Ali, o werlii fedde mawnde ngam teddinde mo. Ali meeɗiino yillaade leydi Najeriya, o heɓiino safaara red-carpet. E nder ardorde wooteeji 1983, Wayas wonnoo ko hooreejo lannda NPN "Lagos Group" ballitoowo waylude guwerneer e nder diiwaan Cross River, e luulndaade "Home Front" mo guwerneer jooni oo, hono Clement Isong ardii. Wayas acci laamu bee woɓɓe nder hukuumaaji Shagari nde Seneraal Muhammadu Buhari waɗi kuudetaa nder hitaande 1983, nden o yahi lesdi ndi'i. O arti e hitaande 1987, o nanngaa e kasoo politik, 1987-1988. Caggal golle Wayas wonnoo ko cukko hooreejo KOMISIYOŊ batu doosgal ngenndiwal 1994/1995 yuɓɓinɗo e jibinannde batu ngenndiwal e hoore mum. E hitaande 1998 Wayas woni tergal sosngal lannda yimɓe fof. Caggal ɗuum o naati lannda Demokaraasi Leƴƴi e hitaande 2001 e dow yamiroore guwerneer Cross River Donald Duke. O laati goonɗinɗo masin dow Fedde nde'e, bana no ɗum huuwirta caɗeele demokaraasi lesdi Naajeeriya, ɗe ɗon holla nder konu lesdi Naajeeriya. E lewru oktoobar 2003 o haali ko feewti e peeje laamu fedde nde, o siftini ɗe « ɗe ngonaa doosɗe leydi ». Wayas toɗɗaama hooreejo fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e Asaambele leƴƴi Fuɗnaange-rewo (SSPA). E lewru Yarkomaa 2009 o siftinii ɗaɓɓaaɗe caggal wooteeji to ñaawirɗe woote ko ɗe ngalaa hakkille, ɗe ngalaa hakkille, ɗe ngalaa waktuuji. E hitaande ndee tan o toɗɗaa e gooto e teddungal ɗiɗi ɓurngal toowde e nder leydi Nijeer, hono « Grand Commandant de l’Ordre du Niger » (GCON). E hitaande 2010 ndeeɗoo njeenaari ko hooreejo leydi ndi hono Goodluck Jonathan rokki mo. E lewru Yarkomaa 2010, Wayas wiyi yo cukko hooreejo leydi Goodluck Jonathan rokke yamiroore wonde hooreejo leydi haa nde gartugol hooreejo leydi Umaru Yar'Adua, mo ñawu nguu wonnoo ko juuti. == Bibliyogaraafi == Wayas, Yuusuf (1979). Darnde ardungal lesdi Naajeeriya nder Afrika. Makmilan. ISBN 0333-26295-6. == Tuugnorgal == aibuxw5623d7i6xme8ec28sg2sm3uvr 174390 174389 2026-06-19T00:17:30Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Joseph Wayas GCON''' (21 mee 1941 – 30 noowammbar 2021) ko hooreejo Senaa leydi Najeriya e sahaa laamu ɗiɗaɓuru leydi Najeriya (1979-1983).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thecable.ng/joseph-wayas-former-senate-president-is-dead|title=Joseph Wayas, former senate president, is dead|last=Akpan|first=Samuel|date=2 December 2021|access-date=11 November 2024|newspaper=[[TheCable]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Olufemi|first=Damilola|date=12 March 2023|title=Ex-Senate President Wayas not buried 14 months after death|url=https://punchng.com/ex-senate-president-wayas-not-buried-14-months-after-death/|access-date=2 February 2024|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Ɓawo == Wayas jibinaa ko to Basang, Obanliku, to diiwaan Cross River ñalnde 21 lewru mbooy hitaande 1941, o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Dennis. O yahi to leydi Angalteer ɗo o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde karallaagal toowngal Tottenham, to Londres, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde njulaagu, ganndal e karallaagal West Bronwich, to Birmingham e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Aston, to Birmingham.e<ref name="mininf">{{cite web|url=http://www.profilesnigeria.info/wayas.htm|title=Senator Joseph Wayas President of the Senate Federal Republic of Nigeria (1979-1983)|publisher=Federal Ministry of Information and Communications, Nigeria|access-date=28 February 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318031450/http://www.profilesnigeria.info/wayas.htm|archive-date=18 March 2012}}</ref> Nde o arti Naajeeriya, o golliima e golle gardiiɗo walla kalfinaaɗo golle gila 1960-1969 e nder sosiyeteeji keewɗi to Naajeeriya e leydi Angalteer.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=953&Itemid=34|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=In the News|last1=Akintunde|first1=Kazeem|last2=Binuyo|first2=Kunle|date=17 May 2009|access-date=28 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927130841/http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=953&Itemid=34|archive-date=27 September 2011|url-status=dead|newspaper=[[Newswatch (Nigeria)|Newswatch]]}}</ref> Wayas wonnoo ko tergal fedde toppitiinde geɗe hakkunde leyɗeele to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln, to Amerik. O woniino komisinaajo ngam yah-ngartaa, diiwaan Fuɗnaange-rewo, jooni o feccii e diiwaanuuji Akwa Ibom e Cross River gila.<ref>{{cite news|last=Adebulu|first=Taiwo|date=3 December 2021|title=Obituary: Joseph Wayas, second republic senate president who ruled Nigeria for 16 days|url=https://www.thecable.ng/obituary-joseph-wayas-second-republic-senate-president-who-ruled-nigeria-for-16-days/|access-date=2 September 2024|newspaper=[[TheCable]]}}</ref> O woniino tergal Asaambele doosgal e hitaande 1977-78. Hooreejo Senaa Nde Seneraal Olusegun Obasanjo timmini laamu sooja'en nder hitaande 1979, Joseph Wayas suɓaama nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya dow laylaytol rento lesdi Naajeeriya (NPN) nden o toɗɗaama hooreejo suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya. O lomtii diiwaan senateeruuji worgo e bannge senateer Joseph Oqua Ansa gardinooɗo diiwaan senateeruuji calabar. Wayas ina joginoo jotondiral moƴƴal e hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Shehu Shagari, omo teskii wonde kuule ɗee ina keewi yeewteede e nanondireede hade mum en naatde. Wayas meeɗiino fijde tennis e ammbasadeer Amerik to leydi Naajeeriya, hono Mr. E gardagol Wayas, Senaa noddii Tony Momoh, gardinooɗo jaaynde Daily Times, ngam ƴattaade. Ɗum addani mo hare mawnde to bannge sariya, nde Momoh heɓiino wiyde wonde ko o jaayndiyanke, doosgal leydi rokki mo doole ngam ñaawde laamu nguu e kala sahaa. Nde o yilliima Amerik e lewru suwee 1981, Wayas jaɓɓaama e boksiyee biyeteeɗo Muhammad Ali, o werlii fedde mawnde ngam teddinde mo. Ali meeɗiino yillaade leydi Najeriya, o heɓiino safaara red-carpet. E nder ardorde wooteeji 1983, Wayas wonnoo ko hooreejo lannda NPN "Lagos Group" ballitoowo waylude guwerneer e nder diiwaan Cross River, e luulndaade "Home Front" mo guwerneer jooni oo, hono Clement Isong ardii. Wayas acci laamu bee woɓɓe nder hukuumaaji Shagari nde Seneraal Muhammadu Buhari waɗi kuudetaa nder hitaande 1983, nden o yahi lesdi ndi'i. O arti e hitaande 1987, o nanngaa e kasoo politik, 1987-1988. Caggal golle Wayas wonnoo ko cukko hooreejo KOMISIYOŊ batu doosgal ngenndiwal 1994/1995 yuɓɓinɗo e jibinannde batu ngenndiwal e hoore mum. E hitaande 1998 Wayas woni tergal sosngal lannda yimɓe fof. Caggal ɗuum o naati lannda Demokaraasi Leƴƴi e hitaande 2001 e dow yamiroore guwerneer Cross River Donald Duke. O laati goonɗinɗo masin dow Fedde nde'e, bana no ɗum huuwirta caɗeele demokaraasi lesdi Naajeeriya, ɗe ɗon holla nder konu lesdi Naajeeriya. E lewru oktoobar 2003 o haali ko feewti e peeje laamu fedde nde, o siftini ɗe « ɗe ngonaa doosɗe leydi ». Wayas toɗɗaama hooreejo fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e Asaambele leƴƴi Fuɗnaange-rewo (SSPA). E lewru Yarkomaa 2009 o siftinii ɗaɓɓaaɗe caggal wooteeji to ñaawirɗe woote ko ɗe ngalaa hakkille, ɗe ngalaa hakkille, ɗe ngalaa waktuuji. E hitaande ndee tan o toɗɗaa e gooto e teddungal ɗiɗi ɓurngal toowde e nder leydi Nijeer, hono « Grand Commandant de l’Ordre du Niger » (GCON). E hitaande 2010 ndeeɗoo njeenaari ko hooreejo leydi ndi hono Goodluck Jonathan rokki mo. E lewru Yarkomaa 2010, Wayas wiyi yo cukko hooreejo leydi Goodluck Jonathan rokke yamiroore wonde hooreejo leydi haa nde gartugol hooreejo leydi Umaru Yar'Adua, mo ñawu nguu wonnoo ko juuti. == Bibliyogaraafi == Wayas, Yuusuf (1979). Darnde ardungal lesdi Naajeeriya nder Afrika. Makmilan. ISBN 0333-26295-6. == Tuugnorgal == helf1r28n8ke0ah5qejh8tqtcgj6yis 174391 174390 2026-06-19T00:19:42Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Joseph Wayas GCON''' (21 mee 1941 – 30 noowammbar 2021) ko hooreejo Senaa leydi Najeriya e sahaa laamu ɗiɗaɓuru leydi Najeriya (1979-1983).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thecable.ng/joseph-wayas-former-senate-president-is-dead|title=Joseph Wayas, former senate president, is dead|last=Akpan|first=Samuel|date=2 December 2021|access-date=11 November 2024|newspaper=[[TheCable]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Olufemi|first=Damilola|date=12 March 2023|title=Ex-Senate President Wayas not buried 14 months after death|url=https://punchng.com/ex-senate-president-wayas-not-buried-14-months-after-death/|access-date=2 February 2024|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Ɓawo == Wayas jibinaa ko to Basang, Obanliku, to diiwaan Cross River ñalnde 21 lewru mbooy hitaande 1941, o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Dennis. O yahi to leydi Angalteer ɗo o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde karallaagal toowngal Tottenham, to Londres, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde njulaagu, ganndal e karallaagal West Bronwich, to Birmingham e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Aston, to Birmingham.e<ref name="mininf">{{cite web|url=http://www.profilesnigeria.info/wayas.htm|title=Senator Joseph Wayas President of the Senate Federal Republic of Nigeria (1979-1983)|publisher=Federal Ministry of Information and Communications, Nigeria|access-date=28 February 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318031450/http://www.profilesnigeria.info/wayas.htm|archive-date=18 March 2012}}</ref> Nde o arti Naajeeriya, o golliima e golle gardiiɗo walla kalfinaaɗo golle gila 1960-1969 e nder sosiyeteeji keewɗi to Naajeeriya e leydi Angalteer.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=953&Itemid=34|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=In the News|last1=Akintunde|first1=Kazeem|last2=Binuyo|first2=Kunle|date=17 May 2009|access-date=28 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927130841/http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=953&Itemid=34|archive-date=27 September 2011|url-status=dead|newspaper=[[Newswatch (Nigeria)|Newswatch]]}}</ref> Wayas wonnoo ko tergal fedde t kooppitiinde geɗe hakkunde leyɗeele to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln, to Amerik. O woniino komisinaajo ngam yah-ngartaa, diiwaan Fuɗnaange-rewo, jooni o feccii e diiwaanuuji Akwa Ibom e Cross River gila.<ref>{{cite news|last=Adebulu|first=Taiwo|date=3 December 2021|title=Obituary: Joseph Wayas, second republic senate president who ruled Nigeria for 16 days|url=https://www.thecable.ng/obituary-joseph-wayas-second-republic-senate-president-who-ruled-nigeria-for-16-days/|access-date=2 September 2024|newspaper=[[TheCable]]}}</ref> O woniino tergal Asaambele doosgal e hitaande 1977-78. Hooreejo Senaa Nde Seneraal Olusegun Obasanjo timmini laamu sooja'en nder hitaande 1979, Joseph Wayas suɓaama nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya dow laylaytol rento lesdi Naajeeriya (NPN) nden o toɗɗaama hooreejo suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya. O lomtii diiwaan senateeruuji worgo e bannge senateer Joseph Oqua Ansa gardinooɗo diiwaan senateeruuji calabar. Wayas ina joginoo jotondiral moƴƴal e hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Shehu Shagari, omo teskii wonde kuule ɗee ina keewi yeewteede e nanondireede hade mum en naatde. <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/news/national/2010/feb/09/national-09-02-2010-24.htm|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=2011 Presidency: 'Don't rule out Yar'Adua'|last=Omipidan|first=Ismail|date=9 February 2010|access-date=28 February 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100303033451/https://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/news/national/2010/feb/09/national-09-02-2010-24.htm|archive-date=3 March 2010|newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kwenu.com/publications/hankeso/2007/public_office_confines.htm|title=Respect for public office and its confines|last=Eso|first=Hank|website=Kwenu.com|access-date=28 February 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104093735/http://www.kwenu.com/publications/hankeso/2007/public_office_confines.htm|archive-date=4 January 2010}}</ref> Wayas meeɗiino fijde tennis e ammbasadeer Amerik to leydi Naajeeriya, hono Mr. E gardagol Wayas, Senaa noddii Tony Momoh, gardinooɗo jaaynde Daily Times, ngam ƴattaade. Ɗum addani mo hare mawnde to bannge sariya, nde Momoh heɓiino wiyde wonde ko o jaayndiyanke, doosgal leydi rokki mo doole ngam ñaawde laamu nguu e kala sahaa. Nde o yilliima Amerik e lewru suwee 1981, Wayas jaɓɓaama e boksiyee biyeteeɗo Muhammad Ali, o werlii fedde mawnde ngam teddinde mo. Ali meeɗiino yillaade leydi Najeriya, o heɓiino safaara red-carpet. E nder ardorde wooteeji 1983, Wayas wonnoo ko hooreejo lannda NPN "Lagos Group" ballitoowo waylude guwerneer e nder diiwaan Cross River, e luulndaade "Home Front" mo guwerneer jooni oo, hono Clement Isong ardii. Wayas acci laamu bee woɓɓe nder hukuumaaji Shagari nde Seneraal Muhammadu Buhari waɗi kuudetaa nder hitaande 1983, nden o yahi lesdi ndi'i. O arti e hitaande 1987, o nanngaa e kasoo politik, 1987-1988. Caggal golle Wayas wonnoo ko cukko hooreejo KOMISIYOŊ batu doosgal ngenndiwal 1994/1995 yuɓɓinɗo e jibinannde batu ngenndiwal e hoore mum. E hitaande 1998 Wayas woni tergal sosngal lannda yimɓe fof. Caggal ɗuum o naati lannda Demokaraasi Leƴƴi e hitaande 2001 e dow yamiroore guwerneer Cross River Donald Duke. O laati goonɗinɗo masin dow Fedde nde'e, bana no ɗum huuwirta caɗeele demokaraasi lesdi Naajeeriya, ɗe ɗon holla nder konu lesdi Naajeeriya. E lewru oktoobar 2003 o haali ko feewti e peeje laamu fedde nde, o siftini ɗe « ɗe ngonaa doosɗe leydi ». Wayas toɗɗaama hooreejo fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e Asaambele leƴƴi Fuɗnaange-rewo (SSPA). E lewru Yarkomaa 2009 o siftinii ɗaɓɓaaɗe caggal wooteeji to ñaawirɗe woote ko ɗe ngalaa hakkille, ɗe ngalaa hakkille, ɗe ngalaa waktuuji. E hitaande ndee tan o toɗɗaa e gooto e teddungal ɗiɗi ɓurngal toowde e nder leydi Nijeer, hono « Grand Commandant de l’Ordre du Niger » (GCON). E hitaande 2010 ndeeɗoo njeenaari ko hooreejo leydi ndi hono Goodluck Jonathan rokki mo. E lewru Yarkomaa 2010, Wayas wiyi yo cukko hooreejo leydi Goodluck Jonathan rokke yamiroore wonde hooreejo leydi haa nde gartugol hooreejo leydi Umaru Yar'Adua, mo ñawu nguu wonnoo ko juuti. == Bibliyogaraafi == Wayas, Yuusuf (1979). Darnde ardungal lesdi Naajeeriya nder Afrika. Makmilan. ISBN 0333-26295-6. == Tuugnorgal == d804khzj98woi3lqaufql908m0zwzrz 0 42217 174393 2026-06-19T00:25:21Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174393 wikitext text/x-wiki Edwin Ume-Ezeoke // C CFR (8 suwee 1935 – 1 ut 2011) ko politikyanke e awokaa Nijeer to bannge golle. O woni hooreejo arandeejo suudu dipiteeji wakkati laamu lesdi Naajeeriya ɗiɗaɓuru (1979-1983). O woniino kadi hooreejo ngenndiijo lannda leƴƴi leydi Najeriya fof. Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol Edwin Ume-Ezeoke ko ɓiɗɗo nayaɓo e ɓiɓɓe baaba makko sappo e nayo, o jibinaa ko wuro Obiagu, Amichi to Igwe Umeorimili Orji Ezeoke e Lolo Ugbana Umeorimili Ezeoke (caggal ɗuum lootaa, innitiraa Elisabeth). Baaba makko wonti mawɗo warngo e hitaande 1914, o woni e oon darnde haa o maayi ñalnde 23 lewru juko hitaande 1952. Yumma makko ko ɓiy Igwe Dim Oriaku Udensi mo Ihitenansa hannde oo e nder diiwaan Imo hannde oo. Baaba makko ko hooreejo suudu sarɗiiji aadaaji sabu darnde makko e laamɗo aadaaji wuro ngoo, ina yahra no feewi, ina yahda e ɓiyiiko biyeteeɗo Edwin. Ko e ɗeen ɗanle to Ñaawirde Adunaare wondude e gartugol makko sahaa e sahaa fof e njuɓɓudi luural hakkunde gure, nafoore makko e jaŋde sariya jibinaa. Jaŋde suka biyeteeɗo Edwin fuɗɗii ko e duɗal leslesal katolik St. Eugenia, wuro Obiagu, Amichi e hitaande 1943. Kollitgol maale gadane baawɗe ardaade, o waɗtaa monitor ekkol, o saɗtinaa e golle wonde gardiiɗo duɗal ngal/bell ringer. O wonii kapiteen kippu fuku koyɗe duɗal ngal, o tawtoraama no feewi e atletik, o dañii njeenaaje keewɗe e nder Pijirlooji Empire Games baɗeteeɗi hitaande kala to Nnewi e laamu koloñaal Angalteer. O yalti e hitaande 1951 e seedantaagal jaŋde adannde. Edwin Ume-Ezeoke heɓi jaŋde naatgol e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St. Patrick, Calabar e hitaande 1952, o naatnaa e duɗal ngal ko gardiiɗo duɗal ngal e oon sahaa, Rev. Fr. Keans. Kolleeje ɗee peeñninii mo, addani mo jokkondirde e almudɓe woɗɓe leƴƴi ceertuɗi. Ɓooytaani, sifaaji makko ardaade ɗii kadi njiytaa, nganndiraa. O wonti prefekteer dormitor e Kapiteen Atletik kolees, o ardii ekipaaji makko haa o dañi nafoore e hitaande 1955 e nder kawgel atletik Winston Parnaby to diiwaan Calabar ngam kolees to Calabar. O yalti duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St. Patrick e hitaande 1956, o heɓi seedantaagal makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Afrik hirnaange. Sabu ina heewi ƴettude hitaande ngam njeñtudi ndii yaltinee, o ɗaɓɓi, o golliima e duɗal katolik St. Michael, Ezinifite, Nnewi South L.G.A. ko diiwaan Anambra. Edwin woppi golle janngingol, o yahi to Port Harcourt e hitaande 1958 ɗo o heɓi golle e nder departemaa Dowlaaji Dentuɗi e Aksiyoŋaaji. Nafoore golle makko ko mooftude ngalu ko wayi no njoɓdi laamu e njoɓdi laamu e dow marsandiisuuji naatnaaɗi leydi Naajeeriya. Nde o woni e golle e nder Customs o ɓeydi jaŋde makko e nder duɗal keeringal, o heɓi Advanced level Pass e daartol. O woppi golle makko e Departemaa Customs and Excise e ɗaɓɓaande makko ngam ɓeydaade humpitaade, nawti mo to Angalteer e hitaande 1960 tawi ko mawniiko gorko biyeteeɗo Geoffrey, o walli ɗum e kaalis. To Londres, Edwin Ume-Ezeoke fuɗɗii janngude ko e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Politeknik Fuɗnaange-rewo tuggi 1960 haa 1962. Ndeen o heɓi G.C.E. Toɓɓere yahrude yeeso e faggudu, daartol e doosgal leydi Angalteer. E Level makko yahruɗo yeeso, o naati e Inns of Court Middle Temple ngam janngude sariya.. O yahi haa duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Holburn, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde London o timmini golle makko e hitaande 1966 e njeenaari LLB (Hons) o arti Naajeeriya. Caggal ɗuum o noddiraa to Bar. Ume-Ezeoke sankii ko ñalnde 1 ut 2011. Tuugnorgal 1rhksrzgv3xykwqbphinuzdpalcp79w 174394 174393 2026-06-19T00:26:58Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Edwin Ume-Ezeoke // C CFR (8 suwee 1935 – 1 ut 2011) ko politikyanke e awokaa Nijeer to bannge golle. O woni hooreejo arandeejo suudu dipiteeji wakkati laamu lesdi Naajeeriya ɗiɗaɓuru (1979-1983). O woniino kadi hooreejo ngenndiijo lannda leƴƴi leydi Najeriya fof. Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol Edwin Ume-Ezeoke ko ɓiɗɗo nayaɓo e ɓiɓɓe baaba makko sappo e nayo, o jibinaa ko wuro Obiagu, Amichi to Igwe Umeorimili Orji Ezeoke e Lolo Ugbana Umeorimili Ezeoke (caggal ɗuum lootaa, innitiraa Elisabeth). Baaba makko wonti mawɗo warngo e hitaande 1914, o woni e oon darnde haa o maayi ñalnde 23 lewru juko hitaande 1952. Yumma makko ko ɓiy Igwe Dim Oriaku Udensi mo Ihitenansa hannde oo e nder diiwaan Imo hannde oo. Baaba makko ko hooreejo suudu sarɗiiji aadaaji sabu darnde makko e laamɗo aadaaji wuro ngoo, ina yahra no feewi, ina yahda e ɓiyiiko biyeteeɗo Edwin. Ko e ɗeen ɗanle to Ñaawirde Adunaare wondude e gartugol makko sahaa e sahaa fof e njuɓɓudi luural hakkunde gure, nafoore makko e jaŋde sariya jibinaa. Jaŋde suka biyeteeɗo Edwin fuɗɗii ko e duɗal leslesal katolik St. Eugenia, wuro Obiagu, Amichi e hitaande 1943. Kollitgol maale gadane baawɗe ardaade, o waɗtaa monitor ekkol, o saɗtinaa e golle wonde gardiiɗo duɗal ngal/bell ringer. O wonii kapiteen kippu fuku koyɗe duɗal ngal, o tawtoraama no feewi e atletik, o dañii njeenaaje keewɗe e nder Pijirlooji Empire Games baɗeteeɗi hitaande kala to Nnewi e laamu koloñaal Angalteer. O yalti e hitaande 1951 e seedantaagal jaŋde adannde. Edwin Ume-Ezeoke heɓi jaŋde naatgol e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St. Patrick, Calabar e hitaande 1952, o naatnaa e duɗal ngal ko gardiiɗo duɗal ngal e oon sahaa, Rev. Fr. Keans. Kolleeje ɗee peeñninii mo, addani mo jokkondirde e almudɓe woɗɓe leƴƴi ceertuɗi. Ɓooytaani, sifaaji makko ardaade ɗii kadi njiytaa, nganndiraa. O wonti prefekteer dormitor e Kapiteen Atletik kolees, o ardii ekipaaji makko haa o dañi nafoore e hitaande 1955 e nder kawgel atletik Winston Parnaby to diiwaan Calabar ngam kolees to Calabar. O yalti duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St. Patrick e hitaande 1956, o heɓi seedantaagal makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Afrik hirnaange. Sabu ina heewi ƴettude hitaande ngam njeñtudi ndii yaltinee, o ɗaɓɓi, o golliima e duɗal katolik St. Michael, Ezinifite, Nnewi South L.G.A. ko diiwaan Anambra. Edwin woppi golle janngingol, o yahi to Port Harcourt e hitaande 1958 ɗo o heɓi golle e nder departemaa Dowlaaji Dentuɗi e Aksiyoŋaaji. Nafoore golle makko ko mooftude ngalu ko wayi no njoɓdi laamu e njoɓdi laamu e dow marsandiisuuji naatnaaɗi leydi Naajeeriya. Nde o woni e golle e nder Customs o ɓeydi jaŋde makko e nder duɗal keeringal, o heɓi Advanced level Pass e daartol. O woppi golle makko e Departemaa Customs and Excise e ɗaɓɓaande makko ngam ɓeydaade humpitaade, nawti mo to Angalteer e hitaande 1960 tawi ko mawniiko gorko biyeteeɗo Geoffrey, o walli ɗum e kaalis. To Londres, Edwin Ume-Ezeoke fuɗɗii janngude ko e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Politeknik Fuɗnaange-rewo tuggi 1960 haa 1962. Ndeen o heɓi G.C.E. Toɓɓere yahrude yeeso e faggudu, daartol e doosgal leydi Angalteer. E Level makko yahruɗo yeeso, o naati e Inns of Court Middle Temple ngam janngude sariya.. O yahi haa duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Holburn, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde London o timmini golle makko e hitaande 1966 e njeenaari LLB (Hons) o arti Naajeeriya. Caggal ɗuum o noddiraa to Bar. Ume-Ezeoke sankii ko ñalnde 1 ut 2011. Tuugnorgal 1sh93exoug1a9pz6k2uq7yj9q204nsu 174395 174394 2026-06-19T00:27:31Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Edwin Ume-Ezeoke // C CFR''' (8 suwee 1935 – 1 ut 2011) ko politikyanke e awokaa Nijeer to bannge golle. O woni hooreejo arandeejo suudu dipiteeji wakkati laamu lesdi Naajeeriya ɗiɗaɓuru (1979-1983). O woniino kadi hooreejo ngenndiijo lannda leƴƴi leydi Najeriya fof. Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol Edwin Ume-Ezeoke ko ɓiɗɗo nayaɓo e ɓiɓɓe baaba makko sappo e nayo, o jibinaa ko wuro Obiagu, Amichi to Igwe Umeorimili Orji Ezeoke e Lolo Ugbana Umeorimili Ezeoke (caggal ɗuum lootaa, innitiraa Elisabeth). Baaba makko wonti mawɗo warngo e hitaande 1914, o woni e oon darnde haa o maayi ñalnde 23 lewru juko hitaande 1952. Yumma makko ko ɓiy Igwe Dim Oriaku Udensi mo Ihitenansa hannde oo e nder diiwaan Imo hannde oo. Baaba makko ko hooreejo suudu sarɗiiji aadaaji sabu darnde makko e laamɗo aadaaji wuro ngoo, ina yahra no feewi, ina yahda e ɓiyiiko biyeteeɗo Edwin. Ko e ɗeen ɗanle to Ñaawirde Adunaare wondude e gartugol makko sahaa e sahaa fof e njuɓɓudi luural hakkunde gure, nafoore makko e jaŋde sariya jibinaa. Jaŋde suka biyeteeɗo Edwin fuɗɗii ko e duɗal leslesal katolik St. Eugenia, wuro Obiagu, Amichi e hitaande 1943. Kollitgol maale gadane baawɗe ardaade, o waɗtaa monitor ekkol, o saɗtinaa e golle wonde gardiiɗo duɗal ngal/bell ringer. O wonii kapiteen kippu fuku koyɗe duɗal ngal, o tawtoraama no feewi e atletik, o dañii njeenaaje keewɗe e nder Pijirlooji Empire Games baɗeteeɗi hitaande kala to Nnewi e laamu koloñaal Angalteer. O yalti e hitaande 1951 e seedantaagal jaŋde adannde. Edwin Ume-Ezeoke heɓi jaŋde naatgol e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St. Patrick, Calabar e hitaande 1952, o naatnaa e duɗal ngal ko gardiiɗo duɗal ngal e oon sahaa, Rev. Fr. Keans. Kolleeje ɗee peeñninii mo, addani mo jokkondirde e almudɓe woɗɓe leƴƴi ceertuɗi. Ɓooytaani, sifaaji makko ardaade ɗii kadi njiytaa, nganndiraa. O wonti prefekteer dormitor e Kapiteen Atletik kolees, o ardii ekipaaji makko haa o dañi nafoore e hitaande 1955 e nder kawgel atletik Winston Parnaby to diiwaan Calabar ngam kolees to Calabar. O yalti duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St. Patrick e hitaande 1956, o heɓi seedantaagal makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Afrik hirnaange. Sabu ina heewi ƴettude hitaande ngam njeñtudi ndii yaltinee, o ɗaɓɓi, o golliima e duɗal katolik St. Michael, Ezinifite, Nnewi South L.G.A. ko diiwaan Anambra. Edwin woppi golle janngingol, o yahi to Port Harcourt e hitaande 1958 ɗo o heɓi golle e nder departemaa Dowlaaji Dentuɗi e Aksiyoŋaaji. Nafoore golle makko ko mooftude ngalu ko wayi no njoɓdi laamu e njoɓdi laamu e dow marsandiisuuji naatnaaɗi leydi Naajeeriya. Nde o woni e golle e nder Customs o ɓeydi jaŋde makko e nder duɗal keeringal, o heɓi Advanced level Pass e daartol. O woppi golle makko e Departemaa Customs and Excise e ɗaɓɓaande makko ngam ɓeydaade humpitaade, nawti mo to Angalteer e hitaande 1960 tawi ko mawniiko gorko biyeteeɗo Geoffrey, o walli ɗum e kaalis. To Londres, Edwin Ume-Ezeoke fuɗɗii janngude ko e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Politeknik Fuɗnaange-rewo tuggi 1960 haa 1962. Ndeen o heɓi G.C.E. Toɓɓere yahrude yeeso e faggudu, daartol e doosgal leydi Angalteer. E Level makko yahruɗo yeeso, o naati e Inns of Court Middle Temple ngam janngude sariya.. O yahi haa duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Holburn, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde London o timmini golle makko e hitaande 1966 e njeenaari LLB (Hons) o arti Naajeeriya. Caggal ɗuum o noddiraa to Bar. Ume-Ezeoke sankii ko ñalnde 1 ut 2011. Tuugnorgal hffvaak4puwttyvj7mxclonvco4s3jb 174396 174395 2026-06-19T00:28:14Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Edwin Ume-Ezeoke // C CFR''' (8 suwee 1935 – 1 ut 2011) ko politikyanke e awokaa Nijeer to bannge golle. O woni hooreejo arandeejo suudu dipiteeji wakkati laamu lesdi Naajeeriya ɗiɗaɓuru (1979-1983). O woniino kadi hooreejo ngenndiijo lannda leƴƴi leydi Najeriya fof. == Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol == Edwin Ume-Ezeoke ko ɓiɗɗo nayaɓo e ɓiɓɓe baaba makko sappo e nayo, o jibinaa ko wuro Obiagu, Amichi to Igwe Umeorimili Orji Ezeoke e Lolo Ugbana Umeorimili Ezeoke (caggal ɗuum lootaa, innitiraa Elisabeth). Baaba makko wonti mawɗo warngo e hitaande 1914, o woni e oon darnde haa o maayi ñalnde 23 lewru juko hitaande 1952. Yumma makko ko ɓiy Igwe Dim Oriaku Udensi mo Ihitenansa hannde oo e nder diiwaan Imo hannde oo. Baaba makko ko hooreejo suudu sarɗiiji aadaaji sabu darnde makko e laamɗo aadaaji wuro ngoo, ina yahra no feewi, ina yahda e ɓiyiiko biyeteeɗo Edwin. Ko e ɗeen ɗanle to Ñaawirde Adunaare wondude e gartugol makko sahaa e sahaa fof e njuɓɓudi luural hakkunde gure, nafoore makko e jaŋde sariya jibinaa. Jaŋde suka biyeteeɗo Edwin fuɗɗii ko e duɗal leslesal katolik St. Eugenia, wuro Obiagu, Amichi e hitaande 1943. Kollitgol maale gadane baawɗe ardaade, o waɗtaa monitor ekkol, o saɗtinaa e golle wonde gardiiɗo duɗal ngal/bell ringer. O wonii kapiteen kippu fuku koyɗe duɗal ngal, o tawtoraama no feewi e atletik, o dañii njeenaaje keewɗe e nder Pijirlooji Empire Games baɗeteeɗi hitaande kala to Nnewi e laamu koloñaal Angalteer. O yalti e hitaande 1951 e seedantaagal jaŋde adannde. Edwin Ume-Ezeoke heɓi jaŋde naatgol e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St. Patrick, Calabar e hitaande 1952, o naatnaa e duɗal ngal ko gardiiɗo duɗal ngal e oon sahaa, Rev. Fr. Keans. Kolleeje ɗee peeñninii mo, addani mo jokkondirde e almudɓe woɗɓe leƴƴi ceertuɗi. Ɓooytaani, sifaaji makko ardaade ɗii kadi njiytaa, nganndiraa. O wonti prefekteer dormitor e Kapiteen Atletik kolees, o ardii ekipaaji makko haa o dañi nafoore e hitaande 1955 e nder kawgel atletik Winston Parnaby to diiwaan Calabar ngam kolees to Calabar. O yalti duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St. Patrick e hitaande 1956, o heɓi seedantaagal makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Afrik hirnaange. Sabu ina heewi ƴettude hitaande ngam njeñtudi ndii yaltinee, o ɗaɓɓi, o golliima e duɗal katolik St. Michael, Ezinifite, Nnewi South L.G.A. ko diiwaan Anambra. Edwin woppi golle janngingol, o yahi to Port Harcourt e hitaande 1958 ɗo o heɓi golle e nder departemaa Dowlaaji Dentuɗi e Aksiyoŋaaji. Nafoore golle makko ko mooftude ngalu ko wayi no njoɓdi laamu e njoɓdi laamu e dow marsandiisuuji naatnaaɗi leydi Naajeeriya. Nde o woni e golle e nder Customs o ɓeydi jaŋde makko e nder duɗal keeringal, o heɓi Advanced level Pass e daartol. O woppi golle makko e Departemaa Customs and Excise e ɗaɓɓaande makko ngam ɓeydaade humpitaade, nawti mo to Angalteer e hitaande 1960 tawi ko mawniiko gorko biyeteeɗo Geoffrey, o walli ɗum e kaalis. To Londres, Edwin Ume-Ezeoke fuɗɗii janngude ko e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Politeknik Fuɗnaange-rewo tuggi 1960 haa 1962. Ndeen o heɓi G.C.E. Toɓɓere yahrude yeeso e faggudu, daartol e doosgal leydi Angalteer. E Level makko yahruɗo yeeso, o naati e Inns of Court Middle Temple ngam janngude sariya.. O yahi haa duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Holburn, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde London o timmini golle makko e hitaande 1966 e njeenaari LLB (Hons) o arti Naajeeriya. Caggal ɗuum o noddiraa to Bar. Ume-Ezeoke sankii ko ñalnde 1 ut 2011. == Tuugnorgal == q2ddygbciubjmixizidzaziadym7dq3 174397 174396 2026-06-19T00:30:22Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Edwin Ume-Ezeoke // C CFR''' (8 suwee 1935 – 1 ut 2011) ko politikyanke e awokaa Nijeer to bannge golle. O woni hooreejo arandeejo suudu dipiteeji wakkati laamu lesdi Naajeeriya ɗiɗaɓuru (1979-1983). O woniino kadi hooreejo ngenndiijo lannda leƴƴi leydi Najeriya fof.<ref>{{citetp://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2011/08/02/chief-edwin-ume-ezeoke-is-dead/|title=Nigeria's Ex-speaker, Edwin Ume-Ezeoke Is Dead|last=Nmeribeh|first=Maduabuchi|location=[[Kano State|Kano]]|date=2 August 2011|accessdate=8 February 2016|newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref><ref name="Azikiwe2013">{{cite book|author=Ifeoha Azikiwe|title=NIGERIA: ECHOES OF A CENTURY: Volume Two 1999-2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDoIDEXdZwkC&pg=PA197|date=17 April 2013|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4817-2929-1|pages=197–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Nigeria's Ex-speaker, Edwin Ume-Ezeoke, Is Dead|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2011/08/02/chief-edwin-ume-ezeoke-is-dead/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=July 9, 2024|newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref> == Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol == Edwin Ume-Ezeoke ko ɓiɗɗo nayaɓo e ɓiɓɓe baaba makko sappo e nayo, o jibinaa ko wuro Obiagu, Amichi to Igwe Umeorimili Orji Ezeoke e Lolo Ugbana Umeorimili Ezeoke (caggal ɗuum lootaa, innitiraa Elisabeth). Baaba makko wonti mawɗo warngo e hitaande 1914, o woni e oon darnde haa o maayi ñalnde 23 lewru juko hitaande 1952. Yumma makko ko ɓiy Igwe Dim Oriaku Udensi mo Ihitenansa hannde oo e nder diiwaan Imo hannde oo. Baaba makko ko hooreejo suudu sarɗiiji aadaaji sabu darnde makko e laamɗo aadaaji wuro ngoo, ina yahra no feewi, ina yahda e ɓiyiiko biyeteeɗo Edwin. Ko e ɗeen ɗanle to Ñaawirde Adunaare wondude e gartugol makko sahaa e sahaa fof e njuɓɓudi luural hakkunde gure, nafoore makko e jaŋde sariya jibinaa. Jaŋde suka biyeteeɗo Edwin fuɗɗii ko e duɗal leslesal katolik St. Eugenia, wuro Obiagu, Amichi e hitaande 1943. Kollitgol maale gadane baawɗe ardaade, o waɗtaa monitor ekkol, o saɗtinaa e golle wonde gardiiɗo duɗal ngal/bell ringer. O wonii kapiteen kippu fuku koyɗe duɗal ngal, o tawtoraama no feewi e atletik, o dañii njeenaaje keewɗe e nder Pijirlooji Empire Games baɗeteeɗi hitaande kala to Nnewi e laamu koloñaal Angalteer. O yalti e hitaande 1951 e seedantaagal jaŋde adannde. Edwin Ume-Ezeoke heɓi jaŋde naatgol e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St. Patrick, Calabar e hitaande 1952, o naatnaa e duɗal ngal ko gardiiɗo duɗal ngal e oon sahaa, Rev. Fr. Keans. Kolleeje ɗee peeñninii mo, addani mo jokkondirde e almudɓe woɗɓe leƴƴi ceertuɗi. Ɓooytaani, sifaaji makko ardaade ɗii kadi njiytaa, nganndiraa. O wonti prefekteer dormitor e Kapiteen Atletik kolees, o ardii ekipaaji makko haa o dañi nafoore e hitaande 1955 e nder kawgel atletik Winston Parnaby to diiwaan Calabar ngam kolees to Calabar. O yalti duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St. Patrick e hitaande 1956, o heɓi seedantaagal makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Afrik hirnaange. Sabu ina heewi ƴettude hitaande ngam njeñtudi ndii yaltinee, o ɗaɓɓi, o golliima e duɗal katolik St. Michael, Ezinifite, Nnewi South L.G.A. ko diiwaan Anambra. Edwin woppi golle janngingol, o yahi to Port Harcourt e hitaande 1958 ɗo o heɓi golle e nder departemaa Dowlaaji Dentuɗi e Aksiyoŋaaji. Nafoore golle makko ko mooftude ngalu ko wayi no njoɓdi laamu e njoɓdi laamu e dow marsandiisuuji naatnaaɗi leydi Naajeeriya. Nde o woni e golle e nder Customs o ɓeydi jaŋde makko e nder duɗal keeringal, o heɓi Advanced level Pass e daartol. O woppi golle makko e Departemaa Customs and Excise e ɗaɓɓaande makko ngam ɓeydaade humpitaade, nawti mo to Angalteer e hitaande 1960 tawi ko mawniiko gorko biyeteeɗo Geoffrey, o walli ɗum e kaalis. To Londres, Edwin Ume-Ezeoke fuɗɗii janngude ko e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Politeknik Fuɗnaange-rewo tuggi 1960 haa 1962. Ndeen o heɓi G.C.E. Toɓɓere yahrude yeeso e faggudu, daartol e doosgal leydi Angalteer. E Level makko yahruɗo yeeso, o naati e Inns of Court Middle Temple ngam janngude sariya.. O yahi haa duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Holburn, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde London o timmini golle makko e hitaande 1966 e njeenaari LLB (Hons) o arti Naajeeriya. Caggal ɗuum o noddiraa to Bar. Ume-Ezeoke sankii ko ñalnde 1 ut 2011. == Tuugnorgal == rhoqzhg2eyjz296o42nwyo2xqf2xeth 0 42218 174398 2026-06-19T00:36:16Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174398 wikitext text/x-wiki Senator Joseph Sarwuan Tarka CFR (10 sulyee 1932 – 30 mars 1980) ko politikaajo leydi Najeriya ummoriiɗo e diiwaan Benue, gonnooɗo jaagorgal ko fayti e yah-ngartaa e caggal ɗuum jokkondiral e gardagol Seneraal Yakubu Gowon. O jeyaa ko e terɗe sosɗe fedde wiyeteende United Middle Belt Congress, fedde politik daraniinde reende e wallitde leydi ndii. Ɓawo Tarka jibinaa ko ñalnde 10 sulyee 1932 to Igbor, e nder diiwaan Benue. O ɓii Tarka Nachi e Ikpa Anyam. Baaba makko ko jannginoowo wuro iwdi Tiv, caggal ɗuum wonti hooreejo duɗal, caggal ɗuum mawɗo to Mbakor, diiwaan Gboko. O janngii duɗal leslesal laamu ngenndiwal, Gboko e duɗal hakkundeewal Katsina Ala. Caggal nde o timmini jaŋde makko, o wonti jannginoowo to duɗal hakkundeewal Katsina-Ala hade makko yahde jaŋde to duɗal ganndal teeru Bauchi. O jeyaa ko e fedde gollotooɓe e laamu leydi Tiv e fedde jannginooɓe to bannge worgo. Nde o woni jannginoowo haa jooni, Tarka woni e yiɗde politik, o heɓi heen humpito ko adii fof ko e ganndo radikal biyeteeɗo Sa’adu Zungur, binndanɗe Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, e konnguɗi Nnamdi Azikiwe. Republique gadano E hitaande 1954, e dow tikket jokkondirɗo e lannda yimɓe « Middle Belt » , Tarka suɓaama ngam lomtaade diiwaan Jemgbagh to suudu sarɗiiji leydi ndii. E hitaande 1957, lannda yimɓe Ɓooygol hakkundeejo hawri e Ligue des Zone Moyenne ardii David Lot ngam sosde Kongres Ɓooyɗo Ɓooyɗo. Ndeen Tarka yaltii e hooreejo fedde wiyeteende United Moyen Belt Congress (UMBC), lannda kaa ɓooyaani ko jokkondiri e fedde wiyeteende Action Group, lannda ɓurɗo mawnude e diiwaan hirnaange oo. Action Group yiɗiino ballal ngam hawrude e Ilorin e Kabba e Diiwaan Hirnaange e UMBC yiɗiino sosde Dowlaaji hakkundeeji. Tarka woni tergal cuɓaaɗo e batu doosɗe leydi Najeriya e hitaande 1957, kadi ko o wakiiliijo zone Middle Belt e Komiseer Willinks e hitaande 1958. E hitaande 1958, o toɗɗaa ko jaagorgal njulaagu ɗowdi. UMBC mo Tarka, lannda ɓurka heewde ko Kerecee’en, haɓaama e wooteeji ko adii jeytaare leydi ndii e hitaande 1959 e wooteeji garooji ɗii e hitaande 1963, luulndii Kongres yimɓe worgo ɓurɓe heewde juulɓe. Wooteeji ɗiɗi ɗii fof ngaddi fitinaaji e nder diiwaan hakkundeejo, ko ɗum addani Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu ƴettude laamu konu ñalnde 15 lewru bowte hitaande 1966. Tarka ko daraniiɗo sosde dowla ngam rokkude doole politik e faggudu pelle tokoose e nder leydi ndii. O wallitorii sosde dowla « Middle Belt » hade republique oo taƴeede. E lewru abriil 1961, hitaande caggal kiris e nder leydi Tiv, Tarka nanngaa fotde jonte tati to Jos e les ruulde wiɗto ngam warhoore e umminde jiiɓru e nder jiiɓru Tiv., nanngugol makko ko lewru woɗɗi e wooteeji diiwaan. E hitaande 1962, UMBC mo fedde Action Group rokki heen feccere, fellitii joofnude jokkondiral mum ngam waɗde jokkondiral kesal e NEPU. Lannda keso oo wiyetee ko Fedde Yimɓe Worgo, Aminu Kano woni hooreejo mum, Tarka woni hooreejo lannda mum. E hitaande 1962, kanko e ardiiɓe fedde wiyeteende Action Group woɗɓe, o nanngaa ko e tuumeede fenaande kono o woppitaa sabu ŋakkeende hujjaaji. Caggal golle Caggal nde Seneraal Gowon heɓi laamu e lewru ut 1966, Tarka toɗɗaa Komisariyaa Fedde nde ko feewti e yah-ngartaa, caggal ɗuum ko feewti e jokkondiral, o woppi laamu e hitaande 1974 caggal nde tuumeede fenaande ummoraade e banndiiko Tiv gooto ina wiyee Godwin Daboh yalti. Kuugal Daboh ngal, ɗon wi'a Paul Unongo e guwerneer lesdi Benue-Plateau, Joseph Gomwalk, ɗon mari haaje hukuumaaji pamari ɗin, nden boo polis'en ɗon wi'a ɓe ɗon mari haaje hukuumaaji pamari ɗi Sunday Adewusi ardii. E nder ardungal ngam artirde demokaraasi bee lesdi Naajeeriya ɗiɗaɓre, Tarka hawti bee siyaasa'en lesdi Naajeeriya ngam sosde lannda lesdi Naajeeriya, nden o heɓi nasaraaku nder suɓol hooreejo lesdi Naajeeriya. O suɓaama senaateer to Benue Fuɗnaange e hitaande 1979, o toɗɗaa hooreejo Goomu Senaa ngam kaalis e jawdi, ko ɗum woni darnde nde o maayi ñalnde 30 marse 1980, tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 48. Ɓiyiiko biyeteeɗo Simeon Tarka, suɓaama e suudu sarɗiiji e hitaande 1979. Njawdi Nokkuure laamu lesdi Tarka nder jiha Benue, inniraama ngam teddingo maako.[9] E hitaande 2019 duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde fedde ndema, Makurdi innitiraa mo. Tuugnorgal 0icsi3qwd5kktcj2gw6jh889yhbdox0 174399 174398 2026-06-19T00:38:00Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Senator Joseph Sarwuan Tarka CFR (10 sulyee 1932 – 30 mars 1980) ko politikaajo leydi Najeriya ummoriiɗo e diiwaan Benue, gonnooɗo jaagorgal ko fayti e yah-ngartaa e caggal ɗuum jokkondiral e gardagol Seneraal Yakubu Gowon. O jeyaa ko e terɗe sosɗe fedde wiyeteende United Middle Belt Congress, fedde politik daraniinde reende e wallitde leydi ndii. Ɓawo Tarka jibinaa ko ñalnde 10 sulyee 1932 to Igbor, e nder diiwaan Benue. O ɓii Tarka Nachi e Ikpa Anyam. Baaba makko ko jannginoowo wuro iwdi Tiv, caggal ɗuum wonti hooreejo duɗal, caggal ɗuum mawɗo to Mbakor, diiwaan Gboko. O janngii duɗal leslesal laamu ngenndiwal, Gboko e duɗal hakkundeewal Katsina Ala. Caggal nde o timmini jaŋde makko, o wonti jannginoowo to duɗal hakkundeewal Katsina-Ala hade makko yahde jaŋde to duɗal ganndal teeru Bauchi. O jeyaa ko e fedde gollotooɓe e laamu leydi Tiv e fedde jannginooɓe to bannge worgo. Nde o woni jannginoowo haa jooni, Tarka woni e yiɗde politik, o heɓi heen humpito ko adii fof ko e ganndo radikal biyeteeɗo Sa’adu Zungur, binndanɗe Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, e konnguɗi Nnamdi Azikiwe. Republique gadano E hitaande 1954, e dow tikket jokkondirɗo e lannda yimɓe « Middle Belt » , Tarka suɓaama ngam lomtaade diiwaan Jemgbagh to suudu sarɗiiji leydi ndii. E hitaande 1957, lannda yimɓe Ɓooygol hakkundeejo hawri e Ligue des Zone Moyenne ardii David Lot ngam sosde Kongres Ɓooyɗo Ɓooyɗo. Ndeen Tarka yaltii e hooreejo fedde wiyeteende United Moyen Belt Congress (UMBC), lannda kaa ɓooyaani ko jokkondiri e fedde wiyeteende Action Group, lannda ɓurɗo mawnude e diiwaan hirnaange oo. Action Group yiɗiino ballal ngam hawrude e Ilorin e Kabba e Diiwaan Hirnaange e UMBC yiɗiino sosde Dowlaaji hakkundeeji. Tarka woni tergal cuɓaaɗo e batu doosɗe leydi Najeriya e hitaande 1957, kadi ko o wakiiliijo zone Middle Belt e Komiseer Willinks e hitaande 1958. E hitaande 1958, o toɗɗaa ko jaagorgal njulaagu ɗowdi. UMBC mo Tarka, lannda ɓurka heewde ko Kerecee’en, haɓaama e wooteeji ko adii jeytaare leydi ndii e hitaande 1959 e wooteeji garooji ɗii e hitaande 1963, luulndii Kongres yimɓe worgo ɓurɓe heewde juulɓe. Wooteeji ɗiɗi ɗii fof ngaddi fitinaaji e nder diiwaan hakkundeejo, ko ɗum addani Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu ƴettude laamu konu ñalnde 15 lewru bowte hitaande 1966. Tarka ko daraniiɗo sosde dowla ngam rokkude doole politik e faggudu pelle tokoose e nder leydi ndii. O wallitorii sosde dowla « Middle Belt » hade republique oo taƴeede. E lewru abriil 1961, hitaande caggal kiris e nder leydi Tiv, Tarka nanngaa fotde jonte tati to Jos e les ruulde wiɗto ngam warhoore e umminde jiiɓru e nder jiiɓru Tiv., nanngugol makko ko lewru woɗɗi e wooteeji diiwaan. E hitaande 1962, UMBC mo fedde Action Group rokki heen feccere, fellitii joofnude jokkondiral mum ngam waɗde jokkondiral kesal e NEPU. Lannda keso oo wiyetee ko Fedde Yimɓe Worgo, Aminu Kano woni hooreejo mum, Tarka woni hooreejo lannda mum. E hitaande 1962, kanko e ardiiɓe fedde wiyeteende Action Group woɗɓe, o nanngaa ko e tuumeede fenaande kono o woppitaa sabu ŋakkeende hujjaaji. Caggal golle Caggal nde Seneraal Gowon heɓi laamu e lewru ut 1966, Tarka toɗɗaa Komisariyaa Fedde nde ko feewti e yah-ngartaa, caggal ɗuum ko feewti e jokkondiral, o woppi laamu e hitaande 1974 caggal nde tuumeede fenaande ummoraade e banndiiko Tiv gooto ina wiyee Godwin Daboh yalti. Kuugal Daboh ngal, ɗon wi'a Paul Unongo e guwerneer lesdi Benue-Plateau, Joseph Gomwalk, ɗon mari haaje hukuumaaji pamari ɗin, nden boo polis'en ɗon wi'a ɓe ɗon mari haaje hukuumaaji pamari ɗi Sunday Adewusi ardii. E nder ardungal ngam artirde demokaraasi bee lesdi Naajeeriya ɗiɗaɓre, Tarka hawti bee siyaasa'en lesdi Naajeeriya ngam sosde lannda lesdi Naajeeriya, nden o heɓi nasaraaku nder suɓol hooreejo lesdi Naajeeriya. O suɓaama senaateer to Benue Fuɗnaange e hitaande 1979, o toɗɗaa hooreejo Goomu Senaa ngam kaalis e jawdi, ko ɗum woni darnde nde o maayi ñalnde 30 marse 1980, tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 48. Ɓiyiiko biyeteeɗo Simeon Tarka, suɓaama e suudu sarɗiiji e hitaande 1979. Njawdi Nokkuure laamu lesdi Tarka nder jiha Benue, inniraama ngam teddingo maako.[9] E hitaande 2019 duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde fedde ndema, Makurdi innitiraa mo. Tuugnorgal j9hjbx1qthlc3of4fyvf6nolspi79l5 174400 174399 2026-06-19T00:39:31Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Senator Joseph Sarwuan Tarka CFR''' (10 sulyee 1932 – 30 mars 1980) ko politikaajo leydi Najeriya ummoriiɗo e diiwaan Benue, gonnooɗo jaagorgal ko fayti e yah-ngartaa e caggal ɗuum jokkondiral e gardagol Seneraal Yakubu Gowon. O jeyaa ko e terɗe sosɗe fedde wiyeteende United Middle Belt Congress, fedde politik daraniinde reende e wallitde leydi ndii. == Ɓawo == Tarka jibinaa ko ñalnde 10 sulyee 1932 to Igbor, e nder diiwaan Benue. O ɓii Tarka Nachi e Ikpa Anyam. Baaba makko ko jannginoowo wuro iwdi Tiv, caggal ɗuum wonti hooreejo duɗal, caggal ɗuum mawɗo to Mbakor, diiwaan Gboko. O janngii duɗal leslesal laamu ngenndiwal, Gboko e duɗal hakkundeewal Katsina Ala. Caggal nde o timmini jaŋde makko, o wonti jannginoowo to duɗal hakkundeewal Katsina-Ala hade makko yahde jaŋde to duɗal ganndal teeru Bauchi. O jeyaa ko e fedde gollotooɓe e laamu leydi Tiv e fedde jannginooɓe to bannge worgo. Nde o woni jannginoowo haa jooni, Tarka woni e yiɗde politik, o heɓi heen humpito ko adii fof ko e ganndo radikal biyeteeɗo Sa’adu Zungur, binndanɗe Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, e konnguɗi Nnamdi Azikiwe. == Republique gadano == E hitaande 1954, e dow tikket jokkondirɗo e lannda yimɓe « Middle Belt » , Tarka suɓaama ngam lomtaade diiwaan Jemgbagh to suudu sarɗiiji leydi ndii. E hitaande 1957, lannda yimɓe Ɓooygol hakkundeejo hawri e Ligue des Zone Moyenne ardii David Lot ngam sosde Kongres Ɓooyɗo Ɓooyɗo. Ndeen Tarka yaltii e hooreejo fedde wiyeteende United Moyen Belt Congress (UMBC), lannda kaa ɓooyaani ko jokkondiri e fedde wiyeteende Action Group, lannda ɓurɗo mawnude e diiwaan hirnaange oo. Action Group yiɗiino ballal ngam hawrude e Ilorin e Kabba e Diiwaan Hirnaange e UMBC yiɗiino sosde Dowlaaji hakkundeeji. Tarka woni tergal cuɓaaɗo e batu doosɗe leydi Najeriya e hitaande 1957, kadi ko o wakiiliijo zone Middle Belt e Komiseer Willinks e hitaande 1958. E hitaande 1958, o toɗɗaa ko jaagorgal njulaagu ɗowdi. UMBC mo Tarka, lannda ɓurka heewde ko Kerecee’en, haɓaama e wooteeji ko adii jeytaare leydi ndii e hitaande 1959 e wooteeji garooji ɗii e hitaande 1963, luulndii Kongres yimɓe worgo ɓurɓe heewde juulɓe. Wooteeji ɗiɗi ɗii fof ngaddi fitinaaji e nder diiwaan hakkundeejo, ko ɗum addani Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu ƴettude laamu konu ñalnde 15 lewru bowte hitaande 1966. Tarka ko daraniiɗo sosde dowla ngam rokkude doole politik e faggudu pelle tokoose e nder leydi ndii. O wallitorii sosde dowla « Middle Belt » hade republique oo taƴeede. E lewru abriil 1961, hitaande caggal kiris e nder leydi Tiv, Tarka nanngaa fotde jonte tati to Jos e les ruulde wiɗto ngam warhoore e umminde jiiɓru e nder jiiɓru Tiv., nanngugol makko ko lewru woɗɗi e wooteeji diiwaan. E hitaande 1962, UMBC mo fedde Action Group rokki heen feccere, fellitii joofnude jokkondiral mum ngam waɗde jokkondiral kesal e NEPU. Lannda keso oo wiyetee ko Fedde Yimɓe Worgo, Aminu Kano woni hooreejo mum, Tarka woni hooreejo lannda mum. E hitaande 1962, kanko e ardiiɓe fedde wiyeteende Action Group woɗɓe, o nanngaa ko e tuumeede fenaande kono o woppitaa sabu ŋakkeende hujjaaji. == Caggal golle == Caggal nde Seneraal Gowon heɓi laamu e lewru ut 1966, Tarka toɗɗaa Komisariyaa Fedde nde ko feewti e yah-ngartaa, caggal ɗuum ko feewti e jokkondiral, o woppi laamu e hitaande 1974 caggal nde tuumeede fenaande ummoraade e banndiiko Tiv gooto ina wiyee Godwin Daboh yalti. Kuugal Daboh ngal, ɗon wi'a Paul Unongo e guwerneer lesdi Benue-Plateau, Joseph Gomwalk, ɗon mari haaje hukuumaaji pamari ɗin, nden boo polis'en ɗon wi'a ɓe ɗon mari haaje hukuumaaji pamari ɗi Sunday Adewusi ardii. E nder ardungal ngam artirde demokaraasi bee lesdi Naajeeriya ɗiɗaɓre, Tarka hawti bee siyaasa'en lesdi Naajeeriya ngam sosde lannda lesdi Naajeeriya, nden o heɓi nasaraaku nder suɓol hooreejo lesdi Naajeeriya. O suɓaama senaateer to Benue Fuɗnaange e hitaande 1979, o toɗɗaa hooreejo Goomu Senaa ngam kaalis e jawdi, ko ɗum woni darnde nde o maayi ñalnde 30 marse 1980, tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 48. Ɓiyiiko biyeteeɗo Simeon Tarka, suɓaama e suudu sarɗiiji e hitaande 1979. == Njawdi == Nokkuure laamu lesdi Tarka nder jiha Benue, inniraama ngam teddingo maako. E hitaande 2019 duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde fedde ndema, Makurdi innitiraa mo. == Tuugnorgal == 5vquosyjmbjt7ja3b0ltl9c6b0kr0zr 174401 174400 2026-06-19T00:40:44Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Senator Joseph Sarwuan Tarka CFR''' (10 sulyee 1932 – 30 mars 1980) ko politikaajo leydi Najeriya ummoriiɗo e diiwaan Benue, gonnooɗo jaagorgal ko fayti e yah-ngartaa e caggal ɗuum jokkondiral e gardagol Seneraal Yakubu Gowon. O jeyaa ko e terɗe sosɗe fedde wiyeteende United Middle Belt Congress, fedde politik daraniinde reende e wallitde leydi ndii.<ref>{{cite book|last=Falola|first=Toyin|author-link=Toyin Falola|title=The History of Nigeria|year=1999|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=0-313-30682-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofnigeria00falo}}</ref> == Ɓawo == Tarka jibinaa ko ñalnde 10 sulyee 1932 to Igbor, e nder diiwaan Benue. O ɓii Tarka Nachi e Ikpa Anyam. Baaba makko ko jannginoowo wuro iwdi Tiv, caggal ɗuum wonti hooreejo duɗal, caggal ɗuum mawɗo to Mbakor, diiwaan Gboko. O janngii duɗal leslesal laamu ngenndiwal, Gboko e duɗal hakkundeewal Katsina Ala. Caggal nde o timmini jaŋde makko, o wonti jannginoowo to duɗal hakkundeewal Katsina-Ala hade makko yahde jaŋde to duɗal ganndal teeru Bauchi. O jeyaa ko e fedde gollotooɓe e laamu leydi Tiv e fedde jannginooɓe to bannge worgo. Nde o woni jannginoowo haa jooni, Tarka woni e yiɗde politik, o heɓi heen humpito ko adii fof ko e ganndo radikal biyeteeɗo Sa’adu Zungur, binndanɗe Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, e konnguɗi Nnamdi Azikiwe. == Republique gadano == E hitaande 1954, e dow tikket jokkondirɗo e lannda yimɓe « Middle Belt » , Tarka suɓaama ngam lomtaade diiwaan Jemgbagh to suudu sarɗiiji leydi ndii. E hitaande 1957, lannda yimɓe Ɓooygol hakkundeejo hawri e Ligue des Zone Moyenne ardii David Lot ngam sosde Kongres Ɓooyɗo Ɓooyɗo. Ndeen Tarka yaltii e hooreejo fedde wiyeteende United Moyen Belt Congress (UMBC), lannda kaa ɓooyaani ko jokkondiri e fedde wiyeteende Action Group, lannda ɓurɗo mawnude e diiwaan hirnaange oo. Action Group yiɗiino ballal ngam hawrude e Ilorin e Kabba e Diiwaan Hirnaange e UMBC yiɗiino sosde Dowlaaji hakkundeeji. Tarka woni tergal cuɓaaɗo e batu doosɗe leydi Najeriya e hitaande 1957, kadi ko o wakiiliijo zone Middle Belt e Komiseer Willinks e hitaande 1958. E hitaande 1958, o toɗɗaa ko jaagorgal njulaagu ɗowdi. UMBC mo Tarka, lannda ɓurka heewde ko Kerecee’en, haɓaama e wooteeji ko adii jeytaare leydi ndii e hitaande 1959 e wooteeji garooji ɗii e hitaande 1963, luulndii Kongres yimɓe worgo ɓurɓe heewde juulɓe. Wooteeji ɗiɗi ɗii fof ngaddi fitinaaji e nder diiwaan hakkundeejo, ko ɗum addani Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu ƴettude laamu konu ñalnde 15 lewru bowte hitaande 1966. Tarka ko daraniiɗo sosde dowla ngam rokkude doole politik e faggudu pelle tokoose e nder leydi ndii. O wallitorii sosde dowla « Middle Belt » hade republique oo taƴeede. E lewru abriil 1961, hitaande caggal kiris e nder leydi Tiv, Tarka nanngaa fotde jonte tati to Jos e les ruulde wiɗto ngam warhoore e umminde jiiɓru e nder jiiɓru Tiv., nanngugol makko ko lewru woɗɗi e wooteeji diiwaan. E hitaande 1962, UMBC mo fedde Action Group rokki heen feccere, fellitii joofnude jokkondiral mum ngam waɗde jokkondiral kesal e NEPU. Lannda keso oo wiyetee ko Fedde Yimɓe Worgo, Aminu Kano woni hooreejo mum, Tarka woni hooreejo lannda mum. E hitaande 1962, kanko e ardiiɓe fedde wiyeteende Action Group woɗɓe, o nanngaa ko e tuumeede fenaande kono o woppitaa sabu ŋakkeende hujjaaji. == Caggal golle == Caggal nde Seneraal Gowon heɓi laamu e lewru ut 1966, Tarka toɗɗaa Komisariyaa Fedde nde ko feewti e yah-ngartaa, caggal ɗuum ko feewti e jokkondiral, o woppi laamu e hitaande 1974 caggal nde tuumeede fenaande ummoraade e banndiiko Tiv gooto ina wiyee Godwin Daboh yalti. Kuugal Daboh ngal, ɗon wi'a Paul Unongo e guwerneer lesdi Benue-Plateau, Joseph Gomwalk, ɗon mari haaje hukuumaaji pamari ɗin, nden boo polis'en ɗon wi'a ɓe ɗon mari haaje hukuumaaji pamari ɗi Sunday Adewusi ardii. E nder ardungal ngam artirde demokaraasi bee lesdi Naajeeriya ɗiɗaɓre, Tarka hawti bee siyaasa'en lesdi Naajeeriya ngam sosde lannda lesdi Naajeeriya, nden o heɓi nasaraaku nder suɓol hooreejo lesdi Naajeeriya. O suɓaama senaateer to Benue Fuɗnaange e hitaande 1979, o toɗɗaa hooreejo Goomu Senaa ngam kaalis e jawdi, ko ɗum woni darnde nde o maayi ñalnde 30 marse 1980, tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 48. Ɓiyiiko biyeteeɗo Simeon Tarka, suɓaama e suudu sarɗiiji e hitaande 1979. == Njawdi == Nokkuure laamu lesdi Tarka nder jiha Benue, inniraama ngam teddingo maako. E hitaande 2019 duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde fedde ndema, Makurdi innitiraa mo. == Tuugnorgal == hcfpixsn5zbywz99hxrzobbfvvuay2q 174402 174401 2026-06-19T00:42:49Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Senator Joseph Sarwuan Tarka CFR''' (10 sulyee 1932 – 30 mars 1980) ko politikaajo leydi Najeriya ummoriiɗo e diiwaan Benue, gonnooɗo jaagorgal ko fayti e yah-ngartaa e caggal ɗuum jokkondiral e gardagol Seneraal Yakubu Gowon. O jeyaa ko e terɗe sosɗe fedde wiyeteende United Middle Belt Congress, fedde politik daraniinde reende e wallitde leydi ndii.<ref>{{cite book|last=Falola|first=Toyin|author-link=Toyin Falola|title=The History of Nigeria|year=1999|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=0-313-30682-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofnigeria00falo}}</ref> == Ɓawo == Tarka jibinaa ko ñalnde 10 sulyee 1932 to Igbor, e nder diiwaan Benue. O ɓii Tarka Nachi e Ikpa Anyam. Baaba makko ko jannginoowo wuro iwdi Tiv, caggal ɗuum wonti hooreejo duɗal, caggal ɗuum mawɗo to Mbakor, diiwaan Gboko. O janngii duɗal leslesal laamu ngenndiwal, Gboko e duɗal hakkundeewal Katsina Ala. Caggal nde o timmini jaŋde makko, o wonti jannginoowo to duɗal hakkundeewal Katsina-Ala hade makko yahde jaŋde to duɗal ganndal teeru Bauchi. O jeyaa ko e fedde gollotooɓe e laamu leydi Tiv e fedde jannginooɓe to bannge worgo. Nde o woni jannginoowo haa jooni, Tarka woni e yiɗde politik, o heɓi heen humpito ko adii fof ko e ganndo radikal biyeteeɗo Sa’adu Zungur, binndanɗe Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, e konnguɗi Nnamdi Azikiwe.<ref name="aka">{{cite book|page=79ff|title=Great People, Great Country, Nigeria the Beautiful: East Or West, Home Is the Best.|author=Jubril Olabode Aka|publisher=Trafford Publishing|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4269-1831-5}}</ref><ref name="bio">{{cite web|url=http://tahavonline.com/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=45|title=Senator Tarka: the man and his monument|work=Power Magazine|access-date=2010-04-25}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Daily Times|url=https://archive.org/details/1969_20240528_202405/|title=Nigeria Year Book 1969|date=1969|pages=295}}</ref> == Republique gadano == E hitaande 1954, e dow tikket jokkondirɗo e lannda yimɓe « Middle Belt » , Tarka suɓaama ngam lomtaade diiwaan Jemgbagh to suudu sarɗiiji leydi ndii. E hitaande 1957, lannda yimɓe Ɓooygol hakkundeejo hawri e Ligue des Zone Moyenne ardii David Lot ngam sosde Kongres Ɓooyɗo Ɓooyɗo. Ndeen Tarka yaltii e hooreejo fedde wiyeteende United Moyen Belt Congress (UMBC), lannda kaa ɓooyaani ko jokkondiri e fedde wiyeteende Action Group, lannda ɓurɗo mawnude e diiwaan hirnaange oo. Action Group yiɗiino ballal ngam hawrude e Ilorin e Kabba e Diiwaan Hirnaange e UMBC yiɗiino sosde Dowlaaji hakkundeeji. Tarka woni tergal cuɓaaɗo e batu doosɗe leydi Najeriya e hitaande 1957, kadi ko o wakiiliijo zone Middle Belt e Komiseer Willinks e hitaande 1958. E hitaande 1958, o toɗɗaa ko jaagorgal njulaagu ɗowdi. UMBC mo Tarka, lannda ɓurka heewde ko Kerecee’en, haɓaama e wooteeji ko adii jeytaare leydi ndii e hitaande 1959 e wooteeji garooji ɗii e hitaande 1963, luulndii Kongres yimɓe worgo ɓurɓe heewde juulɓe. Wooteeji ɗiɗi ɗii fof ngaddi fitinaaji e nder diiwaan hakkundeejo, ko ɗum addani Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu ƴettude laamu konu ñalnde 15 lewru bowte hitaande 1966. Tarka ko daraniiɗo sosde dowla ngam rokkude doole politik e faggudu pelle tokoose e nder leydi ndii. O wallitorii sosde dowla « Middle Belt » hade republique oo taƴeede. E lewru abriil 1961, hitaande caggal kiris e nder leydi Tiv, Tarka nanngaa fotde jonte tati to Jos e les ruulde wiɗto ngam warhoore e umminde jiiɓru e nder jiiɓru Tiv., nanngugol makko ko lewru woɗɗi e wooteeji diiwaan. E hitaande 1962, UMBC mo fedde Action Group rokki heen feccere, fellitii joofnude jokkondiral mum ngam waɗde jokkondiral kesal e NEPU. Lannda keso oo wiyetee ko Fedde Yimɓe Worgo, Aminu Kano woni hooreejo mum, Tarka woni hooreejo lannda mum. E hitaande 1962, kanko e ardiiɓe fedde wiyeteende Action Group woɗɓe, o nanngaa ko e tuumeede fenaande kono o woppitaa sabu ŋakkeende hujjaaji. == Caggal golle == Caggal nde Seneraal Gowon heɓi laamu e lewru ut 1966, Tarka toɗɗaa Komisariyaa Fedde nde ko feewti e yah-ngartaa, caggal ɗuum ko feewti e jokkondiral, o woppi laamu e hitaande 1974 caggal nde tuumeede fenaande ummoraade e banndiiko Tiv gooto ina wiyee Godwin Daboh yalti. Kuugal Daboh ngal, ɗon wi'a Paul Unongo e guwerneer lesdi Benue-Plateau, Joseph Gomwalk, ɗon mari haaje hukuumaaji pamari ɗin, nden boo polis'en ɗon wi'a ɓe ɗon mari haaje hukuumaaji pamari ɗi Sunday Adewusi ardii. E nder ardungal ngam artirde demokaraasi bee lesdi Naajeeriya ɗiɗaɓre, Tarka hawti bee siyaasa'en lesdi Naajeeriya ngam sosde lannda lesdi Naajeeriya, nden o heɓi nasaraaku nder suɓol hooreejo lesdi Naajeeriya. O suɓaama senaateer to Benue Fuɗnaange e hitaande 1979, o toɗɗaa hooreejo Goomu Senaa ngam kaalis e jawdi, ko ɗum woni darnde nde o maayi ñalnde 30 marse 1980, tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 48. Ɓiyiiko biyeteeɗo Simeon Tarka, suɓaama e suudu sarɗiiji e hitaande 1979. == Njawdi == Nokkuure laamu lesdi Tarka nder jiha Benue, inniraama ngam teddingo maako. E hitaande 2019 duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde fedde ndema, Makurdi innitiraa mo. == Tuugnorgal == 15dw92uqhrm2otlp76l8r6gyt7ruko9 174403 174402 2026-06-19T00:44:12Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Senator Joseph Sarwuan Tarka CFR''' (10 sulyee 1932 – 30 mars 1980) ko politikaajo leydi Najeriya ummoriiɗo e diiwaan Benue, gonnooɗo jaagorgal ko fayti e yah-ngartaa e caggal ɗuum jokkondiral e gardagol Seneraal Yakubu Gowon. O jeyaa ko e terɗe sosɗe fedde wiyeteende United Middle Belt Congress, fedde politik daraniinde reende e wallitde leydi ndii.<ref>{{cite book|last=Falola|first=Toyin|author-link=Toyin Falola|title=The History of Nigeria|year=1999|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=0-313-30682-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofnigeria00falo}}</ref> == Ɓawo == Tarka jibinaa ko ñalnde 10 sulyee 1932 to Igbor, e nder diiwaan Benue. O ɓii Tarka Nachi e Ikpa Anyam. Baaba makko ko jannginoowo wuro iwdi Tiv, caggal ɗuum wonti hooreejo duɗal, caggal ɗuum mawɗo to Mbakor, diiwaan Gboko. O janngii duɗal leslesal laamu ngenndiwal, Gboko e duɗal hakkundeewal Katsina Ala. Caggal nde o timmini jaŋde makko, o wonti jannginoowo to duɗal hakkundeewal Katsina-Ala hade makko yahde jaŋde to duɗal ganndal teeru Bauchi. O jeyaa ko e fedde gollotooɓe e laamu leydi Tiv e fedde jannginooɓe to bannge worgo. Nde o woni jannginoowo haa jooni, Tarka woni e yiɗde politik, o heɓi heen humpito ko adii fof ko e ganndo radikal biyeteeɗo Sa’adu Zungur, binndanɗe Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, e konnguɗi Nnamdi Azikiwe.<ref name="aka">{{cite book|page=79ff|title=Great People, Great Country, Nigeria the Beautiful: East Or West, Home Is the Best.|author=Jubril Olabode Aka|publisher=Trafford Publishing|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4269-1831-5}}</ref><ref name="bio">{{cite web|url=http://tahavonline.com/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=45|title=Senator Tarka: the man and his monument|work=Power Magazine|access-date=2010-04-25}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Daily Times|url=https://archive.org/details/1969_20240528_202405/|title=Nigeria Year Book 1969|date=1969|pages=295}}</ref> == Republique gadano == E hitaande 1954, e dow tikket jokkondirɗo e lannda yimɓe « Middle Belt » , Tarka suɓaama ngam lomtaade diiwaan Jemgbagh to suudu sarɗiiji leydi ndii. E hitaande 1957, lannda yimɓe Ɓooygol hakkundeejo hawri e Ligue des Zone Moyenne ardii David Lot ngam sosde Kongres Ɓooyɗo Ɓooyɗo. Ndeen Tarka yaltii e hooreejo fedde wiyeteende United Moyen Belt Congress (UMBC), lannda kaa ɓooyaani ko jokkondiri e fedde wiyeteende Action Group, lannda ɓurɗo mawnude e diiwaan hirnaange oo. Action Group yiɗiino ballal ngam hawrude e Ilorin e Kabba e Diiwaan Hirnaange e UMBC yiɗiino sosde Dowlaaji hakkundeeji. Tarka woni tergal cuɓaaɗo e batu doosɗe leydi Najeriya e hitaande 1957, kadi ko o wakiiliijo zone Middle Belt e Komiseer Willinks e hitaande 1958. E hitaande 1958, o toɗɗaa ko jaagorgal njulaagu ɗowdi. UMBC mo Tarka, lannda ɓurka heewde ko Kerecee’en, haɓaama e wooteeji ko adii jeytaare leydi ndii e hitaande 1959 e wooteeji garooji ɗii e hitaande 1963, luulndii Kongres yimɓe worgo ɓurɓe heewde juulɓe. Wooteeji ɗiɗi ɗii fof ngaddi fitinaaji e nder diiwaan hakkundeejo, ko ɗum addani Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu ƴettude laamu konu ñalnde 15 lewru bowte hitaande 1966. Tarka ko daraniiɗo sosde dowla ngam rokkude doole politik e faggudu pelle tokoose e nder leydi ndii. O wallitorii sosde dowla « Middle Belt » hade republique oo taƴeede. E lewru abriil 1961, hitaande caggal kiris e nder leydi Tiv, Tarka nanngaa fotde jonte tati to Jos e les ruulde wiɗto ngam warhoore e umminde jiiɓru e nder jiiɓru Tiv., nanngugol makko ko lewru woɗɗi e wooteeji diiwaan. E hitaande 1962, UMBC mo fedde Action Group rokki heen feccere, fellitii joofnude jokkondiral mum ngam waɗde jokkondiral kesal e NEPU. Lannda keso oo wiyetee ko Fedde Yimɓe Worgo, Aminu Kano woni hooreejo mum, Tarka woni hooreejo lannda mum.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Dudley, Billy J.|title=Parties and politics in northern Nigeria|date=1968|publisher=Cass|isbn=0-7146-1658-3|location=London|pages=95, 96, 184, 195|oclc=310217}}</ref> E hitaande 1962, kanko e ardiiɓe fedde wiyeteende Action Group woɗɓe, o nanngaa ko e tuumeede fenaande kono o woppitaa sabu ŋakkeende hujjaaji. == Caggal golle == Caggal nde Seneraal Gowon heɓi laamu e lewru ut 1966, Tarka toɗɗaa Komisariyaa Fedde nde ko feewti e yah-ngartaa, caggal ɗuum ko feewti e jokkondiral, o woppi laamu e hitaande 1974 caggal nde tuumeede fenaande ummoraade e banndiiko Tiv gooto ina wiyee Godwin Daboh yalti. Kuugal Daboh ngal, ɗon wi'a Paul Unongo e guwerneer lesdi Benue-Plateau, Joseph Gomwalk, ɗon mari haaje hukuumaaji pamari ɗin, nden boo polis'en ɗon wi'a ɓe ɗon mari haaje hukuumaaji pamari ɗi Sunday Adewusi ardii. E nder ardungal ngam artirde demokaraasi bee lesdi Naajeeriya ɗiɗaɓre, Tarka hawti bee siyaasa'en lesdi Naajeeriya ngam sosde lannda lesdi Naajeeriya, nden o heɓi nasaraaku nder suɓol hooreejo lesdi Naajeeriya. O suɓaama senaateer to Benue Fuɗnaange e hitaande 1979, o toɗɗaa hooreejo Goomu Senaa ngam kaalis e jawdi, ko ɗum woni darnde nde o maayi ñalnde 30 marse 1980, tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 48. Ɓiyiiko biyeteeɗo Simeon Tarka, suɓaama e suudu sarɗiiji e hitaande 1979. == Njawdi == Nokkuure laamu lesdi Tarka nder jiha Benue, inniraama ngam teddingo maako. E hitaande 2019 duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde fedde ndema, Makurdi innitiraa mo. == Tuugnorgal == t83xnebudccle3f17gwkrf5uulnj5wh 0 42219 174404 2026-06-19T00:46:57Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174404 wikitext text/x-wiki Alhaji Suleiman Takuma ListenR(14 abriil 1934 – 4 suwee 2001) ko Jaayndiyanke, golloowo laamu, dawriyanke, e njulaagu. O woniino Sekreteruuji ngenndiiji lannda ngenndiijo leydi Naajeeriya (NPN) mo jooni joofni, caggal ɗuum o woniino jaagorgal politik to hooreejo leydi Shehu Shagari, hooreejo leydi gooto tan e nder lannda ka. O jeyaa kadi e terɗe sosɗe fedde Najeriya (UNC), (nde caggal mum hawri e lannda Najeriya (UNP) ngam sosde lannda UNCP) nde o woni hooreejo njuɓɓudi leydi ndii. Ɗum ko e laamu maayɗo Seneraal Sani Abacha. Caggal ɗuum, o yalti e politik ko juuti, haa o wonti gooto e sosɓe lannda Demokaraasi Leñol (PDP) e wonde hooreejo Goomu kampaañ Obasanjo '99. O waɗi ɓaawo man darnde tergal board e hooreejo komitiiru soodooɓe nder sosiyetee lesdi Naajeeriya (NAFCON). O toɗɗaa kadi hooreejo Duke Oil (NNPC Trading), jooɗiiɗo to Orop, kono o maayi ko juuti hade makko jogaade ooɗoo posto. Nguurndam e karallaagal gadanal Julɗo Nupe mo Takuma, lesdi Naajeeriya, Takuma janngi jangirde arandeere haa Mokwa hakkunde 1942 e 1945, hade maako yahugo haa janngirde lesdi Nijeer, Bida hakkunde 1946 e 1949. O timmini jangirde maako hakkundeere hakkunde 1950 e 1953 haa janngirde lesdi laamu lesdi Naajeeriya (Bariaed the Science Colleges). Karallaagal, Zaria, hakkunde 1954 e 1956. Takuma ina joginoo seedanteeje gadane i.e., seedantaagal duɗal Cambridge II e hitaande 1952, omo joginoo kadi G.C.E. A/L- Binndi e daartol Engele e hitaande 1956. Golle njuɓɓudi/golle politik O fuɗɗi kuugal maako nder jaayndeeji haa suudu jaayndeeji lesdi Naajeeriya (NBC) nder hitaande 1957 haa 1967 bana ofisee taskaramji. Takuma wonnoo ko gardiiɗo jokkondiral hakkunde yimɓe to leyɗeele dentuɗe worgo to sosiyetee Afriknaajo (UAC) hakkunde 1967 e 1972. Takuma wonnoo ko binndoowo, fedde njulaagu dowlaaji worgo hakkunde 1973 e 1975. O woniino binndoowo duumotooɗo, ministeer njulaagu, gollorɗe e koperatiifuuji leydi Niiseer. Hitaande 1976-1977. Takuma adii dañde innde ko sabu mum ñiŋde no laamu Aguiyi-Ironsi jogori huutoraade tuumaaɗo kuudetaa e lewru Yarkomaa 1966, nde o gollotoo e rajo. Ko o gooto e mawɓe ardiiɓe binnditagol NPN e nder yonta Republique ɗiɗaɓo, o waɗiino broosuuji e lannda ngootaagu leydi Najeriya (UPN) e hooreejo mum, Obafemi Awolowo. Takuma toɗɗaa e hitaande 1977 tergal Asaambele ngenndi. O suɓaama hooreejo jaagorɗe, lannda lesdi Naajeeriya (NPN), nder hitaande 1979. Fiɓaama hooreejo leydi, NPN e hitaande 1980. E hitaande 1983, Takuma toɗɗaa jaagorgal keeringal to bannge geɗe politik to hooreejo leydi Nijeer. Takuma kadi wonnoo ko tergal/fedde e nder Goomuuji karallaagal i.e.; Duɗal jokkondiral hakkunde yimɓe leydi Biritaan (1970), duɗal njuɓɓudi leydi Nijeer (1969), duɗal jokkondiral hakkunde yimɓe leydi Nijeer (1996), duɗal jaayndiyankaagal leydi Nijeer (1996). O tawtoraama kadi won e Heblooji Professionnel & Management i.e.; Heblo mawngo njuɓɓudi (ASCON) e hitaande 1976, heblo karallaagal jokkondiral hakkunde yimɓe, Londres e hitaande 1970. O woni ko e heblo njuɓɓudi yeeso - Ashridge College - UK. Tiitooɗe aadaaji Sileymaani Takuma ina joginoo tiitoonde aadaande wiyeteende Sarkin Malamai Nupe. So ɗum firti ko Mawɗo Diineeji. Teskorɗe "NPN ngam dogginde laamu tan." BBC ciimtol jaayndeeji winndere, 20 sulyee 1981. Tuugnorgal qinj5peqdcd07dzv2dlq6zhx0sb6mla 174406 174404 2026-06-19T00:48:21Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Alhaji Suleiman Takuma ListenR(14 abriil 1934 – 4 suwee 2001) ko Jaayndiyanke, golloowo laamu, dawriyanke, e njulaagu. O woniino Sekreteruuji ngenndiiji lannda ngenndiijo leydi Naajeeriya (NPN) mo jooni joofni, caggal ɗuum o woniino jaagorgal politik to hooreejo leydi Shehu Shagari, hooreejo leydi gooto tan e nder lannda ka. O jeyaa kadi e terɗe sosɗe fedde Najeriya (UNC), (nde caggal mum hawri e lannda Najeriya (UNP) ngam sosde lannda UNCP) nde o woni hooreejo njuɓɓudi leydi ndii. Ɗum ko e laamu maayɗo Seneraal Sani Abacha. Caggal ɗuum, o yalti e politik ko juuti, haa o wonti gooto e sosɓe lannda Demokaraasi Leñol (PDP) e wonde hooreejo Goomu kampaañ Obasanjo '99. O waɗi ɓaawo man darnde tergal board e hooreejo komitiiru soodooɓe nder sosiyetee lesdi Naajeeriya (NAFCON). O toɗɗaa kadi hooreejo Duke Oil (NNPC Trading), jooɗiiɗo to Orop, kono o maayi ko juuti hade makko jogaade ooɗoo posto. Nguurndam e karallaagal gadanal Julɗo Nupe mo Takuma, lesdi Naajeeriya, Takuma janngi jangirde arandeere haa Mokwa hakkunde 1942 e 1945, hade maako yahugo haa janngirde lesdi Nijeer, Bida hakkunde 1946 e 1949. O timmini jangirde maako hakkundeere hakkunde 1950 e 1953 haa janngirde lesdi laamu lesdi Naajeeriya (Bariaed the Science Colleges). Karallaagal, Zaria, hakkunde 1954 e 1956. Takuma ina joginoo seedanteeje gadane i.e., seedantaagal duɗal Cambridge II e hitaande 1952, omo joginoo kadi G.C.E. A/L- Binndi e daartol Engele e hitaande 1956. Golle njuɓɓudi/golle politik O fuɗɗi kuugal maako nder jaayndeeji haa suudu jaayndeeji lesdi Naajeeriya (NBC) nder hitaande 1957 haa 1967 bana ofisee taskaramji. Takuma wonnoo ko gardiiɗo jokkondiral hakkunde yimɓe to leyɗeele dentuɗe worgo to sosiyetee Afriknaajo (UAC) hakkunde 1967 e 1972. Takuma wonnoo ko binndoowo, fedde njulaagu dowlaaji worgo hakkunde 1973 e 1975. O woniino binndoowo duumotooɗo, ministeer njulaagu, gollorɗe e koperatiifuuji leydi Niiseer. Hitaande 1976-1977. Takuma adii dañde innde ko sabu mum ñiŋde no laamu Aguiyi-Ironsi jogori huutoraade tuumaaɗo kuudetaa e lewru Yarkomaa 1966, nde o gollotoo e rajo. Ko o gooto e mawɓe ardiiɓe binnditagol NPN e nder yonta Republique ɗiɗaɓo, o waɗiino broosuuji e lannda ngootaagu leydi Najeriya (UPN) e hooreejo mum, Obafemi Awolowo. Takuma toɗɗaa e hitaande 1977 tergal Asaambele ngenndi. O suɓaama hooreejo jaagorɗe, lannda lesdi Naajeeriya (NPN), nder hitaande 1979. Fiɓaama hooreejo leydi, NPN e hitaande 1980. E hitaande 1983, Takuma toɗɗaa jaagorgal keeringal to bannge geɗe politik to hooreejo leydi Nijeer. Takuma kadi wonnoo ko tergal/fedde e nder Goomuuji karallaagal i.e.; Duɗal jokkondiral hakkunde yimɓe leydi Biritaan (1970), duɗal njuɓɓudi leydi Nijeer (1969), duɗal jokkondiral hakkunde yimɓe leydi Nijeer (1996), duɗal jaayndiyankaagal leydi Nijeer (1996). O tawtoraama kadi won e Heblooji Professionnel & Management i.e.; Heblo mawngo njuɓɓudi (ASCON) e hitaande 1976, heblo karallaagal jokkondiral hakkunde yimɓe, Londres e hitaande 1970. O woni ko e heblo njuɓɓudi yeeso - Ashridge College - UK. Tiitooɗe aadaaji Sileymaani Takuma ina joginoo tiitoonde aadaande wiyeteende Sarkin Malamai Nupe. So ɗum firti ko Mawɗo Diineeji. Teskorɗe "NPN ngam dogginde laamu tan." BBC ciimtol jaayndeeji winndere, 20 sulyee 1981. Tuugnorgal 1r8lnje3we41mk16z4ssjkewnmz8bxb 174407 174406 2026-06-19T00:49:32Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alhaji Suleiman Takuma ListenR'''(14 abriil 1934 – 4 suwee 2001) ko Jaayndiyanke, golloowo laamu, dawriyanke, e njulaagu. O woniino Sekreteruuji ngenndiiji lannda ngenndiijo leydi Naajeeriya (NPN) mo jooni joofni, caggal ɗuum o woniino jaagorgal politik to hooreejo leydi Shehu Shagari, hooreejo leydi gooto tan e nder lannda ka. O jeyaa kadi e terɗe sosɗe fedde Najeriya (UNC), (nde caggal mum hawri e lannda Najeriya (UNP) ngam sosde lannda UNCP) nde o woni hooreejo njuɓɓudi leydi ndii. Ɗum ko e laamu maayɗo Seneraal Sani Abacha. Caggal ɗuum, o yalti e politik ko juuti, haa o wonti gooto e sosɓe lannda Demokaraasi Leñol (PDP) e wonde hooreejo Goomu kampaañ Obasanjo '99. O waɗi ɓaawo man darnde tergal board e hooreejo komitiiru soodooɓe nder sosiyetee lesdi Naajeeriya (NAFCON). O toɗɗaa kadi hooreejo Duke Oil (NNPC Trading), jooɗiiɗo to Orop, kono o maayi ko juuti hade makko jogaade ooɗoo posto. == Nguurndam e karallaagal gadanal == Julɗo Nupe mo Takuma, lesdi Naajeeriya, Takuma janngi jangirde arandeere haa Mokwa hakkunde 1942 e 1945, hade maako yahugo haa janngirde lesdi Nijeer, Bida hakkunde 1946 e 1949. O timmini jangirde maako hakkundeere hakkunde 1950 e 1953 haa janngirde lesdi laamu lesdi Naajeeriya (Bariaed the Science Colleges). Karallaagal, Zaria, hakkunde 1954 e 1956. Takuma ina joginoo seedanteeje gadane i.e., seedantaagal duɗal Cambridge II e hitaande 1952, omo joginoo kadi G.C.E. A/L- Binndi e daartol Engele e hitaande 1956. Golle njuɓɓudi/golle politik O fuɗɗi kuugal maako nder jaayndeeji haa suudu jaayndeeji lesdi Naajeeriya (NBC) nder hitaande 1957 haa 1967 bana ofisee taskaramji. Takuma wonnoo ko gardiiɗo jokkondiral hakkunde yimɓe to leyɗeele dentuɗe worgo to sosiyetee Afriknaajo (UAC) hakkunde 1967 e 1972. Takuma wonnoo ko binndoowo, fedde njulaagu dowlaaji worgo hakkunde 1973 e 1975. O woniino binndoowo duumotooɗo, ministeer njulaagu, gollorɗe e koperatiifuuji leydi Niiseer. Hitaande 1976-1977. Takuma adii dañde innde ko sabu mum ñiŋde no laamu Aguiyi-Ironsi jogori huutoraade tuumaaɗo kuudetaa e lewru Yarkomaa 1966, nde o gollotoo e rajo. Ko o gooto e mawɓe ardiiɓe binnditagol NPN e nder yonta Republique ɗiɗaɓo, o waɗiino broosuuji e lannda ngootaagu leydi Najeriya (UPN) e hooreejo mum, Obafemi Awolowo. Takuma toɗɗaa e hitaande 1977 tergal Asaambele ngenndi. O suɓaama hooreejo jaagorɗe, lannda lesdi Naajeeriya (NPN), nder hitaande 1979. Fiɓaama hooreejo leydi, NPN e hitaande 1980. E hitaande 1983, Takuma toɗɗaa jaagorgal keeringal to bannge geɗe politik to hooreejo leydi Nijeer. Takuma kadi wonnoo ko tergal/fedde e nder Goomuuji karallaagal i.e.; Duɗal jokkondiral hakkunde yimɓe leydi Biritaan (1970), duɗal njuɓɓudi leydi Nijeer (1969), duɗal jokkondiral hakkunde yimɓe leydi Nijeer (1996), duɗal jaayndiyankaagal leydi Nijeer (1996). O tawtoraama kadi won e Heblooji Professionnel & Management i.e.; Heblo mawngo njuɓɓudi (ASCON) e hitaande 1976, heblo karallaagal jokkondiral hakkunde yimɓe, Londres e hitaande 1970. O woni ko e heblo njuɓɓudi yeeso - Ashridge College - UK. Tiitooɗe aadaaji Sileymaani Takuma ina joginoo tiitoonde aadaande wiyeteende Sarkin Malamai Nupe. So ɗum firti ko Mawɗo Diineeji. == Teskorɗe == "NPN ngam dogginde laamu tan." BBC ciimtol jaayndeeji winndere, 20 sulyee 1981. == Tuugnorgal == g6fdn7vlbdhmr7fayoibg08j67jk5my 174408 174407 2026-06-19T00:51:06Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alhaji Suleiman Takuma ListenR'''(14 abriil 1934 – 4 suwee 2001) ko Jaayndiyanke, golloowo laamu, dawriyanke, e njulaagu. O woniino Sekreteruuji ngenndiiji lannda ngenndiijo leydi Naajeeriya (NPN) mo jooni joofni, caggal ɗuum o woniino jaagorgal politik to hooreejo leydi Shehu Shagari, hooreejo leydi gooto tan e nder lannda ka. O jeyaa kadi e terɗe sosɗe fedde Najeriya (UNC), (nde caggal mum hawri e lannda Najeriya (UNP) ngam sosde lannda UNCP) nde o woni hooreejo njuɓɓudi leydi ndii. Ɗum ko e laamu maayɗo Seneraal Sani Abacha.<ref name="BBC">"NPN to run Government alone." BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 20 July 1981.</ref> Caggal ɗuum, o yalti e politik ko juuti, haa o wonti gooto e sosɓe lannda Demokaraasi Leñol (PDP) e wonde hooreejo Goomu kampaañ Obasanjo '99. O waɗi ɓaawo man darnde tergal board e hooreejo komitiiru soodooɓe nder sosiyetee lesdi Naajeeriya (NAFCON). O toɗɗaa kadi hooreejo Duke Oil (NNPC Trading), jooɗiiɗo to Orop, kono o maayi ko juuti hade makko jogaade ooɗoo posto. == Nguurndam e karallaagal gadanal == Julɗo Nupe mo Takuma, lesdi Naajeeriya, Takuma janngi jangirde arandeere haa Mokwa hakkunde 1942 e 1945, hade maako yahugo haa janngirde lesdi Nijeer, Bida hakkunde 1946 e 1949. O timmini jangirde maako hakkundeere hakkunde 1950 e 1953 haa janngirde lesdi laamu lesdi Naajeeriya (Bariaed the Science Colleges). Karallaagal, Zaria, hakkunde 1954 e 1956. Takuma ina joginoo seedanteeje gadane i.e., seedantaagal duɗal Cambridge II e hitaande 1952, omo joginoo kadi G.C.E. A/L- Binndi e daartol Engele e hitaande 1956. Golle njuɓɓudi/golle politik O fuɗɗi kuugal maako nder jaayndeeji haa suudu jaayndeeji lesdi Naajeeriya (NBC) nder hitaande 1957 haa 1967 bana ofisee taskaramji. Takuma wonnoo ko gardiiɗo jokkondiral hakkunde yimɓe to leyɗeele dentuɗe worgo to sosiyetee Afriknaajo (UAC) hakkunde 1967 e 1972. Takuma wonnoo ko binndoowo, fedde njulaagu dowlaaji worgo hakkunde 1973 e 1975. O woniino binndoowo duumotooɗo, ministeer njulaagu, gollorɗe e koperatiifuuji leydi Niiseer. Hitaande 1976-1977. Takuma adii dañde innde ko sabu mum ñiŋde no laamu Aguiyi-Ironsi jogori huutoraade tuumaaɗo kuudetaa e lewru Yarkomaa 1966, nde o gollotoo e rajo. Ko o gooto e mawɓe ardiiɓe binnditagol NPN e nder yonta Republique ɗiɗaɓo, o waɗiino broosuuji e lannda ngootaagu leydi Najeriya (UPN) e hooreejo mum, Obafemi Awolowo. Takuma toɗɗaa e hitaande 1977 tergal Asaambele ngenndi. O suɓaama hooreejo jaagorɗe, lannda lesdi Naajeeriya (NPN), nder hitaande 1979. Fiɓaama hooreejo leydi, NPN e hitaande 1980. E hitaande 1983, Takuma toɗɗaa jaagorgal keeringal to bannge geɗe politik to hooreejo leydi Nijeer. Takuma kadi wonnoo ko tergal/fedde e nder Goomuuji karallaagal i.e.; Duɗal jokkondiral hakkunde yimɓe leydi Biritaan (1970), duɗal njuɓɓudi leydi Nijeer (1969), duɗal jokkondiral hakkunde yimɓe leydi Nijeer (1996), duɗal jaayndiyankaagal leydi Nijeer (1996). O tawtoraama kadi won e Heblooji Professionnel & Management i.e.; Heblo mawngo njuɓɓudi (ASCON) e hitaande 1976, heblo karallaagal jokkondiral hakkunde yimɓe, Londres e hitaande 1970. O woni ko e heblo njuɓɓudi yeeso - Ashridge College - UK. Tiitooɗe aadaaji Sileymaani Takuma ina joginoo tiitoonde aadaande wiyeteende Sarkin Malamai Nupe. So ɗum firti ko Mawɗo Diineeji. == Teskorɗe == "NPN ngam dogginde laamu tan." BBC ciimtol jaayndeeji winndere, 20 sulyee 1981. == Tuugnorgal == 9inkpcdo6sg1uwlvjyvjj6v957wcz50 0 42220 174405 2026-06-19T00:47:34Z MOIBARDE 10068 Created page with "'''Gabriel Akinola Deko'''// c (30 Oktoobar 1913 – 5 Noowammbar 1987) ko golloowo mahdi Naajeeriya, gonnooɗo jaagorgal diiwaan ndema e nder diiwaan Hirnaange Naajeeriya, kadi ko o sehil Awolowo. Ko o jaagorde, o tawtoraama ƴellitgol eɓɓaande koɗki ndema, nde gollotoo e yoɓde kaalis gadano wonande janngooɓe hesɓe e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde heblo ndema sosngal. Jaŋngooɓe ɓee mbaɗatnoo ko ndema. Ndee feere koɗki ƴettaa ko e feere ƴellitaare ndema Israayiil,..." 174405 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gabriel Akinola Deko'''// c (30 Oktoobar 1913 – 5 Noowammbar 1987) ko golloowo mahdi Naajeeriya, gonnooɗo jaagorgal diiwaan ndema e nder diiwaan Hirnaange Naajeeriya, kadi ko o sehil Awolowo. Ko o jaagorde, o tawtoraama ƴellitgol eɓɓaande koɗki ndema, nde gollotoo e yoɓde kaalis gadano wonande janngooɓe hesɓe e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde heblo ndema sosngal. Jaŋngooɓe ɓee mbaɗatnoo ko ndema. Ndee feere koɗki ƴettaa ko e feere ƴellitaare ndema Israayiil, hono Moshav. Feere ndee fuzzii ko ngam nanngude vursugol sukaave worve e rewve e nder gure mawze ze ndema ina sazi suvaade golle. ==Ngendam== Akin Deko jibinaa ko to leydi Igbotu, to diiwaan Ondo, to leydi Najeriya, jibinannde mum ko Idanre. O naati St Peters, Lagos, ngam jaŋde leslesre e ngam jaŋde hakkundeere, o yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde laamu Ibadan (GCI), o timmini jaŋde makko to leydi Naajeeriya to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Yaba to Lagos ɗo o heɓi seedantaagal janngingol. O fuɗɗii golle ko jannginoowo to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde laamu, to Ibadan, omo janngina mekanik e hiisaaji kuutorteeɗi. E nder duuɓi seeɗa, o heɓi yiɗde mahngo, e hitaande 1947 o yahi to duɗal mahngo Brixton to Londres. O fuɗɗii caggal ɗuum fedde makko toppitiinde ko fayti e mahngo. Kono e kitaale 1950, o jaɓaama e sehil makko, Obafemi Awolowo ngam naatde e politik e hitaande 1956, o heɗii wasiyaaji Awolowo, o fooli, o dañi jooɗorde e suudu sarɗiiji diiwaan oo, ummoraade ɗoon o waɗtaa jaagorde ndema diiwaan oo.[1] Caggal mum e nder golle makko, o woniino wakiliijo diiwaan Afrik to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe ngam Nguura e Ndema, o woniino kadi Pro-chancelier piilaaɗo to Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Fedde Karallaagal, Akure. O woniino kadi Pro Chancellor to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ibadan e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Benin. ==Tuugnorgal== rbr6n6qh2r676ky6evintsju8sia3wq 174409 174405 2026-06-19T00:52:01Z MOIBARDE 10068 174409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gabriel Akinola Deko'''// c (30 Oktoobar 1913 – 5 Noowammbar 1987) ko golloowo mahdi Naajeeriya, gonnooɗo jaagorgal diiwaan ndema e nder diiwaan Hirnaange [[Naajeeriya]], kadi ko o sehil Awolowo. Ko o jaagorde, o tawtoraama ƴellitgol eɓɓaande koɗki ndema, nde gollotoo e yoɓde kaalis gadano wonande janngooɓe hesɓe e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde heblo ndema sosngal. Jaŋngooɓe ɓee mbaɗatnoo ko ndema. Ndee feere koɗki ƴettaa ko e feere ƴellitaare ndema Israayiil, hono Moshav. Feere ndee fuzzii ko ngam nanngude vursugol sukaave worve e rewve e nder gure mawze ze ndema ina sazi suvaade golle. ==Ngendam== Akin Deko jibinaa ko to leydi Igbotu, to diiwaan Ondo, to leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]], jibinannde mum ko Idanre. O naati St Peters, [[Lagos]], ngam jaŋde leslesre e ngam jaŋde hakkundeere, o yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde laamu [[Ibadan]] (GCI), o timmini jaŋde makko to leydi [[Naajeeriya]] to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde [[Yaba]] to [[Lagos]] ɗo o heɓi seedantaagal janngingol. O fuɗɗii golle ko jannginoowo to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde laamu, to [[Ibadan]], omo janngina mekanik e hiisaaji kuutorteeɗi. E nder duuɓi seeɗa, o heɓi yiɗde mahngo, e hitaande 1947 o yahi to duɗal mahngo Brixton to Londres. O fuɗɗii caggal ɗuum fedde makko toppitiinde ko fayti e mahngo. Kono e kitaale 1950, o jaɓaama e sehil makko, [[Obafemi Awolowo]] ngam naatde e politik e hitaande 1956, o heɗii wasiyaaji Awolowo, o fooli, o dañi jooɗorde e suudu sarɗiiji diiwaan oo, ummoraade ɗoon o waɗtaa jaagorde ndema diiwaan oo.[1] Caggal mum e nder golle makko, o woniino wakiliijo diiwaan [[Afrik]] to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe ngam Nguura e Ndema, o woniino kadi Pro-chancelier piilaaɗo to Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Fedde Karallaagal, Akure. O woniino kadi Pro Chancellor to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde [[Ibadan]] e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Benin. ==Tuugnorgal== 3kd1rxdv80fly3mon51xvamnvz8rqyi 174410 174409 2026-06-19T00:54:07Z MOIBARDE 10068 Add reference 174410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gabriel Akinola Deko'''// c (30 Oktoobar 1913 – 5 Noowammbar 1987) ko golloowo mahdi Naajeeriya, gonnooɗo jaagorgal diiwaan ndema e nder diiwaan Hirnaange [[Naajeeriya]], kadi ko o sehil Awolowo. Ko o jaagorde, o tawtoraama ƴellitgol eɓɓaande koɗki ndema, nde gollotoo e yoɓde kaalis gadano wonande janngooɓe hesɓe e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde heblo ndema sosngal. Jaŋngooɓe ɓee mbaɗatnoo ko ndema. Ndee feere koɗki ƴettaa ko e feere ƴellitaare ndema Israayiil, hono Moshav. Feere ndee fuzzii ko ngam nanngude vursugol sukaave worve e rewve e nder gure mawze ze ndema ina sazi suvaade golle. ==Ngendam== Akin Deko jibinaa ko to leydi Igbotu, to diiwaan Ondo, to leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]], jibinannde mum ko Idanre. O naati St Peters, [[Lagos]], ngam jaŋde leslesre e ngam jaŋde hakkundeere, o yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde laamu [[Ibadan]] (GCI), o timmini jaŋde makko to leydi [[Naajeeriya]] to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde [[Yaba]] to [[Lagos]] ɗo o heɓi seedantaagal janngingol. O fuɗɗii golle ko jannginoowo to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde laamu, to [[Ibadan]], omo janngina mekanik e hiisaaji kuutorteeɗi. E nder duuɓi seeɗa, o heɓi yiɗde mahngo, e hitaande 1947 o yahi to duɗal mahngo Brixton to Londres. O fuɗɗii caggal ɗuum fedde makko toppitiinde ko fayti e mahngo. Kono e kitaale 1950, o jaɓaama e sehil makko, [[Obafemi Awolowo]] ngam naatde e politik e hitaande 1956, o heɗii wasiyaaji Awolowo, o fooli, o dañi jooɗorde e suudu sarɗiiji diiwaan oo, ummoraade ɗoon o waɗtaa jaagorde ndema diiwaan oo.<ref name="Ainslie">[[Rosalynde Ainslie]], Catherine Hoskyns, Ronald Segal. ''Political Africa: A Who's Who of Personalities and Parties'', Frederick A. Praeger, 1961. pp. 71-72.</ref> Caggal mum e nder golle makko, o woniino wakiliijo diiwaan [[Afrik]] to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe ngam Nguura e Ndema, o woniino kadi Pro-chancelier piilaaɗo to Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Fedde Karallaagal, Akure. O woniino kadi Pro Chancellor to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde [[Ibadan]] e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Benin. ==Tuugnorgal== k0owpcnev7manfmeotgi0yx63wqz4pt 174411 174410 2026-06-19T00:56:08Z MOIBARDE 10068 Add link 174411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gabriel Akinola Deko'''// c (30 Oktoobar 1913 – 5 Noowammbar 1987) ko golloowo mahdi [[Naajeeriya]], gonnooɗo jaagorgal diiwaan ndema e nder diiwaan Hirnaange [[Naajeeriya]], kadi ko o sehil Awolowo. Ko o jaagorde, o tawtoraama ƴellitgol eɓɓaande koɗki ndema, nde gollotoo e yoɓde kaalis gadano wonande janngooɓe hesɓe e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde heblo ndema sosngal. Jaŋngooɓe ɓee mbaɗatnoo ko ndema. Ndee feere koɗki ƴettaa ko e feere ƴellitaare ndema Israayiil, hono Moshav. Feere ndee fuzzii ko ngam nanngude vursugol sukaave worve e rewve e nder gure mawze ze ndema ina sazi suvaade golle. ==Ngendam== Akin Deko jibinaa ko to leydi Igbotu, to diiwaan Ondo, to leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]], jibinannde mum ko Idanre. O naati St Peters, [[Lagos]], ngam jaŋde leslesre e ngam jaŋde hakkundeere, o yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde laamu [[Ibadan]] (GCI), o timmini jaŋde makko to leydi [[Naajeeriya]] to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde [[Yaba]] to [[Lagos]] ɗo o heɓi seedantaagal janngingol. O fuɗɗii golle ko jannginoowo to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde laamu, to [[Ibadan]], omo janngina mekanik e hiisaaji kuutorteeɗi. E nder duuɓi seeɗa, o heɓi yiɗde mahngo, e hitaande 1947 o yahi to duɗal mahngo Brixton to Londres. O fuɗɗii caggal ɗuum fedde makko toppitiinde ko fayti e mahngo. Kono e kitaale 1950, o jaɓaama e sehil makko, [[Obafemi Awolowo]] ngam naatde e politik e hitaande 1956, o heɗii wasiyaaji Awolowo, o fooli, o dañi jooɗorde e suudu sarɗiiji diiwaan oo, ummoraade ɗoon o waɗtaa jaagorde ndema diiwaan oo.<ref name="Ainslie">[[Rosalynde Ainslie]], Catherine Hoskyns, Ronald Segal. ''Political Africa: A Who's Who of Personalities and Parties'', Frederick A. Praeger, 1961. pp. 71-72.</ref> Caggal mum e nder golle makko, o woniino wakiliijo diiwaan [[Afrik]] to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe ngam Nguura e Ndema, o woniino kadi Pro-chancelier piilaaɗo to Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Fedde Karallaagal, Akure. O woniino kadi Pro Chancellor to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde [[Ibadan]] e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Benin. ==Tuugnorgal== jmff9mv96d7m9iu4l5z65w47wf7w9z4 0 42221 174412 2026-06-19T01:02:12Z MOIBARDE 10068 Created page with "Mawɗo '''Anthony Eromosele Enahoro''' CFR (22 lewru juko hitaande 1923 – 15 lewru desaambar 2010)[1] ko gooto e ɓurɓe waawde haɓaade koloñaal e daraniiɓe demokaraasi e nder leydi Najeriya.[2] O jibinaa ko mawɗo e nder sukaaɓe sappo to Uromi, hannde ko diiwaan Edo to leydi Najeriya. Jibnaaɓe makko Esan en ko Anastasiyus Okotako Enahoro (1900-1968) e Fideliya Viktooriya Inibokun jibinaaɗo e Ogbidi Okojie (1906-1969).[3] Enahoro ina joginoo golle juutɗe, teeŋ..." 174412 wikitext text/x-wiki Mawɗo '''Anthony Eromosele Enahoro''' CFR (22 lewru juko hitaande 1923 – 15 lewru desaambar 2010)[1] ko gooto e ɓurɓe waawde haɓaade koloñaal e daraniiɓe demokaraasi e nder leydi Najeriya.[2] O jibinaa ko mawɗo e nder sukaaɓe sappo to Uromi, hannde ko diiwaan Edo to leydi Najeriya. Jibnaaɓe makko Esan en ko Anastasiyus Okotako Enahoro (1900-1968) e Fideliya Viktooriya Inibokun jibinaaɗo e Ogbidi Okojie (1906-1969).[3] Enahoro ina joginoo golle juutɗe, teeŋtuɗe e nder jaayɗe, politik, golle laamu e dille daraniiɗe demokaraasi. Janngi to duɗal laamu, Uromi, duɗal laamu, Owo e duɗal laamɗo, Lagos.[4] Enahoro wonti ardiiɗo jaaynde Nnamdi Azikiwe, Defender Naajeeriya Fombina, Ibadan, nder hitaande 1944 nde o mari duuɓi 21, non o laati ardiiɗo jaaynde Naajeeriya ɓurdunde famɗugo.[5] Caggal ɗuum o wonti gardiiɗo jaaynde wiyeteende Zik’s Comet, to Kano, e hitaande 1945-49, o woni gardiiɗo jaaynde Pilot Afrik hirnaange, to Lagos, e gardiiɗo jaaynde wiyeteende Morning Star gila 1950 haa 1953.[6] E hitaande 1953, Enahoro woni gadano ƴettude kuulal ngam heɓde ndimaagu leydi Najeriya, ngal heɓi ɗum e hitaande 1960, caggal nde o waɗi caɗeele politik keewɗe e foolde e nder parlemaa.[7] Enahoro ɗon laara janngirde e Naajeeriya'en ɗuuɗɓe, bana "Baaba lesdi Naajeeriya".[2] Motion maako arandeere ngam heɓugo ndimu lesdi Naajeeriya heɓi ɓustugo nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi ndi'i, nden terɗe suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi ndin waɗi walkout ngam daliila motion man.[8] Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, foolde e nder parlemaa, dille yimɓe puɗɗiima ngam saabaade ndee ɗoo dillere, jooni noon, ƴaañgol ngol ina jokki e dow koloñaal en, ina waɗi kadi dillere ngam jeytaare leydi Nijeer, walla ko famɗi fof, laamaade hoore mum. S. L. Akintola etinooma ƴeewtaade eɓɓaande ngam heɓde ndimaagu leydi Najeriya e hitaande 1957 hay so tawii eɓɓaande makko ndee jaɓaama e parlemaa, laamuuji koloñaal Biritaan en njaɓaani ɗum, ɗum noon ɗum ronkaama.[9] E lewru ut 1958, Remi Fani-Kayode ƴeewtindiima eɓɓaande Enahoro ndee, eɓɓaande ndee kadi jaɓaa e parlemaa kono ñalngu mum jaɓaaka e Angalteer. Eɓɓaande Fani-Kayode ndee noddiino yo Naajeeriya heɓ jeytaare mum ñalnde 2 abriil 1960. E nder ɓeydugol eɓɓaande Enahoro adannde ndee, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa ƴetti eɓɓaande woɗnde e nder parlemaa e hitaande 1959, nde jaɓaa. [10] Ngam batte ƴamol ngol, guwerneer koloñaal oo hollitii kuulal ngal laamu Biritaan ƴetti ngam rokkude ndimaagu mum e hitaande 1960. Naajeeriya heɓi ndimaagu mum ñalnde 1 oktoobar 1960.[11] ==Nguurndam gadano== Anthony Enahoro jibinaa ko mawɗo e nder sukaaɓe sappo to wuro Onewa, Uromi, to diiwaan Edo hannde oo, to leydi Naajeeriya. Won e banndiraaɓe makko ina jeyaa heen dipolomaat biyeteeɗo Edward, jaayndiyanke biyeteeɗo Peter ("Peter Pan"), jannginoowo biyeteeɗo Henry, Mike Enahoro, jaayndiyanke to Hukuuma Teleeji leydi Nijeer, Ben, Dan, Bess, Chris, e Emmanuel. Jibnaaɓe makko Esan en ko Anastasius Asuelinmen "Okotako" Enahoro (maayi 1968) e Fidelia Inibokun jibinaaɗo e Ogbidi Okojie (maayi 1969), laamɗo debbo e nder laamu Naajeeriya.[6] Enahoro ina joginoo golle juutɗe, teeŋtuɗe e nder jaayɗe, politik, golle laamu e dille daraniiɗe demokaraasi. Janngi e duɗal laamu Uromi, duɗal laamu Owo e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde laamɗo, Lagos, Enahoro wonti gardiiɗo jaaynde Nnamdi Azikiwe, Defender leydi Nijeer to bannge worgo, to Ibadan, e hitaande 1944 e duuɓi 21 fuɗɗoode kitaale 1940, ardi e murto almudɓe to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde to Lagos ɗo o wonnoo gardiiɗo almudɓe. O teskiima e politik e sahaa mbayliigu jaawngu. O nanngaama laabi ɗiɗi ngam laamu koloñaal, ngam winndannde nde o waɗi ngam ƴamɗe gonnooɗo guwerneer, nden boo ngam wolde nde o wi'i o ɗon ƴama sooja'en lesdi Naajeeriya, ɓe ɗon huuwa nder konu Biritaniya. Biritaannaaɓe mbaɗti mo maande ko o ƴattoowo yiite, kono hay nde o nanngaa laabi tati, o woni ko e ƴeewtaade darnde makko.[12] g7wlnjuvxirbtuflf0usjdf5dfkwiep 174413 174412 2026-06-19T01:06:41Z MOIBARDE 10068 174413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mawɗo '''Anthony Eromosele Enahoro''' CFR (22 lewru juko hitaande 1923 – 15 lewru desaambar 2010)[1] ko gooto e ɓurɓe waawde haɓaade koloñaal e daraniiɓe demokaraasi e nder leydi Najeriya.[2] O jibinaa ko mawɗo e nder sukaaɓe sappo to Uromi, hannde ko diiwaan Edo to leydi Najeriya. Jibnaaɓe makko Esan en ko Anastasiyus Okotako Enahoro (1900-1968) e Fideliya Viktooriya Inibokun jibinaaɗo e Ogbidi Okojie (1906-1969).[3] Enahoro ina joginoo golle juutɗe, teeŋtuɗe e nder jaayɗe, politik, golle laamu e dille daraniiɗe demokaraasi. Janngi to duɗal laamu, Uromi, duɗal laamu, Owo e duɗal laamɗo, Lagos.[4] Enahoro wonti ardiiɗo jaaynde Nnamdi Azikiwe, Defender Naajeeriya Fombina, Ibadan, nder hitaande 1944 nde o mari duuɓi 21, non o laati ardiiɗo jaaynde Naajeeriya ɓurdunde famɗugo.[5] Caggal ɗuum o wonti gardiiɗo jaaynde wiyeteende Zik’s Comet, to Kano, e hitaande 1945-49, o woni gardiiɗo jaaynde Pilot Afrik hirnaange, to Lagos, e gardiiɗo jaaynde wiyeteende Morning Star gila 1950 haa 1953.[6] E hitaande 1953, Enahoro woni gadano ƴettude kuulal ngam heɓde ndimaagu leydi Najeriya, ngal heɓi ɗum e hitaande 1960, caggal nde o waɗi caɗeele politik keewɗe e foolde e nder parlemaa.[7] Enahoro ɗon laara janngirde e Naajeeriya'en ɗuuɗɓe, bana "Baaba lesdi Naajeeriya".[2] Motion maako arandeere ngam heɓugo ndimu lesdi Naajeeriya heɓi ɓustugo nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi ndi'i, nden terɗe suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi ndin waɗi walkout ngam daliila motion man.[8] Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, foolde e nder parlemaa, dille yimɓe puɗɗiima ngam saabaade ndee ɗoo dillere, jooni noon, ƴaañgol ngol ina jokki e dow koloñaal en, ina waɗi kadi dillere ngam jeytaare leydi Nijeer, walla ko famɗi fof, laamaade hoore mum. S. L. Akintola etinooma ƴeewtaade eɓɓaande ngam heɓde ndimaagu leydi Najeriya e hitaande 1957 hay so tawii eɓɓaande makko ndee jaɓaama e parlemaa, laamuuji koloñaal Biritaan en njaɓaani ɗum, ɗum noon ɗum ronkaama.[9] E lewru ut 1958, Remi Fani-Kayode ƴeewtindiima eɓɓaande Enahoro ndee, eɓɓaande ndee kadi jaɓaa e parlemaa kono ñalngu mum jaɓaaka e Angalteer. Eɓɓaande Fani-Kayode ndee noddiino yo Naajeeriya heɓ jeytaare mum ñalnde 2 abriil 1960. E nder ɓeydugol eɓɓaande Enahoro adannde ndee, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa ƴetti eɓɓaande woɗnde e nder parlemaa e hitaande 1959, nde jaɓaa. [10] Ngam batte ƴamol ngol, guwerneer koloñaal oo hollitii kuulal ngal laamu Biritaan ƴetti ngam rokkude ndimaagu mum e hitaande 1960. Naajeeriya heɓi ndimaagu mum ñalnde 1 oktoobar 1960.[11] ==Nguurndam gadano== Anthony Enahoro jibinaa ko mawɗo e nder sukaaɓe sappo to wuro Onewa, Uromi, to diiwaan Edo hannde oo, to leydi Naajeeriya. Won e banndiraaɓe makko ina jeyaa heen dipolomaat biyeteeɗo Edward, jaayndiyanke biyeteeɗo Peter ("Peter Pan"), jannginoowo biyeteeɗo Henry, Mike Enahoro, jaayndiyanke to Hukuuma Teleeji leydi Nijeer, Ben, Dan, Bess, Chris, e Emmanuel. Jibnaaɓe makko Esan en ko Anastasius Asuelinmen "Okotako" Enahoro (maayi 1968) e Fidelia Inibokun jibinaaɗo e Ogbidi Okojie (maayi 1969), laamɗo debbo e nder laamu Naajeeriya.[6] Enahoro ina joginoo golle juutɗe, teeŋtuɗe e nder jaayɗe, politik, golle laamu e dille daraniiɗe demokaraasi. Janngi e duɗal laamu Uromi, duɗal laamu Owo e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde laamɗo, Lagos, Enahoro wonti gardiiɗo jaaynde Nnamdi Azikiwe, Defender leydi Nijeer to bannge worgo, to Ibadan, e hitaande 1944 e duuɓi 21 fuɗɗoode kitaale 1940, ardi e murto almudɓe to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde to Lagos ɗo o wonnoo gardiiɗo almudɓe. O teskiima e politik e sahaa mbayliigu jaawngu. O nanngaama laabi ɗiɗi ngam laamu koloñaal, ngam winndannde nde o waɗi ngam ƴamɗe gonnooɗo guwerneer, nden boo ngam wolde nde o wi'i o ɗon ƴama sooja'en lesdi Naajeeriya, ɓe ɗon huuwa nder konu Biritaniya. Biritaannaaɓe mbaɗti mo maande ko o ƴattoowo yiite, kono hay nde o nanngaa laabi tati, o woni ko e ƴeewtaade darnde makko.[12] == Politik == E hitaande 1950, Enahoro e Artuur Perst cosi lannda wiyeteende Mid-Ouest. Enahoro fuɗɗino jaaynde Mid-West Press nden o yaltini jaaynde Naajeeriya diga hitaande 1950 haa 1953. Lannda Mid-West nasti nder kawtal Action Group nder hitaande 1951.[13] Enahoro wonnoo ko nulaaɗo e ko ɓuri heewde e batuuji doosɗe leydi jowitiiɗi e jeytaare leydi Najeriya e hitaande 1960.[12] E nder caɗeele Naajeeriya caggal kuudetaaji 1966, Enahoro woni hooreejo delegaasiyoŋ Mid-West e oon sahaa, to batu doosɗe leydi Ad Hoc to Lagos. Caggal ɗuum o wonti Komisariyaa Fedde nde (Ministeer) ngam humpito e golle e les njiimaandi laamu konu Seneraal Yakubu Gowon, 1967–74 ; Komisinaajo lesdi Naajeeriya ngam kuuɗe feere-feere, 1975. Baawo man o warti tergal lanyol lesdi Naajeeriya, NPN, 1978–83. Ko kanko woni hooreejo, Fedde Adunaare Naalankaagal e Pinal Negro, 1972–75.[14] Enahoro wonnoo ko hooreejo fedde wiyeteende NADECO, fedde daraniinde demokaraasi, haɓannde diktatoor Sani Abacha haa Abacha sankii. Enahoro rokkaama teddungal ngenndiwal Kumannda, yamiroore Republique Fédérale, CFR, e hitaande 1982, o woniino hooreejo Dillere ngam Reforme Ngenndiire, MNR, kam e Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (PRONACO). O heɓi DSC tedduɗo e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Benin e hitaande 1972. Binndanɗe makko ina njeyaa heen deftere wiyeteende Fugitive Offender.[15][16][17] === Kiriis to Hirnaange leydi Naajeeriya === E nder kiris 1962 to diiwaan ɓooyɗo hirnaange, o nanngaa e wondude e terɗe fedde Action Group goɗɗe. Tuumaaɗo janfa e nder ñaawoore Awolowo tuumaande waɗde kuudetaa, Enahoro dogi rewrude e leydi Gana fayde leydi Angalteer e hitaande 1963, Naajeeriya ɗaɓɓiri Enahoro yoɓeede e nder hitaande 1881, haɗi mo ɗaɓɓude asilo politik. E fuɗɗoode hitaande 1963, hooreejo keso lannda Labour, hono Harold Wilson, yiyti hersa mo nanngugol Enahoro e kasoo addani mo. Labour yahii e njanngu nguu e nder suudu sarɗiiji, e ballal won e Tories, e ballondiral e furore media. O meeɗiino wonde gooto e Naajeeriyankooɓe ɓurɓe anndeede e nder leydi Angalteer.[18] Ko kanko woni "tooñoowo dognoowo" baɗnooɗo balɗe jeewte e nder suudu sarɗiiji e hitaande 1963 nde o haɓata e yoɓde leydi ndii. "Haala Enahoro" wonti haala jojjanɗe aadee feewde e yiɗde laamu nguu ɓuuɓngu ngam waasde tooñde leydi Nijeer, e waɗtude gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii, hono Harold Macmillan, e gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii, hono Henry Brooke, e ngonka caɗtuka. O yaltinaa leydi Angalteer, o sokaa sabu janfa. E hitaande 1966, laamu konu nguu woppi mo.[19] == Pijirlooji == Enahoro ummorii ko e nokkuuji dingiral. O fiyi golf, o rewi e kirikit e dow yarlitaare. O ɓuri waawde fijooji to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde King's College, o heɓi kadi teddineede wonde ko kanko woni ɓiɗɗo leydi Najeriya gadano heɓde tergal e fedde golf to leydi Najeriya. O dañii jippinde handicap makko e nder limooje goote e nder nguurndam makko juutɗam e golf. Ko kanko kadi woni baawɗo addude FESTAC e nder leydi Najeriya e kitaale 1970, e nder oon sahaa Muhammad Ali e Pele fof njilliima leydi ndii ngam weltinde ɗum en no feewi. Ɓiɓɓe makko fof ina mbeltii e dingiral e nder duuɓi mum en jaŋde e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde, ina njuɓɓina Fulɓe, Rugby, Golf e Tennis. Kenneth (1953-2017) e Eugene ko walla ko golfooɓe yiɗɓe, kadi ko kamɓe ngoni terɗe sosɗe fedde ñalnde aset to fedde golf Benin. Annabella ina waɗa pilates, Gabriyel ko jom welo-welo no feewi. == Njawdi == E hitaande 1953, Anthony Enahoro fuɗɗii eɓɓoore laamu hoore mum e nder suudu sarɗiiji hirnaange, nde addani leydi Najeriya heɓde ndimaagu mum ñalnde 1 oktoobar 1960.[12] == Caalaje == Enahoro woppi debbo mum Helen (nee Ediae) (1933–2012), ɓiɓɓe maɓɓe njoyo, taaniraaɓe e mawniraaɓe heewɓe.[12] == Defte == Dogɗo tooñoowo : daartol kasoo politik == Tuugnorgal == ls4lwzln49fxi2g1eegx0gngvswc0xh 174414 174413 2026-06-19T01:33:53Z MOIBARDE 10068 Add link and references 174414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mawɗo '''Anthony Eromosele Enahoro''' CFR (22 [[lewru]] juko hitaande 1923 – 15 [[lewru]] desaambar 2010)<ref>{{cite news|date=2018-12-15|title=Remembering Anthony Eronsele Enahoro: Adolor of Uromi, Okaku"o of Edoland|last=Asika-Enahoro|first=Maureen|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/remembering-anthony-eronsele-enahoro-adolor-of-uromi-okakuo-of-edoland/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-09-18|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> ko gooto e ɓurɓe waawde haɓaade koloñaal e daraniiɓe demokaraasi e nder leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]].<ref name="guardian">{{cite news|date=2017-10-01|title=Five Independence Day Heroes|last=Muoka|first=Chidera|url=https://guardian.ng/life/life-features/five-independence-day-heroes/|access-date=2024-09-18|location=Nigeria|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> O jibinaa ko mawɗo e nder sukaaɓe sappo to Uromi, hannde ko diiwaan Edo to leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Jibnaaɓe makko Esan en ko Anastasiyus Okotako Enahoro (1900-1968) e Fideliya Viktooriya Inibokun jibinaaɗo e Ogbidi Okojie (1906-1969).<ref>{{cite web|title=Biography – Anthony Enahoro Foundation|url=https://anthonyenahoro.org/biography/|access-date=2024-07-04}}</ref> Enahoro ina joginoo golle juutɗe, teeŋtuɗe e nder jaayɗe, politik, golle laamu e dille daraniiɗe demokaraasi. Janngi to duɗal laamu, Uromi, duɗal laamu, Owo e duɗal laamɗo, [[Lagos]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Adesulu|first=Dayo|date=2016-09-29|title=Nigeria at 56: What Education was like before independence|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/09/nigeria-at-56-what-education-was-like-before-independence/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-09-18|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Enahoro wonti ardiiɗo jaaynde [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]], ''Defender'' [[Naajeeriya]] Fombina, Ibadan, nder hitaande 1944 nde o mari duuɓi 21, non o laati ardiiɗo jaaynde [[Naajeeriya]] ɓurdunde famɗugo.<ref>{{cite news|date=2006-01-01|title=Chief Anthony Enahoro speaks!|url=https://saharareporters.com/2006/01/01/chief-anthony-enahoro-speaks|location=New York City, United States|access-date=2021-07-10|agency=[[Sahara Reporters]]|newspaper=[[Sahara Reporters]]}}</ref> Caggal ɗuum o wonti gardiiɗo jaaynde wiyeteende Zik’s Comet, to [[Kano]], e hitaande 1945-49, o woni gardiiɗo jaaynde Pilot [[Afrik]] hirnaange, to [[Lagos]], e gardiiɗo jaaynde wiyeteende ''Morning Star'' gila 1950 haa 1953.<ref name="vanguard">{{cite news|date=2010-12-26|title=Enahoro:Tribute to a statesman|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/12/enahorotribute-to-a-statesman/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2021-07-10|first=OClifford|last=Ogbeide|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> E hitaande 1953, Enahoro woni gadano ƴettude kuulal ngam heɓde ndimaagu leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]], ngal heɓi ɗum e hitaande 1960, caggal nde o waɗi caɗeele politik keewɗe e foolde e nder parlemaa.<ref>{{cite news|date=2020-10-03|title=Resting places of some Nigeria's independence heroes|url=https://punchng.com/resting-places-of-some-nigerias-independence-heroes/|access-date=2021-07-10|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> Enahoro ɗon laara janngirde e Naajeeriya'en ɗuuɗɓe, bana "Baaba lesdi [[Naajeeriya]]".<ref>{{cite news|date=2020-10-03|title=Resting places of some Nigeria's independence heroes|url=https://punchng.com/resting-places-of-some-nigerias-independence-heroes/|access-date=2021-07-10|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> Motion maako arandeere ngam heɓugo ndimu lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] heɓi ɓustugo nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi ndi'i, nden terɗe suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi ndin waɗi walkout ngam daliila motion man.<ref>{{cite news|date=2021-02-25|title=Anthony Enahoro, A Journalist Who Moved Motion For Nigeria's Independence In 1953|url=https://nigeriantracker.com/2021/02/25/anthony-enahoro-a-journalist-who-moved-motion-for-nigerias-independence-in-1953/|access-date=2024-07-04|work=Nigerian Tracker}}</ref> Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, foolde e nder parlemaa, dille yimɓe puɗɗiima ngam saabaade ndee ɗoo dillere, jooni noon, ƴaañgol ngol ina jokki e dow koloñaal en, ina waɗi kadi dillere ngam jeytaare leydi Nijeer, walla ko famɗi fof, laamaade hoore mum. [[S. L. Akintola]] etinooma ƴeewtaade eɓɓaande ngam heɓde ndimaagu leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] e hitaande 1957 hay so tawii eɓɓaande makko ndee jaɓaama e parlemaa, laamuuji koloñaal Biritaan en njaɓaani ɗum, ɗum noon ɗum ronkaama.<ref>{{cite news|date=2013-05-02|title=Who Moved The Motion For Nigeria's Independence, By Fani-Kayode|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/132367-who-moved-the-motion-for-nigerias-independence-by-fani-kayode.html|access-date=2021-07-10|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> E [[lewru]] ut 1958, [[Remi Fani-Kayode]] ƴeewtindiima eɓɓaande Enahoro ndee, eɓɓaande ndee kadi jaɓaa e parlemaa kono ñalngu mum jaɓaaka e Angalteer. Eɓɓaande Fani-Kayode ndee noddiino yo [[Naajeeriya]] heɓ jeytaare mum ñalnde 2 abriil 1960. E nder ɓeydugol eɓɓaande Enahoro adannde ndee, Sir [[Abubakar Tafawa balewa|Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] ƴetti eɓɓaande woɗnde e nder parlemaa e hitaande 1959, nde jaɓaa. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2010-10-10|title=The truth about the motion for Nigeria’s independence|url=https://dailytrust.com/the-truth-about-the-motion-for-nigerias-independence/|access-date=2025-06-10|newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ngam batte ƴamol ngol, guwerneer koloñaal oo hollitii kuulal ngal laamu Biritaan ƴetti ngam rokkude ndimaagu mum e hitaande 1960. [[Naajeeriya]] heɓi ndimaagu mum ñalnde 1 oktoobar 1960.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nigeria - Independent Nigeria|publisher=Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria/Independent-Nigeria|access-date=2023-01-29}}</ref> ==Nguurndam gadano== Anthony Enahoro jibinaa ko mawɗo e nder sukaaɓe sappo to wuro Onewa, Uromi, to diiwaan Edo hannde oo, to leydi [[Naajeeriya]]. Won e banndiraaɓe makko ina jeyaa heen dipolomaat biyeteeɗo Edward, jaayndiyanke biyeteeɗo Peter ("Peter Pan"), jannginoowo biyeteeɗo Henry, Mike Enahoro, jaayndiyanke to Hukuuma Teleeji leydi Nijeer, Ben, Dan, Bess, Chris, e Emmanuel. Jibnaaɓe makko Esan en ko Anastasius Asuelinmen "Okotako" Enahoro (maayi 1968) e Fidelia Inibokun jibinaaɗo e Ogbidi Okojie (maayi 1969), laamɗo debbo e nder laamu [[Naajeeriya]].<ref name="vanguard2">{{cite news|date=2010-12-26|title=Enahoro:Tribute to a statesman|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/12/enahorotribute-to-a-statesman/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2021-07-10|first=OClifford|last=Ogbeide|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Enahoro ina joginoo golle juutɗe, teeŋtuɗe e nder jaayɗe, politik, golle laamu e dille daraniiɗe demokaraasi. Janngi e duɗal laamu Uromi, duɗal laamu Owo e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde laamɗo, [[Lagos]], Enahoro wonti gardiiɗo jaaynde [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]], Defender leydi Nijeer to bannge worgo, to [[Ibadan]], e hitaande 1944 e duuɓi 21 fuɗɗoode kitaale 1940, ardi e murto almudɓe to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde to [[Lagos]] ɗo o wonnoo gardiiɗo almudɓe. O teskiima e politik e sahaa mbayliigu jaawngu. O nanngaama laabi ɗiɗi ngam laamu koloñaal, ngam winndannde nde o waɗi ngam ƴamɗe gonnooɗo guwerneer, nden boo ngam wolde nde o wi'i o ɗon ƴama sooja'en lesdi [[Naajeeriya]], ɓe ɗon huuwa nder konu Biritaniya. Biritaannaaɓe mbaɗti mo maande ko o ƴattoowo yiite, kono hay nde o nanngaa laabi tati, o woni ko e ƴeewtaade darnde makko.<ref name="Whiteman">{{cite news|last=Whiteman|first=Kaye|date=2011-02-08|title=Chief Anthony Enahoro obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/08/chief-anthony-enahoro-obituary|access-date=2024-09-18|work=[[The Guardian]]|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Politik == E hitaande 1950, Enahoro e Artuur Perst cosi lannda wiyeteende ''Mid-Ouest.'' Enahoro fuɗɗino jaaynde ''Mid-West Pres''s nden o yaltini jaaynde [[Naajeeriya]] diga hitaande 1950 haa 1953. Lannda Mid-West nasti nder kawtal ''Action Group'' nder hitaande 1951.<ref>{{cite book|first=Henry Louis|last=Gates Jr.|author-link=Henry Louis Gates Jr.|author2=[[Emmanuel Akyeampong]]|author3=Steven J. Niven|title=Dictionary of African Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA302|year=2012|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|page=302}}</ref> Enahoro wonnoo ko nulaaɗo e ko ɓuri heewde e batuuji doosɗe leydi jowitiiɗi e jeytaare leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] e hitaande 1960.<ref name="Whiteman2">{{cite news|last=Whiteman|first=Kaye|date=2011-02-08|title=Chief Anthony Enahoro obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/08/chief-anthony-enahoro-obituary|access-date=2024-09-18|work=[[The Guardian]]|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> E nder caɗeele [[Naajeeriya]] caggal kuudetaaji 1966, Enahoro woni hooreejo delegaasiyoŋ ''Mid-West'' e oon sahaa, to batu doosɗe leydi Ad Hoc to [[Lagos]]. Caggal ɗuum o wonti Komisariyaa Fedde nde (Ministeer) ngam humpito e golle e les njiimaandi laamu konu Seneraal [[Yakubu Gowon]], 1967–74 ; Komisinaajo lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] ngam kuuɗe feere-feere, 1975. Baawo man o warti tergal lanyol lesdi [[Naajeeriya]], NPN, 1978–83. Ko kanko woni hooreejo, Fedde Adunaare Naalankaagal e Pinal Negro, 1972–75.<ref>{{cite news|date=2020-10-01|title=Heroes of the struggle for Nigeria's independence/pioneer political|url=https://guardian.ng/?p=1230220|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2021-07-10|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> Enahoro wonnoo ko hooreejo fedde wiyeteende NADECO, fedde daraniinde demokaraasi, haɓannde diktatoor [[Sani Abacha]] haa Abacha sankii. Enahoro rokkaama teddungal ngenndiwal Kumannda, yamiroore Republique Fédérale, CFR, e hitaande 1982, o woniino hooreejo Dillere ngam Reforme Ngenndiire, MNR, kam e Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (PRONACO). O heɓi DSC tedduɗo e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Benin e hitaande 1972. Binndanɗe makko ina njeyaa heen deftere wiyeteende ''Fugitive Offender''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/nigerianpolitica0000skla|last=Sklar|first=Richard L.|title=Power in an Emergent African Nation|series=Princeton Legacy Library|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=1963|page=269|jstor=j.ctt183q1zx|isbn=1400878233}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Fani-Kayode|first=Femi|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201009270537.html|title=The Truth About the Motion for Independence|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]|via=[[allAfrica]]|date=2010-09-27|access-date=2024-09-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|access-date=2024-09-18|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/12/enahoro-was-a-titan-says-fani-kayode/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=Enahoro was a titan, says Fani-Kayode|date=2010-12-15|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> === Kiriis to Hirnaange leydi Naajeeriya === E nder kiris 1962 to diiwaan ɓooyɗo hirnaange, o nanngaa e wondude e terɗe fedde ''Action Group'' goɗɗe. Tuumaaɗo janfa e nder ñaawoore Awolowo tuumaande waɗde kuudetaa, Enahoro dogi rewrude e leydi Gana fayde leydi Angalteer e hitaande 1963, [[Naajeeriya]] ɗaɓɓiri Enahoro yoɓeede e nder hitaande 1881, haɗi mo ɗaɓɓude asilo politik. E fuɗɗoode hitaande 1963, hooreejo keso lannda Labour, hono Harold Wilson, yiyti hersa mo nanngugol Enahoro e kasoo addani mo. Labour yahii e njanngu nguu e nder suudu sarɗiiji, e ballal won e Tories, e ballondiral e furore media. O meeɗiino wonde gooto e Naajeeriyankooɓe ɓurɓe anndeede e nder leydi Angalteer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chief Enahoro (Hansard, 21 March 1963)|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1963/mar/21/chief-enahoro|access-date=2021-07-10|website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref> Ko kanko woni "tooñoowo dognoowo" baɗnooɗo balɗe jeewte e nder suudu sarɗiiji e hitaande 1963 nde o haɓata e yoɓde leydi ndii. "Haala Enahoro" wonti haala jojjanɗe aadee feewde e yiɗde laamu nguu ɓuuɓngu ngam waasde tooñde leydi Nijeer, e waɗtude gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii, hono [[Harold Macmillan]], e gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii, hono [[Henry Brooke]], e ngonka caɗtuka. O yaltinaa leydi Angalteer, o sokaa sabu janfa. E hitaande 1966, laamu konu nguu woppi mo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anthony Enahoro|publisher=Zaccheus Onumba Dibiaezue Memorial Libraries|url=https://zodml.org/discover-nigeria/people/historicalpeople/anthony-enahoro|access-date=2024-07-05}}</ref> == Pijirlooji == Enahoro ummorii ko e nokkuuji dingiral. O fiyi golf, o rewi e kirikit e dow yarlitaare. O ɓuri waawde fijooji to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ''King's College'', o heɓi kadi teddineede wonde ko kanko woni ɓiɗɗo leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] gadano heɓde tergal e fedde golf to leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. O dañii jippinde handicap makko e nder limooje goote e nder nguurndam makko juutɗam e golf. Ko kanko kadi woni baawɗo addude FESTAC e nder leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] e kitaale 1970, e nder oon sahaa Muhammad Ali e Pele fof njilliima leydi ndii ngam weltinde ɗum en no feewi. Ɓiɓɓe makko fof ina mbeltii e dingiral e nder duuɓi mum en jaŋde e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde, ina njuɓɓina Fulɓe, Rugby, Golf e Tennis. Kenneth (1953-2017) e Eugene ko walla ko golfooɓe yiɗɓe, kadi ko kamɓe ngoni terɗe sosɗe fedde ñalnde aset to fedde golf Benin. Annabella ina waɗa pilates, Gabriyel ko jom welo-welo no feewi. == Njawdi == E hitaande 1953, Anthony Enahoro fuɗɗii eɓɓoore laamu hoore mum e nder suudu sarɗiiji hirnaange, nde addani leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] heɓde ndimaagu mum ñalnde 1 oktoobar 1960.[12] == Caalaje == Enahoro woppi debbo mum Helen (nee Ediae) (1933–2012), ɓiɓɓe maɓɓe njoyo, taaniraaɓe e mawniraaɓe heewɓe.<ref name="Whiteman3">{{cite news|last=Whiteman|first=Kaye|date=2011-02-08|title=Chief Anthony Enahoro obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/08/chief-anthony-enahoro-obituary|access-date=2024-09-18|work=[[The Guardian]]|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Defte == Dogɗo tooñoowo : daartol kasoo politik == Tuugnorgal == me4kv44k8u1ki0jf0llf668jh1ylpdu 174415 174414 2026-06-19T01:34:59Z MOIBARDE 10068 i add category 174415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mawɗo '''Anthony Eromosele Enahoro''' CFR (22 [[lewru]] juko hitaande 1923 – 15 [[lewru]] desaambar 2010)<ref>{{cite news|date=2018-12-15|title=Remembering Anthony Eronsele Enahoro: Adolor of Uromi, Okaku"o of Edoland|last=Asika-Enahoro|first=Maureen|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/remembering-anthony-eronsele-enahoro-adolor-of-uromi-okakuo-of-edoland/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-09-18|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> ko gooto e ɓurɓe waawde haɓaade koloñaal e daraniiɓe demokaraasi e nder leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]].<ref name="guardian">{{cite news|date=2017-10-01|title=Five Independence Day Heroes|last=Muoka|first=Chidera|url=https://guardian.ng/life/life-features/five-independence-day-heroes/|access-date=2024-09-18|location=Nigeria|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> O jibinaa ko mawɗo e nder sukaaɓe sappo to Uromi, hannde ko diiwaan Edo to leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Jibnaaɓe makko Esan en ko Anastasiyus Okotako Enahoro (1900-1968) e Fideliya Viktooriya Inibokun jibinaaɗo e Ogbidi Okojie (1906-1969).<ref>{{cite web|title=Biography – Anthony Enahoro Foundation|url=https://anthonyenahoro.org/biography/|access-date=2024-07-04}}</ref> Enahoro ina joginoo golle juutɗe, teeŋtuɗe e nder jaayɗe, politik, golle laamu e dille daraniiɗe demokaraasi. Janngi to duɗal laamu, Uromi, duɗal laamu, Owo e duɗal laamɗo, [[Lagos]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Adesulu|first=Dayo|date=2016-09-29|title=Nigeria at 56: What Education was like before independence|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/09/nigeria-at-56-what-education-was-like-before-independence/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-09-18|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Enahoro wonti ardiiɗo jaaynde [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]], ''Defender'' [[Naajeeriya]] Fombina, Ibadan, nder hitaande 1944 nde o mari duuɓi 21, non o laati ardiiɗo jaaynde [[Naajeeriya]] ɓurdunde famɗugo.<ref>{{cite news|date=2006-01-01|title=Chief Anthony Enahoro speaks!|url=https://saharareporters.com/2006/01/01/chief-anthony-enahoro-speaks|location=New York City, United States|access-date=2021-07-10|agency=[[Sahara Reporters]]|newspaper=[[Sahara Reporters]]}}</ref> Caggal ɗuum o wonti gardiiɗo jaaynde wiyeteende Zik’s Comet, to [[Kano]], e hitaande 1945-49, o woni gardiiɗo jaaynde Pilot [[Afrik]] hirnaange, to [[Lagos]], e gardiiɗo jaaynde wiyeteende ''Morning Star'' gila 1950 haa 1953.<ref name="vanguard">{{cite news|date=2010-12-26|title=Enahoro:Tribute to a statesman|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/12/enahorotribute-to-a-statesman/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2021-07-10|first=OClifford|last=Ogbeide|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> E hitaande 1953, Enahoro woni gadano ƴettude kuulal ngam heɓde ndimaagu leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]], ngal heɓi ɗum e hitaande 1960, caggal nde o waɗi caɗeele politik keewɗe e foolde e nder parlemaa.<ref>{{cite news|date=2020-10-03|title=Resting places of some Nigeria's independence heroes|url=https://punchng.com/resting-places-of-some-nigerias-independence-heroes/|access-date=2021-07-10|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> Enahoro ɗon laara janngirde e Naajeeriya'en ɗuuɗɓe, bana "Baaba lesdi [[Naajeeriya]]".<ref>{{cite news|date=2020-10-03|title=Resting places of some Nigeria's independence heroes|url=https://punchng.com/resting-places-of-some-nigerias-independence-heroes/|access-date=2021-07-10|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> Motion maako arandeere ngam heɓugo ndimu lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] heɓi ɓustugo nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi ndi'i, nden terɗe suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi ndin waɗi walkout ngam daliila motion man.<ref>{{cite news|date=2021-02-25|title=Anthony Enahoro, A Journalist Who Moved Motion For Nigeria's Independence In 1953|url=https://nigeriantracker.com/2021/02/25/anthony-enahoro-a-journalist-who-moved-motion-for-nigerias-independence-in-1953/|access-date=2024-07-04|work=Nigerian Tracker}}</ref> Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, foolde e nder parlemaa, dille yimɓe puɗɗiima ngam saabaade ndee ɗoo dillere, jooni noon, ƴaañgol ngol ina jokki e dow koloñaal en, ina waɗi kadi dillere ngam jeytaare leydi Nijeer, walla ko famɗi fof, laamaade hoore mum. [[S. L. Akintola]] etinooma ƴeewtaade eɓɓaande ngam heɓde ndimaagu leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] e hitaande 1957 hay so tawii eɓɓaande makko ndee jaɓaama e parlemaa, laamuuji koloñaal Biritaan en njaɓaani ɗum, ɗum noon ɗum ronkaama.<ref>{{cite news|date=2013-05-02|title=Who Moved The Motion For Nigeria's Independence, By Fani-Kayode|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/132367-who-moved-the-motion-for-nigerias-independence-by-fani-kayode.html|access-date=2021-07-10|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> E [[lewru]] ut 1958, [[Remi Fani-Kayode]] ƴeewtindiima eɓɓaande Enahoro ndee, eɓɓaande ndee kadi jaɓaa e parlemaa kono ñalngu mum jaɓaaka e Angalteer. Eɓɓaande Fani-Kayode ndee noddiino yo [[Naajeeriya]] heɓ jeytaare mum ñalnde 2 abriil 1960. E nder ɓeydugol eɓɓaande Enahoro adannde ndee, Sir [[Abubakar Tafawa balewa|Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] ƴetti eɓɓaande woɗnde e nder parlemaa e hitaande 1959, nde jaɓaa. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2010-10-10|title=The truth about the motion for Nigeria’s independence|url=https://dailytrust.com/the-truth-about-the-motion-for-nigerias-independence/|access-date=2025-06-10|newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ngam batte ƴamol ngol, guwerneer koloñaal oo hollitii kuulal ngal laamu Biritaan ƴetti ngam rokkude ndimaagu mum e hitaande 1960. [[Naajeeriya]] heɓi ndimaagu mum ñalnde 1 oktoobar 1960.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nigeria - Independent Nigeria|publisher=Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria/Independent-Nigeria|access-date=2023-01-29}}</ref> ==Nguurndam gadano== Anthony Enahoro jibinaa ko mawɗo e nder sukaaɓe sappo to wuro Onewa, Uromi, to diiwaan Edo hannde oo, to leydi [[Naajeeriya]]. Won e banndiraaɓe makko ina jeyaa heen dipolomaat biyeteeɗo Edward, jaayndiyanke biyeteeɗo Peter ("Peter Pan"), jannginoowo biyeteeɗo Henry, Mike Enahoro, jaayndiyanke to Hukuuma Teleeji leydi Nijeer, Ben, Dan, Bess, Chris, e Emmanuel. Jibnaaɓe makko Esan en ko Anastasius Asuelinmen "Okotako" Enahoro (maayi 1968) e Fidelia Inibokun jibinaaɗo e Ogbidi Okojie (maayi 1969), laamɗo debbo e nder laamu [[Naajeeriya]].<ref name="vanguard2">{{cite news|date=2010-12-26|title=Enahoro:Tribute to a statesman|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/12/enahorotribute-to-a-statesman/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2021-07-10|first=OClifford|last=Ogbeide|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Enahoro ina joginoo golle juutɗe, teeŋtuɗe e nder jaayɗe, politik, golle laamu e dille daraniiɗe demokaraasi. Janngi e duɗal laamu Uromi, duɗal laamu Owo e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde laamɗo, [[Lagos]], Enahoro wonti gardiiɗo jaaynde [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]], Defender leydi Nijeer to bannge worgo, to [[Ibadan]], e hitaande 1944 e duuɓi 21 fuɗɗoode kitaale 1940, ardi e murto almudɓe to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde to [[Lagos]] ɗo o wonnoo gardiiɗo almudɓe. O teskiima e politik e sahaa mbayliigu jaawngu. O nanngaama laabi ɗiɗi ngam laamu koloñaal, ngam winndannde nde o waɗi ngam ƴamɗe gonnooɗo guwerneer, nden boo ngam wolde nde o wi'i o ɗon ƴama sooja'en lesdi [[Naajeeriya]], ɓe ɗon huuwa nder konu Biritaniya. Biritaannaaɓe mbaɗti mo maande ko o ƴattoowo yiite, kono hay nde o nanngaa laabi tati, o woni ko e ƴeewtaade darnde makko.<ref name="Whiteman">{{cite news|last=Whiteman|first=Kaye|date=2011-02-08|title=Chief Anthony Enahoro obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/08/chief-anthony-enahoro-obituary|access-date=2024-09-18|work=[[The Guardian]]|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Politik == E hitaande 1950, Enahoro e Artuur Perst cosi lannda wiyeteende ''Mid-Ouest.'' Enahoro fuɗɗino jaaynde ''Mid-West Pres''s nden o yaltini jaaynde [[Naajeeriya]] diga hitaande 1950 haa 1953. Lannda Mid-West nasti nder kawtal ''Action Group'' nder hitaande 1951.<ref>{{cite book|first=Henry Louis|last=Gates Jr.|author-link=Henry Louis Gates Jr.|author2=[[Emmanuel Akyeampong]]|author3=Steven J. Niven|title=Dictionary of African Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA302|year=2012|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|page=302}}</ref> Enahoro wonnoo ko nulaaɗo e ko ɓuri heewde e batuuji doosɗe leydi jowitiiɗi e jeytaare leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] e hitaande 1960.<ref name="Whiteman2">{{cite news|last=Whiteman|first=Kaye|date=2011-02-08|title=Chief Anthony Enahoro obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/08/chief-anthony-enahoro-obituary|access-date=2024-09-18|work=[[The Guardian]]|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> E nder caɗeele [[Naajeeriya]] caggal kuudetaaji 1966, Enahoro woni hooreejo delegaasiyoŋ ''Mid-West'' e oon sahaa, to batu doosɗe leydi Ad Hoc to [[Lagos]]. Caggal ɗuum o wonti Komisariyaa Fedde nde (Ministeer) ngam humpito e golle e les njiimaandi laamu konu Seneraal [[Yakubu Gowon]], 1967–74 ; Komisinaajo lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] ngam kuuɗe feere-feere, 1975. Baawo man o warti tergal lanyol lesdi [[Naajeeriya]], NPN, 1978–83. Ko kanko woni hooreejo, Fedde Adunaare Naalankaagal e Pinal Negro, 1972–75.<ref>{{cite news|date=2020-10-01|title=Heroes of the struggle for Nigeria's independence/pioneer political|url=https://guardian.ng/?p=1230220|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2021-07-10|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> Enahoro wonnoo ko hooreejo fedde wiyeteende NADECO, fedde daraniinde demokaraasi, haɓannde diktatoor [[Sani Abacha]] haa Abacha sankii. Enahoro rokkaama teddungal ngenndiwal Kumannda, yamiroore Republique Fédérale, CFR, e hitaande 1982, o woniino hooreejo Dillere ngam Reforme Ngenndiire, MNR, kam e Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (PRONACO). O heɓi DSC tedduɗo e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Benin e hitaande 1972. Binndanɗe makko ina njeyaa heen deftere wiyeteende ''Fugitive Offender''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/nigerianpolitica0000skla|last=Sklar|first=Richard L.|title=Power in an Emergent African Nation|series=Princeton Legacy Library|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=1963|page=269|jstor=j.ctt183q1zx|isbn=1400878233}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Fani-Kayode|first=Femi|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201009270537.html|title=The Truth About the Motion for Independence|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]|via=[[allAfrica]]|date=2010-09-27|access-date=2024-09-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|access-date=2024-09-18|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/12/enahoro-was-a-titan-says-fani-kayode/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=Enahoro was a titan, says Fani-Kayode|date=2010-12-15|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> === Kiriis to Hirnaange leydi Naajeeriya === E nder kiris 1962 to diiwaan ɓooyɗo hirnaange, o nanngaa e wondude e terɗe fedde ''Action Group'' goɗɗe. Tuumaaɗo janfa e nder ñaawoore Awolowo tuumaande waɗde kuudetaa, Enahoro dogi rewrude e leydi Gana fayde leydi Angalteer e hitaande 1963, [[Naajeeriya]] ɗaɓɓiri Enahoro yoɓeede e nder hitaande 1881, haɗi mo ɗaɓɓude asilo politik. E fuɗɗoode hitaande 1963, hooreejo keso lannda Labour, hono Harold Wilson, yiyti hersa mo nanngugol Enahoro e kasoo addani mo. Labour yahii e njanngu nguu e nder suudu sarɗiiji, e ballal won e Tories, e ballondiral e furore media. O meeɗiino wonde gooto e Naajeeriyankooɓe ɓurɓe anndeede e nder leydi Angalteer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chief Enahoro (Hansard, 21 March 1963)|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1963/mar/21/chief-enahoro|access-date=2021-07-10|website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref> Ko kanko woni "tooñoowo dognoowo" baɗnooɗo balɗe jeewte e nder suudu sarɗiiji e hitaande 1963 nde o haɓata e yoɓde leydi ndii. "Haala Enahoro" wonti haala jojjanɗe aadee feewde e yiɗde laamu nguu ɓuuɓngu ngam waasde tooñde leydi Nijeer, e waɗtude gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii, hono [[Harold Macmillan]], e gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii, hono [[Henry Brooke]], e ngonka caɗtuka. O yaltinaa leydi Angalteer, o sokaa sabu janfa. E hitaande 1966, laamu konu nguu woppi mo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anthony Enahoro|publisher=Zaccheus Onumba Dibiaezue Memorial Libraries|url=https://zodml.org/discover-nigeria/people/historicalpeople/anthony-enahoro|access-date=2024-07-05}}</ref> == Pijirlooji == Enahoro ummorii ko e nokkuuji dingiral. O fiyi golf, o rewi e kirikit e dow yarlitaare. O ɓuri waawde fijooji to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ''King's College'', o heɓi kadi teddineede wonde ko kanko woni ɓiɗɗo leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] gadano heɓde tergal e fedde golf to leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. O dañii jippinde handicap makko e nder limooje goote e nder nguurndam makko juutɗam e golf. Ko kanko kadi woni baawɗo addude FESTAC e nder leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] e kitaale 1970, e nder oon sahaa Muhammad Ali e Pele fof njilliima leydi ndii ngam weltinde ɗum en no feewi. Ɓiɓɓe makko fof ina mbeltii e dingiral e nder duuɓi mum en jaŋde e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde, ina njuɓɓina Fulɓe, Rugby, Golf e Tennis. Kenneth (1953-2017) e Eugene ko walla ko golfooɓe yiɗɓe, kadi ko kamɓe ngoni terɗe sosɗe fedde ñalnde aset to fedde golf Benin. Annabella ina waɗa pilates, Gabriyel ko jom welo-welo no feewi. == Njawdi == E hitaande 1953, Anthony Enahoro fuɗɗii eɓɓoore laamu hoore mum e nder suudu sarɗiiji hirnaange, nde addani leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] heɓde ndimaagu mum ñalnde 1 oktoobar 1960.[12] == Caalaje == Enahoro woppi debbo mum Helen (nee Ediae) (1933–2012), ɓiɓɓe maɓɓe njoyo, taaniraaɓe e mawniraaɓe heewɓe.<ref name="Whiteman3">{{cite news|last=Whiteman|first=Kaye|date=2011-02-08|title=Chief Anthony Enahoro obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/08/chief-anthony-enahoro-obituary|access-date=2024-09-18|work=[[The Guardian]]|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Defte == Dogɗo tooñoowo : daartol kasoo politik == Tuugnorgal == <references /> [[Category:Naajeeriya]] t73shmdaix4q75bel3l4aihn3rd91wv 0 42222 174418 2026-06-19T05:44:19Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Baraas Kiymbi''' [ina wiyee kadi Staasiyoŋ kuuraa Bendera] ko baraas mawɗo e baraas kuuraa udditaa e maayo Kiymbi (walla Kyimbi) e hitaande 1959. Nde yejjittaake, nde ɗaɓɓi moƴƴitingol. Eɓɓaaɗe kese mbaɗaama ngam moƴƴinde baraas oo. == Maayo Kyimbi == Maayo Kyimbi ummii ko e dow ŋoral Mugandja, tooweeki mum ko 2 000 meeteer (6 560 meeteer). Ina waɗi ɓulli keewɗi e dow 3,2 km, ɓurɗi mawnude ɗii ko 300 haa 500 meeteer (91 haa 152 m) too..." 174418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Kiymbi''' [ina wiyee kadi Staasiyoŋ kuuraa Bendera] ko baraas mawɗo e baraas kuuraa udditaa e maayo Kiymbi (walla Kyimbi) e hitaande 1959. Nde yejjittaake, nde ɗaɓɓi moƴƴitingol. Eɓɓaaɗe kese mbaɗaama ngam moƴƴinde baraas oo. == Maayo Kyimbi == Maayo Kyimbi ummii ko e dow ŋoral Mugandja, tooweeki mum ko 2 000 meeteer (6 560 meeteer). Ina waɗi ɓulli keewɗi e dow 3,2 km, ɓurɗi mawnude ɗii ko 300 haa 500 meeteer (91 haa 152 m) toowɗi. Hakke toɓɓere ndee e nder ndee feccere ko ɓuri 2 500 meeteer (760 m).[1] Ɗe njeyaa ko e ɓulli ɓurɗi toowde e duunde Afrik ngam huutoraade ngam ƴellitde semmbe.[2] E nder yontaaji yooro, ɓuuɓol ngol ina tolnoo e 3 haa 10 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (110 haa 350 cu ft/s), kono ɗum ina ɓeydoo haa 150 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (5 300 cu ft/s) e nder yontaaji toɓo.[3] == Peewnugol == E hitaande 1948, haalaama wonde sosiyatee sosaa ngam mahde wertallo kuuraa ndiyam e maayo Kimbi to worgo Katanga, ngam rokkude Albertville (hono no wiyetee Kalemie nii). Golle ɗee ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hitaande 1950.[4] Ko sara Bendera tan foti mahde.[5] Ɗum woni ko hedde 110 kiloomeeteer (68 mi) e Albertville.[6] Leelgol ina waɗi. Ciimtol hitaande 1952 hollitii wonde mahngo ina jokki haa jooni.[7] Ciimtol 1954 siftinii wonde mbaydi peewniraandi ndii ko baraas toowɗo 14,5 meeter (48 ft) baawɗo rokkude ndiyam e nder laylayti renndo joy, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 8 250 kilowatt (11 060 hp), walla 41 250 kilowatt (55 320 hp6) e nder kala. Ko ɗoon e ɗoon, ko Forces de L'Est du Congo (FEC) mahi, gollorii, sosiyatee puɗɗinooɗo golle e hitaande 1955 ngam rokkude doole fuɗnaange Konngo.[8] Nde fuɗɗii rokkude doole ummoraade e turbineeji ɗiɗi e nder joy peewnaaɗi ɗii e hitaande 1959.[9] Turbineeji goɗɗi ina poti waɗeede no haanirta nii ngam heɓde ɗaɓɓaande.[2] Architecte biyeteeɗo Eugene Palumbo, mo UNESCO toɗɗii leydi Kongo, waɗi wuro gollorngo eɓɓaande mahngo baraas oo.[10] == Dam e laylaytol == Baraas oo woni ko dow ɓulli mawɗi Kiymbi, ina waɗi arc beton njuuteendi mum ko 60 meeter (200 ft), tooweeki mum ko 1 652,2 meeter (5 421 ft). Yaajde baraas oo ko hedde 75 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (61 acre⋅ft). Ndiyam ina ƴettee e baraas oo e dow ŋoral 1 428 meeteer (4 685 ft) ɓuuɓngal, walla galle, haa to nokku toowɗo e nokku ɗo kuuraa oo woni ɗoo. Galle oo ina waɗi feccere e beton, njaajeendi mum ko 3,5 meeter (11 ft) ɗo o liggortee ɗoo e 4,5 meeter (15 ft) ɗo o liggoraaka. Galle oo joofnata ko e suudu de-sanding 30 meeteruuji (98 ft) njuuteendi e 7 meeteruuji (23 ft) njaajeendi ndi ittata kala ɓuuɓri sanngara ɓurndi .03 milimeeteer (0.0012 in) njaajeendi. Sanngara oo ina ɓuuɓtoo les ŋoral haa e maayo les.[2] Gila e tanki to joofnirde de-sander, ndiyam ɗam ina naata e wertallo ngoo e nder wertallo ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 1 400 meeter (4 600 ft) tawa njaajeendi mum ina ustoo gila e 1,1 haa .9 meeter (3 ft 7 in haa 2 ft 11 in). Toɓɓere ndee ko hedde 677 meeteer (2 221 ft). Ndiyam ɗam ina semmbina turbineeji ɗii, ina ɓuuɓna e nder maayo les ɓulli ɗii.[2] Stasiyoŋ oo ari ko e internet e hitaande 1959 e ƴulɓe ɗiɗi 8 250 kilowatt, ina waawi waɗde 3 goɗɗe e mbaawka goota.[9] Laana 132 kV ina nawra kuuraa haa Albertville.[gila 1971 ina wiyee Kalemie]. [2] == Peeje moƴƴitingol == 916w2hnjbzkvae96075rj57p5i4x2tu 174419 174418 2026-06-19T05:47:39Z Nnamadee 11577 174419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Kiymbi''' [ina wiyee kadi Staasiyoŋ kuuraa Bendera] ko baraas mawɗo e baraas kuuraa udditaa e maayo Kiymbi (walla Kyimbi) e hitaande 1959. Nde yejjittaake, nde ɗaɓɓi moƴƴitingol. Eɓɓaaɗe kese mbaɗaama ngam moƴƴinde baraas oo. == Maayo Kyimbi == Maayo Kyimbi ummii ko e dow ŋoral Mugandja, tooweeki mum ko 2 000 meeteer (6 560 meeteer). Ina waɗi ɓulli keewɗi e dow 3,2 km, ɓurɗi mawnude ɗii ko 300 haa 500 meeteer (91 haa 152 m) toowɗi. Hakke toɓɓere ndee e nder ndee feccere ko ɓuri 2 500 meeteer (760 m).<ref>Office du tourisme 1956, p. 389</ref> Ɗe njeyaa ko e ɓulli ɓurɗi toowde e duunde Afrik ngam huutoraade ngam ƴellitde semmbe.[2] E nder yontaaji yooro, ɓuuɓol ngol ina tolnoo e 3 haa 10 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (110 haa 350 cu ft/s), kono ɗum ina ɓeydoo haa 150 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (5 300 cu ft/s) e nder yontaaji toɓo.[3] == Peewnugol == E hitaande 1948, haalaama wonde sosiyatee sosaa ngam mahde wertallo kuuraa ndiyam e maayo Kimbi to worgo Katanga, ngam rokkude Albertville (hono no wiyetee Kalemie nii). Golle ɗee ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hitaande 1950.[4] Ko sara Bendera tan foti mahde.[5] Ɗum woni ko hedde 110 kiloomeeteer (68 mi) e Albertville.[6] Leelgol ina waɗi. Ciimtol hitaande 1952 hollitii wonde mahngo ina jokki haa jooni.[7] Ciimtol 1954 siftinii wonde mbaydi peewniraandi ndii ko baraas toowɗo 14,5 meeter (48 ft) baawɗo rokkude ndiyam e nder laylayti renndo joy, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 8 250 kilowatt (11 060 hp), walla 41 250 kilowatt (55 320 hp6) e nder kala. Ko ɗoon e ɗoon, ko Forces de L'Est du Congo (FEC) mahi, gollorii, sosiyatee puɗɗinooɗo golle e hitaande 1955 ngam rokkude doole fuɗnaange Konngo.[8] Nde fuɗɗii rokkude doole ummoraade e turbineeji ɗiɗi e nder joy peewnaaɗi ɗii e hitaande 1959.[9] Turbineeji goɗɗi ina poti waɗeede no haanirta nii ngam heɓde ɗaɓɓaande.[2] Architecte biyeteeɗo Eugene Palumbo, mo UNESCO toɗɗii leydi Kongo, waɗi wuro gollorngo eɓɓaande mahngo baraas oo.[10] == Dam e laylaytol == Baraas oo woni ko dow ɓulli mawɗi Kiymbi, ina waɗi arc beton njuuteendi mum ko 60 meeter (200 ft), tooweeki mum ko 1 652,2 meeter (5 421 ft). Yaajde baraas oo ko hedde 75 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (61 acre⋅ft). Ndiyam ina ƴettee e baraas oo e dow ŋoral 1 428 meeteer (4 685 ft) ɓuuɓngal, walla galle, haa to nokku toowɗo e nokku ɗo kuuraa oo woni ɗoo. Galle oo ina waɗi feccere e beton, njaajeendi mum ko 3,5 meeter (11 ft) ɗo o liggortee ɗoo e 4,5 meeter (15 ft) ɗo o liggoraaka. Galle oo joofnata ko e suudu de-sanding 30 meeteruuji (98 ft) njuuteendi e 7 meeteruuji (23 ft) njaajeendi ndi ittata kala ɓuuɓri sanngara ɓurndi .03 milimeeteer (0.0012 in) njaajeendi. Sanngara oo ina ɓuuɓtoo les ŋoral haa e maayo les.[2] Gila e tanki to joofnirde de-sander, ndiyam ɗam ina naata e wertallo ngoo e nder wertallo ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 1 400 meeter (4 600 ft) tawa njaajeendi mum ina ustoo gila e 1,1 haa .9 meeter (3 ft 7 in haa 2 ft 11 in). Toɓɓere ndee ko hedde 677 meeteer (2 221 ft). Ndiyam ɗam ina semmbina turbineeji ɗii, ina ɓuuɓna e nder maayo les ɓulli ɗii.[2] Stasiyoŋ oo ari ko e internet e hitaande 1959 e ƴulɓe ɗiɗi 8 250 kilowatt, ina waawi waɗde 3 goɗɗe e mbaawka goota.[9] Laana 132 kV ina nawra kuuraa haa Albertville.[gila 1971 ina wiyee Kalemie]. [2] == Peeje moƴƴitingol == Leydi Konngo heɓi jeytaare mum e lewru suwee 1960.[11] Sosiyetee laamu kuuraa, Société nationale d’électricité (SNEL), waɗii wiɗto ngam moƴƴinde laylaytol Kiymbi e hitaande 1992.[12] Ciimtol 2007 peewniraangol Banke Adunaajo ƴeewtiima moƴƴitingol wertallo ngoo. Ko ɓuri famɗude e njoɓdi ummoraade e wiɗto "reconnaissance" maa won 52,06 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik wonande 43 MW mbaawka liggorgal.[13] Ciimtol ngol wasiyiima waɗde priorité e wiɗto ɓurngo laaɓtude.[14] E hitaande 2023, sosiyatee Angalteer gooto [Dynamis Investment Partners Ltd] ƴetti peeje moƴƴitingol wertallo kuuraa Bendera, ina jokki e waɗde wiɗto ngam anndude so tawii eɓɓaande ndee ina waawi waɗeede, e ballondiral e SNEL. Golle moƴƴitingol ɗee ina poti fuɗɗaade e fuɗɗoode hitaande 2026, tawa ina waɗi peeje ngam ɓeydude kattanɗe liggorde ndee no feewi, haa arti noon e ɓeydude kattanɗe liggorde ndee e sarɗiiji golle. Kontraktoor EPC, [ABC Contracting SA] mo biro mum to Andenne (BE) toɗɗaa ngam golle ɗee. Ndee eɓɓaande ina ɗaminaa maa addan renndooji Kalemie e nokkuuji taariiɗi semmbeeji ɗii ɓeydaade heɓde semmbeeji e kuuraa, ɓeyda ɓeydagol e nder diiwaan hee. Golle lowre ndee ina peewnitee, e nanondiral njulaagu e SNEL, e sosiyatee Konngo biyeteeɗo Bendera Hydroélectricité SARL [sosiyatee biyeteeɗo Bendera HPP Ltd] mo Angalteer. == Tuugnorgal == kqre4ikzf1uuo14c4mzvakaeudezmem 174420 174419 2026-06-19T05:48:30Z Nnamadee 11577 174420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Kiymbi''' [ina wiyee kadi Staasiyoŋ kuuraa Bendera] ko baraas mawɗo e baraas kuuraa udditaa e maayo Kiymbi (walla Kyimbi) e hitaande 1959. Nde yejjittaake, nde ɗaɓɓi moƴƴitingol. Eɓɓaaɗe kese mbaɗaama ngam moƴƴinde baraas oo. == Maayo Kyimbi == Maayo Kyimbi ummii ko e dow ŋoral Mugandja, tooweeki mum ko 2 000 meeteer (6 560 meeteer). Ina waɗi ɓulli keewɗi e dow 3,2 km, ɓurɗi mawnude ɗii ko 300 haa 500 meeteer (91 haa 152 m) toowɗi. Hakke toɓɓere ndee e nder ndee feccere ko ɓuri 2 500 meeteer (760 m).<ref>Office du tourisme 1956, p. 389</ref> Ɗe njeyaa ko e ɓulli ɓurɗi toowde e duunde Afrik ngam huutoraade ngam ƴellitde semmbe.<ref>Leenders 1960.</ref> E nder yontaaji yooro, ɓuuɓol ngol ina tolnoo e 3 haa 10 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (110 haa 350 cu ft/s), kono ɗum ina ɓeydoo haa 150 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (5 300 cu ft/s) e nder yontaaji toɓo.[3] == Peewnugol == E hitaande 1948, haalaama wonde sosiyatee sosaa ngam mahde wertallo kuuraa ndiyam e maayo Kimbi to worgo Katanga, ngam rokkude Albertville (hono no wiyetee Kalemie nii). Golle ɗee ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hitaande 1950.[4] Ko sara Bendera tan foti mahde.[5] Ɗum woni ko hedde 110 kiloomeeteer (68 mi) e Albertville.[6] Leelgol ina waɗi. Ciimtol hitaande 1952 hollitii wonde mahngo ina jokki haa jooni.[7] Ciimtol 1954 siftinii wonde mbaydi peewniraandi ndii ko baraas toowɗo 14,5 meeter (48 ft) baawɗo rokkude ndiyam e nder laylayti renndo joy, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 8 250 kilowatt (11 060 hp), walla 41 250 kilowatt (55 320 hp6) e nder kala. Ko ɗoon e ɗoon, ko Forces de L'Est du Congo (FEC) mahi, gollorii, sosiyatee puɗɗinooɗo golle e hitaande 1955 ngam rokkude doole fuɗnaange Konngo.[8] Nde fuɗɗii rokkude doole ummoraade e turbineeji ɗiɗi e nder joy peewnaaɗi ɗii e hitaande 1959.[9] Turbineeji goɗɗi ina poti waɗeede no haanirta nii ngam heɓde ɗaɓɓaande.[2] Architecte biyeteeɗo Eugene Palumbo, mo UNESCO toɗɗii leydi Kongo, waɗi wuro gollorngo eɓɓaande mahngo baraas oo.[10] == Dam e laylaytol == Baraas oo woni ko dow ɓulli mawɗi Kiymbi, ina waɗi arc beton njuuteendi mum ko 60 meeter (200 ft), tooweeki mum ko 1 652,2 meeter (5 421 ft). Yaajde baraas oo ko hedde 75 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (61 acre⋅ft). Ndiyam ina ƴettee e baraas oo e dow ŋoral 1 428 meeteer (4 685 ft) ɓuuɓngal, walla galle, haa to nokku toowɗo e nokku ɗo kuuraa oo woni ɗoo. Galle oo ina waɗi feccere e beton, njaajeendi mum ko 3,5 meeter (11 ft) ɗo o liggortee ɗoo e 4,5 meeter (15 ft) ɗo o liggoraaka. Galle oo joofnata ko e suudu de-sanding 30 meeteruuji (98 ft) njuuteendi e 7 meeteruuji (23 ft) njaajeendi ndi ittata kala ɓuuɓri sanngara ɓurndi .03 milimeeteer (0.0012 in) njaajeendi. Sanngara oo ina ɓuuɓtoo les ŋoral haa e maayo les.[2] Gila e tanki to joofnirde de-sander, ndiyam ɗam ina naata e wertallo ngoo e nder wertallo ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 1 400 meeter (4 600 ft) tawa njaajeendi mum ina ustoo gila e 1,1 haa .9 meeter (3 ft 7 in haa 2 ft 11 in). Toɓɓere ndee ko hedde 677 meeteer (2 221 ft). Ndiyam ɗam ina semmbina turbineeji ɗii, ina ɓuuɓna e nder maayo les ɓulli ɗii.[2] Stasiyoŋ oo ari ko e internet e hitaande 1959 e ƴulɓe ɗiɗi 8 250 kilowatt, ina waawi waɗde 3 goɗɗe e mbaawka goota.[9] Laana 132 kV ina nawra kuuraa haa Albertville.[gila 1971 ina wiyee Kalemie]. [2] == Peeje moƴƴitingol == Leydi Konngo heɓi jeytaare mum e lewru suwee 1960.[11] Sosiyetee laamu kuuraa, Société nationale d’électricité (SNEL), waɗii wiɗto ngam moƴƴinde laylaytol Kiymbi e hitaande 1992.[12] Ciimtol 2007 peewniraangol Banke Adunaajo ƴeewtiima moƴƴitingol wertallo ngoo. Ko ɓuri famɗude e njoɓdi ummoraade e wiɗto "reconnaissance" maa won 52,06 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik wonande 43 MW mbaawka liggorgal.[13] Ciimtol ngol wasiyiima waɗde priorité e wiɗto ɓurngo laaɓtude.[14] E hitaande 2023, sosiyatee Angalteer gooto [Dynamis Investment Partners Ltd] ƴetti peeje moƴƴitingol wertallo kuuraa Bendera, ina jokki e waɗde wiɗto ngam anndude so tawii eɓɓaande ndee ina waawi waɗeede, e ballondiral e SNEL. Golle moƴƴitingol ɗee ina poti fuɗɗaade e fuɗɗoode hitaande 2026, tawa ina waɗi peeje ngam ɓeydude kattanɗe liggorde ndee no feewi, haa arti noon e ɓeydude kattanɗe liggorde ndee e sarɗiiji golle. Kontraktoor EPC, [ABC Contracting SA] mo biro mum to Andenne (BE) toɗɗaa ngam golle ɗee. Ndee eɓɓaande ina ɗaminaa maa addan renndooji Kalemie e nokkuuji taariiɗi semmbeeji ɗii ɓeydaade heɓde semmbeeji e kuuraa, ɓeyda ɓeydagol e nder diiwaan hee. Golle lowre ndee ina peewnitee, e nanondiral njulaagu e SNEL, e sosiyatee Konngo biyeteeɗo Bendera Hydroélectricité SARL [sosiyatee biyeteeɗo Bendera HPP Ltd] mo Angalteer. == Tuugnorgal == dtj7b28okghez394hcgsmjmvbr89ele 174421 174420 2026-06-19T05:49:04Z Nnamadee 11577 174421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Kiymbi''' [ina wiyee kadi Staasiyoŋ kuuraa Bendera] ko baraas mawɗo e baraas kuuraa udditaa e maayo Kiymbi (walla Kyimbi) e hitaande 1959. Nde yejjittaake, nde ɗaɓɓi moƴƴitingol. Eɓɓaaɗe kese mbaɗaama ngam moƴƴinde baraas oo. == Maayo Kyimbi == Maayo Kyimbi ummii ko e dow ŋoral Mugandja, tooweeki mum ko 2 000 meeteer (6 560 meeteer). Ina waɗi ɓulli keewɗi e dow 3,2 km, ɓurɗi mawnude ɗii ko 300 haa 500 meeteer (91 haa 152 m) toowɗi. Hakke toɓɓere ndee e nder ndee feccere ko ɓuri 2 500 meeteer (760 m).<ref>Office du tourisme 1956, p. 389</ref> Ɗe njeyaa ko e ɓulli ɓurɗi toowde e duunde Afrik ngam huutoraade ngam ƴellitde semmbe.<ref>Leenders 1960.</ref> E nder yontaaji yooro, ɓuuɓol ngol ina tolnoo e 3 haa 10 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (110 haa 350 cu ft/s), kono ɗum ina ɓeydoo haa 150 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (5 300 cu ft/s) e nder yontaaji toɓo.<ref>Barrage de la Kyimbi.</ref> == Peewnugol == E hitaande 1948, haalaama wonde sosiyatee sosaa ngam mahde wertallo kuuraa ndiyam e maayo Kimbi to worgo Katanga, ngam rokkude Albertville (hono no wiyetee Kalemie nii). Golle ɗee ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hitaande 1950.[4] Ko sara Bendera tan foti mahde.[5] Ɗum woni ko hedde 110 kiloomeeteer (68 mi) e Albertville.[6] Leelgol ina waɗi. Ciimtol hitaande 1952 hollitii wonde mahngo ina jokki haa jooni.[7] Ciimtol 1954 siftinii wonde mbaydi peewniraandi ndii ko baraas toowɗo 14,5 meeter (48 ft) baawɗo rokkude ndiyam e nder laylayti renndo joy, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 8 250 kilowatt (11 060 hp), walla 41 250 kilowatt (55 320 hp6) e nder kala. Ko ɗoon e ɗoon, ko Forces de L'Est du Congo (FEC) mahi, gollorii, sosiyatee puɗɗinooɗo golle e hitaande 1955 ngam rokkude doole fuɗnaange Konngo.[8] Nde fuɗɗii rokkude doole ummoraade e turbineeji ɗiɗi e nder joy peewnaaɗi ɗii e hitaande 1959.[9] Turbineeji goɗɗi ina poti waɗeede no haanirta nii ngam heɓde ɗaɓɓaande.[2] Architecte biyeteeɗo Eugene Palumbo, mo UNESCO toɗɗii leydi Kongo, waɗi wuro gollorngo eɓɓaande mahngo baraas oo.[10] == Dam e laylaytol == Baraas oo woni ko dow ɓulli mawɗi Kiymbi, ina waɗi arc beton njuuteendi mum ko 60 meeter (200 ft), tooweeki mum ko 1 652,2 meeter (5 421 ft). Yaajde baraas oo ko hedde 75 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (61 acre⋅ft). Ndiyam ina ƴettee e baraas oo e dow ŋoral 1 428 meeteer (4 685 ft) ɓuuɓngal, walla galle, haa to nokku toowɗo e nokku ɗo kuuraa oo woni ɗoo. Galle oo ina waɗi feccere e beton, njaajeendi mum ko 3,5 meeter (11 ft) ɗo o liggortee ɗoo e 4,5 meeter (15 ft) ɗo o liggoraaka. Galle oo joofnata ko e suudu de-sanding 30 meeteruuji (98 ft) njuuteendi e 7 meeteruuji (23 ft) njaajeendi ndi ittata kala ɓuuɓri sanngara ɓurndi .03 milimeeteer (0.0012 in) njaajeendi. Sanngara oo ina ɓuuɓtoo les ŋoral haa e maayo les.[2] Gila e tanki to joofnirde de-sander, ndiyam ɗam ina naata e wertallo ngoo e nder wertallo ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 1 400 meeter (4 600 ft) tawa njaajeendi mum ina ustoo gila e 1,1 haa .9 meeter (3 ft 7 in haa 2 ft 11 in). Toɓɓere ndee ko hedde 677 meeteer (2 221 ft). Ndiyam ɗam ina semmbina turbineeji ɗii, ina ɓuuɓna e nder maayo les ɓulli ɗii.[2] Stasiyoŋ oo ari ko e internet e hitaande 1959 e ƴulɓe ɗiɗi 8 250 kilowatt, ina waawi waɗde 3 goɗɗe e mbaawka goota.[9] Laana 132 kV ina nawra kuuraa haa Albertville.[gila 1971 ina wiyee Kalemie]. [2] == Peeje moƴƴitingol == Leydi Konngo heɓi jeytaare mum e lewru suwee 1960.[11] Sosiyetee laamu kuuraa, Société nationale d’électricité (SNEL), waɗii wiɗto ngam moƴƴinde laylaytol Kiymbi e hitaande 1992.[12] Ciimtol 2007 peewniraangol Banke Adunaajo ƴeewtiima moƴƴitingol wertallo ngoo. Ko ɓuri famɗude e njoɓdi ummoraade e wiɗto "reconnaissance" maa won 52,06 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik wonande 43 MW mbaawka liggorgal.[13] Ciimtol ngol wasiyiima waɗde priorité e wiɗto ɓurngo laaɓtude.[14] E hitaande 2023, sosiyatee Angalteer gooto [Dynamis Investment Partners Ltd] ƴetti peeje moƴƴitingol wertallo kuuraa Bendera, ina jokki e waɗde wiɗto ngam anndude so tawii eɓɓaande ndee ina waawi waɗeede, e ballondiral e SNEL. Golle moƴƴitingol ɗee ina poti fuɗɗaade e fuɗɗoode hitaande 2026, tawa ina waɗi peeje ngam ɓeydude kattanɗe liggorde ndee no feewi, haa arti noon e ɓeydude kattanɗe liggorde ndee e sarɗiiji golle. Kontraktoor EPC, [ABC Contracting SA] mo biro mum to Andenne (BE) toɗɗaa ngam golle ɗee. Ndee eɓɓaande ina ɗaminaa maa addan renndooji Kalemie e nokkuuji taariiɗi semmbeeji ɗii ɓeydaade heɓde semmbeeji e kuuraa, ɓeyda ɓeydagol e nder diiwaan hee. Golle lowre ndee ina peewnitee, e nanondiral njulaagu e SNEL, e sosiyatee Konngo biyeteeɗo Bendera Hydroélectricité SARL [sosiyatee biyeteeɗo Bendera HPP Ltd] mo Angalteer. == Tuugnorgal == ql0ld8h6bz6k8aftnkrq496dj5st50d 174422 174421 2026-06-19T05:49:39Z Nnamadee 11577 174422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Kiymbi''' [ina wiyee kadi Staasiyoŋ kuuraa Bendera] ko baraas mawɗo e baraas kuuraa udditaa e maayo Kiymbi (walla Kyimbi) e hitaande 1959. Nde yejjittaake, nde ɗaɓɓi moƴƴitingol. Eɓɓaaɗe kese mbaɗaama ngam moƴƴinde baraas oo. == Maayo Kyimbi == Maayo Kyimbi ummii ko e dow ŋoral Mugandja, tooweeki mum ko 2 000 meeteer (6 560 meeteer). Ina waɗi ɓulli keewɗi e dow 3,2 km, ɓurɗi mawnude ɗii ko 300 haa 500 meeteer (91 haa 152 m) toowɗi. Hakke toɓɓere ndee e nder ndee feccere ko ɓuri 2 500 meeteer (760 m).<ref>Office du tourisme 1956, p. 389</ref> Ɗe njeyaa ko e ɓulli ɓurɗi toowde e duunde Afrik ngam huutoraade ngam ƴellitde semmbe.<ref>Leenders 1960.</ref> E nder yontaaji yooro, ɓuuɓol ngol ina tolnoo e 3 haa 10 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (110 haa 350 cu ft/s), kono ɗum ina ɓeydoo haa 150 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (5 300 cu ft/s) e nder yontaaji toɓo.<ref>Barrage de la Kyimbi.</ref> == Peewnugol == E hitaande 1948, haalaama wonde sosiyatee sosaa ngam mahde wertallo kuuraa ndiyam e maayo Kimbi to worgo Katanga, ngam rokkude Albertville (hono no wiyetee Kalemie nii). Golle ɗee ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hitaande 1950.<ref>U.S. Dept. of Commerce 1948, p. 89</ref> Ko sara Bendera tan foti mahde.[5] Ɗum woni ko hedde 110 kiloomeeteer (68 mi) e Albertville.[6] Leelgol ina waɗi. Ciimtol hitaande 1952 hollitii wonde mahngo ina jokki haa jooni.[7] Ciimtol 1954 siftinii wonde mbaydi peewniraandi ndii ko baraas toowɗo 14,5 meeter (48 ft) baawɗo rokkude ndiyam e nder laylayti renndo joy, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 8 250 kilowatt (11 060 hp), walla 41 250 kilowatt (55 320 hp6) e nder kala. Ko ɗoon e ɗoon, ko Forces de L'Est du Congo (FEC) mahi, gollorii, sosiyatee puɗɗinooɗo golle e hitaande 1955 ngam rokkude doole fuɗnaange Konngo.[8] Nde fuɗɗii rokkude doole ummoraade e turbineeji ɗiɗi e nder joy peewnaaɗi ɗii e hitaande 1959.[9] Turbineeji goɗɗi ina poti waɗeede no haanirta nii ngam heɓde ɗaɓɓaande.[2] Architecte biyeteeɗo Eugene Palumbo, mo UNESCO toɗɗii leydi Kongo, waɗi wuro gollorngo eɓɓaande mahngo baraas oo.[10] == Dam e laylaytol == Baraas oo woni ko dow ɓulli mawɗi Kiymbi, ina waɗi arc beton njuuteendi mum ko 60 meeter (200 ft), tooweeki mum ko 1 652,2 meeter (5 421 ft). Yaajde baraas oo ko hedde 75 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (61 acre⋅ft). Ndiyam ina ƴettee e baraas oo e dow ŋoral 1 428 meeteer (4 685 ft) ɓuuɓngal, walla galle, haa to nokku toowɗo e nokku ɗo kuuraa oo woni ɗoo. Galle oo ina waɗi feccere e beton, njaajeendi mum ko 3,5 meeter (11 ft) ɗo o liggortee ɗoo e 4,5 meeter (15 ft) ɗo o liggoraaka. Galle oo joofnata ko e suudu de-sanding 30 meeteruuji (98 ft) njuuteendi e 7 meeteruuji (23 ft) njaajeendi ndi ittata kala ɓuuɓri sanngara ɓurndi .03 milimeeteer (0.0012 in) njaajeendi. Sanngara oo ina ɓuuɓtoo les ŋoral haa e maayo les.[2] Gila e tanki to joofnirde de-sander, ndiyam ɗam ina naata e wertallo ngoo e nder wertallo ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 1 400 meeter (4 600 ft) tawa njaajeendi mum ina ustoo gila e 1,1 haa .9 meeter (3 ft 7 in haa 2 ft 11 in). Toɓɓere ndee ko hedde 677 meeteer (2 221 ft). Ndiyam ɗam ina semmbina turbineeji ɗii, ina ɓuuɓna e nder maayo les ɓulli ɗii.[2] Stasiyoŋ oo ari ko e internet e hitaande 1959 e ƴulɓe ɗiɗi 8 250 kilowatt, ina waawi waɗde 3 goɗɗe e mbaawka goota.[9] Laana 132 kV ina nawra kuuraa haa Albertville.[gila 1971 ina wiyee Kalemie]. [2] == Peeje moƴƴitingol == Leydi Konngo heɓi jeytaare mum e lewru suwee 1960.[11] Sosiyetee laamu kuuraa, Société nationale d’électricité (SNEL), waɗii wiɗto ngam moƴƴinde laylaytol Kiymbi e hitaande 1992.[12] Ciimtol 2007 peewniraangol Banke Adunaajo ƴeewtiima moƴƴitingol wertallo ngoo. Ko ɓuri famɗude e njoɓdi ummoraade e wiɗto "reconnaissance" maa won 52,06 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik wonande 43 MW mbaawka liggorgal.[13] Ciimtol ngol wasiyiima waɗde priorité e wiɗto ɓurngo laaɓtude.[14] E hitaande 2023, sosiyatee Angalteer gooto [Dynamis Investment Partners Ltd] ƴetti peeje moƴƴitingol wertallo kuuraa Bendera, ina jokki e waɗde wiɗto ngam anndude so tawii eɓɓaande ndee ina waawi waɗeede, e ballondiral e SNEL. Golle moƴƴitingol ɗee ina poti fuɗɗaade e fuɗɗoode hitaande 2026, tawa ina waɗi peeje ngam ɓeydude kattanɗe liggorde ndee no feewi, haa arti noon e ɓeydude kattanɗe liggorde ndee e sarɗiiji golle. Kontraktoor EPC, [ABC Contracting SA] mo biro mum to Andenne (BE) toɗɗaa ngam golle ɗee. Ndee eɓɓaande ina ɗaminaa maa addan renndooji Kalemie e nokkuuji taariiɗi semmbeeji ɗii ɓeydaade heɓde semmbeeji e kuuraa, ɓeyda ɓeydagol e nder diiwaan hee. Golle lowre ndee ina peewnitee, e nanondiral njulaagu e SNEL, e sosiyatee Konngo biyeteeɗo Bendera Hydroélectricité SARL [sosiyatee biyeteeɗo Bendera HPP Ltd] mo Angalteer. == Tuugnorgal == ha05gego4sgypdzh4b18x3m19qj94aa 174423 174422 2026-06-19T05:50:12Z Nnamadee 11577 174423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Kiymbi''' [ina wiyee kadi Staasiyoŋ kuuraa Bendera] ko baraas mawɗo e baraas kuuraa udditaa e maayo Kiymbi (walla Kyimbi) e hitaande 1959. Nde yejjittaake, nde ɗaɓɓi moƴƴitingol. Eɓɓaaɗe kese mbaɗaama ngam moƴƴinde baraas oo. == Maayo Kyimbi == Maayo Kyimbi ummii ko e dow ŋoral Mugandja, tooweeki mum ko 2 000 meeteer (6 560 meeteer). Ina waɗi ɓulli keewɗi e dow 3,2 km, ɓurɗi mawnude ɗii ko 300 haa 500 meeteer (91 haa 152 m) toowɗi. Hakke toɓɓere ndee e nder ndee feccere ko ɓuri 2 500 meeteer (760 m).<ref>Office du tourisme 1956, p. 389</ref> Ɗe njeyaa ko e ɓulli ɓurɗi toowde e duunde Afrik ngam huutoraade ngam ƴellitde semmbe.<ref>Leenders 1960.</ref> E nder yontaaji yooro, ɓuuɓol ngol ina tolnoo e 3 haa 10 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (110 haa 350 cu ft/s), kono ɗum ina ɓeydoo haa 150 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (5 300 cu ft/s) e nder yontaaji toɓo.<ref>Barrage de la Kyimbi.</ref> == Peewnugol == E hitaande 1948, haalaama wonde sosiyatee sosaa ngam mahde wertallo kuuraa ndiyam e maayo Kimbi to worgo Katanga, ngam rokkude Albertville (hono no wiyetee Kalemie nii). Golle ɗee ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hitaande 1950.<ref>U.S. Dept. of Commerce 1948, p. 89</ref> Ko sara Bendera tan foti mahde.<ref>American University 1971, p. 373</ref> Ɗum woni ko hedde 110 kiloomeeteer (68 mi) e Albertville.[6] Leelgol ina waɗi. Ciimtol hitaande 1952 hollitii wonde mahngo ina jokki haa jooni.[7] Ciimtol 1954 siftinii wonde mbaydi peewniraandi ndii ko baraas toowɗo 14,5 meeter (48 ft) baawɗo rokkude ndiyam e nder laylayti renndo joy, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 8 250 kilowatt (11 060 hp), walla 41 250 kilowatt (55 320 hp6) e nder kala. Ko ɗoon e ɗoon, ko Forces de L'Est du Congo (FEC) mahi, gollorii, sosiyatee puɗɗinooɗo golle e hitaande 1955 ngam rokkude doole fuɗnaange Konngo.[8] Nde fuɗɗii rokkude doole ummoraade e turbineeji ɗiɗi e nder joy peewnaaɗi ɗii e hitaande 1959.[9] Turbineeji goɗɗi ina poti waɗeede no haanirta nii ngam heɓde ɗaɓɓaande.[2] Architecte biyeteeɗo Eugene Palumbo, mo UNESCO toɗɗii leydi Kongo, waɗi wuro gollorngo eɓɓaande mahngo baraas oo.[10] == Dam e laylaytol == Baraas oo woni ko dow ɓulli mawɗi Kiymbi, ina waɗi arc beton njuuteendi mum ko 60 meeter (200 ft), tooweeki mum ko 1 652,2 meeter (5 421 ft). Yaajde baraas oo ko hedde 75 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (61 acre⋅ft). Ndiyam ina ƴettee e baraas oo e dow ŋoral 1 428 meeteer (4 685 ft) ɓuuɓngal, walla galle, haa to nokku toowɗo e nokku ɗo kuuraa oo woni ɗoo. Galle oo ina waɗi feccere e beton, njaajeendi mum ko 3,5 meeter (11 ft) ɗo o liggortee ɗoo e 4,5 meeter (15 ft) ɗo o liggoraaka. Galle oo joofnata ko e suudu de-sanding 30 meeteruuji (98 ft) njuuteendi e 7 meeteruuji (23 ft) njaajeendi ndi ittata kala ɓuuɓri sanngara ɓurndi .03 milimeeteer (0.0012 in) njaajeendi. Sanngara oo ina ɓuuɓtoo les ŋoral haa e maayo les.[2] Gila e tanki to joofnirde de-sander, ndiyam ɗam ina naata e wertallo ngoo e nder wertallo ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 1 400 meeter (4 600 ft) tawa njaajeendi mum ina ustoo gila e 1,1 haa .9 meeter (3 ft 7 in haa 2 ft 11 in). Toɓɓere ndee ko hedde 677 meeteer (2 221 ft). Ndiyam ɗam ina semmbina turbineeji ɗii, ina ɓuuɓna e nder maayo les ɓulli ɗii.[2] Stasiyoŋ oo ari ko e internet e hitaande 1959 e ƴulɓe ɗiɗi 8 250 kilowatt, ina waawi waɗde 3 goɗɗe e mbaawka goota.[9] Laana 132 kV ina nawra kuuraa haa Albertville.[gila 1971 ina wiyee Kalemie]. [2] == Peeje moƴƴitingol == Leydi Konngo heɓi jeytaare mum e lewru suwee 1960.[11] Sosiyetee laamu kuuraa, Société nationale d’électricité (SNEL), waɗii wiɗto ngam moƴƴinde laylaytol Kiymbi e hitaande 1992.[12] Ciimtol 2007 peewniraangol Banke Adunaajo ƴeewtiima moƴƴitingol wertallo ngoo. Ko ɓuri famɗude e njoɓdi ummoraade e wiɗto "reconnaissance" maa won 52,06 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik wonande 43 MW mbaawka liggorgal.[13] Ciimtol ngol wasiyiima waɗde priorité e wiɗto ɓurngo laaɓtude.[14] E hitaande 2023, sosiyatee Angalteer gooto [Dynamis Investment Partners Ltd] ƴetti peeje moƴƴitingol wertallo kuuraa Bendera, ina jokki e waɗde wiɗto ngam anndude so tawii eɓɓaande ndee ina waawi waɗeede, e ballondiral e SNEL. Golle moƴƴitingol ɗee ina poti fuɗɗaade e fuɗɗoode hitaande 2026, tawa ina waɗi peeje ngam ɓeydude kattanɗe liggorde ndee no feewi, haa arti noon e ɓeydude kattanɗe liggorde ndee e sarɗiiji golle. Kontraktoor EPC, [ABC Contracting SA] mo biro mum to Andenne (BE) toɗɗaa ngam golle ɗee. Ndee eɓɓaande ina ɗaminaa maa addan renndooji Kalemie e nokkuuji taariiɗi semmbeeji ɗii ɓeydaade heɓde semmbeeji e kuuraa, ɓeyda ɓeydagol e nder diiwaan hee. Golle lowre ndee ina peewnitee, e nanondiral njulaagu e SNEL, e sosiyatee Konngo biyeteeɗo Bendera Hydroélectricité SARL [sosiyatee biyeteeɗo Bendera HPP Ltd] mo Angalteer. == Tuugnorgal == qvoq91jtu7zrsadgaxdcmofq0xf5feo 174424 174423 2026-06-19T05:51:06Z Nnamadee 11577 174424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Kiymbi''' [ina wiyee kadi Staasiyoŋ kuuraa Bendera] ko baraas mawɗo e baraas kuuraa udditaa e maayo Kiymbi (walla Kyimbi) e hitaande 1959. Nde yejjittaake, nde ɗaɓɓi moƴƴitingol. Eɓɓaaɗe kese mbaɗaama ngam moƴƴinde baraas oo. == Maayo Kyimbi == Maayo Kyimbi ummii ko e dow ŋoral Mugandja, tooweeki mum ko 2 000 meeteer (6 560 meeteer). Ina waɗi ɓulli keewɗi e dow 3,2 km, ɓurɗi mawnude ɗii ko 300 haa 500 meeteer (91 haa 152 m) toowɗi. Hakke toɓɓere ndee e nder ndee feccere ko ɓuri 2 500 meeteer (760 m).<ref>Office du tourisme 1956, p. 389</ref> Ɗe njeyaa ko e ɓulli ɓurɗi toowde e duunde Afrik ngam huutoraade ngam ƴellitde semmbe.<ref>Leenders 1960.</ref> E nder yontaaji yooro, ɓuuɓol ngol ina tolnoo e 3 haa 10 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (110 haa 350 cu ft/s), kono ɗum ina ɓeydoo haa 150 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (5 300 cu ft/s) e nder yontaaji toɓo.<ref>Barrage de la Kyimbi.</ref> == Peewnugol == E hitaande 1948, haalaama wonde sosiyatee sosaa ngam mahde wertallo kuuraa ndiyam e maayo Kimbi to worgo Katanga, ngam rokkude Albertville (hono no wiyetee Kalemie nii). Golle ɗee ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hitaande 1950.<ref>U.S. Dept. of Commerce 1948, p. 89</ref> Ko sara Bendera tan foti mahde.<ref>American University 1971, p. 373</ref> Ɗum woni ko hedde 110 kiloomeeteer (68 mi) e Albertville.<ref name=":0">U.S. Bureau of Foreign Commerce 1954, p. 24</ref> Leelgol ina waɗi. Ciimtol hitaande 1952 hollitii wonde mahngo ina jokki haa jooni.[7] Ciimtol 1954 siftinii wonde mbaydi peewniraandi ndii ko baraas toowɗo 14,5 meeter (48 ft) baawɗo rokkude ndiyam e nder laylayti renndo joy, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 8 250 kilowatt (11 060 hp), walla 41 250 kilowatt (55 320 hp6) e nder kala.<ref name=":0" /> Ko ɗoon e ɗoon, ko Forces de L'Est du Congo (FEC) mahi, gollorii, sosiyatee puɗɗinooɗo golle e hitaande 1955 ngam rokkude doole fuɗnaange Konngo.[8] Nde fuɗɗii rokkude doole ummoraade e turbineeji ɗiɗi e nder joy peewnaaɗi ɗii e hitaande 1959.[9] Turbineeji goɗɗi ina poti waɗeede no haanirta nii ngam heɓde ɗaɓɓaande.[2] Architecte biyeteeɗo Eugene Palumbo, mo UNESCO toɗɗii leydi Kongo, waɗi wuro gollorngo eɓɓaande mahngo baraas oo.[10] == Dam e laylaytol == Baraas oo woni ko dow ɓulli mawɗi Kiymbi, ina waɗi arc beton njuuteendi mum ko 60 meeter (200 ft), tooweeki mum ko 1 652,2 meeter (5 421 ft). Yaajde baraas oo ko hedde 75 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (61 acre⋅ft). Ndiyam ina ƴettee e baraas oo e dow ŋoral 1 428 meeteer (4 685 ft) ɓuuɓngal, walla galle, haa to nokku toowɗo e nokku ɗo kuuraa oo woni ɗoo. Galle oo ina waɗi feccere e beton, njaajeendi mum ko 3,5 meeter (11 ft) ɗo o liggortee ɗoo e 4,5 meeter (15 ft) ɗo o liggoraaka. Galle oo joofnata ko e suudu de-sanding 30 meeteruuji (98 ft) njuuteendi e 7 meeteruuji (23 ft) njaajeendi ndi ittata kala ɓuuɓri sanngara ɓurndi .03 milimeeteer (0.0012 in) njaajeendi. Sanngara oo ina ɓuuɓtoo les ŋoral haa e maayo les.[2] Gila e tanki to joofnirde de-sander, ndiyam ɗam ina naata e wertallo ngoo e nder wertallo ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 1 400 meeter (4 600 ft) tawa njaajeendi mum ina ustoo gila e 1,1 haa .9 meeter (3 ft 7 in haa 2 ft 11 in). Toɓɓere ndee ko hedde 677 meeteer (2 221 ft). Ndiyam ɗam ina semmbina turbineeji ɗii, ina ɓuuɓna e nder maayo les ɓulli ɗii.[2] Stasiyoŋ oo ari ko e internet e hitaande 1959 e ƴulɓe ɗiɗi 8 250 kilowatt, ina waawi waɗde 3 goɗɗe e mbaawka goota.[9] Laana 132 kV ina nawra kuuraa haa Albertville.[gila 1971 ina wiyee Kalemie]. [2] == Peeje moƴƴitingol == Leydi Konngo heɓi jeytaare mum e lewru suwee 1960.[11] Sosiyetee laamu kuuraa, Société nationale d’électricité (SNEL), waɗii wiɗto ngam moƴƴinde laylaytol Kiymbi e hitaande 1992.[12] Ciimtol 2007 peewniraangol Banke Adunaajo ƴeewtiima moƴƴitingol wertallo ngoo. Ko ɓuri famɗude e njoɓdi ummoraade e wiɗto "reconnaissance" maa won 52,06 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik wonande 43 MW mbaawka liggorgal.[13] Ciimtol ngol wasiyiima waɗde priorité e wiɗto ɓurngo laaɓtude.[14] E hitaande 2023, sosiyatee Angalteer gooto [Dynamis Investment Partners Ltd] ƴetti peeje moƴƴitingol wertallo kuuraa Bendera, ina jokki e waɗde wiɗto ngam anndude so tawii eɓɓaande ndee ina waawi waɗeede, e ballondiral e SNEL. Golle moƴƴitingol ɗee ina poti fuɗɗaade e fuɗɗoode hitaande 2026, tawa ina waɗi peeje ngam ɓeydude kattanɗe liggorde ndee no feewi, haa arti noon e ɓeydude kattanɗe liggorde ndee e sarɗiiji golle. Kontraktoor EPC, [ABC Contracting SA] mo biro mum to Andenne (BE) toɗɗaa ngam golle ɗee. Ndee eɓɓaande ina ɗaminaa maa addan renndooji Kalemie e nokkuuji taariiɗi semmbeeji ɗii ɓeydaade heɓde semmbeeji e kuuraa, ɓeyda ɓeydagol e nder diiwaan hee. Golle lowre ndee ina peewnitee, e nanondiral njulaagu e SNEL, e sosiyatee Konngo biyeteeɗo Bendera Hydroélectricité SARL [sosiyatee biyeteeɗo Bendera HPP Ltd] mo Angalteer. == Tuugnorgal == 2oxrl2m1v6093kwav441s5p87wac9bv 174425 174424 2026-06-19T05:51:42Z Nnamadee 11577 174425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Kiymbi''' [ina wiyee kadi Staasiyoŋ kuuraa Bendera] ko baraas mawɗo e baraas kuuraa udditaa e maayo Kiymbi (walla Kyimbi) e hitaande 1959. Nde yejjittaake, nde ɗaɓɓi moƴƴitingol. Eɓɓaaɗe kese mbaɗaama ngam moƴƴinde baraas oo. == Maayo Kyimbi == Maayo Kyimbi ummii ko e dow ŋoral Mugandja, tooweeki mum ko 2 000 meeteer (6 560 meeteer). Ina waɗi ɓulli keewɗi e dow 3,2 km, ɓurɗi mawnude ɗii ko 300 haa 500 meeteer (91 haa 152 m) toowɗi. Hakke toɓɓere ndee e nder ndee feccere ko ɓuri 2 500 meeteer (760 m).<ref>Office du tourisme 1956, p. 389</ref> Ɗe njeyaa ko e ɓulli ɓurɗi toowde e duunde Afrik ngam huutoraade ngam ƴellitde semmbe.<ref>Leenders 1960.</ref> E nder yontaaji yooro, ɓuuɓol ngol ina tolnoo e 3 haa 10 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (110 haa 350 cu ft/s), kono ɗum ina ɓeydoo haa 150 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (5 300 cu ft/s) e nder yontaaji toɓo.<ref>Barrage de la Kyimbi.</ref> == Peewnugol == E hitaande 1948, haalaama wonde sosiyatee sosaa ngam mahde wertallo kuuraa ndiyam e maayo Kimbi to worgo Katanga, ngam rokkude Albertville (hono no wiyetee Kalemie nii). Golle ɗee ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hitaande 1950.<ref>U.S. Dept. of Commerce 1948, p. 89</ref> Ko sara Bendera tan foti mahde.<ref>American University 1971, p. 373</ref> Ɗum woni ko hedde 110 kiloomeeteer (68 mi) e Albertville.<ref name=":0">U.S. Bureau of Foreign Commerce 1954, p. 24</ref> Leelgol ina waɗi. Ciimtol hitaande 1952 hollitii wonde mahngo ina jokki haa jooni.<ref>Electrical Times 1952, p. 369</ref> Ciimtol 1954 siftinii wonde mbaydi peewniraandi ndii ko baraas toowɗo 14,5 meeter (48 ft) baawɗo rokkude ndiyam e nder laylayti renndo joy, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 8 250 kilowatt (11 060 hp), walla 41 250 kilowatt (55 320 hp6) e nder kala.<ref name=":0" /> Ko ɗoon e ɗoon, ko Forces de L'Est du Congo (FEC) mahi, gollorii, sosiyatee puɗɗinooɗo golle e hitaande 1955 ngam rokkude doole fuɗnaange Konngo.[8] Nde fuɗɗii rokkude doole ummoraade e turbineeji ɗiɗi e nder joy peewnaaɗi ɗii e hitaande 1959.[9] Turbineeji goɗɗi ina poti waɗeede no haanirta nii ngam heɓde ɗaɓɓaande.[2] Architecte biyeteeɗo Eugene Palumbo, mo UNESCO toɗɗii leydi Kongo, waɗi wuro gollorngo eɓɓaande mahngo baraas oo.[10] == Dam e laylaytol == Baraas oo woni ko dow ɓulli mawɗi Kiymbi, ina waɗi arc beton njuuteendi mum ko 60 meeter (200 ft), tooweeki mum ko 1 652,2 meeter (5 421 ft). Yaajde baraas oo ko hedde 75 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (61 acre⋅ft). Ndiyam ina ƴettee e baraas oo e dow ŋoral 1 428 meeteer (4 685 ft) ɓuuɓngal, walla galle, haa to nokku toowɗo e nokku ɗo kuuraa oo woni ɗoo. Galle oo ina waɗi feccere e beton, njaajeendi mum ko 3,5 meeter (11 ft) ɗo o liggortee ɗoo e 4,5 meeter (15 ft) ɗo o liggoraaka. Galle oo joofnata ko e suudu de-sanding 30 meeteruuji (98 ft) njuuteendi e 7 meeteruuji (23 ft) njaajeendi ndi ittata kala ɓuuɓri sanngara ɓurndi .03 milimeeteer (0.0012 in) njaajeendi. Sanngara oo ina ɓuuɓtoo les ŋoral haa e maayo les.[2] Gila e tanki to joofnirde de-sander, ndiyam ɗam ina naata e wertallo ngoo e nder wertallo ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 1 400 meeter (4 600 ft) tawa njaajeendi mum ina ustoo gila e 1,1 haa .9 meeter (3 ft 7 in haa 2 ft 11 in). Toɓɓere ndee ko hedde 677 meeteer (2 221 ft). Ndiyam ɗam ina semmbina turbineeji ɗii, ina ɓuuɓna e nder maayo les ɓulli ɗii.[2] Stasiyoŋ oo ari ko e internet e hitaande 1959 e ƴulɓe ɗiɗi 8 250 kilowatt, ina waawi waɗde 3 goɗɗe e mbaawka goota.[9] Laana 132 kV ina nawra kuuraa haa Albertville.[gila 1971 ina wiyee Kalemie]. [2] == Peeje moƴƴitingol == Leydi Konngo heɓi jeytaare mum e lewru suwee 1960.[11] Sosiyetee laamu kuuraa, Société nationale d’électricité (SNEL), waɗii wiɗto ngam moƴƴinde laylaytol Kiymbi e hitaande 1992.[12] Ciimtol 2007 peewniraangol Banke Adunaajo ƴeewtiima moƴƴitingol wertallo ngoo. Ko ɓuri famɗude e njoɓdi ummoraade e wiɗto "reconnaissance" maa won 52,06 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik wonande 43 MW mbaawka liggorgal.[13] Ciimtol ngol wasiyiima waɗde priorité e wiɗto ɓurngo laaɓtude.[14] E hitaande 2023, sosiyatee Angalteer gooto [Dynamis Investment Partners Ltd] ƴetti peeje moƴƴitingol wertallo kuuraa Bendera, ina jokki e waɗde wiɗto ngam anndude so tawii eɓɓaande ndee ina waawi waɗeede, e ballondiral e SNEL. Golle moƴƴitingol ɗee ina poti fuɗɗaade e fuɗɗoode hitaande 2026, tawa ina waɗi peeje ngam ɓeydude kattanɗe liggorde ndee no feewi, haa arti noon e ɓeydude kattanɗe liggorde ndee e sarɗiiji golle. Kontraktoor EPC, [ABC Contracting SA] mo biro mum to Andenne (BE) toɗɗaa ngam golle ɗee. Ndee eɓɓaande ina ɗaminaa maa addan renndooji Kalemie e nokkuuji taariiɗi semmbeeji ɗii ɓeydaade heɓde semmbeeji e kuuraa, ɓeyda ɓeydagol e nder diiwaan hee. Golle lowre ndee ina peewnitee, e nanondiral njulaagu e SNEL, e sosiyatee Konngo biyeteeɗo Bendera Hydroélectricité SARL [sosiyatee biyeteeɗo Bendera HPP Ltd] mo Angalteer. == Tuugnorgal == 9qr8m2pg57958u1hohs5irjln6fdte1 174426 174425 2026-06-19T05:52:28Z Nnamadee 11577 174426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Kiymbi''' [ina wiyee kadi Staasiyoŋ kuuraa Bendera] ko baraas mawɗo e baraas kuuraa udditaa e maayo Kiymbi (walla Kyimbi) e hitaande 1959. Nde yejjittaake, nde ɗaɓɓi moƴƴitingol. Eɓɓaaɗe kese mbaɗaama ngam moƴƴinde baraas oo. == Maayo Kyimbi == Maayo Kyimbi ummii ko e dow ŋoral Mugandja, tooweeki mum ko 2 000 meeteer (6 560 meeteer). Ina waɗi ɓulli keewɗi e dow 3,2 km, ɓurɗi mawnude ɗii ko 300 haa 500 meeteer (91 haa 152 m) toowɗi. Hakke toɓɓere ndee e nder ndee feccere ko ɓuri 2 500 meeteer (760 m).<ref>Office du tourisme 1956, p. 389</ref> Ɗe njeyaa ko e ɓulli ɓurɗi toowde e duunde Afrik ngam huutoraade ngam ƴellitde semmbe.<ref>Leenders 1960.</ref> E nder yontaaji yooro, ɓuuɓol ngol ina tolnoo e 3 haa 10 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (110 haa 350 cu ft/s), kono ɗum ina ɓeydoo haa 150 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (5 300 cu ft/s) e nder yontaaji toɓo.<ref>Barrage de la Kyimbi.</ref> == Peewnugol == E hitaande 1948, haalaama wonde sosiyatee sosaa ngam mahde wertallo kuuraa ndiyam e maayo Kimbi to worgo Katanga, ngam rokkude Albertville (hono no wiyetee Kalemie nii). Golle ɗee ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hitaande 1950.<ref>U.S. Dept. of Commerce 1948, p. 89</ref> Ko sara Bendera tan foti mahde.<ref>American University 1971, p. 373</ref> Ɗum woni ko hedde 110 kiloomeeteer (68 mi) e Albertville.<ref name=":0">U.S. Bureau of Foreign Commerce 1954, p. 24</ref> Leelgol ina waɗi. Ciimtol hitaande 1952 hollitii wonde mahngo ina jokki haa jooni.<ref>Electrical Times 1952, p. 369</ref> Ciimtol 1954 siftinii wonde mbaydi peewniraandi ndii ko baraas toowɗo 14,5 meeter (48 ft) baawɗo rokkude ndiyam e nder laylayti renndo joy, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 8 250 kilowatt (11 060 hp), walla 41 250 kilowatt (55 320 hp6) e nder kala.<ref name=":0" /> Ko ɗoon e ɗoon, ko Forces de L'Est du Congo (FEC) mahi, gollorii, sosiyatee puɗɗinooɗo golle e hitaande 1955 ngam rokkude doole fuɗnaange Konngo.<ref>U.S. Joint Publications Research Service 1970, p. 239.</ref> Nde fuɗɗii rokkude doole ummoraade e turbineeji ɗiɗi e nder joy peewnaaɗi ɗii e hitaande 1959.[9] Turbineeji goɗɗi ina poti waɗeede no haanirta nii ngam heɓde ɗaɓɓaande.[2] Architecte biyeteeɗo Eugene Palumbo, mo UNESCO toɗɗii leydi Kongo, waɗi wuro gollorngo eɓɓaande mahngo baraas oo.[10] == Dam e laylaytol == Baraas oo woni ko dow ɓulli mawɗi Kiymbi, ina waɗi arc beton njuuteendi mum ko 60 meeter (200 ft), tooweeki mum ko 1 652,2 meeter (5 421 ft). Yaajde baraas oo ko hedde 75 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (61 acre⋅ft). Ndiyam ina ƴettee e baraas oo e dow ŋoral 1 428 meeteer (4 685 ft) ɓuuɓngal, walla galle, haa to nokku toowɗo e nokku ɗo kuuraa oo woni ɗoo. Galle oo ina waɗi feccere e beton, njaajeendi mum ko 3,5 meeter (11 ft) ɗo o liggortee ɗoo e 4,5 meeter (15 ft) ɗo o liggoraaka. Galle oo joofnata ko e suudu de-sanding 30 meeteruuji (98 ft) njuuteendi e 7 meeteruuji (23 ft) njaajeendi ndi ittata kala ɓuuɓri sanngara ɓurndi .03 milimeeteer (0.0012 in) njaajeendi. Sanngara oo ina ɓuuɓtoo les ŋoral haa e maayo les.[2] Gila e tanki to joofnirde de-sander, ndiyam ɗam ina naata e wertallo ngoo e nder wertallo ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 1 400 meeter (4 600 ft) tawa njaajeendi mum ina ustoo gila e 1,1 haa .9 meeter (3 ft 7 in haa 2 ft 11 in). Toɓɓere ndee ko hedde 677 meeteer (2 221 ft). Ndiyam ɗam ina semmbina turbineeji ɗii, ina ɓuuɓna e nder maayo les ɓulli ɗii.[2] Stasiyoŋ oo ari ko e internet e hitaande 1959 e ƴulɓe ɗiɗi 8 250 kilowatt, ina waawi waɗde 3 goɗɗe e mbaawka goota.[9] Laana 132 kV ina nawra kuuraa haa Albertville.[gila 1971 ina wiyee Kalemie]. [2] == Peeje moƴƴitingol == Leydi Konngo heɓi jeytaare mum e lewru suwee 1960.[11] Sosiyetee laamu kuuraa, Société nationale d’électricité (SNEL), waɗii wiɗto ngam moƴƴinde laylaytol Kiymbi e hitaande 1992.[12] Ciimtol 2007 peewniraangol Banke Adunaajo ƴeewtiima moƴƴitingol wertallo ngoo. Ko ɓuri famɗude e njoɓdi ummoraade e wiɗto "reconnaissance" maa won 52,06 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik wonande 43 MW mbaawka liggorgal.[13] Ciimtol ngol wasiyiima waɗde priorité e wiɗto ɓurngo laaɓtude.[14] E hitaande 2023, sosiyatee Angalteer gooto [Dynamis Investment Partners Ltd] ƴetti peeje moƴƴitingol wertallo kuuraa Bendera, ina jokki e waɗde wiɗto ngam anndude so tawii eɓɓaande ndee ina waawi waɗeede, e ballondiral e SNEL. Golle moƴƴitingol ɗee ina poti fuɗɗaade e fuɗɗoode hitaande 2026, tawa ina waɗi peeje ngam ɓeydude kattanɗe liggorde ndee no feewi, haa arti noon e ɓeydude kattanɗe liggorde ndee e sarɗiiji golle. Kontraktoor EPC, [ABC Contracting SA] mo biro mum to Andenne (BE) toɗɗaa ngam golle ɗee. Ndee eɓɓaande ina ɗaminaa maa addan renndooji Kalemie e nokkuuji taariiɗi semmbeeji ɗii ɓeydaade heɓde semmbeeji e kuuraa, ɓeyda ɓeydagol e nder diiwaan hee. Golle lowre ndee ina peewnitee, e nanondiral njulaagu e SNEL, e sosiyatee Konngo biyeteeɗo Bendera Hydroélectricité SARL [sosiyatee biyeteeɗo Bendera HPP Ltd] mo Angalteer. == Tuugnorgal == nefs5fk33pc1cvyg9fbwppkz5f2xnix 174427 174426 2026-06-19T05:53:08Z Nnamadee 11577 174427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Kiymbi''' [ina wiyee kadi Staasiyoŋ kuuraa Bendera] ko baraas mawɗo e baraas kuuraa udditaa e maayo Kiymbi (walla Kyimbi) e hitaande 1959. Nde yejjittaake, nde ɗaɓɓi moƴƴitingol. Eɓɓaaɗe kese mbaɗaama ngam moƴƴinde baraas oo. == Maayo Kyimbi == Maayo Kyimbi ummii ko e dow ŋoral Mugandja, tooweeki mum ko 2 000 meeteer (6 560 meeteer). Ina waɗi ɓulli keewɗi e dow 3,2 km, ɓurɗi mawnude ɗii ko 300 haa 500 meeteer (91 haa 152 m) toowɗi. Hakke toɓɓere ndee e nder ndee feccere ko ɓuri 2 500 meeteer (760 m).<ref>Office du tourisme 1956, p. 389</ref> Ɗe njeyaa ko e ɓulli ɓurɗi toowde e duunde Afrik ngam huutoraade ngam ƴellitde semmbe.<ref>Leenders 1960.</ref> E nder yontaaji yooro, ɓuuɓol ngol ina tolnoo e 3 haa 10 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (110 haa 350 cu ft/s), kono ɗum ina ɓeydoo haa 150 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (5 300 cu ft/s) e nder yontaaji toɓo.<ref>Barrage de la Kyimbi.</ref> == Peewnugol == E hitaande 1948, haalaama wonde sosiyatee sosaa ngam mahde wertallo kuuraa ndiyam e maayo Kimbi to worgo Katanga, ngam rokkude Albertville (hono no wiyetee Kalemie nii). Golle ɗee ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hitaande 1950.<ref>U.S. Dept. of Commerce 1948, p. 89</ref> Ko sara Bendera tan foti mahde.<ref>American University 1971, p. 373</ref> Ɗum woni ko hedde 110 kiloomeeteer (68 mi) e Albertville.<ref name=":0">U.S. Bureau of Foreign Commerce 1954, p. 24</ref> Leelgol ina waɗi. Ciimtol hitaande 1952 hollitii wonde mahngo ina jokki haa jooni.<ref>Electrical Times 1952, p. 369</ref> Ciimtol 1954 siftinii wonde mbaydi peewniraandi ndii ko baraas toowɗo 14,5 meeter (48 ft) baawɗo rokkude ndiyam e nder laylayti renndo joy, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 8 250 kilowatt (11 060 hp), walla 41 250 kilowatt (55 320 hp6) e nder kala.<ref name=":0" /> Ko ɗoon e ɗoon, ko Forces de L'Est du Congo (FEC) mahi, gollorii, sosiyatee puɗɗinooɗo golle e hitaande 1955 ngam rokkude doole fuɗnaange Konngo.<ref>U.S. Joint Publications Research Service 1970, p. 239.</ref> Nde fuɗɗii rokkude doole ummoraade e turbineeji ɗiɗi e nder joy peewnaaɗi ɗii e hitaande 1959.<ref>U.S. Joint Publications Research Service 1970, p. 241.</ref> Turbineeji goɗɗi ina poti waɗeede no haanirta nii ngam heɓde ɗaɓɓaande.[2] Architecte biyeteeɗo Eugene Palumbo, mo UNESCO toɗɗii leydi Kongo, waɗi wuro gollorngo eɓɓaande mahngo baraas oo.[10] == Dam e laylaytol == Baraas oo woni ko dow ɓulli mawɗi Kiymbi, ina waɗi arc beton njuuteendi mum ko 60 meeter (200 ft), tooweeki mum ko 1 652,2 meeter (5 421 ft). Yaajde baraas oo ko hedde 75 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (61 acre⋅ft). Ndiyam ina ƴettee e baraas oo e dow ŋoral 1 428 meeteer (4 685 ft) ɓuuɓngal, walla galle, haa to nokku toowɗo e nokku ɗo kuuraa oo woni ɗoo. Galle oo ina waɗi feccere e beton, njaajeendi mum ko 3,5 meeter (11 ft) ɗo o liggortee ɗoo e 4,5 meeter (15 ft) ɗo o liggoraaka. Galle oo joofnata ko e suudu de-sanding 30 meeteruuji (98 ft) njuuteendi e 7 meeteruuji (23 ft) njaajeendi ndi ittata kala ɓuuɓri sanngara ɓurndi .03 milimeeteer (0.0012 in) njaajeendi. Sanngara oo ina ɓuuɓtoo les ŋoral haa e maayo les.[2] Gila e tanki to joofnirde de-sander, ndiyam ɗam ina naata e wertallo ngoo e nder wertallo ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 1 400 meeter (4 600 ft) tawa njaajeendi mum ina ustoo gila e 1,1 haa .9 meeter (3 ft 7 in haa 2 ft 11 in). Toɓɓere ndee ko hedde 677 meeteer (2 221 ft). Ndiyam ɗam ina semmbina turbineeji ɗii, ina ɓuuɓna e nder maayo les ɓulli ɗii.[2] Stasiyoŋ oo ari ko e internet e hitaande 1959 e ƴulɓe ɗiɗi 8 250 kilowatt, ina waawi waɗde 3 goɗɗe e mbaawka goota.[9] Laana 132 kV ina nawra kuuraa haa Albertville.[gila 1971 ina wiyee Kalemie]. [2] == Peeje moƴƴitingol == Leydi Konngo heɓi jeytaare mum e lewru suwee 1960.[11] Sosiyetee laamu kuuraa, Société nationale d’électricité (SNEL), waɗii wiɗto ngam moƴƴinde laylaytol Kiymbi e hitaande 1992.[12] Ciimtol 2007 peewniraangol Banke Adunaajo ƴeewtiima moƴƴitingol wertallo ngoo. Ko ɓuri famɗude e njoɓdi ummoraade e wiɗto "reconnaissance" maa won 52,06 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik wonande 43 MW mbaawka liggorgal.[13] Ciimtol ngol wasiyiima waɗde priorité e wiɗto ɓurngo laaɓtude.[14] E hitaande 2023, sosiyatee Angalteer gooto [Dynamis Investment Partners Ltd] ƴetti peeje moƴƴitingol wertallo kuuraa Bendera, ina jokki e waɗde wiɗto ngam anndude so tawii eɓɓaande ndee ina waawi waɗeede, e ballondiral e SNEL. Golle moƴƴitingol ɗee ina poti fuɗɗaade e fuɗɗoode hitaande 2026, tawa ina waɗi peeje ngam ɓeydude kattanɗe liggorde ndee no feewi, haa arti noon e ɓeydude kattanɗe liggorde ndee e sarɗiiji golle. Kontraktoor EPC, [ABC Contracting SA] mo biro mum to Andenne (BE) toɗɗaa ngam golle ɗee. Ndee eɓɓaande ina ɗaminaa maa addan renndooji Kalemie e nokkuuji taariiɗi semmbeeji ɗii ɓeydaade heɓde semmbeeji e kuuraa, ɓeyda ɓeydagol e nder diiwaan hee. Golle lowre ndee ina peewnitee, e nanondiral njulaagu e SNEL, e sosiyatee Konngo biyeteeɗo Bendera Hydroélectricité SARL [sosiyatee biyeteeɗo Bendera HPP Ltd] mo Angalteer. == Tuugnorgal == fzgitro5y15n9y8erxwv9uy7ylhpxkr 174428 174427 2026-06-19T05:54:23Z Nnamadee 11577 174428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Kiymbi''' [ina wiyee kadi Staasiyoŋ kuuraa Bendera] ko baraas mawɗo e baraas kuuraa udditaa e maayo Kiymbi (walla Kyimbi) e hitaande 1959. Nde yejjittaake, nde ɗaɓɓi moƴƴitingol. Eɓɓaaɗe kese mbaɗaama ngam moƴƴinde baraas oo. == Maayo Kyimbi == Maayo Kyimbi ummii ko e dow ŋoral Mugandja, tooweeki mum ko 2 000 meeteer (6 560 meeteer). Ina waɗi ɓulli keewɗi e dow 3,2 km, ɓurɗi mawnude ɗii ko 300 haa 500 meeteer (91 haa 152 m) toowɗi. Hakke toɓɓere ndee e nder ndee feccere ko ɓuri 2 500 meeteer (760 m).<ref>Office du tourisme 1956, p. 389</ref> Ɗe njeyaa ko e ɓulli ɓurɗi toowde e duunde Afrik ngam huutoraade ngam ƴellitde semmbe.<ref name=":1">Leenders 1960.</ref> E nder yontaaji yooro, ɓuuɓol ngol ina tolnoo e 3 haa 10 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (110 haa 350 cu ft/s), kono ɗum ina ɓeydoo haa 150 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (5 300 cu ft/s) e nder yontaaji toɓo.<ref>Barrage de la Kyimbi.</ref> == Peewnugol == E hitaande 1948, haalaama wonde sosiyatee sosaa ngam mahde wertallo kuuraa ndiyam e maayo Kimbi to worgo Katanga, ngam rokkude Albertville (hono no wiyetee Kalemie nii). Golle ɗee ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hitaande 1950.<ref>U.S. Dept. of Commerce 1948, p. 89</ref> Ko sara Bendera tan foti mahde.<ref>American University 1971, p. 373</ref> Ɗum woni ko hedde 110 kiloomeeteer (68 mi) e Albertville.<ref name=":0">U.S. Bureau of Foreign Commerce 1954, p. 24</ref> Leelgol ina waɗi. Ciimtol hitaande 1952 hollitii wonde mahngo ina jokki haa jooni.<ref>Electrical Times 1952, p. 369</ref> Ciimtol 1954 siftinii wonde mbaydi peewniraandi ndii ko baraas toowɗo 14,5 meeter (48 ft) baawɗo rokkude ndiyam e nder laylayti renndo joy, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 8 250 kilowatt (11 060 hp), walla 41 250 kilowatt (55 320 hp6) e nder kala.<ref name=":0" /> Ko ɗoon e ɗoon, ko Forces de L'Est du Congo (FEC) mahi, gollorii, sosiyatee puɗɗinooɗo golle e hitaande 1955 ngam rokkude doole fuɗnaange Konngo.<ref>U.S. Joint Publications Research Service 1970, p. 239.</ref> Nde fuɗɗii rokkude doole ummoraade e turbineeji ɗiɗi e nder joy peewnaaɗi ɗii e hitaande 1959.<ref>U.S. Joint Publications Research Service 1970, p. 241.</ref> Turbineeji goɗɗi ina poti waɗeede no haanirta nii ngam heɓde ɗaɓɓaande.<ref name=":1" /> Architecte biyeteeɗo Eugene Palumbo, mo UNESCO toɗɗii leydi Kongo, waɗi wuro gollorngo eɓɓaande mahngo baraas oo.[10] == Dam e laylaytol == Baraas oo woni ko dow ɓulli mawɗi Kiymbi, ina waɗi arc beton njuuteendi mum ko 60 meeter (200 ft), tooweeki mum ko 1 652,2 meeter (5 421 ft). Yaajde baraas oo ko hedde 75 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (61 acre⋅ft). Ndiyam ina ƴettee e baraas oo e dow ŋoral 1 428 meeteer (4 685 ft) ɓuuɓngal, walla galle, haa to nokku toowɗo e nokku ɗo kuuraa oo woni ɗoo. Galle oo ina waɗi feccere e beton, njaajeendi mum ko 3,5 meeter (11 ft) ɗo o liggortee ɗoo e 4,5 meeter (15 ft) ɗo o liggoraaka. Galle oo joofnata ko e suudu de-sanding 30 meeteruuji (98 ft) njuuteendi e 7 meeteruuji (23 ft) njaajeendi ndi ittata kala ɓuuɓri sanngara ɓurndi .03 milimeeteer (0.0012 in) njaajeendi. Sanngara oo ina ɓuuɓtoo les ŋoral haa e maayo les.<ref name=":1" /> Gila e tanki to joofnirde de-sander, ndiyam ɗam ina naata e wertallo ngoo e nder wertallo ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 1 400 meeter (4 600 ft) tawa njaajeendi mum ina ustoo gila e 1,1 haa .9 meeter (3 ft 7 in haa 2 ft 11 in). Toɓɓere ndee ko hedde 677 meeteer (2 221 ft). Ndiyam ɗam ina semmbina turbineeji ɗii, ina ɓuuɓna e nder maayo les ɓulli ɗii.<ref name=":1" /> Stasiyoŋ oo ari ko e internet e hitaande 1959 e ƴulɓe ɗiɗi 8 250 kilowatt, ina waawi waɗde 3 goɗɗe e mbaawka goota.[9] Laana 132 kV ina nawra kuuraa haa Albertville.[gila 1971 ina wiyee Kalemie].<ref name=":1" /> == Peeje moƴƴitingol == Leydi Konngo heɓi jeytaare mum e lewru suwee 1960.[11] Sosiyetee laamu kuuraa, Société nationale d’électricité (SNEL), waɗii wiɗto ngam moƴƴinde laylaytol Kiymbi e hitaande 1992.[12] Ciimtol 2007 peewniraangol Banke Adunaajo ƴeewtiima moƴƴitingol wertallo ngoo. Ko ɓuri famɗude e njoɓdi ummoraade e wiɗto "reconnaissance" maa won 52,06 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik wonande 43 MW mbaawka liggorgal.[13] Ciimtol ngol wasiyiima waɗde priorité e wiɗto ɓurngo laaɓtude.[14] E hitaande 2023, sosiyatee Angalteer gooto [Dynamis Investment Partners Ltd] ƴetti peeje moƴƴitingol wertallo kuuraa Bendera, ina jokki e waɗde wiɗto ngam anndude so tawii eɓɓaande ndee ina waawi waɗeede, e ballondiral e SNEL. Golle moƴƴitingol ɗee ina poti fuɗɗaade e fuɗɗoode hitaande 2026, tawa ina waɗi peeje ngam ɓeydude kattanɗe liggorde ndee no feewi, haa arti noon e ɓeydude kattanɗe liggorde ndee e sarɗiiji golle. Kontraktoor EPC, [ABC Contracting SA] mo biro mum to Andenne (BE) toɗɗaa ngam golle ɗee. Ndee eɓɓaande ina ɗaminaa maa addan renndooji Kalemie e nokkuuji taariiɗi semmbeeji ɗii ɓeydaade heɓde semmbeeji e kuuraa, ɓeyda ɓeydagol e nder diiwaan hee. Golle lowre ndee ina peewnitee, e nanondiral njulaagu e SNEL, e sosiyatee Konngo biyeteeɗo Bendera Hydroélectricité SARL [sosiyatee biyeteeɗo Bendera HPP Ltd] mo Angalteer. == Tuugnorgal == is80pakf51i27nzorjg2aub1bumdqyu 174429 174428 2026-06-19T05:55:42Z Nnamadee 11577 174429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Kiymbi''' [ina wiyee kadi Staasiyoŋ kuuraa Bendera] ko baraas mawɗo e baraas kuuraa udditaa e maayo Kiymbi (walla Kyimbi) e hitaande 1959. Nde yejjittaake, nde ɗaɓɓi moƴƴitingol. Eɓɓaaɗe kese mbaɗaama ngam moƴƴinde baraas oo. == Maayo Kyimbi == Maayo Kyimbi ummii ko e dow ŋoral Mugandja, tooweeki mum ko 2 000 meeteer (6 560 meeteer). Ina waɗi ɓulli keewɗi e dow 3,2 km, ɓurɗi mawnude ɗii ko 300 haa 500 meeteer (91 haa 152 m) toowɗi. Hakke toɓɓere ndee e nder ndee feccere ko ɓuri 2 500 meeteer (760 m).<ref>Office du tourisme 1956, p. 389</ref> Ɗe njeyaa ko e ɓulli ɓurɗi toowde e duunde Afrik ngam huutoraade ngam ƴellitde semmbe.<ref name=":1">Leenders 1960.</ref> E nder yontaaji yooro, ɓuuɓol ngol ina tolnoo e 3 haa 10 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (110 haa 350 cu ft/s), kono ɗum ina ɓeydoo haa 150 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (5 300 cu ft/s) e nder yontaaji toɓo.<ref>Barrage de la Kyimbi.</ref> == Peewnugol == E hitaande 1948, haalaama wonde sosiyatee sosaa ngam mahde wertallo kuuraa ndiyam e maayo Kimbi to worgo Katanga, ngam rokkude Albertville (hono no wiyetee Kalemie nii). Golle ɗee ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hitaande 1950.<ref>U.S. Dept. of Commerce 1948, p. 89</ref> Ko sara Bendera tan foti mahde.<ref>American University 1971, p. 373</ref> Ɗum woni ko hedde 110 kiloomeeteer (68 mi) e Albertville.<ref name=":0">U.S. Bureau of Foreign Commerce 1954, p. 24</ref> Leelgol ina waɗi. Ciimtol hitaande 1952 hollitii wonde mahngo ina jokki haa jooni.<ref>Electrical Times 1952, p. 369</ref> Ciimtol 1954 siftinii wonde mbaydi peewniraandi ndii ko baraas toowɗo 14,5 meeter (48 ft) baawɗo rokkude ndiyam e nder laylayti renndo joy, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 8 250 kilowatt (11 060 hp), walla 41 250 kilowatt (55 320 hp6) e nder kala.<ref name=":0" /> Ko ɗoon e ɗoon, ko Forces de L'Est du Congo (FEC) mahi, gollorii, sosiyatee puɗɗinooɗo golle e hitaande 1955 ngam rokkude doole fuɗnaange Konngo.<ref>U.S. Joint Publications Research Service 1970, p. 239.</ref> Nde fuɗɗii rokkude doole ummoraade e turbineeji ɗiɗi e nder joy peewnaaɗi ɗii e hitaande 1959.<ref name=":2">U.S. Joint Publications Research Service 1970, p. 241.</ref> Turbineeji goɗɗi ina poti waɗeede no haanirta nii ngam heɓde ɗaɓɓaande.<ref name=":1" /> Architecte biyeteeɗo Eugene Palumbo, mo UNESCO toɗɗii leydi Kongo, waɗi wuro gollorngo eɓɓaande mahngo baraas oo.<ref>Fullerton 1964, p. 22.</ref> == Dam e laylaytol == Baraas oo woni ko dow ɓulli mawɗi Kiymbi, ina waɗi arc beton njuuteendi mum ko 60 meeter (200 ft), tooweeki mum ko 1 652,2 meeter (5 421 ft). Yaajde baraas oo ko hedde 75 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (61 acre⋅ft). Ndiyam ina ƴettee e baraas oo e dow ŋoral 1 428 meeteer (4 685 ft) ɓuuɓngal, walla galle, haa to nokku toowɗo e nokku ɗo kuuraa oo woni ɗoo. Galle oo ina waɗi feccere e beton, njaajeendi mum ko 3,5 meeter (11 ft) ɗo o liggortee ɗoo e 4,5 meeter (15 ft) ɗo o liggoraaka. Galle oo joofnata ko e suudu de-sanding 30 meeteruuji (98 ft) njuuteendi e 7 meeteruuji (23 ft) njaajeendi ndi ittata kala ɓuuɓri sanngara ɓurndi .03 milimeeteer (0.0012 in) njaajeendi. Sanngara oo ina ɓuuɓtoo les ŋoral haa e maayo les.<ref name=":1" /> Gila e tanki to joofnirde de-sander, ndiyam ɗam ina naata e wertallo ngoo e nder wertallo ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 1 400 meeter (4 600 ft) tawa njaajeendi mum ina ustoo gila e 1,1 haa .9 meeter (3 ft 7 in haa 2 ft 11 in). Toɓɓere ndee ko hedde 677 meeteer (2 221 ft). Ndiyam ɗam ina semmbina turbineeji ɗii, ina ɓuuɓna e nder maayo les ɓulli ɗii.<ref name=":1" /> Stasiyoŋ oo ari ko e internet e hitaande 1959 e ƴulɓe ɗiɗi 8 250 kilowatt, ina waawi waɗde 3 goɗɗe e mbaawka goota.<ref name=":2" /> Laana 132 kV ina nawra kuuraa haa Albertville.[gila 1971 ina wiyee Kalemie].<ref name=":1" /> == Peeje moƴƴitingol == Leydi Konngo heɓi jeytaare mum e lewru suwee 1960.[11] Sosiyetee laamu kuuraa, Société nationale d’électricité (SNEL), waɗii wiɗto ngam moƴƴinde laylaytol Kiymbi e hitaande 1992.[12] Ciimtol 2007 peewniraangol Banke Adunaajo ƴeewtiima moƴƴitingol wertallo ngoo. Ko ɓuri famɗude e njoɓdi ummoraade e wiɗto "reconnaissance" maa won 52,06 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik wonande 43 MW mbaawka liggorgal.[13] Ciimtol ngol wasiyiima waɗde priorité e wiɗto ɓurngo laaɓtude.[14] E hitaande 2023, sosiyatee Angalteer gooto [Dynamis Investment Partners Ltd] ƴetti peeje moƴƴitingol wertallo kuuraa Bendera, ina jokki e waɗde wiɗto ngam anndude so tawii eɓɓaande ndee ina waawi waɗeede, e ballondiral e SNEL. Golle moƴƴitingol ɗee ina poti fuɗɗaade e fuɗɗoode hitaande 2026, tawa ina waɗi peeje ngam ɓeydude kattanɗe liggorde ndee no feewi, haa arti noon e ɓeydude kattanɗe liggorde ndee e sarɗiiji golle. Kontraktoor EPC, [ABC Contracting SA] mo biro mum to Andenne (BE) toɗɗaa ngam golle ɗee. Ndee eɓɓaande ina ɗaminaa maa addan renndooji Kalemie e nokkuuji taariiɗi semmbeeji ɗii ɓeydaade heɓde semmbeeji e kuuraa, ɓeyda ɓeydagol e nder diiwaan hee. Golle lowre ndee ina peewnitee, e nanondiral njulaagu e SNEL, e sosiyatee Konngo biyeteeɗo Bendera Hydroélectricité SARL [sosiyatee biyeteeɗo Bendera HPP Ltd] mo Angalteer. == Tuugnorgal == rxitxzv207wiq24rrw7u2qh5g2315n2 174430 174429 2026-06-19T05:56:25Z Nnamadee 11577 174430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Kiymbi''' [ina wiyee kadi Staasiyoŋ kuuraa Bendera] ko baraas mawɗo e baraas kuuraa udditaa e maayo Kiymbi (walla Kyimbi) e hitaande 1959. Nde yejjittaake, nde ɗaɓɓi moƴƴitingol. Eɓɓaaɗe kese mbaɗaama ngam moƴƴinde baraas oo. == Maayo Kyimbi == Maayo Kyimbi ummii ko e dow ŋoral Mugandja, tooweeki mum ko 2 000 meeteer (6 560 meeteer). Ina waɗi ɓulli keewɗi e dow 3,2 km, ɓurɗi mawnude ɗii ko 300 haa 500 meeteer (91 haa 152 m) toowɗi. Hakke toɓɓere ndee e nder ndee feccere ko ɓuri 2 500 meeteer (760 m).<ref>Office du tourisme 1956, p. 389</ref> Ɗe njeyaa ko e ɓulli ɓurɗi toowde e duunde Afrik ngam huutoraade ngam ƴellitde semmbe.<ref name=":1">Leenders 1960.</ref> E nder yontaaji yooro, ɓuuɓol ngol ina tolnoo e 3 haa 10 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (110 haa 350 cu ft/s), kono ɗum ina ɓeydoo haa 150 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (5 300 cu ft/s) e nder yontaaji toɓo.<ref>Barrage de la Kyimbi.</ref> == Peewnugol == E hitaande 1948, haalaama wonde sosiyatee sosaa ngam mahde wertallo kuuraa ndiyam e maayo Kimbi to worgo Katanga, ngam rokkude Albertville (hono no wiyetee Kalemie nii). Golle ɗee ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hitaande 1950.<ref>U.S. Dept. of Commerce 1948, p. 89</ref> Ko sara Bendera tan foti mahde.<ref>American University 1971, p. 373</ref> Ɗum woni ko hedde 110 kiloomeeteer (68 mi) e Albertville.<ref name=":0">U.S. Bureau of Foreign Commerce 1954, p. 24</ref> Leelgol ina waɗi. Ciimtol hitaande 1952 hollitii wonde mahngo ina jokki haa jooni.<ref>Electrical Times 1952, p. 369</ref> Ciimtol 1954 siftinii wonde mbaydi peewniraandi ndii ko baraas toowɗo 14,5 meeter (48 ft) baawɗo rokkude ndiyam e nder laylayti renndo joy, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 8 250 kilowatt (11 060 hp), walla 41 250 kilowatt (55 320 hp6) e nder kala.<ref name=":0" /> Ko ɗoon e ɗoon, ko Forces de L'Est du Congo (FEC) mahi, gollorii, sosiyatee puɗɗinooɗo golle e hitaande 1955 ngam rokkude doole fuɗnaange Konngo.<ref>U.S. Joint Publications Research Service 1970, p. 239.</ref> Nde fuɗɗii rokkude doole ummoraade e turbineeji ɗiɗi e nder joy peewnaaɗi ɗii e hitaande 1959.<ref name=":2">U.S. Joint Publications Research Service 1970, p. 241.</ref> Turbineeji goɗɗi ina poti waɗeede no haanirta nii ngam heɓde ɗaɓɓaande.<ref name=":1" /> Architecte biyeteeɗo Eugene Palumbo, mo UNESCO toɗɗii leydi Kongo, waɗi wuro gollorngo eɓɓaande mahngo baraas oo.<ref>Fullerton 1964, p. 22.</ref> == Dam e laylaytol == Baraas oo woni ko dow ɓulli mawɗi Kiymbi, ina waɗi arc beton njuuteendi mum ko 60 meeter (200 ft), tooweeki mum ko 1 652,2 meeter (5 421 ft). Yaajde baraas oo ko hedde 75 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (61 acre⋅ft). Ndiyam ina ƴettee e baraas oo e dow ŋoral 1 428 meeteer (4 685 ft) ɓuuɓngal, walla galle, haa to nokku toowɗo e nokku ɗo kuuraa oo woni ɗoo. Galle oo ina waɗi feccere e beton, njaajeendi mum ko 3,5 meeter (11 ft) ɗo o liggortee ɗoo e 4,5 meeter (15 ft) ɗo o liggoraaka. Galle oo joofnata ko e suudu de-sanding 30 meeteruuji (98 ft) njuuteendi e 7 meeteruuji (23 ft) njaajeendi ndi ittata kala ɓuuɓri sanngara ɓurndi .03 milimeeteer (0.0012 in) njaajeendi. Sanngara oo ina ɓuuɓtoo les ŋoral haa e maayo les.<ref name=":1" /> Gila e tanki to joofnirde de-sander, ndiyam ɗam ina naata e wertallo ngoo e nder wertallo ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 1 400 meeter (4 600 ft) tawa njaajeendi mum ina ustoo gila e 1,1 haa .9 meeter (3 ft 7 in haa 2 ft 11 in). Toɓɓere ndee ko hedde 677 meeteer (2 221 ft). Ndiyam ɗam ina semmbina turbineeji ɗii, ina ɓuuɓna e nder maayo les ɓulli ɗii.<ref name=":1" /> Stasiyoŋ oo ari ko e internet e hitaande 1959 e ƴulɓe ɗiɗi 8 250 kilowatt, ina waawi waɗde 3 goɗɗe e mbaawka goota.<ref name=":2" /> Laana 132 kV ina nawra kuuraa haa Albertville.[gila 1971 ina wiyee Kalemie].<ref name=":1" /> == Peeje moƴƴitingol == Leydi Konngo heɓi jeytaare mum e lewru suwee 1960.<ref>Fullerton 1964, p. 4</ref> Sosiyetee laamu kuuraa, Société nationale d’électricité (SNEL), waɗii wiɗto ngam moƴƴinde laylaytol Kiymbi e hitaande 1992.[12] Ciimtol 2007 peewniraangol Banke Adunaajo ƴeewtiima moƴƴitingol wertallo ngoo. Ko ɓuri famɗude e njoɓdi ummoraade e wiɗto "reconnaissance" maa won 52,06 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik wonande 43 MW mbaawka liggorgal.[13] Ciimtol ngol wasiyiima waɗde priorité e wiɗto ɓurngo laaɓtude.[14] E hitaande 2023, sosiyatee Angalteer gooto [Dynamis Investment Partners Ltd] ƴetti peeje moƴƴitingol wertallo kuuraa Bendera, ina jokki e waɗde wiɗto ngam anndude so tawii eɓɓaande ndee ina waawi waɗeede, e ballondiral e SNEL. Golle moƴƴitingol ɗee ina poti fuɗɗaade e fuɗɗoode hitaande 2026, tawa ina waɗi peeje ngam ɓeydude kattanɗe liggorde ndee no feewi, haa arti noon e ɓeydude kattanɗe liggorde ndee e sarɗiiji golle. Kontraktoor EPC, [ABC Contracting SA] mo biro mum to Andenne (BE) toɗɗaa ngam golle ɗee. Ndee eɓɓaande ina ɗaminaa maa addan renndooji Kalemie e nokkuuji taariiɗi semmbeeji ɗii ɓeydaade heɓde semmbeeji e kuuraa, ɓeyda ɓeydagol e nder diiwaan hee. Golle lowre ndee ina peewnitee, e nanondiral njulaagu e SNEL, e sosiyatee Konngo biyeteeɗo Bendera Hydroélectricité SARL [sosiyatee biyeteeɗo Bendera HPP Ltd] mo Angalteer. == Tuugnorgal == pq1tba4xgup6hez6xj3eeyqq7kx21p5 174431 174430 2026-06-19T05:57:05Z Nnamadee 11577 174431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Kiymbi''' [ina wiyee kadi Staasiyoŋ kuuraa Bendera] ko baraas mawɗo e baraas kuuraa udditaa e maayo Kiymbi (walla Kyimbi) e hitaande 1959. Nde yejjittaake, nde ɗaɓɓi moƴƴitingol. Eɓɓaaɗe kese mbaɗaama ngam moƴƴinde baraas oo. == Maayo Kyimbi == Maayo Kyimbi ummii ko e dow ŋoral Mugandja, tooweeki mum ko 2 000 meeteer (6 560 meeteer). Ina waɗi ɓulli keewɗi e dow 3,2 km, ɓurɗi mawnude ɗii ko 300 haa 500 meeteer (91 haa 152 m) toowɗi. Hakke toɓɓere ndee e nder ndee feccere ko ɓuri 2 500 meeteer (760 m).<ref>Office du tourisme 1956, p. 389</ref> Ɗe njeyaa ko e ɓulli ɓurɗi toowde e duunde Afrik ngam huutoraade ngam ƴellitde semmbe.<ref name=":1">Leenders 1960.</ref> E nder yontaaji yooro, ɓuuɓol ngol ina tolnoo e 3 haa 10 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (110 haa 350 cu ft/s), kono ɗum ina ɓeydoo haa 150 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (5 300 cu ft/s) e nder yontaaji toɓo.<ref>Barrage de la Kyimbi.</ref> == Peewnugol == E hitaande 1948, haalaama wonde sosiyatee sosaa ngam mahde wertallo kuuraa ndiyam e maayo Kimbi to worgo Katanga, ngam rokkude Albertville (hono no wiyetee Kalemie nii). Golle ɗee ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hitaande 1950.<ref>U.S. Dept. of Commerce 1948, p. 89</ref> Ko sara Bendera tan foti mahde.<ref>American University 1971, p. 373</ref> Ɗum woni ko hedde 110 kiloomeeteer (68 mi) e Albertville.<ref name=":0">U.S. Bureau of Foreign Commerce 1954, p. 24</ref> Leelgol ina waɗi. Ciimtol hitaande 1952 hollitii wonde mahngo ina jokki haa jooni.<ref>Electrical Times 1952, p. 369</ref> Ciimtol 1954 siftinii wonde mbaydi peewniraandi ndii ko baraas toowɗo 14,5 meeter (48 ft) baawɗo rokkude ndiyam e nder laylayti renndo joy, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 8 250 kilowatt (11 060 hp), walla 41 250 kilowatt (55 320 hp6) e nder kala.<ref name=":0" /> Ko ɗoon e ɗoon, ko Forces de L'Est du Congo (FEC) mahi, gollorii, sosiyatee puɗɗinooɗo golle e hitaande 1955 ngam rokkude doole fuɗnaange Konngo.<ref>U.S. Joint Publications Research Service 1970, p. 239.</ref> Nde fuɗɗii rokkude doole ummoraade e turbineeji ɗiɗi e nder joy peewnaaɗi ɗii e hitaande 1959.<ref name=":2">U.S. Joint Publications Research Service 1970, p. 241.</ref> Turbineeji goɗɗi ina poti waɗeede no haanirta nii ngam heɓde ɗaɓɓaande.<ref name=":1" /> Architecte biyeteeɗo Eugene Palumbo, mo UNESCO toɗɗii leydi Kongo, waɗi wuro gollorngo eɓɓaande mahngo baraas oo.<ref>Fullerton 1964, p. 22.</ref> == Dam e laylaytol == Baraas oo woni ko dow ɓulli mawɗi Kiymbi, ina waɗi arc beton njuuteendi mum ko 60 meeter (200 ft), tooweeki mum ko 1 652,2 meeter (5 421 ft). Yaajde baraas oo ko hedde 75 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (61 acre⋅ft). Ndiyam ina ƴettee e baraas oo e dow ŋoral 1 428 meeteer (4 685 ft) ɓuuɓngal, walla galle, haa to nokku toowɗo e nokku ɗo kuuraa oo woni ɗoo. Galle oo ina waɗi feccere e beton, njaajeendi mum ko 3,5 meeter (11 ft) ɗo o liggortee ɗoo e 4,5 meeter (15 ft) ɗo o liggoraaka. Galle oo joofnata ko e suudu de-sanding 30 meeteruuji (98 ft) njuuteendi e 7 meeteruuji (23 ft) njaajeendi ndi ittata kala ɓuuɓri sanngara ɓurndi .03 milimeeteer (0.0012 in) njaajeendi. Sanngara oo ina ɓuuɓtoo les ŋoral haa e maayo les.<ref name=":1" /> Gila e tanki to joofnirde de-sander, ndiyam ɗam ina naata e wertallo ngoo e nder wertallo ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 1 400 meeter (4 600 ft) tawa njaajeendi mum ina ustoo gila e 1,1 haa .9 meeter (3 ft 7 in haa 2 ft 11 in). Toɓɓere ndee ko hedde 677 meeteer (2 221 ft). Ndiyam ɗam ina semmbina turbineeji ɗii, ina ɓuuɓna e nder maayo les ɓulli ɗii.<ref name=":1" /> Stasiyoŋ oo ari ko e internet e hitaande 1959 e ƴulɓe ɗiɗi 8 250 kilowatt, ina waawi waɗde 3 goɗɗe e mbaawka goota.<ref name=":2" /> Laana 132 kV ina nawra kuuraa haa Albertville.[gila 1971 ina wiyee Kalemie].<ref name=":1" /> == Peeje moƴƴitingol == Leydi Konngo heɓi jeytaare mum e lewru suwee 1960.<ref>Fullerton 1964, p. 4</ref> Sosiyetee laamu kuuraa, Société nationale d’électricité (SNEL), waɗii wiɗto ngam moƴƴinde laylaytol Kiymbi e hitaande 1992.<ref>SNC-Lavalin International 2005, p. 3-2.</ref> Ciimtol 2007 peewniraangol Banke Adunaajo ƴeewtiima moƴƴitingol wertallo ngoo. Ko ɓuri famɗude e njoɓdi ummoraade e wiɗto "reconnaissance" maa won 52,06 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik wonande 43 MW mbaawka liggorgal.[13] Ciimtol ngol wasiyiima waɗde priorité e wiɗto ɓurngo laaɓtude.[14] E hitaande 2023, sosiyatee Angalteer gooto [Dynamis Investment Partners Ltd] ƴetti peeje moƴƴitingol wertallo kuuraa Bendera, ina jokki e waɗde wiɗto ngam anndude so tawii eɓɓaande ndee ina waawi waɗeede, e ballondiral e SNEL. Golle moƴƴitingol ɗee ina poti fuɗɗaade e fuɗɗoode hitaande 2026, tawa ina waɗi peeje ngam ɓeydude kattanɗe liggorde ndee no feewi, haa arti noon e ɓeydude kattanɗe liggorde ndee e sarɗiiji golle. Kontraktoor EPC, [ABC Contracting SA] mo biro mum to Andenne (BE) toɗɗaa ngam golle ɗee. Ndee eɓɓaande ina ɗaminaa maa addan renndooji Kalemie e nokkuuji taariiɗi semmbeeji ɗii ɓeydaade heɓde semmbeeji e kuuraa, ɓeyda ɓeydagol e nder diiwaan hee. Golle lowre ndee ina peewnitee, e nanondiral njulaagu e SNEL, e sosiyatee Konngo biyeteeɗo Bendera Hydroélectricité SARL [sosiyatee biyeteeɗo Bendera HPP Ltd] mo Angalteer. == Tuugnorgal == iyw6i4ghcft2ci7xjarkzglttg0o4zj 174432 174431 2026-06-19T05:57:52Z Nnamadee 11577 174432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Kiymbi''' [ina wiyee kadi Staasiyoŋ kuuraa Bendera] ko baraas mawɗo e baraas kuuraa udditaa e maayo Kiymbi (walla Kyimbi) e hitaande 1959. Nde yejjittaake, nde ɗaɓɓi moƴƴitingol. Eɓɓaaɗe kese mbaɗaama ngam moƴƴinde baraas oo. == Maayo Kyimbi == Maayo Kyimbi ummii ko e dow ŋoral Mugandja, tooweeki mum ko 2 000 meeteer (6 560 meeteer). Ina waɗi ɓulli keewɗi e dow 3,2 km, ɓurɗi mawnude ɗii ko 300 haa 500 meeteer (91 haa 152 m) toowɗi. Hakke toɓɓere ndee e nder ndee feccere ko ɓuri 2 500 meeteer (760 m).<ref>Office du tourisme 1956, p. 389</ref> Ɗe njeyaa ko e ɓulli ɓurɗi toowde e duunde Afrik ngam huutoraade ngam ƴellitde semmbe.<ref name=":1">Leenders 1960.</ref> E nder yontaaji yooro, ɓuuɓol ngol ina tolnoo e 3 haa 10 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (110 haa 350 cu ft/s), kono ɗum ina ɓeydoo haa 150 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (5 300 cu ft/s) e nder yontaaji toɓo.<ref>Barrage de la Kyimbi.</ref> == Peewnugol == E hitaande 1948, haalaama wonde sosiyatee sosaa ngam mahde wertallo kuuraa ndiyam e maayo Kimbi to worgo Katanga, ngam rokkude Albertville (hono no wiyetee Kalemie nii). Golle ɗee ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hitaande 1950.<ref>U.S. Dept. of Commerce 1948, p. 89</ref> Ko sara Bendera tan foti mahde.<ref>American University 1971, p. 373</ref> Ɗum woni ko hedde 110 kiloomeeteer (68 mi) e Albertville.<ref name=":0">U.S. Bureau of Foreign Commerce 1954, p. 24</ref> Leelgol ina waɗi. Ciimtol hitaande 1952 hollitii wonde mahngo ina jokki haa jooni.<ref>Electrical Times 1952, p. 369</ref> Ciimtol 1954 siftinii wonde mbaydi peewniraandi ndii ko baraas toowɗo 14,5 meeter (48 ft) baawɗo rokkude ndiyam e nder laylayti renndo joy, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 8 250 kilowatt (11 060 hp), walla 41 250 kilowatt (55 320 hp6) e nder kala.<ref name=":0" /> Ko ɗoon e ɗoon, ko Forces de L'Est du Congo (FEC) mahi, gollorii, sosiyatee puɗɗinooɗo golle e hitaande 1955 ngam rokkude doole fuɗnaange Konngo.<ref>U.S. Joint Publications Research Service 1970, p. 239.</ref> Nde fuɗɗii rokkude doole ummoraade e turbineeji ɗiɗi e nder joy peewnaaɗi ɗii e hitaande 1959.<ref name=":2">U.S. Joint Publications Research Service 1970, p. 241.</ref> Turbineeji goɗɗi ina poti waɗeede no haanirta nii ngam heɓde ɗaɓɓaande.<ref name=":1" /> Architecte biyeteeɗo Eugene Palumbo, mo UNESCO toɗɗii leydi Kongo, waɗi wuro gollorngo eɓɓaande mahngo baraas oo.<ref>Fullerton 1964, p. 22.</ref> == Dam e laylaytol == Baraas oo woni ko dow ɓulli mawɗi Kiymbi, ina waɗi arc beton njuuteendi mum ko 60 meeter (200 ft), tooweeki mum ko 1 652,2 meeter (5 421 ft). Yaajde baraas oo ko hedde 75 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (61 acre⋅ft). Ndiyam ina ƴettee e baraas oo e dow ŋoral 1 428 meeteer (4 685 ft) ɓuuɓngal, walla galle, haa to nokku toowɗo e nokku ɗo kuuraa oo woni ɗoo. Galle oo ina waɗi feccere e beton, njaajeendi mum ko 3,5 meeter (11 ft) ɗo o liggortee ɗoo e 4,5 meeter (15 ft) ɗo o liggoraaka. Galle oo joofnata ko e suudu de-sanding 30 meeteruuji (98 ft) njuuteendi e 7 meeteruuji (23 ft) njaajeendi ndi ittata kala ɓuuɓri sanngara ɓurndi .03 milimeeteer (0.0012 in) njaajeendi. Sanngara oo ina ɓuuɓtoo les ŋoral haa e maayo les.<ref name=":1" /> Gila e tanki to joofnirde de-sander, ndiyam ɗam ina naata e wertallo ngoo e nder wertallo ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 1 400 meeter (4 600 ft) tawa njaajeendi mum ina ustoo gila e 1,1 haa .9 meeter (3 ft 7 in haa 2 ft 11 in). Toɓɓere ndee ko hedde 677 meeteer (2 221 ft). Ndiyam ɗam ina semmbina turbineeji ɗii, ina ɓuuɓna e nder maayo les ɓulli ɗii.<ref name=":1" /> Stasiyoŋ oo ari ko e internet e hitaande 1959 e ƴulɓe ɗiɗi 8 250 kilowatt, ina waawi waɗde 3 goɗɗe e mbaawka goota.<ref name=":2" /> Laana 132 kV ina nawra kuuraa haa Albertville.[gila 1971 ina wiyee Kalemie].<ref name=":1" /> == Peeje moƴƴitingol == Leydi Konngo heɓi jeytaare mum e lewru suwee 1960.<ref>Fullerton 1964, p. 4</ref> Sosiyetee laamu kuuraa, Société nationale d’électricité (SNEL), waɗii wiɗto ngam moƴƴinde laylaytol Kiymbi e hitaande 1992.<ref>SNC-Lavalin International 2005, p. 3-2.</ref> Ciimtol 2007 peewniraangol Banke Adunaajo ƴeewtiima moƴƴitingol wertallo ngoo. Ko ɓuri famɗude e njoɓdi ummoraade e wiɗto "reconnaissance" maa won 52,06 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik wonande 43 MW mbaawka liggorgal.<ref>SNC-Lavalin International 2007, p. S-17</ref> Ciimtol ngol wasiyiima waɗde priorité e wiɗto ɓurngo laaɓtude.[14] E hitaande 2023, sosiyatee Angalteer gooto [Dynamis Investment Partners Ltd] ƴetti peeje moƴƴitingol wertallo kuuraa Bendera, ina jokki e waɗde wiɗto ngam anndude so tawii eɓɓaande ndee ina waawi waɗeede, e ballondiral e SNEL. Golle moƴƴitingol ɗee ina poti fuɗɗaade e fuɗɗoode hitaande 2026, tawa ina waɗi peeje ngam ɓeydude kattanɗe liggorde ndee no feewi, haa arti noon e ɓeydude kattanɗe liggorde ndee e sarɗiiji golle. Kontraktoor EPC, [ABC Contracting SA] mo biro mum to Andenne (BE) toɗɗaa ngam golle ɗee. Ndee eɓɓaande ina ɗaminaa maa addan renndooji Kalemie e nokkuuji taariiɗi semmbeeji ɗii ɓeydaade heɓde semmbeeji e kuuraa, ɓeyda ɓeydagol e nder diiwaan hee. Golle lowre ndee ina peewnitee, e nanondiral njulaagu e SNEL, e sosiyatee Konngo biyeteeɗo Bendera Hydroélectricité SARL [sosiyatee biyeteeɗo Bendera HPP Ltd] mo Angalteer. == Tuugnorgal == 76rsr9ov509xqq2wevzjk303iuvlljq 174433 174432 2026-06-19T05:58:26Z Nnamadee 11577 174433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Kiymbi''' [ina wiyee kadi Staasiyoŋ kuuraa Bendera] ko baraas mawɗo e baraas kuuraa udditaa e maayo Kiymbi (walla Kyimbi) e hitaande 1959. Nde yejjittaake, nde ɗaɓɓi moƴƴitingol. Eɓɓaaɗe kese mbaɗaama ngam moƴƴinde baraas oo. == Maayo Kyimbi == Maayo Kyimbi ummii ko e dow ŋoral Mugandja, tooweeki mum ko 2 000 meeteer (6 560 meeteer). Ina waɗi ɓulli keewɗi e dow 3,2 km, ɓurɗi mawnude ɗii ko 300 haa 500 meeteer (91 haa 152 m) toowɗi. Hakke toɓɓere ndee e nder ndee feccere ko ɓuri 2 500 meeteer (760 m).<ref>Office du tourisme 1956, p. 389</ref> Ɗe njeyaa ko e ɓulli ɓurɗi toowde e duunde Afrik ngam huutoraade ngam ƴellitde semmbe.<ref name=":1">Leenders 1960.</ref> E nder yontaaji yooro, ɓuuɓol ngol ina tolnoo e 3 haa 10 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (110 haa 350 cu ft/s), kono ɗum ina ɓeydoo haa 150 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (5 300 cu ft/s) e nder yontaaji toɓo.<ref>Barrage de la Kyimbi.</ref> == Peewnugol == E hitaande 1948, haalaama wonde sosiyatee sosaa ngam mahde wertallo kuuraa ndiyam e maayo Kimbi to worgo Katanga, ngam rokkude Albertville (hono no wiyetee Kalemie nii). Golle ɗee ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hitaande 1950.<ref>U.S. Dept. of Commerce 1948, p. 89</ref> Ko sara Bendera tan foti mahde.<ref>American University 1971, p. 373</ref> Ɗum woni ko hedde 110 kiloomeeteer (68 mi) e Albertville.<ref name=":0">U.S. Bureau of Foreign Commerce 1954, p. 24</ref> Leelgol ina waɗi. Ciimtol hitaande 1952 hollitii wonde mahngo ina jokki haa jooni.<ref>Electrical Times 1952, p. 369</ref> Ciimtol 1954 siftinii wonde mbaydi peewniraandi ndii ko baraas toowɗo 14,5 meeter (48 ft) baawɗo rokkude ndiyam e nder laylayti renndo joy, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 8 250 kilowatt (11 060 hp), walla 41 250 kilowatt (55 320 hp6) e nder kala.<ref name=":0" /> Ko ɗoon e ɗoon, ko Forces de L'Est du Congo (FEC) mahi, gollorii, sosiyatee puɗɗinooɗo golle e hitaande 1955 ngam rokkude doole fuɗnaange Konngo.<ref>U.S. Joint Publications Research Service 1970, p. 239.</ref> Nde fuɗɗii rokkude doole ummoraade e turbineeji ɗiɗi e nder joy peewnaaɗi ɗii e hitaande 1959.<ref name=":2">U.S. Joint Publications Research Service 1970, p. 241.</ref> Turbineeji goɗɗi ina poti waɗeede no haanirta nii ngam heɓde ɗaɓɓaande.<ref name=":1" /> Architecte biyeteeɗo Eugene Palumbo, mo UNESCO toɗɗii leydi Kongo, waɗi wuro gollorngo eɓɓaande mahngo baraas oo.<ref>Fullerton 1964, p. 22.</ref> == Dam e laylaytol == Baraas oo woni ko dow ɓulli mawɗi Kiymbi, ina waɗi arc beton njuuteendi mum ko 60 meeter (200 ft), tooweeki mum ko 1 652,2 meeter (5 421 ft). Yaajde baraas oo ko hedde 75 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (61 acre⋅ft). Ndiyam ina ƴettee e baraas oo e dow ŋoral 1 428 meeteer (4 685 ft) ɓuuɓngal, walla galle, haa to nokku toowɗo e nokku ɗo kuuraa oo woni ɗoo. Galle oo ina waɗi feccere e beton, njaajeendi mum ko 3,5 meeter (11 ft) ɗo o liggortee ɗoo e 4,5 meeter (15 ft) ɗo o liggoraaka. Galle oo joofnata ko e suudu de-sanding 30 meeteruuji (98 ft) njuuteendi e 7 meeteruuji (23 ft) njaajeendi ndi ittata kala ɓuuɓri sanngara ɓurndi .03 milimeeteer (0.0012 in) njaajeendi. Sanngara oo ina ɓuuɓtoo les ŋoral haa e maayo les.<ref name=":1" /> Gila e tanki to joofnirde de-sander, ndiyam ɗam ina naata e wertallo ngoo e nder wertallo ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 1 400 meeter (4 600 ft) tawa njaajeendi mum ina ustoo gila e 1,1 haa .9 meeter (3 ft 7 in haa 2 ft 11 in). Toɓɓere ndee ko hedde 677 meeteer (2 221 ft). Ndiyam ɗam ina semmbina turbineeji ɗii, ina ɓuuɓna e nder maayo les ɓulli ɗii.<ref name=":1" /> Stasiyoŋ oo ari ko e internet e hitaande 1959 e ƴulɓe ɗiɗi 8 250 kilowatt, ina waawi waɗde 3 goɗɗe e mbaawka goota.<ref name=":2" /> Laana 132 kV ina nawra kuuraa haa Albertville.[gila 1971 ina wiyee Kalemie].<ref name=":1" /> == Peeje moƴƴitingol == Leydi Konngo heɓi jeytaare mum e lewru suwee 1960.<ref>Fullerton 1964, p. 4</ref> Sosiyetee laamu kuuraa, Société nationale d’électricité (SNEL), waɗii wiɗto ngam moƴƴinde laylaytol Kiymbi e hitaande 1992.<ref>SNC-Lavalin International 2005, p. 3-2.</ref> Ciimtol 2007 peewniraangol Banke Adunaajo ƴeewtiima moƴƴitingol wertallo ngoo. Ko ɓuri famɗude e njoɓdi ummoraade e wiɗto "reconnaissance" maa won 52,06 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik wonande 43 MW mbaawka liggorgal.<ref>SNC-Lavalin International 2007, p. S-17</ref> Ciimtol ngol wasiyiima waɗde priorité e wiɗto ɓurngo laaɓtude.<ref>SNC-Lavalin International 2007, p. 15-6</ref> E hitaande 2023, sosiyatee Angalteer gooto [Dynamis Investment Partners Ltd] ƴetti peeje moƴƴitingol wertallo kuuraa Bendera, ina jokki e waɗde wiɗto ngam anndude so tawii eɓɓaande ndee ina waawi waɗeede, e ballondiral e SNEL. Golle moƴƴitingol ɗee ina poti fuɗɗaade e fuɗɗoode hitaande 2026, tawa ina waɗi peeje ngam ɓeydude kattanɗe liggorde ndee no feewi, haa arti noon e ɓeydude kattanɗe liggorde ndee e sarɗiiji golle. Kontraktoor EPC, [ABC Contracting SA] mo biro mum to Andenne (BE) toɗɗaa ngam golle ɗee. Ndee eɓɓaande ina ɗaminaa maa addan renndooji Kalemie e nokkuuji taariiɗi semmbeeji ɗii ɓeydaade heɓde semmbeeji e kuuraa, ɓeyda ɓeydagol e nder diiwaan hee. Golle lowre ndee ina peewnitee, e nanondiral njulaagu e SNEL, e sosiyatee Konngo biyeteeɗo Bendera Hydroélectricité SARL [sosiyatee biyeteeɗo Bendera HPP Ltd] mo Angalteer. == Tuugnorgal == gfuko2uoadl8gjqfdfl26rv7dmf34en 174434 174433 2026-06-19T06:01:04Z Nnamadee 11577 174434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Kiymbi''' [ina wiyee kadi Staasiyoŋ kuuraa Bendera] ko baraas mawɗo e baraas kuuraa udditaa e maayo Kiymbi (walla Kyimbi) e hitaande 1959. Nde yejjittaake, nde ɗaɓɓi moƴƴitingol. Eɓɓaaɗe kese mbaɗaama ngam moƴƴinde baraas oo. == Maayo Kyimbi == Maayo Kyimbi ummii ko e dow ŋoral Mugandja, tooweeki mum ko 2 000 meeteer (6 560 meeteer). Ina waɗi ɓulli keewɗi e dow 3,2 km, ɓurɗi mawnude ɗii ko 300 haa 500 meeteer (91 haa 152 m) toowɗi. Hakke toɓɓere ndee e nder ndee feccere ko ɓuri 2 500 meeteer (760 m).<ref>Office du tourisme 1956, p. 389</ref> Ɗe njeyaa ko e ɓulli ɓurɗi toowde e duunde Afrik ngam huutoraade ngam ƴellitde semmbe.<ref name=":1">Leenders 1960.</ref> E nder yontaaji yooro, ɓuuɓol ngol ina tolnoo e 3 haa 10 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (110 haa 350 cu ft/s), kono ɗum ina ɓeydoo haa 150 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (5 300 cu ft/s) e nder yontaaji toɓo.<ref>Barrage de la Kyimbi.</ref> == Peewnugol == E hitaande 1948, haalaama wonde sosiyatee sosaa ngam mahde wertallo kuuraa ndiyam e maayo Kimbi to worgo Katanga, ngam rokkude Albertville (hono no wiyetee Kalemie nii). Golle ɗee ina ɗaminaa maa puɗɗo e hitaande 1950.<ref>U.S. Dept. of Commerce 1948, p. 89</ref> Ko sara Bendera tan foti mahde.<ref>American University 1971, p. 373</ref> Ɗum woni ko hedde 110 kiloomeeteer (68 mi) e Albertville.<ref name=":0">U.S. Bureau of Foreign Commerce 1954, p. 24</ref> Leelgol ina waɗi. Ciimtol hitaande 1952 hollitii wonde mahngo ina jokki haa jooni.<ref>Electrical Times 1952, p. 369</ref> Ciimtol 1954 siftinii wonde mbaydi peewniraandi ndii ko baraas toowɗo 14,5 meeter (48 ft) baawɗo rokkude ndiyam e nder laylayti renndo joy, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 8 250 kilowatt (11 060 hp), walla 41 250 kilowatt (55 320 hp6) e nder kala.<ref name=":0" /> Ko ɗoon e ɗoon, ko Forces de L'Est du Congo (FEC) mahi, gollorii, sosiyatee puɗɗinooɗo golle e hitaande 1955 ngam rokkude doole fuɗnaange Konngo.<ref>U.S. Joint Publications Research Service 1970, p. 239.</ref> Nde fuɗɗii rokkude doole ummoraade e turbineeji ɗiɗi e nder joy peewnaaɗi ɗii e hitaande 1959.<ref name=":2">U.S. Joint Publications Research Service 1970, p. 241.</ref> Turbineeji goɗɗi ina poti waɗeede no haanirta nii ngam heɓde ɗaɓɓaande.<ref name=":1" /> Architecte biyeteeɗo Eugene Palumbo, mo UNESCO toɗɗii leydi Kongo, waɗi wuro gollorngo eɓɓaande mahngo baraas oo.<ref>Fullerton 1964, p. 22.</ref> == Dam e laylaytol == Baraas oo woni ko dow ɓulli mawɗi Kiymbi, ina waɗi arc beton njuuteendi mum ko 60 meeter (200 ft), tooweeki mum ko 1 652,2 meeter (5 421 ft). Yaajde baraas oo ko hedde 75 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (61 acre⋅ft). Ndiyam ina ƴettee e baraas oo e dow ŋoral 1 428 meeteer (4 685 ft) ɓuuɓngal, walla galle, haa to nokku toowɗo e nokku ɗo kuuraa oo woni ɗoo. Galle oo ina waɗi feccere e beton, njaajeendi mum ko 3,5 meeter (11 ft) ɗo o liggortee ɗoo e 4,5 meeter (15 ft) ɗo o liggoraaka. Galle oo joofnata ko e suudu de-sanding 30 meeteruuji (98 ft) njuuteendi e 7 meeteruuji (23 ft) njaajeendi ndi ittata kala ɓuuɓri sanngara ɓurndi .03 milimeeteer (0.0012 in) njaajeendi. Sanngara oo ina ɓuuɓtoo les ŋoral haa e maayo les.<ref name=":1" /> Gila e tanki to joofnirde de-sander, ndiyam ɗam ina naata e wertallo ngoo e nder wertallo ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 1 400 meeter (4 600 ft) tawa njaajeendi mum ina ustoo gila e 1,1 haa .9 meeter (3 ft 7 in haa 2 ft 11 in). Toɓɓere ndee ko hedde 677 meeteer (2 221 ft). Ndiyam ɗam ina semmbina turbineeji ɗii, ina ɓuuɓna e nder maayo les ɓulli ɗii.<ref name=":1" /> Stasiyoŋ oo ari ko e internet e hitaande 1959 e ƴulɓe ɗiɗi 8 250 kilowatt, ina waawi waɗde 3 goɗɗe e mbaawka goota.<ref name=":2" /> Laana 132 kV ina nawra kuuraa haa Albertville.[gila 1971 ina wiyee Kalemie].<ref name=":1" /> == Peeje moƴƴitingol == [[File:Bendera HPP Kyimbi Dam 1652m.jpg|thumb|Bendera dam on Kyimbi River in Tanganyika Province of Democratic Republic of Congo. The dam is the upper facility of the Bendera Hydroelectric Power Plant.]] Leydi Konngo heɓi jeytaare mum e lewru suwee 1960.<ref>Fullerton 1964, p. 4</ref> Sosiyetee laamu kuuraa, Société nationale d’électricité (SNEL), waɗii wiɗto ngam moƴƴinde laylaytol Kiymbi e hitaande 1992.<ref>SNC-Lavalin International 2005, p. 3-2.</ref> Ciimtol 2007 peewniraangol Banke Adunaajo ƴeewtiima moƴƴitingol wertallo ngoo. Ko ɓuri famɗude e njoɓdi ummoraade e wiɗto "reconnaissance" maa won 52,06 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik wonande 43 MW mbaawka liggorgal.<ref>SNC-Lavalin International 2007, p. S-17</ref> Ciimtol ngol wasiyiima waɗde priorité e wiɗto ɓurngo laaɓtude.<ref>SNC-Lavalin International 2007, p. 15-6</ref> E hitaande 2023, sosiyatee Angalteer gooto [Dynamis Investment Partners Ltd] ƴetti peeje moƴƴitingol wertallo kuuraa Bendera, ina jokki e waɗde wiɗto ngam anndude so tawii eɓɓaande ndee ina waawi waɗeede, e ballondiral e SNEL. Golle moƴƴitingol ɗee ina poti fuɗɗaade e fuɗɗoode hitaande 2026, tawa ina waɗi peeje ngam ɓeydude kattanɗe liggorde ndee no feewi, haa arti noon e ɓeydude kattanɗe liggorde ndee e sarɗiiji golle. Kontraktoor EPC, [ABC Contracting SA] mo biro mum to Andenne (BE) toɗɗaa ngam golle ɗee. Ndee eɓɓaande ina ɗaminaa maa addan renndooji Kalemie e nokkuuji taariiɗi semmbeeji ɗii ɓeydaade heɓde semmbeeji e kuuraa, ɓeyda ɓeydagol e nder diiwaan hee. Golle lowre ndee ina peewnitee, e nanondiral njulaagu e SNEL, e sosiyatee Konngo biyeteeɗo Bendera Hydroélectricité SARL [sosiyatee biyeteeɗo Bendera HPP Ltd] mo Angalteer. == Tuugnorgal == 1rnoe1pyawata1jq2c3j29mvqxnat6d 0 42223 174435 2026-06-19T06:04:44Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Baraas Maguga''' ko baraas gonɗo e maayo Komati to leydi Eswatini.[1] Toowgol mayre ko 115 meeter (377 ft), nde woni ko hedde kilooji 12 (7,5 mi) to fuɗnaange Piggs Peak.[2] Nde mahiraa ko eɓɓoore kawral laamuuji Afrik worgo e Eswatini.[1][3] Haa hitaande 2005, ko ɗum woni eɓɓoore golle laamu ɓurnde mawnude nde Eswatini meeɗi waɗde.[4] Baraas oo timminaama e cakkital hitaande 2001.[3][5] == Peewnugol e faandaare == E hitaande 1992, laamuuji eSw..." 174435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Maguga''' ko baraas gonɗo e maayo Komati to leydi Eswatini.[1] Toowgol mayre ko 115 meeter (377 ft), nde woni ko hedde kilooji 12 (7,5 mi) to fuɗnaange Piggs Peak.[2] Nde mahiraa ko eɓɓoore kawral laamuuji Afrik worgo e Eswatini.[1][3] Haa hitaande 2005, ko ɗum woni eɓɓoore golle laamu ɓurnde mawnude nde Eswatini meeɗi waɗde.[4] Baraas oo timminaama e cakkital hitaande 2001.[3][5] == Peewnugol e faandaare == E hitaande 1992, laamuuji eSwatini e Afrik worgo ciifi nanondiral jowitiingal e "design, mahngo, gollal e toppitagol" baraasuuji Driekoppies e Maguga.[3] No adannde ndee naftorii Afrik worgo tan (hay so tawii ko ndeen nokkuure ndee woni ko e Eswatini), Afrik worgo ina joginoo njoɓdi oon baraas fof.[3] To bannge cakkitiiɗo oo, Eswatini ina joginoo fotde 40% e njoɓdi ndii.[3] Faandaare baraas oo ko adii fof ko ndiyam (ngam vursugol ndiyam keewɗam, laddeeji e "fotde 1000 remoowo tokooso Eswatini"[6]) kono ko vursugol ndiyam ngol mbaawka mum tolnii e 20 MW (ko vurngal moxxude e yuvvooji zii fof, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 9,9 MW e nder hitaande 2011. == Limtol == Maguga ko "baraas ɓuuɓɗo mo kaaƴe ɓuuɓɗe".[8] Damal ngal ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (28 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) loope, 2 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (99 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) kaaƴe granit e 43 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,000). Toowgol mayre fof ko 115 meeter (377 ft), njuuteendi mayre ko 870 meeter (2 850 ft) e njaajeendi mayre ko 400 meeter (1 300 ft).[9] Ina waɗi 332 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,17×1010 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) e njaajeendi mum ko 10 420 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (368 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo).[5] Nde waɗiraa ko ngam waawde muñde ilam ɓurɗam heewde, fotde 15 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (530 000 cu ft/s).[8] Ina woodi ɓuuɓol laabi njuuteendi 181 meeter (594 ft).[8] == Toɓɓe ndiyam e doggol == Yoorooji ngaddii caɗeele mawɗe. E hitaande 2007, mbaawka baraas oo ustii haa 37%.[10] E hitaande 2015, ndiyam ɗam e nder baraas oo ina famɗi no feewi,[9] e ñalnde 20 feebariyee 2016, tolno ndiyam ɗam fotnoo ko 31%.[11] Eɓɓaande ndee riiwti fotde 1000 neɗɗo.[6] == Njeenaaje == Maguga Dam Joint Venture heɓi njeenaari ummoraade e Fedde Innjiniyankooɓe Konsulteeruuji Afrik worgo e nder cate Innjiniyankooɓe ɓurɓe moƴƴude e nafoore ɓurnde miliyoŋaaji 5 ugiyya wonande hitaande 2002.[12] Baraas oo kadi heɓi njeenaari Fulton ndi Fedde Konkreet Afrik worgo rokki e hitaande 2003 ngam ƴellitde njuɓɓudi innjiniyaaruuji siwil.[13] == Tuugnorgal == 0r5w024j5toa7ykkp8zd2txvbfaltnk 174436 174435 2026-06-19T06:07:03Z Nnamadee 11577 174436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Maguga''' ko baraas gonɗo e maayo Komati to leydi Eswatini.<ref name=":0">"Details of submission: Independent Monitoring of Maguga Dam Resettlement". United Nations Environment Programme.</ref> Toowgol mayre ko 115 meeter (377 ft), nde woni ko hedde kilooji 12 (7,5 mi) to fuɗnaange Piggs Peak.[2] Nde mahiraa ko eɓɓoore kawral laamuuji Afrik worgo e Eswatini.<ref name=":0" />[3] Haa hitaande 2005, ko ɗum woni eɓɓoore golle laamu ɓurnde mawnude nde Eswatini meeɗi waɗde.[4] Baraas oo timminaama e cakkital hitaande 2001.[3][5] == Peewnugol e faandaare == E hitaande 1992, laamuuji eSwatini e Afrik worgo ciifi nanondiral jowitiingal e "design, mahngo, gollal e toppitagol" baraasuuji Driekoppies e Maguga.[3] No adannde ndee naftorii Afrik worgo tan (hay so tawii ko ndeen nokkuure ndee woni ko e Eswatini), Afrik worgo ina joginoo njoɓdi oon baraas fof.[3] To bannge cakkitiiɗo oo, Eswatini ina joginoo fotde 40% e njoɓdi ndii.[3] Faandaare baraas oo ko adii fof ko ndiyam (ngam vursugol ndiyam keewɗam, laddeeji e "fotde 1000 remoowo tokooso Eswatini"[6]) kono ko vursugol ndiyam ngol mbaawka mum tolnii e 20 MW (ko vurngal moxxude e yuvvooji zii fof, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 9,9 MW e nder hitaande 2011. == Limtol == Maguga ko "baraas ɓuuɓɗo mo kaaƴe ɓuuɓɗe".[8] Damal ngal ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (28 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) loope, 2 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (99 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) kaaƴe granit e 43 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,000). Toowgol mayre fof ko 115 meeter (377 ft), njuuteendi mayre ko 870 meeter (2 850 ft) e njaajeendi mayre ko 400 meeter (1 300 ft).[9] Ina waɗi 332 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,17×1010 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) e njaajeendi mum ko 10 420 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (368 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo).[5] Nde waɗiraa ko ngam waawde muñde ilam ɓurɗam heewde, fotde 15 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (530 000 cu ft/s).[8] Ina woodi ɓuuɓol laabi njuuteendi 181 meeter (594 ft).[8] == Toɓɓe ndiyam e doggol == Yoorooji ngaddii caɗeele mawɗe. E hitaande 2007, mbaawka baraas oo ustii haa 37%.[10] E hitaande 2015, ndiyam ɗam e nder baraas oo ina famɗi no feewi,[9] e ñalnde 20 feebariyee 2016, tolno ndiyam ɗam fotnoo ko 31%.[11] Eɓɓaande ndee riiwti fotde 1000 neɗɗo.[6] == Njeenaaje == Maguga Dam Joint Venture heɓi njeenaari ummoraade e Fedde Innjiniyankooɓe Konsulteeruuji Afrik worgo e nder cate Innjiniyankooɓe ɓurɓe moƴƴude e nafoore ɓurnde miliyoŋaaji 5 ugiyya wonande hitaande 2002.[12] Baraas oo kadi heɓi njeenaari Fulton ndi Fedde Konkreet Afrik worgo rokki e hitaande 2003 ngam ƴellitde njuɓɓudi innjiniyaaruuji siwil.[13] == Tuugnorgal == ja0euv8m4khliqn8qa0s39xnecv4vu9 174437 174436 2026-06-19T06:08:05Z Nnamadee 11577 174437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Maguga''' ko baraas gonɗo e maayo Komati to leydi Eswatini.<ref name=":0">"Details of submission: Independent Monitoring of Maguga Dam Resettlement". United Nations Environment Programme.</ref> Toowgol mayre ko 115 meeter (377 ft), nde woni ko hedde kilooji 12 (7,5 mi) to fuɗnaange Piggs Peak.<ref>"Maguga Dam: Mpumalanga_Swaziland (sic)". eWISA, an arm of the Water Institute of Southern Africa.</ref> Nde mahiraa ko eɓɓoore kawral laamuuji Afrik worgo e Eswatini.<ref name=":0" />[3] Haa hitaande 2005, ko ɗum woni eɓɓoore golle laamu ɓurnde mawnude nde Eswatini meeɗi waɗde.[4] Baraas oo timminaama e cakkital hitaande 2001.[3][5] == Peewnugol e faandaare == E hitaande 1992, laamuuji eSwatini e Afrik worgo ciifi nanondiral jowitiingal e "design, mahngo, gollal e toppitagol" baraasuuji Driekoppies e Maguga.[3] No adannde ndee naftorii Afrik worgo tan (hay so tawii ko ndeen nokkuure ndee woni ko e Eswatini), Afrik worgo ina joginoo njoɓdi oon baraas fof.[3] To bannge cakkitiiɗo oo, Eswatini ina joginoo fotde 40% e njoɓdi ndii.[3] Faandaare baraas oo ko adii fof ko ndiyam (ngam vursugol ndiyam keewɗam, laddeeji e "fotde 1000 remoowo tokooso Eswatini"[6]) kono ko vursugol ndiyam ngol mbaawka mum tolnii e 20 MW (ko vurngal moxxude e yuvvooji zii fof, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 9,9 MW e nder hitaande 2011. == Limtol == Maguga ko "baraas ɓuuɓɗo mo kaaƴe ɓuuɓɗe".[8] Damal ngal ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (28 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) loope, 2 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (99 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) kaaƴe granit e 43 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,000). Toowgol mayre fof ko 115 meeter (377 ft), njuuteendi mayre ko 870 meeter (2 850 ft) e njaajeendi mayre ko 400 meeter (1 300 ft).[9] Ina waɗi 332 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,17×1010 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) e njaajeendi mum ko 10 420 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (368 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo).[5] Nde waɗiraa ko ngam waawde muñde ilam ɓurɗam heewde, fotde 15 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (530 000 cu ft/s).[8] Ina woodi ɓuuɓol laabi njuuteendi 181 meeter (594 ft).[8] == Toɓɓe ndiyam e doggol == Yoorooji ngaddii caɗeele mawɗe. E hitaande 2007, mbaawka baraas oo ustii haa 37%.[10] E hitaande 2015, ndiyam ɗam e nder baraas oo ina famɗi no feewi,[9] e ñalnde 20 feebariyee 2016, tolno ndiyam ɗam fotnoo ko 31%.[11] Eɓɓaande ndee riiwti fotde 1000 neɗɗo.[6] == Njeenaaje == Maguga Dam Joint Venture heɓi njeenaari ummoraade e Fedde Innjiniyankooɓe Konsulteeruuji Afrik worgo e nder cate Innjiniyankooɓe ɓurɓe moƴƴude e nafoore ɓurnde miliyoŋaaji 5 ugiyya wonande hitaande 2002.[12] Baraas oo kadi heɓi njeenaari Fulton ndi Fedde Konkreet Afrik worgo rokki e hitaande 2003 ngam ƴellitde njuɓɓudi innjiniyaaruuji siwil.[13] == Tuugnorgal == gv1nnruu1t6rcu6g58rqs5y9wu43e0c 174438 174437 2026-06-19T06:08:21Z Nnamadee 11577 174438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Maguga''' ko baraas gonɗo e maayo Komati to leydi Eswatini.<ref name=":0">"Details of submission: Independent Monitoring of Maguga Dam Resettlement". United Nations Environment Programme.</ref> Toowgol mayre ko 115 meeter (377 ft), nde woni ko hedde kilooji 12 (7,5 mi) to fuɗnaange Piggs Peak.<ref>"Maguga Dam: Mpumalanga_Swaziland (sic)". eWISA, an arm of the Water Institute of Southern Africa.</ref> Nde mahiraa ko eɓɓoore kawral laamuuji Afrik worgo e Eswatini.<ref name=":0" /><ref>"Profile: The Komati Basin Water Authority (KOBWA)". Komati Basin Water Authority.</ref> Haa hitaande 2005, ko ɗum woni eɓɓoore golle laamu ɓurnde mawnude nde Eswatini meeɗi waɗde.[4] Baraas oo timminaama e cakkital hitaande 2001.[3][5] == Peewnugol e faandaare == E hitaande 1992, laamuuji eSwatini e Afrik worgo ciifi nanondiral jowitiingal e "design, mahngo, gollal e toppitagol" baraasuuji Driekoppies e Maguga.[3] No adannde ndee naftorii Afrik worgo tan (hay so tawii ko ndeen nokkuure ndee woni ko e Eswatini), Afrik worgo ina joginoo njoɓdi oon baraas fof.[3] To bannge cakkitiiɗo oo, Eswatini ina joginoo fotde 40% e njoɓdi ndii.[3] Faandaare baraas oo ko adii fof ko ndiyam (ngam vursugol ndiyam keewɗam, laddeeji e "fotde 1000 remoowo tokooso Eswatini"[6]) kono ko vursugol ndiyam ngol mbaawka mum tolnii e 20 MW (ko vurngal moxxude e yuvvooji zii fof, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 9,9 MW e nder hitaande 2011. == Limtol == Maguga ko "baraas ɓuuɓɗo mo kaaƴe ɓuuɓɗe".[8] Damal ngal ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (28 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) loope, 2 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (99 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) kaaƴe granit e 43 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,000). Toowgol mayre fof ko 115 meeter (377 ft), njuuteendi mayre ko 870 meeter (2 850 ft) e njaajeendi mayre ko 400 meeter (1 300 ft).[9] Ina waɗi 332 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,17×1010 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) e njaajeendi mum ko 10 420 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (368 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo).[5] Nde waɗiraa ko ngam waawde muñde ilam ɓurɗam heewde, fotde 15 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (530 000 cu ft/s).[8] Ina woodi ɓuuɓol laabi njuuteendi 181 meeter (594 ft).[8] == Toɓɓe ndiyam e doggol == Yoorooji ngaddii caɗeele mawɗe. E hitaande 2007, mbaawka baraas oo ustii haa 37%.[10] E hitaande 2015, ndiyam ɗam e nder baraas oo ina famɗi no feewi,[9] e ñalnde 20 feebariyee 2016, tolno ndiyam ɗam fotnoo ko 31%.[11] Eɓɓaande ndee riiwti fotde 1000 neɗɗo.[6] == Njeenaaje == Maguga Dam Joint Venture heɓi njeenaari ummoraade e Fedde Innjiniyankooɓe Konsulteeruuji Afrik worgo e nder cate Innjiniyankooɓe ɓurɓe moƴƴude e nafoore ɓurnde miliyoŋaaji 5 ugiyya wonande hitaande 2002.[12] Baraas oo kadi heɓi njeenaari Fulton ndi Fedde Konkreet Afrik worgo rokki e hitaande 2003 ngam ƴellitde njuɓɓudi innjiniyaaruuji siwil.[13] == Tuugnorgal == 2asfu4b9nh547mlucx5t3shwjd6483l 174439 174438 2026-06-19T06:08:48Z Nnamadee 11577 174439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Maguga''' ko baraas gonɗo e maayo Komati to leydi Eswatini.<ref name=":0">"Details of submission: Independent Monitoring of Maguga Dam Resettlement". United Nations Environment Programme.</ref> Toowgol mayre ko 115 meeter (377 ft), nde woni ko hedde kilooji 12 (7,5 mi) to fuɗnaange Piggs Peak.<ref>"Maguga Dam: Mpumalanga_Swaziland (sic)". eWISA, an arm of the Water Institute of Southern Africa.</ref> Nde mahiraa ko eɓɓoore kawral laamuuji Afrik worgo e Eswatini.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">"Profile: The Komati Basin Water Authority (KOBWA)". Komati Basin Water Authority.</ref> Haa hitaande 2005, ko ɗum woni eɓɓoore golle laamu ɓurnde mawnude nde Eswatini meeɗi waɗde.[4] Baraas oo timminaama e cakkital hitaande 2001.<ref name=":1" /> == Peewnugol e faandaare == E hitaande 1992, laamuuji eSwatini e Afrik worgo ciifi nanondiral jowitiingal e "design, mahngo, gollal e toppitagol" baraasuuji Driekoppies e Maguga.[3] No adannde ndee naftorii Afrik worgo tan (hay so tawii ko ndeen nokkuure ndee woni ko e Eswatini), Afrik worgo ina joginoo njoɓdi oon baraas fof.[3] To bannge cakkitiiɗo oo, Eswatini ina joginoo fotde 40% e njoɓdi ndii.[3] Faandaare baraas oo ko adii fof ko ndiyam (ngam vursugol ndiyam keewɗam, laddeeji e "fotde 1000 remoowo tokooso Eswatini"[6]) kono ko vursugol ndiyam ngol mbaawka mum tolnii e 20 MW (ko vurngal moxxude e yuvvooji zii fof, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 9,9 MW e nder hitaande 2011. == Limtol == Maguga ko "baraas ɓuuɓɗo mo kaaƴe ɓuuɓɗe".[8] Damal ngal ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (28 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) loope, 2 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (99 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) kaaƴe granit e 43 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,000). Toowgol mayre fof ko 115 meeter (377 ft), njuuteendi mayre ko 870 meeter (2 850 ft) e njaajeendi mayre ko 400 meeter (1 300 ft).[9] Ina waɗi 332 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,17×1010 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) e njaajeendi mum ko 10 420 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (368 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo).[5] Nde waɗiraa ko ngam waawde muñde ilam ɓurɗam heewde, fotde 15 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (530 000 cu ft/s).[8] Ina woodi ɓuuɓol laabi njuuteendi 181 meeter (594 ft).[8] == Toɓɓe ndiyam e doggol == Yoorooji ngaddii caɗeele mawɗe. E hitaande 2007, mbaawka baraas oo ustii haa 37%.[10] E hitaande 2015, ndiyam ɗam e nder baraas oo ina famɗi no feewi,[9] e ñalnde 20 feebariyee 2016, tolno ndiyam ɗam fotnoo ko 31%.[11] Eɓɓaande ndee riiwti fotde 1000 neɗɗo.[6] == Njeenaaje == Maguga Dam Joint Venture heɓi njeenaari ummoraade e Fedde Innjiniyankooɓe Konsulteeruuji Afrik worgo e nder cate Innjiniyankooɓe ɓurɓe moƴƴude e nafoore ɓurnde miliyoŋaaji 5 ugiyya wonande hitaande 2002.[12] Baraas oo kadi heɓi njeenaari Fulton ndi Fedde Konkreet Afrik worgo rokki e hitaande 2003 ngam ƴellitde njuɓɓudi innjiniyaaruuji siwil.[13] == Tuugnorgal == 1zk6wnnk329uk7q68vwll2dgkecimms 174440 174439 2026-06-19T06:09:11Z Nnamadee 11577 174440 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Maguga''' ko baraas gonɗo e maayo Komati to leydi Eswatini.<ref name=":0">"Details of submission: Independent Monitoring of Maguga Dam Resettlement". United Nations Environment Programme.</ref> Toowgol mayre ko 115 meeter (377 ft), nde woni ko hedde kilooji 12 (7,5 mi) to fuɗnaange Piggs Peak.<ref>"Maguga Dam: Mpumalanga_Swaziland (sic)". eWISA, an arm of the Water Institute of Southern Africa.</ref> Nde mahiraa ko eɓɓoore kawral laamuuji Afrik worgo e Eswatini.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">"Profile: The Komati Basin Water Authority (KOBWA)". Komati Basin Water Authority.</ref> Haa hitaande 2005, ko ɗum woni eɓɓoore golle laamu ɓurnde mawnude nde Eswatini meeɗi waɗde.[4] Baraas oo timminaama e cakkital hitaande 2001.<ref name=":1" /> == Peewnugol e faandaare == E hitaande 1992, laamuuji eSwatini e Afrik worgo ciifi nanondiral jowitiingal e "design, mahngo, gollal e toppitagol" baraasuuji Driekoppies e Maguga.[3] No adannde ndee naftorii Afrik worgo tan (hay so tawii ko ndeen nokkuure ndee woni ko e Eswatini), Afrik worgo ina joginoo njoɓdi oon baraas fof.<ref name=":1" /> To bannge cakkitiiɗo oo, Eswatini ina joginoo fotde 40% e njoɓdi ndii.[3] Faandaare baraas oo ko adii fof ko ndiyam (ngam vursugol ndiyam keewɗam, laddeeji e "fotde 1000 remoowo tokooso Eswatini"[6]) kono ko vursugol ndiyam ngol mbaawka mum tolnii e 20 MW (ko vurngal moxxude e yuvvooji zii fof, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 9,9 MW e nder hitaande 2011. == Limtol == Maguga ko "baraas ɓuuɓɗo mo kaaƴe ɓuuɓɗe".[8] Damal ngal ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (28 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) loope, 2 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (99 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) kaaƴe granit e 43 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,000). Toowgol mayre fof ko 115 meeter (377 ft), njuuteendi mayre ko 870 meeter (2 850 ft) e njaajeendi mayre ko 400 meeter (1 300 ft).[9] Ina waɗi 332 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,17×1010 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) e njaajeendi mum ko 10 420 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (368 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo).[5] Nde waɗiraa ko ngam waawde muñde ilam ɓurɗam heewde, fotde 15 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (530 000 cu ft/s).[8] Ina woodi ɓuuɓol laabi njuuteendi 181 meeter (594 ft).[8] == Toɓɓe ndiyam e doggol == Yoorooji ngaddii caɗeele mawɗe. E hitaande 2007, mbaawka baraas oo ustii haa 37%.[10] E hitaande 2015, ndiyam ɗam e nder baraas oo ina famɗi no feewi,[9] e ñalnde 20 feebariyee 2016, tolno ndiyam ɗam fotnoo ko 31%.[11] Eɓɓaande ndee riiwti fotde 1000 neɗɗo.[6] == Njeenaaje == Maguga Dam Joint Venture heɓi njeenaari ummoraade e Fedde Innjiniyankooɓe Konsulteeruuji Afrik worgo e nder cate Innjiniyankooɓe ɓurɓe moƴƴude e nafoore ɓurnde miliyoŋaaji 5 ugiyya wonande hitaande 2002.[12] Baraas oo kadi heɓi njeenaari Fulton ndi Fedde Konkreet Afrik worgo rokki e hitaande 2003 ngam ƴellitde njuɓɓudi innjiniyaaruuji siwil.[13] == Tuugnorgal == isoi9lze1tu6wtc066gsgjds9iag6g9 174441 174440 2026-06-19T06:09:33Z Nnamadee 11577 174441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Maguga''' ko baraas gonɗo e maayo Komati to leydi Eswatini.<ref name=":0">"Details of submission: Independent Monitoring of Maguga Dam Resettlement". United Nations Environment Programme.</ref> Toowgol mayre ko 115 meeter (377 ft), nde woni ko hedde kilooji 12 (7,5 mi) to fuɗnaange Piggs Peak.<ref>"Maguga Dam: Mpumalanga_Swaziland (sic)". eWISA, an arm of the Water Institute of Southern Africa.</ref> Nde mahiraa ko eɓɓoore kawral laamuuji Afrik worgo e Eswatini.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">"Profile: The Komati Basin Water Authority (KOBWA)". Komati Basin Water Authority.</ref> Haa hitaande 2005, ko ɗum woni eɓɓoore golle laamu ɓurnde mawnude nde Eswatini meeɗi waɗde.[4] Baraas oo timminaama e cakkital hitaande 2001.<ref name=":1" /> == Peewnugol e faandaare == E hitaande 1992, laamuuji eSwatini e Afrik worgo ciifi nanondiral jowitiingal e "design, mahngo, gollal e toppitagol" baraasuuji Driekoppies e Maguga.[3] No adannde ndee naftorii Afrik worgo tan (hay so tawii ko ndeen nokkuure ndee woni ko e Eswatini), Afrik worgo ina joginoo njoɓdi oon baraas fof.<ref name=":1" /> To bannge cakkitiiɗo oo, Eswatini ina joginoo fotde 40% e njoɓdi ndii.<ref name=":1" /> Faandaare baraas oo ko adii fof ko ndiyam (ngam vursugol ndiyam keewɗam, laddeeji e "fotde 1000 remoowo tokooso Eswatini"[6]) kono ko vursugol ndiyam ngol mbaawka mum tolnii e 20 MW (ko vurngal moxxude e yuvvooji zii fof, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 9,9 MW e nder hitaande 2011. == Limtol == Maguga ko "baraas ɓuuɓɗo mo kaaƴe ɓuuɓɗe".[8] Damal ngal ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (28 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) loope, 2 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (99 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) kaaƴe granit e 43 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,000). Toowgol mayre fof ko 115 meeter (377 ft), njuuteendi mayre ko 870 meeter (2 850 ft) e njaajeendi mayre ko 400 meeter (1 300 ft).[9] Ina waɗi 332 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,17×1010 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) e njaajeendi mum ko 10 420 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (368 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo).[5] Nde waɗiraa ko ngam waawde muñde ilam ɓurɗam heewde, fotde 15 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (530 000 cu ft/s).[8] Ina woodi ɓuuɓol laabi njuuteendi 181 meeter (594 ft).[8] == Toɓɓe ndiyam e doggol == Yoorooji ngaddii caɗeele mawɗe. E hitaande 2007, mbaawka baraas oo ustii haa 37%.[10] E hitaande 2015, ndiyam ɗam e nder baraas oo ina famɗi no feewi,[9] e ñalnde 20 feebariyee 2016, tolno ndiyam ɗam fotnoo ko 31%.[11] Eɓɓaande ndee riiwti fotde 1000 neɗɗo.[6] == Njeenaaje == Maguga Dam Joint Venture heɓi njeenaari ummoraade e Fedde Innjiniyankooɓe Konsulteeruuji Afrik worgo e nder cate Innjiniyankooɓe ɓurɓe moƴƴude e nafoore ɓurnde miliyoŋaaji 5 ugiyya wonande hitaande 2002.[12] Baraas oo kadi heɓi njeenaari Fulton ndi Fedde Konkreet Afrik worgo rokki e hitaande 2003 ngam ƴellitde njuɓɓudi innjiniyaaruuji siwil.[13] == Tuugnorgal == 830t0930ur5g9bpgjbtz3lc28r32mew 174442 174441 2026-06-19T06:10:07Z Nnamadee 11577 174442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Maguga''' ko baraas gonɗo e maayo Komati to leydi Eswatini.<ref name=":0">"Details of submission: Independent Monitoring of Maguga Dam Resettlement". United Nations Environment Programme.</ref> Toowgol mayre ko 115 meeter (377 ft), nde woni ko hedde kilooji 12 (7,5 mi) to fuɗnaange Piggs Peak.<ref>"Maguga Dam: Mpumalanga_Swaziland (sic)". eWISA, an arm of the Water Institute of Southern Africa.</ref> Nde mahiraa ko eɓɓoore kawral laamuuji Afrik worgo e Eswatini.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">"Profile: The Komati Basin Water Authority (KOBWA)". Komati Basin Water Authority.</ref> Haa hitaande 2005, ko ɗum woni eɓɓoore golle laamu ɓurnde mawnude nde Eswatini meeɗi waɗde.[4] Baraas oo timminaama e cakkital hitaande 2001.<ref name=":1" /> == Peewnugol e faandaare == E hitaande 1992, laamuuji eSwatini e Afrik worgo ciifi nanondiral jowitiingal e "design, mahngo, gollal e toppitagol" baraasuuji Driekoppies e Maguga.<ref name=":1" /> No adannde ndee naftorii Afrik worgo tan (hay so tawii ko ndeen nokkuure ndee woni ko e Eswatini), Afrik worgo ina joginoo njoɓdi oon baraas fof.<ref name=":1" /> To bannge cakkitiiɗo oo, Eswatini ina joginoo fotde 40% e njoɓdi ndii.<ref name=":1" /> Faandaare baraas oo ko adii fof ko ndiyam (ngam vursugol ndiyam keewɗam, laddeeji e "fotde 1000 remoowo tokooso Eswatini"[6]) kono ko vursugol ndiyam ngol mbaawka mum tolnii e 20 MW (ko vurngal moxxude e yuvvooji zii fof, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 9,9 MW e nder hitaande 2011. == Limtol == Maguga ko "baraas ɓuuɓɗo mo kaaƴe ɓuuɓɗe".[8] Damal ngal ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (28 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) loope, 2 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (99 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) kaaƴe granit e 43 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,000). Toowgol mayre fof ko 115 meeter (377 ft), njuuteendi mayre ko 870 meeter (2 850 ft) e njaajeendi mayre ko 400 meeter (1 300 ft).[9] Ina waɗi 332 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,17×1010 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) e njaajeendi mum ko 10 420 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (368 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo).[5] Nde waɗiraa ko ngam waawde muñde ilam ɓurɗam heewde, fotde 15 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (530 000 cu ft/s).[8] Ina woodi ɓuuɓol laabi njuuteendi 181 meeter (594 ft).[8] == Toɓɓe ndiyam e doggol == Yoorooji ngaddii caɗeele mawɗe. E hitaande 2007, mbaawka baraas oo ustii haa 37%.[10] E hitaande 2015, ndiyam ɗam e nder baraas oo ina famɗi no feewi,[9] e ñalnde 20 feebariyee 2016, tolno ndiyam ɗam fotnoo ko 31%.[11] Eɓɓaande ndee riiwti fotde 1000 neɗɗo.[6] == Njeenaaje == Maguga Dam Joint Venture heɓi njeenaari ummoraade e Fedde Innjiniyankooɓe Konsulteeruuji Afrik worgo e nder cate Innjiniyankooɓe ɓurɓe moƴƴude e nafoore ɓurnde miliyoŋaaji 5 ugiyya wonande hitaande 2002.[12] Baraas oo kadi heɓi njeenaari Fulton ndi Fedde Konkreet Afrik worgo rokki e hitaande 2003 ngam ƴellitde njuɓɓudi innjiniyaaruuji siwil.[13] == Tuugnorgal == gcaxsvsek9scozf3vxhthanran8xp1j 174443 174442 2026-06-19T06:10:49Z Nnamadee 11577 174443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Maguga''' ko baraas gonɗo e maayo Komati to leydi Eswatini.<ref name=":0">"Details of submission: Independent Monitoring of Maguga Dam Resettlement". United Nations Environment Programme.</ref> Toowgol mayre ko 115 meeter (377 ft), nde woni ko hedde kilooji 12 (7,5 mi) to fuɗnaange Piggs Peak.<ref>"Maguga Dam: Mpumalanga_Swaziland (sic)". eWISA, an arm of the Water Institute of Southern Africa.</ref> Nde mahiraa ko eɓɓoore kawral laamuuji Afrik worgo e Eswatini.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">"Profile: The Komati Basin Water Authority (KOBWA)". Komati Basin Water Authority.</ref> Haa hitaande 2005, ko ɗum woni eɓɓoore golle laamu ɓurnde mawnude nde Eswatini meeɗi waɗde.<ref>"Swaziland: New dams to be built to boost irrigation". ReliefWeb. 30 November 2005.</ref> Baraas oo timminaama e cakkital hitaande 2001.<ref name=":1" /> == Peewnugol e faandaare == E hitaande 1992, laamuuji eSwatini e Afrik worgo ciifi nanondiral jowitiingal e "design, mahngo, gollal e toppitagol" baraasuuji Driekoppies e Maguga.<ref name=":1" /> No adannde ndee naftorii Afrik worgo tan (hay so tawii ko ndeen nokkuure ndee woni ko e Eswatini), Afrik worgo ina joginoo njoɓdi oon baraas fof.<ref name=":1" /> To bannge cakkitiiɗo oo, Eswatini ina joginoo fotde 40% e njoɓdi ndii.<ref name=":1" /> Faandaare baraas oo ko adii fof ko ndiyam (ngam vursugol ndiyam keewɗam, laddeeji e "fotde 1000 remoowo tokooso Eswatini"[6]) kono ko vursugol ndiyam ngol mbaawka mum tolnii e 20 MW (ko vurngal moxxude e yuvvooji zii fof, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 9,9 MW e nder hitaande 2011. == Limtol == Maguga ko "baraas ɓuuɓɗo mo kaaƴe ɓuuɓɗe".[8] Damal ngal ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (28 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) loope, 2 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (99 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) kaaƴe granit e 43 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,000). Toowgol mayre fof ko 115 meeter (377 ft), njuuteendi mayre ko 870 meeter (2 850 ft) e njaajeendi mayre ko 400 meeter (1 300 ft).[9] Ina waɗi 332 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,17×1010 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) e njaajeendi mum ko 10 420 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (368 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo).[5] Nde waɗiraa ko ngam waawde muñde ilam ɓurɗam heewde, fotde 15 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (530 000 cu ft/s).[8] Ina woodi ɓuuɓol laabi njuuteendi 181 meeter (594 ft).[8] == Toɓɓe ndiyam e doggol == Yoorooji ngaddii caɗeele mawɗe. E hitaande 2007, mbaawka baraas oo ustii haa 37%.[10] E hitaande 2015, ndiyam ɗam e nder baraas oo ina famɗi no feewi,[9] e ñalnde 20 feebariyee 2016, tolno ndiyam ɗam fotnoo ko 31%.[11] Eɓɓaande ndee riiwti fotde 1000 neɗɗo.[6] == Njeenaaje == Maguga Dam Joint Venture heɓi njeenaari ummoraade e Fedde Innjiniyankooɓe Konsulteeruuji Afrik worgo e nder cate Innjiniyankooɓe ɓurɓe moƴƴude e nafoore ɓurnde miliyoŋaaji 5 ugiyya wonande hitaande 2002.[12] Baraas oo kadi heɓi njeenaari Fulton ndi Fedde Konkreet Afrik worgo rokki e hitaande 2003 ngam ƴellitde njuɓɓudi innjiniyaaruuji siwil.[13] == Tuugnorgal == 8g4d7bu3d74li4d8eeh841v9fk4zaok 174444 174443 2026-06-19T06:11:20Z Nnamadee 11577 174444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Maguga''' ko baraas gonɗo e maayo Komati to leydi Eswatini.<ref name=":0">"Details of submission: Independent Monitoring of Maguga Dam Resettlement". United Nations Environment Programme.</ref> Toowgol mayre ko 115 meeter (377 ft), nde woni ko hedde kilooji 12 (7,5 mi) to fuɗnaange Piggs Peak.<ref>"Maguga Dam: Mpumalanga_Swaziland (sic)". eWISA, an arm of the Water Institute of Southern Africa.</ref> Nde mahiraa ko eɓɓoore kawral laamuuji Afrik worgo e Eswatini.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">"Profile: The Komati Basin Water Authority (KOBWA)". Komati Basin Water Authority.</ref> Haa hitaande 2005, ko ɗum woni eɓɓoore golle laamu ɓurnde mawnude nde Eswatini meeɗi waɗde.<ref>"Swaziland: New dams to be built to boost irrigation". ReliefWeb. 30 November 2005.</ref> Baraas oo timminaama e cakkital hitaande 2001.<ref name=":1" /><ref>"Swaziland: Water Report 29: 2005". Food and Agriculture Organization. 2005.</ref> == Peewnugol e faandaare == E hitaande 1992, laamuuji eSwatini e Afrik worgo ciifi nanondiral jowitiingal e "design, mahngo, gollal e toppitagol" baraasuuji Driekoppies e Maguga.<ref name=":1" /> No adannde ndee naftorii Afrik worgo tan (hay so tawii ko ndeen nokkuure ndee woni ko e Eswatini), Afrik worgo ina joginoo njoɓdi oon baraas fof.<ref name=":1" /> To bannge cakkitiiɗo oo, Eswatini ina joginoo fotde 40% e njoɓdi ndii.<ref name=":1" /> Faandaare baraas oo ko adii fof ko ndiyam (ngam vursugol ndiyam keewɗam, laddeeji e "fotde 1000 remoowo tokooso Eswatini"[6]) kono ko vursugol ndiyam ngol mbaawka mum tolnii e 20 MW (ko vurngal moxxude e yuvvooji zii fof, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 9,9 MW e nder hitaande 2011. == Limtol == Maguga ko "baraas ɓuuɓɗo mo kaaƴe ɓuuɓɗe".[8] Damal ngal ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (28 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) loope, 2 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (99 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) kaaƴe granit e 43 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,000). Toowgol mayre fof ko 115 meeter (377 ft), njuuteendi mayre ko 870 meeter (2 850 ft) e njaajeendi mayre ko 400 meeter (1 300 ft).[9] Ina waɗi 332 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,17×1010 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) e njaajeendi mum ko 10 420 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (368 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo).[5] Nde waɗiraa ko ngam waawde muñde ilam ɓurɗam heewde, fotde 15 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (530 000 cu ft/s).[8] Ina woodi ɓuuɓol laabi njuuteendi 181 meeter (594 ft).[8] == Toɓɓe ndiyam e doggol == Yoorooji ngaddii caɗeele mawɗe. E hitaande 2007, mbaawka baraas oo ustii haa 37%.[10] E hitaande 2015, ndiyam ɗam e nder baraas oo ina famɗi no feewi,[9] e ñalnde 20 feebariyee 2016, tolno ndiyam ɗam fotnoo ko 31%.[11] Eɓɓaande ndee riiwti fotde 1000 neɗɗo.[6] == Njeenaaje == Maguga Dam Joint Venture heɓi njeenaari ummoraade e Fedde Innjiniyankooɓe Konsulteeruuji Afrik worgo e nder cate Innjiniyankooɓe ɓurɓe moƴƴude e nafoore ɓurnde miliyoŋaaji 5 ugiyya wonande hitaande 2002.[12] Baraas oo kadi heɓi njeenaari Fulton ndi Fedde Konkreet Afrik worgo rokki e hitaande 2003 ngam ƴellitde njuɓɓudi innjiniyaaruuji siwil.[13] == Tuugnorgal == psoyams0oemfn2wnm0iatwfvg3bpch7 174445 174444 2026-06-19T06:11:56Z Nnamadee 11577 174445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Maguga''' ko baraas gonɗo e maayo Komati to leydi Eswatini.<ref name=":0">"Details of submission: Independent Monitoring of Maguga Dam Resettlement". United Nations Environment Programme.</ref> Toowgol mayre ko 115 meeter (377 ft), nde woni ko hedde kilooji 12 (7,5 mi) to fuɗnaange Piggs Peak.<ref>"Maguga Dam: Mpumalanga_Swaziland (sic)". eWISA, an arm of the Water Institute of Southern Africa.</ref> Nde mahiraa ko eɓɓoore kawral laamuuji Afrik worgo e Eswatini.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">"Profile: The Komati Basin Water Authority (KOBWA)". Komati Basin Water Authority.</ref> Haa hitaande 2005, ko ɗum woni eɓɓoore golle laamu ɓurnde mawnude nde Eswatini meeɗi waɗde.<ref>"Swaziland: New dams to be built to boost irrigation". ReliefWeb. 30 November 2005.</ref> Baraas oo timminaama e cakkital hitaande 2001.<ref name=":1" /><ref>"Swaziland: Water Report 29: 2005". Food and Agriculture Organization. 2005.</ref> == Peewnugol e faandaare == E hitaande 1992, laamuuji eSwatini e Afrik worgo ciifi nanondiral jowitiingal e "design, mahngo, gollal e toppitagol" baraasuuji Driekoppies e Maguga.<ref name=":1" /> No adannde ndee naftorii Afrik worgo tan (hay so tawii ko ndeen nokkuure ndee woni ko e Eswatini), Afrik worgo ina joginoo njoɓdi oon baraas fof.<ref name=":1" /> To bannge cakkitiiɗo oo, Eswatini ina joginoo fotde 40% e njoɓdi ndii.<ref name=":1" /> Faandaare baraas oo ko adii fof ko ndiyam (ngam vursugol ndiyam keewɗam, laddeeji e "fotde 1000 remoowo tokooso Eswatini"<ref>"Raising the Bar on Big Dams" (PDF). CEE Bankwatch. November 2007.</ref>) kono ko vursugol ndiyam ngol mbaawka mum tolnii e 20 MW (ko vurngal moxxude e yuvvooji zii fof, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 9,9 MW e nder hitaande 2011. == Limtol == Maguga ko "baraas ɓuuɓɗo mo kaaƴe ɓuuɓɗe".[8] Damal ngal ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (28 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) loope, 2 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (99 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) kaaƴe granit e 43 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,000). Toowgol mayre fof ko 115 meeter (377 ft), njuuteendi mayre ko 870 meeter (2 850 ft) e njaajeendi mayre ko 400 meeter (1 300 ft).[9] Ina waɗi 332 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,17×1010 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) e njaajeendi mum ko 10 420 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (368 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo).[5] Nde waɗiraa ko ngam waawde muñde ilam ɓurɗam heewde, fotde 15 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (530 000 cu ft/s).[8] Ina woodi ɓuuɓol laabi njuuteendi 181 meeter (594 ft).[8] == Toɓɓe ndiyam e doggol == Yoorooji ngaddii caɗeele mawɗe. E hitaande 2007, mbaawka baraas oo ustii haa 37%.[10] E hitaande 2015, ndiyam ɗam e nder baraas oo ina famɗi no feewi,[9] e ñalnde 20 feebariyee 2016, tolno ndiyam ɗam fotnoo ko 31%.[11] Eɓɓaande ndee riiwti fotde 1000 neɗɗo.[6] == Njeenaaje == Maguga Dam Joint Venture heɓi njeenaari ummoraade e Fedde Innjiniyankooɓe Konsulteeruuji Afrik worgo e nder cate Innjiniyankooɓe ɓurɓe moƴƴude e nafoore ɓurnde miliyoŋaaji 5 ugiyya wonande hitaande 2002.[12] Baraas oo kadi heɓi njeenaari Fulton ndi Fedde Konkreet Afrik worgo rokki e hitaande 2003 ngam ƴellitde njuɓɓudi innjiniyaaruuji siwil.[13] == Tuugnorgal == dzrople4y1cop59cyc3dappacmnb4jk 174446 174445 2026-06-19T06:12:43Z Nnamadee 11577 174446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Maguga''' ko baraas gonɗo e maayo Komati to leydi Eswatini.<ref name=":0">"Details of submission: Independent Monitoring of Maguga Dam Resettlement". United Nations Environment Programme.</ref> Toowgol mayre ko 115 meeter (377 ft), nde woni ko hedde kilooji 12 (7,5 mi) to fuɗnaange Piggs Peak.<ref>"Maguga Dam: Mpumalanga_Swaziland (sic)". eWISA, an arm of the Water Institute of Southern Africa.</ref> Nde mahiraa ko eɓɓoore kawral laamuuji Afrik worgo e Eswatini.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">"Profile: The Komati Basin Water Authority (KOBWA)". Komati Basin Water Authority.</ref> Haa hitaande 2005, ko ɗum woni eɓɓoore golle laamu ɓurnde mawnude nde Eswatini meeɗi waɗde.<ref>"Swaziland: New dams to be built to boost irrigation". ReliefWeb. 30 November 2005.</ref> Baraas oo timminaama e cakkital hitaande 2001.<ref name=":1" /><ref>"Swaziland: Water Report 29: 2005". Food and Agriculture Organization. 2005.</ref> == Peewnugol e faandaare == E hitaande 1992, laamuuji eSwatini e Afrik worgo ciifi nanondiral jowitiingal e "design, mahngo, gollal e toppitagol" baraasuuji Driekoppies e Maguga.<ref name=":1" /> No adannde ndee naftorii Afrik worgo tan (hay so tawii ko ndeen nokkuure ndee woni ko e Eswatini), Afrik worgo ina joginoo njoɓdi oon baraas fof.<ref name=":1" /> To bannge cakkitiiɗo oo, Eswatini ina joginoo fotde 40% e njoɓdi ndii.<ref name=":1" /> Faandaare baraas oo ko adii fof ko ndiyam (ngam vursugol ndiyam keewɗam, laddeeji e "fotde 1000 remoowo tokooso Eswatini"<ref>"Raising the Bar on Big Dams" (PDF). CEE Bankwatch. November 2007.</ref>) kono ko vursugol ndiyam ngol mbaawka mum tolnii e 20 MW (ko vurngal moxxude e yuvvooji zii fof, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 9,9 MW e nder hitaande 2011.<ref>"How We Generate Electricity". Eswatini Electricity Company.</ref> == Limtol == Maguga ko "baraas ɓuuɓɗo mo kaaƴe ɓuuɓɗe".[8] Damal ngal ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (28 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) loope, 2 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (99 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) kaaƴe granit e 43 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,000). Toowgol mayre fof ko 115 meeter (377 ft), njuuteendi mayre ko 870 meeter (2 850 ft) e njaajeendi mayre ko 400 meeter (1 300 ft).[9] Ina waɗi 332 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,17×1010 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) e njaajeendi mum ko 10 420 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (368 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo).[5] Nde waɗiraa ko ngam waawde muñde ilam ɓurɗam heewde, fotde 15 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (530 000 cu ft/s).[8] Ina woodi ɓuuɓol laabi njuuteendi 181 meeter (594 ft).[8] == Toɓɓe ndiyam e doggol == Yoorooji ngaddii caɗeele mawɗe. E hitaande 2007, mbaawka baraas oo ustii haa 37%.[10] E hitaande 2015, ndiyam ɗam e nder baraas oo ina famɗi no feewi,[9] e ñalnde 20 feebariyee 2016, tolno ndiyam ɗam fotnoo ko 31%.[11] Eɓɓaande ndee riiwti fotde 1000 neɗɗo.[6] == Njeenaaje == Maguga Dam Joint Venture heɓi njeenaari ummoraade e Fedde Innjiniyankooɓe Konsulteeruuji Afrik worgo e nder cate Innjiniyankooɓe ɓurɓe moƴƴude e nafoore ɓurnde miliyoŋaaji 5 ugiyya wonande hitaande 2002.[12] Baraas oo kadi heɓi njeenaari Fulton ndi Fedde Konkreet Afrik worgo rokki e hitaande 2003 ngam ƴellitde njuɓɓudi innjiniyaaruuji siwil.[13] == Tuugnorgal == 5e17s5g3aw56u8k4be905rzjhnuhb2d 174447 174446 2026-06-19T06:13:26Z Nnamadee 11577 174447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Maguga''' ko baraas gonɗo e maayo Komati to leydi Eswatini.<ref name=":0">"Details of submission: Independent Monitoring of Maguga Dam Resettlement". United Nations Environment Programme.</ref> Toowgol mayre ko 115 meeter (377 ft), nde woni ko hedde kilooji 12 (7,5 mi) to fuɗnaange Piggs Peak.<ref>"Maguga Dam: Mpumalanga_Swaziland (sic)". eWISA, an arm of the Water Institute of Southern Africa.</ref> Nde mahiraa ko eɓɓoore kawral laamuuji Afrik worgo e Eswatini.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">"Profile: The Komati Basin Water Authority (KOBWA)". Komati Basin Water Authority.</ref> Haa hitaande 2005, ko ɗum woni eɓɓoore golle laamu ɓurnde mawnude nde Eswatini meeɗi waɗde.<ref>"Swaziland: New dams to be built to boost irrigation". ReliefWeb. 30 November 2005.</ref> Baraas oo timminaama e cakkital hitaande 2001.<ref name=":1" /><ref>"Swaziland: Water Report 29: 2005". Food and Agriculture Organization. 2005.</ref> == Peewnugol e faandaare == E hitaande 1992, laamuuji eSwatini e Afrik worgo ciifi nanondiral jowitiingal e "design, mahngo, gollal e toppitagol" baraasuuji Driekoppies e Maguga.<ref name=":1" /> No adannde ndee naftorii Afrik worgo tan (hay so tawii ko ndeen nokkuure ndee woni ko e Eswatini), Afrik worgo ina joginoo njoɓdi oon baraas fof.<ref name=":1" /> To bannge cakkitiiɗo oo, Eswatini ina joginoo fotde 40% e njoɓdi ndii.<ref name=":1" /> Faandaare baraas oo ko adii fof ko ndiyam (ngam vursugol ndiyam keewɗam, laddeeji e "fotde 1000 remoowo tokooso Eswatini"<ref>"Raising the Bar on Big Dams" (PDF). CEE Bankwatch. November 2007.</ref>) kono ko vursugol ndiyam ngol mbaawka mum tolnii e 20 MW (ko vurngal moxxude e yuvvooji zii fof, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 9,9 MW e nder hitaande 2011.<ref>"How We Generate Electricity". Eswatini Electricity Company.</ref> == Limtol == Maguga ko "baraas ɓuuɓɗo mo kaaƴe ɓuuɓɗe".<ref>"Maguga Dam on the Komati River, Swaziland". Aurecon.</ref> Damal ngal ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (28 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) loope, 2 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (99 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) kaaƴe granit e 43 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,000). Toowgol mayre fof ko 115 meeter (377 ft), njuuteendi mayre ko 870 meeter (2 850 ft) e njaajeendi mayre ko 400 meeter (1 300 ft).[9] Ina waɗi 332 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,17×1010 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) e njaajeendi mum ko 10 420 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (368 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo).[5] Nde waɗiraa ko ngam waawde muñde ilam ɓurɗam heewde, fotde 15 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (530 000 cu ft/s).[8] Ina woodi ɓuuɓol laabi njuuteendi 181 meeter (594 ft).[8] == Toɓɓe ndiyam e doggol == Yoorooji ngaddii caɗeele mawɗe. E hitaande 2007, mbaawka baraas oo ustii haa 37%.[10] E hitaande 2015, ndiyam ɗam e nder baraas oo ina famɗi no feewi,[9] e ñalnde 20 feebariyee 2016, tolno ndiyam ɗam fotnoo ko 31%.[11] Eɓɓaande ndee riiwti fotde 1000 neɗɗo.[6] == Njeenaaje == Maguga Dam Joint Venture heɓi njeenaari ummoraade e Fedde Innjiniyankooɓe Konsulteeruuji Afrik worgo e nder cate Innjiniyankooɓe ɓurɓe moƴƴude e nafoore ɓurnde miliyoŋaaji 5 ugiyya wonande hitaande 2002.[12] Baraas oo kadi heɓi njeenaari Fulton ndi Fedde Konkreet Afrik worgo rokki e hitaande 2003 ngam ƴellitde njuɓɓudi innjiniyaaruuji siwil.[13] == Tuugnorgal == i5fm1a04y9q1u64t68bfsv0ixaex7ch 174448 174447 2026-06-19T06:13:52Z Nnamadee 11577 174448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Maguga''' ko baraas gonɗo e maayo Komati to leydi Eswatini.<ref name=":0">"Details of submission: Independent Monitoring of Maguga Dam Resettlement". United Nations Environment Programme.</ref> Toowgol mayre ko 115 meeter (377 ft), nde woni ko hedde kilooji 12 (7,5 mi) to fuɗnaange Piggs Peak.<ref>"Maguga Dam: Mpumalanga_Swaziland (sic)". eWISA, an arm of the Water Institute of Southern Africa.</ref> Nde mahiraa ko eɓɓoore kawral laamuuji Afrik worgo e Eswatini.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">"Profile: The Komati Basin Water Authority (KOBWA)". Komati Basin Water Authority.</ref> Haa hitaande 2005, ko ɗum woni eɓɓoore golle laamu ɓurnde mawnude nde Eswatini meeɗi waɗde.<ref>"Swaziland: New dams to be built to boost irrigation". ReliefWeb. 30 November 2005.</ref> Baraas oo timminaama e cakkital hitaande 2001.<ref name=":1" /><ref>"Swaziland: Water Report 29: 2005". Food and Agriculture Organization. 2005.</ref> == Peewnugol e faandaare == E hitaande 1992, laamuuji eSwatini e Afrik worgo ciifi nanondiral jowitiingal e "design, mahngo, gollal e toppitagol" baraasuuji Driekoppies e Maguga.<ref name=":1" /> No adannde ndee naftorii Afrik worgo tan (hay so tawii ko ndeen nokkuure ndee woni ko e Eswatini), Afrik worgo ina joginoo njoɓdi oon baraas fof.<ref name=":1" /> To bannge cakkitiiɗo oo, Eswatini ina joginoo fotde 40% e njoɓdi ndii.<ref name=":1" /> Faandaare baraas oo ko adii fof ko ndiyam (ngam vursugol ndiyam keewɗam, laddeeji e "fotde 1000 remoowo tokooso Eswatini"<ref>"Raising the Bar on Big Dams" (PDF). CEE Bankwatch. November 2007.</ref>) kono ko vursugol ndiyam ngol mbaawka mum tolnii e 20 MW (ko vurngal moxxude e yuvvooji zii fof, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 9,9 MW e nder hitaande 2011.<ref>"How We Generate Electricity". Eswatini Electricity Company.</ref> == Limtol == Maguga ko "baraas ɓuuɓɗo mo kaaƴe ɓuuɓɗe".<ref name=":2">"Maguga Dam on the Komati River, Swaziland". Aurecon.</ref> Damal ngal ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (28 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) loope, 2 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (99 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) kaaƴe granit e 43 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,000). Toowgol mayre fof ko 115 meeter (377 ft), njuuteendi mayre ko 870 meeter (2 850 ft) e njaajeendi mayre ko 400 meeter (1 300 ft).[9] Ina waɗi 332 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,17×1010 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) e njaajeendi mum ko 10 420 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (368 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo).[5] Nde waɗiraa ko ngam waawde muñde ilam ɓurɗam heewde, fotde 15 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (530 000 cu ft/s).[8] Ina woodi ɓuuɓol laabi njuuteendi 181 meeter (594 ft).<ref name=":2" /> == Toɓɓe ndiyam e doggol == Yoorooji ngaddii caɗeele mawɗe. E hitaande 2007, mbaawka baraas oo ustii haa 37%.[10] E hitaande 2015, ndiyam ɗam e nder baraas oo ina famɗi no feewi,[9] e ñalnde 20 feebariyee 2016, tolno ndiyam ɗam fotnoo ko 31%.[11] Eɓɓaande ndee riiwti fotde 1000 neɗɗo.[6] == Njeenaaje == Maguga Dam Joint Venture heɓi njeenaari ummoraade e Fedde Innjiniyankooɓe Konsulteeruuji Afrik worgo e nder cate Innjiniyankooɓe ɓurɓe moƴƴude e nafoore ɓurnde miliyoŋaaji 5 ugiyya wonande hitaande 2002.[12] Baraas oo kadi heɓi njeenaari Fulton ndi Fedde Konkreet Afrik worgo rokki e hitaande 2003 ngam ƴellitde njuɓɓudi innjiniyaaruuji siwil.[13] == Tuugnorgal == d8hyq9bc58mmj2cnf8dshhcsp7vck64 174449 174448 2026-06-19T06:14:25Z Nnamadee 11577 174449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Maguga''' ko baraas gonɗo e maayo Komati to leydi Eswatini.<ref name=":0">"Details of submission: Independent Monitoring of Maguga Dam Resettlement". United Nations Environment Programme.</ref> Toowgol mayre ko 115 meeter (377 ft), nde woni ko hedde kilooji 12 (7,5 mi) to fuɗnaange Piggs Peak.<ref>"Maguga Dam: Mpumalanga_Swaziland (sic)". eWISA, an arm of the Water Institute of Southern Africa.</ref> Nde mahiraa ko eɓɓoore kawral laamuuji Afrik worgo e Eswatini.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">"Profile: The Komati Basin Water Authority (KOBWA)". Komati Basin Water Authority.</ref> Haa hitaande 2005, ko ɗum woni eɓɓoore golle laamu ɓurnde mawnude nde Eswatini meeɗi waɗde.<ref>"Swaziland: New dams to be built to boost irrigation". ReliefWeb. 30 November 2005.</ref> Baraas oo timminaama e cakkital hitaande 2001.<ref name=":1" /><ref>"Swaziland: Water Report 29: 2005". Food and Agriculture Organization. 2005.</ref> == Peewnugol e faandaare == E hitaande 1992, laamuuji eSwatini e Afrik worgo ciifi nanondiral jowitiingal e "design, mahngo, gollal e toppitagol" baraasuuji Driekoppies e Maguga.<ref name=":1" /> No adannde ndee naftorii Afrik worgo tan (hay so tawii ko ndeen nokkuure ndee woni ko e Eswatini), Afrik worgo ina joginoo njoɓdi oon baraas fof.<ref name=":1" /> To bannge cakkitiiɗo oo, Eswatini ina joginoo fotde 40% e njoɓdi ndii.<ref name=":1" /> Faandaare baraas oo ko adii fof ko ndiyam (ngam vursugol ndiyam keewɗam, laddeeji e "fotde 1000 remoowo tokooso Eswatini"<ref name=":3">"Raising the Bar on Big Dams" (PDF). CEE Bankwatch. November 2007.</ref>) kono ko vursugol ndiyam ngol mbaawka mum tolnii e 20 MW (ko vurngal moxxude e yuvvooji zii fof, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 9,9 MW e nder hitaande 2011.<ref>"How We Generate Electricity". Eswatini Electricity Company.</ref> == Limtol == Maguga ko "baraas ɓuuɓɗo mo kaaƴe ɓuuɓɗe".<ref name=":2">"Maguga Dam on the Komati River, Swaziland". Aurecon.</ref> Damal ngal ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (28 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) loope, 2 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (99 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) kaaƴe granit e 43 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,000). Toowgol mayre fof ko 115 meeter (377 ft), njuuteendi mayre ko 870 meeter (2 850 ft) e njaajeendi mayre ko 400 meeter (1 300 ft).[9] Ina waɗi 332 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,17×1010 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) e njaajeendi mum ko 10 420 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (368 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo).[5] Nde waɗiraa ko ngam waawde muñde ilam ɓurɗam heewde, fotde 15 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (530 000 cu ft/s).[8] Ina woodi ɓuuɓol laabi njuuteendi 181 meeter (594 ft).<ref name=":2" /> == Toɓɓe ndiyam e doggol == Yoorooji ngaddii caɗeele mawɗe. E hitaande 2007, mbaawka baraas oo ustii haa 37%.[10] E hitaande 2015, ndiyam ɗam e nder baraas oo ina famɗi no feewi,[9] e ñalnde 20 feebariyee 2016, tolno ndiyam ɗam fotnoo ko 31%.[11] Eɓɓaande ndee riiwti fotde 1000 neɗɗo.<ref name=":3" /> == Njeenaaje == Maguga Dam Joint Venture heɓi njeenaari ummoraade e Fedde Innjiniyankooɓe Konsulteeruuji Afrik worgo e nder cate Innjiniyankooɓe ɓurɓe moƴƴude e nafoore ɓurnde miliyoŋaaji 5 ugiyya wonande hitaande 2002.[12] Baraas oo kadi heɓi njeenaari Fulton ndi Fedde Konkreet Afrik worgo rokki e hitaande 2003 ngam ƴellitde njuɓɓudi innjiniyaaruuji siwil.[13] == Tuugnorgal == hg5r944v3063s8z3a9rwaav7l91aqy1 174450 174449 2026-06-19T06:14:49Z Nnamadee 11577 174450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Maguga''' ko baraas gonɗo e maayo Komati to leydi Eswatini.<ref name=":0">"Details of submission: Independent Monitoring of Maguga Dam Resettlement". United Nations Environment Programme.</ref> Toowgol mayre ko 115 meeter (377 ft), nde woni ko hedde kilooji 12 (7,5 mi) to fuɗnaange Piggs Peak.<ref>"Maguga Dam: Mpumalanga_Swaziland (sic)". eWISA, an arm of the Water Institute of Southern Africa.</ref> Nde mahiraa ko eɓɓoore kawral laamuuji Afrik worgo e Eswatini.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">"Profile: The Komati Basin Water Authority (KOBWA)". Komati Basin Water Authority.</ref> Haa hitaande 2005, ko ɗum woni eɓɓoore golle laamu ɓurnde mawnude nde Eswatini meeɗi waɗde.<ref>"Swaziland: New dams to be built to boost irrigation". ReliefWeb. 30 November 2005.</ref> Baraas oo timminaama e cakkital hitaande 2001.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">"Swaziland: Water Report 29: 2005". Food and Agriculture Organization. 2005.</ref> == Peewnugol e faandaare == E hitaande 1992, laamuuji eSwatini e Afrik worgo ciifi nanondiral jowitiingal e "design, mahngo, gollal e toppitagol" baraasuuji Driekoppies e Maguga.<ref name=":1" /> No adannde ndee naftorii Afrik worgo tan (hay so tawii ko ndeen nokkuure ndee woni ko e Eswatini), Afrik worgo ina joginoo njoɓdi oon baraas fof.<ref name=":1" /> To bannge cakkitiiɗo oo, Eswatini ina joginoo fotde 40% e njoɓdi ndii.<ref name=":1" /> Faandaare baraas oo ko adii fof ko ndiyam (ngam vursugol ndiyam keewɗam, laddeeji e "fotde 1000 remoowo tokooso Eswatini"<ref name=":3">"Raising the Bar on Big Dams" (PDF). CEE Bankwatch. November 2007.</ref>) kono ko vursugol ndiyam ngol mbaawka mum tolnii e 20 MW (ko vurngal moxxude e yuvvooji zii fof, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 9,9 MW e nder hitaande 2011.<ref>"How We Generate Electricity". Eswatini Electricity Company.</ref> == Limtol == Maguga ko "baraas ɓuuɓɗo mo kaaƴe ɓuuɓɗe".<ref name=":2">"Maguga Dam on the Komati River, Swaziland". Aurecon.</ref> Damal ngal ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (28 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) loope, 2 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (99 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) kaaƴe granit e 43 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,000). Toowgol mayre fof ko 115 meeter (377 ft), njuuteendi mayre ko 870 meeter (2 850 ft) e njaajeendi mayre ko 400 meeter (1 300 ft).[9] Ina waɗi 332 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,17×1010 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) e njaajeendi mum ko 10 420 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (368 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo).<ref name=":4" /> Nde waɗiraa ko ngam waawde muñde ilam ɓurɗam heewde, fotde 15 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (530 000 cu ft/s).[8] Ina woodi ɓuuɓol laabi njuuteendi 181 meeter (594 ft).<ref name=":2" /> == Toɓɓe ndiyam e doggol == Yoorooji ngaddii caɗeele mawɗe. E hitaande 2007, mbaawka baraas oo ustii haa 37%.[10] E hitaande 2015, ndiyam ɗam e nder baraas oo ina famɗi no feewi,[9] e ñalnde 20 feebariyee 2016, tolno ndiyam ɗam fotnoo ko 31%.[11] Eɓɓaande ndee riiwti fotde 1000 neɗɗo.<ref name=":3" /> == Njeenaaje == Maguga Dam Joint Venture heɓi njeenaari ummoraade e Fedde Innjiniyankooɓe Konsulteeruuji Afrik worgo e nder cate Innjiniyankooɓe ɓurɓe moƴƴude e nafoore ɓurnde miliyoŋaaji 5 ugiyya wonande hitaande 2002.[12] Baraas oo kadi heɓi njeenaari Fulton ndi Fedde Konkreet Afrik worgo rokki e hitaande 2003 ngam ƴellitde njuɓɓudi innjiniyaaruuji siwil.[13] == Tuugnorgal == bxqxjexqvbs771vvn10pe86563v4wpy 174451 174450 2026-06-19T06:15:39Z Nnamadee 11577 174451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Maguga''' ko baraas gonɗo e maayo Komati to leydi Eswatini.<ref name=":0">"Details of submission: Independent Monitoring of Maguga Dam Resettlement". United Nations Environment Programme.</ref> Toowgol mayre ko 115 meeter (377 ft), nde woni ko hedde kilooji 12 (7,5 mi) to fuɗnaange Piggs Peak.<ref>"Maguga Dam: Mpumalanga_Swaziland (sic)". eWISA, an arm of the Water Institute of Southern Africa.</ref> Nde mahiraa ko eɓɓoore kawral laamuuji Afrik worgo e Eswatini.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">"Profile: The Komati Basin Water Authority (KOBWA)". Komati Basin Water Authority.</ref> Haa hitaande 2005, ko ɗum woni eɓɓoore golle laamu ɓurnde mawnude nde Eswatini meeɗi waɗde.<ref>"Swaziland: New dams to be built to boost irrigation". ReliefWeb. 30 November 2005.</ref> Baraas oo timminaama e cakkital hitaande 2001.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">"Swaziland: Water Report 29: 2005". Food and Agriculture Organization. 2005.</ref> == Peewnugol e faandaare == E hitaande 1992, laamuuji eSwatini e Afrik worgo ciifi nanondiral jowitiingal e "design, mahngo, gollal e toppitagol" baraasuuji Driekoppies e Maguga.<ref name=":1" /> No adannde ndee naftorii Afrik worgo tan (hay so tawii ko ndeen nokkuure ndee woni ko e Eswatini), Afrik worgo ina joginoo njoɓdi oon baraas fof.<ref name=":1" /> To bannge cakkitiiɗo oo, Eswatini ina joginoo fotde 40% e njoɓdi ndii.<ref name=":1" /> Faandaare baraas oo ko adii fof ko ndiyam (ngam vursugol ndiyam keewɗam, laddeeji e "fotde 1000 remoowo tokooso Eswatini"<ref name=":3">"Raising the Bar on Big Dams" (PDF). CEE Bankwatch. November 2007.</ref>) kono ko vursugol ndiyam ngol mbaawka mum tolnii e 20 MW (ko vurngal moxxude e yuvvooji zii fof, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 9,9 MW e nder hitaande 2011.<ref>"How We Generate Electricity". Eswatini Electricity Company.</ref> == Limtol == Maguga ko "baraas ɓuuɓɗo mo kaaƴe ɓuuɓɗe".<ref name=":2">"Maguga Dam on the Komati River, Swaziland". Aurecon.</ref> Damal ngal ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (28 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) loope, 2 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (99 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) kaaƴe granit e 43 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,000). Toowgol mayre fof ko 115 meeter (377 ft), njuuteendi mayre ko 870 meeter (2 850 ft) e njaajeendi mayre ko 400 meeter (1 300 ft).[9] Ina waɗi 332 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,17×1010 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) e njaajeendi mum ko 10 420 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (368 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo).<ref name=":4" /> Nde waɗiraa ko ngam waawde muñde ilam ɓurɗam heewde, fotde 15 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (530 000 cu ft/s).[8] Ina woodi ɓuuɓol laabi njuuteendi 181 meeter (594 ft).<ref name=":2" /> == Toɓɓe ndiyam e doggol == Yoorooji ngaddii caɗeele mawɗe. E hitaande 2007, mbaawka baraas oo ustii haa 37%.[10] E hitaande 2015, ndiyam ɗam e nder baraas oo ina famɗi no feewi,<ref>Bodwa Mbingo. "Drying Up Maguga Dam a Nightmare to Residents" – via PressReader</ref> e ñalnde 20 feebariyee 2016, tolno ndiyam ɗam fotnoo ko 31%.[11] Eɓɓaande ndee riiwti fotde 1000 neɗɗo.<ref name=":3" /> == Njeenaaje == Maguga Dam Joint Venture heɓi njeenaari ummoraade e Fedde Innjiniyankooɓe Konsulteeruuji Afrik worgo e nder cate Innjiniyankooɓe ɓurɓe moƴƴude e nafoore ɓurnde miliyoŋaaji 5 ugiyya wonande hitaande 2002.[12] Baraas oo kadi heɓi njeenaari Fulton ndi Fedde Konkreet Afrik worgo rokki e hitaande 2003 ngam ƴellitde njuɓɓudi innjiniyaaruuji siwil.[13] == Tuugnorgal == 5ij08tx6xr5cait9dv7w0pw3c1f38yk 174452 174451 2026-06-19T06:16:18Z Nnamadee 11577 174452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Maguga''' ko baraas gonɗo e maayo Komati to leydi Eswatini.<ref name=":0">"Details of submission: Independent Monitoring of Maguga Dam Resettlement". United Nations Environment Programme.</ref> Toowgol mayre ko 115 meeter (377 ft), nde woni ko hedde kilooji 12 (7,5 mi) to fuɗnaange Piggs Peak.<ref>"Maguga Dam: Mpumalanga_Swaziland (sic)". eWISA, an arm of the Water Institute of Southern Africa.</ref> Nde mahiraa ko eɓɓoore kawral laamuuji Afrik worgo e Eswatini.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">"Profile: The Komati Basin Water Authority (KOBWA)". Komati Basin Water Authority.</ref> Haa hitaande 2005, ko ɗum woni eɓɓoore golle laamu ɓurnde mawnude nde Eswatini meeɗi waɗde.<ref>"Swaziland: New dams to be built to boost irrigation". ReliefWeb. 30 November 2005.</ref> Baraas oo timminaama e cakkital hitaande 2001.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">"Swaziland: Water Report 29: 2005". Food and Agriculture Organization. 2005.</ref> == Peewnugol e faandaare == E hitaande 1992, laamuuji eSwatini e Afrik worgo ciifi nanondiral jowitiingal e "design, mahngo, gollal e toppitagol" baraasuuji Driekoppies e Maguga.<ref name=":1" /> No adannde ndee naftorii Afrik worgo tan (hay so tawii ko ndeen nokkuure ndee woni ko e Eswatini), Afrik worgo ina joginoo njoɓdi oon baraas fof.<ref name=":1" /> To bannge cakkitiiɗo oo, Eswatini ina joginoo fotde 40% e njoɓdi ndii.<ref name=":1" /> Faandaare baraas oo ko adii fof ko ndiyam (ngam vursugol ndiyam keewɗam, laddeeji e "fotde 1000 remoowo tokooso Eswatini"<ref name=":3">"Raising the Bar on Big Dams" (PDF). CEE Bankwatch. November 2007.</ref>) kono ko vursugol ndiyam ngol mbaawka mum tolnii e 20 MW (ko vurngal moxxude e yuvvooji zii fof, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 9,9 MW e nder hitaande 2011.<ref>"How We Generate Electricity". Eswatini Electricity Company.</ref> == Limtol == Maguga ko "baraas ɓuuɓɗo mo kaaƴe ɓuuɓɗe".<ref name=":2">"Maguga Dam on the Komati River, Swaziland". Aurecon.</ref> Damal ngal ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (28 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) loope, 2 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (99 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) kaaƴe granit e 43 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,000). Toowgol mayre fof ko 115 meeter (377 ft), njuuteendi mayre ko 870 meeter (2 850 ft) e njaajeendi mayre ko 400 meeter (1 300 ft).[9] Ina waɗi 332 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,17×1010 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) e njaajeendi mum ko 10 420 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (368 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo).<ref name=":4" /> Nde waɗiraa ko ngam waawde muñde ilam ɓurɗam heewde, fotde 15 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (530 000 cu ft/s).[8] Ina woodi ɓuuɓol laabi njuuteendi 181 meeter (594 ft).<ref name=":2" /> == Toɓɓe ndiyam e doggol == Yoorooji ngaddii caɗeele mawɗe. E hitaande 2007, mbaawka baraas oo ustii haa 37%.<ref>"Severe drought looms in Swaziland". Mail & Guardian. IRIN. 17 September 2007.</ref> E hitaande 2015, ndiyam ɗam e nder baraas oo ina famɗi no feewi,<ref>Bodwa Mbingo. "Drying Up Maguga Dam a Nightmare to Residents" – via PressReader</ref> e ñalnde 20 feebariyee 2016, tolno ndiyam ɗam fotnoo ko 31%.[11] Eɓɓaande ndee riiwti fotde 1000 neɗɗo.<ref name=":3" /> == Njeenaaje == Maguga Dam Joint Venture heɓi njeenaari ummoraade e Fedde Innjiniyankooɓe Konsulteeruuji Afrik worgo e nder cate Innjiniyankooɓe ɓurɓe moƴƴude e nafoore ɓurnde miliyoŋaaji 5 ugiyya wonande hitaande 2002.[12] Baraas oo kadi heɓi njeenaari Fulton ndi Fedde Konkreet Afrik worgo rokki e hitaande 2003 ngam ƴellitde njuɓɓudi innjiniyaaruuji siwil.[13] == Tuugnorgal == nnvj7wdvkkpp5cbo2frxltokef7h7bm 174453 174452 2026-06-19T06:17:06Z Nnamadee 11577 174453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Maguga''' ko baraas gonɗo e maayo Komati to leydi Eswatini.<ref name=":0">"Details of submission: Independent Monitoring of Maguga Dam Resettlement". United Nations Environment Programme.</ref> Toowgol mayre ko 115 meeter (377 ft), nde woni ko hedde kilooji 12 (7,5 mi) to fuɗnaange Piggs Peak.<ref>"Maguga Dam: Mpumalanga_Swaziland (sic)". eWISA, an arm of the Water Institute of Southern Africa.</ref> Nde mahiraa ko eɓɓoore kawral laamuuji Afrik worgo e Eswatini.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">"Profile: The Komati Basin Water Authority (KOBWA)". Komati Basin Water Authority.</ref> Haa hitaande 2005, ko ɗum woni eɓɓoore golle laamu ɓurnde mawnude nde Eswatini meeɗi waɗde.<ref>"Swaziland: New dams to be built to boost irrigation". ReliefWeb. 30 November 2005.</ref> Baraas oo timminaama e cakkital hitaande 2001.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">"Swaziland: Water Report 29: 2005". Food and Agriculture Organization. 2005.</ref> == Peewnugol e faandaare == E hitaande 1992, laamuuji eSwatini e Afrik worgo ciifi nanondiral jowitiingal e "design, mahngo, gollal e toppitagol" baraasuuji Driekoppies e Maguga.<ref name=":1" /> No adannde ndee naftorii Afrik worgo tan (hay so tawii ko ndeen nokkuure ndee woni ko e Eswatini), Afrik worgo ina joginoo njoɓdi oon baraas fof.<ref name=":1" /> To bannge cakkitiiɗo oo, Eswatini ina joginoo fotde 40% e njoɓdi ndii.<ref name=":1" /> Faandaare baraas oo ko adii fof ko ndiyam (ngam vursugol ndiyam keewɗam, laddeeji e "fotde 1000 remoowo tokooso Eswatini"<ref name=":3">"Raising the Bar on Big Dams" (PDF). CEE Bankwatch. November 2007.</ref>) kono ko vursugol ndiyam ngol mbaawka mum tolnii e 20 MW (ko vurngal moxxude e yuvvooji zii fof, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 9,9 MW e nder hitaande 2011.<ref>"How We Generate Electricity". Eswatini Electricity Company.</ref> == Limtol == Maguga ko "baraas ɓuuɓɗo mo kaaƴe ɓuuɓɗe".<ref name=":2">"Maguga Dam on the Komati River, Swaziland". Aurecon.</ref> Damal ngal ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (28 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) loope, 2 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (99 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) kaaƴe granit e 43 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,000). Toowgol mayre fof ko 115 meeter (377 ft), njuuteendi mayre ko 870 meeter (2 850 ft) e njaajeendi mayre ko 400 meeter (1 300 ft).[9] Ina waɗi 332 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,17×1010 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) e njaajeendi mum ko 10 420 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (368 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo).<ref name=":4" /> Nde waɗiraa ko ngam waawde muñde ilam ɓurɗam heewde, fotde 15 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (530 000 cu ft/s).[8] Ina woodi ɓuuɓol laabi njuuteendi 181 meeter (594 ft).<ref name=":2" /> == Toɓɓe ndiyam e doggol == Yoorooji ngaddii caɗeele mawɗe. E hitaande 2007, mbaawka baraas oo ustii haa 37%.<ref>"Severe drought looms in Swaziland". Mail & Guardian. IRIN. 17 September 2007.</ref> E hitaande 2015, ndiyam ɗam e nder baraas oo ina famɗi no feewi,<ref>Bodwa Mbingo. "Drying Up Maguga Dam a Nightmare to Residents" – via PressReader</ref> e ñalnde 20 feebariyee 2016, tolno ndiyam ɗam fotnoo ko 31%.<ref>"Swaziland Drought Assessment Report: Rapid Assessment 2015/15 Season" (PDF). Deputy Prime Minister's Office. March 2016.</ref> Eɓɓaande ndee riiwti fotde 1000 neɗɗo.<ref name=":3" /> == Njeenaaje == Maguga Dam Joint Venture heɓi njeenaari ummoraade e Fedde Innjiniyankooɓe Konsulteeruuji Afrik worgo e nder cate Innjiniyankooɓe ɓurɓe moƴƴude e nafoore ɓurnde miliyoŋaaji 5 ugiyya wonande hitaande 2002.[12] Baraas oo kadi heɓi njeenaari Fulton ndi Fedde Konkreet Afrik worgo rokki e hitaande 2003 ngam ƴellitde njuɓɓudi innjiniyaaruuji siwil.[13] == Tuugnorgal == dxv0tx2xai1e9uo1ye1u8rvvbfywlu6 174454 174453 2026-06-19T06:17:38Z Nnamadee 11577 174454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Maguga''' ko baraas gonɗo e maayo Komati to leydi Eswatini.<ref name=":0">"Details of submission: Independent Monitoring of Maguga Dam Resettlement". United Nations Environment Programme.</ref> Toowgol mayre ko 115 meeter (377 ft), nde woni ko hedde kilooji 12 (7,5 mi) to fuɗnaange Piggs Peak.<ref>"Maguga Dam: Mpumalanga_Swaziland (sic)". eWISA, an arm of the Water Institute of Southern Africa.</ref> Nde mahiraa ko eɓɓoore kawral laamuuji Afrik worgo e Eswatini.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">"Profile: The Komati Basin Water Authority (KOBWA)". Komati Basin Water Authority.</ref> Haa hitaande 2005, ko ɗum woni eɓɓoore golle laamu ɓurnde mawnude nde Eswatini meeɗi waɗde.<ref>"Swaziland: New dams to be built to boost irrigation". ReliefWeb. 30 November 2005.</ref> Baraas oo timminaama e cakkital hitaande 2001.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">"Swaziland: Water Report 29: 2005". Food and Agriculture Organization. 2005.</ref> == Peewnugol e faandaare == E hitaande 1992, laamuuji eSwatini e Afrik worgo ciifi nanondiral jowitiingal e "design, mahngo, gollal e toppitagol" baraasuuji Driekoppies e Maguga.<ref name=":1" /> No adannde ndee naftorii Afrik worgo tan (hay so tawii ko ndeen nokkuure ndee woni ko e Eswatini), Afrik worgo ina joginoo njoɓdi oon baraas fof.<ref name=":1" /> To bannge cakkitiiɗo oo, Eswatini ina joginoo fotde 40% e njoɓdi ndii.<ref name=":1" /> Faandaare baraas oo ko adii fof ko ndiyam (ngam vursugol ndiyam keewɗam, laddeeji e "fotde 1000 remoowo tokooso Eswatini"<ref name=":3">"Raising the Bar on Big Dams" (PDF). CEE Bankwatch. November 2007.</ref>) kono ko vursugol ndiyam ngol mbaawka mum tolnii e 20 MW (ko vurngal moxxude e yuvvooji zii fof, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 9,9 MW e nder hitaande 2011.<ref>"How We Generate Electricity". Eswatini Electricity Company.</ref> == Limtol == Maguga ko "baraas ɓuuɓɗo mo kaaƴe ɓuuɓɗe".<ref name=":2">"Maguga Dam on the Komati River, Swaziland". Aurecon.</ref> Damal ngal ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (28 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) loope, 2 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (99 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) kaaƴe granit e 43 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,000). Toowgol mayre fof ko 115 meeter (377 ft), njuuteendi mayre ko 870 meeter (2 850 ft) e njaajeendi mayre ko 400 meeter (1 300 ft).[9] Ina waɗi 332 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,17×1010 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) e njaajeendi mum ko 10 420 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (368 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo).<ref name=":4" /> Nde waɗiraa ko ngam waawde muñde ilam ɓurɗam heewde, fotde 15 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (530 000 cu ft/s).[8] Ina woodi ɓuuɓol laabi njuuteendi 181 meeter (594 ft).<ref name=":2" /> == Toɓɓe ndiyam e doggol == Yoorooji ngaddii caɗeele mawɗe. E hitaande 2007, mbaawka baraas oo ustii haa 37%.<ref>"Severe drought looms in Swaziland". Mail & Guardian. IRIN. 17 September 2007.</ref> E hitaande 2015, ndiyam ɗam e nder baraas oo ina famɗi no feewi,<ref>Bodwa Mbingo. "Drying Up Maguga Dam a Nightmare to Residents" – via PressReader</ref> e ñalnde 20 feebariyee 2016, tolno ndiyam ɗam fotnoo ko 31%.<ref>"Swaziland Drought Assessment Report: Rapid Assessment 2015/15 Season" (PDF). Deputy Prime Minister's Office. March 2016.</ref> Eɓɓaande ndee riiwti fotde 1000 neɗɗo.<ref name=":3" /> == Njeenaaje == Maguga Dam Joint Venture heɓi njeenaari ummoraade e Fedde Innjiniyankooɓe Konsulteeruuji Afrik worgo e nder cate Innjiniyankooɓe ɓurɓe moƴƴude e nafoore ɓurnde miliyoŋaaji 5 ugiyya wonande hitaande 2002.<ref>"Consulting Engineers - We Shape Your World". South African Association of Consulting Engineers. October 2007.</ref> Baraas oo kadi heɓi njeenaari Fulton ndi Fedde Konkreet Afrik worgo rokki e hitaande 2003 ngam ƴellitde njuɓɓudi innjiniyaaruuji siwil.[13] == Tuugnorgal == haqtfxua7hy8egiqp4jn39ccya0jmlq 174455 174454 2026-06-19T06:18:25Z Nnamadee 11577 174455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Maguga''' ko baraas gonɗo e maayo Komati to leydi Eswatini.<ref name=":0">"Details of submission: Independent Monitoring of Maguga Dam Resettlement". United Nations Environment Programme.</ref> Toowgol mayre ko 115 meeter (377 ft), nde woni ko hedde kilooji 12 (7,5 mi) to fuɗnaange Piggs Peak.<ref>"Maguga Dam: Mpumalanga_Swaziland (sic)". eWISA, an arm of the Water Institute of Southern Africa.</ref> Nde mahiraa ko eɓɓoore kawral laamuuji Afrik worgo e Eswatini.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">"Profile: The Komati Basin Water Authority (KOBWA)". Komati Basin Water Authority.</ref> Haa hitaande 2005, ko ɗum woni eɓɓoore golle laamu ɓurnde mawnude nde Eswatini meeɗi waɗde.<ref>"Swaziland: New dams to be built to boost irrigation". ReliefWeb. 30 November 2005.</ref> Baraas oo timminaama e cakkital hitaande 2001.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">"Swaziland: Water Report 29: 2005". Food and Agriculture Organization. 2005.</ref> == Peewnugol e faandaare == E hitaande 1992, laamuuji eSwatini e Afrik worgo ciifi nanondiral jowitiingal e "design, mahngo, gollal e toppitagol" baraasuuji Driekoppies e Maguga.<ref name=":1" /> No adannde ndee naftorii Afrik worgo tan (hay so tawii ko ndeen nokkuure ndee woni ko e Eswatini), Afrik worgo ina joginoo njoɓdi oon baraas fof.<ref name=":1" /> To bannge cakkitiiɗo oo, Eswatini ina joginoo fotde 40% e njoɓdi ndii.<ref name=":1" /> Faandaare baraas oo ko adii fof ko ndiyam (ngam vursugol ndiyam keewɗam, laddeeji e "fotde 1000 remoowo tokooso Eswatini"<ref name=":3">"Raising the Bar on Big Dams" (PDF). CEE Bankwatch. November 2007.</ref>) kono ko vursugol ndiyam ngol mbaawka mum tolnii e 20 MW (ko vurngal moxxude e yuvvooji zii fof, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 9,9 MW e nder hitaande 2011.<ref>"How We Generate Electricity". Eswatini Electricity Company.</ref> == Limtol == Maguga ko "baraas ɓuuɓɗo mo kaaƴe ɓuuɓɗe".<ref name=":2">"Maguga Dam on the Komati River, Swaziland". Aurecon.</ref> Damal ngal ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (28 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) loope, 2 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (99 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) kaaƴe granit e 43 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,000). Toowgol mayre fof ko 115 meeter (377 ft), njuuteendi mayre ko 870 meeter (2 850 ft) e njaajeendi mayre ko 400 meeter (1 300 ft).[9] Ina waɗi 332 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,17×1010 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) e njaajeendi mum ko 10 420 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (368 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo).<ref name=":4" /> Nde waɗiraa ko ngam waawde muñde ilam ɓurɗam heewde, fotde 15 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (530 000 cu ft/s).[8] Ina woodi ɓuuɓol laabi njuuteendi 181 meeter (594 ft).<ref name=":2" /> == Toɓɓe ndiyam e doggol == Yoorooji ngaddii caɗeele mawɗe. E hitaande 2007, mbaawka baraas oo ustii haa 37%.<ref>"Severe drought looms in Swaziland". Mail & Guardian. IRIN. 17 September 2007.</ref> E hitaande 2015, ndiyam ɗam e nder baraas oo ina famɗi no feewi,<ref>Bodwa Mbingo. "Drying Up Maguga Dam a Nightmare to Residents" – via PressReader</ref> e ñalnde 20 feebariyee 2016, tolno ndiyam ɗam fotnoo ko 31%.<ref>"Swaziland Drought Assessment Report: Rapid Assessment 2015/15 Season" (PDF). Deputy Prime Minister's Office. March 2016.</ref> Eɓɓaande ndee riiwti fotde 1000 neɗɗo.<ref name=":3" /> == Njeenaaje == Maguga Dam Joint Venture heɓi njeenaari ummoraade e Fedde Innjiniyankooɓe Konsulteeruuji Afrik worgo e nder cate Innjiniyankooɓe ɓurɓe moƴƴude e nafoore ɓurnde miliyoŋaaji 5 ugiyya wonande hitaande 2002.<ref>"Consulting Engineers - We Shape Your World". South African Association of Consulting Engineers. October 2007.</ref> Baraas oo kadi heɓi njeenaari Fulton ndi Fedde Konkreet Afrik worgo rokki e hitaande 2003 ngam ƴellitde njuɓɓudi innjiniyaaruuji siwil.<ref>"Record of the Fulton Award Winners". Concrete Society of Southern Africa.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == o5ohiwu7zr7qwtlxnv39tes1dynomba 174456 174455 2026-06-19T06:19:11Z Nnamadee 11577 174456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Maguga''' ko baraas gonɗo e maayo Komati to leydi Eswatini.<ref name=":0">"Details of submission: Independent Monitoring of Maguga Dam Resettlement". United Nations Environment Programme.</ref> Toowgol mayre ko 115 meeter (377 ft), nde woni ko hedde kilooji 12 (7,5 mi) to fuɗnaange Piggs Peak.<ref>"Maguga Dam: Mpumalanga_Swaziland (sic)". eWISA, an arm of the Water Institute of Southern Africa.</ref> Nde mahiraa ko eɓɓoore kawral laamuuji Afrik worgo e Eswatini.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">"Profile: The Komati Basin Water Authority (KOBWA)". Komati Basin Water Authority.</ref> Haa hitaande 2005, ko ɗum woni eɓɓoore golle laamu ɓurnde mawnude nde Eswatini meeɗi waɗde.<ref>"Swaziland: New dams to be built to boost irrigation". ReliefWeb. 30 November 2005.</ref> Baraas oo timminaama e cakkital hitaande 2001.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">"Swaziland: Water Report 29: 2005". Food and Agriculture Organization. 2005.</ref> [[File:Maguga dam.jpg|thumb]] == Peewnugol e faandaare == E hitaande 1992, laamuuji eSwatini e Afrik worgo ciifi nanondiral jowitiingal e "design, mahngo, gollal e toppitagol" baraasuuji Driekoppies e Maguga.<ref name=":1" /> No adannde ndee naftorii Afrik worgo tan (hay so tawii ko ndeen nokkuure ndee woni ko e Eswatini), Afrik worgo ina joginoo njoɓdi oon baraas fof.<ref name=":1" /> To bannge cakkitiiɗo oo, Eswatini ina joginoo fotde 40% e njoɓdi ndii.<ref name=":1" /> Faandaare baraas oo ko adii fof ko ndiyam (ngam vursugol ndiyam keewɗam, laddeeji e "fotde 1000 remoowo tokooso Eswatini"<ref name=":3">"Raising the Bar on Big Dams" (PDF). CEE Bankwatch. November 2007.</ref>) kono ko vursugol ndiyam ngol mbaawka mum tolnii e 20 MW (ko vurngal moxxude e yuvvooji zii fof, heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka 9,9 MW e nder hitaande 2011.<ref>"How We Generate Electricity". Eswatini Electricity Company.</ref> == Limtol == Maguga ko "baraas ɓuuɓɗo mo kaaƴe ɓuuɓɗe".<ref name=":2">"Maguga Dam on the Komati River, Swaziland". Aurecon.</ref> Damal ngal ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (28 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) loope, 2 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (99 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) kaaƴe granit e 43 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,000). Toowgol mayre fof ko 115 meeter (377 ft), njuuteendi mayre ko 870 meeter (2 850 ft) e njaajeendi mayre ko 400 meeter (1 300 ft).[9] Ina waɗi 332 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,17×1010 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) e njaajeendi mum ko 10 420 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (368 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo).<ref name=":4" /> Nde waɗiraa ko ngam waawde muñde ilam ɓurɗam heewde, fotde 15 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (530 000 cu ft/s).[8] Ina woodi ɓuuɓol laabi njuuteendi 181 meeter (594 ft).<ref name=":2" /> == Toɓɓe ndiyam e doggol == Yoorooji ngaddii caɗeele mawɗe. E hitaande 2007, mbaawka baraas oo ustii haa 37%.<ref>"Severe drought looms in Swaziland". Mail & Guardian. IRIN. 17 September 2007.</ref> E hitaande 2015, ndiyam ɗam e nder baraas oo ina famɗi no feewi,<ref>Bodwa Mbingo. "Drying Up Maguga Dam a Nightmare to Residents" – via PressReader</ref> e ñalnde 20 feebariyee 2016, tolno ndiyam ɗam fotnoo ko 31%.<ref>"Swaziland Drought Assessment Report: Rapid Assessment 2015/15 Season" (PDF). Deputy Prime Minister's Office. March 2016.</ref> Eɓɓaande ndee riiwti fotde 1000 neɗɗo.<ref name=":3" /> == Njeenaaje == Maguga Dam Joint Venture heɓi njeenaari ummoraade e Fedde Innjiniyankooɓe Konsulteeruuji Afrik worgo e nder cate Innjiniyankooɓe ɓurɓe moƴƴude e nafoore ɓurnde miliyoŋaaji 5 ugiyya wonande hitaande 2002.<ref>"Consulting Engineers - We Shape Your World". South African Association of Consulting Engineers. October 2007.</ref> Baraas oo kadi heɓi njeenaari Fulton ndi Fedde Konkreet Afrik worgo rokki e hitaande 2003 ngam ƴellitde njuɓɓudi innjiniyaaruuji siwil.<ref>"Record of the Fulton Award Winners". Concrete Society of Southern Africa.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == ia8xwcw8b5zvda1nuzw40dkbkullhnk 0 42224 174457 2026-06-19T06:21:20Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Baraas Toker''' ko baraas nayaɓo ɓurɗo mawnude e nder leydi Eritree. Pewnugol ngol fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1997, ngol joofi ko e hitaande 2001, hay so tawii noon ngol dartinaama lebbi seeɗa e hitaande 1998 nde Ecoppi e Eritree ngoni e wolde. Ko adii fof ko Innjiniyankooɓe toppitiiɓe ko fayti e jawdi tago ummoriiɓe Colorado, Amerik. Yanti heen, NRCE Inc., woni jiiloowo gadano e eɓɓaande ndee. Kontraktoor mahdi ndii ko Keagnam mo Koree worgo.[1] E..." 174457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Toker''' ko baraas nayaɓo ɓurɗo mawnude e nder leydi Eritree. Pewnugol ngol fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1997, ngol joofi ko e hitaande 2001, hay so tawii noon ngol dartinaama lebbi seeɗa e hitaande 1998 nde Ecoppi e Eritree ngoni e wolde. Ko adii fof ko Innjiniyankooɓe toppitiiɓe ko fayti e jawdi tago ummoriiɓe Colorado, Amerik. Yanti heen, NRCE Inc., woni jiiloowo gadano e eɓɓaande ndee. Kontraktoor mahdi ndii ko Keagnam mo Koree worgo.[1] Eɓɓoore ndee waɗiraa ko ngam rokkude wuro Asmara e gure koɗdiiɗe mum golle jamaanu e moƴƴe. Ina ɓeydoo rokkude yimɓe nokku oo ndiyam njareteeɗam laaɓɗam. Baraas oo ko baraas beton ɓuuɓɗo, ina jeyaa e ɓurɗi toowde e Afrik worgo Saharaa e sahaa nde o mahaa ndee.[2] == Baraas oo == Baraas oo ina waɗi 73 meeteer toowɗo, ina waɗi 210 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (7 400 000 cu ft) beton. Yeeso dow ngo ina tiiɗi, les ngo ina ɓuuɓtoo, ina waɗi ɓuuɓol hakkundeewol. Reservoir oo ina waawi jogaade 17 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (600 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) ndiyam ; ina woodi pompiyee to koyngal maggal, ina yahra e lowre filtoraade ndiyam. Ɗuum ina jogii mbaawka 20 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (710 000 cu ft) ndiyam e ñalawma kala ko ina addana wuro Asmara njuɓɓudi renndo.[1] E nder mahngo ngoo, cofferdam oo ina ɓuuɓtoo fotde balɗe nay e nder ilam mawɗam, nde baraas oo woni ko ina tolnoo e tataɓal toowgol mum timmungol. Ilam ɗam ɓuri ko ilam ɗaminanoo laawol gootol e nder duuɓi teemedere. Kontrakteruuji ɗii ngalaano jeertinaango kono ɓe keɓii dañde ko ɓuri heewde e kaɓirɗe maɓɓe e nokku gonɗo e ŋorol ngol hade kewu nguu waɗde. Beton ɓooyɗo e roller-compact e nder baraas mawɗo oo, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en bonnaaka, golle mahngo ɗee puɗɗiima e nder jonte ɗiɗi.[3] == Tuugnorgal == n6dr5bnwc3f46q5z6jp91i2jxnuh58t 174458 174457 2026-06-19T06:23:06Z Nnamadee 11577 174458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Toker''' ko baraas nayaɓo ɓurɗo mawnude e nder leydi Eritree. Pewnugol ngol fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1997, ngol joofi ko e hitaande 2001, hay so tawii noon ngol dartinaama lebbi seeɗa e hitaande 1998 nde Ecoppi e Eritree ngoni e wolde. Ko adii fof ko Innjiniyankooɓe toppitiiɓe ko fayti e jawdi tago ummoriiɓe Colorado, Amerik. Yanti heen, NRCE Inc., woni jiiloowo gadano e eɓɓaande ndee. Kontraktoor mahdi ndii ko Keagnam mo Koree worgo.<ref>Luis Berga; J. M. Buil; C. Jofré; S. Chonggang (2003). Roller Compacted Concrete Dams: Proceedings of the IV International Symposium on Roller Compacted Concrete Dams, Madrid, Spain, 17-19 November 2003. CRC Press. pp. 283–288. <nowiki>ISBN 978-90-5809-564-0</nowiki>.</ref> Eɓɓoore ndee waɗiraa ko ngam rokkude wuro Asmara e gure koɗdiiɗe mum golle jamaanu e moƴƴe. Ina ɓeydoo rokkude yimɓe nokku oo ndiyam njareteeɗam laaɓɗam. Baraas oo ko baraas beton ɓuuɓɗo, ina jeyaa e ɓurɗi toowde e Afrik worgo Saharaa e sahaa nde o mahaa ndee.[2] == Baraas oo == Baraas oo ina waɗi 73 meeteer toowɗo, ina waɗi 210 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (7 400 000 cu ft) beton. Yeeso dow ngo ina tiiɗi, les ngo ina ɓuuɓtoo, ina waɗi ɓuuɓol hakkundeewol. Reservoir oo ina waawi jogaade 17 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (600 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) ndiyam ; ina woodi pompiyee to koyngal maggal, ina yahra e lowre filtoraade ndiyam. Ɗuum ina jogii mbaawka 20 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (710 000 cu ft) ndiyam e ñalawma kala ko ina addana wuro Asmara njuɓɓudi renndo.[1] E nder mahngo ngoo, cofferdam oo ina ɓuuɓtoo fotde balɗe nay e nder ilam mawɗam, nde baraas oo woni ko ina tolnoo e tataɓal toowgol mum timmungol. Ilam ɗam ɓuri ko ilam ɗaminanoo laawol gootol e nder duuɓi teemedere. Kontrakteruuji ɗii ngalaano jeertinaango kono ɓe keɓii dañde ko ɓuri heewde e kaɓirɗe maɓɓe e nokku gonɗo e ŋorol ngol hade kewu nguu waɗde. Beton ɓooyɗo e roller-compact e nder baraas mawɗo oo, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en bonnaaka, golle mahngo ɗee puɗɗiima e nder jonte ɗiɗi.[3] == Tuugnorgal == 0isqlkqu6e3qbhp8676ig2vjz441z74 174459 174458 2026-06-19T06:24:09Z Nnamadee 11577 174459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Toker''' ko baraas nayaɓo ɓurɗo mawnude e nder leydi Eritree. Pewnugol ngol fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1997, ngol joofi ko e hitaande 2001, hay so tawii noon ngol dartinaama lebbi seeɗa e hitaande 1998 nde Ecoppi e Eritree ngoni e wolde. Ko adii fof ko Innjiniyankooɓe toppitiiɓe ko fayti e jawdi tago ummoriiɓe Colorado, Amerik. Yanti heen, NRCE Inc., woni jiiloowo gadano e eɓɓaande ndee. Kontraktoor mahdi ndii ko Keagnam mo Koree worgo.<ref>Luis Berga; J. M. Buil; C. Jofré; S. Chonggang (2003). Roller Compacted Concrete Dams: Proceedings of the IV International Symposium on Roller Compacted Concrete Dams, Madrid, Spain, 17-19 November 2003. CRC Press. pp. 283–288. <nowiki>ISBN 978-90-5809-564-0</nowiki>.</ref> Eɓɓoore ndee waɗiraa ko ngam rokkude wuro Asmara e gure koɗdiiɗe mum golle jamaanu e moƴƴe. Ina ɓeydoo rokkude yimɓe nokku oo ndiyam njareteeɗam laaɓɗam. Baraas oo ko baraas beton ɓuuɓɗo, ina jeyaa e ɓurɗi toowde e Afrik worgo Saharaa e sahaa nde o mahaa ndee.<ref>"Adi Nefas Water Treatment Plant and Treated Water Pipeline, Eritrea". NRCE. 21 January 2016. Archived from the original on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.</ref> == Baraas oo == Baraas oo ina waɗi 73 meeteer toowɗo, ina waɗi 210 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (7 400 000 cu ft) beton. Yeeso dow ngo ina tiiɗi, les ngo ina ɓuuɓtoo, ina waɗi ɓuuɓol hakkundeewol. Reservoir oo ina waawi jogaade 17 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (600 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) ndiyam ; ina woodi pompiyee to koyngal maggal, ina yahra e lowre filtoraade ndiyam. Ɗuum ina jogii mbaawka 20 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (710 000 cu ft) ndiyam e ñalawma kala ko ina addana wuro Asmara njuɓɓudi renndo.[1] E nder mahngo ngoo, cofferdam oo ina ɓuuɓtoo fotde balɗe nay e nder ilam mawɗam, nde baraas oo woni ko ina tolnoo e tataɓal toowgol mum timmungol. Ilam ɗam ɓuri ko ilam ɗaminanoo laawol gootol e nder duuɓi teemedere. Kontrakteruuji ɗii ngalaano jeertinaango kono ɓe keɓii dañde ko ɓuri heewde e kaɓirɗe maɓɓe e nokku gonɗo e ŋorol ngol hade kewu nguu waɗde. Beton ɓooyɗo e roller-compact e nder baraas mawɗo oo, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en bonnaaka, golle mahngo ɗee puɗɗiima e nder jonte ɗiɗi.[3] == Tuugnorgal == gpw1n59x8yw33fmmqmtk25kr7h5z26c 174460 174459 2026-06-19T06:24:32Z Nnamadee 11577 174460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Toker''' ko baraas nayaɓo ɓurɗo mawnude e nder leydi Eritree. Pewnugol ngol fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1997, ngol joofi ko e hitaande 2001, hay so tawii noon ngol dartinaama lebbi seeɗa e hitaande 1998 nde Ecoppi e Eritree ngoni e wolde. Ko adii fof ko Innjiniyankooɓe toppitiiɓe ko fayti e jawdi tago ummoriiɓe Colorado, Amerik. Yanti heen, NRCE Inc., woni jiiloowo gadano e eɓɓaande ndee. Kontraktoor mahdi ndii ko Keagnam mo Koree worgo.<ref>Luis Berga; J. M. Buil; C. Jofré; S. Chonggang (2003). Roller Compacted Concrete Dams: Proceedings of the IV International Symposium on Roller Compacted Concrete Dams, Madrid, Spain, 17-19 November 2003. CRC Press. pp. 283–288. <nowiki>ISBN 978-90-5809-564-0</nowiki>.</ref> Eɓɓoore ndee waɗiraa ko ngam rokkude wuro Asmara e gure koɗdiiɗe mum golle jamaanu e moƴƴe. Ina ɓeydoo rokkude yimɓe nokku oo ndiyam njareteeɗam laaɓɗam. Baraas oo ko baraas beton ɓuuɓɗo, ina jeyaa e ɓurɗi toowde e Afrik worgo Saharaa e sahaa nde o mahaa ndee.<ref>"Adi Nefas Water Treatment Plant and Treated Water Pipeline, Eritrea". NRCE. 21 January 2016. Archived from the original on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.</ref> == Baraas oo == Baraas oo ina waɗi 73 meeteer toowɗo, ina waɗi 210 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (7 400 000 cu ft) beton. Yeeso dow ngo ina tiiɗi, les ngo ina ɓuuɓtoo, ina waɗi ɓuuɓol hakkundeewol. Reservoir oo ina waawi jogaade 17 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (600 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) ndiyam ; ina woodi pompiyee to koyngal maggal, ina yahra e lowre filtoraade ndiyam. Ɗuum ina jogii mbaawka 20 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (710 000 cu ft) ndiyam e ñalawma kala ko ina addana wuro Asmara njuɓɓudi renndo.[1] E nder mahngo ngoo, cofferdam oo ina ɓuuɓtoo fotde balɗe nay e nder ilam mawɗam, nde baraas oo woni ko ina tolnoo e tataɓal toowgol mum timmungol. Ilam ɗam ɓuri ko ilam ɗaminanoo laawol gootol e nder duuɓi teemedere. Kontrakteruuji ɗii ngalaano jeertinaango kono ɓe keɓii dañde ko ɓuri heewde e kaɓirɗe maɓɓe e nokku gonɗo e ŋorol ngol hade kewu nguu waɗde. Beton ɓooyɗo e roller-compact e nder baraas mawɗo oo, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en bonnaaka, golle mahngo ɗee puɗɗiima e nder jonte ɗiɗi.<ref>"Dams and Extreme Events: Reducing Risk of Aging Infrastructure under Extreme Loading Conditions". ''34th Annual USSD Conference San Francisco, California, April 7–11, 2014''. USSD.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == s27jfp8py5py5gzx0vkvob7uesrq46t 174461 174460 2026-06-19T06:24:54Z Nnamadee 11577 174461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Toker''' ko baraas nayaɓo ɓurɗo mawnude e nder leydi Eritree. Pewnugol ngol fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1997, ngol joofi ko e hitaande 2001, hay so tawii noon ngol dartinaama lebbi seeɗa e hitaande 1998 nde Ecoppi e Eritree ngoni e wolde. Ko adii fof ko Innjiniyankooɓe toppitiiɓe ko fayti e jawdi tago ummoriiɓe Colorado, Amerik. Yanti heen, NRCE Inc., woni jiiloowo gadano e eɓɓaande ndee. Kontraktoor mahdi ndii ko Keagnam mo Koree worgo.<ref name=":0">Luis Berga; J. M. Buil; C. Jofré; S. Chonggang (2003). Roller Compacted Concrete Dams: Proceedings of the IV International Symposium on Roller Compacted Concrete Dams, Madrid, Spain, 17-19 November 2003. CRC Press. pp. 283–288. <nowiki>ISBN 978-90-5809-564-0</nowiki>.</ref> Eɓɓoore ndee waɗiraa ko ngam rokkude wuro Asmara e gure koɗdiiɗe mum golle jamaanu e moƴƴe. Ina ɓeydoo rokkude yimɓe nokku oo ndiyam njareteeɗam laaɓɗam. Baraas oo ko baraas beton ɓuuɓɗo, ina jeyaa e ɓurɗi toowde e Afrik worgo Saharaa e sahaa nde o mahaa ndee.<ref>"Adi Nefas Water Treatment Plant and Treated Water Pipeline, Eritrea". NRCE. 21 January 2016. Archived from the original on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.</ref> == Baraas oo == Baraas oo ina waɗi 73 meeteer toowɗo, ina waɗi 210 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (7 400 000 cu ft) beton. Yeeso dow ngo ina tiiɗi, les ngo ina ɓuuɓtoo, ina waɗi ɓuuɓol hakkundeewol. Reservoir oo ina waawi jogaade 17 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (600 000 000 ft kuuɓtodinɗo) ndiyam ; ina woodi pompiyee to koyngal maggal, ina yahra e lowre filtoraade ndiyam. Ɗuum ina jogii mbaawka 20 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (710 000 cu ft) ndiyam e ñalawma kala ko ina addana wuro Asmara njuɓɓudi renndo.<ref name=":0" /> E nder mahngo ngoo, cofferdam oo ina ɓuuɓtoo fotde balɗe nay e nder ilam mawɗam, nde baraas oo woni ko ina tolnoo e tataɓal toowgol mum timmungol. Ilam ɗam ɓuri ko ilam ɗaminanoo laawol gootol e nder duuɓi teemedere. Kontrakteruuji ɗii ngalaano jeertinaango kono ɓe keɓii dañde ko ɓuri heewde e kaɓirɗe maɓɓe e nokku gonɗo e ŋorol ngol hade kewu nguu waɗde. Beton ɓooyɗo e roller-compact e nder baraas mawɗo oo, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en bonnaaka, golle mahngo ɗee puɗɗiima e nder jonte ɗiɗi.<ref>"Dams and Extreme Events: Reducing Risk of Aging Infrastructure under Extreme Loading Conditions". ''34th Annual USSD Conference San Francisco, California, April 7–11, 2014''. USSD.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == 1oolovvty7ymlfrg9q0fsz40ulju24w 0 42225 174462 2026-06-19T06:27:02Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Baraas Calueque''', ko baraas kuutorteeɗo e golle keewɗe, sara maayo Kunene, e nder diiwaan Kunene, to fuɗnaange-rewo Angola. Baraas oo ina moofta ndiyam ngam 347 MW (465 000 hp) e nder wertallo ndiyam Ruacana, to leydi Namibi koɗdiindi. Ndiyam maggal ina huutoree kadi ngam ustude leydi ndema, e nder leydi Angalteer e nder leydi Namibi.[1] == Wakere == Baraas oo woni ko e wuro Calueque, sara keeri hakkunde leyɗeele e Namibi, ko ina tolnoo e 196 kilo..." 174462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Calueque''', ko baraas kuutorteeɗo e golle keewɗe, sara maayo Kunene, e nder diiwaan Kunene, to fuɗnaange-rewo Angola. Baraas oo ina moofta ndiyam ngam 347 MW (465 000 hp) e nder wertallo ndiyam Ruacana, to leydi Namibi koɗdiindi. Ndiyam maggal ina huutoree kadi ngam ustude leydi ndema, e nder leydi Angalteer e nder leydi Namibi.[1] == Wakere == Baraas oo woni ko e wuro Calueque, sara keeri hakkunde leyɗeele e Namibi, ko ina tolnoo e 196 kiloomeeteer (122 mi), e laawol, to fuɗnaange-rewo wuro Ondjiva, laamorgo diiwaan oo.[2] Baraas oo ina tolnoo e 1 282 kiloomeeteer (797 mi), e laawol, to fuɗnaange Luanda, laamorgo leydi Angalteer.[3] Koɗkiiji leydi baraas Calueque ko 17°16'22,0"S, 14°32'40,0"E (Njaajeendi:-17,272778; Njuuteeki:14,544444).[4] == Tariya == E lewru oktoobar 1964, wakili’en laamu Portigaal e laamu Afrik worgo kawri to Lisbon, Portigaal, ɓe ciifi nanondiral jowitiingal e mahngo baraasuuji e maayo Kunene, ngam ƴellitde tolno nguleeki maayo ngoo e ɓeydude ƴellitaare kuuraa e baraasuuji ɗii. Nanondiral ngal ina jokkondiri kadi e ɓeydude keɓal ndiyam ngam huutoraade yimɓe e daabaaji to Angalteer e Afrik worgo-fuɗnaange (Namibi hannde). Nanondiral ngal hollitii hol jeyɗo ko e hol baawɗo mahde, golloraade e yoɓde (a) Dam Gove (b) Dam Calueque e jolngo Gove jokkondirngo e jolngo Ruacana.[1][5] Pewnugol baraas Calueque fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1972. Golle baraas oo ngoppitaa ko e hitaande 1976 sabu wolde hakkunde leyɗeele Angalteer. Wakkati mahdi man darti nder hitaande 1976, ko yotti 70 nder teemerre kuuɗe siwil man timminaama, baraasi man waawan hokkugo ndiyam ngam yimɓe e dabbaaji. E hitaande 1988, "njuɓɓudi" bonni no feewi mbaydi ndi timmaani.[1][6] == Feewnitde e ƴellitde == E hitaande 2012, peewnugol e moƴƴitingol baraas oo, mo feccere mum timmaani, fuɗɗii. Golle moƴƴitingol ɗee njoofi ko e hitaande 2015.[7] Golle goɗɗe ngam moƴƴinde golle ina njeyaa heen moƴƴitingol kanndaa jolnoowo ndiyam ngam huutoraade yimɓe e daabaaji, gila e baraas to Calueque, Angalteer haa Oshakati, Namibi, fotde 150 kiloomeeteer (93 mi).[8] == Tuugnorgal == fn5lnocn915lkgfxxnt70uxemyp9dq2 174463 174462 2026-06-19T06:28:59Z Nnamadee 11577 174463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Calueque''', ko baraas kuutorteeɗo e golle keewɗe, sara maayo Kunene, e nder diiwaan Kunene, to fuɗnaange-rewo Angola. Baraas oo ina moofta ndiyam ngam 347 MW (465 000 hp) e nder wertallo ndiyam Ruacana, to leydi Namibi koɗdiindi. Ndiyam maggal ina huutoree kadi ngam ustude leydi ndema, e nder leydi Angalteer e nder leydi Namibi.<ref>Kunene River Awareness Kit (2010). "The Kunene River Scheme: Calueque Dam". Luanda: Kunene River Awareness Kit. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> == Wakere == Baraas oo woni ko e wuro Calueque, sara keeri hakkunde leyɗeele e Namibi, ko ina tolnoo e 196 kiloomeeteer (122 mi), e laawol, to fuɗnaange-rewo wuro Ondjiva, laamorgo diiwaan oo.[2] Baraas oo ina tolnoo e 1 282 kiloomeeteer (797 mi), e laawol, to fuɗnaange Luanda, laamorgo leydi Angalteer.[3] Koɗkiiji leydi baraas Calueque ko 17°16'22,0"S, 14°32'40,0"E (Njaajeendi:-17,272778; Njuuteeki:14,544444).[4] == Tariya == E lewru oktoobar 1964, wakili’en laamu Portigaal e laamu Afrik worgo kawri to Lisbon, Portigaal, ɓe ciifi nanondiral jowitiingal e mahngo baraasuuji e maayo Kunene, ngam ƴellitde tolno nguleeki maayo ngoo e ɓeydude ƴellitaare kuuraa e baraasuuji ɗii. Nanondiral ngal ina jokkondiri kadi e ɓeydude keɓal ndiyam ngam huutoraade yimɓe e daabaaji to Angalteer e Afrik worgo-fuɗnaange (Namibi hannde). Nanondiral ngal hollitii hol jeyɗo ko e hol baawɗo mahde, golloraade e yoɓde (a) Dam Gove (b) Dam Calueque e jolngo Gove jokkondirngo e jolngo Ruacana.[1][5] Pewnugol baraas Calueque fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1972. Golle baraas oo ngoppitaa ko e hitaande 1976 sabu wolde hakkunde leyɗeele Angalteer. Wakkati mahdi man darti nder hitaande 1976, ko yotti 70 nder teemerre kuuɗe siwil man timminaama, baraasi man waawan hokkugo ndiyam ngam yimɓe e dabbaaji. E hitaande 1988, "njuɓɓudi" bonni no feewi mbaydi ndi timmaani.[1][6] == Feewnitde e ƴellitde == E hitaande 2012, peewnugol e moƴƴitingol baraas oo, mo feccere mum timmaani, fuɗɗii. Golle moƴƴitingol ɗee njoofi ko e hitaande 2015.[7] Golle goɗɗe ngam moƴƴinde golle ina njeyaa heen moƴƴitingol kanndaa jolnoowo ndiyam ngam huutoraade yimɓe e daabaaji, gila e baraas to Calueque, Angalteer haa Oshakati, Namibi, fotde 150 kiloomeeteer (93 mi).[8] == Tuugnorgal == tvw2adh2jjnmcmzw7yjviyska1296ub 174464 174463 2026-06-19T06:29:33Z Nnamadee 11577 174464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Calueque''', ko baraas kuutorteeɗo e golle keewɗe, sara maayo Kunene, e nder diiwaan Kunene, to fuɗnaange-rewo Angola. Baraas oo ina moofta ndiyam ngam 347 MW (465 000 hp) e nder wertallo ndiyam Ruacana, to leydi Namibi koɗdiindi. Ndiyam maggal ina huutoree kadi ngam ustude leydi ndema, e nder leydi Angalteer e nder leydi Namibi.<ref>Kunene River Awareness Kit (2010). "The Kunene River Scheme: Calueque Dam". Luanda: Kunene River Awareness Kit. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> == Wakere == Baraas oo woni ko e wuro Calueque, sara keeri hakkunde leyɗeele e Namibi, ko ina tolnoo e 196 kiloomeeteer (122 mi), e laawol, to fuɗnaange-rewo wuro Ondjiva, laamorgo diiwaan oo.<ref>"Road Distance Between Ondjiva, Angola And Calueque, Angola" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> Baraas oo ina tolnoo e 1 282 kiloomeeteer (797 mi), e laawol, to fuɗnaange Luanda, laamorgo leydi Angalteer.[3] Koɗkiiji leydi baraas Calueque ko 17°16'22,0"S, 14°32'40,0"E (Njaajeendi:-17,272778; Njuuteeki:14,544444).[4] == Tariya == E lewru oktoobar 1964, wakili’en laamu Portigaal e laamu Afrik worgo kawri to Lisbon, Portigaal, ɓe ciifi nanondiral jowitiingal e mahngo baraasuuji e maayo Kunene, ngam ƴellitde tolno nguleeki maayo ngoo e ɓeydude ƴellitaare kuuraa e baraasuuji ɗii. Nanondiral ngal ina jokkondiri kadi e ɓeydude keɓal ndiyam ngam huutoraade yimɓe e daabaaji to Angalteer e Afrik worgo-fuɗnaange (Namibi hannde). Nanondiral ngal hollitii hol jeyɗo ko e hol baawɗo mahde, golloraade e yoɓde (a) Dam Gove (b) Dam Calueque e jolngo Gove jokkondirngo e jolngo Ruacana.[1][5] Pewnugol baraas Calueque fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1972. Golle baraas oo ngoppitaa ko e hitaande 1976 sabu wolde hakkunde leyɗeele Angalteer. Wakkati mahdi man darti nder hitaande 1976, ko yotti 70 nder teemerre kuuɗe siwil man timminaama, baraasi man waawan hokkugo ndiyam ngam yimɓe e dabbaaji. E hitaande 1988, "njuɓɓudi" bonni no feewi mbaydi ndi timmaani.[1][6] == Feewnitde e ƴellitde == E hitaande 2012, peewnugol e moƴƴitingol baraas oo, mo feccere mum timmaani, fuɗɗii. Golle moƴƴitingol ɗee njoofi ko e hitaande 2015.[7] Golle goɗɗe ngam moƴƴinde golle ina njeyaa heen moƴƴitingol kanndaa jolnoowo ndiyam ngam huutoraade yimɓe e daabaaji, gila e baraas to Calueque, Angalteer haa Oshakati, Namibi, fotde 150 kiloomeeteer (93 mi).[8] == Tuugnorgal == 9ihm5l9vhd4st1zq2d9rnd1paiqghbm 174465 174464 2026-06-19T06:30:10Z Nnamadee 11577 174465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Calueque''', ko baraas kuutorteeɗo e golle keewɗe, sara maayo Kunene, e nder diiwaan Kunene, to fuɗnaange-rewo Angola. Baraas oo ina moofta ndiyam ngam 347 MW (465 000 hp) e nder wertallo ndiyam Ruacana, to leydi Namibi koɗdiindi. Ndiyam maggal ina huutoree kadi ngam ustude leydi ndema, e nder leydi Angalteer e nder leydi Namibi.<ref>Kunene River Awareness Kit (2010). "The Kunene River Scheme: Calueque Dam". Luanda: Kunene River Awareness Kit. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> == Wakere == Baraas oo woni ko e wuro Calueque, sara keeri hakkunde leyɗeele e Namibi, ko ina tolnoo e 196 kiloomeeteer (122 mi), e laawol, to fuɗnaange-rewo wuro Ondjiva, laamorgo diiwaan oo.<ref>"Road Distance Between Ondjiva, Angola And Calueque, Angola" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> Baraas oo ina tolnoo e 1 282 kiloomeeteer (797 mi), e laawol, to fuɗnaange Luanda, laamorgo leydi Angalteer.<ref>"Road Distance Between Luanda, Angola And Calueque, Angola" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> Koɗkiiji leydi baraas Calueque ko 17°16'22,0"S, 14°32'40,0"E (Njaajeendi:-17,272778; Njuuteeki:14,544444).[4] == Tariya == E lewru oktoobar 1964, wakili’en laamu Portigaal e laamu Afrik worgo kawri to Lisbon, Portigaal, ɓe ciifi nanondiral jowitiingal e mahngo baraasuuji e maayo Kunene, ngam ƴellitde tolno nguleeki maayo ngoo e ɓeydude ƴellitaare kuuraa e baraasuuji ɗii. Nanondiral ngal ina jokkondiri kadi e ɓeydude keɓal ndiyam ngam huutoraade yimɓe e daabaaji to Angalteer e Afrik worgo-fuɗnaange (Namibi hannde). Nanondiral ngal hollitii hol jeyɗo ko e hol baawɗo mahde, golloraade e yoɓde (a) Dam Gove (b) Dam Calueque e jolngo Gove jokkondirngo e jolngo Ruacana.[1][5] Pewnugol baraas Calueque fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1972. Golle baraas oo ngoppitaa ko e hitaande 1976 sabu wolde hakkunde leyɗeele Angalteer. Wakkati mahdi man darti nder hitaande 1976, ko yotti 70 nder teemerre kuuɗe siwil man timminaama, baraasi man waawan hokkugo ndiyam ngam yimɓe e dabbaaji. E hitaande 1988, "njuɓɓudi" bonni no feewi mbaydi ndi timmaani.[1][6] == Feewnitde e ƴellitde == E hitaande 2012, peewnugol e moƴƴitingol baraas oo, mo feccere mum timmaani, fuɗɗii. Golle moƴƴitingol ɗee njoofi ko e hitaande 2015.[7] Golle goɗɗe ngam moƴƴinde golle ina njeyaa heen moƴƴitingol kanndaa jolnoowo ndiyam ngam huutoraade yimɓe e daabaaji, gila e baraas to Calueque, Angalteer haa Oshakati, Namibi, fotde 150 kiloomeeteer (93 mi).[8] == Tuugnorgal == hjm7mcpi02gjc4k05d47hhs28o0mbh8 174466 174465 2026-06-19T06:30:35Z Nnamadee 11577 174466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Calueque''', ko baraas kuutorteeɗo e golle keewɗe, sara maayo Kunene, e nder diiwaan Kunene, to fuɗnaange-rewo Angola. Baraas oo ina moofta ndiyam ngam 347 MW (465 000 hp) e nder wertallo ndiyam Ruacana, to leydi Namibi koɗdiindi. Ndiyam maggal ina huutoree kadi ngam ustude leydi ndema, e nder leydi Angalteer e nder leydi Namibi.<ref>Kunene River Awareness Kit (2010). "The Kunene River Scheme: Calueque Dam". Luanda: Kunene River Awareness Kit. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> == Wakere == Baraas oo woni ko e wuro Calueque, sara keeri hakkunde leyɗeele e Namibi, ko ina tolnoo e 196 kiloomeeteer (122 mi), e laawol, to fuɗnaange-rewo wuro Ondjiva, laamorgo diiwaan oo.<ref>"Road Distance Between Ondjiva, Angola And Calueque, Angola" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> Baraas oo ina tolnoo e 1 282 kiloomeeteer (797 mi), e laawol, to fuɗnaange Luanda, laamorgo leydi Angalteer.<ref>"Road Distance Between Luanda, Angola And Calueque, Angola" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> Koɗkiiji leydi baraas Calueque ko 17°16'22,0"S, 14°32'40,0"E (Njaajeendi:-17,272778; Njuuteeki:14,544444).<ref>"Location of Calueque Dam, Angola" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> == Tariya == E lewru oktoobar 1964, wakili’en laamu Portigaal e laamu Afrik worgo kawri to Lisbon, Portigaal, ɓe ciifi nanondiral jowitiingal e mahngo baraasuuji e maayo Kunene, ngam ƴellitde tolno nguleeki maayo ngoo e ɓeydude ƴellitaare kuuraa e baraasuuji ɗii. Nanondiral ngal ina jokkondiri kadi e ɓeydude keɓal ndiyam ngam huutoraade yimɓe e daabaaji to Angalteer e Afrik worgo-fuɗnaange (Namibi hannde). Nanondiral ngal hollitii hol jeyɗo ko e hol baawɗo mahde, golloraade e yoɓde (a) Dam Gove (b) Dam Calueque e jolngo Gove jokkondirngo e jolngo Ruacana.[1][5] Pewnugol baraas Calueque fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1972. Golle baraas oo ngoppitaa ko e hitaande 1976 sabu wolde hakkunde leyɗeele Angalteer. Wakkati mahdi man darti nder hitaande 1976, ko yotti 70 nder teemerre kuuɗe siwil man timminaama, baraasi man waawan hokkugo ndiyam ngam yimɓe e dabbaaji. E hitaande 1988, "njuɓɓudi" bonni no feewi mbaydi ndi timmaani.[1][6] == Feewnitde e ƴellitde == E hitaande 2012, peewnugol e moƴƴitingol baraas oo, mo feccere mum timmaani, fuɗɗii. Golle moƴƴitingol ɗee njoofi ko e hitaande 2015.[7] Golle goɗɗe ngam moƴƴinde golle ina njeyaa heen moƴƴitingol kanndaa jolnoowo ndiyam ngam huutoraade yimɓe e daabaaji, gila e baraas to Calueque, Angalteer haa Oshakati, Namibi, fotde 150 kiloomeeteer (93 mi).[8] == Tuugnorgal == e7trfsfzdx2pdm9z8iopkupxu4g2l0u 174467 174466 2026-06-19T06:31:06Z Nnamadee 11577 174467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Calueque''', ko baraas kuutorteeɗo e golle keewɗe, sara maayo Kunene, e nder diiwaan Kunene, to fuɗnaange-rewo Angola. Baraas oo ina moofta ndiyam ngam 347 MW (465 000 hp) e nder wertallo ndiyam Ruacana, to leydi Namibi koɗdiindi. Ndiyam maggal ina huutoree kadi ngam ustude leydi ndema, e nder leydi Angalteer e nder leydi Namibi.<ref>Kunene River Awareness Kit (2010). "The Kunene River Scheme: Calueque Dam". Luanda: Kunene River Awareness Kit. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> == Wakere == Baraas oo woni ko e wuro Calueque, sara keeri hakkunde leyɗeele e Namibi, ko ina tolnoo e 196 kiloomeeteer (122 mi), e laawol, to fuɗnaange-rewo wuro Ondjiva, laamorgo diiwaan oo.<ref>"Road Distance Between Ondjiva, Angola And Calueque, Angola" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> Baraas oo ina tolnoo e 1 282 kiloomeeteer (797 mi), e laawol, to fuɗnaange Luanda, laamorgo leydi Angalteer.<ref>"Road Distance Between Luanda, Angola And Calueque, Angola" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> Koɗkiiji leydi baraas Calueque ko 17°16'22,0"S, 14°32'40,0"E (Njaajeendi:-17,272778; Njuuteeki:14,544444).<ref>"Location of Calueque Dam, Angola" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> == Tariya == E lewru oktoobar 1964, wakili’en laamu Portigaal e laamu Afrik worgo kawri to Lisbon, Portigaal, ɓe ciifi nanondiral jowitiingal e mahngo baraasuuji e maayo Kunene, ngam ƴellitde tolno nguleeki maayo ngoo e ɓeydude ƴellitaare kuuraa e baraasuuji ɗii. Nanondiral ngal ina jokkondiri kadi e ɓeydude keɓal ndiyam ngam huutoraade yimɓe e daabaaji to Angalteer e Afrik worgo-fuɗnaange (Namibi hannde). Nanondiral ngal hollitii hol jeyɗo ko e hol baawɗo mahde, golloraade e yoɓde (a) Dam Gove (b) Dam Calueque e jolngo Gove jokkondirngo e jolngo Ruacana.<ref>Food and Agriculture Organization (21 January 1969). "Agreement between the government of the Republic of South Africa and the government of Portugal in regard to the first phase of development of the water resources of the Cunene river basin Lisbon, 21 January 1969" (FAO Quoting: Portugal, Dario do Governo. No. 250, 28 October 1970, p. 1589). Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> Pewnugol baraas Calueque fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1972. Golle baraas oo ngoppitaa ko e hitaande 1976 sabu wolde hakkunde leyɗeele Angalteer. Wakkati mahdi man darti nder hitaande 1976, ko yotti 70 nder teemerre kuuɗe siwil man timminaama, baraasi man waawan hokkugo ndiyam ngam yimɓe e dabbaaji. E hitaande 1988, "njuɓɓudi" bonni no feewi mbaydi ndi timmaani.[1][6] == Feewnitde e ƴellitde == E hitaande 2012, peewnugol e moƴƴitingol baraas oo, mo feccere mum timmaani, fuɗɗii. Golle moƴƴitingol ɗee njoofi ko e hitaande 2015.[7] Golle goɗɗe ngam moƴƴinde golle ina njeyaa heen moƴƴitingol kanndaa jolnoowo ndiyam ngam huutoraade yimɓe e daabaaji, gila e baraas to Calueque, Angalteer haa Oshakati, Namibi, fotde 150 kiloomeeteer (93 mi).[8] == Tuugnorgal == n92zawccd65jl0qk2n16ozd33s2t0vh 174468 174467 2026-06-19T06:31:29Z Nnamadee 11577 174468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Calueque''', ko baraas kuutorteeɗo e golle keewɗe, sara maayo Kunene, e nder diiwaan Kunene, to fuɗnaange-rewo Angola. Baraas oo ina moofta ndiyam ngam 347 MW (465 000 hp) e nder wertallo ndiyam Ruacana, to leydi Namibi koɗdiindi. Ndiyam maggal ina huutoree kadi ngam ustude leydi ndema, e nder leydi Angalteer e nder leydi Namibi.<ref name=":0">Kunene River Awareness Kit (2010). "The Kunene River Scheme: Calueque Dam". Luanda: Kunene River Awareness Kit. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> == Wakere == Baraas oo woni ko e wuro Calueque, sara keeri hakkunde leyɗeele e Namibi, ko ina tolnoo e 196 kiloomeeteer (122 mi), e laawol, to fuɗnaange-rewo wuro Ondjiva, laamorgo diiwaan oo.<ref>"Road Distance Between Ondjiva, Angola And Calueque, Angola" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> Baraas oo ina tolnoo e 1 282 kiloomeeteer (797 mi), e laawol, to fuɗnaange Luanda, laamorgo leydi Angalteer.<ref>"Road Distance Between Luanda, Angola And Calueque, Angola" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> Koɗkiiji leydi baraas Calueque ko 17°16'22,0"S, 14°32'40,0"E (Njaajeendi:-17,272778; Njuuteeki:14,544444).<ref>"Location of Calueque Dam, Angola" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> == Tariya == E lewru oktoobar 1964, wakili’en laamu Portigaal e laamu Afrik worgo kawri to Lisbon, Portigaal, ɓe ciifi nanondiral jowitiingal e mahngo baraasuuji e maayo Kunene, ngam ƴellitde tolno nguleeki maayo ngoo e ɓeydude ƴellitaare kuuraa e baraasuuji ɗii. Nanondiral ngal ina jokkondiri kadi e ɓeydude keɓal ndiyam ngam huutoraade yimɓe e daabaaji to Angalteer e Afrik worgo-fuɗnaange (Namibi hannde). Nanondiral ngal hollitii hol jeyɗo ko e hol baawɗo mahde, golloraade e yoɓde (a) Dam Gove (b) Dam Calueque e jolngo Gove jokkondirngo e jolngo Ruacana.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Food and Agriculture Organization (21 January 1969). "Agreement between the government of the Republic of South Africa and the government of Portugal in regard to the first phase of development of the water resources of the Cunene river basin Lisbon, 21 January 1969" (FAO Quoting: Portugal, Dario do Governo. No. 250, 28 October 1970, p. 1589). Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> Pewnugol baraas Calueque fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1972. Golle baraas oo ngoppitaa ko e hitaande 1976 sabu wolde hakkunde leyɗeele Angalteer. Wakkati mahdi man darti nder hitaande 1976, ko yotti 70 nder teemerre kuuɗe siwil man timminaama, baraasi man waawan hokkugo ndiyam ngam yimɓe e dabbaaji. E hitaande 1988, "njuɓɓudi" bonni no feewi mbaydi ndi timmaani.[1][6] == Feewnitde e ƴellitde == E hitaande 2012, peewnugol e moƴƴitingol baraas oo, mo feccere mum timmaani, fuɗɗii. Golle moƴƴitingol ɗee njoofi ko e hitaande 2015.[7] Golle goɗɗe ngam moƴƴinde golle ina njeyaa heen moƴƴitingol kanndaa jolnoowo ndiyam ngam huutoraade yimɓe e daabaaji, gila e baraas to Calueque, Angalteer haa Oshakati, Namibi, fotde 150 kiloomeeteer (93 mi).[8] == Tuugnorgal == no86fc9owj1mi6stwpwmuwupqv8kon2 174469 174468 2026-06-19T06:31:55Z Nnamadee 11577 174469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Calueque''', ko baraas kuutorteeɗo e golle keewɗe, sara maayo Kunene, e nder diiwaan Kunene, to fuɗnaange-rewo Angola. Baraas oo ina moofta ndiyam ngam 347 MW (465 000 hp) e nder wertallo ndiyam Ruacana, to leydi Namibi koɗdiindi. Ndiyam maggal ina huutoree kadi ngam ustude leydi ndema, e nder leydi Angalteer e nder leydi Namibi.<ref name=":0">Kunene River Awareness Kit (2010). "The Kunene River Scheme: Calueque Dam". Luanda: Kunene River Awareness Kit. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> == Wakere == Baraas oo woni ko e wuro Calueque, sara keeri hakkunde leyɗeele e Namibi, ko ina tolnoo e 196 kiloomeeteer (122 mi), e laawol, to fuɗnaange-rewo wuro Ondjiva, laamorgo diiwaan oo.<ref>"Road Distance Between Ondjiva, Angola And Calueque, Angola" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> Baraas oo ina tolnoo e 1 282 kiloomeeteer (797 mi), e laawol, to fuɗnaange Luanda, laamorgo leydi Angalteer.<ref>"Road Distance Between Luanda, Angola And Calueque, Angola" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> Koɗkiiji leydi baraas Calueque ko 17°16'22,0"S, 14°32'40,0"E (Njaajeendi:-17,272778; Njuuteeki:14,544444).<ref>"Location of Calueque Dam, Angola" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> == Tariya == E lewru oktoobar 1964, wakili’en laamu Portigaal e laamu Afrik worgo kawri to Lisbon, Portigaal, ɓe ciifi nanondiral jowitiingal e mahngo baraasuuji e maayo Kunene, ngam ƴellitde tolno nguleeki maayo ngoo e ɓeydude ƴellitaare kuuraa e baraasuuji ɗii. Nanondiral ngal ina jokkondiri kadi e ɓeydude keɓal ndiyam ngam huutoraade yimɓe e daabaaji to Angalteer e Afrik worgo-fuɗnaange (Namibi hannde). Nanondiral ngal hollitii hol jeyɗo ko e hol baawɗo mahde, golloraade e yoɓde (a) Dam Gove (b) Dam Calueque e jolngo Gove jokkondirngo e jolngo Ruacana.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Food and Agriculture Organization (21 January 1969). "Agreement between the government of the Republic of South Africa and the government of Portugal in regard to the first phase of development of the water resources of the Cunene river basin Lisbon, 21 January 1969" (FAO Quoting: Portugal, Dario do Governo. No. 250, 28 October 1970, p. 1589). Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> Pewnugol baraas Calueque fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1972. Golle baraas oo ngoppitaa ko e hitaande 1976 sabu wolde hakkunde leyɗeele Angalteer. Wakkati mahdi man darti nder hitaande 1976, ko yotti 70 nder teemerre kuuɗe siwil man timminaama, baraasi man waawan hokkugo ndiyam ngam yimɓe e dabbaaji. E hitaande 1988, "njuɓɓudi" bonni no feewi mbaydi ndi timmaani.<ref name=":0" /> == Feewnitde e ƴellitde == E hitaande 2012, peewnugol e moƴƴitingol baraas oo, mo feccere mum timmaani, fuɗɗii. Golle moƴƴitingol ɗee njoofi ko e hitaande 2015.[7] Golle goɗɗe ngam moƴƴinde golle ina njeyaa heen moƴƴitingol kanndaa jolnoowo ndiyam ngam huutoraade yimɓe e daabaaji, gila e baraas to Calueque, Angalteer haa Oshakati, Namibi, fotde 150 kiloomeeteer (93 mi).[8] == Tuugnorgal == iw7dpxvpktr320a6p27bj72wxpadrsv 174470 174469 2026-06-19T06:32:22Z Nnamadee 11577 174470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Calueque''', ko baraas kuutorteeɗo e golle keewɗe, sara maayo Kunene, e nder diiwaan Kunene, to fuɗnaange-rewo Angola. Baraas oo ina moofta ndiyam ngam 347 MW (465 000 hp) e nder wertallo ndiyam Ruacana, to leydi Namibi koɗdiindi. Ndiyam maggal ina huutoree kadi ngam ustude leydi ndema, e nder leydi Angalteer e nder leydi Namibi.<ref name=":0">Kunene River Awareness Kit (2010). "The Kunene River Scheme: Calueque Dam". Luanda: Kunene River Awareness Kit. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> == Wakere == Baraas oo woni ko e wuro Calueque, sara keeri hakkunde leyɗeele e Namibi, ko ina tolnoo e 196 kiloomeeteer (122 mi), e laawol, to fuɗnaange-rewo wuro Ondjiva, laamorgo diiwaan oo.<ref>"Road Distance Between Ondjiva, Angola And Calueque, Angola" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> Baraas oo ina tolnoo e 1 282 kiloomeeteer (797 mi), e laawol, to fuɗnaange Luanda, laamorgo leydi Angalteer.<ref>"Road Distance Between Luanda, Angola And Calueque, Angola" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> Koɗkiiji leydi baraas Calueque ko 17°16'22,0"S, 14°32'40,0"E (Njaajeendi:-17,272778; Njuuteeki:14,544444).<ref>"Location of Calueque Dam, Angola" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> == Tariya == E lewru oktoobar 1964, wakili’en laamu Portigaal e laamu Afrik worgo kawri to Lisbon, Portigaal, ɓe ciifi nanondiral jowitiingal e mahngo baraasuuji e maayo Kunene, ngam ƴellitde tolno nguleeki maayo ngoo e ɓeydude ƴellitaare kuuraa e baraasuuji ɗii. Nanondiral ngal ina jokkondiri kadi e ɓeydude keɓal ndiyam ngam huutoraade yimɓe e daabaaji to Angalteer e Afrik worgo-fuɗnaange (Namibi hannde). Nanondiral ngal hollitii hol jeyɗo ko e hol baawɗo mahde, golloraade e yoɓde (a) Dam Gove (b) Dam Calueque e jolngo Gove jokkondirngo e jolngo Ruacana.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Food and Agriculture Organization (21 January 1969). "Agreement between the government of the Republic of South Africa and the government of Portugal in regard to the first phase of development of the water resources of the Cunene river basin Lisbon, 21 January 1969" (FAO Quoting: Portugal, Dario do Governo. No. 250, 28 October 1970, p. 1589). Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> Pewnugol baraas Calueque fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1972. Golle baraas oo ngoppitaa ko e hitaande 1976 sabu wolde hakkunde leyɗeele Angalteer. Wakkati mahdi man darti nder hitaande 1976, ko yotti 70 nder teemerre kuuɗe siwil man timminaama, baraasi man waawan hokkugo ndiyam ngam yimɓe e dabbaaji. E hitaande 1988, "njuɓɓudi" bonni no feewi mbaydi ndi timmaani.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Bernard E. Trainor (30 June 1988). "Pretoria Says Angola Raid Is Threat to Talks on Peace". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> == Feewnitde e ƴellitde == E hitaande 2012, peewnugol e moƴƴitingol baraas oo, mo feccere mum timmaani, fuɗɗii. Golle moƴƴitingol ɗee njoofi ko e hitaande 2015.[7] Golle goɗɗe ngam moƴƴinde golle ina njeyaa heen moƴƴitingol kanndaa jolnoowo ndiyam ngam huutoraade yimɓe e daabaaji, gila e baraas to Calueque, Angalteer haa Oshakati, Namibi, fotde 150 kiloomeeteer (93 mi).[8] == Tuugnorgal == kzrpn3nh77u8pgvu54tg6vm73ovlhwv 174471 174470 2026-06-19T06:33:00Z Nnamadee 11577 174471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Calueque''', ko baraas kuutorteeɗo e golle keewɗe, sara maayo Kunene, e nder diiwaan Kunene, to fuɗnaange-rewo Angola. Baraas oo ina moofta ndiyam ngam 347 MW (465 000 hp) e nder wertallo ndiyam Ruacana, to leydi Namibi koɗdiindi. Ndiyam maggal ina huutoree kadi ngam ustude leydi ndema, e nder leydi Angalteer e nder leydi Namibi.<ref name=":0">Kunene River Awareness Kit (2010). "The Kunene River Scheme: Calueque Dam". Luanda: Kunene River Awareness Kit. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> == Wakere == Baraas oo woni ko e wuro Calueque, sara keeri hakkunde leyɗeele e Namibi, ko ina tolnoo e 196 kiloomeeteer (122 mi), e laawol, to fuɗnaange-rewo wuro Ondjiva, laamorgo diiwaan oo.<ref>"Road Distance Between Ondjiva, Angola And Calueque, Angola" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> Baraas oo ina tolnoo e 1 282 kiloomeeteer (797 mi), e laawol, to fuɗnaange Luanda, laamorgo leydi Angalteer.<ref>"Road Distance Between Luanda, Angola And Calueque, Angola" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> Koɗkiiji leydi baraas Calueque ko 17°16'22,0"S, 14°32'40,0"E (Njaajeendi:-17,272778; Njuuteeki:14,544444).<ref>"Location of Calueque Dam, Angola" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> == Tariya == E lewru oktoobar 1964, wakili’en laamu Portigaal e laamu Afrik worgo kawri to Lisbon, Portigaal, ɓe ciifi nanondiral jowitiingal e mahngo baraasuuji e maayo Kunene, ngam ƴellitde tolno nguleeki maayo ngoo e ɓeydude ƴellitaare kuuraa e baraasuuji ɗii. Nanondiral ngal ina jokkondiri kadi e ɓeydude keɓal ndiyam ngam huutoraade yimɓe e daabaaji to Angalteer e Afrik worgo-fuɗnaange (Namibi hannde). Nanondiral ngal hollitii hol jeyɗo ko e hol baawɗo mahde, golloraade e yoɓde (a) Dam Gove (b) Dam Calueque e jolngo Gove jokkondirngo e jolngo Ruacana.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Food and Agriculture Organization (21 January 1969). "Agreement between the government of the Republic of South Africa and the government of Portugal in regard to the first phase of development of the water resources of the Cunene river basin Lisbon, 21 January 1969" (FAO Quoting: Portugal, Dario do Governo. No. 250, 28 October 1970, p. 1589). Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> Pewnugol baraas Calueque fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1972. Golle baraas oo ngoppitaa ko e hitaande 1976 sabu wolde hakkunde leyɗeele Angalteer. Wakkati mahdi man darti nder hitaande 1976, ko yotti 70 nder teemerre kuuɗe siwil man timminaama, baraasi man waawan hokkugo ndiyam ngam yimɓe e dabbaaji. E hitaande 1988, "njuɓɓudi" bonni no feewi mbaydi ndi timmaani.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Bernard E. Trainor (30 June 1988). "Pretoria Says Angola Raid Is Threat to Talks on Peace". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> == Feewnitde e ƴellitde == E hitaande 2012, peewnugol e moƴƴitingol baraas oo, mo feccere mum timmaani, fuɗɗii. Golle moƴƴitingol ɗee njoofi ko e hitaande 2015.<ref>P. C. Blersch, W. van Wyk, R. Steenkamp (2015). "2015–Rehabilitation of Calueque Dam: Challenges And Successes". Hobart, Tasmania, Australia: The Australian National Committee on Large Dams Incorporated (ANCOLD Inc). Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> Golle goɗɗe ngam moƴƴinde golle ina njeyaa heen moƴƴitingol kanndaa jolnoowo ndiyam ngam huutoraade yimɓe e daabaaji, gila e baraas to Calueque, Angalteer haa Oshakati, Namibi, fotde 150 kiloomeeteer (93 mi).[8] == Tuugnorgal == swjzfhnwx47ze04rf717k7bl2f01sgm 174472 174471 2026-06-19T06:34:10Z Nnamadee 11577 174472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Calueque''', ko baraas kuutorteeɗo e golle keewɗe, sara maayo Kunene, e nder diiwaan Kunene, to fuɗnaange-rewo Angola. Baraas oo ina moofta ndiyam ngam 347 MW (465 000 hp) e nder wertallo ndiyam Ruacana, to leydi Namibi koɗdiindi. Ndiyam maggal ina huutoree kadi ngam ustude leydi ndema, e nder leydi Angalteer e nder leydi Namibi.<ref name=":0">Kunene River Awareness Kit (2010). "The Kunene River Scheme: Calueque Dam". Luanda: Kunene River Awareness Kit. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> == Wakere == Baraas oo woni ko e wuro Calueque, sara keeri hakkunde leyɗeele e Namibi, ko ina tolnoo e 196 kiloomeeteer (122 mi), e laawol, to fuɗnaange-rewo wuro Ondjiva, laamorgo diiwaan oo.<ref>"Road Distance Between Ondjiva, Angola And Calueque, Angola" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> Baraas oo ina tolnoo e 1 282 kiloomeeteer (797 mi), e laawol, to fuɗnaange Luanda, laamorgo leydi Angalteer.<ref>"Road Distance Between Luanda, Angola And Calueque, Angola" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> Koɗkiiji leydi baraas Calueque ko 17°16'22,0"S, 14°32'40,0"E (Njaajeendi:-17,272778; Njuuteeki:14,544444).<ref>"Location of Calueque Dam, Angola" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> == Tariya == E lewru oktoobar 1964, wakili’en laamu Portigaal e laamu Afrik worgo kawri to Lisbon, Portigaal, ɓe ciifi nanondiral jowitiingal e mahngo baraasuuji e maayo Kunene, ngam ƴellitde tolno nguleeki maayo ngoo e ɓeydude ƴellitaare kuuraa e baraasuuji ɗii. Nanondiral ngal ina jokkondiri kadi e ɓeydude keɓal ndiyam ngam huutoraade yimɓe e daabaaji to Angalteer e Afrik worgo-fuɗnaange (Namibi hannde). Nanondiral ngal hollitii hol jeyɗo ko e hol baawɗo mahde, golloraade e yoɓde (a) Dam Gove (b) Dam Calueque e jolngo Gove jokkondirngo e jolngo Ruacana.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Food and Agriculture Organization (21 January 1969). "Agreement between the government of the Republic of South Africa and the government of Portugal in regard to the first phase of development of the water resources of the Cunene river basin Lisbon, 21 January 1969" (FAO Quoting: Portugal, Dario do Governo. No. 250, 28 October 1970, p. 1589). Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> Pewnugol baraas Calueque fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1972. Golle baraas oo ngoppitaa ko e hitaande 1976 sabu wolde hakkunde leyɗeele Angalteer. Wakkati mahdi man darti nder hitaande 1976, ko yotti 70 nder teemerre kuuɗe siwil man timminaama, baraasi man waawan hokkugo ndiyam ngam yimɓe e dabbaaji. E hitaande 1988, "njuɓɓudi" bonni no feewi mbaydi ndi timmaani.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Bernard E. Trainor (30 June 1988). "Pretoria Says Angola Raid Is Threat to Talks on Peace". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> == Feewnitde e ƴellitde == E hitaande 2012, peewnugol e moƴƴitingol baraas oo, mo feccere mum timmaani, fuɗɗii. Golle moƴƴitingol ɗee njoofi ko e hitaande 2015.<ref>P. C. Blersch, W. van Wyk, R. Steenkamp (2015). "2015–Rehabilitation of Calueque Dam: Challenges And Successes". Hobart, Tasmania, Australia: The Australian National Committee on Large Dams Incorporated (ANCOLD Inc). Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> Golle goɗɗe ngam moƴƴinde golle ina njeyaa heen moƴƴitingol kanndaa jolnoowo ndiyam ngam huutoraade yimɓe e daabaaji, gila e baraas to Calueque, Angalteer haa Oshakati, Namibi, fotde 150 kiloomeeteer (93 mi).<ref>Inès Magoum (16 February 2021). "Namibia: NamWater Launches The Rehabilitation of the Calueque-Oshakati Canal". Paris, France: Afrik21.africa. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == 6s6f1j1tubxg1zjdchz6nhity4korgy 0 42226 174473 2026-06-19T06:37:34Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "'''Baraas Capanda''' ko baraas ndiyam e maayo Kwanza to diiwaan Malanje, to leydi Angalteer. Sosiyetee Riisi biyeteeɗo Tekhnopromexport mahi ɗum e hitaande 1987–2007, diisneteeɗo mawɗo - duɗal Hydroproject (Innjiniyaar mawɗo - Ph.D Fedosov V.E.) Ko ɗoon gollordu nduu ina soomi doole e huutoraade turbineeji nay e 130 megawatt (170 000 hp) e kala heen (700 000 pc) . Ko ina tolnoo e miliyaaruuji 4 dolaar Amerik. Ɓeydagol njoɓdi ko ina ɓura 400 miliyoŋ dolaar Am..." 174473 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Capanda''' ko baraas ndiyam e maayo Kwanza to diiwaan Malanje, to leydi Angalteer. Sosiyetee Riisi biyeteeɗo Tekhnopromexport mahi ɗum e hitaande 1987–2007, diisneteeɗo mawɗo - duɗal Hydroproject (Innjiniyaar mawɗo - Ph.D Fedosov V.E.) Ko ɗoon gollordu nduu ina soomi doole e huutoraade turbineeji nay e 130 megawatt (170 000 hp) e kala heen (700 000 pc) . Ko ina tolnoo e miliyaaruuji 4 dolaar Amerik. Ɓeydagol njoɓdi ko ina ɓura 400 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik ngam feewnude bonneede nde UNITA heɓti nokku oo e sahaa wolde hakkunde leyɗeele Angalteer e hitaande 1992 e 1999.[2] == Design oo == Ko ɓuri teeŋtude e mbaydiiji ɗii ko : * baraas gravité beton, ina waɗi : taƴre timmunde baraas ɓuuɓɗo, ɓuuɓol les ɓuuɓol ngol, * ina waɗi: GES, jolngo tunnel nay, * suudu doole udditirdu (ORU 220 kW) * suudu njuɓɓudi laamu == Nafoore faggudu == Haa e hitaande 2013 Capanda HPP ina sooda ko ɓuri feccere e kuuraa Angalteer fof, ko kañum woni nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e kuuraa ndiyam e nder leydi ndii == Daartol mahngo == Ñalnde 2 suwee 1982 Angalteer siifondiri nanondiral hakkunde laamuuji Sowiyet e Angalteer ngam waɗde nanondiral kuuɓtodinngal, ngam mahngo baraas ndiyam. Ministeer semmbe e petroŋ Angalteer, sosi fedde njuɓɓudi kabine ngam yuɓɓinde mahngo wonande fedde kontiraatuuji Capanda, tawi ina jeyaa heen fedde njulaagu caggal leydi Sowiyetik « Tekhnopromexport », e fedde mahngo Beresiil wiyeteende Odebrecht. Eɓɓaande adannde e wiɗtooji topografik gadani ko faati e njuɓɓudi baraas oo, ko sosiyetee Portigaal biyeteeɗo COBA waɗi ɗum e hitaande 1965. Ndeeɗoo eɓɓaande ina waɗi mahngo baraas arc, tuugiiɗo e abutments ɗiɗi gravity. Ndeeɗoo eɓɓaande ko annduɓe Sowiyet en ndartini ɗum, caggal ɗuum njoɓdi mahngo ndii ustaama no feewi. Eɓɓaande Capanda HPP 520 MW timminaama e hitaande 1989. Eɓɓaande ndee, nde yahri yeeso, rewi ko e ƴeewndo annduɓe dowla ummoriiɓe e pelle URSS, Angola e Beresiil. Pewnugol ngol fuzzii ko e lewru Yarkomaa 1987. Kontraa oo hollitii wonde ina foti timminde baraas oo haa joofni e hitaande 1992. Tuggi lewru abriil haa oktoobar 1988, peewnugol vursugol tunnel ngol joofi. E darorɗe lewru suwee 1989, maayo Kwanzaa uddaama, ndiyam ɗam yani e nder tunnel ngel. Hebbingol weendu nduu joofi ko ñalnde 1 suwee 1992. Pewnugol baraas oo waɗiraa ko e sarɗiiji wolde hakkunde leyɗeele jokkiinde to Angalteer. Ñalnde 4 noowammbar 1992, nokku oo heɓtaa ko e juuɗe konu UNITA. E nder ndeeɗoo njangu fotde 20 Angalteernaajo - ko ɓuri heewde e maɓɓe ko poliseeɓe gardiiɗo nokku mahngo oo e annduɓe tato Riisinaaɓe mbaraama. Caggal nde nokku hidro-electricité mo joofnaaka oo nanngaa, o dariima tawa alaa ko o resndaa, o resndaaka haa hitaande 2000. E hitaande 1997, eɓɓaande fuɗɗoraade mahngo. E nder wiɗto ƴeewndo to bannge dow baraas oo, batte puccitagol doole tawaama. Towers crane ɗi tawaama ina mberlaa e maayo. Caggal nde UNITA yalti nokku oo, nokku mahdi oo ina woodi so wonaa heddii ko mahngo baraas beton. Denndaangal kaɓirɗe hoɗɓe ina ngulla, denndaangal mahooɓe/innjiniyankooɓe kontraaji kesi ina poti hoɗde e laylayti konu ko juuti. Ñalnde 12 feebariyee 2000 golle puɗɗitii. E lewru sulyee 2002, golle puɗɗii ngam hebbinde lowre ndee. E lewru Yarkomaa 2004 e lewru Suwee 2004, turbineeji ɗiɗi gadani ɗii ngaddaama e internet. Peewnugol ngol jokki haa e daawal ɗiɗaɓal, e hitaande 2007, turbineeji tataɓi e nayaɓi ɗii ngaddaama e internet. Caggal nde UNITA yalti Capanda, laabi jahduɗi e nokku peewnugol oo fof njuppaama. Hay so tawii de-mining waɗii, ko famɗi fof, caggal nde golle ɗee puɗɗii, ko famɗi fof, kammuuji ɗiɗi mawɗi, miniraaji mbonni ɗum en. Mineeji leydi tawaama e nokku ɗo mahdi ndii woni ɗoo, caggal ɗuum, e nokkuuji ɗo toɓooli mawɗi ɗii looti leydi. Mineraaluuji to nokku Capanda ko baasal, ina tawee haa hannde. == Tuugnorgal == ht2724yj4ca27x55up08npcy8e6u3bz 174474 174473 2026-06-19T07:15:27Z Nnamadee 11577 174474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Capanda''' ko baraas ndiyam e maayo Kwanza to diiwaan Malanje, to leydi Angalteer. Sosiyetee Riisi biyeteeɗo Tekhnopromexport mahi ɗum e hitaande 1987–2007, diisneteeɗo mawɗo - duɗal Hydroproject (Innjiniyaar mawɗo - Ph.D Fedosov V.E.) Ko ɗoon gollordu nduu ina soomi doole e huutoraade turbineeji nay e 130 megawatt (170 000 hp) e kala heen (700 000 pc) . Ko ina tolnoo e miliyaaruuji 4 dolaar Amerik. Ɓeydagol njoɓdi ko ina ɓura 400 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik ngam feewnude bonneede nde UNITA heɓti nokku oo e sahaa wolde hakkunde leyɗeele Angalteer e hitaande 1992 e 1999.[2] == Design oo == Ko ɓuri teeŋtude e mbaydiiji ɗii ko : * baraas gravité beton, ina waɗi : taƴre timmunde baraas ɓuuɓɗo, ɓuuɓol les ɓuuɓol ngol, * ina waɗi: GES, jolngo tunnel nay, * suudu doole udditirdu (ORU 220 kW) * suudu njuɓɓudi laamu == Nafoore faggudu == Haa e hitaande 2013 Capanda HPP ina sooda ko ɓuri feccere e kuuraa Angalteer fof, ko kañum woni nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e kuuraa ndiyam e nder leydi ndii == Daartol mahngo == Ñalnde 2 suwee 1982 Angalteer siifondiri nanondiral hakkunde laamuuji Sowiyet e Angalteer ngam waɗde nanondiral kuuɓtodinngal, ngam mahngo baraas ndiyam. Ministeer semmbe e petroŋ Angalteer, sosi fedde njuɓɓudi kabine ngam yuɓɓinde mahngo wonande fedde kontiraatuuji Capanda, tawi ina jeyaa heen fedde njulaagu caggal leydi Sowiyetik « Tekhnopromexport », e fedde mahngo Beresiil wiyeteende Odebrecht. Eɓɓaande adannde e wiɗtooji topografik gadani ko faati e njuɓɓudi baraas oo, ko sosiyetee Portigaal biyeteeɗo COBA waɗi ɗum e hitaande 1965. Ndeeɗoo eɓɓaande ina waɗi mahngo baraas arc, tuugiiɗo e abutments ɗiɗi gravity. Ndeeɗoo eɓɓaande ko annduɓe Sowiyet en ndartini ɗum, caggal ɗuum njoɓdi mahngo ndii ustaama no feewi. Eɓɓaande Capanda HPP 520 MW timminaama e hitaande 1989. Eɓɓaande ndee, nde yahri yeeso, rewi ko e ƴeewndo annduɓe dowla ummoriiɓe e pelle URSS, Angola e Beresiil. Pewnugol ngol fuzzii ko e lewru Yarkomaa 1987. Kontraa oo hollitii wonde ina foti timminde baraas oo haa joofni e hitaande 1992. Tuggi lewru abriil haa oktoobar 1988, peewnugol vursugol tunnel ngol joofi. E darorɗe lewru suwee 1989, maayo Kwanzaa uddaama, ndiyam ɗam yani e nder tunnel ngel. Hebbingol weendu nduu joofi ko ñalnde 1 suwee 1992. Pewnugol baraas oo waɗiraa ko e sarɗiiji wolde hakkunde leyɗeele jokkiinde to Angalteer. Ñalnde 4 noowammbar 1992, nokku oo heɓtaa ko e juuɗe konu UNITA. E nder ndeeɗoo njangu fotde 20 Angalteernaajo - ko ɓuri heewde e maɓɓe ko poliseeɓe gardiiɗo nokku mahngo oo e annduɓe tato Riisinaaɓe mbaraama. Caggal nde nokku hidro-electricité mo joofnaaka oo nanngaa, o dariima tawa alaa ko o resndaa, o resndaaka haa hitaande 2000. E hitaande 1997, eɓɓaande fuɗɗoraade mahngo. E nder wiɗto ƴeewndo to bannge dow baraas oo, batte puccitagol doole tawaama. Towers crane ɗi tawaama ina mberlaa e maayo. Caggal nde UNITA yalti nokku oo, nokku mahdi oo ina woodi so wonaa heddii ko mahngo baraas beton. Denndaangal kaɓirɗe hoɗɓe ina ngulla, denndaangal mahooɓe/innjiniyankooɓe kontraaji kesi ina poti hoɗde e laylayti konu ko juuti. Ñalnde 12 feebariyee 2000 golle puɗɗitii. E lewru sulyee 2002, golle puɗɗii ngam hebbinde lowre ndee. E lewru Yarkomaa 2004 e lewru Suwee 2004, turbineeji ɗiɗi gadani ɗii ngaddaama e internet. Peewnugol ngol jokki haa e daawal ɗiɗaɓal, e hitaande 2007, turbineeji tataɓi e nayaɓi ɗii ngaddaama e internet. Caggal nde UNITA yalti Capanda, laabi jahduɗi e nokku peewnugol oo fof njuppaama. Hay so tawii de-mining waɗii, ko famɗi fof, caggal nde golle ɗee puɗɗii, ko famɗi fof, kammuuji ɗiɗi mawɗi, miniraaji mbonni ɗum en. Mineeji leydi tawaama e nokku ɗo mahdi ndii woni ɗoo, caggal ɗuum, e nokkuuji ɗo toɓooli mawɗi ɗii looti leydi. Mineraaluuji to nokku Capanda ko baasal, ina tawee haa hannde. == Tuugnorgal == 9uqv4waonhawgzlg4cxwbcvbf00oc4p 174475 174474 2026-06-19T07:17:01Z Nnamadee 11577 174475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Capanda''' ko baraas ndiyam e maayo Kwanza to diiwaan Malanje, to leydi Angalteer. Sosiyetee Riisi biyeteeɗo Tekhnopromexport mahi ɗum e hitaande 1987–2007, diisneteeɗo mawɗo - duɗal Hydroproject (Innjiniyaar mawɗo - Ph.D Fedosov V.E.) Ko ɗoon gollordu nduu ina soomi doole e huutoraade turbineeji nay e 130 megawatt (170 000 hp) e kala heen (700 000 pc). Ko ina tolnoo e miliyaaruuji 4 dolaar Amerik. Ɓeydagol njoɓdi ko ina ɓura 400 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik ngam feewnude bonneede nde UNITA heɓti nokku oo e sahaa wolde hakkunde leyɗeele Angalteer e hitaande 1992 e 1999.<ref>Capanda Dam Archived July 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine</ref> == Design oo == Ko ɓuri teeŋtude e mbaydiiji ɗii ko: * baraas gravité beton, ina waɗi: taƴre timmunde baraas ɓuuɓɗo, ɓuuɓol les ɓuuɓol ngol, * ina waɗi: GES, jolngo tunnel nay, * suudu doole udditirdu (ORU 220 kW) * suudu njuɓɓudi laamu == Nafoore faggudu == Haa e hitaande 2013 Capanda HPP ina sooda ko ɓuri feccere e kuuraa Angalteer fof, ko kañum woni nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e kuuraa ndiyam e nder leydi ndii == Daartol mahngo == Ñalnde 2 suwee 1982 Angalteer siifondiri nanondiral hakkunde laamuuji Sowiyet e Angalteer ngam waɗde nanondiral kuuɓtodinngal, ngam mahngo baraas ndiyam. Ministeer semmbe e petroŋ Angalteer, sosi fedde njuɓɓudi kabine ngam yuɓɓinde mahngo wonande fedde kontiraatuuji Capanda, tawi ina jeyaa heen fedde njulaagu caggal leydi Sowiyetik «Tekhnopromexport», e fedde mahngo Beresiil wiyeteende Odebrecht. Eɓɓaande adannde e wiɗtooji topografik gadani ko faati e njuɓɓudi baraas oo, ko sosiyetee Portigaal biyeteeɗo COBA waɗi ɗum e hitaande 1965. Ndeeɗoo eɓɓaande ina waɗi mahngo baraas arc, tuugiiɗo e abutments ɗiɗi gravity. Ndeeɗoo eɓɓaande ko annduɓe Sowiyet en ndartini ɗum, caggal ɗuum njoɓdi mahngo ndii ustaama no feewi. Eɓɓaande Capanda HPP 520 MW timminaama e hitaande 1989. Eɓɓaande ndee, nde yahri yeeso, rewi ko e ƴeewndo annduɓe dowla ummoriiɓe e pelle URSS, Angola e Beresiil. Pewnugol ngol fuzzii ko e lewru Yarkomaa 1987. Kontraa oo hollitii wonde ina foti timminde baraas oo haa joofni e hitaande 1992. Tuggi lewru abriil haa oktoobar 1988, peewnugol vursugol tunnel ngol joofi. E darorɗe lewru suwee 1989, maayo Kwanzaa uddaama, ndiyam ɗam yani e nder tunnel ngel. Hebbingol weendu nduu joofi ko ñalnde 1 suwee 1992. Pewnugol baraas oo waɗiraa ko e sarɗiiji wolde hakkunde leyɗeele jokkiinde to Angalteer. Ñalnde 4 noowammbar 1992, nokku oo heɓtaa ko e juuɗe konu UNITA. E nder ndeeɗoo njangu fotde 20 Angalteernaajo - ko ɓuri heewde e maɓɓe ko poliseeɓe gardiiɗo nokku mahngo oo e annduɓe tato Riisinaaɓe mbaraama. Caggal nde nokku hidro-electricité mo joofnaaka oo nanngaa, o dariima tawa alaa ko o resndaa, o resndaaka haa hitaande 2000. E hitaande 1997, eɓɓaande fuɗɗoraade mahngo. E nder wiɗto ƴeewndo to bannge dow baraas oo, batte puccitagol doole tawaama. Towers crane ɗi tawaama ina mberlaa e maayo. Caggal nde UNITA yalti nokku oo, nokku mahdi oo ina woodi so wonaa heddii ko mahngo baraas beton. Denndaangal kaɓirɗe hoɗɓe ina ngulla, denndaangal mahooɓe/innjiniyankooɓe kontraaji kesi ina poti hoɗde e laylayti konu ko juuti. Ñalnde 12 feebariyee 2000 golle puɗɗitii. E lewru sulyee 2002, golle puɗɗii ngam hebbinde lowre ndee. E lewru Yarkomaa 2004 e lewru Suwee 2004, turbineeji ɗiɗi gadani ɗii ngaddaama e internet. Peewnugol ngol jokki haa e daawal ɗiɗaɓal, e hitaande 2007, turbineeji tataɓi e nayaɓi ɗii ngaddaama e internet. Caggal nde UNITA yalti Capanda, laabi jahduɗi e nokku peewnugol oo fof njuppaama. Hay so tawii de-mining waɗii, ko famɗi fof, caggal nde golle ɗee puɗɗii, ko famɗi fof, kammuuji ɗiɗi mawɗi, miniraaji mbonni ɗum en. Mineeji leydi tawaama e nokku ɗo mahdi ndii woni ɗoo, caggal ɗuum, e nokkuuji ɗo toɓooli mawɗi ɗii looti leydi. Mineraaluuji to nokku Capanda ko baasal, ina tawee haa hannde. == Tuugnorgal == 4q29d4uzhj8vy2z693h70snkejqqz15 174476 174475 2026-06-19T07:17:54Z Nnamadee 11577 174476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Capanda''' ko baraas ndiyam e maayo Kwanza to diiwaan Malanje, to leydi Angalteer. Sosiyetee Riisi biyeteeɗo Tekhnopromexport mahi ɗum e hitaande 1987–2007, diisneteeɗo mawɗo - duɗal Hydroproject (Innjiniyaar mawɗo - Ph.D Fedosov V.E.) Ko ɗoon gollordu nduu ina soomi doole e huutoraade turbineeji nay e 130 megawatt (170 000 hp) e kala heen (700 000 pc). Ko ina tolnoo e miliyaaruuji 4 dolaar Amerik. Ɓeydagol njoɓdi ko ina ɓura 400 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik ngam feewnude bonneede nde UNITA heɓti nokku oo e sahaa wolde hakkunde leyɗeele Angalteer e hitaande 1992 e 1999.<ref>Capanda Dam Archived July 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine</ref> == Design oo == Ko ɓuri teeŋtude e mbaydiiji ɗii ko: * baraas gravité beton, ina waɗi: taƴre timmunde baraas ɓuuɓɗo, ɓuuɓol les ɓuuɓol ngol, * ina waɗi: GES, jolngo tunnel nay, * suudu doole udditirdu (ORU 220 kW) * suudu njuɓɓudi laamu == Nafoore faggudu == Haa e hitaande 2013 Capanda HPP ina sooda ko ɓuri feccere e kuuraa Angalteer fof, ko kañum woni nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e kuuraa ndiyam e nder leydi ndii == Daartol mahngo == Ñalnde 2 suwee 1982 Angalteer siifondiri nanondiral hakkunde laamuuji Sowiyet e Angalteer ngam waɗde nanondiral kuuɓtodinngal, ngam mahngo baraas ndiyam. Ministeer semmbe e petroŋ Angalteer, sosi fedde njuɓɓudi kabine ngam yuɓɓinde mahngo wonande fedde kontiraatuuji Capanda, tawi ina jeyaa heen fedde njulaagu caggal leydi Sowiyetik «Tekhnopromexport», e fedde mahngo Beresiil wiyeteende Odebrecht. Eɓɓaande adannde e wiɗtooji topografik gadani ko faati e njuɓɓudi baraas oo, ko sosiyetee Portigaal biyeteeɗo COBA waɗi ɗum e hitaande 1965. Ndeeɗoo eɓɓaande ina waɗi mahngo baraas arc, tuugiiɗo e abutments ɗiɗi gravity. Ndeeɗoo eɓɓaande ko annduɓe Sowiyet en ndartini ɗum, caggal ɗuum njoɓdi mahngo ndii ustaama no feewi. Eɓɓaande Capanda HPP 520 MW timminaama e hitaande 1989. Eɓɓaande ndee, nde yahri yeeso, rewi ko e ƴeewndo annduɓe dowla ummoriiɓe e pelle URSS, Angola e Beresiil. Pewnugol ngol fuzzii ko e lewru Yarkomaa 1987. Kontraa oo hollitii wonde ina foti timminde baraas oo haa joofni e hitaande 1992. Tuggi lewru abriil haa oktoobar 1988, peewnugol vursugol tunnel ngol joofi. E darorɗe lewru suwee 1989, maayo Kwanzaa uddaama, ndiyam ɗam yani e nder tunnel ngel. Hebbingol weendu nduu joofi ko ñalnde 1 suwee 1992. Pewnugol baraas oo waɗiraa ko e sarɗiiji wolde hakkunde leyɗeele jokkiinde to Angalteer. Ñalnde 4 noowammbar 1992, nokku oo heɓtaa ko e juuɗe konu UNITA. E nder ndeeɗoo njangu fotde 20 Angalteernaajo - ko ɓuri heewde e maɓɓe ko poliseeɓe gardiiɗo nokku mahngo oo e annduɓe tato Riisinaaɓe mbaraama. Caggal nde nokku hidro-electricité mo joofnaaka oo nanngaa, o dariima tawa alaa ko o resndaa, o resndaaka haa hitaande 2000. E hitaande 1997, eɓɓaande fuɗɗoraade mahngo. E nder wiɗto ƴeewndo to bannge dow baraas oo, batte puccitagol doole tawaama. Towers crane ɗi tawaama ina mberlaa e maayo. Caggal nde UNITA yalti nokku oo, nokku mahdi oo ina woodi so wonaa heddii ko mahngo baraas beton. Denndaangal kaɓirɗe hoɗɓe ina ngulla, denndaangal mahooɓe/innjiniyankooɓe kontraaji kesi ina poti hoɗde e laylayti konu ko juuti. Ñalnde 12 feebariyee 2000 golle puɗɗitii. E lewru sulyee 2002, golle puɗɗii ngam hebbinde lowre ndee. E lewru Yarkomaa 2004 e lewru Suwee 2004, turbineeji ɗiɗi gadani ɗii ngaddaama e internet. Peewnugol ngol jokki haa e daawal ɗiɗaɓal, e hitaande 2007, turbineeji tataɓi e nayaɓi ɗii ngaddaama e internet. Caggal nde UNITA yalti Capanda, laabi jahduɗi e nokku peewnugol oo fof njuppaama. Hay so tawii de-mining waɗii, ko famɗi fof, caggal nde golle ɗee puɗɗii, ko famɗi fof, kammuuji ɗiɗi mawɗi, miniraaji mbonni ɗum en. Mineeji leydi tawaama e nokku ɗo mahdi ndii woni ɗoo, caggal ɗuum, e nokkuuji ɗo toɓooli mawɗi ɗii looti leydi. Mineraaluuji to nokku Capanda ko baasal, ina tawee haa hannde. [[File:Capanda panorama.jpg|thumb|Panorama HPP Capanda from the right Bank]] == Tuugnorgal == fs98sp0nc7rcybwk1s8fm0u04x6368h 0 42227 174477 2026-06-19T07:20:14Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "'''Baraas Gove''' ko baraas ɓuuɓɗo e maayo Kunene fotde 75 km (47 mi) to fuɗnaange Huambo e nder diiwaan Huambo, Angalteer. Faandaare baraas oo ko haɓaade ilam e heɓde semmbe kuuraa ndiyam. Ina waɗi semmbe 60 megawatt (80 000 hp) gooto fof) (turbineeji tati 20 megawatt (27 000 hp) gooto fof), ina heewi semmbe ko ina tolnoo e 30 000 galle. == Tariya == Dam Gove oo yoɓii 279 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik, ko fedde mahngo Beresiil wiyeteende Odebrecht mahi ɗum. Ko hooree..." 174477 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Gove''' ko baraas ɓuuɓɗo e maayo Kunene fotde 75 km (47 mi) to fuɗnaange Huambo e nder diiwaan Huambo, Angalteer. Faandaare baraas oo ko haɓaade ilam e heɓde semmbe kuuraa ndiyam. Ina waɗi semmbe 60 megawatt (80 000 hp) gooto fof) (turbineeji tati 20 megawatt (27 000 hp) gooto fof), ina heewi semmbe ko ina tolnoo e 30 000 galle. == Tariya == Dam Gove oo yoɓii 279 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik, ko fedde mahngo Beresiil wiyeteende Odebrecht mahi ɗum. Ko hooreejo leydi Angalteer udditi nde e lewru ut 2012. Baraas oo ina yaltina semmbe wonande gure Caála, Huambo, e Kuito. Pewnugol baraas oo fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1969, ngo joofi ko e hitaande 1975. Pewnugol wertallo ngoo dartinaama laabi ɗiɗi, tuggi 1975 haa 1983 sabu wolde hakkunde leyɗeele, caggal ɗuum kadi tuggi 1986 haa 2001 kadi sabu hareeji. Baraas oo, feccere mum yani ko e dinamite e hitaande 1990. Yanti e wertallo ngoo, werlaaji tokoosi to Caála, Dango, e Benfica (to Huambo) udditaa e sahaa nde o timmini. Sub-stations e reso distribution njoɓata ko 80 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik. == Tuugnorgal == h33mtgskgkn03u9oc0tle18mze6s0oy 174478 174477 2026-06-19T07:20:46Z Nnamadee 11577 174478 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Gove''' ko baraas ɓuuɓɗo e maayo Kunene fotde 75 km (47 mi) to fuɗnaange Huambo e nder diiwaan Huambo, Angalteer. Faandaare baraas oo ko haɓaade ilam e heɓde semmbe kuuraa ndiyam. Ina waɗi semmbe 60 megawatt (80 000 hp) gooto fof) (turbineeji tati 20 megawatt (27 000 hp) gooto fof), ina heewi semmbe ko ina tolnoo e 30 000 galle. == Tariya == Dam Gove oo yoɓii 279 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik, ko fedde mahngo Beresiil wiyeteende Odebrecht mahi ɗum. Ko hooreejo leydi Angalteer udditi nde e lewru ut 2012. Baraas oo ina yaltina semmbe wonande gure Caála, Huambo, e Kuito. Pewnugol baraas oo fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1969, ngo joofi ko e hitaande 1975. Pewnugol wertallo ngoo dartinaama laabi ɗiɗi, tuggi 1975 haa 1983 sabu wolde hakkunde leyɗeele, caggal ɗuum kadi tuggi 1986 haa 2001 kadi sabu hareeji. Baraas oo, feccere mum yani ko e dinamite e hitaande 1990. Yanti e wertallo ngoo, werlaaji tokoosi to Caála, Dango, e Benfica (to Huambo) udditaa e sahaa nde o timmini. Sub-stations e reso distribution njoɓata ko 80 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.<ref>"Gove Hydroelectric dam inaugurated in Angola". Macaupub. Retrieved 25 April 2014.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == 5nm40yevvqu66ug80ia28kvozcqn06n 174479 174478 2026-06-19T07:21:05Z Nnamadee 11577 174479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Gove''' ko baraas ɓuuɓɗo e maayo Kunene fotde 75 km (47 mi) to fuɗnaange Huambo e nder diiwaan Huambo, Angalteer. Faandaare baraas oo ko haɓaade ilam e heɓde semmbe kuuraa ndiyam. Ina waɗi semmbe 60 megawatt (80 000 hp) gooto fof) (turbineeji tati 20 megawatt (27 000 hp) gooto fof), ina heewi semmbe ko ina tolnoo e 30 000 galle. == Tariya == Dam Gove oo yoɓii 279 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik, ko fedde mahngo Beresiil wiyeteende Odebrecht mahi ɗum. Ko hooreejo leydi Angalteer udditi nde e lewru ut 2012. Baraas oo ina yaltina semmbe wonande gure Caála, Huambo, e Kuito. Pewnugol baraas oo fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1969, ngo joofi ko e hitaande 1975. Pewnugol wertallo ngoo dartinaama laabi ɗiɗi, tuggi 1975 haa 1983 sabu wolde hakkunde leyɗeele, caggal ɗuum kadi tuggi 1986 haa 2001 kadi sabu hareeji. Baraas oo, feccere mum yani ko e dinamite e hitaande 1990. Yanti e wertallo ngoo, werlaaji tokoosi to Caála, Dango, e Benfica (to Huambo) udditaa e sahaa nde o timmini. Sub-stations e reso distribution njoɓata ko 80 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik.<ref>"Gove Hydroelectric dam inaugurated in Angola". Macaupub. Retrieved 25 April 2014.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == jvw8vehz4w17wchu9jh3edanrcs9co2 0 42228 174480 2026-06-19T07:25:54Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "'''Baraas Lamaum''' ko baraas keeriiɗo jeyaaɗo e maayo Catumbela e nder diiwaan Benguela to caka Angola. Fuɗɗaade timminde e hitaande 1965, baraas oo waɗii darnde tiiɗnde e rokkude gure ɗee kuuraa, rokkude kuuraa e gure Lobito, Benguela e Huambo,[1] e doole gadane ɗe 20 megawatt (27 000 hp). Halkere e moƴƴitingol (1983–1987): E hitaande 1983, baraas Lamaum waɗii bonanndeeji mawɗi nde UNITA (Dental ngenndiwal ngam jeytaare Angola) halki ɗum caggal nde Ango..." 174480 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Lamaum''' ko baraas keeriiɗo jeyaaɗo e maayo Catumbela e nder diiwaan Benguela to caka Angola. Fuɗɗaade timminde e hitaande 1965, baraas oo waɗii darnde tiiɗnde e rokkude gure ɗee kuuraa, rokkude kuuraa e gure Lobito, Benguela e Huambo,[1] e doole gadane ɗe 20 megawatt (27 000 hp). Halkere e moƴƴitingol (1983–1987): E hitaande 1983, baraas Lamaum waɗii bonanndeeji mawɗi nde UNITA (Dental ngenndiwal ngam jeytaare Angola) halki ɗum caggal nde Angola heɓi jeytaare mum.[2] Ngolɗoo gollal bonngal addani ilam ɗam yaajde, haa waɗi yimɓe sappo maayɓe heen no feewi. E anndude nafoore ndeeɗoo njuɓɓudi, Portigaal naatii e rokkude njeenaari ngam moƴƴitinde baraas oo e hitaande 1987. Peeje moƴƴitingol e yaajnude (2008–2011) : E hitaande 2008, peeje mbaɗaama ngam moƴƴitinde e yaajtinde baraas Lamaum ngam ɓeydude mbaawka mum haa 60 megawatt (80 000 hp). Ñalngu timminoore nguu ina ɗaminaa maa waɗ e hitaande 2011.[3] Kono noon, yahrude yeeso e timmal eɓɓaande ndee ina waawi tawa ko geɗe keewɗe, ko wayi no kaalis, caɗeele karallaagal, e miijooji goɗɗi jowitiiɗi e njuɓɓudi. == Tuugnorgal == h9n2jq0kc6r4xssepfifqo84c715deh 174482 174480 2026-06-19T07:52:49Z Nnamadee 11577 174482 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Lamaum''' ko baraas keeriiɗo jeyaaɗo e maayo Catumbela e nder diiwaan Benguela to caka Angola. Fuɗɗaade timminde e hitaande 1965, baraas oo waɗii darnde tiiɗnde e rokkude gure ɗee kuuraa, rokkude kuuraa e gure Lobito, Benguela e Huambo,<ref>"Portuguese Aid for Lomaum Dam". Modern Power Systems. 9. Miller Freeman Publications: 13. 1989.</ref> e doole gadane ɗe 20 megawatt (27 000 hp). Halkere e moƴƴitingol (1983–1987): E hitaande 1983, baraas Lamaum waɗii bonanndeeji mawɗi nde UNITA (Dental ngenndiwal ngam jeytaare Angola) halki ɗum caggal nde Angola heɓi jeytaare mum.[2] Ngolɗoo gollal bonngal addani ilam ɗam yaajde, haa waɗi yimɓe sappo maayɓe heen no feewi. E anndude nafoore ndeeɗoo njuɓɓudi, Portigaal naatii e rokkude njeenaari ngam moƴƴitinde baraas oo e hitaande 1987. Peeje moƴƴitingol e yaajnude (2008–2011) : E hitaande 2008, peeje mbaɗaama ngam moƴƴitinde e yaajtinde baraas Lamaum ngam ɓeydude mbaawka mum haa 60 megawatt (80 000 hp). Ñalngu timminoore nguu ina ɗaminaa maa waɗ e hitaande 2011.[3] Kono noon, yahrude yeeso e timmal eɓɓaande ndee ina waawi tawa ko geɗe keewɗe, ko wayi no kaalis, caɗeele karallaagal, e miijooji goɗɗi jowitiiɗi e njuɓɓudi. == Tuugnorgal == 1bt3hfktu9fvvgufqqf3gwh9qwbe0mp 174483 174482 2026-06-19T07:53:12Z Nnamadee 11577 174483 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Lamaum''' ko baraas keeriiɗo jeyaaɗo e maayo Catumbela e nder diiwaan Benguela to caka Angola. Fuɗɗaade timminde e hitaande 1965, baraas oo waɗii darnde tiiɗnde e rokkude gure ɗee kuuraa, rokkude kuuraa e gure Lobito, Benguela e Huambo,<ref>"Portuguese Aid for Lomaum Dam". Modern Power Systems. 9. Miller Freeman Publications: 13. 1989.</ref> e doole gadane ɗe 20 megawatt (27 000 hp). Halkere e moƴƴitingol (1983–1987): E hitaande 1983, baraas Lamaum waɗii bonanndeeji mawɗi nde UNITA (Dental ngenndiwal ngam jeytaare Angola) halki ɗum caggal nde Angola heɓi jeytaare mum.<ref>Africa South of the Sahara 2004. Regional surveys of the world (33rd ed.). Psychology Press. 2003. p. 52. <nowiki>ISBN 1-85743-183-9</nowiki>.</ref> Ngolɗoo gollal bonngal addani ilam ɗam yaajde, haa waɗi yimɓe sappo maayɓe heen no feewi. E anndude nafoore ndeeɗoo njuɓɓudi, Portigaal naatii e rokkude njeenaari ngam moƴƴitinde baraas oo e hitaande 1987. Peeje moƴƴitingol e yaajnude (2008–2011) : E hitaande 2008, peeje mbaɗaama ngam moƴƴitinde e yaajtinde baraas Lamaum ngam ɓeydude mbaawka mum haa 60 megawatt (80 000 hp). Ñalngu timminoore nguu ina ɗaminaa maa waɗ e hitaande 2011.[3] Kono noon, yahrude yeeso e timmal eɓɓaande ndee ina waawi tawa ko geɗe keewɗe, ko wayi no kaalis, caɗeele karallaagal, e miijooji goɗɗi jowitiiɗi e njuɓɓudi. == Tuugnorgal == ecgat7wu9xhvp3wpl4zz0salju54qpe 174484 174483 2026-06-19T07:54:47Z Nnamadee 11577 174484 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Lamaum''' ko baraas keeriiɗo jeyaaɗo e maayo Catumbela e nder diiwaan Benguela to caka Angola. Fuɗɗaade timminde e hitaande 1965, baraas oo waɗii darnde tiiɗnde e rokkude gure ɗee kuuraa, rokkude kuuraa e gure Lobito, Benguela e Huambo,<ref>"Portuguese Aid for Lomaum Dam". Modern Power Systems. 9. Miller Freeman Publications: 13. 1989.</ref> e doole gadane ɗe 20 megawatt (27 000 hp). Halkere e moƴƴitingol (1983–1987): E hitaande 1983, baraas Lamaum waɗii bonanndeeji mawɗi nde UNITA (Dental ngenndiwal ngam jeytaare Angola) halki ɗum caggal nde Angola heɓi jeytaare mum.<ref>Africa South of the Sahara 2004. Regional surveys of the world (33rd ed.). Psychology Press. 2003. p. 52. <nowiki>ISBN 1-85743-183-9</nowiki>.</ref> Ngolɗoo gollal bonngal addani ilam ɗam yaajde, haa waɗi yimɓe sappo maayɓe heen no feewi. E anndude nafoore ndeeɗoo njuɓɓudi, Portigaal naatii e rokkude njeenaari ngam moƴƴitinde baraas oo e hitaande 1987. Peeje moƴƴitingol e yaajnude (2008–2011): E hitaande 2008, peeje mbaɗaama ngam moƴƴitinde e yaajtinde baraas Lamaum ngam ɓeydude mbaawka mum haa 60 megawatt (80 000 hp). Ñalngu timminoore nguu ina ɗaminaa maa waɗ e hitaande 2011.<ref>"Angola: Power Production Encourages Investments in Industry". All Africa. July 22, 2010. Retrieved 2011-04-05.</ref> Kono noon, yahrude yeeso e timmal eɓɓaande ndee ina waawi tawa ko geɗe keewɗe, ko wayi no kaalis, caɗeele karallaagal, e miijooji goɗɗi jowitiiɗi e njuɓɓudi. == Tuugnorgal == dnyk7xiiiuavpum57bneso520tzz2od 174485 174484 2026-06-19T07:55:24Z Nnamadee 11577 174485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Lamaum''' ko baraas keeriiɗo jeyaaɗo e maayo Catumbela e nder diiwaan Benguela to caka Angola. Fuɗɗaade timminde e hitaande 1965, baraas oo waɗii darnde tiiɗnde e rokkude gure ɗee kuuraa, rokkude kuuraa e gure Lobito, Benguela e Huambo,<ref>"Portuguese Aid for Lomaum Dam". Modern Power Systems. 9. Miller Freeman Publications: 13. 1989.</ref> e doole gadane ɗe 20 megawatt (27 000 hp). Halkere e moƴƴitingol (1983–1987): E hitaande 1983, baraas Lamaum waɗii bonanndeeji mawɗi nde UNITA (Dental ngenndiwal ngam jeytaare Angola) halki ɗum caggal nde Angola heɓi jeytaare mum.<ref>Africa South of the Sahara 2004. Regional surveys of the world (33rd ed.). Psychology Press. 2003. p. 52. <nowiki>ISBN 1-85743-183-9</nowiki>.</ref> Ngolɗoo gollal bonngal addani ilam ɗam yaajde, haa waɗi yimɓe sappo maayɓe heen no feewi. E anndude nafoore ndeeɗoo njuɓɓudi, Portigaal naatii e rokkude njeenaari ngam moƴƴitinde baraas oo e hitaande 1987. Peeje moƴƴitingol e yaajnude (2008–2011): E hitaande 2008, peeje mbaɗaama ngam moƴƴitinde e yaajtinde baraas Lamaum ngam ɓeydude mbaawka mum haa 60 megawatt (80 000 hp). Ñalngu timminoore nguu ina ɗaminaa maa waɗ e hitaande 2011.<ref>"Angola: Power Production Encourages Investments in Industry". All Africa. July 22, 2010. Retrieved 2011-04-05.</ref> Kono noon, yahrude yeeso e timmal eɓɓaande ndee ina waawi tawa ko geɗe keewɗe, ko wayi no kaalis, caɗeele karallaagal, e miijooji goɗɗi jowitiiɗi e njuɓɓudi. == Tuugnorgal == k91wq0qnruoceh0ki44b7jrd5dm76r4 0 42229 174486 2026-06-19T07:58:34Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "'''Baraas Lom Pangar''' ko baraas ɓuuɓɗo mo taƴre baraas gonɗo hakkunde mum ina mahii hannde e maayo Lom fotde 88 kiloomeeteer (55 mi) to fuɗnaange Bertoua e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange Kameruun. Nde woni ko hedde kilooji 4 (2,5 mi) dow ɗo maayo Lom hawrata e maayo Pangar e ko ina wona kilooji 13 (8,1 mi) dow ɗo Lom hawrata e maayo Sanaga. Faandaare baraas oo ko feewnude doole ndiyam e yuɓɓinde doggol ndiyam e maayo Sanaga. Ina waawi tawa ko e nder ɓuuɓri baraas..." 174486 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Lom Pangar''' ko baraas ɓuuɓɗo mo taƴre baraas gonɗo hakkunde mum ina mahii hannde e maayo Lom fotde 88 kiloomeeteer (55 mi) to fuɗnaange Bertoua e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange Kameruun. Nde woni ko hedde kilooji 4 (2,5 mi) dow ɗo maayo Lom hawrata e maayo Pangar e ko ina wona kilooji 13 (8,1 mi) dow ɗo Lom hawrata e maayo Sanaga. Faandaare baraas oo ko feewnude doole ndiyam e yuɓɓinde doggol ndiyam e maayo Sanaga. Ina waawi tawa ko e nder ɓuuɓri baraas ɓurndi mawnude e dow Sanaga.[4] == Kaalis e ƴellitaare == Banke Afriknaajo ngam ƴellitaare yaltinii ñamaande 71,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik ngam eɓɓaande ndee e lewru noowammbar 2011.[5] Banke Adunanke kadi jaɓii ñamaande 132 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik e lewru marse 2012, hooreejo leydi Kameruun, Paul Biya, lelni kaaƴel gonngel e baraas oo ñalnde 3 ut 2012.[6] Banke Oropnaajo jaɓi ñamaande 39 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik e lewru oktoobar e hitaande ndee.[7] Ko fedde winndereyankoore leydi Siin toppitiinde ko feewti e ndiyam e kuuraa woni ko e mahde baraas oo e laylaytol renndo ngo. Baras coffer ngam waylude maayo ngo e saraaji fonndaasiyoŋ baraas oo timminaama e lewru sulyee 2013.[8] Eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 2017.[9] == Tuugnorgal == 9io26xz9dblpnyf6bk03a6cguox0tia 174487 174486 2026-06-19T07:59:19Z Nnamadee 11577 174487 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Lom Pangar''' ko baraas ɓuuɓɗo mo taƴre baraas gonɗo hakkunde mum ina mahii hannde e maayo Lom fotde 88 kiloomeeteer (55 mi) to fuɗnaange Bertoua e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange Kameruun. Nde woni ko hedde kilooji 4 (2,5 mi) dow ɗo maayo Lom hawrata e maayo Pangar e ko ina wona kilooji 13 (8,1 mi) dow ɗo Lom hawrata e maayo Sanaga. Faandaare baraas oo ko feewnude doole ndiyam e yuɓɓinde doggol ndiyam e maayo Sanaga. Ina waawi tawa ko e nder ɓuuɓri baraas ɓurndi mawnude e dow Sanaga.<ref>"PROJECT Lom Pangar Hydropower Project". World Bank. Retrieved 18 February 2014.</ref> == Kaalis e ƴellitaare == Banke Afriknaajo ngam ƴellitaare yaltinii ñamaande 71,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik ngam eɓɓaande ndee e lewru noowammbar 2011.[5] Banke Adunanke kadi jaɓii ñamaande 132 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik e lewru marse 2012, hooreejo leydi Kameruun, Paul Biya, lelni kaaƴel gonngel e baraas oo ñalnde 3 ut 2012.[6] Banke Oropnaajo jaɓi ñamaande 39 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik e lewru oktoobar e hitaande ndee.[7] Ko fedde winndereyankoore leydi Siin toppitiinde ko feewti e ndiyam e kuuraa woni ko e mahde baraas oo e laylaytol renndo ngo. Baras coffer ngam waylude maayo ngo e saraaji fonndaasiyoŋ baraas oo timminaama e lewru sulyee 2013.[8] Eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 2017.[9] == Tuugnorgal == cvlkfje4w22dtxcnxp7o3pqmn467qaa 174488 174487 2026-06-19T07:59:52Z Nnamadee 11577 174488 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Lom Pangar''' ko baraas ɓuuɓɗo mo taƴre baraas gonɗo hakkunde mum ina mahii hannde e maayo Lom fotde 88 kiloomeeteer (55 mi) to fuɗnaange Bertoua e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange Kameruun. Nde woni ko hedde kilooji 4 (2,5 mi) dow ɗo maayo Lom hawrata e maayo Pangar e ko ina wona kilooji 13 (8,1 mi) dow ɗo Lom hawrata e maayo Sanaga. Faandaare baraas oo ko feewnude doole ndiyam e yuɓɓinde doggol ndiyam e maayo Sanaga. Ina waawi tawa ko e nder ɓuuɓri baraas ɓurndi mawnude e dow Sanaga.<ref>"PROJECT Lom Pangar Hydropower Project". World Bank. Retrieved 18 February 2014.</ref> == Kaalis e ƴellitaare == Banke Afriknaajo ngam ƴellitaare yaltinii ñamaande 71,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik ngam eɓɓaande ndee e lewru noowammbar 2011.<ref>"Work begins on Cameroon's 30-MW Lom Pangar". HydroWorld. 15 August 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2014.</ref> Banke Adunanke kadi jaɓii ñamaande 132 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik e lewru marse 2012, hooreejo leydi Kameruun, Paul Biya, lelni kaaƴel gonngel e baraas oo ñalnde 3 ut 2012.[6] Banke Oropnaajo jaɓi ñamaande 39 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik e lewru oktoobar e hitaande ndee.[7] Ko fedde winndereyankoore leydi Siin toppitiinde ko feewti e ndiyam e kuuraa woni ko e mahde baraas oo e laylaytol renndo ngo. Baras coffer ngam waylude maayo ngo e saraaji fonndaasiyoŋ baraas oo timminaama e lewru sulyee 2013.[8] Eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 2017.[9] == Tuugnorgal == 5w1p6vvzrkvxa4j0i31z3baorovxm47 174489 174488 2026-06-19T08:00:41Z Nnamadee 11577 174489 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Lom Pangar''' ko baraas ɓuuɓɗo mo taƴre baraas gonɗo hakkunde mum ina mahii hannde e maayo Lom fotde 88 kiloomeeteer (55 mi) to fuɗnaange Bertoua e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange Kameruun. Nde woni ko hedde kilooji 4 (2,5 mi) dow ɗo maayo Lom hawrata e maayo Pangar e ko ina wona kilooji 13 (8,1 mi) dow ɗo Lom hawrata e maayo Sanaga. Faandaare baraas oo ko feewnude doole ndiyam e yuɓɓinde doggol ndiyam e maayo Sanaga. Ina waawi tawa ko e nder ɓuuɓri baraas ɓurndi mawnude e dow Sanaga.<ref>"PROJECT Lom Pangar Hydropower Project". World Bank. Retrieved 18 February 2014.</ref> == Kaalis e ƴellitaare == Banke Afriknaajo ngam ƴellitaare yaltinii ñamaande 71,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik ngam eɓɓaande ndee e lewru noowammbar 2011.<ref>"Work begins on Cameroon's 30-MW Lom Pangar". HydroWorld. 15 August 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2014.</ref> Banke Adunanke kadi jaɓii ñamaande 132 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik e lewru marse 2012, hooreejo leydi Kameruun, Paul Biya, lelni kaaƴel gonngel e baraas oo ñalnde 3 ut 2012.<ref>"World Bank Approves Cameroon's Lom Pangar Dam Project to Boost Economic Growth and Provide More Reliable Power for Up to Five Million People". World Bank. 27 March 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2014.</ref> Banke Oropnaajo jaɓi ñamaande 39 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik e lewru oktoobar e hitaande ndee.[7] Ko fedde winndereyankoore leydi Siin toppitiinde ko feewti e ndiyam e kuuraa woni ko e mahde baraas oo e laylaytol renndo ngo. Baras coffer ngam waylude maayo ngo e saraaji fonndaasiyoŋ baraas oo timminaama e lewru sulyee 2013.[8] Eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 2017.[9] == Tuugnorgal == lo3yiufpgsfgyjpffusqzypgiiilzgk 174490 174489 2026-06-19T08:01:58Z Nnamadee 11577 174490 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Lom Pangar''' ko baraas ɓuuɓɗo mo taƴre baraas gonɗo hakkunde mum ina mahii hannde e maayo Lom fotde 88 kiloomeeteer (55 mi) to fuɗnaange Bertoua e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange Kameruun. Nde woni ko hedde kilooji 4 (2,5 mi) dow ɗo maayo Lom hawrata e maayo Pangar e ko ina wona kilooji 13 (8,1 mi) dow ɗo Lom hawrata e maayo Sanaga. Faandaare baraas oo ko feewnude doole ndiyam e yuɓɓinde doggol ndiyam e maayo Sanaga. Ina waawi tawa ko e nder ɓuuɓri baraas ɓurndi mawnude e dow Sanaga.<ref>"PROJECT Lom Pangar Hydropower Project". World Bank. Retrieved 18 February 2014.</ref> == Kaalis e ƴellitaare == Banke Afriknaajo ngam ƴellitaare yaltinii ñamaande 71,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik ngam eɓɓaande ndee e lewru noowammbar 2011.<ref>"Work begins on Cameroon's 30-MW Lom Pangar". HydroWorld. 15 August 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2014.</ref> Banke Adunanke kadi jaɓii ñamaande 132 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik e lewru marse 2012, hooreejo leydi Kameruun, Paul Biya, lelni kaaƴel gonngel e baraas oo ñalnde 3 ut 2012.<ref>"World Bank Approves Cameroon's Lom Pangar Dam Project to Boost Economic Growth and Provide More Reliable Power for Up to Five Million People". World Bank. 27 March 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2014.</ref> Banke Oropnaajo jaɓi ñamaande 39 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik e lewru oktoobar e hitaande ndee.<ref>"EIB to fund Cameroon's Lom Pangar hydro project". ESI-Africa. 4 October 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2014.</ref> Ko fedde winndereyankoore leydi Siin toppitiinde ko feewti e ndiyam e kuuraa woni ko e mahde baraas oo e laylaytol renndo ngo. Baras coffer ngam waylude maayo ngo e saraaji fonndaasiyoŋ baraas oo timminaama e lewru sulyee 2013.[8] Eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 2017.[9] == Tuugnorgal == 48wwi2fm470yavirfh8au41puqu36k7 174491 174490 2026-06-19T08:02:49Z Nnamadee 11577 174491 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Lom Pangar''' ko baraas ɓuuɓɗo mo taƴre baraas gonɗo hakkunde mum ina mahii hannde e maayo Lom fotde 88 kiloomeeteer (55 mi) to fuɗnaange Bertoua e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange Kameruun. Nde woni ko hedde kilooji 4 (2,5 mi) dow ɗo maayo Lom hawrata e maayo Pangar e ko ina wona kilooji 13 (8,1 mi) dow ɗo Lom hawrata e maayo Sanaga. Faandaare baraas oo ko feewnude doole ndiyam e yuɓɓinde doggol ndiyam e maayo Sanaga. Ina waawi tawa ko e nder ɓuuɓri baraas ɓurndi mawnude e dow Sanaga.<ref>"PROJECT Lom Pangar Hydropower Project". World Bank. Retrieved 18 February 2014.</ref> == Kaalis e ƴellitaare == Banke Afriknaajo ngam ƴellitaare yaltinii ñamaande 71,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik ngam eɓɓaande ndee e lewru noowammbar 2011.<ref>"Work begins on Cameroon's 30-MW Lom Pangar". HydroWorld. 15 August 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2014.</ref> Banke Adunanke kadi jaɓii ñamaande 132 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik e lewru marse 2012, hooreejo leydi Kameruun, Paul Biya, lelni kaaƴel gonngel e baraas oo ñalnde 3 ut 2012.<ref>"World Bank Approves Cameroon's Lom Pangar Dam Project to Boost Economic Growth and Provide More Reliable Power for Up to Five Million People". World Bank. 27 March 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2014.</ref> Banke Oropnaajo jaɓi ñamaande 39 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik e lewru oktoobar e hitaande ndee.<ref>"EIB to fund Cameroon's Lom Pangar hydro project". ESI-Africa. 4 October 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2014.</ref> Ko fedde winndereyankoore leydi Siin toppitiinde ko feewti e ndiyam e kuuraa woni ko e mahde baraas oo e laylaytol renndo ngo. Baras coffer ngam waylude maayo ngo e saraaji fonndaasiyoŋ baraas oo timminaama e lewru sulyee 2013.<ref>"Successful Water Bypass at Lom Pangar Dam". Business in Cameroon. 24 July 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2014.</ref> Eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 2017.[9] == Tuugnorgal == 9nezuwcd2dqx0435lh25goovtz3jhtf 174492 174491 2026-06-19T08:03:21Z Nnamadee 11577 174492 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Lom Pangar''' ko baraas ɓuuɓɗo mo taƴre baraas gonɗo hakkunde mum ina mahii hannde e maayo Lom fotde 88 kiloomeeteer (55 mi) to fuɗnaange Bertoua e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange Kameruun. Nde woni ko hedde kilooji 4 (2,5 mi) dow ɗo maayo Lom hawrata e maayo Pangar e ko ina wona kilooji 13 (8,1 mi) dow ɗo Lom hawrata e maayo Sanaga. Faandaare baraas oo ko feewnude doole ndiyam e yuɓɓinde doggol ndiyam e maayo Sanaga. Ina waawi tawa ko e nder ɓuuɓri baraas ɓurndi mawnude e dow Sanaga.<ref>"PROJECT Lom Pangar Hydropower Project". World Bank. Retrieved 18 February 2014.</ref> == Kaalis e ƴellitaare == Banke Afriknaajo ngam ƴellitaare yaltinii ñamaande 71,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik ngam eɓɓaande ndee e lewru noowammbar 2011.<ref>"Work begins on Cameroon's 30-MW Lom Pangar". HydroWorld. 15 August 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2014.</ref> Banke Adunanke kadi jaɓii ñamaande 132 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik e lewru marse 2012, hooreejo leydi Kameruun, Paul Biya, lelni kaaƴel gonngel e baraas oo ñalnde 3 ut 2012.<ref>"World Bank Approves Cameroon's Lom Pangar Dam Project to Boost Economic Growth and Provide More Reliable Power for Up to Five Million People". World Bank. 27 March 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2014.</ref> Banke Oropnaajo jaɓi ñamaande 39 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik e lewru oktoobar e hitaande ndee.<ref>"EIB to fund Cameroon's Lom Pangar hydro project". ESI-Africa. 4 October 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2014.</ref> Ko fedde winndereyankoore leydi Siin toppitiinde ko feewti e ndiyam e kuuraa woni ko e mahde baraas oo e laylaytol renndo ngo. Baras coffer ngam waylude maayo ngo e saraaji fonndaasiyoŋ baraas oo timminaama e lewru sulyee 2013.<ref>"Successful Water Bypass at Lom Pangar Dam". Business in Cameroon. 24 July 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2014.</ref> Eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 2017.<ref>"Lom-Pangar Hydroelectric Project" (PDF). African Development Fund. World Bank. Retrieved 18 February 2014.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == b2t128vbasnifcf5q3h855ujmzul7tc 174493 174492 2026-06-19T08:06:29Z Nnamadee 11577 174493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Lom Pangar''' ko baraas ɓuuɓɗo mo taƴre baraas gonɗo hakkunde mum ina mahii hannde e maayo Lom fotde 88 kiloomeeteer (55 mi) to fuɗnaange Bertoua e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange Kameruun. Nde woni ko hedde kilooji 4 (2,5 mi) dow ɗo maayo Lom hawrata e maayo Pangar e ko ina wona kilooji 13 (8,1 mi) dow ɗo Lom hawrata e maayo Sanaga. Faandaare baraas oo ko feewnude doole ndiyam e yuɓɓinde doggol ndiyam e maayo Sanaga. Ina waawi tawa ko e nder ɓuuɓri baraas ɓurndi mawnude e dow Sanaga.<ref>"PROJECT Lom Pangar Hydropower Project". World Bank. Retrieved 18 February 2014.</ref> == Kaalis e ƴellitaare == Banke Afriknaajo ngam ƴellitaare yaltinii ñamaande 71,1 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik ngam eɓɓaande ndee e lewru noowammbar 2011.<ref>"Work begins on Cameroon's 30-MW Lom Pangar". HydroWorld. 15 August 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2014.</ref> Banke Adunanke kadi jaɓii ñamaande 132 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik e lewru marse 2012, hooreejo leydi Kameruun, Paul Biya, lelni kaaƴel gonngel e baraas oo ñalnde 3 ut 2012.<ref>"World Bank Approves Cameroon's Lom Pangar Dam Project to Boost Economic Growth and Provide More Reliable Power for Up to Five Million People". World Bank. 27 March 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2014.</ref> Banke Oropnaajo jaɓi ñamaande 39 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik e lewru oktoobar e hitaande ndee.<ref>"EIB to fund Cameroon's Lom Pangar hydro project". ESI-Africa. 4 October 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2014.</ref> Ko fedde winndereyankoore leydi Siin toppitiinde ko feewti e ndiyam e kuuraa woni ko e mahde baraas oo e laylaytol renndo ngo. Baras coffer ngam waylude maayo ngo e saraaji fonndaasiyoŋ baraas oo timminaama e lewru sulyee 2013.<ref>"Successful Water Bypass at Lom Pangar Dam". Business in Cameroon. 24 July 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2014.</ref> Eɓɓaande ndee joofi ko e hitaande 2017.<ref>"Lom-Pangar Hydroelectric Project" (PDF). African Development Fund. World Bank. Retrieved 18 February 2014.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == 38nb4knvsix7pyvi65z48f0cx5weq9i 0 42230 174494 2026-06-19T08:14:23Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "'''Baraas Djorf Torba''' ko baraas gonɗo e diiwaan Kenadsa, e nder diiwaan Béchar, to leydi Alseri, ina taƴa maayo Oued Guir fotde kiloomeeteeruuji 50 (31 mi) bannge worgo laamorgo leydi Alseri.[3][4] Ina huutoree ngam ɓuuɓnude e ɓuuɓnude ndiyam.[2] Nokku gonɗo sara hoore baraas oo ina waɗi nate ɓooyɗe keewɗe maantiniiɗe.[5] Baraas oo waɗii ustaare mawnde e ndiyam Oued Guir e Oued Saoura e nokkuuji les damal ngal.[1] == Tuugnorgal ==" 174494 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Djorf Torba''' ko baraas gonɗo e diiwaan Kenadsa, e nder diiwaan Béchar, to leydi Alseri, ina taƴa maayo Oued Guir fotde kiloomeeteeruuji 50 (31 mi) bannge worgo laamorgo leydi Alseri.[3][4] Ina huutoree ngam ɓuuɓnude e ɓuuɓnude ndiyam.[2] Nokku gonɗo sara hoore baraas oo ina waɗi nate ɓooyɗe keewɗe maantiniiɗe.[5] Baraas oo waɗii ustaare mawnde e ndiyam Oued Guir e Oued Saoura e nokkuuji les damal ngal.[1] == Tuugnorgal == ol98772eptnd6mnoolg18mbcwptf5d6 174495 174494 2026-06-19T08:14:53Z Nnamadee 11577 174495 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Djorf Torba''' ko baraas gonɗo e diiwaan Kenadsa, e nder diiwaan Béchar, to leydi Alseri, ina taƴa maayo Oued Guir fotde kiloomeeteeruuji 50 (31 mi) bannge worgo laamorgo leydi Alseri.[3][4] Ina huutoree ngam ɓuuɓnude e ɓuuɓnude ndiyam.[2] Nokku gonɗo sara hoore baraas oo ina waɗi nate ɓooyɗe keewɗe maantiniiɗe.[5] Baraas oo waɗii ustaare mawnde e ndiyam Oued Guir e Oued Saoura e nokkuuji les damal ngal.<ref>Merzougui, Touhami. "L'eau dans l'oasis de Béni Abbés : un patrimoine essentiel (Vallée de la Saoura, Sud Ouest algérien)" (PDF). Nature Vivante. Retrieved 21 February 2013.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == rnzdnonic91s637w69mqrloz6md6bmm 174496 174495 2026-06-19T08:15:26Z Nnamadee 11577 174496 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Djorf Torba''' ko baraas gonɗo e diiwaan Kenadsa, e nder diiwaan Béchar, to leydi Alseri, ina taƴa maayo Oued Guir fotde kiloomeeteeruuji 50 (31 mi) bannge worgo laamorgo leydi Alseri.[3][4] Ina huutoree ngam ɓuuɓnude e ɓuuɓnude ndiyam.<ref>"African Dam Factsheet". UN FAO. Retrieved 21 February 2013.</ref> Nokku gonɗo sara hoore baraas oo ina waɗi nate ɓooyɗe keewɗe maantiniiɗe.[5] Baraas oo waɗii ustaare mawnde e ndiyam Oued Guir e Oued Saoura e nokkuuji les damal ngal.<ref>Merzougui, Touhami. "L'eau dans l'oasis de Béni Abbés : un patrimoine essentiel (Vallée de la Saoura, Sud Ouest algérien)" (PDF). Nature Vivante. Retrieved 21 February 2013.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == k0lsjoslrfk0see29fb6c8syn56an1s 174497 174496 2026-06-19T08:15:56Z Nnamadee 11577 174497 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Djorf Torba''' ko baraas gonɗo e diiwaan Kenadsa, e nder diiwaan Béchar, to leydi Alseri, ina taƴa maayo Oued Guir fotde kiloomeeteeruuji 50 (31 mi) bannge worgo laamorgo leydi Alseri.<ref>Lahlou, Abdelhadi (1996). "Environmental and socio-economic impacts of erosion and sedimentation in north Africa" (PDF). Erosion and Sediment Yield: Global and Regional Perspectives. International Association of Hydrological Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2013.</ref>[4] Ina huutoree ngam ɓuuɓnude e ɓuuɓnude ndiyam.<ref>"African Dam Factsheet". UN FAO. Retrieved 21 February 2013.</ref> Nokku gonɗo sara hoore baraas oo ina waɗi nate ɓooyɗe keewɗe maantiniiɗe.[5] Baraas oo waɗii ustaare mawnde e ndiyam Oued Guir e Oued Saoura e nokkuuji les damal ngal.<ref>Merzougui, Touhami. "L'eau dans l'oasis de Béni Abbés : un patrimoine essentiel (Vallée de la Saoura, Sud Ouest algérien)" (PDF). Nature Vivante. Retrieved 21 February 2013.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == 5nk7m0qh7i6wjn9lfnihlwv9mat1sxu 174498 174497 2026-06-19T08:16:28Z Nnamadee 11577 174498 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Djorf Torba''' ko baraas gonɗo e diiwaan Kenadsa, e nder diiwaan Béchar, to leydi Alseri, ina taƴa maayo Oued Guir fotde kiloomeeteeruuji 50 (31 mi) bannge worgo laamorgo leydi Alseri.<ref>Lahlou, Abdelhadi (1996). "Environmental and socio-economic impacts of erosion and sedimentation in north Africa" (PDF). Erosion and Sediment Yield: Global and Regional Perspectives. International Association of Hydrological Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2013.</ref><ref>"Google Maps". Google. Retrieved 22 February 2013.</ref> Ina huutoree ngam ɓuuɓnude e ɓuuɓnude ndiyam.<ref>"African Dam Factsheet". UN FAO. Retrieved 21 February 2013.</ref> Nokku gonɗo sara hoore baraas oo ina waɗi nate ɓooyɗe keewɗe maantiniiɗe.[5] Baraas oo waɗii ustaare mawnde e ndiyam Oued Guir e Oued Saoura e nokkuuji les damal ngal.<ref>Merzougui, Touhami. "L'eau dans l'oasis de Béni Abbés : un patrimoine essentiel (Vallée de la Saoura, Sud Ouest algérien)" (PDF). Nature Vivante. Retrieved 21 February 2013.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == tgbwe1o7r5ncyujxc85gqiowfekywek 174499 174498 2026-06-19T08:19:57Z Nnamadee 11577 174499 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Djorf Torba''' ko baraas gonɗo e diiwaan Kenadsa, e nder diiwaan Béchar, to leydi Alseri, ina taƴa maayo Oued Guir fotde kiloomeeteeruuji 50 (31 mi) bannge worgo laamorgo leydi Alseri.<ref>Lahlou, Abdelhadi (1996). "Environmental and socio-economic impacts of erosion and sedimentation in north Africa" (PDF). Erosion and Sediment Yield: Global and Regional Perspectives. International Association of Hydrological Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2013.</ref><ref>"Google Maps". Google. Retrieved 22 February 2013.</ref> Ina huutoree ngam ɓuuɓnude e ɓuuɓnude ndiyam.<ref>"African Dam Factsheet". UN FAO. Retrieved 21 February 2013.</ref> Nokku gonɗo sara hoore baraas oo ina waɗi nate ɓooyɗe keewɗe maantiniiɗe.<ref>G. Camps (1995). "Djorf Torba". Encyclopédie Berbère (in French) (16): 2477–2488. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2197. Retrieved 22 February 2013.</ref> Baraas oo waɗii ustaare mawnde e ndiyam Oued Guir e Oued Saoura e nokkuuji les damal ngal.<ref>Merzougui, Touhami. "L'eau dans l'oasis de Béni Abbés : un patrimoine essentiel (Vallée de la Saoura, Sud Ouest algérien)" (PDF). Nature Vivante. Retrieved 21 February 2013.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == 55zejyxufsqgdllgykxm4h2muq4t3kb 174500 174499 2026-06-19T08:20:44Z Nnamadee 11577 174500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Djorf Torba''' ko baraas gonɗo e diiwaan Kenadsa, e nder diiwaan Béchar, to leydi Alseri, ina taƴa maayo Oued Guir fotde kiloomeeteeruuji 50 (31 mi) bannge worgo laamorgo leydi Alseri.<ref>Lahlou, Abdelhadi (1996). "Environmental and socio-economic impacts of erosion and sedimentation in north Africa" (PDF). Erosion and Sediment Yield: Global and Regional Perspectives. International Association of Hydrological Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2013.</ref><ref>"Google Maps". Google. Retrieved 22 February 2013.</ref> Ina huutoree ngam ɓuuɓnude e ɓuuɓnude ndiyam.<ref>"African Dam Factsheet". UN FAO. Retrieved 21 February 2013.</ref> Nokku gonɗo sara hoore baraas oo ina waɗi nate ɓooyɗe keewɗe maantiniiɗe.<ref>G. Camps (1995). "Djorf Torba". Encyclopédie Berbère (in French) (16): 2477–2488. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2197. Retrieved 22 February 2013.</ref> Baraas oo waɗii ustaare mawnde e ndiyam Oued Guir e Oued Saoura e nokkuuji les damal ngal.<ref>Merzougui, Touhami. "L'eau dans l'oasis de Béni Abbés : un patrimoine essentiel (Vallée de la Saoura, Sud Ouest algérien)" (PDF). Nature Vivante. Retrieved 21 February 2013.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == rvn6nv60vbzkp445xgfugjz5r3mpnro 174501 174500 2026-06-19T08:22:50Z Nnamadee 11577 174501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Djorf Torba''' ko baraas gonɗo e diiwaan Kenadsa, e nder diiwaan Béchar, to leydi Alseri, ina taƴa maayo Oued Guir fotde kiloomeeteeruuji 50 (31 mi) bannge worgo laamorgo leydi Alseri.<ref>Lahlou, Abdelhadi (1996). "Environmental and socio-economic impacts of erosion and sedimentation in north Africa" (PDF). Erosion and Sediment Yield: Global and Regional Perspectives. International Association of Hydrological Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2013.</ref><ref>"Google Maps". Google. Retrieved 22 February 2013.</ref> Ina huutoree ngam ɓuuɓnude e ɓuuɓnude ndiyam.<ref>"African Dam Factsheet". UN FAO. Retrieved 21 February 2013.</ref> Nokku gonɗo sara hoore baraas oo ina waɗi nate ɓooyɗe keewɗe maantiniiɗe.<ref>G. Camps (1995). "Djorf Torba". Encyclopédie Berbère (in French) (16): 2477–2488. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2197. Retrieved 22 February 2013.</ref> Baraas oo waɗii ustaare mawnde e ndiyam Oued Guir e Oued Saoura e nokkuuji les damal ngal.<ref>Merzougui, Touhami. "L'eau dans l'oasis de Béni Abbés : un patrimoine essentiel (Vallée de la Saoura, Sud Ouest algérien)" (PDF). Nature Vivante. Retrieved 21 February 2013.</ref> [[File:سد جرف التربة 02.jpg|alt=Djorfa troba|thumb|Djorfa troba ]] == Tuugnorgal == np2vg5mer1f0awbgwaeege59r77138k 0 42231 174502 2026-06-19T08:25:18Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "'''Baraas Keddara''', walla Barrage Keddara, ko baraas ɓuuɓɗo, 6 km (4 mi) to fuɗnaange-rewo Keddara, dow maayo Boudouaou to diiwaan Boumerdès, to leydi Alseri. Sosiyetee Yugoslawi biyeteeɗo Hidrotehnika mahi ɗum hakkunde hitaande 1982 e 1987, faandaare mum adannde ko rokkude ndiyam ngam ilnude e huutoraade municipaal to Alseri tawi ko 35 km (22 mi) to bannge hirnaange.[1] Reservoir baraas oo ina jogii 146 500 000 m3 (118 769 acre⋅ft) ko mooftaa e ɓuuɓri e bar..." 174502 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Keddara''', walla Barrage Keddara, ko baraas ɓuuɓɗo, 6 km (4 mi) to fuɗnaange-rewo Keddara, dow maayo Boudouaou to diiwaan Boumerdès, to leydi Alseri. Sosiyetee Yugoslawi biyeteeɗo Hidrotehnika mahi ɗum hakkunde hitaande 1982 e 1987, faandaare mum adannde ko rokkude ndiyam ngam ilnude e huutoraade municipaal to Alseri tawi ko 35 km (22 mi) to bannge hirnaange.[1] Reservoir baraas oo ina jogii 146 500 000 m3 (118 769 acre⋅ft) ko mooftaa e ɓuuɓri e baraas Hamiz 7,6 km (5 mi) to bannge hirnaange e baraas Beni Amrane 17 km (11 mi) to fuɗnaange[]2. == Tuugnorgal == qgqydvmk1iyjsjgb2qd8wf807n8wxz1 174503 174502 2026-06-19T08:25:59Z Nnamadee 11577 174503 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Keddara''', walla Barrage Keddara, ko baraas ɓuuɓɗo, 6 km (4 mi) to fuɗnaange-rewo Keddara, dow maayo Boudouaou to diiwaan Boumerdès, to leydi Alseri. Sosiyetee Yugoslawi biyeteeɗo Hidrotehnika mahi ɗum hakkunde hitaande 1982 e 1987, faandaare mum adannde ko rokkude ndiyam ngam ilnude e huutoraade municipaal to Alseri tawi ko 35 km (22 mi) to bannge hirnaange.<ref>"Keddara | Algerie - Hidrotehnika - Hidroenergetika a.d." www.hidroenergetika.rs. Retrieved 2021-07-15.</ref> Reservoir baraas oo ina jogii 146 500 000 m3 (118 769 acre⋅ft) ko mooftaa e ɓuuɓri e baraas Hamiz 7,6 km (5 mi) to bannge hirnaange e baraas Beni Amrane 17 km (11 mi) to fuɗnaange[]2. == Tuugnorgal == s7xpawvelhr6pfq76g0hv8151cbjaew 174504 174503 2026-06-19T08:26:22Z Nnamadee 11577 174504 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Keddara''', walla Barrage Keddara, ko baraas ɓuuɓɗo, 6 km (4 mi) to fuɗnaange-rewo Keddara, dow maayo Boudouaou to diiwaan Boumerdès, to leydi Alseri. Sosiyetee Yugoslawi biyeteeɗo Hidrotehnika mahi ɗum hakkunde hitaande 1982 e 1987, faandaare mum adannde ko rokkude ndiyam ngam ilnude e huutoraade municipaal to Alseri tawi ko 35 km (22 mi) to bannge hirnaange.<ref>"Keddara | Algerie - Hidrotehnika - Hidroenergetika a.d." www.hidroenergetika.rs. Retrieved 2021-07-15.</ref> Reservoir baraas oo ina jogii 146 500 000 m3 (118 769 acre⋅ft) ko mooftaa e ɓuuɓri e baraas Hamiz 7,6 km (5 mi) to bannge hirnaange e baraas Beni Amrane 17 km (11 mi) to fuɗnaange.<ref>"Keddara". Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika. Retrieved 22 August 2011.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == lk3tip0vtswjhdk09tuinyahpkr356t 174505 174504 2026-06-19T08:26:47Z Nnamadee 11577 174505 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Keddara''', walla Barrage Keddara, ko baraas ɓuuɓɗo, 6 km (4 mi) to fuɗnaange-rewo Keddara, dow maayo Boudouaou to diiwaan Boumerdès, to leydi Alseri. Sosiyetee Yugoslawi biyeteeɗo Hidrotehnika mahi ɗum hakkunde hitaande 1982 e 1987, faandaare mum adannde ko rokkude ndiyam ngam ilnude e huutoraade municipaal to Alseri tawi ko 35 km (22 mi) to bannge hirnaange.<ref>"Keddara | Algerie - Hidrotehnika - Hidroenergetika a.d." www.hidroenergetika.rs. Retrieved 2021-07-15.</ref> Reservoir baraas oo ina jogii 146 500 000 m3 (118 769 acre⋅ft) ko mooftaa e ɓuuɓri e baraas Hamiz 7,6 km (5 mi) to bannge hirnaange e baraas Beni Amrane 17 km (11 mi) to fuɗnaange.<ref>"Keddara". Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika. Retrieved 22 August 2011.</ref><ref>"Keddara embankment dam". Serbia Construction. Retrieved 22 August 2011.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == lymz3tm1hs3tp3lhs9vjm4o6h2e51wr 174506 174505 2026-06-19T08:27:07Z Nnamadee 11577 174506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Keddara''', walla Barrage Keddara, ko baraas ɓuuɓɗo, 6 km (4 mi) to fuɗnaange-rewo Keddara, dow maayo Boudouaou to diiwaan Boumerdès, to leydi Alseri. Sosiyetee Yugoslawi biyeteeɗo Hidrotehnika mahi ɗum hakkunde hitaande 1982 e 1987, faandaare mum adannde ko rokkude ndiyam ngam ilnude e huutoraade municipaal to Alseri tawi ko 35 km (22 mi) to bannge hirnaange.<ref>"Keddara | Algerie - Hidrotehnika - Hidroenergetika a.d." www.hidroenergetika.rs. Retrieved 2021-07-15.</ref> Reservoir baraas oo ina jogii 146 500 000 m3 (118 769 acre⋅ft) ko mooftaa e ɓuuɓri e baraas Hamiz 7,6 km (5 mi) to bannge hirnaange e baraas Beni Amrane 17 km (11 mi) to fuɗnaange.<ref>"Keddara". Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika. Retrieved 22 August 2011.</ref><ref>"Keddara embankment dam". Serbia Construction. Retrieved 22 August 2011.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == dew2sp7eje958ifid2vlzj0a4f75yg7 0 42232 174507 2026-06-19T08:40:46Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "'''Baraas Koudiat Acerdoune''' ko baraas ɓuuɓɗo, gonɗo e 9,5 km (6 mi) to fuɗnaange-rewo Kadiriya e maayo Isser to diiwaan Bouïra, Alseri. Baraas oo mahaa ko hakkunde 2002 e 2008 e karallaagal beton ɓuuɓngal. Ina waɗi faandaare rokkude ndiyam ngam huutoraade e nder gollorɗe, e nder ndiyam e nder gure.[1] Ina joginoo 640 000 000 m3 (518 856 ektaar⋅ft) njuuteendi ndiyam ngam ustude 20 000 ha (49 421 ektaar) leydi wondude e rokkude diiwaan Alseri oo 178 000⋅14..." 174507 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Koudiat Acerdoune''' ko baraas ɓuuɓɗo, gonɗo e 9,5 km (6 mi) to fuɗnaange-rewo Kadiriya e maayo Isser to diiwaan Bouïra, Alseri. Baraas oo mahaa ko hakkunde 2002 e 2008 e karallaagal beton ɓuuɓngal. Ina waɗi faandaare rokkude ndiyam ngam huutoraade e nder gollorɗe, e nder ndiyam e nder gure.[1] Ina joginoo 640 000 000 m3 (518 856 ektaar⋅ft) njuuteendi ndiyam ngam ustude 20 000 ha (49 421 ektaar) leydi wondude e rokkude diiwaan Alseri oo 178 000⋅140 m3.000 ndiyam njareteeɗam hitaande kala.[2] == Tuugnorgal == 1qbzt9h1i4wsiapewgw45xdkzpbqdgt 174508 174507 2026-06-19T08:41:16Z Nnamadee 11577 174508 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Koudiat Acerdoune''' ko baraas ɓuuɓɗo, gonɗo e 9,5 km (6 mi) to fuɗnaange-rewo Kadiriya e maayo Isser to diiwaan Bouïra, Alseri. Baraas oo mahaa ko hakkunde 2002 e 2008 e karallaagal beton ɓuuɓngal. Ina waɗi faandaare rokkude ndiyam ngam huutoraade e nder gollorɗe, e nder ndiyam e nder gure.<ref>"Koudiat Acerdoune Dam, Algeria". PERI. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2011.</ref> Ina joginoo 640 000 000 m3 (518 856 ektaar⋅ft) njuuteendi ndiyam ngam ustude 20 000 ha (49 421 ektaar) leydi wondude e rokkude diiwaan Alseri oo 178 000⋅140 m3.000 ndiyam njareteeɗam hitaande kala.[2] == Tuugnorgal == lo01w7vun6l1ifbb2820xodw4h3oa46 174509 174508 2026-06-19T08:41:39Z Nnamadee 11577 174509 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Koudiat Acerdoune''' ko baraas ɓuuɓɗo, gonɗo e 9,5 km (6 mi) to fuɗnaange-rewo Kadiriya e maayo Isser to diiwaan Bouïra, Alseri. Baraas oo mahaa ko hakkunde 2002 e 2008 e karallaagal beton ɓuuɓngal. Ina waɗi faandaare rokkude ndiyam ngam huutoraade e nder gollorɗe, e nder ndiyam e nder gure.<ref>"Koudiat Acerdoune Dam, Algeria". PERI. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2011.</ref> Ina joginoo 640 000 000 m3 (518 856 ektaar⋅ft) njuuteendi ndiyam ngam ustude 20 000 ha (49 421 ektaar) leydi wondude e rokkude diiwaan Alseri oo 178 000⋅140 m3.000 ndiyam njareteeɗam hitaande kala.<ref>"The Dam Builder's Dream" (PDF). Mining and Construction. Retrieved 22 August 2011.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == cze9wtqdut60zofejptfb5a6b3zv0z4 174510 174509 2026-06-19T08:42:10Z Nnamadee 11577 174510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Koudiat Acerdoune''' ko baraas ɓuuɓɗo, gonɗo e 9,5 km (6 mi) to fuɗnaange-rewo Kadiriya e maayo Isser to diiwaan Bouïra, Alseri. Baraas oo mahaa ko hakkunde 2002 e 2008 e karallaagal beton ɓuuɓngal. Ina waɗi faandaare rokkude ndiyam ngam huutoraade e nder gollorɗe, e nder ndiyam e nder gure.<ref>"Koudiat Acerdoune Dam, Algeria". PERI. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2011.</ref> Ina joginoo 640 000 000 m3 (518 856 ektaar⋅ft) njuuteendi ndiyam ngam ustude 20 000 ha (49 421 ektaar) leydi wondude e rokkude diiwaan Alseri oo 178 000⋅140 m3.000 ndiyam njareteeɗam hitaande kala.<ref>"The Dam Builder's Dream" (PDF). Mining and Construction. Retrieved 22 August 2011.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == 9cohyg5wsviyj1i0ebel6faqh4rbjz3 0 42233 174511 2026-06-19T08:48:42Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "'''Baraas Gariep''' woni ko e Afrik worgo, sara wuro wiyeteengo Norvalspont, saraaji diiwanuuji Free State e diiwanuuji Kap fuɗnaange. Faandaare mayre adannde ko ndiyam, kuutoragol nder galleeji e nder gollorɗe kam e peewnugol semmbe. Ko kañum woni baraaas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. == Inde == Baraas Gariep, e golle mum e hitaande 1971, inniri ɗum ko baraas Hendrik Verwoerd, caggal Hendrik Verwoerd, gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii ko adii e caggal 31 mee 196..." 174511 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Gariep''' woni ko e Afrik worgo, sara wuro wiyeteengo Norvalspont, saraaji diiwanuuji Free State e diiwanuuji Kap fuɗnaange. Faandaare mayre adannde ko ndiyam, kuutoragol nder galleeji e nder gollorɗe kam e peewnugol semmbe. Ko kañum woni baraaas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. == Inde == Baraas Gariep, e golle mum e hitaande 1971, inniri ɗum ko baraas Hendrik Verwoerd, caggal Hendrik Verwoerd, gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii ko adii e caggal 31 mee 1961, nde leydi ndii wayli e Dental Afrik worgo, wonti Republique Afrik worgo. Kono, caggal nde Apartaayd joofi, innde Verwoerd ndee hiisetee ko nde fotaani. Innde ndee waylaama e dow laabi, wonti Gariep Dam ñalnde 4 oktoobar 1996. Gariep ko Khoekhoe ngam "maayo", innde asliire maayo Orange (maayo ɓurngo juutde e Afrik worgo).[3] == Wakere == Baraas oo woni ko e maayo Orange fotde 48 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Colesberg e 208 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange Bloemfontein. Ko e nder ŋoral to damal falnde Ruigte, fotde kilooji 5 fuɗnaange Norvalspont. Koyngal damal ngal ina tolnoo e 1 300 meeteer (4 300 ft) dow koye maayo. == Dimensiyonji == Koolol ngol ina waɗi 88 m tooweeki, njuuteendi mum ko 914 m, ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 1,73 miliyoŋ m3 beton. Baraas Gariep ko baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. E ɗemngal Engele Afrik worgo, ‘dam’ firti ko mbaydi e njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam jogori jogaade. Dam Gariep ina jogii mbaawka mooftude ko ina tolnoo e 5 340 000 megaliter (5 340 hm3) e wertallo ko ina tolnoo e 370 kiloomeeteer kaaree (140 miil kaaree) so ina heewi. Ko ɗoon nokku ɗo kuuraa ndiyam woni ɗoo, ina waɗi masiŋaaji nay 90 MW. == Design sifaa e kontraaji == Sifaa oo ko baraas hibriid gravity-arch beton. Ndeeɗoo faandaare suɓaama sabu gorge oo ina yaaji no feewi ngam arc timmuɗo ko ɗuum waɗi mahe flanking ina mbaɗa abutments gravity to arc hakkundeejo. Ko Dumez, sosiyatee mahngo Faraysenaajo mahi ɗum. == Ponto baraas Gariep == Maayooji e ɓulli ina njillondiri e baraas oo * Maayo Oraas[4] * Maayo Kaledon[4] * Ɓoornugol [4] * Ɓoornugol [4] * Ɓoornugol Oudag[4] * Ɓiɓɓe leɗɗe palmiye[4] * Slikspruit[4] == Yarlitiiɓe ndiyam, yaltugol, kuutoragol derivative e diwtugol == Ina foti yuɓɓineede no moƴƴi e ballondiral hakkunde dokkal e ɗaɓɓaande ngalɗoo kuutoragol ngalu ndiyam ngam ƴellitde ɗum e peewnugol kuuraa, e ndiyam njareteeɗam e nder gure. Won njulaagu e kuutoragol ndiyam ngam kuuraa e jokkondire hakkunde-leyɗe ngam ndiyam e nokkuuji goɗɗi ko wayi no Port Elizabeth. === Sifaa ndiyam oraas–liɗɗi === Feere ndee ina wayla ndiyam gila e maayo Orange haa e falnde maayo Great Fish.[5][6] Falnde maayo liɗɗi mawngo, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Grassridge, weendu ElandsDrift, tunnel Cookhouse, weendu De MistKraal [7] e nder Falnde maayo Sundays (Skema kanaaluuji e tuneluuji) Fuɗnaange-rewo Port Elizabeth, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Darlington, baraas Korhaansdrift, kanaal, baraas ballondiral Scheepersvlakte,[8] Tuubaako ndiyam mawɗam[9] haa Port Elizabeth, Golle laɓɓingol ndiyam Nooitgedracht,[10] gila 1992 e ndiyam ummoraade e falnde maayo Sundays[11] (Ƴeew jokkorɗe yaajɗe ngam ɓeydaade winndude wideyooji ko faati e mahngo e nate drone ngam system kanaal.) === Tunnel maayo Oraas-Liɗɗi === To Oviston, to bannge worgo weendu nduu, ko ɗoon woni naatgol maayo Orange-Fish, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ruttaade e maayo Great Fish e ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji hirnaange Kap Fuɗnaange. === Koolol kuuraa ndiyam Gariep === Ko 360 MW woni ko Eskom dognata. Turbineeji ndiyam nay 90 MW (ɗi njiylotoo ko to woɗɗi gila Gauteng)[12] == Galle == httooosx1d924vv64wryaejoclo15qk 174512 174511 2026-06-19T08:49:42Z Nnamadee 11577 174512 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Gariep''' woni ko e Afrik worgo, sara wuro wiyeteengo Norvalspont, saraaji diiwanuuji Free State e diiwanuuji Kap fuɗnaange. Faandaare mayre adannde ko ndiyam, kuutoragol nder galleeji e nder gollorɗe kam e peewnugol semmbe. Ko kañum woni baraaas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. == Inde == Baraas Gariep, e golle mum e hitaande 1971, inniri ɗum ko baraas Hendrik Verwoerd, caggal Hendrik Verwoerd, gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii ko adii e caggal 31 mee 1961, nde leydi ndii wayli e Dental Afrik worgo, wonti Republique Afrik worgo. Kono, caggal nde Apartaayd joofi, innde Verwoerd ndee hiisetee ko nde fotaani. Innde ndee waylaama e dow laabi, wonti Gariep Dam ñalnde 4 oktoobar 1996. Gariep ko Khoekhoe ngam "maayo", innde asliire maayo Orange (maayo ɓurngo juutde e Afrik worgo).<ref>"Dictionary of Southern African Place Names (Public Domain)". Human Science Research Council. p. 171.</ref> == Wakere == Baraas oo woni ko e maayo Orange fotde 48 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Colesberg e 208 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange Bloemfontein. Ko e nder ŋoral to damal falnde Ruigte, fotde kilooji 5 fuɗnaange Norvalspont. Koyngal damal ngal ina tolnoo e 1 300 meeteer (4 300 ft) dow koye maayo. == Dimensiyonji == Koolol ngol ina waɗi 88 m tooweeki, njuuteendi mum ko 914 m, ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 1,73 miliyoŋ m3 beton. Baraas Gariep ko baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. E ɗemngal Engele Afrik worgo, ‘dam’ firti ko mbaydi e njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam jogori jogaade. Dam Gariep ina jogii mbaawka mooftude ko ina tolnoo e 5 340 000 megaliter (5 340 hm3) e wertallo ko ina tolnoo e 370 kiloomeeteer kaaree (140 miil kaaree) so ina heewi. Ko ɗoon nokku ɗo kuuraa ndiyam woni ɗoo, ina waɗi masiŋaaji nay 90 MW. == Design sifaa e kontraaji == Sifaa oo ko baraas hibriid gravity-arch beton. Ndeeɗoo faandaare suɓaama sabu gorge oo ina yaaji no feewi ngam arc timmuɗo ko ɗuum waɗi mahe flanking ina mbaɗa abutments gravity to arc hakkundeejo. Ko Dumez, sosiyatee mahngo Faraysenaajo mahi ɗum. == Ponto baraas Gariep == Maayooji e ɓulli ina njillondiri e baraas oo * Maayo Oraas[4] * Maayo Kaledon[4] * Ɓoornugol [4] * Ɓoornugol [4] * Ɓoornugol Oudag[4] * Ɓiɓɓe leɗɗe palmiye[4] * Slikspruit[4] == Yarlitiiɓe ndiyam, yaltugol, kuutoragol derivative e diwtugol == Ina foti yuɓɓineede no moƴƴi e ballondiral hakkunde dokkal e ɗaɓɓaande ngalɗoo kuutoragol ngalu ndiyam ngam ƴellitde ɗum e peewnugol kuuraa, e ndiyam njareteeɗam e nder gure. Won njulaagu e kuutoragol ndiyam ngam kuuraa e jokkondire hakkunde-leyɗe ngam ndiyam e nokkuuji goɗɗi ko wayi no Port Elizabeth. === Sifaa ndiyam oraas–liɗɗi === Feere ndee ina wayla ndiyam gila e maayo Orange haa e falnde maayo Great Fish.[5][6] Falnde maayo liɗɗi mawngo, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Grassridge, weendu ElandsDrift, tunnel Cookhouse, weendu De MistKraal [7] e nder Falnde maayo Sundays (Skema kanaaluuji e tuneluuji) Fuɗnaange-rewo Port Elizabeth, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Darlington, baraas Korhaansdrift, kanaal, baraas ballondiral Scheepersvlakte,[8] Tuubaako ndiyam mawɗam[9] haa Port Elizabeth, Golle laɓɓingol ndiyam Nooitgedracht,[10] gila 1992 e ndiyam ummoraade e falnde maayo Sundays[11] (Ƴeew jokkorɗe yaajɗe ngam ɓeydaade winndude wideyooji ko faati e mahngo e nate drone ngam system kanaal.) === Tunnel maayo Oraas-Liɗɗi === To Oviston, to bannge worgo weendu nduu, ko ɗoon woni naatgol maayo Orange-Fish, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ruttaade e maayo Great Fish e ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji hirnaange Kap Fuɗnaange. === Koolol kuuraa ndiyam Gariep === Ko 360 MW woni ko Eskom dognata. Turbineeji ndiyam nay 90 MW (ɗi njiylotoo ko to woɗɗi gila Gauteng)[12] == Galle == 0t3gm77mgvunoxje73pgp00gbt17dwt 174513 174512 2026-06-19T08:50:20Z Nnamadee 11577 174513 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Gariep''' woni ko e Afrik worgo, sara wuro wiyeteengo Norvalspont, saraaji diiwanuuji Free State e diiwanuuji Kap fuɗnaange. Faandaare mayre adannde ko ndiyam, kuutoragol nder galleeji e nder gollorɗe kam e peewnugol semmbe. Ko kañum woni baraaas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. == Inde == Baraas Gariep, e golle mum e hitaande 1971, inniri ɗum ko baraas Hendrik Verwoerd, caggal Hendrik Verwoerd, gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii ko adii e caggal 31 mee 1961, nde leydi ndii wayli e Dental Afrik worgo, wonti Republique Afrik worgo. Kono, caggal nde Apartaayd joofi, innde Verwoerd ndee hiisetee ko nde fotaani. Innde ndee waylaama e dow laabi, wonti Gariep Dam ñalnde 4 oktoobar 1996. Gariep ko Khoekhoe ngam "maayo", innde asliire maayo Orange (maayo ɓurngo juutde e Afrik worgo).<ref>"Dictionary of Southern African Place Names (Public Domain)". Human Science Research Council. p. 171.</ref> == Wakere == Baraas oo woni ko e maayo Orange fotde 48 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Colesberg e 208 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange Bloemfontein. Ko e nder ŋoral to damal falnde Ruigte, fotde kilooji 5 fuɗnaange Norvalspont. Koyngal damal ngal ina tolnoo e 1 300 meeteer (4 300 ft) dow koye maayo. == Dimensiyonji == Koolol ngol ina waɗi 88 m tooweeki, njuuteendi mum ko 914 m, ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 1,73 miliyoŋ m3 beton. Baraas Gariep ko baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. E ɗemngal Engele Afrik worgo, ‘dam’ firti ko mbaydi e njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam jogori jogaade. Dam Gariep ina jogii mbaawka mooftude ko ina tolnoo e 5 340 000 megaliter (5 340 hm3) e wertallo ko ina tolnoo e 370 kiloomeeteer kaaree (140 miil kaaree) so ina heewi. Ko ɗoon nokku ɗo kuuraa ndiyam woni ɗoo, ina waɗi masiŋaaji nay 90 MW. == Design sifaa e kontraaji == Sifaa oo ko baraas hibriid gravity-arch beton. Ndeeɗoo faandaare suɓaama sabu gorge oo ina yaaji no feewi ngam arc timmuɗo ko ɗuum waɗi mahe flanking ina mbaɗa abutments gravity to arc hakkundeejo. Ko Dumez, sosiyatee mahngo Faraysenaajo mahi ɗum. == Ponto baraas Gariep == Maayooji e ɓulli ina njillondiri e baraas oo * Maayo Oraas<ref>Dept of Water Affairs website</ref> * Maayo Kaledon[4] * Ɓoornugol [4] * Ɓoornugol [4] * Ɓoornugol Oudag[4] * Ɓiɓɓe leɗɗe palmiye[4] * Slikspruit[4] == Yarlitiiɓe ndiyam, yaltugol, kuutoragol derivative e diwtugol == Ina foti yuɓɓineede no moƴƴi e ballondiral hakkunde dokkal e ɗaɓɓaande ngalɗoo kuutoragol ngalu ndiyam ngam ƴellitde ɗum e peewnugol kuuraa, e ndiyam njareteeɗam e nder gure. Won njulaagu e kuutoragol ndiyam ngam kuuraa e jokkondire hakkunde-leyɗe ngam ndiyam e nokkuuji goɗɗi ko wayi no Port Elizabeth. === Sifaa ndiyam oraas–liɗɗi === Feere ndee ina wayla ndiyam gila e maayo Orange haa e falnde maayo Great Fish.[5][6] Falnde maayo liɗɗi mawngo, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Grassridge, weendu ElandsDrift, tunnel Cookhouse, weendu De MistKraal [7] e nder Falnde maayo Sundays (Skema kanaaluuji e tuneluuji) Fuɗnaange-rewo Port Elizabeth, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Darlington, baraas Korhaansdrift, kanaal, baraas ballondiral Scheepersvlakte,[8] Tuubaako ndiyam mawɗam[9] haa Port Elizabeth, Golle laɓɓingol ndiyam Nooitgedracht,[10] gila 1992 e ndiyam ummoraade e falnde maayo Sundays[11] (Ƴeew jokkorɗe yaajɗe ngam ɓeydaade winndude wideyooji ko faati e mahngo e nate drone ngam system kanaal.) === Tunnel maayo Oraas-Liɗɗi === To Oviston, to bannge worgo weendu nduu, ko ɗoon woni naatgol maayo Orange-Fish, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ruttaade e maayo Great Fish e ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji hirnaange Kap Fuɗnaange. === Koolol kuuraa ndiyam Gariep === Ko 360 MW woni ko Eskom dognata. Turbineeji ndiyam nay 90 MW (ɗi njiylotoo ko to woɗɗi gila Gauteng)[12] == Galle == tded35wwhyz4v32gb5dym8tdxw8ohvl 174514 174513 2026-06-19T08:50:37Z Nnamadee 11577 174514 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Gariep''' woni ko e Afrik worgo, sara wuro wiyeteengo Norvalspont, saraaji diiwanuuji Free State e diiwanuuji Kap fuɗnaange. Faandaare mayre adannde ko ndiyam, kuutoragol nder galleeji e nder gollorɗe kam e peewnugol semmbe. Ko kañum woni baraaas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. == Inde == Baraas Gariep, e golle mum e hitaande 1971, inniri ɗum ko baraas Hendrik Verwoerd, caggal Hendrik Verwoerd, gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii ko adii e caggal 31 mee 1961, nde leydi ndii wayli e Dental Afrik worgo, wonti Republique Afrik worgo. Kono, caggal nde Apartaayd joofi, innde Verwoerd ndee hiisetee ko nde fotaani. Innde ndee waylaama e dow laabi, wonti Gariep Dam ñalnde 4 oktoobar 1996. Gariep ko Khoekhoe ngam "maayo", innde asliire maayo Orange (maayo ɓurngo juutde e Afrik worgo).<ref>"Dictionary of Southern African Place Names (Public Domain)". Human Science Research Council. p. 171.</ref> == Wakere == Baraas oo woni ko e maayo Orange fotde 48 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Colesberg e 208 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange Bloemfontein. Ko e nder ŋoral to damal falnde Ruigte, fotde kilooji 5 fuɗnaange Norvalspont. Koyngal damal ngal ina tolnoo e 1 300 meeteer (4 300 ft) dow koye maayo. == Dimensiyonji == Koolol ngol ina waɗi 88 m tooweeki, njuuteendi mum ko 914 m, ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 1,73 miliyoŋ m3 beton. Baraas Gariep ko baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. E ɗemngal Engele Afrik worgo, ‘dam’ firti ko mbaydi e njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam jogori jogaade. Dam Gariep ina jogii mbaawka mooftude ko ina tolnoo e 5 340 000 megaliter (5 340 hm3) e wertallo ko ina tolnoo e 370 kiloomeeteer kaaree (140 miil kaaree) so ina heewi. Ko ɗoon nokku ɗo kuuraa ndiyam woni ɗoo, ina waɗi masiŋaaji nay 90 MW. == Design sifaa e kontraaji == Sifaa oo ko baraas hibriid gravity-arch beton. Ndeeɗoo faandaare suɓaama sabu gorge oo ina yaaji no feewi ngam arc timmuɗo ko ɗuum waɗi mahe flanking ina mbaɗa abutments gravity to arc hakkundeejo. Ko Dumez, sosiyatee mahngo Faraysenaajo mahi ɗum. == Ponto baraas Gariep == Maayooji e ɓulli ina njillondiri e baraas oo * Maayo Oraas<ref name=":0">Dept of Water Affairs website</ref> * Maayo Kaledon<ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol [4] * Ɓoornugol [4] * Ɓoornugol Oudag[4] * Ɓiɓɓe leɗɗe palmiye[4] * Slikspruit[4] == Yarlitiiɓe ndiyam, yaltugol, kuutoragol derivative e diwtugol == Ina foti yuɓɓineede no moƴƴi e ballondiral hakkunde dokkal e ɗaɓɓaande ngalɗoo kuutoragol ngalu ndiyam ngam ƴellitde ɗum e peewnugol kuuraa, e ndiyam njareteeɗam e nder gure. Won njulaagu e kuutoragol ndiyam ngam kuuraa e jokkondire hakkunde-leyɗe ngam ndiyam e nokkuuji goɗɗi ko wayi no Port Elizabeth. === Sifaa ndiyam oraas–liɗɗi === Feere ndee ina wayla ndiyam gila e maayo Orange haa e falnde maayo Great Fish.[5][6] Falnde maayo liɗɗi mawngo, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Grassridge, weendu ElandsDrift, tunnel Cookhouse, weendu De MistKraal [7] e nder Falnde maayo Sundays (Skema kanaaluuji e tuneluuji) Fuɗnaange-rewo Port Elizabeth, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Darlington, baraas Korhaansdrift, kanaal, baraas ballondiral Scheepersvlakte,[8] Tuubaako ndiyam mawɗam[9] haa Port Elizabeth, Golle laɓɓingol ndiyam Nooitgedracht,[10] gila 1992 e ndiyam ummoraade e falnde maayo Sundays[11] (Ƴeew jokkorɗe yaajɗe ngam ɓeydaade winndude wideyooji ko faati e mahngo e nate drone ngam system kanaal.) === Tunnel maayo Oraas-Liɗɗi === To Oviston, to bannge worgo weendu nduu, ko ɗoon woni naatgol maayo Orange-Fish, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ruttaade e maayo Great Fish e ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji hirnaange Kap Fuɗnaange. === Koolol kuuraa ndiyam Gariep === Ko 360 MW woni ko Eskom dognata. Turbineeji ndiyam nay 90 MW (ɗi njiylotoo ko to woɗɗi gila Gauteng)[12] == Galle == 42h3t9cd0z6yuwgas4ol4ns1lbx1lkp 174515 174514 2026-06-19T08:50:53Z Nnamadee 11577 174515 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Gariep''' woni ko e Afrik worgo, sara wuro wiyeteengo Norvalspont, saraaji diiwanuuji Free State e diiwanuuji Kap fuɗnaange. Faandaare mayre adannde ko ndiyam, kuutoragol nder galleeji e nder gollorɗe kam e peewnugol semmbe. Ko kañum woni baraaas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. == Inde == Baraas Gariep, e golle mum e hitaande 1971, inniri ɗum ko baraas Hendrik Verwoerd, caggal Hendrik Verwoerd, gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii ko adii e caggal 31 mee 1961, nde leydi ndii wayli e Dental Afrik worgo, wonti Republique Afrik worgo. Kono, caggal nde Apartaayd joofi, innde Verwoerd ndee hiisetee ko nde fotaani. Innde ndee waylaama e dow laabi, wonti Gariep Dam ñalnde 4 oktoobar 1996. Gariep ko Khoekhoe ngam "maayo", innde asliire maayo Orange (maayo ɓurngo juutde e Afrik worgo).<ref>"Dictionary of Southern African Place Names (Public Domain)". Human Science Research Council. p. 171.</ref> == Wakere == Baraas oo woni ko e maayo Orange fotde 48 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Colesberg e 208 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange Bloemfontein. Ko e nder ŋoral to damal falnde Ruigte, fotde kilooji 5 fuɗnaange Norvalspont. Koyngal damal ngal ina tolnoo e 1 300 meeteer (4 300 ft) dow koye maayo. == Dimensiyonji == Koolol ngol ina waɗi 88 m tooweeki, njuuteendi mum ko 914 m, ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 1,73 miliyoŋ m3 beton. Baraas Gariep ko baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. E ɗemngal Engele Afrik worgo, ‘dam’ firti ko mbaydi e njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam jogori jogaade. Dam Gariep ina jogii mbaawka mooftude ko ina tolnoo e 5 340 000 megaliter (5 340 hm3) e wertallo ko ina tolnoo e 370 kiloomeeteer kaaree (140 miil kaaree) so ina heewi. Ko ɗoon nokku ɗo kuuraa ndiyam woni ɗoo, ina waɗi masiŋaaji nay 90 MW. == Design sifaa e kontraaji == Sifaa oo ko baraas hibriid gravity-arch beton. Ndeeɗoo faandaare suɓaama sabu gorge oo ina yaaji no feewi ngam arc timmuɗo ko ɗuum waɗi mahe flanking ina mbaɗa abutments gravity to arc hakkundeejo. Ko Dumez, sosiyatee mahngo Faraysenaajo mahi ɗum. == Ponto baraas Gariep == Maayooji e ɓulli ina njillondiri e baraas oo * Maayo Oraas<ref name=":0">Dept of Water Affairs website</ref> * Maayo Kaledon<ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol <ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol [4] * Ɓoornugol Oudag[4] * Ɓiɓɓe leɗɗe palmiye[4] * Slikspruit[4] == Yarlitiiɓe ndiyam, yaltugol, kuutoragol derivative e diwtugol == Ina foti yuɓɓineede no moƴƴi e ballondiral hakkunde dokkal e ɗaɓɓaande ngalɗoo kuutoragol ngalu ndiyam ngam ƴellitde ɗum e peewnugol kuuraa, e ndiyam njareteeɗam e nder gure. Won njulaagu e kuutoragol ndiyam ngam kuuraa e jokkondire hakkunde-leyɗe ngam ndiyam e nokkuuji goɗɗi ko wayi no Port Elizabeth. === Sifaa ndiyam oraas–liɗɗi === Feere ndee ina wayla ndiyam gila e maayo Orange haa e falnde maayo Great Fish.[5][6] Falnde maayo liɗɗi mawngo, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Grassridge, weendu ElandsDrift, tunnel Cookhouse, weendu De MistKraal [7] e nder Falnde maayo Sundays (Skema kanaaluuji e tuneluuji) Fuɗnaange-rewo Port Elizabeth, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Darlington, baraas Korhaansdrift, kanaal, baraas ballondiral Scheepersvlakte,[8] Tuubaako ndiyam mawɗam[9] haa Port Elizabeth, Golle laɓɓingol ndiyam Nooitgedracht,[10] gila 1992 e ndiyam ummoraade e falnde maayo Sundays[11] (Ƴeew jokkorɗe yaajɗe ngam ɓeydaade winndude wideyooji ko faati e mahngo e nate drone ngam system kanaal.) === Tunnel maayo Oraas-Liɗɗi === To Oviston, to bannge worgo weendu nduu, ko ɗoon woni naatgol maayo Orange-Fish, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ruttaade e maayo Great Fish e ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji hirnaange Kap Fuɗnaange. === Koolol kuuraa ndiyam Gariep === Ko 360 MW woni ko Eskom dognata. Turbineeji ndiyam nay 90 MW (ɗi njiylotoo ko to woɗɗi gila Gauteng)[12] == Galle == 2vw0nts4cr5bct76cdqoa4y0grbs329 174516 174515 2026-06-19T08:51:11Z Nnamadee 11577 174516 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Gariep''' woni ko e Afrik worgo, sara wuro wiyeteengo Norvalspont, saraaji diiwanuuji Free State e diiwanuuji Kap fuɗnaange. Faandaare mayre adannde ko ndiyam, kuutoragol nder galleeji e nder gollorɗe kam e peewnugol semmbe. Ko kañum woni baraaas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. == Inde == Baraas Gariep, e golle mum e hitaande 1971, inniri ɗum ko baraas Hendrik Verwoerd, caggal Hendrik Verwoerd, gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii ko adii e caggal 31 mee 1961, nde leydi ndii wayli e Dental Afrik worgo, wonti Republique Afrik worgo. Kono, caggal nde Apartaayd joofi, innde Verwoerd ndee hiisetee ko nde fotaani. Innde ndee waylaama e dow laabi, wonti Gariep Dam ñalnde 4 oktoobar 1996. Gariep ko Khoekhoe ngam "maayo", innde asliire maayo Orange (maayo ɓurngo juutde e Afrik worgo).<ref>"Dictionary of Southern African Place Names (Public Domain)". Human Science Research Council. p. 171.</ref> == Wakere == Baraas oo woni ko e maayo Orange fotde 48 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Colesberg e 208 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange Bloemfontein. Ko e nder ŋoral to damal falnde Ruigte, fotde kilooji 5 fuɗnaange Norvalspont. Koyngal damal ngal ina tolnoo e 1 300 meeteer (4 300 ft) dow koye maayo. == Dimensiyonji == Koolol ngol ina waɗi 88 m tooweeki, njuuteendi mum ko 914 m, ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 1,73 miliyoŋ m3 beton. Baraas Gariep ko baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. E ɗemngal Engele Afrik worgo, ‘dam’ firti ko mbaydi e njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam jogori jogaade. Dam Gariep ina jogii mbaawka mooftude ko ina tolnoo e 5 340 000 megaliter (5 340 hm3) e wertallo ko ina tolnoo e 370 kiloomeeteer kaaree (140 miil kaaree) so ina heewi. Ko ɗoon nokku ɗo kuuraa ndiyam woni ɗoo, ina waɗi masiŋaaji nay 90 MW. == Design sifaa e kontraaji == Sifaa oo ko baraas hibriid gravity-arch beton. Ndeeɗoo faandaare suɓaama sabu gorge oo ina yaaji no feewi ngam arc timmuɗo ko ɗuum waɗi mahe flanking ina mbaɗa abutments gravity to arc hakkundeejo. Ko Dumez, sosiyatee mahngo Faraysenaajo mahi ɗum. == Ponto baraas Gariep == Maayooji e ɓulli ina njillondiri e baraas oo * Maayo Oraas<ref name=":0">Dept of Water Affairs website</ref> * Maayo Kaledon<ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol <ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol <ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol Oudag[4] * Ɓiɓɓe leɗɗe palmiye[4] * Slikspruit[4] == Yarlitiiɓe ndiyam, yaltugol, kuutoragol derivative e diwtugol == Ina foti yuɓɓineede no moƴƴi e ballondiral hakkunde dokkal e ɗaɓɓaande ngalɗoo kuutoragol ngalu ndiyam ngam ƴellitde ɗum e peewnugol kuuraa, e ndiyam njareteeɗam e nder gure. Won njulaagu e kuutoragol ndiyam ngam kuuraa e jokkondire hakkunde-leyɗe ngam ndiyam e nokkuuji goɗɗi ko wayi no Port Elizabeth. === Sifaa ndiyam oraas–liɗɗi === Feere ndee ina wayla ndiyam gila e maayo Orange haa e falnde maayo Great Fish.[5][6] Falnde maayo liɗɗi mawngo, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Grassridge, weendu ElandsDrift, tunnel Cookhouse, weendu De MistKraal [7] e nder Falnde maayo Sundays (Skema kanaaluuji e tuneluuji) Fuɗnaange-rewo Port Elizabeth, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Darlington, baraas Korhaansdrift, kanaal, baraas ballondiral Scheepersvlakte,[8] Tuubaako ndiyam mawɗam[9] haa Port Elizabeth, Golle laɓɓingol ndiyam Nooitgedracht,[10] gila 1992 e ndiyam ummoraade e falnde maayo Sundays[11] (Ƴeew jokkorɗe yaajɗe ngam ɓeydaade winndude wideyooji ko faati e mahngo e nate drone ngam system kanaal.) === Tunnel maayo Oraas-Liɗɗi === To Oviston, to bannge worgo weendu nduu, ko ɗoon woni naatgol maayo Orange-Fish, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ruttaade e maayo Great Fish e ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji hirnaange Kap Fuɗnaange. === Koolol kuuraa ndiyam Gariep === Ko 360 MW woni ko Eskom dognata. Turbineeji ndiyam nay 90 MW (ɗi njiylotoo ko to woɗɗi gila Gauteng)[12] == Galle == kkvqd175epcn5qzib6akkfkoxhi3gq0 174517 174516 2026-06-19T08:51:31Z Nnamadee 11577 174517 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Gariep''' woni ko e Afrik worgo, sara wuro wiyeteengo Norvalspont, saraaji diiwanuuji Free State e diiwanuuji Kap fuɗnaange. Faandaare mayre adannde ko ndiyam, kuutoragol nder galleeji e nder gollorɗe kam e peewnugol semmbe. Ko kañum woni baraaas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. == Inde == Baraas Gariep, e golle mum e hitaande 1971, inniri ɗum ko baraas Hendrik Verwoerd, caggal Hendrik Verwoerd, gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii ko adii e caggal 31 mee 1961, nde leydi ndii wayli e Dental Afrik worgo, wonti Republique Afrik worgo. Kono, caggal nde Apartaayd joofi, innde Verwoerd ndee hiisetee ko nde fotaani. Innde ndee waylaama e dow laabi, wonti Gariep Dam ñalnde 4 oktoobar 1996. Gariep ko Khoekhoe ngam "maayo", innde asliire maayo Orange (maayo ɓurngo juutde e Afrik worgo).<ref>"Dictionary of Southern African Place Names (Public Domain)". Human Science Research Council. p. 171.</ref> == Wakere == Baraas oo woni ko e maayo Orange fotde 48 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Colesberg e 208 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange Bloemfontein. Ko e nder ŋoral to damal falnde Ruigte, fotde kilooji 5 fuɗnaange Norvalspont. Koyngal damal ngal ina tolnoo e 1 300 meeteer (4 300 ft) dow koye maayo. == Dimensiyonji == Koolol ngol ina waɗi 88 m tooweeki, njuuteendi mum ko 914 m, ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 1,73 miliyoŋ m3 beton. Baraas Gariep ko baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. E ɗemngal Engele Afrik worgo, ‘dam’ firti ko mbaydi e njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam jogori jogaade. Dam Gariep ina jogii mbaawka mooftude ko ina tolnoo e 5 340 000 megaliter (5 340 hm3) e wertallo ko ina tolnoo e 370 kiloomeeteer kaaree (140 miil kaaree) so ina heewi. Ko ɗoon nokku ɗo kuuraa ndiyam woni ɗoo, ina waɗi masiŋaaji nay 90 MW. == Design sifaa e kontraaji == Sifaa oo ko baraas hibriid gravity-arch beton. Ndeeɗoo faandaare suɓaama sabu gorge oo ina yaaji no feewi ngam arc timmuɗo ko ɗuum waɗi mahe flanking ina mbaɗa abutments gravity to arc hakkundeejo. Ko Dumez, sosiyatee mahngo Faraysenaajo mahi ɗum. == Ponto baraas Gariep == Maayooji e ɓulli ina njillondiri e baraas oo * Maayo Oraas<ref name=":0">Dept of Water Affairs website</ref> * Maayo Kaledon<ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol <ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol <ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol Oudag<ref name=":0" /> * Ɓiɓɓe leɗɗe palmiye[4] * Slikspruit[4] == Yarlitiiɓe ndiyam, yaltugol, kuutoragol derivative e diwtugol == Ina foti yuɓɓineede no moƴƴi e ballondiral hakkunde dokkal e ɗaɓɓaande ngalɗoo kuutoragol ngalu ndiyam ngam ƴellitde ɗum e peewnugol kuuraa, e ndiyam njareteeɗam e nder gure. Won njulaagu e kuutoragol ndiyam ngam kuuraa e jokkondire hakkunde-leyɗe ngam ndiyam e nokkuuji goɗɗi ko wayi no Port Elizabeth. === Sifaa ndiyam oraas–liɗɗi === Feere ndee ina wayla ndiyam gila e maayo Orange haa e falnde maayo Great Fish.[5][6] Falnde maayo liɗɗi mawngo, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Grassridge, weendu ElandsDrift, tunnel Cookhouse, weendu De MistKraal [7] e nder Falnde maayo Sundays (Skema kanaaluuji e tuneluuji) Fuɗnaange-rewo Port Elizabeth, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Darlington, baraas Korhaansdrift, kanaal, baraas ballondiral Scheepersvlakte,[8] Tuubaako ndiyam mawɗam[9] haa Port Elizabeth, Golle laɓɓingol ndiyam Nooitgedracht,[10] gila 1992 e ndiyam ummoraade e falnde maayo Sundays[11] (Ƴeew jokkorɗe yaajɗe ngam ɓeydaade winndude wideyooji ko faati e mahngo e nate drone ngam system kanaal.) === Tunnel maayo Oraas-Liɗɗi === To Oviston, to bannge worgo weendu nduu, ko ɗoon woni naatgol maayo Orange-Fish, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ruttaade e maayo Great Fish e ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji hirnaange Kap Fuɗnaange. === Koolol kuuraa ndiyam Gariep === Ko 360 MW woni ko Eskom dognata. Turbineeji ndiyam nay 90 MW (ɗi njiylotoo ko to woɗɗi gila Gauteng)[12] == Galle == 9t2moejnzgen68vqet7qrekci9dnlho 174518 174517 2026-06-19T08:52:06Z Nnamadee 11577 174518 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Gariep''' woni ko e Afrik worgo, sara wuro wiyeteengo Norvalspont, saraaji diiwanuuji Free State e diiwanuuji Kap fuɗnaange. Faandaare mayre adannde ko ndiyam, kuutoragol nder galleeji e nder gollorɗe kam e peewnugol semmbe. Ko kañum woni baraaas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. == Inde == Baraas Gariep, e golle mum e hitaande 1971, inniri ɗum ko baraas Hendrik Verwoerd, caggal Hendrik Verwoerd, gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii ko adii e caggal 31 mee 1961, nde leydi ndii wayli e Dental Afrik worgo, wonti Republique Afrik worgo. Kono, caggal nde Apartaayd joofi, innde Verwoerd ndee hiisetee ko nde fotaani. Innde ndee waylaama e dow laabi, wonti Gariep Dam ñalnde 4 oktoobar 1996. Gariep ko Khoekhoe ngam "maayo", innde asliire maayo Orange (maayo ɓurngo juutde e Afrik worgo).<ref>"Dictionary of Southern African Place Names (Public Domain)". Human Science Research Council. p. 171.</ref> == Wakere == Baraas oo woni ko e maayo Orange fotde 48 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Colesberg e 208 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange Bloemfontein. Ko e nder ŋoral to damal falnde Ruigte, fotde kilooji 5 fuɗnaange Norvalspont. Koyngal damal ngal ina tolnoo e 1 300 meeteer (4 300 ft) dow koye maayo. == Dimensiyonji == Koolol ngol ina waɗi 88 m tooweeki, njuuteendi mum ko 914 m, ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 1,73 miliyoŋ m3 beton. Baraas Gariep ko baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. E ɗemngal Engele Afrik worgo, ‘dam’ firti ko mbaydi e njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam jogori jogaade. Dam Gariep ina jogii mbaawka mooftude ko ina tolnoo e 5 340 000 megaliter (5 340 hm3) e wertallo ko ina tolnoo e 370 kiloomeeteer kaaree (140 miil kaaree) so ina heewi. Ko ɗoon nokku ɗo kuuraa ndiyam woni ɗoo, ina waɗi masiŋaaji nay 90 MW. == Design sifaa e kontraaji == Sifaa oo ko baraas hibriid gravity-arch beton. Ndeeɗoo faandaare suɓaama sabu gorge oo ina yaaji no feewi ngam arc timmuɗo ko ɗuum waɗi mahe flanking ina mbaɗa abutments gravity to arc hakkundeejo. Ko Dumez, sosiyatee mahngo Faraysenaajo mahi ɗum. == Ponto baraas Gariep == Maayooji e ɓulli ina njillondiri e baraas oo * Maayo Oraas<ref name=":0">Dept of Water Affairs website</ref> * Maayo Kaledon<ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol <ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol <ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol Oudag<ref name=":0" /> * Ɓiɓɓe leɗɗe palmiye<ref name=":0" /> * Slikspruit[4] == Yarlitiiɓe ndiyam, yaltugol, kuutoragol derivative e diwtugol == Ina foti yuɓɓineede no moƴƴi e ballondiral hakkunde dokkal e ɗaɓɓaande ngalɗoo kuutoragol ngalu ndiyam ngam ƴellitde ɗum e peewnugol kuuraa, e ndiyam njareteeɗam e nder gure. Won njulaagu e kuutoragol ndiyam ngam kuuraa e jokkondire hakkunde-leyɗe ngam ndiyam e nokkuuji goɗɗi ko wayi no Port Elizabeth. === Sifaa ndiyam oraas–liɗɗi === Feere ndee ina wayla ndiyam gila e maayo Orange haa e falnde maayo Great Fish.[5][6] Falnde maayo liɗɗi mawngo, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Grassridge, weendu ElandsDrift, tunnel Cookhouse, weendu De MistKraal [7] e nder Falnde maayo Sundays (Skema kanaaluuji e tuneluuji) Fuɗnaange-rewo Port Elizabeth, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Darlington, baraas Korhaansdrift, kanaal, baraas ballondiral Scheepersvlakte,[8] Tuubaako ndiyam mawɗam[9] haa Port Elizabeth, Golle laɓɓingol ndiyam Nooitgedracht,[10] gila 1992 e ndiyam ummoraade e falnde maayo Sundays[11] (Ƴeew jokkorɗe yaajɗe ngam ɓeydaade winndude wideyooji ko faati e mahngo e nate drone ngam system kanaal.) === Tunnel maayo Oraas-Liɗɗi === To Oviston, to bannge worgo weendu nduu, ko ɗoon woni naatgol maayo Orange-Fish, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ruttaade e maayo Great Fish e ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji hirnaange Kap Fuɗnaange. === Koolol kuuraa ndiyam Gariep === Ko 360 MW woni ko Eskom dognata. Turbineeji ndiyam nay 90 MW (ɗi njiylotoo ko to woɗɗi gila Gauteng)[12] == Galle == iz3fxzyy0ir5lma91tc0yoxyosbbcnk 174519 174518 2026-06-19T08:52:28Z Nnamadee 11577 174519 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Gariep''' woni ko e Afrik worgo, sara wuro wiyeteengo Norvalspont, saraaji diiwanuuji Free State e diiwanuuji Kap fuɗnaange. Faandaare mayre adannde ko ndiyam, kuutoragol nder galleeji e nder gollorɗe kam e peewnugol semmbe. Ko kañum woni baraaas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. == Inde == Baraas Gariep, e golle mum e hitaande 1971, inniri ɗum ko baraas Hendrik Verwoerd, caggal Hendrik Verwoerd, gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii ko adii e caggal 31 mee 1961, nde leydi ndii wayli e Dental Afrik worgo, wonti Republique Afrik worgo. Kono, caggal nde Apartaayd joofi, innde Verwoerd ndee hiisetee ko nde fotaani. Innde ndee waylaama e dow laabi, wonti Gariep Dam ñalnde 4 oktoobar 1996. Gariep ko Khoekhoe ngam "maayo", innde asliire maayo Orange (maayo ɓurngo juutde e Afrik worgo).<ref>"Dictionary of Southern African Place Names (Public Domain)". Human Science Research Council. p. 171.</ref> == Wakere == Baraas oo woni ko e maayo Orange fotde 48 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Colesberg e 208 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange Bloemfontein. Ko e nder ŋoral to damal falnde Ruigte, fotde kilooji 5 fuɗnaange Norvalspont. Koyngal damal ngal ina tolnoo e 1 300 meeteer (4 300 ft) dow koye maayo. == Dimensiyonji == Koolol ngol ina waɗi 88 m tooweeki, njuuteendi mum ko 914 m, ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 1,73 miliyoŋ m3 beton. Baraas Gariep ko baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. E ɗemngal Engele Afrik worgo, ‘dam’ firti ko mbaydi e njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam jogori jogaade. Dam Gariep ina jogii mbaawka mooftude ko ina tolnoo e 5 340 000 megaliter (5 340 hm3) e wertallo ko ina tolnoo e 370 kiloomeeteer kaaree (140 miil kaaree) so ina heewi. Ko ɗoon nokku ɗo kuuraa ndiyam woni ɗoo, ina waɗi masiŋaaji nay 90 MW. == Design sifaa e kontraaji == Sifaa oo ko baraas hibriid gravity-arch beton. Ndeeɗoo faandaare suɓaama sabu gorge oo ina yaaji no feewi ngam arc timmuɗo ko ɗuum waɗi mahe flanking ina mbaɗa abutments gravity to arc hakkundeejo. Ko Dumez, sosiyatee mahngo Faraysenaajo mahi ɗum. == Ponto baraas Gariep == Maayooji e ɓulli ina njillondiri e baraas oo * Maayo Oraas<ref name=":0">Dept of Water Affairs website</ref> * Maayo Kaledon<ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol <ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol <ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol Oudag<ref name=":0" /> * Ɓiɓɓe leɗɗe palmiye<ref name=":0" /> * Slikspruit<ref name=":0" /> == Yarlitiiɓe ndiyam, yaltugol, kuutoragol derivative e diwtugol == Ina foti yuɓɓineede no moƴƴi e ballondiral hakkunde dokkal e ɗaɓɓaande ngalɗoo kuutoragol ngalu ndiyam ngam ƴellitde ɗum e peewnugol kuuraa, e ndiyam njareteeɗam e nder gure. Won njulaagu e kuutoragol ndiyam ngam kuuraa e jokkondire hakkunde-leyɗe ngam ndiyam e nokkuuji goɗɗi ko wayi no Port Elizabeth. === Sifaa ndiyam oraas–liɗɗi === Feere ndee ina wayla ndiyam gila e maayo Orange haa e falnde maayo Great Fish.[5][6] Falnde maayo liɗɗi mawngo, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Grassridge, weendu ElandsDrift, tunnel Cookhouse, weendu De MistKraal [7] e nder Falnde maayo Sundays (Skema kanaaluuji e tuneluuji) Fuɗnaange-rewo Port Elizabeth, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Darlington, baraas Korhaansdrift, kanaal, baraas ballondiral Scheepersvlakte,[8] Tuubaako ndiyam mawɗam[9] haa Port Elizabeth, Golle laɓɓingol ndiyam Nooitgedracht,[10] gila 1992 e ndiyam ummoraade e falnde maayo Sundays[11] (Ƴeew jokkorɗe yaajɗe ngam ɓeydaade winndude wideyooji ko faati e mahngo e nate drone ngam system kanaal.) === Tunnel maayo Oraas-Liɗɗi === To Oviston, to bannge worgo weendu nduu, ko ɗoon woni naatgol maayo Orange-Fish, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ruttaade e maayo Great Fish e ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji hirnaange Kap Fuɗnaange. === Koolol kuuraa ndiyam Gariep === Ko 360 MW woni ko Eskom dognata. Turbineeji ndiyam nay 90 MW (ɗi njiylotoo ko to woɗɗi gila Gauteng)[12] == Galle == 0yu9tgdkcrhvfaxv2t7a7drclggruyq 174520 174519 2026-06-19T08:53:16Z Nnamadee 11577 174520 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Gariep''' woni ko e Afrik worgo, sara wuro wiyeteengo Norvalspont, saraaji diiwanuuji Free State e diiwanuuji Kap fuɗnaange. Faandaare mayre adannde ko ndiyam, kuutoragol nder galleeji e nder gollorɗe kam e peewnugol semmbe. Ko kañum woni baraaas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. == Inde == Baraas Gariep, e golle mum e hitaande 1971, inniri ɗum ko baraas Hendrik Verwoerd, caggal Hendrik Verwoerd, gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii ko adii e caggal 31 mee 1961, nde leydi ndii wayli e Dental Afrik worgo, wonti Republique Afrik worgo. Kono, caggal nde Apartaayd joofi, innde Verwoerd ndee hiisetee ko nde fotaani. Innde ndee waylaama e dow laabi, wonti Gariep Dam ñalnde 4 oktoobar 1996. Gariep ko Khoekhoe ngam "maayo", innde asliire maayo Orange (maayo ɓurngo juutde e Afrik worgo).<ref>"Dictionary of Southern African Place Names (Public Domain)". Human Science Research Council. p. 171.</ref> == Wakere == Baraas oo woni ko e maayo Orange fotde 48 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Colesberg e 208 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange Bloemfontein. Ko e nder ŋoral to damal falnde Ruigte, fotde kilooji 5 fuɗnaange Norvalspont. Koyngal damal ngal ina tolnoo e 1 300 meeteer (4 300 ft) dow koye maayo. == Dimensiyonji == Koolol ngol ina waɗi 88 m tooweeki, njuuteendi mum ko 914 m, ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 1,73 miliyoŋ m3 beton. Baraas Gariep ko baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. E ɗemngal Engele Afrik worgo, ‘dam’ firti ko mbaydi e njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam jogori jogaade. Dam Gariep ina jogii mbaawka mooftude ko ina tolnoo e 5 340 000 megaliter (5 340 hm3) e wertallo ko ina tolnoo e 370 kiloomeeteer kaaree (140 miil kaaree) so ina heewi. Ko ɗoon nokku ɗo kuuraa ndiyam woni ɗoo, ina waɗi masiŋaaji nay 90 MW. == Design sifaa e kontraaji == Sifaa oo ko baraas hibriid gravity-arch beton. Ndeeɗoo faandaare suɓaama sabu gorge oo ina yaaji no feewi ngam arc timmuɗo ko ɗuum waɗi mahe flanking ina mbaɗa abutments gravity to arc hakkundeejo. Ko Dumez, sosiyatee mahngo Faraysenaajo mahi ɗum. == Ponto baraas Gariep == Maayooji e ɓulli ina njillondiri e baraas oo * Maayo Oraas<ref name=":0">Dept of Water Affairs website</ref> * Maayo Kaledon<ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol <ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol <ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol Oudag<ref name=":0" /> * Ɓiɓɓe leɗɗe palmiye<ref name=":0" /> * Slikspruit<ref name=":0" /> == Yarlitiiɓe ndiyam, yaltugol, kuutoragol derivative e diwtugol == Ina foti yuɓɓineede no moƴƴi e ballondiral hakkunde dokkal e ɗaɓɓaande ngalɗoo kuutoragol ngalu ndiyam ngam ƴellitde ɗum e peewnugol kuuraa, e ndiyam njareteeɗam e nder gure. Won njulaagu e kuutoragol ndiyam ngam kuuraa e jokkondire hakkunde-leyɗe ngam ndiyam e nokkuuji goɗɗi ko wayi no Port Elizabeth. === Sifaa ndiyam oraas–liɗɗi === Feere ndee ina wayla ndiyam gila e maayo Orange haa e falnde maayo Great Fish.<ref>"FISH-SUNDAYS TRANSFER SCHEME". Archived from the original on 2021-09-03.</ref> Falnde maayo liɗɗi mawngo, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Grassridge, weendu ElandsDrift, tunnel Cookhouse, weendu De MistKraal [7] e nder Falnde maayo Sundays (Skema kanaaluuji e tuneluuji) Fuɗnaange-rewo Port Elizabeth, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Darlington, baraas Korhaansdrift, kanaal, baraas ballondiral Scheepersvlakte,[8] Tuubaako ndiyam mawɗam[9] haa Port Elizabeth, Golle laɓɓingol ndiyam Nooitgedracht,[10] gila 1992 e ndiyam ummoraade e falnde maayo Sundays[11] (Ƴeew jokkorɗe yaajɗe ngam ɓeydaade winndude wideyooji ko faati e mahngo e nate drone ngam system kanaal.) === Tunnel maayo Oraas-Liɗɗi === To Oviston, to bannge worgo weendu nduu, ko ɗoon woni naatgol maayo Orange-Fish, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ruttaade e maayo Great Fish e ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji hirnaange Kap Fuɗnaange. === Koolol kuuraa ndiyam Gariep === Ko 360 MW woni ko Eskom dognata. Turbineeji ndiyam nay 90 MW (ɗi njiylotoo ko to woɗɗi gila Gauteng)[12] == Galle == miwrfksczt2sb1vyuvn0muz92sqrbej 174521 174520 2026-06-19T08:53:52Z Nnamadee 11577 174521 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Gariep''' woni ko e Afrik worgo, sara wuro wiyeteengo Norvalspont, saraaji diiwanuuji Free State e diiwanuuji Kap fuɗnaange. Faandaare mayre adannde ko ndiyam, kuutoragol nder galleeji e nder gollorɗe kam e peewnugol semmbe. Ko kañum woni baraaas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. == Inde == Baraas Gariep, e golle mum e hitaande 1971, inniri ɗum ko baraas Hendrik Verwoerd, caggal Hendrik Verwoerd, gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii ko adii e caggal 31 mee 1961, nde leydi ndii wayli e Dental Afrik worgo, wonti Republique Afrik worgo. Kono, caggal nde Apartaayd joofi, innde Verwoerd ndee hiisetee ko nde fotaani. Innde ndee waylaama e dow laabi, wonti Gariep Dam ñalnde 4 oktoobar 1996. Gariep ko Khoekhoe ngam "maayo", innde asliire maayo Orange (maayo ɓurngo juutde e Afrik worgo).<ref>"Dictionary of Southern African Place Names (Public Domain)". Human Science Research Council. p. 171.</ref> == Wakere == Baraas oo woni ko e maayo Orange fotde 48 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Colesberg e 208 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange Bloemfontein. Ko e nder ŋoral to damal falnde Ruigte, fotde kilooji 5 fuɗnaange Norvalspont. Koyngal damal ngal ina tolnoo e 1 300 meeteer (4 300 ft) dow koye maayo. == Dimensiyonji == Koolol ngol ina waɗi 88 m tooweeki, njuuteendi mum ko 914 m, ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 1,73 miliyoŋ m3 beton. Baraas Gariep ko baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. E ɗemngal Engele Afrik worgo, ‘dam’ firti ko mbaydi e njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam jogori jogaade. Dam Gariep ina jogii mbaawka mooftude ko ina tolnoo e 5 340 000 megaliter (5 340 hm3) e wertallo ko ina tolnoo e 370 kiloomeeteer kaaree (140 miil kaaree) so ina heewi. Ko ɗoon nokku ɗo kuuraa ndiyam woni ɗoo, ina waɗi masiŋaaji nay 90 MW. == Design sifaa e kontraaji == Sifaa oo ko baraas hibriid gravity-arch beton. Ndeeɗoo faandaare suɓaama sabu gorge oo ina yaaji no feewi ngam arc timmuɗo ko ɗuum waɗi mahe flanking ina mbaɗa abutments gravity to arc hakkundeejo. Ko Dumez, sosiyatee mahngo Faraysenaajo mahi ɗum. == Ponto baraas Gariep == Maayooji e ɓulli ina njillondiri e baraas oo * Maayo Oraas<ref name=":0">Dept of Water Affairs website</ref> * Maayo Kaledon<ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol <ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol <ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol Oudag<ref name=":0" /> * Ɓiɓɓe leɗɗe palmiye<ref name=":0" /> * Slikspruit<ref name=":0" /> == Yarlitiiɓe ndiyam, yaltugol, kuutoragol derivative e diwtugol == Ina foti yuɓɓineede no moƴƴi e ballondiral hakkunde dokkal e ɗaɓɓaande ngalɗoo kuutoragol ngalu ndiyam ngam ƴellitde ɗum e peewnugol kuuraa, e ndiyam njareteeɗam e nder gure. Won njulaagu e kuutoragol ndiyam ngam kuuraa e jokkondire hakkunde-leyɗe ngam ndiyam e nokkuuji goɗɗi ko wayi no Port Elizabeth. === Sifaa ndiyam oraas–liɗɗi === Feere ndee ina wayla ndiyam gila e maayo Orange haa e falnde maayo Great Fish.<ref>"FISH-SUNDAYS TRANSFER SCHEME". Archived from the original on 2021-09-03.</ref><ref>"Department of Water Affairs: Orange River Basin". Archived from the original on 2022-06-16.</ref> Falnde maayo liɗɗi mawngo, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Grassridge, weendu ElandsDrift, tunnel Cookhouse, weendu De MistKraal [7] e nder Falnde maayo Sundays (Skema kanaaluuji e tuneluuji) Fuɗnaange-rewo Port Elizabeth, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Darlington, baraas Korhaansdrift, kanaal, baraas ballondiral Scheepersvlakte,[8] Tuubaako ndiyam mawɗam[9] haa Port Elizabeth, Golle laɓɓingol ndiyam Nooitgedracht,[10] gila 1992 e ndiyam ummoraade e falnde maayo Sundays[11] (Ƴeew jokkorɗe yaajɗe ngam ɓeydaade winndude wideyooji ko faati e mahngo e nate drone ngam system kanaal.) === Tunnel maayo Oraas-Liɗɗi === To Oviston, to bannge worgo weendu nduu, ko ɗoon woni naatgol maayo Orange-Fish, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ruttaade e maayo Great Fish e ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji hirnaange Kap Fuɗnaange. === Koolol kuuraa ndiyam Gariep === Ko 360 MW woni ko Eskom dognata. Turbineeji ndiyam nay 90 MW (ɗi njiylotoo ko to woɗɗi gila Gauteng)[12] == Galle == q1xtynuub7c8fp1u8yfgoimdejodboj 174522 174521 2026-06-19T08:54:32Z Nnamadee 11577 174522 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baraas Gariep''' woni ko e Afrik worgo, sara wuro wiyeteengo Norvalspont, saraaji diiwanuuji Free State e diiwanuuji Kap fuɗnaange. Faandaare mayre adannde ko ndiyam, kuutoragol nder galleeji e nder gollorɗe kam e peewnugol semmbe. Ko kañum woni baraaas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. == Inde == Baraas Gariep, e golle mum e hitaande 1971, inniri ɗum ko baraas Hendrik Verwoerd, caggal Hendrik Verwoerd, gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii ko adii e caggal 31 mee 1961, nde leydi ndii wayli e Dental Afrik worgo, wonti Republique Afrik worgo. Kono, caggal nde Apartaayd joofi, innde Verwoerd ndee hiisetee ko nde fotaani. Innde ndee waylaama e dow laabi, wonti Gariep Dam ñalnde 4 oktoobar 1996. Gariep ko Khoekhoe ngam "maayo", innde asliire maayo Orange (maayo ɓurngo juutde e Afrik worgo).<ref>"Dictionary of Southern African Place Names (Public Domain)". Human Science Research Council. p. 171.</ref> == Wakere == Baraas oo woni ko e maayo Orange fotde 48 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Colesberg e 208 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange Bloemfontein. Ko e nder ŋoral to damal falnde Ruigte, fotde kilooji 5 fuɗnaange Norvalspont. Koyngal damal ngal ina tolnoo e 1 300 meeteer (4 300 ft) dow koye maayo. == Dimensiyonji == Koolol ngol ina waɗi 88 m tooweeki, njuuteendi mum ko 914 m, ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 1,73 miliyoŋ m3 beton. Baraas Gariep ko baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. E ɗemngal Engele Afrik worgo, ‘dam’ firti ko mbaydi e njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam jogori jogaade. Dam Gariep ina jogii mbaawka mooftude ko ina tolnoo e 5 340 000 megaliter (5 340 hm3) e wertallo ko ina tolnoo e 370 kiloomeeteer kaaree (140 miil kaaree) so ina heewi. Ko ɗoon nokku ɗo kuuraa ndiyam woni ɗoo, ina waɗi masiŋaaji nay 90 MW. == Design sifaa e kontraaji == Sifaa oo ko baraas hibriid gravity-arch beton. Ndeeɗoo faandaare suɓaama sabu gorge oo ina yaaji no feewi ngam arc timmuɗo ko ɗuum waɗi mahe flanking ina mbaɗa abutments gravity to arc hakkundeejo. Ko Dumez, sosiyatee mahngo Faraysenaajo mahi ɗum. == Ponto baraas Gariep == Maayooji e ɓulli ina njillondiri e baraas oo * Maayo Oraas<ref name=":0">Dept of Water Affairs website</ref> * Maayo Kaledon<ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol <ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol <ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol Oudag<ref name=":0" /> * Ɓiɓɓe leɗɗe palmiye<ref name=":0" /> * Slikspruit<ref name=":0" /> == Yarlitiiɓe ndiyam, yaltugol, kuutoragol derivative e diwtugol == Ina foti yuɓɓineede no moƴƴi e ballondiral hakkunde dokkal e ɗaɓɓaande ngalɗoo kuutoragol ngalu ndiyam ngam ƴellitde ɗum e peewnugol kuuraa, e ndiyam njareteeɗam e nder gure. Won njulaagu e kuutoragol ndiyam ngam kuuraa e jokkondire hakkunde-leyɗe ngam ndiyam e nokkuuji goɗɗi ko wayi no Port Elizabeth. === Sifaa ndiyam oraas–liɗɗi === Feere ndee ina wayla ndiyam gila e maayo Orange haa e falnde maayo Great Fish.<ref>"FISH-SUNDAYS TRANSFER SCHEME". Archived from the original on 2021-09-03.</ref><ref>"Department of Water Affairs: Orange River Basin". Archived from the original on 2022-06-16.</ref> Falnde maayo liɗɗi mawngo, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Grassridge, weendu ElandsDrift, tunnel Cookhouse, weendu De MistKraal<ref><nowiki>https://www.gfrwua.com/orange-river-project</nowiki> Archived 2020-10-02 at the Wayback Machine | Great Fish River Water Users Association since 1920</ref> e nder Falnde maayo Sundays (Skema kanaaluuji e tuneluuji) Fuɗnaange-rewo Port Elizabeth, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Darlington, baraas Korhaansdrift, kanaal, baraas ballondiral Scheepersvlakte,[8] Tuubaako ndiyam mawɗam[9] haa Port Elizabeth, Golle laɓɓingol ndiyam Nooitgedracht,[10] gila 1992 e ndiyam ummoraade e falnde maayo Sundays[11] (Ƴeew jokkorɗe yaajɗe ngam ɓeydaade winndude wideyooji ko faati e mahngo e nate drone ngam system kanaal.) === Tunnel maayo Oraas-Liɗɗi === To Oviston, to bannge worgo weendu nduu, ko ɗoon woni naatgol maayo Orange-Fish, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ruttaade e maayo Great Fish e ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji hirnaange Kap Fuɗnaange. === Koolol kuuraa ndiyam Gariep === Ko 360 MW woni ko Eskom dognata. Turbineeji ndiyam nay 90 MW (ɗi njiylotoo ko to woɗɗi gila Gauteng)[12] == Galle == 3rf6oncky9g3nqvz1jgkdwovoc8quqm 174523 174522 2026-06-19T08:55:09Z Nnamadee 11577 174523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Gariep''' woni ko e Afrik worgo, sara wuro wiyeteengo Norvalspont, saraaji diiwanuuji Free State e diiwanuuji Kap fuɗnaange. Faandaare mayre adannde ko ndiyam, kuutoragol nder galleeji e nder gollorɗe kam e peewnugol semmbe. Ko kañum woni baraaas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. == Inde == Baraas Gariep, e golle mum e hitaande 1971, inniri ɗum ko baraas Hendrik Verwoerd, caggal Hendrik Verwoerd, gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii ko adii e caggal 31 mee 1961, nde leydi ndii wayli e Dental Afrik worgo, wonti Republique Afrik worgo. Kono, caggal nde Apartaayd joofi, innde Verwoerd ndee hiisetee ko nde fotaani. Innde ndee waylaama e dow laabi, wonti Gariep Dam ñalnde 4 oktoobar 1996. Gariep ko Khoekhoe ngam "maayo", innde asliire maayo Orange (maayo ɓurngo juutde e Afrik worgo).<ref>"Dictionary of Southern African Place Names (Public Domain)". Human Science Research Council. p. 171.</ref> == Wakere == Baraas oo woni ko e maayo Orange fotde 48 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Colesberg e 208 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange Bloemfontein. Ko e nder ŋoral to damal falnde Ruigte, fotde kilooji 5 fuɗnaange Norvalspont. Koyngal damal ngal ina tolnoo e 1 300 meeteer (4 300 ft) dow koye maayo. == Dimensiyonji == Koolol ngol ina waɗi 88 m tooweeki, njuuteendi mum ko 914 m, ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 1,73 miliyoŋ m3 beton. Baraas Gariep ko baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. E ɗemngal Engele Afrik worgo, ‘dam’ firti ko mbaydi e njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam jogori jogaade. Dam Gariep ina jogii mbaawka mooftude ko ina tolnoo e 5 340 000 megaliter (5 340 hm3) e wertallo ko ina tolnoo e 370 kiloomeeteer kaaree (140 miil kaaree) so ina heewi. Ko ɗoon nokku ɗo kuuraa ndiyam woni ɗoo, ina waɗi masiŋaaji nay 90 MW. == Design sifaa e kontraaji == Sifaa oo ko baraas hibriid gravity-arch beton. Ndeeɗoo faandaare suɓaama sabu gorge oo ina yaaji no feewi ngam arc timmuɗo ko ɗuum waɗi mahe flanking ina mbaɗa abutments gravity to arc hakkundeejo. Ko Dumez, sosiyatee mahngo Faraysenaajo mahi ɗum. == Ponto baraas Gariep == Maayooji e ɓulli ina njillondiri e baraas oo * Maayo Oraas<ref name=":0">Dept of Water Affairs website</ref> * Maayo Kaledon<ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol <ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol <ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol Oudag<ref name=":0" /> * Ɓiɓɓe leɗɗe palmiye<ref name=":0" /> * Slikspruit<ref name=":0" /> == Yarlitiiɓe ndiyam, yaltugol, kuutoragol derivative e diwtugol == Ina foti yuɓɓineede no moƴƴi e ballondiral hakkunde dokkal e ɗaɓɓaande ngalɗoo kuutoragol ngalu ndiyam ngam ƴellitde ɗum e peewnugol kuuraa, e ndiyam njareteeɗam e nder gure. Won njulaagu e kuutoragol ndiyam ngam kuuraa e jokkondire hakkunde-leyɗe ngam ndiyam e nokkuuji goɗɗi ko wayi no Port Elizabeth. === Sifaa ndiyam oraas–liɗɗi === Feere ndee ina wayla ndiyam gila e maayo Orange haa e falnde maayo Great Fish.<ref>"FISH-SUNDAYS TRANSFER SCHEME". Archived from the original on 2021-09-03.</ref><ref>"Department of Water Affairs: Orange River Basin". Archived from the original on 2022-06-16.</ref> Falnde maayo liɗɗi mawngo, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Grassridge, weendu ElandsDrift, tunnel Cookhouse, weendu De MistKraal<ref><nowiki>https://www.gfrwua.com/orange-river-project</nowiki> Archived 2020-10-02 at the Wayback Machine | Great Fish River Water Users Association since 1920</ref> e nder Falnde maayo Sundays (Skema kanaaluuji e tuneluuji) Fuɗnaange-rewo Port Elizabeth, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Darlington, baraas Korhaansdrift, kanaal, baraas ballondiral Scheepersvlakte,[8] Tuubaako ndiyam mawɗam[9] haa Port Elizabeth, Golle laɓɓingol ndiyam Nooitgedracht,[10] gila 1992 e ndiyam ummoraade e falnde maayo Sundays[11] (Ƴeew jokkorɗe yaajɗe ngam ɓeydaade winndude wideyooji ko faati e mahngo e nate drone ngam system kanaal.) === Tunnel maayo Oraas-Liɗɗi === To Oviston, to bannge worgo weendu nduu, ko ɗoon woni naatgol maayo Orange-Fish, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ruttaade e maayo Great Fish e ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji hirnaange Kap Fuɗnaange. === Koolol kuuraa ndiyam Gariep === Ko 360 MW woni ko Eskom dognata. Turbineeji ndiyam nay 90 MW (ɗi njiylotoo ko to woɗɗi gila Gauteng)[12] == Galle == b8a0zaxp9k80k5ahj2bbyajoe2mgwlk 174524 174523 2026-06-19T08:56:13Z Nnamadee 11577 174524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Gariep''' woni ko e Afrik worgo, sara wuro wiyeteengo Norvalspont, saraaji diiwanuuji Free State e diiwanuuji Kap fuɗnaange. Faandaare mayre adannde ko ndiyam, kuutoragol nder galleeji e nder gollorɗe kam e peewnugol semmbe. Ko kañum woni baraaas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. == Inde == Baraas Gariep, e golle mum e hitaande 1971, inniri ɗum ko baraas Hendrik Verwoerd, caggal Hendrik Verwoerd, gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii ko adii e caggal 31 mee 1961, nde leydi ndii wayli e Dental Afrik worgo, wonti Republique Afrik worgo. Kono, caggal nde Apartaayd joofi, innde Verwoerd ndee hiisetee ko nde fotaani. Innde ndee waylaama e dow laabi, wonti Gariep Dam ñalnde 4 oktoobar 1996. Gariep ko Khoekhoe ngam "maayo", innde asliire maayo Orange (maayo ɓurngo juutde e Afrik worgo).<ref>"Dictionary of Southern African Place Names (Public Domain)". Human Science Research Council. p. 171.</ref> == Wakere == Baraas oo woni ko e maayo Orange fotde 48 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Colesberg e 208 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange Bloemfontein. Ko e nder ŋoral to damal falnde Ruigte, fotde kilooji 5 fuɗnaange Norvalspont. Koyngal damal ngal ina tolnoo e 1 300 meeteer (4 300 ft) dow koye maayo. == Dimensiyonji == Koolol ngol ina waɗi 88 m tooweeki, njuuteendi mum ko 914 m, ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 1,73 miliyoŋ m3 beton. Baraas Gariep ko baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. E ɗemngal Engele Afrik worgo, ‘dam’ firti ko mbaydi e njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam jogori jogaade. Dam Gariep ina jogii mbaawka mooftude ko ina tolnoo e 5 340 000 megaliter (5 340 hm3) e wertallo ko ina tolnoo e 370 kiloomeeteer kaaree (140 miil kaaree) so ina heewi. Ko ɗoon nokku ɗo kuuraa ndiyam woni ɗoo, ina waɗi masiŋaaji nay 90 MW. == Design sifaa e kontraaji == Sifaa oo ko baraas hibriid gravity-arch beton. Ndeeɗoo faandaare suɓaama sabu gorge oo ina yaaji no feewi ngam arc timmuɗo ko ɗuum waɗi mahe flanking ina mbaɗa abutments gravity to arc hakkundeejo. Ko Dumez, sosiyatee mahngo Faraysenaajo mahi ɗum. == Ponto baraas Gariep == Maayooji e ɓulli ina njillondiri e baraas oo * Maayo Oraas<ref name=":0">Dept of Water Affairs website</ref> * Maayo Kaledon<ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol <ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol <ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol Oudag<ref name=":0" /> * Ɓiɓɓe leɗɗe palmiye<ref name=":0" /> * Slikspruit<ref name=":0" /> == Yarlitiiɓe ndiyam, yaltugol, kuutoragol derivative e diwtugol == Ina foti yuɓɓineede no moƴƴi e ballondiral hakkunde dokkal e ɗaɓɓaande ngalɗoo kuutoragol ngalu ndiyam ngam ƴellitde ɗum e peewnugol kuuraa, e ndiyam njareteeɗam e nder gure. Won njulaagu e kuutoragol ndiyam ngam kuuraa e jokkondire hakkunde-leyɗe ngam ndiyam e nokkuuji goɗɗi ko wayi no Port Elizabeth. === Sifaa ndiyam oraas–liɗɗi === Feere ndee ina wayla ndiyam gila e maayo Orange haa e falnde maayo Great Fish.<ref>"FISH-SUNDAYS TRANSFER SCHEME". Archived from the original on 2021-09-03.</ref><ref>"Department of Water Affairs: Orange River Basin". Archived from the original on 2022-06-16.</ref> Falnde maayo liɗɗi mawngo, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Grassridge, weendu ElandsDrift, tunnel Cookhouse, weendu De MistKraal<ref><nowiki>https://www.gfrwua.com/orange-river-project</nowiki> Archived 2020-10-02 at the Wayback Machine | Great Fish River Water Users Association since 1920</ref> e nder Falnde maayo Sundays (Skema kanaaluuji e tuneluuji) Fuɗnaange-rewo Port Elizabeth, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Darlington, baraas Korhaansdrift, kanaal, baraas ballondiral Scheepersvlakte,<ref><nowiki>https://www.gfrwua.com/orange-river-project</nowiki> Archived 2020-10-02 at the Wayback Machine Great Fish River Water Users Association since 1920</ref> Tuubaako ndiyam mawɗam[9] haa Port Elizabeth, Golle laɓɓingol ndiyam Nooitgedracht,[10] gila 1992 e ndiyam ummoraade e falnde maayo Sundays[11] (Ƴeew jokkorɗe yaajɗe ngam ɓeydaade winndude wideyooji ko faati e mahngo e nate drone ngam system kanaal.) === Tunnel maayo Oraas-Liɗɗi === To Oviston, to bannge worgo weendu nduu, ko ɗoon woni naatgol maayo Orange-Fish, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ruttaade e maayo Great Fish e ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji hirnaange Kap Fuɗnaange. === Koolol kuuraa ndiyam Gariep === Ko 360 MW woni ko Eskom dognata. Turbineeji ndiyam nay 90 MW (ɗi njiylotoo ko to woɗɗi gila Gauteng)[12] == Galle == 2pd3c2g0afg4vj9398uslm5pue0fxus 174525 174524 2026-06-19T08:56:45Z Nnamadee 11577 174525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Gariep''' woni ko e Afrik worgo, sara wuro wiyeteengo Norvalspont, saraaji diiwanuuji Free State e diiwanuuji Kap fuɗnaange. Faandaare mayre adannde ko ndiyam, kuutoragol nder galleeji e nder gollorɗe kam e peewnugol semmbe. Ko kañum woni baraaas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. == Inde == Baraas Gariep, e golle mum e hitaande 1971, inniri ɗum ko baraas Hendrik Verwoerd, caggal Hendrik Verwoerd, gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii ko adii e caggal 31 mee 1961, nde leydi ndii wayli e Dental Afrik worgo, wonti Republique Afrik worgo. Kono, caggal nde Apartaayd joofi, innde Verwoerd ndee hiisetee ko nde fotaani. Innde ndee waylaama e dow laabi, wonti Gariep Dam ñalnde 4 oktoobar 1996. Gariep ko Khoekhoe ngam "maayo", innde asliire maayo Orange (maayo ɓurngo juutde e Afrik worgo).<ref>"Dictionary of Southern African Place Names (Public Domain)". Human Science Research Council. p. 171.</ref> == Wakere == Baraas oo woni ko e maayo Orange fotde 48 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Colesberg e 208 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange Bloemfontein. Ko e nder ŋoral to damal falnde Ruigte, fotde kilooji 5 fuɗnaange Norvalspont. Koyngal damal ngal ina tolnoo e 1 300 meeteer (4 300 ft) dow koye maayo. == Dimensiyonji == Koolol ngol ina waɗi 88 m tooweeki, njuuteendi mum ko 914 m, ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 1,73 miliyoŋ m3 beton. Baraas Gariep ko baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. E ɗemngal Engele Afrik worgo, ‘dam’ firti ko mbaydi e njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam jogori jogaade. Dam Gariep ina jogii mbaawka mooftude ko ina tolnoo e 5 340 000 megaliter (5 340 hm3) e wertallo ko ina tolnoo e 370 kiloomeeteer kaaree (140 miil kaaree) so ina heewi. Ko ɗoon nokku ɗo kuuraa ndiyam woni ɗoo, ina waɗi masiŋaaji nay 90 MW. == Design sifaa e kontraaji == Sifaa oo ko baraas hibriid gravity-arch beton. Ndeeɗoo faandaare suɓaama sabu gorge oo ina yaaji no feewi ngam arc timmuɗo ko ɗuum waɗi mahe flanking ina mbaɗa abutments gravity to arc hakkundeejo. Ko Dumez, sosiyatee mahngo Faraysenaajo mahi ɗum. == Ponto baraas Gariep == Maayooji e ɓulli ina njillondiri e baraas oo * Maayo Oraas<ref name=":0">Dept of Water Affairs website</ref> * Maayo Kaledon<ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol <ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol <ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol Oudag<ref name=":0" /> * Ɓiɓɓe leɗɗe palmiye<ref name=":0" /> * Slikspruit<ref name=":0" /> == Yarlitiiɓe ndiyam, yaltugol, kuutoragol derivative e diwtugol == Ina foti yuɓɓineede no moƴƴi e ballondiral hakkunde dokkal e ɗaɓɓaande ngalɗoo kuutoragol ngalu ndiyam ngam ƴellitde ɗum e peewnugol kuuraa, e ndiyam njareteeɗam e nder gure. Won njulaagu e kuutoragol ndiyam ngam kuuraa e jokkondire hakkunde-leyɗe ngam ndiyam e nokkuuji goɗɗi ko wayi no Port Elizabeth. === Sifaa ndiyam oraas–liɗɗi === Feere ndee ina wayla ndiyam gila e maayo Orange haa e falnde maayo Great Fish.<ref>"FISH-SUNDAYS TRANSFER SCHEME". Archived from the original on 2021-09-03.</ref><ref>"Department of Water Affairs: Orange River Basin". Archived from the original on 2022-06-16.</ref> Falnde maayo liɗɗi mawngo, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Grassridge, weendu ElandsDrift, tunnel Cookhouse, weendu De MistKraal<ref><nowiki>https://www.gfrwua.com/orange-river-project</nowiki> Archived 2020-10-02 at the Wayback Machine | Great Fish River Water Users Association since 1920</ref> e nder Falnde maayo Sundays (Skema kanaaluuji e tuneluuji) Fuɗnaange-rewo Port Elizabeth, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Darlington, baraas Korhaansdrift, kanaal, baraas ballondiral Scheepersvlakte,<ref><nowiki>https://www.gfrwua.com/orange-river-project</nowiki> Archived 2020-10-02 at the Wayback Machine Great Fish River Water Users Association since 1920</ref> Tuubaako ndiyam mawɗam<ref><nowiki>http://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/Mid_Orange/fish-sun.htm</nowiki> Archived 2021-08-17 at the Wayback Machine Department of Water - Fish-Sundays</ref> haa Port Elizabeth, Golle laɓɓingol ndiyam Nooitgedracht,[10] gila 1992 e ndiyam ummoraade e falnde maayo Sundays[11] (Ƴeew jokkorɗe yaajɗe ngam ɓeydaade winndude wideyooji ko faati e mahngo e nate drone ngam system kanaal.) === Tunnel maayo Oraas-Liɗɗi === To Oviston, to bannge worgo weendu nduu, ko ɗoon woni naatgol maayo Orange-Fish, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ruttaade e maayo Great Fish e ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji hirnaange Kap Fuɗnaange. === Koolol kuuraa ndiyam Gariep === Ko 360 MW woni ko Eskom dognata. Turbineeji ndiyam nay 90 MW (ɗi njiylotoo ko to woɗɗi gila Gauteng)[12] == Galle == dqe5f30hktmaihliy3ckuzupx4r4po9 174526 174525 2026-06-19T08:57:35Z Nnamadee 11577 174526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Gariep''' woni ko e Afrik worgo, sara wuro wiyeteengo Norvalspont, saraaji diiwanuuji Free State e diiwanuuji Kap fuɗnaange. Faandaare mayre adannde ko ndiyam, kuutoragol nder galleeji e nder gollorɗe kam e peewnugol semmbe. Ko kañum woni baraaas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. == Inde == Baraas Gariep, e golle mum e hitaande 1971, inniri ɗum ko baraas Hendrik Verwoerd, caggal Hendrik Verwoerd, gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii ko adii e caggal 31 mee 1961, nde leydi ndii wayli e Dental Afrik worgo, wonti Republique Afrik worgo. Kono, caggal nde Apartaayd joofi, innde Verwoerd ndee hiisetee ko nde fotaani. Innde ndee waylaama e dow laabi, wonti Gariep Dam ñalnde 4 oktoobar 1996. Gariep ko Khoekhoe ngam "maayo", innde asliire maayo Orange (maayo ɓurngo juutde e Afrik worgo).<ref>"Dictionary of Southern African Place Names (Public Domain)". Human Science Research Council. p. 171.</ref> == Wakere == Baraas oo woni ko e maayo Orange fotde 48 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Colesberg e 208 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange Bloemfontein. Ko e nder ŋoral to damal falnde Ruigte, fotde kilooji 5 fuɗnaange Norvalspont. Koyngal damal ngal ina tolnoo e 1 300 meeteer (4 300 ft) dow koye maayo. == Dimensiyonji == Koolol ngol ina waɗi 88 m tooweeki, njuuteendi mum ko 914 m, ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 1,73 miliyoŋ m3 beton. Baraas Gariep ko baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. E ɗemngal Engele Afrik worgo, ‘dam’ firti ko mbaydi e njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam jogori jogaade. Dam Gariep ina jogii mbaawka mooftude ko ina tolnoo e 5 340 000 megaliter (5 340 hm3) e wertallo ko ina tolnoo e 370 kiloomeeteer kaaree (140 miil kaaree) so ina heewi. Ko ɗoon nokku ɗo kuuraa ndiyam woni ɗoo, ina waɗi masiŋaaji nay 90 MW. == Design sifaa e kontraaji == Sifaa oo ko baraas hibriid gravity-arch beton. Ndeeɗoo faandaare suɓaama sabu gorge oo ina yaaji no feewi ngam arc timmuɗo ko ɗuum waɗi mahe flanking ina mbaɗa abutments gravity to arc hakkundeejo. Ko Dumez, sosiyatee mahngo Faraysenaajo mahi ɗum. == Ponto baraas Gariep == Maayooji e ɓulli ina njillondiri e baraas oo * Maayo Oraas<ref name=":0">Dept of Water Affairs website</ref> * Maayo Kaledon<ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol <ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol <ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol Oudag<ref name=":0" /> * Ɓiɓɓe leɗɗe palmiye<ref name=":0" /> * Slikspruit<ref name=":0" /> == Yarlitiiɓe ndiyam, yaltugol, kuutoragol derivative e diwtugol == Ina foti yuɓɓineede no moƴƴi e ballondiral hakkunde dokkal e ɗaɓɓaande ngalɗoo kuutoragol ngalu ndiyam ngam ƴellitde ɗum e peewnugol kuuraa, e ndiyam njareteeɗam e nder gure. Won njulaagu e kuutoragol ndiyam ngam kuuraa e jokkondire hakkunde-leyɗe ngam ndiyam e nokkuuji goɗɗi ko wayi no Port Elizabeth. === Sifaa ndiyam oraas–liɗɗi === Feere ndee ina wayla ndiyam gila e maayo Orange haa e falnde maayo Great Fish.<ref>"FISH-SUNDAYS TRANSFER SCHEME". Archived from the original on 2021-09-03.</ref><ref>"Department of Water Affairs: Orange River Basin". Archived from the original on 2022-06-16.</ref> Falnde maayo liɗɗi mawngo, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Grassridge, weendu ElandsDrift, tunnel Cookhouse, weendu De MistKraal<ref><nowiki>https://www.gfrwua.com/orange-river-project</nowiki> Archived 2020-10-02 at the Wayback Machine | Great Fish River Water Users Association since 1920</ref> e nder Falnde maayo Sundays (Skema kanaaluuji e tuneluuji) Fuɗnaange-rewo Port Elizabeth, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Darlington, baraas Korhaansdrift, kanaal, baraas ballondiral Scheepersvlakte,<ref><nowiki>https://www.gfrwua.com/orange-river-project</nowiki> Archived 2020-10-02 at the Wayback Machine Great Fish River Water Users Association since 1920</ref> Tuubaako ndiyam mawɗam<ref><nowiki>http://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/Mid_Orange/fish-sun.htm</nowiki> Archived 2021-08-17 at the Wayback Machine Department of Water - Fish-Sundays</ref> haa Port Elizabeth, Golle laɓɓingol ndiyam Nooitgedracht,<ref>Nooitgedracht Water Treatment Works - See External Links Documentary</ref> gila 1992 e ndiyam ummoraade e falnde maayo Sundays[11] (Ƴeew jokkorɗe yaajɗe ngam ɓeydaade winndude wideyooji ko faati e mahngo e nate drone ngam system kanaal.) === Tunnel maayo Oraas-Liɗɗi === To Oviston, to bannge worgo weendu nduu, ko ɗoon woni naatgol maayo Orange-Fish, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ruttaade e maayo Great Fish e ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji hirnaange Kap Fuɗnaange. === Koolol kuuraa ndiyam Gariep === Ko 360 MW woni ko Eskom dognata. Turbineeji ndiyam nay 90 MW (ɗi njiylotoo ko to woɗɗi gila Gauteng)[12] == Galle == m8o8c9kdeiamwmpabeghzn5bc0e3rlv 174527 174526 2026-06-19T08:59:49Z Nnamadee 11577 174527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baraas Gariep''' woni ko e Afrik worgo, sara wuro wiyeteengo Norvalspont, saraaji diiwanuuji Free State e diiwanuuji Kap fuɗnaange. Faandaare mayre adannde ko ndiyam, kuutoragol nder galleeji e nder gollorɗe kam e peewnugol semmbe. Ko kañum woni baraaas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. == Inde == Baraas Gariep, e golle mum e hitaande 1971, inniri ɗum ko baraas Hendrik Verwoerd, caggal Hendrik Verwoerd, gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii ko adii e caggal 31 mee 1961, nde leydi ndii wayli e Dental Afrik worgo, wonti Republique Afrik worgo. Kono, caggal nde Apartaayd joofi, innde Verwoerd ndee hiisetee ko nde fotaani. Innde ndee waylaama e dow laabi, wonti Gariep Dam ñalnde 4 oktoobar 1996. Gariep ko Khoekhoe ngam "maayo", innde asliire maayo Orange (maayo ɓurngo juutde e Afrik worgo).<ref>"Dictionary of Southern African Place Names (Public Domain)". Human Science Research Council. p. 171.</ref> == Wakere == Baraas oo woni ko e maayo Orange fotde 48 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Colesberg e 208 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange Bloemfontein. Ko e nder ŋoral to damal falnde Ruigte, fotde kilooji 5 fuɗnaange Norvalspont. Koyngal damal ngal ina tolnoo e 1 300 meeteer (4 300 ft) dow koye maayo. == Dimensiyonji == Koolol ngol ina waɗi 88 m tooweeki, njuuteendi mum ko 914 m, ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 1,73 miliyoŋ m3 beton. Baraas Gariep ko baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. E ɗemngal Engele Afrik worgo, ‘dam’ firti ko mbaydi e njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam jogori jogaade. Dam Gariep ina jogii mbaawka mooftude ko ina tolnoo e 5 340 000 megaliter (5 340 hm3) e wertallo ko ina tolnoo e 370 kiloomeeteer kaaree (140 miil kaaree) so ina heewi. Ko ɗoon nokku ɗo kuuraa ndiyam woni ɗoo, ina waɗi masiŋaaji nay 90 MW. == Design sifaa e kontraaji == Sifaa oo ko baraas hibriid gravity-arch beton. Ndeeɗoo faandaare suɓaama sabu gorge oo ina yaaji no feewi ngam arc timmuɗo ko ɗuum waɗi mahe flanking ina mbaɗa abutments gravity to arc hakkundeejo. Ko Dumez, sosiyatee mahngo Faraysenaajo mahi ɗum. == Ponto baraas Gariep == Maayooji e ɓulli ina njillondiri e baraas oo * Maayo Oraas<ref name=":0">Dept of Water Affairs website</ref> * Maayo Kaledon<ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol <ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol <ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol Oudag<ref name=":0" /> * Ɓiɓɓe leɗɗe palmiye<ref name=":0" /> * Slikspruit<ref name=":0" /> == Yarlitiiɓe ndiyam, yaltugol, kuutoragol derivative e diwtugol == Ina foti yuɓɓineede no moƴƴi e ballondiral hakkunde dokkal e ɗaɓɓaande ngalɗoo kuutoragol ngalu ndiyam ngam ƴellitde ɗum e peewnugol kuuraa, e ndiyam njareteeɗam e nder gure. Won njulaagu e kuutoragol ndiyam ngam kuuraa e jokkondire hakkunde-leyɗe ngam ndiyam e nokkuuji goɗɗi ko wayi no Port Elizabeth. === Sifaa ndiyam oraas–liɗɗi === Feere ndee ina wayla ndiyam gila e maayo Orange haa e falnde maayo Great Fish.<ref>"FISH-SUNDAYS TRANSFER SCHEME". Archived from the original on 2021-09-03.</ref><ref>"Department of Water Affairs: Orange River Basin". Archived from the original on 2022-06-16.</ref> Falnde maayo liɗɗi mawngo, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Grassridge, weendu ElandsDrift, tunnel Cookhouse, weendu De MistKraal<ref><nowiki>https://www.gfrwua.com/orange-river-project</nowiki> Archived 2020-10-02 at the Wayback Machine | Great Fish River Water Users Association since 1920</ref> e nder Falnde maayo Sundays (Skema kanaaluuji e tuneluuji) Fuɗnaange-rewo Port Elizabeth, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Darlington, baraas Korhaansdrift, kanaal, baraas ballondiral Scheepersvlakte,<ref><nowiki>https://www.gfrwua.com/orange-river-project</nowiki> Archived 2020-10-02 at the Wayback Machine Great Fish River Water Users Association since 1920</ref> Tuubaako ndiyam mawɗam<ref><nowiki>http://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/Mid_Orange/fish-sun.htm</nowiki> Archived 2021-08-17 at the Wayback Machine Department of Water - Fish-Sundays</ref> haa Port Elizabeth, Golle laɓɓingol ndiyam Nooitgedracht,<ref>Nooitgedracht Water Treatment Works - See External Links Documentary</ref> gila 1992 e ndiyam ummoraade e falnde maayo Sundays<ref>"Map Illustration - Further details". Department of Water - Fish-Sundays. Archived from the original on 2021-08-17. Retrieved 2020-09-22.</ref> (Ƴeew jokkorɗe yaajɗe ngam ɓeydaade winndude wideyooji ko faati e mahngo e nate drone ngam system kanaal.) === Tunnel maayo Oraas-Liɗɗi === To Oviston, to bannge worgo weendu nduu, ko ɗoon woni naatgol maayo Orange-Fish, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ruttaade e maayo Great Fish e ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji hirnaange Kap Fuɗnaange. === Koolol kuuraa ndiyam Gariep === Ko 360 MW woni ko Eskom dognata. Turbineeji ndiyam nay 90 MW (ɗi njiylotoo ko to woɗɗi gila Gauteng) == Galle == nx6jwjhksqx6z6ljm5jd41ud75nda11 174528 174527 2026-06-19T09:01:13Z Nnamadee 11577 174528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}<ref>"ESKOM'S HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATIONS – GARIEP AND VANDERKLOOF" (PDF).</ref> '''Baraas Gariep''' woni ko e Afrik worgo, sara wuro wiyeteengo Norvalspont, saraaji diiwanuuji Free State e diiwanuuji Kap fuɗnaange. Faandaare mayre adannde ko ndiyam, kuutoragol nder galleeji e nder gollorɗe kam e peewnugol semmbe. Ko kañum woni baraaas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. == Inde == Baraas Gariep, e golle mum e hitaande 1971, inniri ɗum ko baraas Hendrik Verwoerd, caggal Hendrik Verwoerd, gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii ko adii e caggal 31 mee 1961, nde leydi ndii wayli e Dental Afrik worgo, wonti Republique Afrik worgo. Kono, caggal nde Apartaayd joofi, innde Verwoerd ndee hiisetee ko nde fotaani. Innde ndee waylaama e dow laabi, wonti Gariep Dam ñalnde 4 oktoobar 1996. Gariep ko Khoekhoe ngam "maayo", innde asliire maayo Orange (maayo ɓurngo juutde e Afrik worgo).<ref>"Dictionary of Southern African Place Names (Public Domain)". Human Science Research Council. p. 171.</ref> == Wakere == Baraas oo woni ko e maayo Orange fotde 48 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Colesberg e 208 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange Bloemfontein. Ko e nder ŋoral to damal falnde Ruigte, fotde kilooji 5 fuɗnaange Norvalspont. Koyngal damal ngal ina tolnoo e 1 300 meeteer (4 300 ft) dow koye maayo. == Dimensiyonji == Koolol ngol ina waɗi 88 m tooweeki, njuuteendi mum ko 914 m, ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 1,73 miliyoŋ m3 beton. Baraas Gariep ko baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. E ɗemngal Engele Afrik worgo, ‘dam’ firti ko mbaydi e njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam jogori jogaade. Dam Gariep ina jogii mbaawka mooftude ko ina tolnoo e 5 340 000 megaliter (5 340 hm3) e wertallo ko ina tolnoo e 370 kiloomeeteer kaaree (140 miil kaaree) so ina heewi. Ko ɗoon nokku ɗo kuuraa ndiyam woni ɗoo, ina waɗi masiŋaaji nay 90 MW. == Design sifaa e kontraaji == Sifaa oo ko baraas hibriid gravity-arch beton. Ndeeɗoo faandaare suɓaama sabu gorge oo ina yaaji no feewi ngam arc timmuɗo ko ɗuum waɗi mahe flanking ina mbaɗa abutments gravity to arc hakkundeejo. Ko Dumez, sosiyatee mahngo Faraysenaajo mahi ɗum. == Ponto baraas Gariep == Maayooji e ɓulli ina njillondiri e baraas oo * Maayo Oraas<ref name=":0">Dept of Water Affairs website</ref> * Maayo Kaledon<ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol <ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol <ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol Oudag<ref name=":0" /> * Ɓiɓɓe leɗɗe palmiye<ref name=":0" /> * Slikspruit<ref name=":0" /> == Yarlitiiɓe ndiyam, yaltugol, kuutoragol derivative e diwtugol == Ina foti yuɓɓineede no moƴƴi e ballondiral hakkunde dokkal e ɗaɓɓaande ngalɗoo kuutoragol ngalu ndiyam ngam ƴellitde ɗum e peewnugol kuuraa, e ndiyam njareteeɗam e nder gure. Won njulaagu e kuutoragol ndiyam ngam kuuraa e jokkondire hakkunde-leyɗe ngam ndiyam e nokkuuji goɗɗi ko wayi no Port Elizabeth. === Sifaa ndiyam oraas–liɗɗi === Feere ndee ina wayla ndiyam gila e maayo Orange haa e falnde maayo Great Fish.<ref>"FISH-SUNDAYS TRANSFER SCHEME". Archived from the original on 2021-09-03.</ref><ref>"Department of Water Affairs: Orange River Basin". Archived from the original on 2022-06-16.</ref> Falnde maayo liɗɗi mawngo, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Grassridge, weendu ElandsDrift, tunnel Cookhouse, weendu De MistKraal<ref><nowiki>https://www.gfrwua.com/orange-river-project</nowiki> Archived 2020-10-02 at the Wayback Machine | Great Fish River Water Users Association since 1920</ref> e nder Falnde maayo Sundays (Skema kanaaluuji e tuneluuji) Fuɗnaange-rewo Port Elizabeth, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Darlington, baraas Korhaansdrift, kanaal, baraas ballondiral Scheepersvlakte,<ref><nowiki>https://www.gfrwua.com/orange-river-project</nowiki> Archived 2020-10-02 at the Wayback Machine Great Fish River Water Users Association since 1920</ref> Tuubaako ndiyam mawɗam<ref><nowiki>http://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/Mid_Orange/fish-sun.htm</nowiki> Archived 2021-08-17 at the Wayback Machine Department of Water - Fish-Sundays</ref> haa Port Elizabeth, Golle laɓɓingol ndiyam Nooitgedracht,<ref>Nooitgedracht Water Treatment Works - See External Links Documentary</ref> gila 1992 e ndiyam ummoraade e falnde maayo Sundays<ref>"Map Illustration - Further details". Department of Water - Fish-Sundays. Archived from the original on 2021-08-17. Retrieved 2020-09-22.</ref> (Ƴeew jokkorɗe yaajɗe ngam ɓeydaade winndude wideyooji ko faati e mahngo e nate drone ngam system kanaal.) === Tunnel maayo Oraas-Liɗɗi === To Oviston, to bannge worgo weendu nduu, ko ɗoon woni naatgol maayo Orange-Fish, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ruttaade e maayo Great Fish e ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji hirnaange Kap Fuɗnaange. === Koolol kuuraa ndiyam Gariep === Ko 360 MW woni ko Eskom dognata. Turbineeji ndiyam nay 90 MW (ɗi njiylotoo ko to woɗɗi gila Gauteng)<ref>"ESKOM'S HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATIONS – GARIEP AND VANDERKLOOF" (PDF).</ref> == Galle == 437xjp0qoh6hf9yn7aqzvifruag3iec 174529 174528 2026-06-19T09:04:08Z Nnamadee 11577 174529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}<ref>"ESKOM'S HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATIONS – GARIEP AND VANDERKLOOF" (PDF).</ref> '''Baraas Gariep''' woni ko e Afrik worgo, sara wuro wiyeteengo Norvalspont, saraaji diiwanuuji Free State e diiwanuuji Kap fuɗnaange. Faandaare mayre adannde ko ndiyam, kuutoragol nder galleeji e nder gollorɗe kam e peewnugol semmbe. Ko kañum woni baraaas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. == Inde == Baraas Gariep, e golle mum e hitaande 1971, inniri ɗum ko baraas Hendrik Verwoerd, caggal Hendrik Verwoerd, gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii ko adii e caggal 31 mee 1961, nde leydi ndii wayli e Dental Afrik worgo, wonti Republique Afrik worgo. Kono, caggal nde Apartaayd joofi, innde Verwoerd ndee hiisetee ko nde fotaani. Innde ndee waylaama e dow laabi, wonti Gariep Dam ñalnde 4 oktoobar 1996. Gariep ko Khoekhoe ngam "maayo", innde asliire maayo Orange (maayo ɓurngo juutde e Afrik worgo).<ref>"Dictionary of Southern African Place Names (Public Domain)". Human Science Research Council. p. 171.</ref> == Wakere == Baraas oo woni ko e maayo Orange fotde 48 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Colesberg e 208 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange Bloemfontein. Ko e nder ŋoral to damal falnde Ruigte, fotde kilooji 5 fuɗnaange Norvalspont. Koyngal damal ngal ina tolnoo e 1 300 meeteer (4 300 ft) dow koye maayo. == Dimensiyonji == Koolol ngol ina waɗi 88 m tooweeki, njuuteendi mum ko 914 m, ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 1,73 miliyoŋ m3 beton. Baraas Gariep ko baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. E ɗemngal Engele Afrik worgo, ‘dam’ firti ko mbaydi e njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam jogori jogaade. Dam Gariep ina jogii mbaawka mooftude ko ina tolnoo e 5 340 000 megaliter (5 340 hm3) e wertallo ko ina tolnoo e 370 kiloomeeteer kaaree (140 miil kaaree) so ina heewi. Ko ɗoon nokku ɗo kuuraa ndiyam woni ɗoo, ina waɗi masiŋaaji nay 90 MW. == Design sifaa e kontraaji == Sifaa oo ko baraas hibriid gravity-arch beton. Ndeeɗoo faandaare suɓaama sabu gorge oo ina yaaji no feewi ngam arc timmuɗo ko ɗuum waɗi mahe flanking ina mbaɗa abutments gravity to arc hakkundeejo. Ko Dumez, sosiyatee mahngo Faraysenaajo mahi ɗum. == Ponto baraas Gariep == Maayooji e ɓulli ina njillondiri e baraas oo * Maayo Oraas<ref name=":0">Dept of Water Affairs website</ref> * Maayo Kaledon<ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol <ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol <ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol Oudag<ref name=":0" /> * Ɓiɓɓe leɗɗe palmiye<ref name=":0" /> * Slikspruit<ref name=":0" /> == Yarlitiiɓe ndiyam, yaltugol, kuutoragol derivative e diwtugol == Ina foti yuɓɓineede no moƴƴi e ballondiral hakkunde dokkal e ɗaɓɓaande ngalɗoo kuutoragol ngalu ndiyam ngam ƴellitde ɗum e peewnugol kuuraa, e ndiyam njareteeɗam e nder gure. Won njulaagu e kuutoragol ndiyam ngam kuuraa e jokkondire hakkunde-leyɗe ngam ndiyam e nokkuuji goɗɗi ko wayi no Port Elizabeth. === Sifaa ndiyam oraas–liɗɗi === Feere ndee ina wayla ndiyam gila e maayo Orange haa e falnde maayo Great Fish.<ref>"FISH-SUNDAYS TRANSFER SCHEME". Archived from the original on 2021-09-03.</ref><ref>"Department of Water Affairs: Orange River Basin". Archived from the original on 2022-06-16.</ref> Falnde maayo liɗɗi mawngo, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Grassridge, weendu ElandsDrift, tunnel Cookhouse, weendu De MistKraal<ref><nowiki>https://www.gfrwua.com/orange-river-project</nowiki> Archived 2020-10-02 at the Wayback Machine | Great Fish River Water Users Association since 1920</ref> e nder Falnde maayo Sundays (Skema kanaaluuji e tuneluuji) Fuɗnaange-rewo Port Elizabeth, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Darlington, baraas Korhaansdrift, kanaal, baraas ballondiral Scheepersvlakte,<ref><nowiki>https://www.gfrwua.com/orange-river-project</nowiki> Archived 2020-10-02 at the Wayback Machine Great Fish River Water Users Association since 1920</ref> Tuubaako ndiyam mawɗam<ref><nowiki>http://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/Mid_Orange/fish-sun.htm</nowiki> Archived 2021-08-17 at the Wayback Machine Department of Water - Fish-Sundays</ref> haa Port Elizabeth, Golle laɓɓingol ndiyam Nooitgedracht,<ref>Nooitgedracht Water Treatment Works - See External Links Documentary</ref> gila 1992 e ndiyam ummoraade e falnde maayo Sundays<ref>"Map Illustration - Further details". Department of Water - Fish-Sundays. Archived from the original on 2021-08-17. Retrieved 2020-09-22.</ref> (Ƴeew jokkorɗe yaajɗe ngam ɓeydaade winndude wideyooji ko faati e mahngo e nate drone ngam system kanaal.) === Tunnel maayo Oraas-Liɗɗi === To Oviston, to bannge worgo weendu nduu, ko ɗoon woni naatgol maayo Orange-Fish, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ruttaade e maayo Great Fish e ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji hirnaange Kap Fuɗnaange. === Koolol kuuraa ndiyam Gariep === Ko 360 MW woni ko Eskom dognata. Turbineeji ndiyam nay 90 MW (ɗi njiylotoo ko to woɗɗi gila Gauteng)<ref>"ESKOM'S HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATIONS – GARIEP AND VANDERKLOOF" (PDF).</ref> == Galle == == Tuugnorgal == 0mn5lov6id5tq9mq22nsazmlt6a50rx 174530 174529 2026-06-19T09:05:13Z Nnamadee 11577 174530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}<ref>"ESKOM'S HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATIONS – GARIEP AND VANDERKLOOF" (PDF).</ref> '''Baraas Gariep''' woni ko e Afrik worgo, sara wuro wiyeteengo Norvalspont, saraaji diiwanuuji Free State e diiwanuuji Kap fuɗnaange. Faandaare mayre adannde ko ndiyam, kuutoragol nder galleeji e nder gollorɗe kam e peewnugol semmbe. Ko kañum woni baraaas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. == Inde == Baraas Gariep, e golle mum e hitaande 1971, inniri ɗum ko baraas Hendrik Verwoerd, caggal Hendrik Verwoerd, gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii ko adii e caggal 31 mee 1961, nde leydi ndii wayli e Dental Afrik worgo, wonti Republique Afrik worgo. Kono, caggal nde Apartaayd joofi, innde Verwoerd ndee hiisetee ko nde fotaani. Innde ndee waylaama e dow laabi, wonti Gariep Dam ñalnde 4 oktoobar 1996. Gariep ko Khoekhoe ngam "maayo", innde asliire maayo Orange (maayo ɓurngo juutde e Afrik worgo).<ref>"Dictionary of Southern African Place Names (Public Domain)". Human Science Research Council. p. 171.</ref> == Wakere == Baraas oo woni ko e maayo Orange fotde 48 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Colesberg e 208 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange Bloemfontein. Ko e nder ŋoral to damal falnde Ruigte, fotde kilooji 5 fuɗnaange Norvalspont. Koyngal damal ngal ina tolnoo e 1 300 meeteer (4 300 ft) dow koye maayo. == Dimensiyonji == Koolol ngol ina waɗi 88 m tooweeki, njuuteendi mum ko 914 m, ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 1,73 miliyoŋ m3 beton. Baraas Gariep ko baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. E ɗemngal Engele Afrik worgo, ‘dam’ firti ko mbaydi e njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam jogori jogaade. Dam Gariep ina jogii mbaawka mooftude ko ina tolnoo e 5 340 000 megaliter (5 340 hm3) e wertallo ko ina tolnoo e 370 kiloomeeteer kaaree (140 miil kaaree) so ina heewi. Ko ɗoon nokku ɗo kuuraa ndiyam woni ɗoo, ina waɗi masiŋaaji nay 90 MW. == Design sifaa e kontraaji == Sifaa oo ko baraas hibriid gravity-arch beton. Ndeeɗoo faandaare suɓaama sabu gorge oo ina yaaji no feewi ngam arc timmuɗo ko ɗuum waɗi mahe flanking ina mbaɗa abutments gravity to arc hakkundeejo. Ko Dumez, sosiyatee mahngo Faraysenaajo mahi ɗum. == Ponto baraas Gariep == Maayooji e ɓulli ina njillondiri e baraas oo * Maayo Oraas<ref name=":0">Dept of Water Affairs website</ref> * Maayo Kaledon<ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol <ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol <ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol Oudag<ref name=":0" /> * Ɓiɓɓe leɗɗe palmiye<ref name=":0" /> * Slikspruit<ref name=":0" /> == Yarlitiiɓe ndiyam, yaltugol, kuutoragol derivative e diwtugol == Ina foti yuɓɓineede no moƴƴi e ballondiral hakkunde dokkal e ɗaɓɓaande ngalɗoo kuutoragol ngalu ndiyam ngam ƴellitde ɗum e peewnugol kuuraa, e ndiyam njareteeɗam e nder gure. Won njulaagu e kuutoragol ndiyam ngam kuuraa e jokkondire hakkunde-leyɗe ngam ndiyam e nokkuuji goɗɗi ko wayi no Port Elizabeth. === Sifaa ndiyam oraas–liɗɗi === Feere ndee ina wayla ndiyam gila e maayo Orange haa e falnde maayo Great Fish.<ref>"FISH-SUNDAYS TRANSFER SCHEME". Archived from the original on 2021-09-03.</ref><ref>"Department of Water Affairs: Orange River Basin". Archived from the original on 2022-06-16.</ref> Falnde maayo liɗɗi mawngo, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Grassridge, weendu ElandsDrift, tunnel Cookhouse, weendu De MistKraal<ref><nowiki>https://www.gfrwua.com/orange-river-project</nowiki> Archived 2020-10-02 at the Wayback Machine | Great Fish River Water Users Association since 1920</ref> e nder Falnde maayo Sundays (Skema kanaaluuji e tuneluuji) Fuɗnaange-rewo Port Elizabeth, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Darlington, baraas Korhaansdrift, kanaal, baraas ballondiral Scheepersvlakte,<ref><nowiki>https://www.gfrwua.com/orange-river-project</nowiki> Archived 2020-10-02 at the Wayback Machine Great Fish River Water Users Association since 1920</ref> Tuubaako ndiyam mawɗam<ref><nowiki>http://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/Mid_Orange/fish-sun.htm</nowiki> Archived 2021-08-17 at the Wayback Machine Department of Water - Fish-Sundays</ref> haa Port Elizabeth, Golle laɓɓingol ndiyam Nooitgedracht,<ref>Nooitgedracht Water Treatment Works - See External Links Documentary</ref> gila 1992 e ndiyam ummoraade e falnde maayo Sundays<ref>"Map Illustration - Further details". Department of Water - Fish-Sundays. Archived from the original on 2021-08-17. Retrieved 2020-09-22.</ref> (Ƴeew jokkorɗe yaajɗe ngam ɓeydaade winndude wideyooji ko faati e mahngo e nate drone ngam system kanaal.) === Tunnel maayo Oraas-Liɗɗi === To Oviston, to bannge worgo weendu nduu, ko ɗoon woni naatgol maayo Orange-Fish, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ruttaade e maayo Great Fish e ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji hirnaange Kap Fuɗnaange. === Koolol kuuraa ndiyam Gariep === Ko 360 MW woni ko Eskom dognata. Turbineeji ndiyam nay 90 MW (ɗi njiylotoo ko to woɗɗi gila Gauteng)<ref>"ESKOM'S HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATIONS – GARIEP AND VANDERKLOOF" (PDF).</ref> == Galle == <gallery mode="packed" heights="130"> File:Gariep dam overflowing in Jan 2011.jpg|Gariep Dam overflowing in January 2011 File:Sunset at Oviston Gariep photo by Siloam Village.JPG|Sunset at [[Oviston Nature Reserve]] on the dam's southern shores File:GC Gariep Dam (7).JPG|Road sign heading for the dam wall File:GC Gariep Dam (11).JPG|View over the lake File:GC Gariep Dam (14).JPG|Forever Holiday Resort at Gariep Dam </gallery> == Tuugnorgal == 97x9zzg4s0lvgopqhcab6t1ghrfdps5 174533 174530 2026-06-19T09:56:08Z Nnamadee 11577 174533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Baraas Gariep''' woni ko e Afrik worgo, sara wuro wiyeteengo Norvalspont, saraaji diiwanuuji Free State e diiwanuuji Kap fuɗnaange. Faandaare mayre adannde ko ndiyam, kuutoragol nder galleeji e nder gollorɗe kam e peewnugol semmbe. Ko kañum woni baraaas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. == Inde == Baraas Gariep, e golle mum e hitaande 1971, inniri ɗum ko baraas Hendrik Verwoerd, caggal Hendrik Verwoerd, gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii ko adii e caggal 31 mee 1961, nde leydi ndii wayli e Dental Afrik worgo, wonti Republique Afrik worgo. Kono, caggal nde Apartaayd joofi, innde Verwoerd ndee hiisetee ko nde fotaani. Innde ndee waylaama e dow laabi, wonti Gariep Dam ñalnde 4 oktoobar 1996. Gariep ko Khoekhoe ngam "maayo", innde asliire maayo Orange (maayo ɓurngo juutde e Afrik worgo).<ref>"Dictionary of Southern African Place Names (Public Domain)". Human Science Research Council. p. 171.</ref> == Wakere == Baraas oo woni ko e maayo Orange fotde 48 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Colesberg e 208 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange Bloemfontein. Ko e nder ŋoral to damal falnde Ruigte, fotde kilooji 5 fuɗnaange Norvalspont. Koyngal damal ngal ina tolnoo e 1 300 meeteer (4 300 ft) dow koye maayo. == Dimensiyonji == Koolol ngol ina waɗi 88 m tooweeki, njuuteendi mum ko 914 m, ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 1,73 miliyoŋ m3 beton. Baraas Gariep ko baraas ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik worgo. E ɗemngal Engele Afrik worgo, ‘dam’ firti ko mbaydi e njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam jogori jogaade. Dam Gariep ina jogii mbaawka mooftude ko ina tolnoo e 5 340 000 megaliter (5 340 hm3) e wertallo ko ina tolnoo e 370 kiloomeeteer kaaree (140 miil kaaree) so ina heewi. Ko ɗoon nokku ɗo kuuraa ndiyam woni ɗoo, ina waɗi masiŋaaji nay 90 MW. == Design sifaa e kontraaji == Sifaa oo ko baraas hibriid gravity-arch beton. Ndeeɗoo faandaare suɓaama sabu gorge oo ina yaaji no feewi ngam arc timmuɗo ko ɗuum waɗi mahe flanking ina mbaɗa abutments gravity to arc hakkundeejo. Ko Dumez, sosiyatee mahngo Faraysenaajo mahi ɗum. == Ponto baraas Gariep == Maayooji e ɓulli ina njillondiri e baraas oo * Maayo Oraas<ref name=":0">Dept of Water Affairs website</ref> * Maayo Kaledon<ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol <ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol <ref name=":0" /> * Ɓoornugol Oudag<ref name=":0" /> * Ɓiɓɓe leɗɗe palmiye<ref name=":0" /> * Slikspruit<ref name=":0" /> == Yarlitiiɓe ndiyam, yaltugol, kuutoragol derivative e diwtugol == Ina foti yuɓɓineede no moƴƴi e ballondiral hakkunde dokkal e ɗaɓɓaande ngalɗoo kuutoragol ngalu ndiyam ngam ƴellitde ɗum e peewnugol kuuraa, e ndiyam njareteeɗam e nder gure. Won njulaagu e kuutoragol ndiyam ngam kuuraa e jokkondire hakkunde-leyɗe ngam ndiyam e nokkuuji goɗɗi ko wayi no Port Elizabeth. === Sifaa ndiyam oraas–liɗɗi === Feere ndee ina wayla ndiyam gila e maayo Orange haa e falnde maayo Great Fish.<ref>"FISH-SUNDAYS TRANSFER SCHEME". Archived from the original on 2021-09-03.</ref><ref>"Department of Water Affairs: Orange River Basin". Archived from the original on 2022-06-16.</ref> Falnde maayo liɗɗi mawngo, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Grassridge, weendu ElandsDrift, tunnel Cookhouse, weendu De MistKraal<ref><nowiki>https://www.gfrwua.com/orange-river-project</nowiki> Archived 2020-10-02 at the Wayback Machine | Great Fish River Water Users Association since 1920</ref> e nder Falnde maayo Sundays (Skema kanaaluuji e tuneluuji) Fuɗnaange-rewo Port Elizabeth, caggal ɗuum rewrude e baraas Darlington, baraas Korhaansdrift, kanaal, baraas ballondiral Scheepersvlakte,<ref><nowiki>https://www.gfrwua.com/orange-river-project</nowiki> Archived 2020-10-02 at the Wayback Machine Great Fish River Water Users Association since 1920</ref> Tuubaako ndiyam mawɗam<ref><nowiki>http://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/Mid_Orange/fish-sun.htm</nowiki> Archived 2021-08-17 at the Wayback Machine Department of Water - Fish-Sundays</ref> haa Port Elizabeth, Golle laɓɓingol ndiyam Nooitgedracht,<ref>Nooitgedracht Water Treatment Works - See External Links Documentary</ref> gila 1992 e ndiyam ummoraade e falnde maayo Sundays<ref>"Map Illustration - Further details". Department of Water - Fish-Sundays. Archived from the original on 2021-08-17. Retrieved 2020-09-22.</ref> (Ƴeew jokkorɗe yaajɗe ngam ɓeydaade winndude wideyooji ko faati e mahngo e nate drone ngam system kanaal.) === Tunnel maayo Oraas-Liɗɗi === To Oviston, to bannge worgo weendu nduu, ko ɗoon woni naatgol maayo Orange-Fish, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ruttaade e maayo Great Fish e ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji hirnaange Kap Fuɗnaange. === Koolol kuuraa ndiyam Gariep === Ko 360 MW woni ko Eskom dognata. Turbineeji ndiyam nay 90 MW (ɗi njiylotoo ko to woɗɗi gila Gauteng)<ref>"ESKOM'S HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATIONS – GARIEP AND VANDERKLOOF" (PDF).</ref> == Galle == <gallery mode="packed" heights="130"> File:Gariep dam overflowing in Jan 2011.jpg|Gariep Dam overflowing in January 2011 File:Sunset at Oviston Gariep photo by Siloam Village.JPG|Sunset at [[Oviston Nature Reserve]] on the dam's southern shores File:GC Gariep Dam (7).JPG|Road sign heading for the dam wall File:GC Gariep Dam (11).JPG|View over the lake File:GC Gariep Dam (14).JPG|Forever Holiday Resort at Gariep Dam </gallery> == Tuugnorgal == b5hopchvzhktgn9veg1mjnzb3vmfojd 0 42234 174531 2026-06-19T09:32:59Z MOIBARDE 10068 Created page with "{{Databox}}Mawɗo '''Victor Babaremilekun Adetokunboh Fani-Kayode''' (22 Duujal 1921 – Oktoobar 1995) ko neɗɗo dawriyanke, jom jawdi, ngenndiyanke, dowla e awokaa. O suɓaama cukko hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya e hitaande 1963[1][2], o waɗii darnde mawnde e nder daartol sariya e politik leydi Naajeeriya gila e darorɗe kitaale 1940 haa o maayi e hitaande 1995.[1][3][4] ==Iwdi galle== Fani-Kayode ummii ko e galle Yoruba mawɗo e jaŋnguɗo no feewi to Ife, jeyaaɗo to f..." 174531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Mawɗo '''Victor Babaremilekun Adetokunboh Fani-Kayode''' (22 Duujal 1921 – Oktoobar 1995) ko neɗɗo dawriyanke, jom jawdi, ngenndiyanke, dowla e awokaa. O suɓaama cukko hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya e hitaande 1963[1][2], o waɗii darnde mawnde e nder daartol sariya e politik leydi Naajeeriya gila e darorɗe kitaale 1940 haa o maayi e hitaande 1995.[1][3][4] ==Iwdi galle== Fani-Kayode ummii ko e galle Yoruba mawɗo e jaŋnguɗo no feewi to Ife, jeyaaɗo to fombina-fuɗnaange leydi Najeriya. Mawniiko, hono Rev. Emmanuel Adedapo Kayode, ko almuudo Angalteer, keɓɗo dipolomaaji mum Master to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Fourah Bay, ngal e oon sahaa jeyaa ko e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Durham. Ɗum waɗi ko e hitaande 1885. Baaba makko, Victor Adedapo Kayode, janngi sariya, o heɓi bak makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Selwyn, Cambridge e hitaande 1921. O noddiraa to suudu dewal hakkundeejo e hitaande 1922, o yahi haa o wonti awokaa mawɗo, caggal ɗuum ñaawoowo, to leydi Najeriya.[5] Yumma makko ko debbo biyeteeɗo Aurora Kayode, jibinaaɗo Fanimokun, ɓiy debbo Rev. O heɓiino kadi dipoloma makko Master to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Fourah Bay, caggal ɗuum o woni hooreejo duɗal CMS Grammar to Lagos, o golliima gila 1896 haa 1914.[1] Ko ɗum duɗal misiyoŋaaji ngal Biskop Samuel Ajayi Crowther sosi.[6] E lewru Siilo hitaande 1958, o heɓi nasaraaku ngam wallugo motion ngam heɓugo ndimu lesdi Naajeeriya haa suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya haa Lagos. O hollitii wonde jeytaare ina foti waɗeede ñalnde 2 abriil 1960[7][8] (minitaaji Hansard, 1958; lanndaaji dawrugol Nijeer ɗi Richard Sklar winndi: Doole e nder ngenndi Afrik ƴellitiiɗo, Jaayndeeji winndereeji, h. E hitaande 1959, wonno eɓɓaande woɗnde ƴettaande e nder Parlemaa leydi Nijeer, ɗaɓɓunde waylo-waylo seeɗa e eɓɓaande Fani-Kayode nde lewru sulyee 1958. Ndee eɓɓaande hesere, nde Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa ƴetti, naamndii yo ñalngu 2 abriil 1960 jaɓaa e Parlemaa ngam heɓde ndimaagu, ngu jaɓaama jaɓaa e laamuuji koloñaal Angalteer, ina foti wayleede gila 2 abriil 1960 haa 1 oktoobar 1960 e nokku mum. Ndeeɗoo eɓɓaande waylo-waylo, caggal ɗuum, Parlemaa jaɓi ɗum, kadi Angalteer jaɓi ɗum. Ko noon ñalngu jeytaare leydi Nijeer, ñalnde 1 oktoobar 1960, haa jooni.[8] ==Jaŋde e nguurndam gollal== Caggal nde o timmini jaŋde makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde King’s College, to Lagos, Fani-Kayode yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Downing to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Cambridge, e hitaande 1941. O waɗii jaŋdeeji Bar Biritaan, o ari to dow e hitaande makko e nder leydi Biritaan fof.[1] O noddaama haa suudu defte Biritaniya haa Middle Temple nder hitaande 1945, o toɗɗaama ardiiɗo Queen’s Counsel nder hitaande 1960, o laati tataɓo e ɓurduɗo famɗugo haa lesdi Naajeeriya heɓugo tiitoonde nden. Caggal mum, e hitaande 1977, o waɗtaama Awokaa mawɗo to leydi Najeriya (SAN), o woni Najeriya tataɓo heɓde ndee ɗoo ceergal.[1] E hitaande 1948, o sosi fedde awokaaji gadane e nder leydi Nijeer, hono "Thomas, Williams e Kayode",[9] kanko e awokaaji ɗiɗi goɗɗi, hono Frederick Rotimi Williams e Bode Thomas, ɓe njanngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Cambridge e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Londres.[1][2] E hitaande 1970, o sosi fedde awokaaji woɗnde "Fani-Kayode e Sowemimo" e sehil makko ɓooyɗo, mawɗo Sobo Sowemimo S.A.N.[9] ==Golle politik== k4dbvdfxm88ndq2z7jjuy9lgsil0bfv 174532 174531 2026-06-19T09:42:08Z MOIBARDE 10068 174532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Mawɗo '''Victor Babaremilekun Adetokunboh Fani-Kayode''' (22 Duujal 1921 – Oktoobar 1995) ko neɗɗo dawriyanke, jom jawdi, ngenndiyanke, dowla e awokaa. O suɓaama cukko hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya e hitaande 1963[1][2], o waɗii darnde mawnde e nder daartol sariya e politik leydi Naajeeriya gila e darorɗe kitaale 1940 haa o maayi e hitaande 1995.[1][3][4] ==Iwdi galle== Fani-Kayode ummii ko e galle Yoruba mawɗo e jaŋnguɗo no feewi to Ife, jeyaaɗo to fombina-fuɗnaange leydi Najeriya. Mawniiko, hono Rev. Emmanuel Adedapo Kayode, ko almuudo Angalteer, keɓɗo dipolomaaji mum Master to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Fourah Bay, ngal e oon sahaa jeyaa ko e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Durham. Ɗum waɗi ko e hitaande 1885. Baaba makko, Victor Adedapo Kayode, janngi sariya, o heɓi bak makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Selwyn, Cambridge e hitaande 1921. O noddiraa to suudu dewal hakkundeejo e hitaande 1922, o yahi haa o wonti awokaa mawɗo, caggal ɗuum ñaawoowo, to leydi Najeriya.[5] Yumma makko ko debbo biyeteeɗo Aurora Kayode, jibinaaɗo Fanimokun, ɓiy debbo Rev. O heɓiino kadi dipoloma makko Master to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Fourah Bay, caggal ɗuum o woni hooreejo duɗal CMS Grammar to Lagos, o golliima gila 1896 haa 1914.[1] Ko ɗum duɗal misiyoŋaaji ngal Biskop Samuel Ajayi Crowther sosi.[6] E lewru Siilo hitaande 1958, o heɓi nasaraaku ngam wallugo motion ngam heɓugo ndimu lesdi Naajeeriya haa suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya haa Lagos. O hollitii wonde jeytaare ina foti waɗeede ñalnde 2 abriil 1960[7][8] (minitaaji Hansard, 1958; lanndaaji dawrugol Nijeer ɗi Richard Sklar winndi: Doole e nder ngenndi Afrik ƴellitiiɗo, Jaayndeeji winndereeji, h. E hitaande 1959, wonno eɓɓaande woɗnde ƴettaande e nder Parlemaa leydi Nijeer, ɗaɓɓunde waylo-waylo seeɗa e eɓɓaande Fani-Kayode nde lewru sulyee 1958. Ndee eɓɓaande hesere, nde Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa ƴetti, naamndii yo ñalngu 2 abriil 1960 jaɓaa e Parlemaa ngam heɓde ndimaagu, ngu jaɓaama jaɓaa e laamuuji koloñaal Angalteer, ina foti wayleede gila 2 abriil 1960 haa 1 oktoobar 1960 e nokku mum. Ndeeɗoo eɓɓaande waylo-waylo, caggal ɗuum, Parlemaa jaɓi ɗum, kadi Angalteer jaɓi ɗum. Ko noon ñalngu jeytaare leydi Nijeer, ñalnde 1 oktoobar 1960, haa jooni.[8] ==Jaŋde e nguurndam gollal== Caggal nde o timmini jaŋde makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde King’s College, to Lagos, Fani-Kayode yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Downing to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Cambridge, e hitaande 1941. O waɗii jaŋdeeji Bar Biritaan, o ari to dow e hitaande makko e nder leydi Biritaan fof.[1] O noddaama haa suudu defte Biritaniya haa Middle Temple nder hitaande 1945, o toɗɗaama ardiiɗo Queen’s Counsel nder hitaande 1960, o laati tataɓo e ɓurduɗo famɗugo haa lesdi Naajeeriya heɓugo tiitoonde nden. Caggal mum, e hitaande 1977, o waɗtaama Awokaa mawɗo to leydi Najeriya (SAN), o woni Najeriya tataɓo heɓde ndee ɗoo ceergal.[1] E hitaande 1948, o sosi fedde awokaaji gadane e nder leydi Nijeer, hono "Thomas, Williams e Kayode",[9] kanko e awokaaji ɗiɗi goɗɗi, hono Frederick Rotimi Williams e Bode Thomas, ɓe njanngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Cambridge e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Londres.[1][2] E hitaande 1970, o sosi fedde awokaaji woɗnde "Fani-Kayode e Sowemimo" e sehil makko ɓooyɗo, mawɗo Sobo Sowemimo S.A.N.[9] ==Golle politik== Fani-Kayode waɗii darnde mawnde nder hare ngam heɓugo ndimu lesdi Naajeeriya. E hitaande 1952, kanko e Rotimi Williams, Bode Thomas e woɗɓe heewɓe, o nanngaa e juuɗe laamuuji koloñaal Angalteer sabu darnde makko tiiɗnde e tiiɗnde e nder hare Angalteer.[2] O suɓaama hooreejo fedde sukaaɓe Action Group e hitaande 1954. O sosi fedde sukaaɓe ngam lannda ka, ɓe ɓoornii ko "shirts noirs" e ɓe kuutorii "mosquito" ngam hollirde mettere maɓɓe e laamu koloñaal Angalteer.[2] Kadi, nder hitaande 1954, Fani-Kayode suɓaama nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya dow laynde hooreejo Obafemi Awolowo, nden o jokki hare maako ngam heɓugo ndimu lesdi Naajeeriya diga ton.[2] Ko kanko woni balloowo Sekereteer Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe e nder fedde nde, e nder ɗuum, o waɗii darnde tiiɗnde, kanko e Sekereteer Fedde nde, hono mawɗo Ayo Rosiji, e nder yuɓɓo e njuɓɓudi Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe. Kanko e mawɗo Awolowo, S. O. Ighodaro, E. O. Eyo, Adeyemi Lawson e S. G. Ikoku, ɓe ngoni ko e lomtaade fedde gollorde ndee e batu doosgal leydi Londres e hitaande 1957.[7][10] E hitaande 1957, o ardii fedde awokaaji Action Group, ɓe ndaranii e haɓaade yimɓe leƴƴi tokoosi to Fuɗnaange to Komiseer leƴƴi pamari Willinks e nder ɗaɓɓaande maɓɓe ngam sosde diiwaan beldital hakkundeewal, ngal fotnoo ko seertude e diiwaan ɓooyɗo Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya.[7] E lewru juko hitaande 1958, o wadi kuugal ngam heɓugo ndimu lesdi Naajeeriya nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya[2][11][12] (minte Hansard, 1958; hello 269; yi'annde porfeseer Onabamiro dow taariiha lesdi Naajeeriya, hello 140). E hitaande 1959, Fani-Kayode woppi golle mum e fedde Action Group, o naati e Diiso ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer e Kameruun, lannda luulndo. E hitaande 1960, o suɓaama hooreejo NCNC to suudu sarɗiiji hirnaange.[2] E hitaande 1963, o suɓaama cukko hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya e les njiimaandi hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya, hono Samuel Akintola, e dow laylaytol lannda leydi Naajeeriya.[2][7] O toɗɗaa kadi jaagorgal geɗe laamu nokkuuji e nder diiwaan hirnaange e hitaande ndee tan.[2] E nder waktuuji 15 subaka ñalnde 15 lewru bowte hitaande 1966, Major Kaduna Nzeogwu, ofisee konu leydi Najeriya, etinooma waɗde kuudetaa konu gadano e nder daartol leydi Najeriya. Eɓɓoore ndee, hay so tawii noon nde dartinaaka, waɗii ƴiiƴam keewɗam, terɗe mawɗe keewɗe e lannda laamu nguu, militeer en e laamu ñalnde heen, mbaraa e bonanndeeji. Subaka law, kuuɓtodinɓe ɓee, e gardagol kapiteen Emmanuel Nwobosi, njani e galle Fani-Kayode, cukko hooreejo leydi diiwaan hirnaange. Fani-Kayode, murtuɓe ɓee mbonni ɗum yeeso ɓesngu makko e yeeso ɓiyiiko biyeteeɗo Femi Fani-Kayode, wonnooɗo jaagorgal ko feewti e diwooje leydi Najeriya duuɓi 40 caggal ɗuum.[13][14][15] Ndeen ɓe njaltini mo haa nokku mo anndaaka. Caggal nde ɓe njalti galle Fani-Kayode, muñooɓe ɓee, tawi Fani-Kayode ina ngondi e mum en, njahi to galle mawɗo S.L. Akintola, gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi diiwaan hirnaange. Ɓe naati galle makko kadi, ɓe mbari mo e yeeso ɓesngu makko. Ɓe ngañi kadi taaniiko e jom suudu makko. Fani-Kayode seediima warngo sehil mum S.L. Akintola e murtuɓe ɓee, ummoraade toon, o nawaa to kanton militeer to Lagos, ɗo o fotnoo kadi warde mo. Kono, ko moƴƴi e makko, nde o arti e kanton militeer Ikeja to Lagos, murtuɓe ɓee ndartinaama, ndartinaama, mbaraama e juuɗe konuuli lollirɗi e gardagol Lietnaa-kolonel Yakubu Gowon (mo caggal ɗuum wonti hooreejo leydi Nijeer). Fani-Kayode ko lollirɓe ɓee ndimɗini ɗum, ɓe ngoppi ɗum e nder galle kisal haa nde sariya e deeƴre ngarti e leydi ndii. Eɓɓoore kuudetaa ndee, doole lollirɗe ɗee ndartini ɗum no feewi, ardiiɓe mum fof mbaraa walla nanngaa. Won e ardiiɓe laamu teeŋtuɓe e mawɓe konu nguu, ɓe njani e galleeji mum en e oon jamma, ina jeyaa heen Ahmadu Bello (hooreejo leydi ndii), Abubakar Tafawa Balewa (hooreejo leydi ndii), Okotie-Eboh (jaagorgal kaalis leydi ndii), Seneraal Maimalari (hooreejo konu leydi ndii). Garrison). Fani-Kayode, wondude e Sir Kashim Ibraahiima (Guwerneer diiwaan worgo) ko kamɓe tan mbaraa. Ndeen noon, Seneraal Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi ƴetti laamu e juuɗe heddiiɓe e laamu Tafawa Balewa ñalnde 16 lewru nduu, ñalnde heen o dañii nafoore e haɓaade murto Major Nzeogwu e etaade kuudetaa bonɗo. Nden o hoosi kuugal hooreejo lesdi Naajeeriya e ardiiɗo konu lesdi Naajeeriya. Kono, lebbi seeɗa caggal ɗuum, o woppitaa e kuudetaa worgo, baɗnooɗo nafoore, baɗnooɗo ñalnde 29 sulyee 1966, tawi ko Lietnaa-kolonel Murtala Mohammed e Lietnaa-kolonel Yakubu Gowon (hono no ɓe ngonnoo e oon sahaa nii) ardii ɗum. E nder kuudetaa oo, seneraal Jonson Aguiyi-Ironsi nanngaa to Ibadan, kanko e jaɓɓiiɗo ɗum, hono seneraal Adekunle Fajuyi, e juuɗe soldateeɓe worgo e gardagol major Teofilus Danjuma (hono no o wonnoo e oon sahaa nii). Ndeen worɓe ɗiɗo ɓee fof ndartinaama, nawaa to ladde sara laawol, ɓe ɓoornaama comci, ɓe mbaraa. Ko hono noon bonannde kuudetaa "revenge" to bannge worgo ñalnde 29 sulyee 1966, nde ko famɗi fof 300 ofisee konu Igbo e ofiseeji ɗi ngonaa ofiseeji mbaraa. Ɗumɗoon noon, e nder caɗeele goɗɗe, ofiseeji worgo ɗii ina cikki wonde Seneraal Aguiyi-Ironsi ina joginoo miijo no feewi e Major Nzeogwu e wondiiɓe mum, caggal kuudetaa ñalnde 15 lewru Yarkomaa, tawi ko heewɓe e ardiiɓe worgo (Hausa – Fulani) e ardiiɓe politik mawɓe (Yoru) e militeeruuji hirnaange (Yoru). waraa. Tuumeede ofiseeji worgo ɗii wonde won nanondiral e paamondiral hakkunde fedde Nzeogwu e Seneraal Aguiyi-Ironsi, ɓeydi heen ko Aguiyi-Ironsi jeyaa ko e leñol Igbo. Duuɓi capanɗe tati caggal warngo makko, ɓiy Aguiyi-Ironsi, hono Thomas Aguiyi-Ironsi, ina foti wonde jaagorgal ko feewti e ndeenka leydi Nijeer, o ƴetti oon darnde e juuɗe Seneraal Teofilus Danjuma, gorko barɗo baaba makko duuɓi 40 ko adii ɗuum. Heewɓe mbiyi wonde aawdi kuuɓtodinndi ofisee worgo oo e lewru sulyee 1966, seediiɗo warngooji Seneraal Aguiyi-Ironsi e ofiseeji keewɗi goɗɗi, baɗnooɗi haa jooni, ko ɗum addani wolde hakkunde leyɗeele Nijeer, ko oon jamma 15 lewru Yarkomaa, ko ƴiiƴam makko Major e Nzewug worɓe.[16][17][18][19] Caggal kuudetaa konu gadano e nder leydi Nijeer ñalnde 15 lewru bowte hitaande 1966, Fani-Kayode e won e yimɓe teskinaaɓe fof, laamu konu Seneraal Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi nanngi ɗum en.[2] Caggal ɗuum ɓe njaltinaa e lewru sulyee 1966, caggal kuudetaa to bannge worgo, tawi ko Lietnaa-Kolonel Murtala Muhammed e Mayor Teofilus Danjuma ardii ɗum en. Caggal nde Lietnaa-Kolonel Yakubu Gowon wonti hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya, Fani-Kayode ummii Naajeeriya e ɓesngu mum fof, o yahi wuro Brighton, to bannge maayo, to fuɗnaange-rewo leydi Angalteer.[15][20] Ɓe cosi galle, ɓe ngoni ɗoon e eggude duuɓi keewɗi. E hitaande 1978, o jeyaa ko e sosɓe e ardinooɓe lannda ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer. E hitaande 1979, o suɓaama e jappeere cukko hooreejo ngenndiijo oon lannda e ngam anndinde darnde makko e ƴellitaare ngenndiire, o rokkaa teddungal Kumaandaŋ Ordo Niiseer e juuɗe hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Shehu Shagari.[1] Hakkunde 1990 e 1994, o jeyaa ko e fedde mawɓe fedde nde (NRC), gooto e lanndaaji ɗiɗi ɗi laamu konu Seneraal Ibrahim Babangida sosi e nder laamu tataɓu leydi Najeriya.[9] Caggal nde woote hooreejo leydi Moshood Abiola ndartinaa ñalnde 12 suwee 1993, Fani-Kayode ina jeyaa e ɓeen, winnduɓe e peeñcu e haalde ko tiiɗi ngam salaade wooteeji ɗii. O yahi haa ñaawirdu ngam haala kaa. E hitaande 1994, laamu Seneraal Sani Abacha toɗɗii mo e nder fedde ñaawoore Justice Kayode Eso, nde ƴeewtindii no feewi, nde wallitii e laaɓtinde ñaawoore leydi Najeriya e ittude ñaawooɓe bonɓe.[1] == Caalaje == Fani-Kayode ko debbo mawɗo (Mrs) Adia Adunni Fani-Kayode. Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe njoyo : Akinola Adedapo Fani-Kayode, Rotimi Fani-Kayode, Femi Fani-Kayode, debbo Toyin Bajela e debbo Tolu Fanning. Fani-Kayode kadi dañii ɓiɓɓe nayo woɗɓe (wonaa e Adia Adunni): Aina Ogunbe, Remi Nana Akuffo-Addo, Tokunbo Fani-Kayode e Ladipo Fani-Kayode.[1] == Tuugnorgal == n4szeckh2eahkqjrnahsw0vvn12amck 174534 174532 2026-06-19T09:56:15Z MOIBARDE 10068 174534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Mawɗo '''Victor Babaremilekun Adetokunboh Fani-Kayode''' (22 Duujal 1921 – Oktoobar 1995) ko neɗɗo dawriyanke, jom jawdi, ngenndiyanke, dowla e awokaa. O suɓaama cukko hooreejo leydi [[Naajeeriya]] e hitaande 1963<ref name="modernghana.com">Emmanuel Ajibulu ,[http://modernghana.com/news/251696/1/chief-remi-fani-kayode-the-facts-and-not-the-ficti.html "Chief Remi Fani-Kayode: The Facts and Not the Fiction"], ModernGhaha.com, November 2009</ref><ref name="vanguardngr.com">Chuks Akunna,[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/11/25/re-fani-kayode-the-lies-and-distortions-of-owei-lakemfa/ "Re: Fani-Kayode: The Lies and Distortions of Owei Lakemfa"], ''Vanguard'', 25 November 2009.</ref>, o waɗii darnde mawnde e nder daartol sariya e politik leydi [[Naajeeriya]] gila e darorɗe kitaale 1940 haa o maayi e hitaande 1995.<ref name="modernghana.com2">Emmanuel Ajibulu ,[http://modernghana.com/news/251696/1/chief-remi-fani-kayode-the-facts-and-not-the-ficti.html "Chief Remi Fani-Kayode: The Facts and Not the Fiction"], ModernGhaha.com, November 2009</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=FANI-KAYODE, (Chief) Victor Babaremilekun Adetokunboh(late)|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/fani-kayode-chief-remi-ade/|last=Admin|date=2017-01-25|website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chief Remi Fani-Kayode: The Facts and Not the Fiction|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/1620/chief-remi-fani-kayode-the-facts-and-not-the-fiction.html|access-date=2020-05-30|website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref> ==Iwdi galle== Fani-Kayode ummii ko e galle [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] mawɗo e jaŋnguɗo no feewi to Ife, jeyaaɗo to fombina-fuɗnaange leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Mawniiko, hono Rev. Emmanuel Adedapo Kayode, ko almuudo Angalteer, keɓɗo dipolomaaji mum Master to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Fourah Bay, ngal e oon sahaa jeyaa ko e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Durham. Ɗum waɗi ko e hitaande 1885. Baaba makko, Victor Adedapo Kayode, janngi sariya, o heɓi bak makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Selwyn, Cambridge e hitaande 1921. O noddiraa to suudu dewal hakkundeejo e hitaande 1922, o yahi haa o wonti awokaa mawɗo, caggal ɗuum ñaawoowo, to leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=rp441|date=2017-07-21|title=Downing's Early Black Cantabs|url=https://www.dow.cam.ac.uk/about/downing-college-archive/archives-college-history/downings-early-black-cantabs|access-date=2020-11-19|website=Downing College Cambridge|language=en}}</ref> Yumma makko ko debbo biyeteeɗo Aurora Kayode, jibinaaɗo Fanimokun, ɓiy debbo Rev. O heɓiino kadi dipoloma makko ''Master'' to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Fourah Bay, caggal ɗuum o woni hooreejo duɗal CMS ''Grammar to'' [[Lagos]], o golliima gila 1896 haa 1914.<ref name="modernghana.com3">Emmanuel Ajibulu ,[http://modernghana.com/news/251696/1/chief-remi-fani-kayode-the-facts-and-not-the-ficti.html "Chief Remi Fani-Kayode: The Facts and Not the Fiction"], ModernGhaha.com, November 2009</ref> Ko ɗum duɗal misiyoŋaaji ngal Biskop Samuel Ajayi Crowther sosi.<ref>Andrew F. Walls, "Samuel Ajayi Crowther(1807–1891) Foremost African Christian of the Nineteenth Century".</ref> E lewru Siilo hitaande 1958, o heɓi nasaraaku ngam wallugo motion ngam heɓugo ndimu lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] haa suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] haa [[Lagos]]. O hollitii wonde jeytaare ina foti waɗeede ñalnde 2 abriil 1960<ref name="books.google.com.ng">"Power in an Emergent African Nation" by Richard L. Sklar, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Oi0aVR4YkmUC&q=Nigerian+Political+Parties:+Power+in+an+Emergent+African+Nation], ''Google Books'', p. 269.</ref><ref name="motion">[http://allafrica.com/stories/201009270537.html "The Truth About the Motion for Independence"], AllAfrica.com, 27 September 2010.</ref> (minitaaji Hansard, 1958; lanndaaji dawrugol Nijeer ɗi Richard Sklar winndi: Doole e nder ngenndi [[Afrik]] ƴellitiiɗo, Jaayndeeji winndereeji, h. E hitaande 1959, wonno eɓɓaande woɗnde ƴettaande e nder Parlemaa leydi Nijeer, ɗaɓɓunde waylo-waylo seeɗa e eɓɓaande Fani-Kayode nde lewru sulyee 1958. Ndee eɓɓaande hesere, nde Sir [[Abubakar Tafawa balewa|Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] ƴetti, naamndii yo ñalngu 2 abriil 1960 jaɓaa e Parlemaa ngam heɓde ndimaagu, ngu jaɓaama jaɓaa e laamuuji koloñaal Angalteer, ina foti wayleede gila 2 abriil 1960 haa 1 oktoobar 1960 e nokku mum. Ndeeɗoo eɓɓaande waylo-waylo, caggal ɗuum, Parlemaa jaɓi ɗum, kadi Angalteer jaɓi ɗum. Ko noon ñalngu jeytaare leydi Nijeer, ñalnde 1 oktoobar 1960, haa jooni.<ref name="motion2">[http://allafrica.com/stories/201009270537.html "The Truth About the Motion for Independence"], AllAfrica.com, 27 September 2010.</ref> ==Jaŋde e nguurndam gollal== Caggal nde o timmini jaŋde makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ''King’s College'', to [[Lagos University Teaching Hospital|Lagos]], Fani-Kayode yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Downing to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Cambridge, e hitaande 1941. O waɗii jaŋdeeji Bar Biritaan, o ari to dow e hitaande makko e nder leydi Biritaan fof.<ref name="modernghana.com4">Emmanuel Ajibulu ,[http://modernghana.com/news/251696/1/chief-remi-fani-kayode-the-facts-and-not-the-ficti.html "Chief Remi Fani-Kayode: The Facts and Not the Fiction"], ModernGhaha.com, November 2009</ref> O noddaama haa suudu defte Biritaniya haa Middle Temple nder hitaande 1945, o toɗɗaama ardiiɗo Queen’s Counsel nder hitaande 1960, o laati tataɓo e ɓurduɗo famɗugo haa lesdi Naajeeriya heɓugo tiitoonde nden. Caggal mum, e hitaande 1977, o waɗtaama Awokaa mawɗo to leydi Najeriya (SAN), o woni Najeriya tataɓo heɓde ndee ɗoo ceergal.<ref name="modernghana.com5">Emmanuel Ajibulu ,[http://modernghana.com/news/251696/1/chief-remi-fani-kayode-the-facts-and-not-the-ficti.html "Chief Remi Fani-Kayode: The Facts and Not the Fiction"], ModernGhaha.com, November 2009</ref> E hitaande 1948, o sosi fedde awokaaji gadane e nder leydi Nijeer, hono "Thomas, Williams e Kayode",[9] kanko e awokaaji ɗiɗi goɗɗi, hono Frederick Rotimi Williams e Bode Thomas, ɓe njanngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Cambridge e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Londres.[1][2] E hitaande 1970, o sosi fedde awokaaji woɗnde "Fani-Kayode e Sowemimo" e sehil makko ɓooyɗo, mawɗo Sobo Sowemimo S.A.N.[9] ==Golle politik== Fani-Kayode waɗii darnde mawnde nder hare ngam heɓugo ndimu lesdi Naajeeriya. E hitaande 1952, kanko e Rotimi Williams, Bode Thomas e woɗɓe heewɓe, o nanngaa e juuɗe laamuuji koloñaal Angalteer sabu darnde makko tiiɗnde e tiiɗnde e nder hare Angalteer.[2] O suɓaama hooreejo fedde sukaaɓe Action Group e hitaande 1954. O sosi fedde sukaaɓe ngam lannda ka, ɓe ɓoornii ko "shirts noirs" e ɓe kuutorii "mosquito" ngam hollirde mettere maɓɓe e laamu koloñaal Angalteer.[2] Kadi, nder hitaande 1954, Fani-Kayode suɓaama nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya dow laynde hooreejo Obafemi Awolowo, nden o jokki hare maako ngam heɓugo ndimu lesdi Naajeeriya diga ton.[2] Ko kanko woni balloowo Sekereteer Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe e nder fedde nde, e nder ɗuum, o waɗii darnde tiiɗnde, kanko e Sekereteer Fedde nde, hono mawɗo Ayo Rosiji, e nder yuɓɓo e njuɓɓudi Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe. Kanko e mawɗo Awolowo, S. O. Ighodaro, E. O. Eyo, Adeyemi Lawson e S. G. Ikoku, ɓe ngoni ko e lomtaade fedde gollorde ndee e batu doosgal leydi Londres e hitaande 1957.[7][10] E hitaande 1957, o ardii fedde awokaaji Action Group, ɓe ndaranii e haɓaade yimɓe leƴƴi tokoosi to Fuɗnaange to Komiseer leƴƴi pamari Willinks e nder ɗaɓɓaande maɓɓe ngam sosde diiwaan beldital hakkundeewal, ngal fotnoo ko seertude e diiwaan ɓooyɗo Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya.[7] E lewru juko hitaande 1958, o wadi kuugal ngam heɓugo ndimu lesdi Naajeeriya nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya[2][11][12] (minte Hansard, 1958; hello 269; yi'annde porfeseer Onabamiro dow taariiha lesdi Naajeeriya, hello 140). E hitaande 1959, Fani-Kayode woppi golle mum e fedde Action Group, o naati e Diiso ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer e Kameruun, lannda luulndo. E hitaande 1960, o suɓaama hooreejo NCNC to suudu sarɗiiji hirnaange.[2] E hitaande 1963, o suɓaama cukko hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya e les njiimaandi hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya, hono Samuel Akintola, e dow laylaytol lannda leydi Naajeeriya.[2][7] O toɗɗaa kadi jaagorgal geɗe laamu nokkuuji e nder diiwaan hirnaange e hitaande ndee tan.[2] E nder waktuuji 15 subaka ñalnde 15 lewru bowte hitaande 1966, Major Kaduna Nzeogwu, ofisee konu leydi Najeriya, etinooma waɗde kuudetaa konu gadano e nder daartol leydi Najeriya. Eɓɓoore ndee, hay so tawii noon nde dartinaaka, waɗii ƴiiƴam keewɗam, terɗe mawɗe keewɗe e lannda laamu nguu, militeer en e laamu ñalnde heen, mbaraa e bonanndeeji. Subaka law, kuuɓtodinɓe ɓee, e gardagol kapiteen Emmanuel Nwobosi, njani e galle Fani-Kayode, cukko hooreejo leydi diiwaan hirnaange. Fani-Kayode, murtuɓe ɓee mbonni ɗum yeeso ɓesngu makko e yeeso ɓiyiiko biyeteeɗo Femi Fani-Kayode, wonnooɗo jaagorgal ko feewti e diwooje leydi Najeriya duuɓi 40 caggal ɗuum.[13][14][15] Ndeen ɓe njaltini mo haa nokku mo anndaaka. Caggal nde ɓe njalti galle Fani-Kayode, muñooɓe ɓee, tawi Fani-Kayode ina ngondi e mum en, njahi to galle mawɗo S.L. Akintola, gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi diiwaan hirnaange. Ɓe naati galle makko kadi, ɓe mbari mo e yeeso ɓesngu makko. Ɓe ngañi kadi taaniiko e jom suudu makko. Fani-Kayode seediima warngo sehil mum S.L. Akintola e murtuɓe ɓee, ummoraade toon, o nawaa to kanton militeer to Lagos, ɗo o fotnoo kadi warde mo. Kono, ko moƴƴi e makko, nde o arti e kanton militeer Ikeja to Lagos, murtuɓe ɓee ndartinaama, ndartinaama, mbaraama e juuɗe konuuli lollirɗi e gardagol Lietnaa-kolonel Yakubu Gowon (mo caggal ɗuum wonti hooreejo leydi Nijeer). Fani-Kayode ko lollirɓe ɓee ndimɗini ɗum, ɓe ngoppi ɗum e nder galle kisal haa nde sariya e deeƴre ngarti e leydi ndii. Eɓɓoore kuudetaa ndee, doole lollirɗe ɗee ndartini ɗum no feewi, ardiiɓe mum fof mbaraa walla nanngaa. Won e ardiiɓe laamu teeŋtuɓe e mawɓe konu nguu, ɓe njani e galleeji mum en e oon jamma, ina jeyaa heen Ahmadu Bello (hooreejo leydi ndii), Abubakar Tafawa Balewa (hooreejo leydi ndii), Okotie-Eboh (jaagorgal kaalis leydi ndii), Seneraal Maimalari (hooreejo konu leydi ndii). Garrison). Fani-Kayode, wondude e Sir Kashim Ibraahiima (Guwerneer diiwaan worgo) ko kamɓe tan mbaraa. Ndeen noon, Seneraal Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi ƴetti laamu e juuɗe heddiiɓe e laamu Tafawa Balewa ñalnde 16 lewru nduu, ñalnde heen o dañii nafoore e haɓaade murto Major Nzeogwu e etaade kuudetaa bonɗo. Nden o hoosi kuugal hooreejo lesdi Naajeeriya e ardiiɗo konu lesdi Naajeeriya. Kono, lebbi seeɗa caggal ɗuum, o woppitaa e kuudetaa worgo, baɗnooɗo nafoore, baɗnooɗo ñalnde 29 sulyee 1966, tawi ko Lietnaa-kolonel Murtala Mohammed e Lietnaa-kolonel Yakubu Gowon (hono no ɓe ngonnoo e oon sahaa nii) ardii ɗum. E nder kuudetaa oo, seneraal Jonson Aguiyi-Ironsi nanngaa to Ibadan, kanko e jaɓɓiiɗo ɗum, hono seneraal Adekunle Fajuyi, e juuɗe soldateeɓe worgo e gardagol major Teofilus Danjuma (hono no o wonnoo e oon sahaa nii). Ndeen worɓe ɗiɗo ɓee fof ndartinaama, nawaa to ladde sara laawol, ɓe ɓoornaama comci, ɓe mbaraa. Ko hono noon bonannde kuudetaa "revenge" to bannge worgo ñalnde 29 sulyee 1966, nde ko famɗi fof 300 ofisee konu Igbo e ofiseeji ɗi ngonaa ofiseeji mbaraa. Ɗumɗoon noon, e nder caɗeele goɗɗe, ofiseeji worgo ɗii ina cikki wonde Seneraal Aguiyi-Ironsi ina joginoo miijo no feewi e Major Nzeogwu e wondiiɓe mum, caggal kuudetaa ñalnde 15 lewru Yarkomaa, tawi ko heewɓe e ardiiɓe worgo (Hausa – Fulani) e ardiiɓe politik mawɓe (Yoru) e militeeruuji hirnaange (Yoru). waraa. Tuumeede ofiseeji worgo ɗii wonde won nanondiral e paamondiral hakkunde fedde Nzeogwu e Seneraal Aguiyi-Ironsi, ɓeydi heen ko Aguiyi-Ironsi jeyaa ko e leñol Igbo. Duuɓi capanɗe tati caggal warngo makko, ɓiy Aguiyi-Ironsi, hono Thomas Aguiyi-Ironsi, ina foti wonde jaagorgal ko feewti e ndeenka leydi Nijeer, o ƴetti oon darnde e juuɗe Seneraal Teofilus Danjuma, gorko barɗo baaba makko duuɓi 40 ko adii ɗuum. Heewɓe mbiyi wonde aawdi kuuɓtodinndi ofisee worgo oo e lewru sulyee 1966, seediiɗo warngooji Seneraal Aguiyi-Ironsi e ofiseeji keewɗi goɗɗi, baɗnooɗi haa jooni, ko ɗum addani wolde hakkunde leyɗeele Nijeer, ko oon jamma 15 lewru Yarkomaa, ko ƴiiƴam makko Major e Nzewug worɓe.[16][17][18][19] Caggal kuudetaa konu gadano e nder leydi Nijeer ñalnde 15 lewru bowte hitaande 1966, Fani-Kayode e won e yimɓe teskinaaɓe fof, laamu konu Seneraal Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi nanngi ɗum en.[2] Caggal ɗuum ɓe njaltinaa e lewru sulyee 1966, caggal kuudetaa to bannge worgo, tawi ko Lietnaa-Kolonel Murtala Muhammed e Mayor Teofilus Danjuma ardii ɗum en. Caggal nde Lietnaa-Kolonel Yakubu Gowon wonti hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya, Fani-Kayode ummii Naajeeriya e ɓesngu mum fof, o yahi wuro Brighton, to bannge maayo, to fuɗnaange-rewo leydi Angalteer.[15][20] Ɓe cosi galle, ɓe ngoni ɗoon e eggude duuɓi keewɗi. E hitaande 1978, o jeyaa ko e sosɓe e ardinooɓe lannda ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer. E hitaande 1979, o suɓaama e jappeere cukko hooreejo ngenndiijo oon lannda e ngam anndinde darnde makko e ƴellitaare ngenndiire, o rokkaa teddungal Kumaandaŋ Ordo Niiseer e juuɗe hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Shehu Shagari.[1] Hakkunde 1990 e 1994, o jeyaa ko e fedde mawɓe fedde nde (NRC), gooto e lanndaaji ɗiɗi ɗi laamu konu Seneraal Ibrahim Babangida sosi e nder laamu tataɓu leydi Najeriya.[9] Caggal nde woote hooreejo leydi Moshood Abiola ndartinaa ñalnde 12 suwee 1993, Fani-Kayode ina jeyaa e ɓeen, winnduɓe e peeñcu e haalde ko tiiɗi ngam salaade wooteeji ɗii. O yahi haa ñaawirdu ngam haala kaa. E hitaande 1994, laamu Seneraal Sani Abacha toɗɗii mo e nder fedde ñaawoore Justice Kayode Eso, nde ƴeewtindii no feewi, nde wallitii e laaɓtinde ñaawoore leydi Najeriya e ittude ñaawooɓe bonɓe.[1] == Caalaje == Fani-Kayode ko debbo mawɗo (Mrs) Adia Adunni Fani-Kayode. Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe njoyo : Akinola Adedapo Fani-Kayode, Rotimi Fani-Kayode, Femi Fani-Kayode, debbo Toyin Bajela e debbo Tolu Fanning. Fani-Kayode kadi dañii ɓiɓɓe nayo woɗɓe (wonaa e Adia Adunni): Aina Ogunbe, Remi Nana Akuffo-Addo, Tokunbo Fani-Kayode e Ladipo Fani-Kayode.[1] == Tuugnorgal == ee1gj0mssiv0frd89wcyugn7yk3bmdi 174561 174534 2026-06-19T11:08:14Z MOIBARDE 10068 Add link and references 174561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Mawɗo '''Victor Babaremilekun Adetokunboh Fani-Kayode''' (22 Duujal 1921 – Oktoobar 1995) ko neɗɗo dawriyanke, jom jawdi, ngenndiyanke, dowla e awokaa. O suɓaama cukko hooreejo leydi [[Naajeeriya]] e hitaande 1963<ref name="modernghana.com">Emmanuel Ajibulu ,[http://modernghana.com/news/251696/1/chief-remi-fani-kayode-the-facts-and-not-the-ficti.html "Chief Remi Fani-Kayode: The Facts and Not the Fiction"], ModernGhaha.com, November 2009</ref><ref name="vanguardngr.com">Chuks Akunna,[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/11/25/re-fani-kayode-the-lies-and-distortions-of-owei-lakemfa/ "Re: Fani-Kayode: The Lies and Distortions of Owei Lakemfa"], ''Vanguard'', 25 November 2009.</ref>, o waɗii darnde mawnde e nder daartol sariya e politik leydi [[Naajeeriya]] gila e darorɗe kitaale 1940 haa o maayi e hitaande 1995.<ref name="modernghana.com2">Emmanuel Ajibulu ,[http://modernghana.com/news/251696/1/chief-remi-fani-kayode-the-facts-and-not-the-ficti.html "Chief Remi Fani-Kayode: The Facts and Not the Fiction"], ModernGhaha.com, November 2009</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=FANI-KAYODE, (Chief) Victor Babaremilekun Adetokunboh(late)|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/fani-kayode-chief-remi-ade/|last=Admin|date=2017-01-25|website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chief Remi Fani-Kayode: The Facts and Not the Fiction|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/1620/chief-remi-fani-kayode-the-facts-and-not-the-fiction.html|access-date=2020-05-30|website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref> ==Iwdi galle== Fani-Kayode ummii ko e galle [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] mawɗo e jaŋnguɗo no feewi to Ife, jeyaaɗo to fombina-fuɗnaange leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Mawniiko, hono Rev. Emmanuel Adedapo Kayode, ko almuudo Angalteer, keɓɗo dipolomaaji mum Master to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Fourah Bay, ngal e oon sahaa jeyaa ko e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Durham. Ɗum waɗi ko e hitaande 1885. Baaba makko, Victor Adedapo Kayode, janngi sariya, o heɓi bak makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Selwyn, Cambridge e hitaande 1921. O noddiraa to suudu dewal hakkundeejo e hitaande 1922, o yahi haa o wonti awokaa mawɗo, caggal ɗuum ñaawoowo, to leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=rp441|date=2017-07-21|title=Downing's Early Black Cantabs|url=https://www.dow.cam.ac.uk/about/downing-college-archive/archives-college-history/downings-early-black-cantabs|access-date=2020-11-19|website=Downing College Cambridge|language=en}}</ref> Yumma makko ko debbo biyeteeɗo Aurora Kayode, jibinaaɗo Fanimokun, ɓiy debbo Rev. O heɓiino kadi dipoloma makko ''Master'' to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Fourah Bay, caggal ɗuum o woni hooreejo duɗal CMS ''Grammar to'' [[Lagos]], o golliima gila 1896 haa 1914.<ref name="modernghana.com3">Emmanuel Ajibulu ,[http://modernghana.com/news/251696/1/chief-remi-fani-kayode-the-facts-and-not-the-ficti.html "Chief Remi Fani-Kayode: The Facts and Not the Fiction"], ModernGhaha.com, November 2009</ref> Ko ɗum duɗal misiyoŋaaji ngal Biskop Samuel Ajayi Crowther sosi.<ref>Andrew F. Walls, "Samuel Ajayi Crowther(1807–1891) Foremost African Christian of the Nineteenth Century".</ref> E lewru Siilo hitaande 1958, o heɓi nasaraaku ngam wallugo motion ngam heɓugo ndimu lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] haa suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] haa [[Lagos]]. O hollitii wonde jeytaare ina foti waɗeede ñalnde 2 abriil 1960<ref name="books.google.com.ng">"Power in an Emergent African Nation" by Richard L. Sklar, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Oi0aVR4YkmUC&q=Nigerian+Political+Parties:+Power+in+an+Emergent+African+Nation], ''Google Books'', p. 269.</ref><ref name="motion">[http://allafrica.com/stories/201009270537.html "The Truth About the Motion for Independence"], AllAfrica.com, 27 September 2010.</ref> (minitaaji Hansard, 1958; lanndaaji dawrugol Nijeer ɗi Richard Sklar winndi: Doole e nder ngenndi [[Afrik]] ƴellitiiɗo, Jaayndeeji winndereeji, h. E hitaande 1959, wonno eɓɓaande woɗnde ƴettaande e nder Parlemaa leydi Nijeer, ɗaɓɓunde waylo-waylo seeɗa e eɓɓaande Fani-Kayode nde lewru sulyee 1958. Ndee eɓɓaande hesere, nde Sir [[Abubakar Tafawa balewa|Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] ƴetti, naamndii yo ñalngu 2 abriil 1960 jaɓaa e Parlemaa ngam heɓde ndimaagu, ngu jaɓaama jaɓaa e laamuuji koloñaal Angalteer, ina foti wayleede gila 2 abriil 1960 haa 1 oktoobar 1960 e nokku mum. Ndeeɗoo eɓɓaande waylo-waylo, caggal ɗuum, Parlemaa jaɓi ɗum, kadi Angalteer jaɓi ɗum. Ko noon ñalngu jeytaare leydi Nijeer, ñalnde 1 oktoobar 1960, haa jooni.<ref name="motion2">[http://allafrica.com/stories/201009270537.html "The Truth About the Motion for Independence"], AllAfrica.com, 27 September 2010.</ref> ==Jaŋde e nguurndam gollal== Caggal nde o timmini jaŋde makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ''King’s College'', to [[Lagos University Teaching Hospital|Lagos]], Fani-Kayode yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Downing to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Cambridge, e hitaande 1941. O waɗii jaŋdeeji Bar Biritaan, o ari to dow e hitaande makko e nder leydi Biritaan fof.<ref name="modernghana.com4">Emmanuel Ajibulu ,[http://modernghana.com/news/251696/1/chief-remi-fani-kayode-the-facts-and-not-the-ficti.html "Chief Remi Fani-Kayode: The Facts and Not the Fiction"], ModernGhaha.com, November 2009</ref> O noddaama haa suudu defte Biritaniya haa Middle Temple nder hitaande 1945, o toɗɗaama ardiiɗo Queen’s Counsel nder hitaande 1960, o laati tataɓo e ɓurduɗo famɗugo haa lesdi Naajeeriya heɓugo tiitoonde nden. Caggal mum, e hitaande 1977, o waɗtaama Awokaa mawɗo to leydi Najeriya (SAN), o woni Najeriya tataɓo heɓde ndee ɗoo ceergal.<ref name="modernghana.com5">Emmanuel Ajibulu ,[http://modernghana.com/news/251696/1/chief-remi-fani-kayode-the-facts-and-not-the-ficti.html "Chief Remi Fani-Kayode: The Facts and Not the Fiction"], ModernGhaha.com, November 2009</ref> E hitaande 1948, o sosi fedde awokaaji gadane e nder leydi Nijeer, hono "Thomas, Williams e Kayode",<ref name="nigerdeltacongress.com">Femi Fani-Kayode,[http://www.nigerdeltacongress.com/iarticles/in_remembrance_of_fani_power.htm "In remembrance of Fani Power"], ''NigerDeltaCongress.com''</ref> kanko e awokaaji ɗiɗi goɗɗi, hono Frederick Rotimi Williams e Bode Thomas, ɓe njanngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Cambridge e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Londres.<ref name="modernghana.com6">Emmanuel Ajibulu ,[http://modernghana.com/news/251696/1/chief-remi-fani-kayode-the-facts-and-not-the-ficti.html "Chief Remi Fani-Kayode: The Facts and Not the Fiction"], ModernGhaha.com, November 2009</ref><ref name="vanguardngr.com2">Chuks Akunna,[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/11/25/re-fani-kayode-the-lies-and-distortions-of-owei-lakemfa/ "Re: Fani-Kayode: The Lies and Distortions of Owei Lakemfa"], ''Vanguard'', 25 November 2009.</ref>E hitaande 1970, o sosi fedde awokaaji woɗnde "Fani-Kayode e Sowemimo" e sehil makko ɓooyɗo, mawɗo Sobo Sowemimo S.A.N.<ref name="nigerdeltacongress.com2">Femi Fani-Kayode,[http://www.nigerdeltacongress.com/iarticles/in_remembrance_of_fani_power.htm "In remembrance of Fani Power"], ''NigerDeltaCongress.com''</ref> == Golle politik == Fani-Kayode waɗii darnde mawnde nder hare ngam heɓugo ndimu lesdi [[Naajeeriya]]. E hitaande 1952, kanko e Rotimi Williams, Bode Thomas e woɗɓe heewɓe, o nanngaa e juuɗe laamuuji koloñaal Angalteer sabu darnde makko tiiɗnde e tiiɗnde e nder hare Angalteer.<ref name="vanguardngr.com3">Chuks Akunna,[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/11/25/re-fani-kayode-the-lies-and-distortions-of-owei-lakemfa/ "Re: Fani-Kayode: The Lies and Distortions of Owei Lakemfa"], ''Vanguard'', 25 November 2009.</ref> O suɓaama hooreejo fedde sukaaɓe ''Action Group'' e hitaande 1954. O sosi fedde sukaaɓe ngam lannda ka, ɓe ɓoornii ko "shirts noirs" e ɓe kuutorii "mosquito" ngam hollirde mettere maɓɓe e laamu koloñaal Angalteer.<ref name="vanguardngr.com4">Chuks Akunna,[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/11/25/re-fani-kayode-the-lies-and-distortions-of-owei-lakemfa/ "Re: Fani-Kayode: The Lies and Distortions of Owei Lakemfa"], ''Vanguard'', 25 November 2009.</ref> Kadi, nder hitaande 1954, Fani-Kayode suɓaama nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] dow laynde hooreejo [[Obafemi Awolowo]], nden o jokki hare maako ngam heɓugo ndimu lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] diga ton.<ref name="vanguardngr.com5">Chuks Akunna,[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/11/25/re-fani-kayode-the-lies-and-distortions-of-owei-lakemfa/ "Re: Fani-Kayode: The Lies and Distortions of Owei Lakemfa"], ''Vanguard'', 25 November 2009.</ref> Ko kanko woni balloowo Sekereteer Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe e nder fedde nde, e nder ɗuum, o waɗii darnde tiiɗnde, kanko e Sekereteer Fedde nde, hono mawɗo Ayo Rosiji, e nder yuɓɓo e njuɓɓudi Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe. Kanko e mawɗo Awolowo, S. O. Ighodaro, E. O. Eyo, Adeyemi Lawson e S. G. Ikoku, ɓe ngoni ko e lomtaade fedde gollorde ndee e batu doosgal leydi Londres e hitaande 1957.<ref name="books.google.com.ng2">"Power in an Emergent African Nation" by Richard L. Sklar, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Oi0aVR4YkmUC&q=Nigerian+Political+Parties:+Power+in+an+Emergent+African+Nation], ''Google Books'', p. 269.</ref><ref>Emmanuel Ajibulu,[http://modernghana.com/news/251696/1/chief-remi-fani-kayode-the-facts-and-not-the-ficti.html "Chief Remi Fani-Kayode: The Facts and Not the Fiction"], ModernGhaha.com, November 2009.</ref> E hitaande 1957, o ardii fedde awokaaji ''Action Group'', ɓe ndaranii e haɓaade yimɓe leƴƴi tokoosi to Fuɗnaange to Komiseer leƴƴi pamari Willinks e nder ɗaɓɓaande maɓɓe ngam sosde diiwaan beldital hakkundeewal, ngal fotnoo ko seertude e diiwaan ɓooyɗo Fuɗnaange [[Naajeeriya]].<ref name="books.google.com.ng3">"Power in an Emergent African Nation" by Richard L. Sklar, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Oi0aVR4YkmUC&q=Nigerian+Political+Parties:+Power+in+an+Emergent+African+Nation], ''Google Books'', p. 269.</ref> E lewru juko hitaande 1958, o wadi kuugal ngam heɓugo ndimu lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi [[Naajeeriya]]<ref name="vanguardngr.com6">Chuks Akunna,[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/11/25/re-fani-kayode-the-lies-and-distortions-of-owei-lakemfa/ "Re: Fani-Kayode: The Lies and Distortions of Owei Lakemfa"], ''Vanguard'', 25 November 2009.</ref><ref>''Power in an Emergent African Nation'' by Richard L. Sklar, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Oi0aVR4YkmUCdq], ''Google Books'', Page 269</ref><ref>Emmanuel Ajibulu ,[http://modernghana.com/news/251696/1/chief-remi-fani-kayode-the-facts-and-not-the-ficti.html "Chief Remi Fani-Kayode: The Facts and Not the Fiction"], ModernGhaha.com, November 2009.</ref> (minte Hansard, 1958; hello 269; yi'annde porfeseer Onabamiro dow taariiha lesdi [[Naajeeriya]], hello 140). E hitaande 1959, Fani-Kayode woppi golle mum e fedde ''Action Group'', o naati e Diiso ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer e Kameruun, lannda luulndo. E hitaande 1960, o suɓaama hooreejo NCNC to suudu sarɗiiji hirnaange.<ref name="vanguardngr.com7">Chuks Akunna,[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/11/25/re-fani-kayode-the-lies-and-distortions-of-owei-lakemfa/ "Re: Fani-Kayode: The Lies and Distortions of Owei Lakemfa"], ''Vanguard'', 25 November 2009.</ref> E hitaande 1963, o suɓaama cukko hooreejo leydi [[Naajeeriya]] e les njiimaandi hooreejo leydi [[Naajeeriya]], hono Samuel Akintola, e dow laylaytol lannda leydi [[Naajeeriya]].<ref name="vanguardngr.com8">Chuks Akunna,[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/11/25/re-fani-kayode-the-lies-and-distortions-of-owei-lakemfa/ "Re: Fani-Kayode: The Lies and Distortions of Owei Lakemfa"], ''Vanguard'', 25 November 2009.</ref><ref name="books.google.com.ng4">"Power in an Emergent African Nation" by Richard L. Sklar, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Oi0aVR4YkmUC&q=Nigerian+Political+Parties:+Power+in+an+Emergent+African+Nation], ''Google Books'', p. 269.</ref>O toɗɗaa kadi jaagorgal geɗe laamu nokkuuji e nder diiwaan hirnaange e hitaande ndee tan.<ref name="vanguardngr.com9">Chuks Akunna,[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/11/25/re-fani-kayode-the-lies-and-distortions-of-owei-lakemfa/ "Re: Fani-Kayode: The Lies and Distortions of Owei Lakemfa"], ''Vanguard'', 25 November 2009.</ref> E nder waktuuji 15 subaka ñalnde 15 lewru bowte hitaande 1966, Major Kaduna Nzeogwu, ofisee konu leydi Najeriya, etinooma waɗde kuudetaa konu gadano e nder daartol leydi Najeriya. Eɓɓoore ndee, hay so tawii noon nde dartinaaka, waɗii ƴiiƴam keewɗam, terɗe mawɗe keewɗe e lannda laamu nguu, militeer en e laamu ñalnde heen, mbaraa e bonanndeeji. Subaka law, kuuɓtodinɓe ɓee, e gardagol kapiteen Emmanuel Nwobosi, njani e galle Fani-Kayode, cukko hooreejo leydi diiwaan hirnaange. Fani-Kayode, murtuɓe ɓee mbonni ɗum yeeso ɓesngu makko e yeeso ɓiyiiko biyeteeɗo Femi Fani-Kayode, wonnooɗo jaagorgal ko feewti e diwooje leydi Najeriya duuɓi 40 caggal ɗuum.[13][14][15] Ndeen ɓe njaltini mo haa nokku mo anndaaka. Caggal nde ɓe njalti galle Fani-Kayode, muñooɓe ɓee, tawi Fani-Kayode ina ngondi e mum en, njahi to galle mawɗo S.L. Akintola, gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi diiwaan hirnaange. Ɓe naati galle makko kadi, ɓe mbari mo e yeeso ɓesngu makko. Ɓe ngañi kadi taaniiko e jom suudu makko. Fani-Kayode seediima warngo sehil mum S.L. Akintola e murtuɓe ɓee, ummoraade toon, o nawaa to kanton militeer to Lagos, ɗo o fotnoo kadi warde mo. Kono, ko moƴƴi e makko, nde o arti e kanton militeer Ikeja to Lagos, murtuɓe ɓee ndartinaama, ndartinaama, mbaraama e juuɗe konuuli lollirɗi e gardagol Lietnaa-kolonel Yakubu Gowon (mo caggal ɗuum wonti hooreejo leydi Nijeer). Fani-Kayode ko lollirɓe ɓee ndimɗini ɗum, ɓe ngoppi ɗum e nder galle kisal haa nde sariya e deeƴre ngarti e leydi ndii. Eɓɓoore kuudetaa ndee, doole lollirɗe ɗee ndartini ɗum no feewi, ardiiɓe mum fof mbaraa walla nanngaa. Won e ardiiɓe laamu teeŋtuɓe e mawɓe konu nguu, ɓe njani e galleeji mum en e oon jamma, ina jeyaa heen Ahmadu Bello (hooreejo leydi ndii), Abubakar Tafawa Balewa (hooreejo leydi ndii), Okotie-Eboh (jaagorgal kaalis leydi ndii), Seneraal Maimalari (hooreejo konu leydi ndii). Garrison). Fani-Kayode, wondude e Sir Kashim Ibraahiima (Guwerneer diiwaan worgo) ko kamɓe tan mbaraa. Ndeen noon, Seneraal Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi ƴetti laamu e juuɗe heddiiɓe e laamu Tafawa Balewa ñalnde 16 lewru nduu, ñalnde heen o dañii nafoore e haɓaade murto Major Nzeogwu e etaade kuudetaa bonɗo. Nden o hoosi kuugal hooreejo lesdi Naajeeriya e ardiiɗo konu lesdi Naajeeriya. Kono, lebbi seeɗa caggal ɗuum, o woppitaa e kuudetaa worgo, baɗnooɗo nafoore, baɗnooɗo ñalnde 29 sulyee 1966, tawi ko Lietnaa-kolonel Murtala Mohammed e Lietnaa-kolonel Yakubu Gowon (hono no ɓe ngonnoo e oon sahaa nii) ardii ɗum. E nder kuudetaa oo, seneraal Jonson Aguiyi-Ironsi nanngaa to Ibadan, kanko e jaɓɓiiɗo ɗum, hono seneraal Adekunle Fajuyi, e juuɗe soldateeɓe worgo e gardagol major Teofilus Danjuma (hono no o wonnoo e oon sahaa nii). Ndeen worɓe ɗiɗo ɓee fof ndartinaama, nawaa to ladde sara laawol, ɓe ɓoornaama comci, ɓe mbaraa. Ko hono noon bonannde kuudetaa "revenge" to bannge worgo ñalnde 29 sulyee 1966, nde ko famɗi fof 300 ofisee konu Igbo e ofiseeji ɗi ngonaa ofiseeji mbaraa. Ɗumɗoon noon, e nder caɗeele goɗɗe, ofiseeji worgo ɗii ina cikki wonde Seneraal Aguiyi-Ironsi ina joginoo miijo no feewi e Major Nzeogwu e wondiiɓe mum, caggal kuudetaa ñalnde 15 lewru Yarkomaa, tawi ko heewɓe e ardiiɓe worgo (Hausa – Fulani) e ardiiɓe politik mawɓe (Yoru) e militeeruuji hirnaange (Yoru). waraa. Tuumeede ofiseeji worgo ɗii wonde won nanondiral e paamondiral hakkunde fedde Nzeogwu e Seneraal Aguiyi-Ironsi, ɓeydi heen ko Aguiyi-Ironsi jeyaa ko e leñol Igbo. Duuɓi capanɗe tati caggal warngo makko, ɓiy Aguiyi-Ironsi, hono Thomas Aguiyi-Ironsi, ina foti wonde jaagorgal ko feewti e ndeenka leydi Nijeer, o ƴetti oon darnde e juuɗe Seneraal Teofilus Danjuma, gorko barɗo baaba makko duuɓi 40 ko adii ɗuum. Heewɓe mbiyi wonde aawdi kuuɓtodinndi ofisee worgo oo e lewru sulyee 1966, seediiɗo warngooji Seneraal Aguiyi-Ironsi e ofiseeji keewɗi goɗɗi, baɗnooɗi haa jooni, ko ɗum addani wolde hakkunde leyɗeele Nijeer, ko oon jamma 15 lewru Yarkomaa, ko ƴiiƴam makko Major e Nzewug worɓe.[16][17][18][19] Caggal kuudetaa konu gadano e nder leydi Nijeer ñalnde 15 lewru bowte hitaande 1966, Fani-Kayode e won e yimɓe teskinaaɓe fof, laamu konu Seneraal Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi nanngi ɗum en.[2] Caggal ɗuum ɓe njaltinaa e lewru sulyee 1966, caggal kuudetaa to bannge worgo, tawi ko Lietnaa-Kolonel Murtala Muhammed e Mayor Teofilus Danjuma ardii ɗum en. Caggal nde Lietnaa-Kolonel Yakubu Gowon wonti hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya, Fani-Kayode ummii Naajeeriya e ɓesngu mum fof, o yahi wuro Brighton, to bannge maayo, to fuɗnaange-rewo leydi Angalteer.[15][20] Ɓe cosi galle, ɓe ngoni ɗoon e eggude duuɓi keewɗi. E hitaande 1978, o jeyaa ko e sosɓe e ardinooɓe lannda ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer. E hitaande 1979, o suɓaama e jappeere cukko hooreejo ngenndiijo oon lannda e ngam anndinde darnde makko e ƴellitaare ngenndiire, o rokkaa teddungal Kumaandaŋ Ordo Niiseer e juuɗe hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Shehu Shagari.[1] Hakkunde 1990 e 1994, o jeyaa ko e fedde mawɓe fedde nde (NRC), gooto e lanndaaji ɗiɗi ɗi laamu konu Seneraal Ibrahim Babangida sosi e nder laamu tataɓu leydi Najeriya.[9] Caggal nde woote hooreejo leydi Moshood Abiola ndartinaa ñalnde 12 suwee 1993, Fani-Kayode ina jeyaa e ɓeen, winnduɓe e peeñcu e haalde ko tiiɗi ngam salaade wooteeji ɗii. O yahi haa ñaawirdu ngam haala kaa. E hitaande 1994, laamu Seneraal Sani Abacha toɗɗii mo e nder fedde ñaawoore Justice Kayode Eso, nde ƴeewtindii no feewi, nde wallitii e laaɓtinde ñaawoore leydi Najeriya e ittude ñaawooɓe bonɓe.[1] == Caalaje == Fani-Kayode ko debbo mawɗo (Mrs) Adia Adunni Fani-Kayode. Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe njoyo : Akinola Adedapo Fani-Kayode, Rotimi Fani-Kayode, Femi Fani-Kayode, debbo Toyin Bajela e debbo Tolu Fanning. Fani-Kayode kadi dañii ɓiɓɓe nayo woɗɓe (wonaa e Adia Adunni): Aina Ogunbe, Remi Nana Akuffo-Addo, Tokunbo Fani-Kayode e Ladipo Fani-Kayode.[1] == Tuugnorgal == 2xnvjnkl1bdjosjejwn245ywxk4xe2p 0 42235 174535 2026-06-19T10:01:31Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "'''Maayo Nwanedi''' ko maayo ndiyam e nder diiwaan Limpopo, to Afrik worgo. Ko ɓuuɓol maayo Limpopo ɓuuɓngo fuɗnaange Nzhelele, jokkondirngo e daande maayo Limpopo 58 km fuɗnaange Musina to keeri Afrik worgo/Zimbaabwee.[1] == Yahde == Maayo Nwanedi ina moofti heen geɗal e ɓuuɓri ŋoral worgo kaaƴe jaajɗe Soutpansberg. Nwanedi toowɗo oo ko maayo duumotoongo, ngo baraaji ɗiɗi njippii ɗo ngu hawri e maayo mum, maayo Luphephe, e nder nokku leɗɗe e nder ŋor..." 174535 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maayo Nwanedi''' ko maayo ndiyam e nder diiwaan Limpopo, to Afrik worgo. Ko ɓuuɓol maayo Limpopo ɓuuɓngo fuɗnaange Nzhelele, jokkondirngo e daande maayo Limpopo 58 km fuɗnaange Musina to keeri Afrik worgo/Zimbaabwee.[1] == Yahde == Maayo Nwanedi ina moofti heen geɗal e ɓuuɓri ŋoral worgo kaaƴe jaajɗe Soutpansberg. Nwanedi toowɗo oo ko maayo duumotoongo, ngo baraaji ɗiɗi njippii ɗo ngu hawri e maayo mum, maayo Luphephe, e nder nokku leɗɗe e nder ŋoral hee.[2] E yaltude e nokku Soutpansberg mo koɗli mum ngoni oo, ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, ina taƴa Lowveld. Ndee feccere lesre ina wondi e mbayliigaaji yontaaji, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko yooro e nder yontaaji yooro, ina waɗi kadi ɓulli seeɗa ceertuɗi e nder maayo.[3] Won caɗeele gonɗe e ɓuuɓri ndiyam ɗam e nder maayo ngo e nder yontaaji ɓennuɗi ɗii.[4] Maayo Luphephe, ngo woni ko e maayo mum mawngo, ina ummoo kadi to Soutpansberg, fuɗnaange-rewo ummoraade e ɓulli Nwanedi.[5] Parc diiwaan Nwanedi ina woni fotde 35 km to fuɗnaange Thohoyandou, e nokku leɗɗe to bannge ŋoral Soutpansberg. Nokku reenaaɗo oo ina waɗi nokku ɗo maayo Nwanedi hawri e maayo mum mawngo, hono maayo Luphephe, ɗo baraasuuji ɗii ngoni ɗoo. Wertallo park oo ko 11 170 ha, ina heewi jawdi. Maayo Nwanedi fotaani jiiɓde e maayo Nwanedzi, walla maayo Nwanedsi[6] ko ɓuuɓri maayo Letaba.[7] == Tuugnorgal == cwmpw83qkav51xzjcu42wcsw91ounfv 174536 174535 2026-06-19T10:02:02Z Nnamadee 11577 174536 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maayo Nwanedi''' ko maayo ndiyam e nder diiwaan Limpopo, to Afrik worgo. Ko ɓuuɓol maayo Limpopo ɓuuɓngo fuɗnaange Nzhelele, jokkondirngo e daande maayo Limpopo 58 km fuɗnaange Musina to keeri Afrik worgo/Zimbaabwee.<ref>"South African rivers - Nwanedi River". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2012-03-31.</ref> == Yahde == Maayo Nwanedi ina moofti heen geɗal e ɓuuɓri ŋoral worgo kaaƴe jaajɗe Soutpansberg. Nwanedi toowɗo oo ko maayo duumotoongo, ngo baraaji ɗiɗi njippii ɗo ngu hawri e maayo mum, maayo Luphephe, e nder nokku leɗɗe e nder ŋoral hee.[2] E yaltude e nokku Soutpansberg mo koɗli mum ngoni oo, ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, ina taƴa Lowveld. Ndee feccere lesre ina wondi e mbayliigaaji yontaaji, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko yooro e nder yontaaji yooro, ina waɗi kadi ɓulli seeɗa ceertuɗi e nder maayo.[3] Won caɗeele gonɗe e ɓuuɓri ndiyam ɗam e nder maayo ngo e nder yontaaji ɓennuɗi ɗii.[4] Maayo Luphephe, ngo woni ko e maayo mum mawngo, ina ummoo kadi to Soutpansberg, fuɗnaange-rewo ummoraade e ɓulli Nwanedi.[5] Parc diiwaan Nwanedi ina woni fotde 35 km to fuɗnaange Thohoyandou, e nokku leɗɗe to bannge ŋoral Soutpansberg. Nokku reenaaɗo oo ina waɗi nokku ɗo maayo Nwanedi hawri e maayo mum mawngo, hono maayo Luphephe, ɗo baraasuuji ɗii ngoni ɗoo. Wertallo park oo ko 11 170 ha, ina heewi jawdi. Maayo Nwanedi fotaani jiiɓde e maayo Nwanedzi, walla maayo Nwanedsi[6] ko ɓuuɓri maayo Letaba.[7] == Tuugnorgal == a3qmk54qoqp0h2o58fln3c5fcok5gxg 174537 174536 2026-06-19T10:02:21Z Nnamadee 11577 174537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maayo Nwanedi''' ko maayo ndiyam e nder diiwaan Limpopo, to Afrik worgo. Ko ɓuuɓol maayo Limpopo ɓuuɓngo fuɗnaange Nzhelele, jokkondirngo e daande maayo Limpopo 58 km fuɗnaange Musina to keeri Afrik worgo/Zimbaabwee.<ref>"South African rivers - Nwanedi River". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2012-03-31.</ref> == Yahde == Maayo Nwanedi ina moofti heen geɗal e ɓuuɓri ŋoral worgo kaaƴe jaajɗe Soutpansberg. Nwanedi toowɗo oo ko maayo duumotoongo, ngo baraaji ɗiɗi njippii ɗo ngu hawri e maayo mum, maayo Luphephe, e nder nokku leɗɗe e nder ŋoral hee.[2] E yaltude e nokku Soutpansberg mo koɗli mum ngoni oo, ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, ina taƴa Lowveld. Ndee feccere lesre ina wondi e mbayliigaaji yontaaji, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko yooro e nder yontaaji yooro, ina waɗi kadi ɓulli seeɗa ceertuɗi e nder maayo.[3] Won caɗeele gonɗe e ɓuuɓri ndiyam ɗam e nder maayo ngo e nder yontaaji ɓennuɗi ɗii.[4] Maayo Luphephe, ngo woni ko e maayo mum mawngo, ina ummoo kadi to Soutpansberg, fuɗnaange-rewo ummoraade e ɓulli Nwanedi.[5] Parc diiwaan Nwanedi ina woni fotde 35 km to fuɗnaange Thohoyandou, e nokku leɗɗe to bannge ŋoral Soutpansberg. Nokku reenaaɗo oo ina waɗi nokku ɗo maayo Nwanedi hawri e maayo mum mawngo, hono maayo Luphephe, ɗo baraasuuji ɗii ngoni ɗoo. Wertallo park oo ko 11 170 ha, ina heewi jawdi. Maayo Nwanedi fotaani jiiɓde e maayo Nwanedzi, walla maayo Nwanedsi[6] ko ɓuuɓri maayo Letaba.[7] == Tuugnorgal == 72g9ahi22i5yts8uyucztvjnhom9um0 174538 174537 2026-06-19T10:03:28Z Nnamadee 11577 174538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maayo Nwanedi''' ko maayo ndiyam e nder diiwaan Limpopo, to Afrik worgo. Ko ɓuuɓol maayo Limpopo ɓuuɓngo fuɗnaange Nzhelele, jokkondirngo e daande maayo Limpopo 58 km fuɗnaange Musina to keeri Afrik worgo/Zimbaabwee.<ref>"South African rivers - Nwanedi River". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2012-03-31.</ref> == Yahde == Maayo Nwanedi ina moofti heen geɗal e ɓuuɓri ŋoral worgo kaaƴe jaajɗe Soutpansberg. Nwanedi toowɗo oo ko maayo duumotoongo, ngo baraaji ɗiɗi njippii ɗo ngu hawri e maayo mum, maayo Luphephe, e nder nokku leɗɗe e nder ŋoral hee.<ref>"Nwanedi River: Dams". Archived from the original on 2015-04-04. Retrieved 2012-03-31.</ref> E yaltude e nokku Soutpansberg mo koɗli mum ngoni oo, ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, ina taƴa Lowveld. Ndee feccere lesre ina wondi e mbayliigaaji yontaaji, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko yooro e nder yontaaji yooro, ina waɗi kadi ɓulli seeɗa ceertuɗi e nder maayo.[3] Won caɗeele gonɗe e ɓuuɓri ndiyam ɗam e nder maayo ngo e nder yontaaji ɓennuɗi ɗii.[4] Maayo Luphephe, ngo woni ko e maayo mum mawngo, ina ummoo kadi to Soutpansberg, fuɗnaange-rewo ummoraade e ɓulli Nwanedi.[5] Parc diiwaan Nwanedi ina woni fotde 35 km to fuɗnaange Thohoyandou, e nokku leɗɗe to bannge ŋoral Soutpansberg. Nokku reenaaɗo oo ina waɗi nokku ɗo maayo Nwanedi hawri e maayo mum mawngo, hono maayo Luphephe, ɗo baraasuuji ɗii ngoni ɗoo. Wertallo park oo ko 11 170 ha, ina heewi jawdi. Maayo Nwanedi fotaani jiiɓde e maayo Nwanedzi, walla maayo Nwanedsi[6] ko ɓuuɓri maayo Letaba.[7] == Tuugnorgal == 95tmklob4vl33h83bojtiffagsxnkws 174539 174538 2026-06-19T10:03:55Z Nnamadee 11577 174539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maayo Nwanedi''' ko maayo ndiyam e nder diiwaan Limpopo, to Afrik worgo. Ko ɓuuɓol maayo Limpopo ɓuuɓngo fuɗnaange Nzhelele, jokkondirngo e daande maayo Limpopo 58 km fuɗnaange Musina to keeri Afrik worgo/Zimbaabwee.<ref>"South African rivers - Nwanedi River". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2012-03-31.</ref> == Yahde == Maayo Nwanedi ina moofti heen geɗal e ɓuuɓri ŋoral worgo kaaƴe jaajɗe Soutpansberg. Nwanedi toowɗo oo ko maayo duumotoongo, ngo baraaji ɗiɗi njippii ɗo ngu hawri e maayo mum, maayo Luphephe, e nder nokku leɗɗe e nder ŋoral hee.<ref>"Nwanedi River: Dams". Archived from the original on 2015-04-04. Retrieved 2012-03-31.</ref> E yaltude e nokku Soutpansberg mo koɗli mum ngoni oo, ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, ina taƴa Lowveld. Ndee feccere lesre ina wondi e mbayliigaaji yontaaji, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko yooro e nder yontaaji yooro, ina waɗi kadi ɓulli seeɗa ceertuɗi e nder maayo.<ref>Sites - Important Bird Areas (IBAs) - Soutpansberg</ref> Won caɗeele gonɗe e ɓuuɓri ndiyam ɗam e nder maayo ngo e nder yontaaji ɓennuɗi ɗii.[4] Maayo Luphephe, ngo woni ko e maayo mum mawngo, ina ummoo kadi to Soutpansberg, fuɗnaange-rewo ummoraade e ɓulli Nwanedi.[5] Parc diiwaan Nwanedi ina woni fotde 35 km to fuɗnaange Thohoyandou, e nokku leɗɗe to bannge ŋoral Soutpansberg. Nokku reenaaɗo oo ina waɗi nokku ɗo maayo Nwanedi hawri e maayo mum mawngo, hono maayo Luphephe, ɗo baraasuuji ɗii ngoni ɗoo. Wertallo park oo ko 11 170 ha, ina heewi jawdi. Maayo Nwanedi fotaani jiiɓde e maayo Nwanedzi, walla maayo Nwanedsi[6] ko ɓuuɓri maayo Letaba.[7] == Tuugnorgal == ompamgnd6x4dvzb2uop13y60tggbuy3 174540 174539 2026-06-19T10:04:18Z Nnamadee 11577 174540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maayo Nwanedi''' ko maayo ndiyam e nder diiwaan Limpopo, to Afrik worgo. Ko ɓuuɓol maayo Limpopo ɓuuɓngo fuɗnaange Nzhelele, jokkondirngo e daande maayo Limpopo 58 km fuɗnaange Musina to keeri Afrik worgo/Zimbaabwee.<ref>"South African rivers - Nwanedi River". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2012-03-31.</ref> == Yahde == Maayo Nwanedi ina moofti heen geɗal e ɓuuɓri ŋoral worgo kaaƴe jaajɗe Soutpansberg. Nwanedi toowɗo oo ko maayo duumotoongo, ngo baraaji ɗiɗi njippii ɗo ngu hawri e maayo mum, maayo Luphephe, e nder nokku leɗɗe e nder ŋoral hee.<ref>"Nwanedi River: Dams". Archived from the original on 2015-04-04. Retrieved 2012-03-31.</ref> E yaltude e nokku Soutpansberg mo koɗli mum ngoni oo, ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, ina taƴa Lowveld. Ndee feccere lesre ina wondi e mbayliigaaji yontaaji, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko yooro e nder yontaaji yooro, ina waɗi kadi ɓulli seeɗa ceertuɗi e nder maayo.<ref>Sites - Important Bird Areas (IBAs) - Soutpansberg</ref> Won caɗeele gonɗe e ɓuuɓri ndiyam ɗam e nder maayo ngo e nder yontaaji ɓennuɗi ɗii.<ref>Oppervlaktewater besoedel</ref> Maayo Luphephe, ngo woni ko e maayo mum mawngo, ina ummoo kadi to Soutpansberg, fuɗnaange-rewo ummoraade e ɓulli Nwanedi.[5] Parc diiwaan Nwanedi ina woni fotde 35 km to fuɗnaange Thohoyandou, e nokku leɗɗe to bannge ŋoral Soutpansberg. Nokku reenaaɗo oo ina waɗi nokku ɗo maayo Nwanedi hawri e maayo mum mawngo, hono maayo Luphephe, ɗo baraasuuji ɗii ngoni ɗoo. Wertallo park oo ko 11 170 ha, ina heewi jawdi. Maayo Nwanedi fotaani jiiɓde e maayo Nwanedzi, walla maayo Nwanedsi[6] ko ɓuuɓri maayo Letaba.[7] == Tuugnorgal == 4176svglthf8o9uai062xt062qtopnz 174541 174540 2026-06-19T10:04:55Z Nnamadee 11577 174541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maayo Nwanedi''' ko maayo ndiyam e nder diiwaan Limpopo, to Afrik worgo. Ko ɓuuɓol maayo Limpopo ɓuuɓngo fuɗnaange Nzhelele, jokkondirngo e daande maayo Limpopo 58 km fuɗnaange Musina to keeri Afrik worgo/Zimbaabwee.<ref>"South African rivers - Nwanedi River". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2012-03-31.</ref> == Yahde == Maayo Nwanedi ina moofti heen geɗal e ɓuuɓri ŋoral worgo kaaƴe jaajɗe Soutpansberg. Nwanedi toowɗo oo ko maayo duumotoongo, ngo baraaji ɗiɗi njippii ɗo ngu hawri e maayo mum, maayo Luphephe, e nder nokku leɗɗe e nder ŋoral hee.<ref>"Nwanedi River: Dams". Archived from the original on 2015-04-04. Retrieved 2012-03-31.</ref> E yaltude e nokku Soutpansberg mo koɗli mum ngoni oo, ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, ina taƴa Lowveld. Ndee feccere lesre ina wondi e mbayliigaaji yontaaji, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko yooro e nder yontaaji yooro, ina waɗi kadi ɓulli seeɗa ceertuɗi e nder maayo.<ref>Sites - Important Bird Areas (IBAs) - Soutpansberg</ref> Won caɗeele gonɗe e ɓuuɓri ndiyam ɗam e nder maayo ngo e nder yontaaji ɓennuɗi ɗii.<ref>Oppervlaktewater besoedel</ref> Maayo Luphephe, ngo woni ko e maayo mum mawngo, ina ummoo kadi to Soutpansberg, fuɗnaange-rewo ummoraade e ɓulli Nwanedi.<ref>Soutpansberg - Geology and Geography</ref> Parc diiwaan Nwanedi ina woni fotde 35 km to fuɗnaange Thohoyandou, e nokku leɗɗe to bannge ŋoral Soutpansberg. Nokku reenaaɗo oo ina waɗi nokku ɗo maayo Nwanedi hawri e maayo mum mawngo, hono maayo Luphephe, ɗo baraasuuji ɗii ngoni ɗoo. Wertallo park oo ko 11 170 ha, ina heewi jawdi. Maayo Nwanedi fotaani jiiɓde e maayo Nwanedzi, walla maayo Nwanedsi[6] ko ɓuuɓri maayo Letaba.[7] == Tuugnorgal == ip467a0vj9bzddkjhxysezpjps5hedy 174542 174541 2026-06-19T10:05:21Z Nnamadee 11577 174542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maayo Nwanedi''' ko maayo ndiyam e nder diiwaan Limpopo, to Afrik worgo. Ko ɓuuɓol maayo Limpopo ɓuuɓngo fuɗnaange Nzhelele, jokkondirngo e daande maayo Limpopo 58 km fuɗnaange Musina to keeri Afrik worgo/Zimbaabwee.<ref>"South African rivers - Nwanedi River". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2012-03-31.</ref> == Yahde == Maayo Nwanedi ina moofti heen geɗal e ɓuuɓri ŋoral worgo kaaƴe jaajɗe Soutpansberg. Nwanedi toowɗo oo ko maayo duumotoongo, ngo baraaji ɗiɗi njippii ɗo ngu hawri e maayo mum, maayo Luphephe, e nder nokku leɗɗe e nder ŋoral hee.<ref>"Nwanedi River: Dams". Archived from the original on 2015-04-04. Retrieved 2012-03-31.</ref> E yaltude e nokku Soutpansberg mo koɗli mum ngoni oo, ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, ina taƴa Lowveld. Ndee feccere lesre ina wondi e mbayliigaaji yontaaji, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko yooro e nder yontaaji yooro, ina waɗi kadi ɓulli seeɗa ceertuɗi e nder maayo.<ref>Sites - Important Bird Areas (IBAs) - Soutpansberg</ref> Won caɗeele gonɗe e ɓuuɓri ndiyam ɗam e nder maayo ngo e nder yontaaji ɓennuɗi ɗii.<ref>Oppervlaktewater besoedel</ref> Maayo Luphephe, ngo woni ko e maayo mum mawngo, ina ummoo kadi to Soutpansberg, fuɗnaange-rewo ummoraade e ɓulli Nwanedi.<ref>Soutpansberg - Geology and Geography</ref> Parc diiwaan Nwanedi ina woni fotde 35 km to fuɗnaange Thohoyandou, e nokku leɗɗe to bannge ŋoral Soutpansberg. Nokku reenaaɗo oo ina waɗi nokku ɗo maayo Nwanedi hawri e maayo mum mawngo, hono maayo Luphephe, ɗo baraasuuji ɗii ngoni ɗoo. Wertallo park oo ko 11 170 ha, ina heewi jawdi. Maayo Nwanedi fotaani jiiɓde e maayo Nwanedzi, walla maayo Nwanedsi<ref>Rivers of the Kruger National Park... Perennial and Seasonal</ref> ko ɓuuɓri maayo Letaba.[7] == Tuugnorgal == d1m9z3smisjyjr6t7d2a2ijuyj0wq1k 174543 174542 2026-06-19T10:06:01Z Nnamadee 11577 174543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maayo Nwanedi''' ko maayo ndiyam e nder diiwaan Limpopo, to Afrik worgo. Ko ɓuuɓol maayo Limpopo ɓuuɓngo fuɗnaange Nzhelele, jokkondirngo e daande maayo Limpopo 58 km fuɗnaange Musina to keeri Afrik worgo/Zimbaabwee.<ref>"South African rivers - Nwanedi River". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2012-03-31.</ref> == Yahde == Maayo Nwanedi ina moofti heen geɗal e ɓuuɓri ŋoral worgo kaaƴe jaajɗe Soutpansberg. Nwanedi toowɗo oo ko maayo duumotoongo, ngo baraaji ɗiɗi njippii ɗo ngu hawri e maayo mum, maayo Luphephe, e nder nokku leɗɗe e nder ŋoral hee.<ref>"Nwanedi River: Dams". Archived from the original on 2015-04-04. Retrieved 2012-03-31.</ref> E yaltude e nokku Soutpansberg mo koɗli mum ngoni oo, ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, ina taƴa Lowveld. Ndee feccere lesre ina wondi e mbayliigaaji yontaaji, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko yooro e nder yontaaji yooro, ina waɗi kadi ɓulli seeɗa ceertuɗi e nder maayo.<ref>Sites - Important Bird Areas (IBAs) - Soutpansberg</ref> Won caɗeele gonɗe e ɓuuɓri ndiyam ɗam e nder maayo ngo e nder yontaaji ɓennuɗi ɗii.<ref>Oppervlaktewater besoedel</ref> Maayo Luphephe, ngo woni ko e maayo mum mawngo, ina ummoo kadi to Soutpansberg, fuɗnaange-rewo ummoraade e ɓulli Nwanedi.<ref>Soutpansberg - Geology and Geography</ref> Parc diiwaan Nwanedi ina woni fotde 35 km to fuɗnaange Thohoyandou, e nokku leɗɗe to bannge ŋoral Soutpansberg. Nokku reenaaɗo oo ina waɗi nokku ɗo maayo Nwanedi hawri e maayo mum mawngo, hono maayo Luphephe, ɗo baraasuuji ɗii ngoni ɗoo. Wertallo park oo ko 11 170 ha, ina heewi jawdi. Maayo Nwanedi fotaani jiiɓde e maayo Nwanedzi, walla maayo Nwanedsi<ref>Rivers of the Kruger National Park... Perennial and Seasonal</ref> ko ɓuuɓri maayo Letaba.<ref>Busari, Ola (2008). "Groundwater in the Limpopo Basin: Occurrence, use and impact". Environment, Development and Sustainability. 10 (6): 943–957. doi:10.1007/s10668-007-9094-3. S2CID 154503353.</ref> == Tuugnorgal == b3d49huyxlcla4jpv6cf0hbdkwld0az 0 42236 174544 2026-06-19T10:22:17Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "'''Maayo Mogalakwena''' (e Afriknaaɓe: Mogalakwenarivier) ko gooto e maayooji ndiyam ɓurɗi mawnude e nder diiwaan Limpopo, to Afrik worgo. Kadi ko ɗum ɓuuɓol mawngol e maayo Limpopo. == Yahde == Oo maayo ina ummoo bannge fuɗnaange maayo Waterberg feewde worgo-fuɗnaange rewrude e ŋoral jaajngal, ɓuuɓngal, hono maayo Nyl. Caggal ko ina wona 80 km nde fuɗɗotoo ko ɓuuɓde feewde worgo, innde mayre wayla wonti Mogalakwena. Ndeen nde rewi ko e diiwaan Limpopo ha..." 174544 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maayo Mogalakwena''' (e Afriknaaɓe: Mogalakwenarivier) ko gooto e maayooji ndiyam ɓurɗi mawnude e nder diiwaan Limpopo, to Afrik worgo. Kadi ko ɗum ɓuuɓol mawngol e maayo Limpopo. == Yahde == Oo maayo ina ummoo bannge fuɗnaange maayo Waterberg feewde worgo-fuɗnaange rewrude e ŋoral jaajngal, ɓuuɓngal, hono maayo Nyl. Caggal ko ina wona 80 km nde fuɗɗotoo ko ɓuuɓde feewde worgo, innde mayre wayla wonti Mogalakwena. Ndeen nde rewi ko e diiwaan Limpopo haa nde hawri e daande maayo Limpopo to keerol Afrik worgo/Bostwana.[3] Basin Mogalakwena ina toɗɗii cirƴam toɓooli duuɓi joy ɗi maayo ngoo fotnoo yoorde fotde duuɓi joy, rewi heen ko duuɓi joy goɗɗi ɗi ndiyam ina heewi.[4] E hitaande 2016 maayo ngoo ɓuri famɗude ndiyam e nder siftorde nguurndam, wuro Bokwidi ina foti ɓuuɓde e nder ceene ngam heɓde ndiyam ngam jawdi mum en.[5] Baraaji 8 ina ngoodi e nder weendu Mogalakwena.[6] Hippopotaaji ɓurɗi heewde e maayo Limpopo ina tawee hakkunde maayo Mokolo e maayo Mogalakwena.[7] == Tributeeruuji == Ko ɓuri toowde walla ko ɓuri fuɗnaange maayo Mogalakwena ko maayo Nyl, anndiraango ɓuuɓol mum yaajngol, anndiraango kadi pan Nyl (Afrikaaɓe: Nylsvlei). Ilam-plain oo ina reeni feccere e nokku keeriiɗo Nylsvley,[8] ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri mawnude e ekosistemaaji gooti e nder Afrik worgo ngam colli ndiyam.[9] Mothlakole, Dorps, Rooisloot (nyaamo), Groot Sandsloot (nyaamo), Witrivier (nyaamo), Sterk (nano), Mokamolo (nano), Mogalakwena tokooso (nano), Matlalane (nyaamo), Seepabana (nyaamo), Ga-Mamoleka (nyaamo), Pholotsi e Thwathwe ko yoga e ɓulli Mogala10. == Baraaji e nder maayo == * Baraas Alpine Glen * Baraas Doorndraai, nder maayo Sterk * Baraas Combrink, e nder maayo Dorps * Baraas Donkerpoort, nder maayo Klein Nyl == Leƴƴi == Diiwaan oo ina jogii ndonu keewngu, laamuuji Bantu e San. wondude e Ndebele en Transvaal ɓe leñol Langa en ina mbaɗi leñol ɓurngol mawnude e nder diiwaan maayo ngoo, rewi heen ko bapedi en Puka-Phokela, kgomo Lebelo e leñol Tsonga Nkuna. E raɓɓiɗinaade Kattea, leñol koɗki anndaangol seeɗa nanndungol e San, meeɗiino hoɗde e leyɗeele saraaji les Mogalakwena. Kono e hitaande 1905, ɓe ustiima haa ɓe ngonti teemedde seeɗa neɗɗo. == Tuugnorgal == t6ovjl2fxg3f5f73bmq14dmo0ufhpuv 174545 174544 2026-06-19T10:22:39Z Nnamadee 11577 174545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maayo Mogalakwena''' (e Afriknaaɓe: Mogalakwenarivier) ko gooto e maayooji ndiyam ɓurɗi mawnude e nder diiwaan Limpopo, to Afrik worgo. Kadi ko ɗum ɓuuɓol mawngol e maayo Limpopo. == Yahde == Oo maayo ina ummoo bannge fuɗnaange maayo Waterberg feewde worgo-fuɗnaange rewrude e ŋoral jaajngal, ɓuuɓngal, hono maayo Nyl. Caggal ko ina wona 80 km nde fuɗɗotoo ko ɓuuɓde feewde worgo, innde mayre wayla wonti Mogalakwena. Ndeen nde rewi ko e diiwaan Limpopo haa nde hawri e daande maayo Limpopo to keerol Afrik worgo/Bostwana.[3] Basin Mogalakwena ina toɗɗii cirƴam toɓooli duuɓi joy ɗi maayo ngoo fotnoo yoorde fotde duuɓi joy, rewi heen ko duuɓi joy goɗɗi ɗi ndiyam ina heewi.[4] E hitaande 2016 maayo ngoo ɓuri famɗude ndiyam e nder siftorde nguurndam, wuro Bokwidi ina foti ɓuuɓde e nder ceene ngam heɓde ndiyam ngam jawdi mum en.[5] Baraaji 8 ina ngoodi e nder weendu Mogalakwena.[6] Hippopotaaji ɓurɗi heewde e maayo Limpopo ina tawee hakkunde maayo Mokolo e maayo Mogalakwena.[7] == Tributeeruuji == Ko ɓuri toowde walla ko ɓuri fuɗnaange maayo Mogalakwena ko maayo Nyl, anndiraango ɓuuɓol mum yaajngol, anndiraango kadi pan Nyl (Afrikaaɓe: Nylsvlei). Ilam-plain oo ina reeni feccere e nokku keeriiɗo Nylsvley,[8] ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri mawnude e ekosistemaaji gooti e nder Afrik worgo ngam colli ndiyam.[9] Mothlakole, Dorps, Rooisloot (nyaamo), Groot Sandsloot (nyaamo), Witrivier (nyaamo), Sterk (nano), Mokamolo (nano), Mogalakwena tokooso (nano), Matlalane (nyaamo), Seepabana (nyaamo), Ga-Mamoleka (nyaamo), Pholotsi e Thwathwe ko yoga e ɓulli Mogala10. == Baraaji e nder maayo == * Baraas Alpine Glen * Baraas Doorndraai, nder maayo Sterk * Baraas Combrink, e nder maayo Dorps * Baraas Donkerpoort, nder maayo Klein Nyl == Leƴƴi == Diiwaan oo ina jogii ndonu keewngu, laamuuji Bantu e San. wondude e Ndebele en Transvaal ɓe leñol Langa en ina mbaɗi leñol ɓurngol mawnude e nder diiwaan maayo ngoo, rewi heen ko bapedi en Puka-Phokela, kgomo Lebelo e leñol Tsonga Nkuna. E raɓɓiɗinaade Kattea, leñol koɗki anndaangol seeɗa nanndungol e San, meeɗiino hoɗde e leyɗeele saraaji les Mogalakwena. Kono e hitaande 1905, ɓe ustiima haa ɓe ngonti teemedde seeɗa neɗɗo. == Tuugnorgal == pch4bvf8a4pbncj44e8m6oi7b8pxn5k 174546 174545 2026-06-19T10:23:40Z Nnamadee 11577 174546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maayo Mogalakwena''' (e Afriknaaɓe: Mogalakwenarivier) ko gooto e maayooji ndiyam ɓurɗi mawnude e nder diiwaan Limpopo, to Afrik worgo. Kadi ko ɗum ɓuuɓol mawngol e maayo Limpopo. == Yahde == Oo maayo ina ummoo bannge fuɗnaange maayo Waterberg feewde worgo-fuɗnaange rewrude e ŋoral jaajngal, ɓuuɓngal, hono maayo Nyl. Caggal ko ina wona 80 km nde fuɗɗotoo ko ɓuuɓde feewde worgo, innde mayre wayla wonti Mogalakwena. Ndeen nde rewi ko e diiwaan Limpopo haa nde hawri e daande maayo Limpopo to keerol Afrik worgo/Bostwana.<ref>Limpopo WMA 1</ref> Basin Mogalakwena ina toɗɗii cirƴam toɓooli duuɓi joy ɗi maayo ngoo fotnoo yoorde fotde duuɓi joy, rewi heen ko duuɓi joy goɗɗi ɗi ndiyam ina heewi.[4] E hitaande 2016 maayo ngoo ɓuri famɗude ndiyam e nder siftorde nguurndam, wuro Bokwidi ina foti ɓuuɓde e nder ceene ngam heɓde ndiyam ngam jawdi mum en.[5] Baraaji 8 ina ngoodi e nder weendu Mogalakwena.[6] Hippopotaaji ɓurɗi heewde e maayo Limpopo ina tawee hakkunde maayo Mokolo e maayo Mogalakwena.[7] == Tributeeruuji == Ko ɓuri toowde walla ko ɓuri fuɗnaange maayo Mogalakwena ko maayo Nyl, anndiraango ɓuuɓol mum yaajngol, anndiraango kadi pan Nyl (Afrikaaɓe: Nylsvlei). Ilam-plain oo ina reeni feccere e nokku keeriiɗo Nylsvley,[8] ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri mawnude e ekosistemaaji gooti e nder Afrik worgo ngam colli ndiyam.[9] Mothlakole, Dorps, Rooisloot (nyaamo), Groot Sandsloot (nyaamo), Witrivier (nyaamo), Sterk (nano), Mokamolo (nano), Mogalakwena tokooso (nano), Matlalane (nyaamo), Seepabana (nyaamo), Ga-Mamoleka (nyaamo), Pholotsi e Thwathwe ko yoga e ɓulli Mogala10. == Baraaji e nder maayo == * Baraas Alpine Glen * Baraas Doorndraai, nder maayo Sterk * Baraas Combrink, e nder maayo Dorps * Baraas Donkerpoort, nder maayo Klein Nyl == Leƴƴi == Diiwaan oo ina jogii ndonu keewngu, laamuuji Bantu e San. wondude e Ndebele en Transvaal ɓe leñol Langa en ina mbaɗi leñol ɓurngol mawnude e nder diiwaan maayo ngoo, rewi heen ko bapedi en Puka-Phokela, kgomo Lebelo e leñol Tsonga Nkuna. E raɓɓiɗinaade Kattea, leñol koɗki anndaangol seeɗa nanndungol e San, meeɗiino hoɗde e leyɗeele saraaji les Mogalakwena. Kono e hitaande 1905, ɓe ustiima haa ɓe ngonti teemedde seeɗa neɗɗo. == Tuugnorgal == gyclmfwfwga5yfur270l2gcon266o78 174547 174546 2026-06-19T10:24:10Z Nnamadee 11577 174547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maayo Mogalakwena''' (e Afriknaaɓe: Mogalakwenarivier) ko gooto e maayooji ndiyam ɓurɗi mawnude e nder diiwaan Limpopo, to Afrik worgo. Kadi ko ɗum ɓuuɓol mawngol e maayo Limpopo. == Yahde == Oo maayo ina ummoo bannge fuɗnaange maayo Waterberg feewde worgo-fuɗnaange rewrude e ŋoral jaajngal, ɓuuɓngal, hono maayo Nyl. Caggal ko ina wona 80 km nde fuɗɗotoo ko ɓuuɓde feewde worgo, innde mayre wayla wonti Mogalakwena. Ndeen nde rewi ko e diiwaan Limpopo haa nde hawri e daande maayo Limpopo to keerol Afrik worgo/Bostwana.<ref>Limpopo WMA 1</ref> Basin Mogalakwena ina toɗɗii cirƴam toɓooli duuɓi joy ɗi maayo ngoo fotnoo yoorde fotde duuɓi joy, rewi heen ko duuɓi joy goɗɗi ɗi ndiyam ina heewi.<ref>Mogalakwena municipality: assessment of information[permanent dead link] (PDF) Retrieved 18 March 2012.</ref> E hitaande 2016 maayo ngoo ɓuri famɗude ndiyam e nder siftorde nguurndam, wuro Bokwidi ina foti ɓuuɓde e nder ceene ngam heɓde ndiyam ngam jawdi mum en.[5] Baraaji 8 ina ngoodi e nder weendu Mogalakwena.[6] Hippopotaaji ɓurɗi heewde e maayo Limpopo ina tawee hakkunde maayo Mokolo e maayo Mogalakwena.[7] == Tributeeruuji == Ko ɓuri toowde walla ko ɓuri fuɗnaange maayo Mogalakwena ko maayo Nyl, anndiraango ɓuuɓol mum yaajngol, anndiraango kadi pan Nyl (Afrikaaɓe: Nylsvlei). Ilam-plain oo ina reeni feccere e nokku keeriiɗo Nylsvley,[8] ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri mawnude e ekosistemaaji gooti e nder Afrik worgo ngam colli ndiyam.[9] Mothlakole, Dorps, Rooisloot (nyaamo), Groot Sandsloot (nyaamo), Witrivier (nyaamo), Sterk (nano), Mokamolo (nano), Mogalakwena tokooso (nano), Matlalane (nyaamo), Seepabana (nyaamo), Ga-Mamoleka (nyaamo), Pholotsi e Thwathwe ko yoga e ɓulli Mogala10. == Baraaji e nder maayo == * Baraas Alpine Glen * Baraas Doorndraai, nder maayo Sterk * Baraas Combrink, e nder maayo Dorps * Baraas Donkerpoort, nder maayo Klein Nyl == Leƴƴi == Diiwaan oo ina jogii ndonu keewngu, laamuuji Bantu e San. wondude e Ndebele en Transvaal ɓe leñol Langa en ina mbaɗi leñol ɓurngol mawnude e nder diiwaan maayo ngoo, rewi heen ko bapedi en Puka-Phokela, kgomo Lebelo e leñol Tsonga Nkuna. E raɓɓiɗinaade Kattea, leñol koɗki anndaangol seeɗa nanndungol e San, meeɗiino hoɗde e leyɗeele saraaji les Mogalakwena. Kono e hitaande 1905, ɓe ustiima haa ɓe ngonti teemedde seeɗa neɗɗo. == Tuugnorgal == kjet8twd51bfcvib2pnyx4nb6b43fl4 174548 174547 2026-06-19T10:24:32Z Nnamadee 11577 174548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maayo Mogalakwena''' (e Afriknaaɓe: Mogalakwenarivier) ko gooto e maayooji ndiyam ɓurɗi mawnude e nder diiwaan Limpopo, to Afrik worgo. Kadi ko ɗum ɓuuɓol mawngol e maayo Limpopo. == Yahde == Oo maayo ina ummoo bannge fuɗnaange maayo Waterberg feewde worgo-fuɗnaange rewrude e ŋoral jaajngal, ɓuuɓngal, hono maayo Nyl. Caggal ko ina wona 80 km nde fuɗɗotoo ko ɓuuɓde feewde worgo, innde mayre wayla wonti Mogalakwena. Ndeen nde rewi ko e diiwaan Limpopo haa nde hawri e daande maayo Limpopo to keerol Afrik worgo/Bostwana.<ref>Limpopo WMA 1</ref> Basin Mogalakwena ina toɗɗii cirƴam toɓooli duuɓi joy ɗi maayo ngoo fotnoo yoorde fotde duuɓi joy, rewi heen ko duuɓi joy goɗɗi ɗi ndiyam ina heewi.<ref>Mogalakwena municipality: assessment of information[permanent dead link] (PDF) Retrieved 18 March 2012.</ref> E hitaande 2016 maayo ngoo ɓuri famɗude ndiyam e nder siftorde nguurndam, wuro Bokwidi ina foti ɓuuɓde e nder ceene ngam heɓde ndiyam ngam jawdi mum en.<ref>"Limpopo villagers forced to dig for water". Mokopane. news24.com. News24. 18 January 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2021.</ref> Baraaji 8 ina ngoodi e nder weendu Mogalakwena.[6] Hippopotaaji ɓurɗi heewde e maayo Limpopo ina tawee hakkunde maayo Mokolo e maayo Mogalakwena.[7] == Tributeeruuji == Ko ɓuri toowde walla ko ɓuri fuɗnaange maayo Mogalakwena ko maayo Nyl, anndiraango ɓuuɓol mum yaajngol, anndiraango kadi pan Nyl (Afrikaaɓe: Nylsvlei). Ilam-plain oo ina reeni feccere e nokku keeriiɗo Nylsvley,[8] ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri mawnude e ekosistemaaji gooti e nder Afrik worgo ngam colli ndiyam.[9] Mothlakole, Dorps, Rooisloot (nyaamo), Groot Sandsloot (nyaamo), Witrivier (nyaamo), Sterk (nano), Mokamolo (nano), Mogalakwena tokooso (nano), Matlalane (nyaamo), Seepabana (nyaamo), Ga-Mamoleka (nyaamo), Pholotsi e Thwathwe ko yoga e ɓulli Mogala10. == Baraaji e nder maayo == * Baraas Alpine Glen * Baraas Doorndraai, nder maayo Sterk * Baraas Combrink, e nder maayo Dorps * Baraas Donkerpoort, nder maayo Klein Nyl == Leƴƴi == Diiwaan oo ina jogii ndonu keewngu, laamuuji Bantu e San. wondude e Ndebele en Transvaal ɓe leñol Langa en ina mbaɗi leñol ɓurngol mawnude e nder diiwaan maayo ngoo, rewi heen ko bapedi en Puka-Phokela, kgomo Lebelo e leñol Tsonga Nkuna. E raɓɓiɗinaade Kattea, leñol koɗki anndaangol seeɗa nanndungol e San, meeɗiino hoɗde e leyɗeele saraaji les Mogalakwena. Kono e hitaande 1905, ɓe ustiima haa ɓe ngonti teemedde seeɗa neɗɗo. == Tuugnorgal == ao1it4cyvfgjucfmdgdk3zwm4rf6rpi 174549 174548 2026-06-19T10:25:03Z Nnamadee 11577 174549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maayo Mogalakwena''' (e Afriknaaɓe: Mogalakwenarivier) ko gooto e maayooji ndiyam ɓurɗi mawnude e nder diiwaan Limpopo, to Afrik worgo. Kadi ko ɗum ɓuuɓol mawngol e maayo Limpopo. == Yahde == Oo maayo ina ummoo bannge fuɗnaange maayo Waterberg feewde worgo-fuɗnaange rewrude e ŋoral jaajngal, ɓuuɓngal, hono maayo Nyl. Caggal ko ina wona 80 km nde fuɗɗotoo ko ɓuuɓde feewde worgo, innde mayre wayla wonti Mogalakwena. Ndeen nde rewi ko e diiwaan Limpopo haa nde hawri e daande maayo Limpopo to keerol Afrik worgo/Bostwana.<ref>Limpopo WMA 1</ref> Basin Mogalakwena ina toɗɗii cirƴam toɓooli duuɓi joy ɗi maayo ngoo fotnoo yoorde fotde duuɓi joy, rewi heen ko duuɓi joy goɗɗi ɗi ndiyam ina heewi.<ref>Mogalakwena municipality: assessment of information[permanent dead link] (PDF) Retrieved 18 March 2012.</ref> E hitaande 2016 maayo ngoo ɓuri famɗude ndiyam e nder siftorde nguurndam, wuro Bokwidi ina foti ɓuuɓde e nder ceene ngam heɓde ndiyam ngam jawdi mum en.<ref>"Limpopo villagers forced to dig for water". Mokopane. news24.com. News24. 18 January 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2021.</ref> Baraaji 8 ina ngoodi e nder weendu Mogalakwena.<ref>Mogalakwena Sub-basin Archived 2012-04-20 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 24 March 2012.</ref> Hippopotaaji ɓurɗi heewde e maayo Limpopo ina tawee hakkunde maayo Mokolo e maayo Mogalakwena.[7] == Tributeeruuji == Ko ɓuri toowde walla ko ɓuri fuɗnaange maayo Mogalakwena ko maayo Nyl, anndiraango ɓuuɓol mum yaajngol, anndiraango kadi pan Nyl (Afrikaaɓe: Nylsvlei). Ilam-plain oo ina reeni feccere e nokku keeriiɗo Nylsvley,[8] ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri mawnude e ekosistemaaji gooti e nder Afrik worgo ngam colli ndiyam.[9] Mothlakole, Dorps, Rooisloot (nyaamo), Groot Sandsloot (nyaamo), Witrivier (nyaamo), Sterk (nano), Mokamolo (nano), Mogalakwena tokooso (nano), Matlalane (nyaamo), Seepabana (nyaamo), Ga-Mamoleka (nyaamo), Pholotsi e Thwathwe ko yoga e ɓulli Mogala10. == Baraaji e nder maayo == * Baraas Alpine Glen * Baraas Doorndraai, nder maayo Sterk * Baraas Combrink, e nder maayo Dorps * Baraas Donkerpoort, nder maayo Klein Nyl == Leƴƴi == Diiwaan oo ina jogii ndonu keewngu, laamuuji Bantu e San. wondude e Ndebele en Transvaal ɓe leñol Langa en ina mbaɗi leñol ɓurngol mawnude e nder diiwaan maayo ngoo, rewi heen ko bapedi en Puka-Phokela, kgomo Lebelo e leñol Tsonga Nkuna. E raɓɓiɗinaade Kattea, leñol koɗki anndaangol seeɗa nanndungol e San, meeɗiino hoɗde e leyɗeele saraaji les Mogalakwena. Kono e hitaande 1905, ɓe ustiima haa ɓe ngonti teemedde seeɗa neɗɗo. == Tuugnorgal == c3hk9uutf5yos1ikee79nhfolye3y3i 174550 174549 2026-06-19T10:25:43Z Nnamadee 11577 174550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maayo Mogalakwena''' (e Afriknaaɓe: Mogalakwenarivier) ko gooto e maayooji ndiyam ɓurɗi mawnude e nder diiwaan Limpopo, to Afrik worgo. Kadi ko ɗum ɓuuɓol mawngol e maayo Limpopo. == Yahde == Oo maayo ina ummoo bannge fuɗnaange maayo Waterberg feewde worgo-fuɗnaange rewrude e ŋoral jaajngal, ɓuuɓngal, hono maayo Nyl. Caggal ko ina wona 80 km nde fuɗɗotoo ko ɓuuɓde feewde worgo, innde mayre wayla wonti Mogalakwena. Ndeen nde rewi ko e diiwaan Limpopo haa nde hawri e daande maayo Limpopo to keerol Afrik worgo/Bostwana.<ref>Limpopo WMA 1</ref> Basin Mogalakwena ina toɗɗii cirƴam toɓooli duuɓi joy ɗi maayo ngoo fotnoo yoorde fotde duuɓi joy, rewi heen ko duuɓi joy goɗɗi ɗi ndiyam ina heewi.<ref>Mogalakwena municipality: assessment of information[permanent dead link] (PDF) Retrieved 18 March 2012.</ref> E hitaande 2016 maayo ngoo ɓuri famɗude ndiyam e nder siftorde nguurndam, wuro Bokwidi ina foti ɓuuɓde e nder ceene ngam heɓde ndiyam ngam jawdi mum en.<ref>"Limpopo villagers forced to dig for water". Mokopane. news24.com. News24. 18 January 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2021.</ref> Baraaji 8 ina ngoodi e nder weendu Mogalakwena.<ref>Mogalakwena Sub-basin Archived 2012-04-20 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 24 March 2012.</ref> Hippopotaaji ɓurɗi heewde e maayo Limpopo ina tawee hakkunde maayo Mokolo e maayo Mogalakwena.<ref>State of Rivers Report: the Mokolo River (PDF)</ref> == Tributeeruuji == Ko ɓuri toowde walla ko ɓuri fuɗnaange maayo Mogalakwena ko maayo Nyl, anndiraango ɓuuɓol mum yaajngol, anndiraango kadi pan Nyl (Afrikaaɓe: Nylsvlei). Ilam-plain oo ina reeni feccere e nokku keeriiɗo Nylsvley,[8] ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri mawnude e ekosistemaaji gooti e nder Afrik worgo ngam colli ndiyam.[9] Mothlakole, Dorps, Rooisloot (nyaamo), Groot Sandsloot (nyaamo), Witrivier (nyaamo), Sterk (nano), Mokamolo (nano), Mogalakwena tokooso (nano), Matlalane (nyaamo), Seepabana (nyaamo), Ga-Mamoleka (nyaamo), Pholotsi e Thwathwe ko yoga e ɓulli Mogala10. == Baraaji e nder maayo == * Baraas Alpine Glen * Baraas Doorndraai, nder maayo Sterk * Baraas Combrink, e nder maayo Dorps * Baraas Donkerpoort, nder maayo Klein Nyl == Leƴƴi == Diiwaan oo ina jogii ndonu keewngu, laamuuji Bantu e San. wondude e Ndebele en Transvaal ɓe leñol Langa en ina mbaɗi leñol ɓurngol mawnude e nder diiwaan maayo ngoo, rewi heen ko bapedi en Puka-Phokela, kgomo Lebelo e leñol Tsonga Nkuna. E raɓɓiɗinaade Kattea, leñol koɗki anndaangol seeɗa nanndungol e San, meeɗiino hoɗde e leyɗeele saraaji les Mogalakwena. Kono e hitaande 1905, ɓe ustiima haa ɓe ngonti teemedde seeɗa neɗɗo. == Tuugnorgal == q9d5lx2c25x2cot2fyq9gmuqve52dhq 174551 174550 2026-06-19T10:26:02Z Nnamadee 11577 174551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maayo Mogalakwena''' (e Afriknaaɓe: Mogalakwenarivier) ko gooto e maayooji ndiyam ɓurɗi mawnude e nder diiwaan Limpopo, to Afrik worgo. Kadi ko ɗum ɓuuɓol mawngol e maayo Limpopo. == Yahde == Oo maayo ina ummoo bannge fuɗnaange maayo Waterberg feewde worgo-fuɗnaange rewrude e ŋoral jaajngal, ɓuuɓngal, hono maayo Nyl. Caggal ko ina wona 80 km nde fuɗɗotoo ko ɓuuɓde feewde worgo, innde mayre wayla wonti Mogalakwena. Ndeen nde rewi ko e diiwaan Limpopo haa nde hawri e daande maayo Limpopo to keerol Afrik worgo/Bostwana.<ref>Limpopo WMA 1</ref> Basin Mogalakwena ina toɗɗii cirƴam toɓooli duuɓi joy ɗi maayo ngoo fotnoo yoorde fotde duuɓi joy, rewi heen ko duuɓi joy goɗɗi ɗi ndiyam ina heewi.<ref>Mogalakwena municipality: assessment of information[permanent dead link] (PDF) Retrieved 18 March 2012.</ref> E hitaande 2016 maayo ngoo ɓuri famɗude ndiyam e nder siftorde nguurndam, wuro Bokwidi ina foti ɓuuɓde e nder ceene ngam heɓde ndiyam ngam jawdi mum en.<ref>"Limpopo villagers forced to dig for water". Mokopane. news24.com. News24. 18 January 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2021.</ref> Baraaji 8 ina ngoodi e nder weendu Mogalakwena.<ref>Mogalakwena Sub-basin Archived 2012-04-20 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 24 March 2012.</ref> Hippopotaaji ɓurɗi heewde e maayo Limpopo ina tawee hakkunde maayo Mokolo e maayo Mogalakwena.<ref>State of Rivers Report: the Mokolo River (PDF)</ref> == Tributeeruuji == Ko ɓuri toowde walla ko ɓuri fuɗnaange maayo Mogalakwena ko maayo Nyl, anndiraango ɓuuɓol mum yaajngol, anndiraango kadi pan Nyl (Afrikaaɓe: Nylsvlei). Ilam-plain oo ina reeni feccere e nokku keeriiɗo Nylsvley,<ref>"Nylsvlei Nature Reserve". Archived from the original on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2012.</ref> ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri mawnude e ekosistemaaji gooti e nder Afrik worgo ngam colli ndiyam.[9] Mothlakole, Dorps, Rooisloot (nyaamo), Groot Sandsloot (nyaamo), Witrivier (nyaamo), Sterk (nano), Mokamolo (nano), Mogalakwena tokooso (nano), Matlalane (nyaamo), Seepabana (nyaamo), Ga-Mamoleka (nyaamo), Pholotsi e Thwathwe ko yoga e ɓulli Mogala10. == Baraaji e nder maayo == * Baraas Alpine Glen * Baraas Doorndraai, nder maayo Sterk * Baraas Combrink, e nder maayo Dorps * Baraas Donkerpoort, nder maayo Klein Nyl == Leƴƴi == Diiwaan oo ina jogii ndonu keewngu, laamuuji Bantu e San. wondude e Ndebele en Transvaal ɓe leñol Langa en ina mbaɗi leñol ɓurngol mawnude e nder diiwaan maayo ngoo, rewi heen ko bapedi en Puka-Phokela, kgomo Lebelo e leñol Tsonga Nkuna. E raɓɓiɗinaade Kattea, leñol koɗki anndaangol seeɗa nanndungol e San, meeɗiino hoɗde e leyɗeele saraaji les Mogalakwena. Kono e hitaande 1905, ɓe ustiima haa ɓe ngonti teemedde seeɗa neɗɗo. == Tuugnorgal == 5pk05g12cdih11200ech28t8tdzjyie 174552 174551 2026-06-19T10:26:36Z Nnamadee 11577 174552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maayo Mogalakwena''' (e Afriknaaɓe: Mogalakwenarivier) ko gooto e maayooji ndiyam ɓurɗi mawnude e nder diiwaan Limpopo, to Afrik worgo. Kadi ko ɗum ɓuuɓol mawngol e maayo Limpopo. == Yahde == Oo maayo ina ummoo bannge fuɗnaange maayo Waterberg feewde worgo-fuɗnaange rewrude e ŋoral jaajngal, ɓuuɓngal, hono maayo Nyl. Caggal ko ina wona 80 km nde fuɗɗotoo ko ɓuuɓde feewde worgo, innde mayre wayla wonti Mogalakwena. Ndeen nde rewi ko e diiwaan Limpopo haa nde hawri e daande maayo Limpopo to keerol Afrik worgo/Bostwana.<ref>Limpopo WMA 1</ref> Basin Mogalakwena ina toɗɗii cirƴam toɓooli duuɓi joy ɗi maayo ngoo fotnoo yoorde fotde duuɓi joy, rewi heen ko duuɓi joy goɗɗi ɗi ndiyam ina heewi.<ref>Mogalakwena municipality: assessment of information[permanent dead link] (PDF) Retrieved 18 March 2012.</ref> E hitaande 2016 maayo ngoo ɓuri famɗude ndiyam e nder siftorde nguurndam, wuro Bokwidi ina foti ɓuuɓde e nder ceene ngam heɓde ndiyam ngam jawdi mum en.<ref>"Limpopo villagers forced to dig for water". Mokopane. news24.com. News24. 18 January 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2021.</ref> Baraaji 8 ina ngoodi e nder weendu Mogalakwena.<ref>Mogalakwena Sub-basin Archived 2012-04-20 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 24 March 2012.</ref> Hippopotaaji ɓurɗi heewde e maayo Limpopo ina tawee hakkunde maayo Mokolo e maayo Mogalakwena.<ref>State of Rivers Report: the Mokolo River (PDF)</ref> == Tributeeruuji == Ko ɓuri toowde walla ko ɓuri fuɗnaange maayo Mogalakwena ko maayo Nyl, anndiraango ɓuuɓol mum yaajngol, anndiraango kadi pan Nyl (Afrikaaɓe: Nylsvlei). Ilam-plain oo ina reeni feccere e nokku keeriiɗo Nylsvley,<ref>"Nylsvlei Nature Reserve". Archived from the original on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2012.</ref> ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri mawnude e ekosistemaaji gooti e nder Afrik worgo ngam colli ndiyam.<ref>Hydrological and hydraulic modelling of the Nyl River floodplain (PDF) Retrieved 18 March 2012.</ref> Mothlakole, Dorps, Rooisloot (nyaamo), Groot Sandsloot (nyaamo), Witrivier (nyaamo), Sterk (nano), Mokamolo (nano), Mogalakwena tokooso (nano), Matlalane (nyaamo), Seepabana (nyaamo), Ga-Mamoleka (nyaamo), Pholotsi e Thwathwe ko yoga e ɓulli Mogala10. == Baraaji e nder maayo == * Baraas Alpine Glen * Baraas Doorndraai, nder maayo Sterk * Baraas Combrink, e nder maayo Dorps * Baraas Donkerpoort, nder maayo Klein Nyl == Leƴƴi == Diiwaan oo ina jogii ndonu keewngu, laamuuji Bantu e San. wondude e Ndebele en Transvaal ɓe leñol Langa en ina mbaɗi leñol ɓurngol mawnude e nder diiwaan maayo ngoo, rewi heen ko bapedi en Puka-Phokela, kgomo Lebelo e leñol Tsonga Nkuna. E raɓɓiɗinaade Kattea, leñol koɗki anndaangol seeɗa nanndungol e San, meeɗiino hoɗde e leyɗeele saraaji les Mogalakwena. Kono e hitaande 1905, ɓe ustiima haa ɓe ngonti teemedde seeɗa neɗɗo. == Tuugnorgal == i53v457a9vzswrtwpkzm61vjiheu1rf 174553 174552 2026-06-19T10:27:17Z Nnamadee 11577 174553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maayo Mogalakwena''' (e Afriknaaɓe: Mogalakwenarivier) ko gooto e maayooji ndiyam ɓurɗi mawnude e nder diiwaan Limpopo, to Afrik worgo. Kadi ko ɗum ɓuuɓol mawngol e maayo Limpopo. == Yahde == Oo maayo ina ummoo bannge fuɗnaange maayo Waterberg feewde worgo-fuɗnaange rewrude e ŋoral jaajngal, ɓuuɓngal, hono maayo Nyl. Caggal ko ina wona 80 km nde fuɗɗotoo ko ɓuuɓde feewde worgo, innde mayre wayla wonti Mogalakwena. Ndeen nde rewi ko e diiwaan Limpopo haa nde hawri e daande maayo Limpopo to keerol Afrik worgo/Bostwana.<ref>Limpopo WMA 1</ref> Basin Mogalakwena ina toɗɗii cirƴam toɓooli duuɓi joy ɗi maayo ngoo fotnoo yoorde fotde duuɓi joy, rewi heen ko duuɓi joy goɗɗi ɗi ndiyam ina heewi.<ref>Mogalakwena municipality: assessment of information[permanent dead link] (PDF) Retrieved 18 March 2012.</ref> E hitaande 2016 maayo ngoo ɓuri famɗude ndiyam e nder siftorde nguurndam, wuro Bokwidi ina foti ɓuuɓde e nder ceene ngam heɓde ndiyam ngam jawdi mum en.<ref>"Limpopo villagers forced to dig for water". Mokopane. news24.com. News24. 18 January 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2021.</ref> Baraaji 8 ina ngoodi e nder weendu Mogalakwena.<ref>Mogalakwena Sub-basin Archived 2012-04-20 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 24 March 2012.</ref> Hippopotaaji ɓurɗi heewde e maayo Limpopo ina tawee hakkunde maayo Mokolo e maayo Mogalakwena.<ref>State of Rivers Report: the Mokolo River (PDF)</ref> == Tributeeruuji == Ko ɓuri toowde walla ko ɓuri fuɗnaange maayo Mogalakwena ko maayo Nyl, anndiraango ɓuuɓol mum yaajngol, anndiraango kadi pan Nyl (Afrikaaɓe: Nylsvlei). Ilam-plain oo ina reeni feccere e nokku keeriiɗo Nylsvley,<ref>"Nylsvlei Nature Reserve". Archived from the original on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2012.</ref> ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri mawnude e ekosistemaaji gooti e nder Afrik worgo ngam colli ndiyam.<ref>Hydrological and hydraulic modelling of the Nyl River floodplain (PDF) Retrieved 18 March 2012.</ref> Mothlakole, Dorps, Rooisloot (nyaamo), Groot Sandsloot (nyaamo), Witrivier (nyaamo), Sterk (nano), Mokamolo (nano), Mogalakwena tokooso (nano), Matlalane (nyaamo), Seepabana (nyaamo), Ga-Mamoleka (nyaamo), Pholotsi e Thwathwe ko yoga e ɓulli Mogala.<ref>Mogalakwena catchment (PDF)</ref> == Baraaji e nder maayo == * Baraas Alpine Glen * Baraas Doorndraai, nder maayo Sterk * Baraas Combrink, e nder maayo Dorps * Baraas Donkerpoort, nder maayo Klein Nyl == Leƴƴi == Diiwaan oo ina jogii ndonu keewngu, laamuuji Bantu e San. wondude e Ndebele en Transvaal ɓe leñol Langa en ina mbaɗi leñol ɓurngol mawnude e nder diiwaan maayo ngoo, rewi heen ko bapedi en Puka-Phokela, kgomo Lebelo e leñol Tsonga Nkuna. E raɓɓiɗinaade Kattea, leñol koɗki anndaangol seeɗa nanndungol e San, meeɗiino hoɗde e leyɗeele saraaji les Mogalakwena. Kono e hitaande 1905, ɓe ustiima haa ɓe ngonti teemedde seeɗa neɗɗo. == Tuugnorgal == 73pu8mmzciytwa7ld7fht5csm5oidzr 174554 174553 2026-06-19T10:27:44Z Nnamadee 11577 174554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maayo Mogalakwena''' (e Afriknaaɓe: Mogalakwenarivier) ko gooto e maayooji ndiyam ɓurɗi mawnude e nder diiwaan Limpopo, to Afrik worgo. Kadi ko ɗum ɓuuɓol mawngol e maayo Limpopo. == Yahde == Oo maayo ina ummoo bannge fuɗnaange maayo Waterberg feewde worgo-fuɗnaange rewrude e ŋoral jaajngal, ɓuuɓngal, hono maayo Nyl. Caggal ko ina wona 80 km nde fuɗɗotoo ko ɓuuɓde feewde worgo, innde mayre wayla wonti Mogalakwena. Ndeen nde rewi ko e diiwaan Limpopo haa nde hawri e daande maayo Limpopo to keerol Afrik worgo/Bostwana.<ref>Limpopo WMA 1</ref> Basin Mogalakwena ina toɗɗii cirƴam toɓooli duuɓi joy ɗi maayo ngoo fotnoo yoorde fotde duuɓi joy, rewi heen ko duuɓi joy goɗɗi ɗi ndiyam ina heewi.<ref>Mogalakwena municipality: assessment of information[permanent dead link] (PDF) Retrieved 18 March 2012.</ref> E hitaande 2016 maayo ngoo ɓuri famɗude ndiyam e nder siftorde nguurndam, wuro Bokwidi ina foti ɓuuɓde e nder ceene ngam heɓde ndiyam ngam jawdi mum en.<ref>"Limpopo villagers forced to dig for water". Mokopane. news24.com. News24. 18 January 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2021.</ref> Baraaji 8 ina ngoodi e nder weendu Mogalakwena.<ref>Mogalakwena Sub-basin Archived 2012-04-20 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 24 March 2012.</ref> Hippopotaaji ɓurɗi heewde e maayo Limpopo ina tawee hakkunde maayo Mokolo e maayo Mogalakwena.<ref>State of Rivers Report: the Mokolo River (PDF)</ref> == Tributeeruuji == Ko ɓuri toowde walla ko ɓuri fuɗnaange maayo Mogalakwena ko maayo Nyl, anndiraango ɓuuɓol mum yaajngol, anndiraango kadi pan Nyl (Afrikaaɓe: Nylsvlei). Ilam-plain oo ina reeni feccere e nokku keeriiɗo Nylsvley,<ref>"Nylsvlei Nature Reserve". Archived from the original on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2012.</ref> ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri mawnude e ekosistemaaji gooti e nder Afrik worgo ngam colli ndiyam.<ref>Hydrological and hydraulic modelling of the Nyl River floodplain (PDF) Retrieved 18 March 2012.</ref> Mothlakole, Dorps, Rooisloot (nyaamo), Groot Sandsloot (nyaamo), Witrivier (nyaamo), Sterk (nano), Mokamolo (nano), Mogalakwena tokooso (nano), Matlalane (nyaamo), Seepabana (nyaamo), Ga-Mamoleka (nyaamo), Pholotsi e Thwathwe ko yoga e ɓulli Mogala.<ref>Mogalakwena catchment (PDF)</ref><ref>Walton, Christopher (ed.); O'Hagan, Tim (1984). Reader's Digest Atlas of Southern Africa. Cape Town: Reader's Digest Association South Africa. pp. 190–191, 194. </ref> == Baraaji e nder maayo == * Baraas Alpine Glen * Baraas Doorndraai, nder maayo Sterk * Baraas Combrink, e nder maayo Dorps * Baraas Donkerpoort, nder maayo Klein Nyl == Leƴƴi == Diiwaan oo ina jogii ndonu keewngu, laamuuji Bantu e San. wondude e Ndebele en Transvaal ɓe leñol Langa en ina mbaɗi leñol ɓurngol mawnude e nder diiwaan maayo ngoo, rewi heen ko bapedi en Puka-Phokela, kgomo Lebelo e leñol Tsonga Nkuna. E raɓɓiɗinaade Kattea, leñol koɗki anndaangol seeɗa nanndungol e San, meeɗiino hoɗde e leyɗeele saraaji les Mogalakwena. Kono e hitaande 1905, ɓe ustiima haa ɓe ngonti teemedde seeɗa neɗɗo. == Tuugnorgal == 3t14hc9x9o1uhxddas739y0dh1o1rz5 174555 174554 2026-06-19T10:31:34Z Nnamadee 11577 174555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maayo Mogalakwena''' (e Afriknaaɓe: Mogalakwenarivier) ko gooto e maayooji ndiyam ɓurɗi mawnude e nder diiwaan Limpopo, to Afrik worgo. Kadi ko ɗum ɓuuɓol mawngol e maayo Limpopo. == Yahde == [[file:Waterberg SPOT 1369.jpg|thumb|left|<small>[[SPOT Satellite]] photograph of the northern Waterberg showing at right the Mogalakwena River at 900 m. The villages alongside are [[Kabeane]], [[Jakkalskuil]] and Ga-Molekwa (also called Galakwena) in [[Mogalakwena Local Municipality]].</small>]] Oo maayo ina ummoo bannge fuɗnaange maayo Waterberg feewde worgo-fuɗnaange rewrude e ŋoral jaajngal, ɓuuɓngal, hono maayo Nyl. Caggal ko ina wona 80 km nde fuɗɗotoo ko ɓuuɓde feewde worgo, innde mayre wayla wonti Mogalakwena. Ndeen nde rewi ko e diiwaan Limpopo haa nde hawri e daande maayo Limpopo to keerol Afrik worgo/Bostwana.<ref>Limpopo WMA 1</ref> Basin Mogalakwena ina toɗɗii cirƴam toɓooli duuɓi joy ɗi maayo ngoo fotnoo yoorde fotde duuɓi joy, rewi heen ko duuɓi joy goɗɗi ɗi ndiyam ina heewi.<ref>Mogalakwena municipality: assessment of information[permanent dead link] (PDF) Retrieved 18 March 2012.</ref> E hitaande 2016 maayo ngoo ɓuri famɗude ndiyam e nder siftorde nguurndam, wuro Bokwidi ina foti ɓuuɓde e nder ceene ngam heɓde ndiyam ngam jawdi mum en.<ref>"Limpopo villagers forced to dig for water". Mokopane. news24.com. News24. 18 January 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2021.</ref> Baraaji 8 ina ngoodi e nder weendu Mogalakwena.<ref>Mogalakwena Sub-basin Archived 2012-04-20 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 24 March 2012.</ref> Hippopotaaji ɓurɗi heewde e maayo Limpopo ina tawee hakkunde maayo Mokolo e maayo Mogalakwena.<ref>State of Rivers Report: the Mokolo River (PDF)</ref> == Tributeeruuji == [[File:Klein-Magalakwenarivier, laatsomer-2021, Limpopo, e.jpg|thumb|left|The Little Mogalakwena (or Motse) River near [[Marken, Limpopo|Marken]], Limpopo, is a left bank tributary of the Mogalakwena]] Ko ɓuri toowde walla ko ɓuri fuɗnaange maayo Mogalakwena ko maayo Nyl, anndiraango ɓuuɓol mum yaajngol, anndiraango kadi pan Nyl (Afrikaaɓe: Nylsvlei). Ilam-plain oo ina reeni feccere e nokku keeriiɗo Nylsvley,<ref>"Nylsvlei Nature Reserve". Archived from the original on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2012.</ref> ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri mawnude e ekosistemaaji gooti e nder Afrik worgo ngam colli ndiyam.<ref>Hydrological and hydraulic modelling of the Nyl River floodplain (PDF) Retrieved 18 March 2012.</ref> Mothlakole, Dorps, Rooisloot (nyaamo), Groot Sandsloot (nyaamo), Witrivier (nyaamo), Sterk (nano), Mokamolo (nano), Mogalakwena tokooso (nano), Matlalane (nyaamo), Seepabana (nyaamo), Ga-Mamoleka (nyaamo), Pholotsi e Thwathwe ko yoga e ɓulli Mogala.<ref>Mogalakwena catchment (PDF)</ref><ref>Walton, Christopher (ed.); O'Hagan, Tim (1984). Reader's Digest Atlas of Southern Africa. Cape Town: Reader's Digest Association South Africa. pp. 190–191, 194. </ref> == Baraaji e nder maayo == * Baraas Alpine Glen * Baraas Doorndraai, nder maayo Sterk * Baraas Combrink, e nder maayo Dorps * Baraas Donkerpoort, nder maayo Klein Nyl == Leƴƴi == Diiwaan oo ina jogii ndonu keewngu, laamuuji Bantu e San. wondude e Ndebele en Transvaal ɓe leñol Langa en ina mbaɗi leñol ɓurngol mawnude e nder diiwaan maayo ngoo, rewi heen ko bapedi en Puka-Phokela, kgomo Lebelo e leñol Tsonga Nkuna. E raɓɓiɗinaade Kattea, leñol koɗki anndaangol seeɗa nanndungol e San, meeɗiino hoɗde e leyɗeele saraaji les Mogalakwena. Kono e hitaande 1905, ɓe ustiima haa ɓe ngonti teemedde seeɗa neɗɗo. == Tuugnorgal == lqsiqmm6rxtrppa9z84xmurgzelidma 0 42237 174556 2026-06-19T10:52:45Z Nnamadee 11577 Created page with "'''Maayo Luphephe''' ummotoo ko e nokku Guyuni, to fuɗnaange Thohoyandou, ngam hawrude e maayo Nwanedi nder nokku keeriiɗo e nokku ɓuuɓɗo Nwanedi, waɗta ɗum baraaji Nwanedi – Luphephe. Ɗoon e ɗoon les ɓuuɓol ngol, maayo Nwanedi ina jokki e ɓuuɓde haa ɓurti keeri ɓuuɓol ngol rewrude e laawol ɓuuɓngol e nder weeyo Limpopo ɗo ngol hawri e maayo Limpopo. Maayo Luphehe e ɓulli mum ina ndokka ndiyam ndema, kullon ladde, e yimɓe hoɗɓe e nder maayo Limpo..." 174556 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maayo Luphephe''' ummotoo ko e nokku Guyuni, to fuɗnaange Thohoyandou, ngam hawrude e maayo Nwanedi nder nokku keeriiɗo e nokku ɓuuɓɗo Nwanedi, waɗta ɗum baraaji Nwanedi – Luphephe. Ɗoon e ɗoon les ɓuuɓol ngol, maayo Nwanedi ina jokki e ɓuuɓde haa ɓurti keeri ɓuuɓol ngol rewrude e laawol ɓuuɓngol e nder weeyo Limpopo ɗo ngol hawri e maayo Limpopo. Maayo Luphehe e ɓulli mum ina ndokka ndiyam ndema, kullon ladde, e yimɓe hoɗɓe e nder maayo Limpopo. Reservoir e resort Nwanedi ina mbayli seeɗa e laabi dogginde sarwisaaji mum en e mbayliigu ngu yiyataa, kadi turism ina naftoroo renndooji koɗdiiɗi ɗii. Sabu ɗuum, teeru ina wonta cuɓagol ɓurngol moƴƴude wonande nokkuuji turism, gila e adventure, pinal, leƴƴi e ekoturism, so en limtii heen seeɗa. Kosam toowɗam maayo Luphephe e Nwanedi fof tawaama ina jogii nafoore mawnde ekolosii e sensitiviteeji. Nii woni wonta huunde himmunde ngam reende ɓulli toowɗi ɗii e nder ngonka naftoraaka walla moƴƴa. == Ɓawo == === Feccere fuɗɗorde maayo ngoo === Maayo Luphephe ko maayo mawngo duumotoongo e maayo Nwanedi e nder wuro Musina, wuro diiwaan Vhembe e nder diiwaan Limpopo, Afrik worgo. Iwdi mayre woni ko e leegal Guyuni/Dzumbama/Tshitandani/Tshamulungwi hedde 10 km hade mum hawrude e maayo Nwanedi e nokku mum toowɗo. Nokku toowɗo maayo Luphephe ina waawi fecceede e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi Waterfall to Mountain ɗi tawaaɗi e nder ndeeɗoo maayo fof. Zone source fuɗɗotoo ko e tooweeki 976 meeter, njuuteendi mum ko hedde kiloomeeteer gooto. Zone torrent Waterfall to Mountain ina ilna hakkunde 915 e 610 meeteer dow koye maayo dow ŋoral tokosal e ŋoral ɓuuɓngal. Substratum maayo ngoo fof ɓuri heewde ko sifaa kaaƴe, ina waɗi kaaƴe, kaaƴe e kaaƴe mawɗe. Sahaa e sahaa fof ɓuuɓri ceene ina waɗa.[1] Ko adii nde naatata e nokku keso Nwanedi, e resort nde hawrata e maayo Savhani. Maayo Savhani fuɗɗotoo ko e Gwangwatini, rewa Ngalavhani, Tshitanje, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, e Tshikotoni (anndiraango Manzhenge). E dow maayo Luphephe ina waɗi nokkuuji ndema haa e daande maayo [2] renndooji taariiɗi ɗii. Maayo Luphephe ina hawra e maayo Nwanedi nder nokku keeriiɗo Nwanedi, e resort, ina waɗa baraasuuji Nwanedi – Luphephe. === Feccere hakkundeere maayo ngo === E hitaande 1964, e dow ɗaɓɓaande Yiilirde ndiyam Nwanedi, Departemaa Geɗe Ndiyam mahii baraas Luphephe e baraas Nwanedi, gooto e dow kala maayo Luphephe e maayo Nwanedi,[3] ngam ndiyam. Koɗorɗe arc dam Luphephe ina njogii 39 meeteer toowɗo, ina njogii 14 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo. Koɗorɗe arc dam Nwanedi ina njogii 36 meeteer toowɗo, ina njogii 5 310 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo. Baraaji ɗiɗi ɗii e saraaji mum en fotde 9000 ektaar, kolliraama ko nokkuuji restoraaji Nwanedi e hitaande 1979.[4] E fuɗɗoode ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam Luphephe hawri ko e Nwanedi to nokku les njiimaandi baraas hannde oo kono e mahngo baraasuuji e dow maayooji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ngonka kaa wayliima seeɗa sabu jooni ina woodi kanndaa 2,5 meeter luggiɗiiɗo jokkondirɗo e ɓulli ndiyam ɗiɗi ɗii ko ina wona 100 meeteruuji e dow maayooji ɗii fof. Dame ɓuuɓɗe gonɗe e baraasuuji ɗii fof ina kuutoree ngam reentaade tolno ndiyam, e jogaade doole ndiyam les haa e nder weendu wooturu. Fotde 500 meeter dow maayo baraaji Nwanedi/Luphephe ina woodi ponto beton tokooso les, ina taƴa maayo ngoo,[6] ummoraade e damal naatgol Gumela. Heen sahaaji ina heɓa ilam e ɓuuɓde njaareendi dow pont oo.[7] === Feccere cakkitiinde maayo ngoo === itmyx85x1vxbrmhmhpezpv2b0abyje8 174557 174556 2026-06-19T10:55:30Z Nnamadee 11577 174557 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maayo Luphephe''' ummotoo ko e nokku Guyuni, to fuɗnaange Thohoyandou, ngam hawrude e maayo Nwanedi nder nokku keeriiɗo e nokku ɓuuɓɗo Nwanedi, waɗta ɗum baraaji Nwanedi – Luphephe. Ɗoon e ɗoon les ɓuuɓol ngol, maayo Nwanedi ina jokki e ɓuuɓde haa ɓurti keeri ɓuuɓol ngol rewrude e laawol ɓuuɓngol e nder weeyo Limpopo ɗo ngol hawri e maayo Limpopo. Maayo Luphehe e ɓulli mum ina ndokka ndiyam ndema, kullon ladde, e yimɓe hoɗɓe e nder maayo Limpopo. Reservoir e resort Nwanedi ina mbayli seeɗa e laabi dogginde sarwisaaji mum en e mbayliigu ngu yiyataa, kadi turism ina naftoroo renndooji koɗdiiɗi ɗii. Sabu ɗuum, teeru ina wonta cuɓagol ɓurngol moƴƴude wonande nokkuuji turism, gila e adventure, pinal, leƴƴi e ekoturism, so en limtii heen seeɗa. Kosam toowɗam maayo Luphephe e Nwanedi fof tawaama ina jogii nafoore mawnde ekolosii e sensitiviteeji. Nii woni wonta huunde himmunde ngam reende ɓulli toowɗi ɗii e nder ngonka naftoraaka walla moƴƴa. == Ɓawo == === Feccere fuɗɗorde maayo ngoo === Maayo Luphephe ko maayo mawngo duumotoongo e maayo Nwanedi e nder wuro Musina, wuro diiwaan Vhembe e nder diiwaan Limpopo, Afrik worgo. Iwdi mayre woni ko e leegal Guyuni/Dzumbama/Tshitandani/Tshamulungwi hedde 10 km hade mum hawrude e maayo Nwanedi e nokku mum toowɗo. Nokku toowɗo maayo Luphephe ina waawi fecceede e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi Waterfall to Mountain ɗi tawaaɗi e nder ndeeɗoo maayo fof. Zone source fuɗɗotoo ko e tooweeki 976 meeter, njuuteendi mum ko hedde kiloomeeteer gooto. Zone torrent Waterfall to Mountain ina ilna hakkunde 915 e 610 meeteer dow koye maayo dow ŋoral tokosal e ŋoral ɓuuɓngal. Substratum maayo ngoo fof ɓuri heewde ko sifaa kaaƴe, ina waɗi kaaƴe, kaaƴe e kaaƴe mawɗe. Sahaa e sahaa fof ɓuuɓri ceene ina waɗa.[1] Ko adii nde naatata e nokku keso Nwanedi, e resort nde hawrata e maayo Savhani. Maayo Savhani fuɗɗotoo ko e Gwangwatini, rewa Ngalavhani, Tshitanje, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, e Tshikotoni (anndiraango Manzhenge). E dow maayo Luphephe ina waɗi nokkuuji ndema haa e daande maayo [2] renndooji taariiɗi ɗii. Maayo Luphephe ina hawra e maayo Nwanedi nder nokku keeriiɗo Nwanedi, e resort, ina waɗa baraasuuji Nwanedi – Luphephe. === Feccere hakkundeere maayo ngo === E hitaande 1964, e dow ɗaɓɓaande Yiilirde ndiyam Nwanedi, Departemaa Geɗe Ndiyam mahii baraas Luphephe e baraas Nwanedi, gooto e dow kala maayo Luphephe e maayo Nwanedi,[3] ngam ndiyam. Koɗorɗe arc dam Luphephe ina njogii 39 meeteer toowɗo, ina njogii 14 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo. Koɗorɗe arc dam Nwanedi ina njogii 36 meeteer toowɗo, ina njogii 5 310 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo. Baraaji ɗiɗi ɗii e saraaji mum en fotde 9000 ektaar, kolliraama ko nokkuuji restoraaji Nwanedi e hitaande 1979.[4] E fuɗɗoode ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam Luphephe hawri ko e Nwanedi to nokku les njiimaandi baraas hannde oo kono e mahngo baraasuuji e dow maayooji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ngonka kaa wayliima seeɗa sabu jooni ina woodi kanndaa 2,5 meeter luggiɗiiɗo jokkondirɗo e ɓulli ndiyam ɗiɗi ɗii ko ina wona 100 meeteruuji e dow maayooji ɗii fof. Dame ɓuuɓɗe gonɗe e baraasuuji ɗii fof ina kuutoree ngam reentaade tolno ndiyam, e jogaade doole ndiyam les haa e nder weendu wooturu. Fotde 500 meeter dow maayo baraaji Nwanedi/Luphephe ina woodi ponto beton tokooso les, ina taƴa maayo ngoo,[6] ummoraade e damal naatgol Gumela. Heen sahaaji ina heɓa ilam e ɓuuɓde njaareendi dow pont oo.[7] === Feccere cakkitiinde maayo ngoo === Maayo ngoo ina jokki e bannge worgo, ina rewi e ŋoral Limpopo. Ko ɗoon ladde Limpopo ndee udditaa e yaasi nokku restoraaji Nwanedi e les njiimaandi falnde sakkitiinde hakkunde tule, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko maadi kaaƴe ɓutte e maayo ina rewi heen.[8] Maayo ngo yahrata ko e baraas Cross (renndo Muswodi Tshisimani ina noddira baraas Cross Gondoza) ko ɗum woni e nder les njiimaandi.[9] Dam Cross oo mahaa ko ngam rokkude ndiyam ngam ilnude gese ndema, remde jawdi, remde jawdi e koɗkiiji laddeeji koɗdiiɗi ɗii.[10] Ɗoon e ɗoon les njiimaandi Cross Dam e nder falnde ɗo ndiyam ɗam ɓuri yaajde ko 3 haa 6 m, ina woodi ŋoral ɗo laawol tar Tshipise/Pafuri taƴata maayo Nwanedi.[11] Maayo ngo ina yahra haa ngo hawri e maayo Limpopo to nokku kilooji sappo to fuɗnaange Malaladrift,[12] to keeri Zimbaabwee to tooweeki 340 meeteer. Maayo ngoo fof ina woni e nder nokkuuji njuvvudi ndiyam Limpopo, ina woni e nder nokkuuji vurzi waawde wonde e 1136 km2 e 24,5 10 (6)M3 e nder yontere nde. Baraaji Nwanedi – Luphephe ko baraasuuji tan Afrik worgo maantinɗi e nder weendu nduu.[13] == Nafoore faggudu/ekolosii == === Ndema e nguurndam === Demal ina hawra e peewnugol gese e jawdi, ndema ndiyam, e laddeeji ngam nguura e geɗe ɗe ngonaa nguura. Renndooji hoɗɓe e maayo ngo ina kuutoroo maayo Luphephe ngam lootde comci, ɓuuɓnude gese e jogaade jawdi,[14] e ko nanndi heen. To bannge maayo Luphephe mawngo, vursugol vursugol ngol ta/aama e nder leydi ndi vursugol ndiyam ngol vursata ngam diwde jawdi. Dippol ngol waɗiraa ko laawol ɓuuɓngol ngol daabaaji ɗii njahata, ina ɓuuɓna ɗum en e ndiyam ɓurɗam luggiɗde haa daaba oo ɓuuɓtoo haa laaɓa. Kanaal oo mahiraa ko e hitaande 1927 e leydi Tshikotoni. Renndooji Tshitanzhe, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, Tshikotoni e Tshitandani ina keewi diwde toon jawdi mum en kala jonte ɗiɗi fuɗɗoraade waktuuji jeeɗiɗi haa duuɓi seeɗa caggal fajiri demokaraasi e hitaande 1994. Laabi furrow ɗii kadi ina kuutoree ngam ndiyam remooɓe gese e dow daande maayo e leydi Tshikotoni. Remooɓe mawɓe ɓee ko leñol Mukwevho, leñol Dzuguda, leñol Phupheli, leñol Nekhumbe, leñol Chauke, leñol Nethononda, leñol Mufamadi, leñol Ndou dza Manenzhe, leñol Luranga e leñol Langanda (ngesa maɓɓe ina anndiranoo Galauvhe). Yanti heen, maayo Luphephe ina rokka remooɓe gese ndiyam e daande maayo Helula 2. Gese ko wayi no kaaƴe, gawri, ñebbe, ñebbe, mangooji e banaana ina ndema toon gila e yontaaji keewɗi. Leñol Mathukha/Marubini, leñol Phupheli (ngesa maɓɓe ina wiyee Makhothoni), leñol Madumi, leñol Kwinda la ha Tshirundu, leñol Netshishangane, leñol Manenzhe e leñol Mukwevho ko remooɓe ɓurɓe heewde e leydi Helula 2. Leñol Mukwevho e leñol Manenzhe kadi ina njula beeli e nder luumooji ngenndiiji e hakkunde leyɗeele so tawii ɓe mooftii geɗe moƴƴe e kitaale 1980. Nguurndam ina waɗi mbaawka heɓde geɗe baawɗe wonde fof ngam waawde huutoraade koye mum en e galle mum en. Rewɓe e sukaaɓe rewɓe to Tshikotoni, Helula 2 e Gumela ina kuutoroo maayo Luphephe ngam ƴettude ndiyam ngam ñaamde e nder galleeji. Kadi ɓe lootata ko ɓuuɓri e comci maɓɓe to maayo Luphephe duuɓi keewɗi. Worɓe e sukaaɓe tokosɓe ina kuutoroo maayo ngoo ngam nanngude liɗɗi ngam wuurde e lummbaade. === Sifaa ndiyam Nwanedi === Nde basin oo udditaa e yaasi nokku restoraaji Nwanedi e les njiimaandi falnde sakkitiinde hakkunde tule, maayo ngoo ina rokka ndiyam ngam remde gese e njulaagu e nder wuro Folovhodwe. Koolol Folovhodwe sosaa ko e hitaande 1986 ngam jibinde ƴiye mango e sitrus ngam ƴellitde Venda ndeen, to fuɗnaange Soutpansberg, e yaltinde leɗɗe ɗe ngalaa ñawu e leyɗeele hoɗdiiɓe.[15] Kosam ɗam ina rokka kadi ndiyam ngam ndema jawdi e ndema gese to Fedde Jeyi leydi Nwanedi (Fedde Jeyi leydi Nwanedi sosaa ko caggal nde ɗaɓɓaande leydi ngam renndinde e yoɓde). Renndooji ɗi ina mbaɗi Folovhodwe, Tshikhudini, Tanda, e Tshiphale. Nokku oo ina jeyaa e peeje ndiyam Nwanedi tawaaɗe to fuɗnaange koɗli Soutpansberg, fotde 40 Kilomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Tshipise e nder diiwaan Vhembe e nder diiwaan Limpopo, Afrik worgo. 5c3siqhmwgr62fgxjopvs8v8jgrty8i 174558 174557 2026-06-19T10:58:12Z Nnamadee 11577 174558 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maayo Luphephe''' ummotoo ko e nokku Guyuni, to fuɗnaange Thohoyandou, ngam hawrude e maayo Nwanedi nder nokku keeriiɗo e nokku ɓuuɓɗo Nwanedi, waɗta ɗum baraaji Nwanedi – Luphephe. Ɗoon e ɗoon les ɓuuɓol ngol, maayo Nwanedi ina jokki e ɓuuɓde haa ɓurti keeri ɓuuɓol ngol rewrude e laawol ɓuuɓngol e nder weeyo Limpopo ɗo ngol hawri e maayo Limpopo. Maayo Luphehe e ɓulli mum ina ndokka ndiyam ndema, kullon ladde, e yimɓe hoɗɓe e nder maayo Limpopo. Reservoir e resort Nwanedi ina mbayli seeɗa e laabi dogginde sarwisaaji mum en e mbayliigu ngu yiyataa, kadi turism ina naftoroo renndooji koɗdiiɗi ɗii. Sabu ɗuum, teeru ina wonta cuɓagol ɓurngol moƴƴude wonande nokkuuji turism, gila e adventure, pinal, leƴƴi e ekoturism, so en limtii heen seeɗa. Kosam toowɗam maayo Luphephe e Nwanedi fof tawaama ina jogii nafoore mawnde ekolosii e sensitiviteeji. Nii woni wonta huunde himmunde ngam reende ɓulli toowɗi ɗii e nder ngonka naftoraaka walla moƴƴa. == Ɓawo == === Feccere fuɗɗorde maayo ngoo === Maayo Luphephe ko maayo mawngo duumotoongo e maayo Nwanedi e nder wuro Musina, wuro diiwaan Vhembe e nder diiwaan Limpopo, Afrik worgo. Iwdi mayre woni ko e leegal Guyuni/Dzumbama/Tshitandani/Tshamulungwi hedde 10 km hade mum hawrude e maayo Nwanedi e nokku mum toowɗo. Nokku toowɗo maayo Luphephe ina waawi fecceede e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi Waterfall to Mountain ɗi tawaaɗi e nder ndeeɗoo maayo fof. Zone source fuɗɗotoo ko e tooweeki 976 meeter, njuuteendi mum ko hedde kiloomeeteer gooto. Zone torrent Waterfall to Mountain ina ilna hakkunde 915 e 610 meeteer dow koye maayo dow ŋoral tokosal e ŋoral ɓuuɓngal. Substratum maayo ngoo fof ɓuri heewde ko sifaa kaaƴe, ina waɗi kaaƴe, kaaƴe e kaaƴe mawɗe. Sahaa e sahaa fof ɓuuɓri ceene ina waɗa.[1] Ko adii nde naatata e nokku keso Nwanedi, e resort nde hawrata e maayo Savhani. Maayo Savhani fuɗɗotoo ko e Gwangwatini, rewa Ngalavhani, Tshitanje, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, e Tshikotoni (anndiraango Manzhenge). E dow maayo Luphephe ina waɗi nokkuuji ndema haa e daande maayo [2] renndooji taariiɗi ɗii. Maayo Luphephe ina hawra e maayo Nwanedi nder nokku keeriiɗo Nwanedi, e resort, ina waɗa baraasuuji Nwanedi – Luphephe. === Feccere hakkundeere maayo ngo === E hitaande 1964, e dow ɗaɓɓaande Yiilirde ndiyam Nwanedi, Departemaa Geɗe Ndiyam mahii baraas Luphephe e baraas Nwanedi, gooto e dow kala maayo Luphephe e maayo Nwanedi,[3] ngam ndiyam. Koɗorɗe arc dam Luphephe ina njogii 39 meeteer toowɗo, ina njogii 14 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo. Koɗorɗe arc dam Nwanedi ina njogii 36 meeteer toowɗo, ina njogii 5 310 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo. Baraaji ɗiɗi ɗii e saraaji mum en fotde 9000 ektaar, kolliraama ko nokkuuji restoraaji Nwanedi e hitaande 1979.[4] E fuɗɗoode ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam Luphephe hawri ko e Nwanedi to nokku les njiimaandi baraas hannde oo kono e mahngo baraasuuji e dow maayooji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ngonka kaa wayliima seeɗa sabu jooni ina woodi kanndaa 2,5 meeter luggiɗiiɗo jokkondirɗo e ɓulli ndiyam ɗiɗi ɗii ko ina wona 100 meeteruuji e dow maayooji ɗii fof. Dame ɓuuɓɗe gonɗe e baraasuuji ɗii fof ina kuutoree ngam reentaade tolno ndiyam, e jogaade doole ndiyam les haa e nder weendu wooturu. Fotde 500 meeter dow maayo baraaji Nwanedi/Luphephe ina woodi ponto beton tokooso les, ina taƴa maayo ngoo,[6] ummoraade e damal naatgol Gumela. Heen sahaaji ina heɓa ilam e ɓuuɓde njaareendi dow pont oo.[7] === Feccere cakkitiinde maayo ngoo === Maayo ngoo ina jokki e bannge worgo, ina rewi e ŋoral Limpopo. Ko ɗoon ladde Limpopo ndee udditaa e yaasi nokku restoraaji Nwanedi e les njiimaandi falnde sakkitiinde hakkunde tule, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko maadi kaaƴe ɓutte e maayo ina rewi heen.[8] Maayo ngo yahrata ko e baraas Cross (renndo Muswodi Tshisimani ina noddira baraas Cross Gondoza) ko ɗum woni e nder les njiimaandi.[9] Dam Cross oo mahaa ko ngam rokkude ndiyam ngam ilnude gese ndema, remde jawdi, remde jawdi e koɗkiiji laddeeji koɗdiiɗi ɗii.[10] Ɗoon e ɗoon les njiimaandi Cross Dam e nder falnde ɗo ndiyam ɗam ɓuri yaajde ko 3 haa 6 m, ina woodi ŋoral ɗo laawol tar Tshipise/Pafuri taƴata maayo Nwanedi.[11] Maayo ngo ina yahra haa ngo hawri e maayo Limpopo to nokku kilooji sappo to fuɗnaange Malaladrift,[12] to keeri Zimbaabwee to tooweeki 340 meeteer. Maayo ngoo fof ina woni e nder nokkuuji njuvvudi ndiyam Limpopo, ina woni e nder nokkuuji vurzi waawde wonde e 1136 km2 e 24,5 10 (6)M3 e nder yontere nde. Baraaji Nwanedi – Luphephe ko baraasuuji tan Afrik worgo maantinɗi e nder weendu nduu.[13] == Nafoore faggudu/ekolosii == === Ndema e nguurndam === Demal ina hawra e peewnugol gese e jawdi, ndema ndiyam, e laddeeji ngam nguura e geɗe ɗe ngonaa nguura. Renndooji hoɗɓe e maayo ngo ina kuutoroo maayo Luphephe ngam lootde comci, ɓuuɓnude gese e jogaade jawdi,[14] e ko nanndi heen. To bannge maayo Luphephe mawngo, vursugol vursugol ngol ta/aama e nder leydi ndi vursugol ndiyam ngol vursata ngam diwde jawdi. Dippol ngol waɗiraa ko laawol ɓuuɓngol ngol daabaaji ɗii njahata, ina ɓuuɓna ɗum en e ndiyam ɓurɗam luggiɗde haa daaba oo ɓuuɓtoo haa laaɓa. Kanaal oo mahiraa ko e hitaande 1927 e leydi Tshikotoni. Renndooji Tshitanzhe, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, Tshikotoni e Tshitandani ina keewi diwde toon jawdi mum en kala jonte ɗiɗi fuɗɗoraade waktuuji jeeɗiɗi haa duuɓi seeɗa caggal fajiri demokaraasi e hitaande 1994. Laabi furrow ɗii kadi ina kuutoree ngam ndiyam remooɓe gese e dow daande maayo e leydi Tshikotoni. Remooɓe mawɓe ɓee ko leñol Mukwevho, leñol Dzuguda, leñol Phupheli, leñol Nekhumbe, leñol Chauke, leñol Nethononda, leñol Mufamadi, leñol Ndou dza Manenzhe, leñol Luranga e leñol Langanda (ngesa maɓɓe ina anndiranoo Galauvhe). Yanti heen, maayo Luphephe ina rokka remooɓe gese ndiyam e daande maayo Helula 2. Gese ko wayi no kaaƴe, gawri, ñebbe, ñebbe, mangooji e banaana ina ndema toon gila e yontaaji keewɗi. Leñol Mathukha/Marubini, leñol Phupheli (ngesa maɓɓe ina wiyee Makhothoni), leñol Madumi, leñol Kwinda la ha Tshirundu, leñol Netshishangane, leñol Manenzhe e leñol Mukwevho ko remooɓe ɓurɓe heewde e leydi Helula 2. Leñol Mukwevho e leñol Manenzhe kadi ina njula beeli e nder luumooji ngenndiiji e hakkunde leyɗeele so tawii ɓe mooftii geɗe moƴƴe e kitaale 1980. Nguurndam ina waɗi mbaawka heɓde geɗe baawɗe wonde fof ngam waawde huutoraade koye mum en e galle mum en. Rewɓe e sukaaɓe rewɓe to Tshikotoni, Helula 2 e Gumela ina kuutoroo maayo Luphephe ngam ƴettude ndiyam ngam ñaamde e nder galleeji. Kadi ɓe lootata ko ɓuuɓri e comci maɓɓe to maayo Luphephe duuɓi keewɗi. Worɓe e sukaaɓe tokosɓe ina kuutoroo maayo ngoo ngam nanngude liɗɗi ngam wuurde e lummbaade. === Sifaa ndiyam Nwanedi === Nde basin oo udditaa e yaasi nokku restoraaji Nwanedi e les njiimaandi falnde sakkitiinde hakkunde tule, maayo ngoo ina rokka ndiyam ngam remde gese e njulaagu e nder wuro Folovhodwe. Koolol Folovhodwe sosaa ko e hitaande 1986 ngam jibinde ƴiye mango e sitrus ngam ƴellitde Venda ndeen, to fuɗnaange Soutpansberg, e yaltinde leɗɗe ɗe ngalaa ñawu e leyɗeele hoɗdiiɓe.[15] Kosam ɗam ina rokka kadi ndiyam ngam ndema jawdi e ndema gese to Fedde Jeyi leydi Nwanedi (Fedde Jeyi leydi Nwanedi sosaa ko caggal nde ɗaɓɓaande leydi ngam renndinde e yoɓde). Renndooji ɗi ina mbaɗi Folovhodwe, Tshikhudini, Tanda, e Tshiphale. Nokku oo ina jeyaa e peeje ndiyam Nwanedi tawaaɗe to fuɗnaange koɗli Soutpansberg, fotde 40 Kilomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Tshipise e nder diiwaan Vhembe e nder diiwaan Limpopo, Afrik worgo. Nwanedi Irrigation scheme ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 300 remoowo tokooso, ɓe ndemata ko leɗɗe ndiyam ko ɓuri heewde ko tomateeji. Remooɓe ina ƴetta ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam e maayo hee tawa ina kuutoroo mbaydi ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.[16] Irrigaasiyoŋ toɓo ko jillondiral ngam hisnude ndiyam e ƴellitaare ɓurnde heewde ina ɓeyda ko famɗi fof 50% e kuutoragol ndiyam, ƴellitaare e nder yuɓɓo ndiyam, kadi ina waɗa ɗum karallaagal ɓurngal mawnude e nder caɗeele winndereyankooje ngam moƴƴinde peewnugol gese e nder caɗeele ndiyam mawɗe.[17] Ko vuri heewde e terɗe eɓɓaande ndee ina peewna fotde 100 ton tomateer e nder neɗɗo gooto e hektaar gooto walla 1000 kaaree (1000m2). Ko ɓuri heewde e remooɓe ina njogii hakkunde 10 e 100 hactor e ɓe peewna ko ɓuri heewde ko ngam yeeyde.[18] Won cazeele ŋakkeende ndiyam ko wayi no ustude ndiyam rewrude e vursugol toowngol e tuubaaji vursugol ; nguleeki toowki addanoowo ndiyam toowɗam ɓuuɓde e maayo e ɓuuɓde e gese ; pottital ndiyam hakkunde remooɓe e huutortooɓe nder galleeji ina addana ɗum en luural e ŋakkeende potal ndiyam sabu remooɓe wonɓe e wutte les maayo ngoo ina keɓa ndiyam seeɗa walla hay dara so ndiyam maayo ngoo ina ustoo.[19] Hakindo hitaande kala [[evapotranspiraasiyoŋ]] ko 1400 mm. Temperaaji ina ceerti gila e lewru ɓurndu heewde e ɓurndu famɗude ko 33,52 e 21,30 degere Celsius e lewru feebariyee haa 25,6 e 8,6 degere Celsius e lewru Siilo.[20] Kono noon, Nwanedi irrigation Scheme hollirii laabi vurzi waawde reentaade to senngo gese ina heen veydude ndiyam maayo e tovo ngo wonnoo ko salinirde leydi wonaa cazeele ; ndiyam jamma so tawii ɓuuɓri e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri ina famɗi ; ustude nokkuuji ndema ngam heɓde mbaawka ndiyam maayo ; aawde gese ɗe yooro waawata heɓde ngam ustude kuutoragol ndiyam e sahaa nguleeki.[21] === Nafoore Ekolosii === Njeñtudi wizto 2007 hollirii, vursugol toowngol maayo Luphephe e maayo Nwanedi fof ina hiisee wonde ina jogii nafoore e senngooji ekolosii toowzi (EIS), tawi noon les vursugol Nwanedzi/baraas Luphephe ngol EIS ko Moderate. Ko ɓuri heewde ko sabu feccere mawnde e ɓuuɓri toowndi ndii ina fadi haa e nder nokkuuji taariindi Nwanedi, tawi noon e nder weeyo Limpopo, ina rewi e nokkuuji taariindi keertiiɗi walla e nder gese jawdi.[22] So en teskiima batte e diwooje nder ndee zoo zoo zoo zoo ina njokki e duuvi keewzi, ina sikkaa wonde ngonka zoo zoo zoo ina waawi waylude no feewi e nder yontaaji garooji.[23] EIS ko maande tolno ndeenka maayo ngoo foti heɓde. Maanaa toowɗo ina foti reeneede haa wonta ngonka naftoraaka walla moƴƴa e les, firti ko ina famɗi nafoore reende walla ina jogii batte tawo e wonde ngalu nguu ina waawi ɓeydaade huutoreede.[24] === Turismo === Ekoturism ko feccere e yah-ngartaa jowitiingal e tago, ina hirjina weltaare yaajnde tawa ina wallita e reende e hisnude nokkuuji.[25] Agritourism ko sifaa gollorde njulaagu jokkondirnde e peewnugol ndema e/walla njulaagu e turism ngam dañde njilluuji e nder ngesa, e nder njulaagu, walla e nder njulaagu ndema goɗɗo ngam weltinde walla jannginde njilluuji ɗii tawa ina heɓa ngalu wonande ngesa, njulaagu, walla joom njulaagu. Skeemaaji turism-agrariyankooji renndo Nwanedi e leyɗeele ndema goɗɗe tuugiiɗe e toɓo ko golle laddeeji denndaaɗe.[26] Hiisiwal ngal hollitii wonde kominaaji Musina ina naftoroo jogaade nokkuuji turism keewɗi. Ina jeyaa heen nokku restoraaji Nwanedi e nokku restoraaji, nokku restoraaji Sagole Big Tree e nokku hoɗorde leɗɗe mawɗe.[27] Nokkuuji cuɓaaɗi ɗii (Folovhodwe, Gumela, Tshipise e Zwigodini) ina njokkondiri kadi e nokkuuji reentorɗi ɗii, ko wayi no baraasuuji Luphephe/Nwanedi[28]. Reserve nature Nwanedi, e resort ina mbayli seeɗa e laabi dogginde golle mum en e waylooji ɗi njiyataa, e turism ina naftoroo renndooji nokkuuji ɗii.[29] E nder ɗuum, gure teeru ɓuri moƴƴude e nokkuuji turism, gila e adventure, pinal, leƴƴi e ekoturism, e ko nanndi heen. Kono noon, laabi saraaji gure Folovhodwe e Gumela ina poti toppiteede ko yaawi ngam ɓeydude ƴellitaare turism e nder gollorɗe nokkuuje ɗee e nder nokkuuji restoraaji Nwanedi, e resort.[30] Nde turismaaɓe ngari e winndere ndee kala e lewru Duujal 2002 ngam seedaade geɗe lewru e nder Afrik worgo,[31] nokku restoraaji Nwanedi, e resort ina jeyaa e nokkuuji yiylotooɗi naange e nder wuro Musina e nder diiwaan Vhembe, e nder diiwaan Limpopo, Afrik worgo. == Tuugnorgal == 218mgptq586n8huyqdsx5qwqoj2n16l 174559 174558 2026-06-19T10:58:56Z Nnamadee 11577 174559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maayo Luphephe''' ummotoo ko e nokku Guyuni, to fuɗnaange Thohoyandou, ngam hawrude e maayo Nwanedi nder nokku keeriiɗo e nokku ɓuuɓɗo Nwanedi, waɗta ɗum baraaji Nwanedi – Luphephe. Ɗoon e ɗoon les ɓuuɓol ngol, maayo Nwanedi ina jokki e ɓuuɓde haa ɓurti keeri ɓuuɓol ngol rewrude e laawol ɓuuɓngol e nder weeyo Limpopo ɗo ngol hawri e maayo Limpopo. Maayo Luphehe e ɓulli mum ina ndokka ndiyam ndema, kullon ladde, e yimɓe hoɗɓe e nder maayo Limpopo. Reservoir e resort Nwanedi ina mbayli seeɗa e laabi dogginde sarwisaaji mum en e mbayliigu ngu yiyataa, kadi turism ina naftoroo renndooji koɗdiiɗi ɗii. Sabu ɗuum, teeru ina wonta cuɓagol ɓurngol moƴƴude wonande nokkuuji turism, gila e adventure, pinal, leƴƴi e ekoturism, so en limtii heen seeɗa. Kosam toowɗam maayo Luphephe e Nwanedi fof tawaama ina jogii nafoore mawnde ekolosii e sensitiviteeji. Nii woni wonta huunde himmunde ngam reende ɓulli toowɗi ɗii e nder ngonka naftoraaka walla moƴƴa. == Ɓawo == === Feccere fuɗɗorde maayo ngoo === Maayo Luphephe ko maayo mawngo duumotoongo e maayo Nwanedi e nder wuro Musina, wuro diiwaan Vhembe e nder diiwaan Limpopo, Afrik worgo. Iwdi mayre woni ko e leegal Guyuni/Dzumbama/Tshitandani/Tshamulungwi hedde 10 km hade mum hawrude e maayo Nwanedi e nokku mum toowɗo. Nokku toowɗo maayo Luphephe ina waawi fecceede e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi Waterfall to Mountain ɗi tawaaɗi e nder ndeeɗoo maayo fof. Zone source fuɗɗotoo ko e tooweeki 976 meeter, njuuteendi mum ko hedde kiloomeeteer gooto. Zone torrent Waterfall to Mountain ina ilna hakkunde 915 e 610 meeteer dow koye maayo dow ŋoral tokosal e ŋoral ɓuuɓngal. Substratum maayo ngoo fof ɓuri heewde ko sifaa kaaƴe, ina waɗi kaaƴe, kaaƴe e kaaƴe mawɗe. Sahaa e sahaa fof ɓuuɓri ceene ina waɗa.[1] Ko adii nde naatata e nokku keso Nwanedi, e resort nde hawrata e maayo Savhani. Maayo Savhani fuɗɗotoo ko e Gwangwatini, rewa Ngalavhani, Tshitanje, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, e Tshikotoni (anndiraango Manzhenge). E dow maayo Luphephe ina waɗi nokkuuji ndema haa e daande maayo [2] renndooji taariiɗi ɗii. Maayo Luphephe ina hawra e maayo Nwanedi nder nokku keeriiɗo Nwanedi, e resort, ina waɗa baraasuuji Nwanedi – Luphephe. === Feccere hakkundeere maayo ngo === E hitaande 1964, e dow ɗaɓɓaande Yiilirde ndiyam Nwanedi, Departemaa Geɗe Ndiyam mahii baraas Luphephe e baraas Nwanedi, gooto e dow kala maayo Luphephe e maayo Nwanedi,[3] ngam ndiyam. Koɗorɗe arc dam Luphephe ina njogii 39 meeteer toowɗo, ina njogii 14 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo. Koɗorɗe arc dam Nwanedi ina njogii 36 meeteer toowɗo, ina njogii 5 310 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo. Baraaji ɗiɗi ɗii e saraaji mum en fotde 9000 ektaar, kolliraama ko nokkuuji restoraaji Nwanedi e hitaande 1979.[4] E fuɗɗoode ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam Luphephe hawri ko e Nwanedi to nokku les njiimaandi baraas hannde oo kono e mahngo baraasuuji e dow maayooji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ngonka kaa wayliima seeɗa sabu jooni ina woodi kanndaa 2,5 meeter luggiɗiiɗo jokkondirɗo e ɓulli ndiyam ɗiɗi ɗii ko ina wona 100 meeteruuji e dow maayooji ɗii fof. Dame ɓuuɓɗe gonɗe e baraasuuji ɗii fof ina kuutoree ngam reentaade tolno ndiyam, e jogaade doole ndiyam les haa e nder weendu wooturu. Fotde 500 meeter dow maayo baraaji Nwanedi/Luphephe ina woodi ponto beton tokooso les, ina taƴa maayo ngoo,[6] ummoraade e damal naatgol Gumela. Heen sahaaji ina heɓa ilam e ɓuuɓde njaareendi dow pont oo.[7] === Feccere cakkitiinde maayo ngoo === Maayo ngoo ina jokki e bannge worgo, ina rewi e ŋoral Limpopo. Ko ɗoon ladde Limpopo ndee udditaa e yaasi nokku restoraaji Nwanedi e les njiimaandi falnde sakkitiinde hakkunde tule, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko maadi kaaƴe ɓutte e maayo ina rewi heen.[8] Maayo ngo yahrata ko e baraas Cross (renndo Muswodi Tshisimani ina noddira baraas Cross Gondoza) ko ɗum woni e nder les njiimaandi.[9] Dam Cross oo mahaa ko ngam rokkude ndiyam ngam ilnude gese ndema, remde jawdi, remde jawdi e koɗkiiji laddeeji koɗdiiɗi ɗii.[10] Ɗoon e ɗoon les njiimaandi Cross Dam e nder falnde ɗo ndiyam ɗam ɓuri yaajde ko 3 haa 6 m, ina woodi ŋoral ɗo laawol tar Tshipise/Pafuri taƴata maayo Nwanedi.[11] Maayo ngo ina yahra haa ngo hawri e maayo Limpopo to nokku kilooji sappo to fuɗnaange Malaladrift,[12] to keeri Zimbaabwee to tooweeki 340 meeteer. Maayo ngoo fof ina woni e nder nokkuuji njuvvudi ndiyam Limpopo, ina woni e nder nokkuuji vurzi waawde wonde e 1136 km2 e 24,5 10 (6)M3 e nder yontere nde. Baraaji Nwanedi – Luphephe ko baraasuuji tan Afrik worgo maantinɗi e nder weendu nduu.[13] == Nafoore faggudu/ekolosii == === Ndema e nguurndam === Demal ina hawra e peewnugol gese e jawdi, ndema ndiyam, e laddeeji ngam nguura e geɗe ɗe ngonaa nguura. Renndooji hoɗɓe e maayo ngo ina kuutoroo maayo Luphephe ngam lootde comci, ɓuuɓnude gese e jogaade jawdi,[14] e ko nanndi heen. To bannge maayo Luphephe mawngo, vursugol vursugol ngol ta/aama e nder leydi ndi vursugol ndiyam ngol vursata ngam diwde jawdi. Dippol ngol waɗiraa ko laawol ɓuuɓngol ngol daabaaji ɗii njahata, ina ɓuuɓna ɗum en e ndiyam ɓurɗam luggiɗde haa daaba oo ɓuuɓtoo haa laaɓa. Kanaal oo mahiraa ko e hitaande 1927 e leydi Tshikotoni. Renndooji Tshitanzhe, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, Tshikotoni e Tshitandani ina keewi diwde toon jawdi mum en kala jonte ɗiɗi fuɗɗoraade waktuuji jeeɗiɗi haa duuɓi seeɗa caggal fajiri demokaraasi e hitaande 1994. Laabi furrow ɗii kadi ina kuutoree ngam ndiyam remooɓe gese e dow daande maayo e leydi Tshikotoni. Remooɓe mawɓe ɓee ko leñol Mukwevho, leñol Dzuguda, leñol Phupheli, leñol Nekhumbe, leñol Chauke, leñol Nethononda, leñol Mufamadi, leñol Ndou dza Manenzhe, leñol Luranga e leñol Langanda (ngesa maɓɓe ina anndiranoo Galauvhe). Yanti heen, maayo Luphephe ina rokka remooɓe gese ndiyam e daande maayo Helula 2. Gese ko wayi no kaaƴe, gawri, ñebbe, ñebbe, mangooji e banaana ina ndema toon gila e yontaaji keewɗi. Leñol Mathukha/Marubini, leñol Phupheli (ngesa maɓɓe ina wiyee Makhothoni), leñol Madumi, leñol Kwinda la ha Tshirundu, leñol Netshishangane, leñol Manenzhe e leñol Mukwevho ko remooɓe ɓurɓe heewde e leydi Helula 2. Leñol Mukwevho e leñol Manenzhe kadi ina njula beeli e nder luumooji ngenndiiji e hakkunde leyɗeele so tawii ɓe mooftii geɗe moƴƴe e kitaale 1980. Nguurndam ina waɗi mbaawka heɓde geɗe baawɗe wonde fof ngam waawde huutoraade koye mum en e galle mum en. Rewɓe e sukaaɓe rewɓe to Tshikotoni, Helula 2 e Gumela ina kuutoroo maayo Luphephe ngam ƴettude ndiyam ngam ñaamde e nder galleeji. Kadi ɓe lootata ko ɓuuɓri e comci maɓɓe to maayo Luphephe duuɓi keewɗi. Worɓe e sukaaɓe tokosɓe ina kuutoroo maayo ngoo ngam nanngude liɗɗi ngam wuurde e lummbaade. === Sifaa ndiyam Nwanedi === Nde basin oo udditaa e yaasi nokku restoraaji Nwanedi e les njiimaandi falnde sakkitiinde hakkunde tule, maayo ngoo ina rokka ndiyam ngam remde gese e njulaagu e nder wuro Folovhodwe. Koolol Folovhodwe sosaa ko e hitaande 1986 ngam jibinde ƴiye mango e sitrus ngam ƴellitde Venda ndeen, to fuɗnaange Soutpansberg, e yaltinde leɗɗe ɗe ngalaa ñawu e leyɗeele hoɗdiiɓe.[15] Kosam ɗam ina rokka kadi ndiyam ngam ndema jawdi e ndema gese to Fedde Jeyi leydi Nwanedi (Fedde Jeyi leydi Nwanedi sosaa ko caggal nde ɗaɓɓaande leydi ngam renndinde e yoɓde). Renndooji ɗi ina mbaɗi Folovhodwe, Tshikhudini, Tanda, e Tshiphale. Nokku oo ina jeyaa e peeje ndiyam Nwanedi tawaaɗe to fuɗnaange koɗli Soutpansberg, fotde 40 Kilomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Tshipise e nder diiwaan Vhembe e nder diiwaan Limpopo, Afrik worgo. Nwanedi Irrigation scheme ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 300 remoowo tokooso, ɓe ndemata ko leɗɗe ndiyam ko ɓuri heewde ko tomateeji. Remooɓe ina ƴetta ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam e maayo hee tawa ina kuutoroo mbaydi ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.[16] Irrigaasiyoŋ toɓo ko jillondiral ngam hisnude ndiyam e ƴellitaare ɓurnde heewde ina ɓeyda ko famɗi fof 50% e kuutoragol ndiyam, ƴellitaare e nder yuɓɓo ndiyam, kadi ina waɗa ɗum karallaagal ɓurngal mawnude e nder caɗeele winndereyankooje ngam moƴƴinde peewnugol gese e nder caɗeele ndiyam mawɗe.[17] Ko vuri heewde e terɗe eɓɓaande ndee ina peewna fotde 100 ton tomateer e nder neɗɗo gooto e hektaar gooto walla 1000 kaaree (1000m2). Ko ɓuri heewde e remooɓe ina njogii hakkunde 10 e 100 hactor e ɓe peewna ko ɓuri heewde ko ngam yeeyde.[18] Won cazeele ŋakkeende ndiyam ko wayi no ustude ndiyam rewrude e vursugol toowngol e tuubaaji vursugol ; nguleeki toowki addanoowo ndiyam toowɗam ɓuuɓde e maayo e ɓuuɓde e gese ; pottital ndiyam hakkunde remooɓe e huutortooɓe nder galleeji ina addana ɗum en luural e ŋakkeende potal ndiyam sabu remooɓe wonɓe e wutte les maayo ngoo ina keɓa ndiyam seeɗa walla hay dara so ndiyam maayo ngoo ina ustoo.[19] Hakindo hitaande kala [[evapotranspiraasiyoŋ]] ko 1400 mm. Temperaaji ina ceerti gila e lewru ɓurndu heewde e ɓurndu famɗude ko 33,52 e 21,30 degere Celsius e lewru feebariyee haa 25,6 e 8,6 degere Celsius e lewru Siilo.[20] Kono noon, Nwanedi irrigation Scheme hollirii laabi vurzi waawde reentaade to senngo gese ina heen veydude ndiyam maayo e tovo ngo wonnoo ko salinirde leydi wonaa cazeele ; ndiyam jamma so tawii ɓuuɓri e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri ina famɗi ; ustude nokkuuji ndema ngam heɓde mbaawka ndiyam maayo ; aawde gese ɗe yooro waawata heɓde ngam ustude kuutoragol ndiyam e sahaa nguleeki.[21] === Nafoore Ekolosii === Njeñtudi wizto 2007 hollirii, vursugol toowngol maayo Luphephe e maayo Nwanedi fof ina hiisee wonde ina jogii nafoore e senngooji ekolosii toowzi (EIS), tawi noon les vursugol Nwanedzi/baraas Luphephe ngol EIS ko Moderate. Ko ɓuri heewde ko sabu feccere mawnde e ɓuuɓri toowndi ndii ina fadi haa e nder nokkuuji taariindi Nwanedi, tawi noon e nder weeyo Limpopo, ina rewi e nokkuuji taariindi keertiiɗi walla e nder gese jawdi.[22] So en teskiima batte e diwooje nder ndee zoo zoo zoo zoo ina njokki e duuvi keewzi, ina sikkaa wonde ngonka zoo zoo zoo ina waawi waylude no feewi e nder yontaaji garooji.[23] EIS ko maande tolno ndeenka maayo ngoo foti heɓde. Maanaa toowɗo ina foti reeneede haa wonta ngonka naftoraaka walla moƴƴa e les, firti ko ina famɗi nafoore reende walla ina jogii batte tawo e wonde ngalu nguu ina waawi ɓeydaade huutoreede.[24] === Turismo === Ekoturism ko feccere e yah-ngartaa jowitiingal e tago, ina hirjina weltaare yaajnde tawa ina wallita e reende e hisnude nokkuuji.[25] Agritourism ko sifaa gollorde njulaagu jokkondirnde e peewnugol ndema e/walla njulaagu e turism ngam dañde njilluuji e nder ngesa, e nder njulaagu, walla e nder njulaagu ndema goɗɗo ngam weltinde walla jannginde njilluuji ɗii tawa ina heɓa ngalu wonande ngesa, njulaagu, walla joom njulaagu. Skeemaaji turism-agrariyankooji renndo Nwanedi e leyɗeele ndema goɗɗe tuugiiɗe e toɓo ko golle laddeeji denndaaɗe.[26] Hiisiwal ngal hollitii wonde kominaaji Musina ina naftoroo jogaade nokkuuji turism keewɗi. Ina jeyaa heen nokku restoraaji Nwanedi e nokku restoraaji, nokku restoraaji Sagole Big Tree e nokku hoɗorde leɗɗe mawɗe.[27] Nokkuuji cuɓaaɗi ɗii (Folovhodwe, Gumela, Tshipise e Zwigodini) ina njokkondiri kadi e nokkuuji reentorɗi ɗii, ko wayi no baraasuuji Luphephe/Nwanedi[28]. Reserve nature Nwanedi, e resort ina mbayli seeɗa e laabi dogginde golle mum en e waylooji ɗi njiyataa, e turism ina naftoroo renndooji nokkuuji ɗii.[29] E nder ɗuum, gure teeru ɓuri moƴƴude e nokkuuji turism, gila e adventure, pinal, leƴƴi e ekoturism, e ko nanndi heen. Kono noon, laabi saraaji gure Folovhodwe e Gumela ina poti toppiteede ko yaawi ngam ɓeydude ƴellitaare turism e nder gollorɗe nokkuuje ɗee e nder nokkuuji restoraaji Nwanedi, e resort.[30] Nde turismaaɓe ngari e winndere ndee kala e lewru Duujal 2002 ngam seedaade geɗe lewru e nder Afrik worgo,[31] nokku restoraaji Nwanedi, e resort ina jeyaa e nokkuuji yiylotooɗi naange e nder wuro Musina e nder diiwaan Vhembe, e nder diiwaan Limpopo, Afrik worgo. == Tuugnorgal == p92nnhd1kikbjfb6pnp2pjsasyfh6ou 174560 174559 2026-06-19T11:00:21Z Nnamadee 11577 174560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maayo Luphephe''' ummotoo ko e nokku Guyuni, to fuɗnaange Thohoyandou, ngam hawrude e maayo Nwanedi nder nokku keeriiɗo e nokku ɓuuɓɗo Nwanedi, waɗta ɗum baraaji Nwanedi – Luphephe. Ɗoon e ɗoon les ɓuuɓol ngol, maayo Nwanedi ina jokki e ɓuuɓde haa ɓurti keeri ɓuuɓol ngol rewrude e laawol ɓuuɓngol e nder weeyo Limpopo ɗo ngol hawri e maayo Limpopo. Maayo Luphehe e ɓulli mum ina ndokka ndiyam ndema, kullon ladde, e yimɓe hoɗɓe e nder maayo Limpopo. Reservoir e resort Nwanedi ina mbayli seeɗa e laabi dogginde sarwisaaji mum en e mbayliigu ngu yiyataa, kadi turism ina naftoroo renndooji koɗdiiɗi ɗii. Sabu ɗuum, teeru ina wonta cuɓagol ɓurngol moƴƴude wonande nokkuuji turism, gila e adventure, pinal, leƴƴi e ekoturism, so en limtii heen seeɗa. Kosam toowɗam maayo Luphephe e Nwanedi fof tawaama ina jogii nafoore mawnde ekolosii e sensitiviteeji. Nii woni wonta huunde himmunde ngam reende ɓulli toowɗi ɗii e nder ngonka naftoraaka walla moƴƴa. == Ɓawo == === Feccere fuɗɗorde maayo ngoo === Maayo Luphephe ko maayo mawngo duumotoongo e maayo Nwanedi e nder wuro Musina, wuro diiwaan Vhembe e nder diiwaan Limpopo, Afrik worgo. Iwdi mayre woni ko e leegal Guyuni/Dzumbama/Tshitandani/Tshamulungwi hedde 10 km hade mum hawrude e maayo Nwanedi e nokku mum toowɗo. Nokku toowɗo maayo Luphephe ina waawi fecceede e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi Waterfall to Mountain ɗi tawaaɗi e nder ndeeɗoo maayo fof. Zone source fuɗɗotoo ko e tooweeki 976 meeter, njuuteendi mum ko hedde kiloomeeteer gooto. Zone torrent Waterfall to Mountain ina ilna hakkunde 915 e 610 meeteer dow koye maayo dow ŋoral tokosal e ŋoral ɓuuɓngal. Substratum maayo ngoo fof ɓuri heewde ko sifaa kaaƴe, ina waɗi kaaƴe, kaaƴe e kaaƴe mawɗe. Sahaa e sahaa fof ɓuuɓri ceene ina waɗa.<ref>Mokgalong 1981:10</ref> Ko adii nde naatata e nokku keso Nwanedi, e resort nde hawrata e maayo Savhani. Maayo Savhani fuɗɗotoo ko e Gwangwatini, rewa Ngalavhani, Tshitanje, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, e Tshikotoni (anndiraango Manzhenge). E dow maayo Luphephe ina waɗi nokkuuji ndema haa e daande maayo [2] renndooji taariiɗi ɗii. Maayo Luphephe ina hawra e maayo Nwanedi nder nokku keeriiɗo Nwanedi, e resort, ina waɗa baraasuuji Nwanedi – Luphephe. === Feccere hakkundeere maayo ngo === E hitaande 1964, e dow ɗaɓɓaande Yiilirde ndiyam Nwanedi, Departemaa Geɗe Ndiyam mahii baraas Luphephe e baraas Nwanedi, gooto e dow kala maayo Luphephe e maayo Nwanedi,[3] ngam ndiyam. Koɗorɗe arc dam Luphephe ina njogii 39 meeteer toowɗo, ina njogii 14 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo. Koɗorɗe arc dam Nwanedi ina njogii 36 meeteer toowɗo, ina njogii 5 310 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo. Baraaji ɗiɗi ɗii e saraaji mum en fotde 9000 ektaar, kolliraama ko nokkuuji restoraaji Nwanedi e hitaande 1979.[4] E fuɗɗoode ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam Luphephe hawri ko e Nwanedi to nokku les njiimaandi baraas hannde oo kono e mahngo baraasuuji e dow maayooji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ngonka kaa wayliima seeɗa sabu jooni ina woodi kanndaa 2,5 meeter luggiɗiiɗo jokkondirɗo e ɓulli ndiyam ɗiɗi ɗii ko ina wona 100 meeteruuji e dow maayooji ɗii fof. Dame ɓuuɓɗe gonɗe e baraasuuji ɗii fof ina kuutoree ngam reentaade tolno ndiyam, e jogaade doole ndiyam les haa e nder weendu wooturu. Fotde 500 meeter dow maayo baraaji Nwanedi/Luphephe ina woodi ponto beton tokooso les, ina taƴa maayo ngoo,[6] ummoraade e damal naatgol Gumela. Heen sahaaji ina heɓa ilam e ɓuuɓde njaareendi dow pont oo.[7] === Feccere cakkitiinde maayo ngoo === Maayo ngoo ina jokki e bannge worgo, ina rewi e ŋoral Limpopo. Ko ɗoon ladde Limpopo ndee udditaa e yaasi nokku restoraaji Nwanedi e les njiimaandi falnde sakkitiinde hakkunde tule, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko maadi kaaƴe ɓutte e maayo ina rewi heen.[8] Maayo ngo yahrata ko e baraas Cross (renndo Muswodi Tshisimani ina noddira baraas Cross Gondoza) ko ɗum woni e nder les njiimaandi.[9] Dam Cross oo mahaa ko ngam rokkude ndiyam ngam ilnude gese ndema, remde jawdi, remde jawdi e koɗkiiji laddeeji koɗdiiɗi ɗii.[10] Ɗoon e ɗoon les njiimaandi Cross Dam e nder falnde ɗo ndiyam ɗam ɓuri yaajde ko 3 haa 6 m, ina woodi ŋoral ɗo laawol tar Tshipise/Pafuri taƴata maayo Nwanedi.[11] Maayo ngo ina yahra haa ngo hawri e maayo Limpopo to nokku kilooji sappo to fuɗnaange Malaladrift,[12] to keeri Zimbaabwee to tooweeki 340 meeteer. Maayo ngoo fof ina woni e nder nokkuuji njuvvudi ndiyam Limpopo, ina woni e nder nokkuuji vurzi waawde wonde e 1136 km2 e 24,5 10 (6)M3 e nder yontere nde. Baraaji Nwanedi – Luphephe ko baraasuuji tan Afrik worgo maantinɗi e nder weendu nduu.[13] == Nafoore faggudu/ekolosii == === Ndema e nguurndam === Demal ina hawra e peewnugol gese e jawdi, ndema ndiyam, e laddeeji ngam nguura e geɗe ɗe ngonaa nguura. Renndooji hoɗɓe e maayo ngo ina kuutoroo maayo Luphephe ngam lootde comci, ɓuuɓnude gese e jogaade jawdi,[14] e ko nanndi heen. To bannge maayo Luphephe mawngo, vursugol vursugol ngol ta/aama e nder leydi ndi vursugol ndiyam ngol vursata ngam diwde jawdi. Dippol ngol waɗiraa ko laawol ɓuuɓngol ngol daabaaji ɗii njahata, ina ɓuuɓna ɗum en e ndiyam ɓurɗam luggiɗde haa daaba oo ɓuuɓtoo haa laaɓa. Kanaal oo mahiraa ko e hitaande 1927 e leydi Tshikotoni. Renndooji Tshitanzhe, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, Tshikotoni e Tshitandani ina keewi diwde toon jawdi mum en kala jonte ɗiɗi fuɗɗoraade waktuuji jeeɗiɗi haa duuɓi seeɗa caggal fajiri demokaraasi e hitaande 1994. Laabi furrow ɗii kadi ina kuutoree ngam ndiyam remooɓe gese e dow daande maayo e leydi Tshikotoni. Remooɓe mawɓe ɓee ko leñol Mukwevho, leñol Dzuguda, leñol Phupheli, leñol Nekhumbe, leñol Chauke, leñol Nethononda, leñol Mufamadi, leñol Ndou dza Manenzhe, leñol Luranga e leñol Langanda (ngesa maɓɓe ina anndiranoo Galauvhe). Yanti heen, maayo Luphephe ina rokka remooɓe gese ndiyam e daande maayo Helula 2. Gese ko wayi no kaaƴe, gawri, ñebbe, ñebbe, mangooji e banaana ina ndema toon gila e yontaaji keewɗi. Leñol Mathukha/Marubini, leñol Phupheli (ngesa maɓɓe ina wiyee Makhothoni), leñol Madumi, leñol Kwinda la ha Tshirundu, leñol Netshishangane, leñol Manenzhe e leñol Mukwevho ko remooɓe ɓurɓe heewde e leydi Helula 2. Leñol Mukwevho e leñol Manenzhe kadi ina njula beeli e nder luumooji ngenndiiji e hakkunde leyɗeele so tawii ɓe mooftii geɗe moƴƴe e kitaale 1980. Nguurndam ina waɗi mbaawka heɓde geɗe baawɗe wonde fof ngam waawde huutoraade koye mum en e galle mum en. Rewɓe e sukaaɓe rewɓe to Tshikotoni, Helula 2 e Gumela ina kuutoroo maayo Luphephe ngam ƴettude ndiyam ngam ñaamde e nder galleeji. Kadi ɓe lootata ko ɓuuɓri e comci maɓɓe to maayo Luphephe duuɓi keewɗi. Worɓe e sukaaɓe tokosɓe ina kuutoroo maayo ngoo ngam nanngude liɗɗi ngam wuurde e lummbaade. === Sifaa ndiyam Nwanedi === Nde basin oo udditaa e yaasi nokku restoraaji Nwanedi e les njiimaandi falnde sakkitiinde hakkunde tule, maayo ngoo ina rokka ndiyam ngam remde gese e njulaagu e nder wuro Folovhodwe. Koolol Folovhodwe sosaa ko e hitaande 1986 ngam jibinde ƴiye mango e sitrus ngam ƴellitde Venda ndeen, to fuɗnaange Soutpansberg, e yaltinde leɗɗe ɗe ngalaa ñawu e leyɗeele hoɗdiiɓe.[15] Kosam ɗam ina rokka kadi ndiyam ngam ndema jawdi e ndema gese to Fedde Jeyi leydi Nwanedi (Fedde Jeyi leydi Nwanedi sosaa ko caggal nde ɗaɓɓaande leydi ngam renndinde e yoɓde). Renndooji ɗi ina mbaɗi Folovhodwe, Tshikhudini, Tanda, e Tshiphale. Nokku oo ina jeyaa e peeje ndiyam Nwanedi tawaaɗe to fuɗnaange koɗli Soutpansberg, fotde 40 Kilomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Tshipise e nder diiwaan Vhembe e nder diiwaan Limpopo, Afrik worgo. Nwanedi Irrigation scheme ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 300 remoowo tokooso, ɓe ndemata ko leɗɗe ndiyam ko ɓuri heewde ko tomateeji. Remooɓe ina ƴetta ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam e maayo hee tawa ina kuutoroo mbaydi ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.[16] Irrigaasiyoŋ toɓo ko jillondiral ngam hisnude ndiyam e ƴellitaare ɓurnde heewde ina ɓeyda ko famɗi fof 50% e kuutoragol ndiyam, ƴellitaare e nder yuɓɓo ndiyam, kadi ina waɗa ɗum karallaagal ɓurngal mawnude e nder caɗeele winndereyankooje ngam moƴƴinde peewnugol gese e nder caɗeele ndiyam mawɗe.[17] Ko vuri heewde e terɗe eɓɓaande ndee ina peewna fotde 100 ton tomateer e nder neɗɗo gooto e hektaar gooto walla 1000 kaaree (1000m2). Ko ɓuri heewde e remooɓe ina njogii hakkunde 10 e 100 hactor e ɓe peewna ko ɓuri heewde ko ngam yeeyde.[18] Won cazeele ŋakkeende ndiyam ko wayi no ustude ndiyam rewrude e vursugol toowngol e tuubaaji vursugol ; nguleeki toowki addanoowo ndiyam toowɗam ɓuuɓde e maayo e ɓuuɓde e gese ; pottital ndiyam hakkunde remooɓe e huutortooɓe nder galleeji ina addana ɗum en luural e ŋakkeende potal ndiyam sabu remooɓe wonɓe e wutte les maayo ngoo ina keɓa ndiyam seeɗa walla hay dara so ndiyam maayo ngoo ina ustoo.[19] Hakindo hitaande kala [[evapotranspiraasiyoŋ]] ko 1400 mm. Temperaaji ina ceerti gila e lewru ɓurndu heewde e ɓurndu famɗude ko 33,52 e 21,30 degere Celsius e lewru feebariyee haa 25,6 e 8,6 degere Celsius e lewru Siilo.[20] Kono noon, Nwanedi irrigation Scheme hollirii laabi vurzi waawde reentaade to senngo gese ina heen veydude ndiyam maayo e tovo ngo wonnoo ko salinirde leydi wonaa cazeele ; ndiyam jamma so tawii ɓuuɓri e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri ina famɗi ; ustude nokkuuji ndema ngam heɓde mbaawka ndiyam maayo ; aawde gese ɗe yooro waawata heɓde ngam ustude kuutoragol ndiyam e sahaa nguleeki.[21] === Nafoore Ekolosii === Njeñtudi wizto 2007 hollirii, vursugol toowngol maayo Luphephe e maayo Nwanedi fof ina hiisee wonde ina jogii nafoore e senngooji ekolosii toowzi (EIS), tawi noon les vursugol Nwanedzi/baraas Luphephe ngol EIS ko Moderate. Ko ɓuri heewde ko sabu feccere mawnde e ɓuuɓri toowndi ndii ina fadi haa e nder nokkuuji taariindi Nwanedi, tawi noon e nder weeyo Limpopo, ina rewi e nokkuuji taariindi keertiiɗi walla e nder gese jawdi.[22] So en teskiima batte e diwooje nder ndee zoo zoo zoo zoo ina njokki e duuvi keewzi, ina sikkaa wonde ngonka zoo zoo zoo ina waawi waylude no feewi e nder yontaaji garooji.[23] EIS ko maande tolno ndeenka maayo ngoo foti heɓde. Maanaa toowɗo ina foti reeneede haa wonta ngonka naftoraaka walla moƴƴa e les, firti ko ina famɗi nafoore reende walla ina jogii batte tawo e wonde ngalu nguu ina waawi ɓeydaade huutoreede.[24] === Turismo === Ekoturism ko feccere e yah-ngartaa jowitiingal e tago, ina hirjina weltaare yaajnde tawa ina wallita e reende e hisnude nokkuuji.[25] Agritourism ko sifaa gollorde njulaagu jokkondirnde e peewnugol ndema e/walla njulaagu e turism ngam dañde njilluuji e nder ngesa, e nder njulaagu, walla e nder njulaagu ndema goɗɗo ngam weltinde walla jannginde njilluuji ɗii tawa ina heɓa ngalu wonande ngesa, njulaagu, walla joom njulaagu. Skeemaaji turism-agrariyankooji renndo Nwanedi e leyɗeele ndema goɗɗe tuugiiɗe e toɓo ko golle laddeeji denndaaɗe.[26] Hiisiwal ngal hollitii wonde kominaaji Musina ina naftoroo jogaade nokkuuji turism keewɗi. Ina jeyaa heen nokku restoraaji Nwanedi e nokku restoraaji, nokku restoraaji Sagole Big Tree e nokku hoɗorde leɗɗe mawɗe.[27] Nokkuuji cuɓaaɗi ɗii (Folovhodwe, Gumela, Tshipise e Zwigodini) ina njokkondiri kadi e nokkuuji reentorɗi ɗii, ko wayi no baraasuuji Luphephe/Nwanedi[28]. Reserve nature Nwanedi, e resort ina mbayli seeɗa e laabi dogginde golle mum en e waylooji ɗi njiyataa, e turism ina naftoroo renndooji nokkuuji ɗii.[29] E nder ɗuum, gure teeru ɓuri moƴƴude e nokkuuji turism, gila e adventure, pinal, leƴƴi e ekoturism, e ko nanndi heen. Kono noon, laabi saraaji gure Folovhodwe e Gumela ina poti toppiteede ko yaawi ngam ɓeydude ƴellitaare turism e nder gollorɗe nokkuuje ɗee e nder nokkuuji restoraaji Nwanedi, e resort.[30] Nde turismaaɓe ngari e winndere ndee kala e lewru Duujal 2002 ngam seedaade geɗe lewru e nder Afrik worgo,[31] nokku restoraaji Nwanedi, e resort ina jeyaa e nokkuuji yiylotooɗi naange e nder wuro Musina e nder diiwaan Vhembe, e nder diiwaan Limpopo, Afrik worgo. == Tuugnorgal == ibwp5tg2du1e8vanlwzv7xjbz0asz4n 174562 174560 2026-06-19T11:27:13Z Nnamadee 11577 174562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maayo Luphephe''' ummotoo ko e nokku Guyuni, to fuɗnaange Thohoyandou, ngam hawrude e maayo Nwanedi nder nokku keeriiɗo e nokku ɓuuɓɗo Nwanedi, waɗta ɗum baraaji Nwanedi – Luphephe. Ɗoon e ɗoon les ɓuuɓol ngol, maayo Nwanedi ina jokki e ɓuuɓde haa ɓurti keeri ɓuuɓol ngol rewrude e laawol ɓuuɓngol e nder weeyo Limpopo ɗo ngol hawri e maayo Limpopo. Maayo Luphehe e ɓulli mum ina ndokka ndiyam ndema, kullon ladde, e yimɓe hoɗɓe e nder maayo Limpopo. Reservoir e resort Nwanedi ina mbayli seeɗa e laabi dogginde sarwisaaji mum en e mbayliigu ngu yiyataa, kadi turism ina naftoroo renndooji koɗdiiɗi ɗii. Sabu ɗuum, teeru ina wonta cuɓagol ɓurngol moƴƴude wonande nokkuuji turism, gila e adventure, pinal, leƴƴi e ekoturism, so en limtii heen seeɗa. Kosam toowɗam maayo Luphephe e Nwanedi fof tawaama ina jogii nafoore mawnde ekolosii e sensitiviteeji. Nii woni wonta huunde himmunde ngam reende ɓulli toowɗi ɗii e nder ngonka naftoraaka walla moƴƴa. == Ɓawo == === Feccere fuɗɗorde maayo ngoo === Maayo Luphephe ko maayo mawngo duumotoongo e maayo Nwanedi e nder wuro Musina, wuro diiwaan Vhembe e nder diiwaan Limpopo, Afrik worgo. Iwdi mayre woni ko e leegal Guyuni/Dzumbama/Tshitandani/Tshamulungwi hedde 10 km hade mum hawrude e maayo Nwanedi e nokku mum toowɗo. Nokku toowɗo maayo Luphephe ina waawi fecceede e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi Waterfall to Mountain ɗi tawaaɗi e nder ndeeɗoo maayo fof. Zone source fuɗɗotoo ko e tooweeki 976 meeter, njuuteendi mum ko hedde kiloomeeteer gooto. Zone torrent Waterfall to Mountain ina ilna hakkunde 915 e 610 meeteer dow koye maayo dow ŋoral tokosal e ŋoral ɓuuɓngal. Substratum maayo ngoo fof ɓuri heewde ko sifaa kaaƴe, ina waɗi kaaƴe, kaaƴe e kaaƴe mawɗe. Sahaa e sahaa fof ɓuuɓri ceene ina waɗa.<ref>Mokgalong 1981:10</ref> Ko adii nde naatata e nokku keso Nwanedi, e resort nde hawrata e maayo Savhani. Maayo Savhani fuɗɗotoo ko e Gwangwatini, rewa Ngalavhani, Tshitanje, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, e Tshikotoni (anndiraango Manzhenge). E dow maayo Luphephe ina waɗi nokkuuji ndema haa e daande maayo<ref>Angliss 2007:13</ref> renndooji taariiɗi ɗii. Maayo Luphephe ina hawra e maayo Nwanedi nder nokku keeriiɗo Nwanedi, e resort, ina waɗa baraasuuji Nwanedi – Luphephe. === Feccere hakkundeere maayo ngo === E hitaande 1964, e dow ɗaɓɓaande Yiilirde ndiyam Nwanedi, Departemaa Geɗe Ndiyam mahii baraas Luphephe e baraas Nwanedi, gooto e dow kala maayo Luphephe e maayo Nwanedi,[3] ngam ndiyam. Koɗorɗe arc dam Luphephe ina njogii 39 meeteer toowɗo, ina njogii 14 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo. Koɗorɗe arc dam Nwanedi ina njogii 36 meeteer toowɗo, ina njogii 5 310 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo. Baraaji ɗiɗi ɗii e saraaji mum en fotde 9000 ektaar, kolliraama ko nokkuuji restoraaji Nwanedi e hitaande 1979.[4] E fuɗɗoode ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam Luphephe hawri ko e Nwanedi to nokku les njiimaandi baraas hannde oo kono e mahngo baraasuuji e dow maayooji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ngonka kaa wayliima seeɗa sabu jooni ina woodi kanndaa 2,5 meeter luggiɗiiɗo jokkondirɗo e ɓulli ndiyam ɗiɗi ɗii ko ina wona 100 meeteruuji e dow maayooji ɗii fof. Dame ɓuuɓɗe gonɗe e baraasuuji ɗii fof ina kuutoree ngam reentaade tolno ndiyam, e jogaade doole ndiyam les haa e nder weendu wooturu. Fotde 500 meeter dow maayo baraaji Nwanedi/Luphephe ina woodi ponto beton tokooso les, ina taƴa maayo ngoo,[6] ummoraade e damal naatgol Gumela. Heen sahaaji ina heɓa ilam e ɓuuɓde njaareendi dow pont oo.[7] === Feccere cakkitiinde maayo ngoo === Maayo ngoo ina jokki e bannge worgo, ina rewi e ŋoral Limpopo. Ko ɗoon ladde Limpopo ndee udditaa e yaasi nokku restoraaji Nwanedi e les njiimaandi falnde sakkitiinde hakkunde tule, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko maadi kaaƴe ɓutte e maayo ina rewi heen.[8] Maayo ngo yahrata ko e baraas Cross (renndo Muswodi Tshisimani ina noddira baraas Cross Gondoza) ko ɗum woni e nder les njiimaandi.[9] Dam Cross oo mahaa ko ngam rokkude ndiyam ngam ilnude gese ndema, remde jawdi, remde jawdi e koɗkiiji laddeeji koɗdiiɗi ɗii.[10] Ɗoon e ɗoon les njiimaandi Cross Dam e nder falnde ɗo ndiyam ɗam ɓuri yaajde ko 3 haa 6 m, ina woodi ŋoral ɗo laawol tar Tshipise/Pafuri taƴata maayo Nwanedi.[11] Maayo ngo ina yahra haa ngo hawri e maayo Limpopo to nokku kilooji sappo to fuɗnaange Malaladrift,[12] to keeri Zimbaabwee to tooweeki 340 meeteer. Maayo ngoo fof ina woni e nder nokkuuji njuvvudi ndiyam Limpopo, ina woni e nder nokkuuji vurzi waawde wonde e 1136 km2 e 24,5 10 (6)M3 e nder yontere nde. Baraaji Nwanedi – Luphephe ko baraasuuji tan Afrik worgo maantinɗi e nder weendu nduu.[13] == Nafoore faggudu/ekolosii == === Ndema e nguurndam === Demal ina hawra e peewnugol gese e jawdi, ndema ndiyam, e laddeeji ngam nguura e geɗe ɗe ngonaa nguura. Renndooji hoɗɓe e maayo ngo ina kuutoroo maayo Luphephe ngam lootde comci, ɓuuɓnude gese e jogaade jawdi,[14] e ko nanndi heen. To bannge maayo Luphephe mawngo, vursugol vursugol ngol ta/aama e nder leydi ndi vursugol ndiyam ngol vursata ngam diwde jawdi. Dippol ngol waɗiraa ko laawol ɓuuɓngol ngol daabaaji ɗii njahata, ina ɓuuɓna ɗum en e ndiyam ɓurɗam luggiɗde haa daaba oo ɓuuɓtoo haa laaɓa. Kanaal oo mahiraa ko e hitaande 1927 e leydi Tshikotoni. Renndooji Tshitanzhe, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, Tshikotoni e Tshitandani ina keewi diwde toon jawdi mum en kala jonte ɗiɗi fuɗɗoraade waktuuji jeeɗiɗi haa duuɓi seeɗa caggal fajiri demokaraasi e hitaande 1994. Laabi furrow ɗii kadi ina kuutoree ngam ndiyam remooɓe gese e dow daande maayo e leydi Tshikotoni. Remooɓe mawɓe ɓee ko leñol Mukwevho, leñol Dzuguda, leñol Phupheli, leñol Nekhumbe, leñol Chauke, leñol Nethononda, leñol Mufamadi, leñol Ndou dza Manenzhe, leñol Luranga e leñol Langanda (ngesa maɓɓe ina anndiranoo Galauvhe). Yanti heen, maayo Luphephe ina rokka remooɓe gese ndiyam e daande maayo Helula 2. Gese ko wayi no kaaƴe, gawri, ñebbe, ñebbe, mangooji e banaana ina ndema toon gila e yontaaji keewɗi. Leñol Mathukha/Marubini, leñol Phupheli (ngesa maɓɓe ina wiyee Makhothoni), leñol Madumi, leñol Kwinda la ha Tshirundu, leñol Netshishangane, leñol Manenzhe e leñol Mukwevho ko remooɓe ɓurɓe heewde e leydi Helula 2. Leñol Mukwevho e leñol Manenzhe kadi ina njula beeli e nder luumooji ngenndiiji e hakkunde leyɗeele so tawii ɓe mooftii geɗe moƴƴe e kitaale 1980. Nguurndam ina waɗi mbaawka heɓde geɗe baawɗe wonde fof ngam waawde huutoraade koye mum en e galle mum en. Rewɓe e sukaaɓe rewɓe to Tshikotoni, Helula 2 e Gumela ina kuutoroo maayo Luphephe ngam ƴettude ndiyam ngam ñaamde e nder galleeji. Kadi ɓe lootata ko ɓuuɓri e comci maɓɓe to maayo Luphephe duuɓi keewɗi. Worɓe e sukaaɓe tokosɓe ina kuutoroo maayo ngoo ngam nanngude liɗɗi ngam wuurde e lummbaade. === Sifaa ndiyam Nwanedi === Nde basin oo udditaa e yaasi nokku restoraaji Nwanedi e les njiimaandi falnde sakkitiinde hakkunde tule, maayo ngoo ina rokka ndiyam ngam remde gese e njulaagu e nder wuro Folovhodwe. Koolol Folovhodwe sosaa ko e hitaande 1986 ngam jibinde ƴiye mango e sitrus ngam ƴellitde Venda ndeen, to fuɗnaange Soutpansberg, e yaltinde leɗɗe ɗe ngalaa ñawu e leyɗeele hoɗdiiɓe.[15] Kosam ɗam ina rokka kadi ndiyam ngam ndema jawdi e ndema gese to Fedde Jeyi leydi Nwanedi (Fedde Jeyi leydi Nwanedi sosaa ko caggal nde ɗaɓɓaande leydi ngam renndinde e yoɓde). Renndooji ɗi ina mbaɗi Folovhodwe, Tshikhudini, Tanda, e Tshiphale. Nokku oo ina jeyaa e peeje ndiyam Nwanedi tawaaɗe to fuɗnaange koɗli Soutpansberg, fotde 40 Kilomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Tshipise e nder diiwaan Vhembe e nder diiwaan Limpopo, Afrik worgo. Nwanedi Irrigation scheme ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 300 remoowo tokooso, ɓe ndemata ko leɗɗe ndiyam ko ɓuri heewde ko tomateeji. Remooɓe ina ƴetta ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam e maayo hee tawa ina kuutoroo mbaydi ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.[16] Irrigaasiyoŋ toɓo ko jillondiral ngam hisnude ndiyam e ƴellitaare ɓurnde heewde ina ɓeyda ko famɗi fof 50% e kuutoragol ndiyam, ƴellitaare e nder yuɓɓo ndiyam, kadi ina waɗa ɗum karallaagal ɓurngal mawnude e nder caɗeele winndereyankooje ngam moƴƴinde peewnugol gese e nder caɗeele ndiyam mawɗe.[17] Ko vuri heewde e terɗe eɓɓaande ndee ina peewna fotde 100 ton tomateer e nder neɗɗo gooto e hektaar gooto walla 1000 kaaree (1000m2). Ko ɓuri heewde e remooɓe ina njogii hakkunde 10 e 100 hactor e ɓe peewna ko ɓuri heewde ko ngam yeeyde.[18] Won cazeele ŋakkeende ndiyam ko wayi no ustude ndiyam rewrude e vursugol toowngol e tuubaaji vursugol ; nguleeki toowki addanoowo ndiyam toowɗam ɓuuɓde e maayo e ɓuuɓde e gese ; pottital ndiyam hakkunde remooɓe e huutortooɓe nder galleeji ina addana ɗum en luural e ŋakkeende potal ndiyam sabu remooɓe wonɓe e wutte les maayo ngoo ina keɓa ndiyam seeɗa walla hay dara so ndiyam maayo ngoo ina ustoo.[19] Hakindo hitaande kala [[evapotranspiraasiyoŋ]] ko 1400 mm. Temperaaji ina ceerti gila e lewru ɓurndu heewde e ɓurndu famɗude ko 33,52 e 21,30 degere Celsius e lewru feebariyee haa 25,6 e 8,6 degere Celsius e lewru Siilo.[20] Kono noon, Nwanedi irrigation Scheme hollirii laabi vurzi waawde reentaade to senngo gese ina heen veydude ndiyam maayo e tovo ngo wonnoo ko salinirde leydi wonaa cazeele ; ndiyam jamma so tawii ɓuuɓri e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri ina famɗi ; ustude nokkuuji ndema ngam heɓde mbaawka ndiyam maayo ; aawde gese ɗe yooro waawata heɓde ngam ustude kuutoragol ndiyam e sahaa nguleeki.[21] === Nafoore Ekolosii === Njeñtudi wizto 2007 hollirii, vursugol toowngol maayo Luphephe e maayo Nwanedi fof ina hiisee wonde ina jogii nafoore e senngooji ekolosii toowzi (EIS), tawi noon les vursugol Nwanedzi/baraas Luphephe ngol EIS ko Moderate. Ko ɓuri heewde ko sabu feccere mawnde e ɓuuɓri toowndi ndii ina fadi haa e nder nokkuuji taariindi Nwanedi, tawi noon e nder weeyo Limpopo, ina rewi e nokkuuji taariindi keertiiɗi walla e nder gese jawdi.[22] So en teskiima batte e diwooje nder ndee zoo zoo zoo zoo ina njokki e duuvi keewzi, ina sikkaa wonde ngonka zoo zoo zoo ina waawi waylude no feewi e nder yontaaji garooji.[23] EIS ko maande tolno ndeenka maayo ngoo foti heɓde. Maanaa toowɗo ina foti reeneede haa wonta ngonka naftoraaka walla moƴƴa e les, firti ko ina famɗi nafoore reende walla ina jogii batte tawo e wonde ngalu nguu ina waawi ɓeydaade huutoreede.[24] === Turismo === Ekoturism ko feccere e yah-ngartaa jowitiingal e tago, ina hirjina weltaare yaajnde tawa ina wallita e reende e hisnude nokkuuji.[25] Agritourism ko sifaa gollorde njulaagu jokkondirnde e peewnugol ndema e/walla njulaagu e turism ngam dañde njilluuji e nder ngesa, e nder njulaagu, walla e nder njulaagu ndema goɗɗo ngam weltinde walla jannginde njilluuji ɗii tawa ina heɓa ngalu wonande ngesa, njulaagu, walla joom njulaagu. Skeemaaji turism-agrariyankooji renndo Nwanedi e leyɗeele ndema goɗɗe tuugiiɗe e toɓo ko golle laddeeji denndaaɗe.[26] Hiisiwal ngal hollitii wonde kominaaji Musina ina naftoroo jogaade nokkuuji turism keewɗi. Ina jeyaa heen nokku restoraaji Nwanedi e nokku restoraaji, nokku restoraaji Sagole Big Tree e nokku hoɗorde leɗɗe mawɗe.[27] Nokkuuji cuɓaaɗi ɗii (Folovhodwe, Gumela, Tshipise e Zwigodini) ina njokkondiri kadi e nokkuuji reentorɗi ɗii, ko wayi no baraasuuji Luphephe/Nwanedi[28]. Reserve nature Nwanedi, e resort ina mbayli seeɗa e laabi dogginde golle mum en e waylooji ɗi njiyataa, e turism ina naftoroo renndooji nokkuuji ɗii.[29] E nder ɗuum, gure teeru ɓuri moƴƴude e nokkuuji turism, gila e adventure, pinal, leƴƴi e ekoturism, e ko nanndi heen. Kono noon, laabi saraaji gure Folovhodwe e Gumela ina poti toppiteede ko yaawi ngam ɓeydude ƴellitaare turism e nder gollorɗe nokkuuje ɗee e nder nokkuuji restoraaji Nwanedi, e resort.[30] Nde turismaaɓe ngari e winndere ndee kala e lewru Duujal 2002 ngam seedaade geɗe lewru e nder Afrik worgo,[31] nokku restoraaji Nwanedi, e resort ina jeyaa e nokkuuji yiylotooɗi naange e nder wuro Musina e nder diiwaan Vhembe, e nder diiwaan Limpopo, Afrik worgo. == Tuugnorgal == a6v4sgpshdnkhybw1gszislnd5ui62r 174563 174562 2026-06-19T11:28:03Z Nnamadee 11577 174563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maayo Luphephe''' ummotoo ko e nokku Guyuni, to fuɗnaange Thohoyandou, ngam hawrude e maayo Nwanedi nder nokku keeriiɗo e nokku ɓuuɓɗo Nwanedi, waɗta ɗum baraaji Nwanedi – Luphephe. Ɗoon e ɗoon les ɓuuɓol ngol, maayo Nwanedi ina jokki e ɓuuɓde haa ɓurti keeri ɓuuɓol ngol rewrude e laawol ɓuuɓngol e nder weeyo Limpopo ɗo ngol hawri e maayo Limpopo. Maayo Luphehe e ɓulli mum ina ndokka ndiyam ndema, kullon ladde, e yimɓe hoɗɓe e nder maayo Limpopo. Reservoir e resort Nwanedi ina mbayli seeɗa e laabi dogginde sarwisaaji mum en e mbayliigu ngu yiyataa, kadi turism ina naftoroo renndooji koɗdiiɗi ɗii. Sabu ɗuum, teeru ina wonta cuɓagol ɓurngol moƴƴude wonande nokkuuji turism, gila e adventure, pinal, leƴƴi e ekoturism, so en limtii heen seeɗa. Kosam toowɗam maayo Luphephe e Nwanedi fof tawaama ina jogii nafoore mawnde ekolosii e sensitiviteeji. Nii woni wonta huunde himmunde ngam reende ɓulli toowɗi ɗii e nder ngonka naftoraaka walla moƴƴa. == Ɓawo == === Feccere fuɗɗorde maayo ngoo === Maayo Luphephe ko maayo mawngo duumotoongo e maayo Nwanedi e nder wuro Musina, wuro diiwaan Vhembe e nder diiwaan Limpopo, Afrik worgo. Iwdi mayre woni ko e leegal Guyuni/Dzumbama/Tshitandani/Tshamulungwi hedde 10 km hade mum hawrude e maayo Nwanedi e nokku mum toowɗo. Nokku toowɗo maayo Luphephe ina waawi fecceede e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi Waterfall to Mountain ɗi tawaaɗi e nder ndeeɗoo maayo fof. Zone source fuɗɗotoo ko e tooweeki 976 meeter, njuuteendi mum ko hedde kiloomeeteer gooto. Zone torrent Waterfall to Mountain ina ilna hakkunde 915 e 610 meeteer dow koye maayo dow ŋoral tokosal e ŋoral ɓuuɓngal. Substratum maayo ngoo fof ɓuri heewde ko sifaa kaaƴe, ina waɗi kaaƴe, kaaƴe e kaaƴe mawɗe. Sahaa e sahaa fof ɓuuɓri ceene ina waɗa.<ref>Mokgalong 1981:10</ref> Ko adii nde naatata e nokku keso Nwanedi, e resort nde hawrata e maayo Savhani. Maayo Savhani fuɗɗotoo ko e Gwangwatini, rewa Ngalavhani, Tshitanje, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, e Tshikotoni (anndiraango Manzhenge). E dow maayo Luphephe ina waɗi nokkuuji ndema haa e daande maayo<ref>Angliss 2007:13</ref> renndooji taariiɗi ɗii. Maayo Luphephe ina hawra e maayo Nwanedi nder nokku keeriiɗo Nwanedi, e resort, ina waɗa baraasuuji Nwanedi – Luphephe. === Feccere hakkundeere maayo ngo === E hitaande 1964, e dow ɗaɓɓaande Yiilirde ndiyam Nwanedi, Departemaa Geɗe Ndiyam mahii baraas Luphephe e baraas Nwanedi, gooto e dow kala maayo Luphephe e maayo Nwanedi,<ref>Mokgalong 1981:3</ref> ngam ndiyam. Koɗorɗe arc dam Luphephe ina njogii 39 meeteer toowɗo, ina njogii 14 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo. Koɗorɗe arc dam Nwanedi ina njogii 36 meeteer toowɗo, ina njogii 5 310 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo. Baraaji ɗiɗi ɗii e saraaji mum en fotde 9000 ektaar, kolliraama ko nokkuuji restoraaji Nwanedi e hitaande 1979.[4] E fuɗɗoode ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam Luphephe hawri ko e Nwanedi to nokku les njiimaandi baraas hannde oo kono e mahngo baraasuuji e dow maayooji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ngonka kaa wayliima seeɗa sabu jooni ina woodi kanndaa 2,5 meeter luggiɗiiɗo jokkondirɗo e ɓulli ndiyam ɗiɗi ɗii ko ina wona 100 meeteruuji e dow maayooji ɗii fof. Dame ɓuuɓɗe gonɗe e baraasuuji ɗii fof ina kuutoree ngam reentaade tolno ndiyam, e jogaade doole ndiyam les haa e nder weendu wooturu. Fotde 500 meeter dow maayo baraaji Nwanedi/Luphephe ina woodi ponto beton tokooso les, ina taƴa maayo ngoo,[6] ummoraade e damal naatgol Gumela. Heen sahaaji ina heɓa ilam e ɓuuɓde njaareendi dow pont oo.[7] === Feccere cakkitiinde maayo ngoo === Maayo ngoo ina jokki e bannge worgo, ina rewi e ŋoral Limpopo. Ko ɗoon ladde Limpopo ndee udditaa e yaasi nokku restoraaji Nwanedi e les njiimaandi falnde sakkitiinde hakkunde tule, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko maadi kaaƴe ɓutte e maayo ina rewi heen.[8] Maayo ngo yahrata ko e baraas Cross (renndo Muswodi Tshisimani ina noddira baraas Cross Gondoza) ko ɗum woni e nder les njiimaandi.[9] Dam Cross oo mahaa ko ngam rokkude ndiyam ngam ilnude gese ndema, remde jawdi, remde jawdi e koɗkiiji laddeeji koɗdiiɗi ɗii.[10] Ɗoon e ɗoon les njiimaandi Cross Dam e nder falnde ɗo ndiyam ɗam ɓuri yaajde ko 3 haa 6 m, ina woodi ŋoral ɗo laawol tar Tshipise/Pafuri taƴata maayo Nwanedi.[11] Maayo ngo ina yahra haa ngo hawri e maayo Limpopo to nokku kilooji sappo to fuɗnaange Malaladrift,[12] to keeri Zimbaabwee to tooweeki 340 meeteer. Maayo ngoo fof ina woni e nder nokkuuji njuvvudi ndiyam Limpopo, ina woni e nder nokkuuji vurzi waawde wonde e 1136 km2 e 24,5 10 (6)M3 e nder yontere nde. Baraaji Nwanedi – Luphephe ko baraasuuji tan Afrik worgo maantinɗi e nder weendu nduu.[13] == Nafoore faggudu/ekolosii == === Ndema e nguurndam === Demal ina hawra e peewnugol gese e jawdi, ndema ndiyam, e laddeeji ngam nguura e geɗe ɗe ngonaa nguura. Renndooji hoɗɓe e maayo ngo ina kuutoroo maayo Luphephe ngam lootde comci, ɓuuɓnude gese e jogaade jawdi,[14] e ko nanndi heen. To bannge maayo Luphephe mawngo, vursugol vursugol ngol ta/aama e nder leydi ndi vursugol ndiyam ngol vursata ngam diwde jawdi. Dippol ngol waɗiraa ko laawol ɓuuɓngol ngol daabaaji ɗii njahata, ina ɓuuɓna ɗum en e ndiyam ɓurɗam luggiɗde haa daaba oo ɓuuɓtoo haa laaɓa. Kanaal oo mahiraa ko e hitaande 1927 e leydi Tshikotoni. Renndooji Tshitanzhe, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, Tshikotoni e Tshitandani ina keewi diwde toon jawdi mum en kala jonte ɗiɗi fuɗɗoraade waktuuji jeeɗiɗi haa duuɓi seeɗa caggal fajiri demokaraasi e hitaande 1994. Laabi furrow ɗii kadi ina kuutoree ngam ndiyam remooɓe gese e dow daande maayo e leydi Tshikotoni. Remooɓe mawɓe ɓee ko leñol Mukwevho, leñol Dzuguda, leñol Phupheli, leñol Nekhumbe, leñol Chauke, leñol Nethononda, leñol Mufamadi, leñol Ndou dza Manenzhe, leñol Luranga e leñol Langanda (ngesa maɓɓe ina anndiranoo Galauvhe). Yanti heen, maayo Luphephe ina rokka remooɓe gese ndiyam e daande maayo Helula 2. Gese ko wayi no kaaƴe, gawri, ñebbe, ñebbe, mangooji e banaana ina ndema toon gila e yontaaji keewɗi. Leñol Mathukha/Marubini, leñol Phupheli (ngesa maɓɓe ina wiyee Makhothoni), leñol Madumi, leñol Kwinda la ha Tshirundu, leñol Netshishangane, leñol Manenzhe e leñol Mukwevho ko remooɓe ɓurɓe heewde e leydi Helula 2. Leñol Mukwevho e leñol Manenzhe kadi ina njula beeli e nder luumooji ngenndiiji e hakkunde leyɗeele so tawii ɓe mooftii geɗe moƴƴe e kitaale 1980. Nguurndam ina waɗi mbaawka heɓde geɗe baawɗe wonde fof ngam waawde huutoraade koye mum en e galle mum en. Rewɓe e sukaaɓe rewɓe to Tshikotoni, Helula 2 e Gumela ina kuutoroo maayo Luphephe ngam ƴettude ndiyam ngam ñaamde e nder galleeji. Kadi ɓe lootata ko ɓuuɓri e comci maɓɓe to maayo Luphephe duuɓi keewɗi. Worɓe e sukaaɓe tokosɓe ina kuutoroo maayo ngoo ngam nanngude liɗɗi ngam wuurde e lummbaade. === Sifaa ndiyam Nwanedi === Nde basin oo udditaa e yaasi nokku restoraaji Nwanedi e les njiimaandi falnde sakkitiinde hakkunde tule, maayo ngoo ina rokka ndiyam ngam remde gese e njulaagu e nder wuro Folovhodwe. Koolol Folovhodwe sosaa ko e hitaande 1986 ngam jibinde ƴiye mango e sitrus ngam ƴellitde Venda ndeen, to fuɗnaange Soutpansberg, e yaltinde leɗɗe ɗe ngalaa ñawu e leyɗeele hoɗdiiɓe.[15] Kosam ɗam ina rokka kadi ndiyam ngam ndema jawdi e ndema gese to Fedde Jeyi leydi Nwanedi (Fedde Jeyi leydi Nwanedi sosaa ko caggal nde ɗaɓɓaande leydi ngam renndinde e yoɓde). Renndooji ɗi ina mbaɗi Folovhodwe, Tshikhudini, Tanda, e Tshiphale. Nokku oo ina jeyaa e peeje ndiyam Nwanedi tawaaɗe to fuɗnaange koɗli Soutpansberg, fotde 40 Kilomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Tshipise e nder diiwaan Vhembe e nder diiwaan Limpopo, Afrik worgo. Nwanedi Irrigation scheme ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 300 remoowo tokooso, ɓe ndemata ko leɗɗe ndiyam ko ɓuri heewde ko tomateeji. Remooɓe ina ƴetta ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam e maayo hee tawa ina kuutoroo mbaydi ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.[16] Irrigaasiyoŋ toɓo ko jillondiral ngam hisnude ndiyam e ƴellitaare ɓurnde heewde ina ɓeyda ko famɗi fof 50% e kuutoragol ndiyam, ƴellitaare e nder yuɓɓo ndiyam, kadi ina waɗa ɗum karallaagal ɓurngal mawnude e nder caɗeele winndereyankooje ngam moƴƴinde peewnugol gese e nder caɗeele ndiyam mawɗe.[17] Ko vuri heewde e terɗe eɓɓaande ndee ina peewna fotde 100 ton tomateer e nder neɗɗo gooto e hektaar gooto walla 1000 kaaree (1000m2). Ko ɓuri heewde e remooɓe ina njogii hakkunde 10 e 100 hactor e ɓe peewna ko ɓuri heewde ko ngam yeeyde.[18] Won cazeele ŋakkeende ndiyam ko wayi no ustude ndiyam rewrude e vursugol toowngol e tuubaaji vursugol ; nguleeki toowki addanoowo ndiyam toowɗam ɓuuɓde e maayo e ɓuuɓde e gese ; pottital ndiyam hakkunde remooɓe e huutortooɓe nder galleeji ina addana ɗum en luural e ŋakkeende potal ndiyam sabu remooɓe wonɓe e wutte les maayo ngoo ina keɓa ndiyam seeɗa walla hay dara so ndiyam maayo ngoo ina ustoo.[19] Hakindo hitaande kala [[evapotranspiraasiyoŋ]] ko 1400 mm. Temperaaji ina ceerti gila e lewru ɓurndu heewde e ɓurndu famɗude ko 33,52 e 21,30 degere Celsius e lewru feebariyee haa 25,6 e 8,6 degere Celsius e lewru Siilo.[20] Kono noon, Nwanedi irrigation Scheme hollirii laabi vurzi waawde reentaade to senngo gese ina heen veydude ndiyam maayo e tovo ngo wonnoo ko salinirde leydi wonaa cazeele ; ndiyam jamma so tawii ɓuuɓri e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri ina famɗi ; ustude nokkuuji ndema ngam heɓde mbaawka ndiyam maayo ; aawde gese ɗe yooro waawata heɓde ngam ustude kuutoragol ndiyam e sahaa nguleeki.[21] === Nafoore Ekolosii === Njeñtudi wizto 2007 hollirii, vursugol toowngol maayo Luphephe e maayo Nwanedi fof ina hiisee wonde ina jogii nafoore e senngooji ekolosii toowzi (EIS), tawi noon les vursugol Nwanedzi/baraas Luphephe ngol EIS ko Moderate. Ko ɓuri heewde ko sabu feccere mawnde e ɓuuɓri toowndi ndii ina fadi haa e nder nokkuuji taariindi Nwanedi, tawi noon e nder weeyo Limpopo, ina rewi e nokkuuji taariindi keertiiɗi walla e nder gese jawdi.[22] So en teskiima batte e diwooje nder ndee zoo zoo zoo zoo ina njokki e duuvi keewzi, ina sikkaa wonde ngonka zoo zoo zoo ina waawi waylude no feewi e nder yontaaji garooji.[23] EIS ko maande tolno ndeenka maayo ngoo foti heɓde. Maanaa toowɗo ina foti reeneede haa wonta ngonka naftoraaka walla moƴƴa e les, firti ko ina famɗi nafoore reende walla ina jogii batte tawo e wonde ngalu nguu ina waawi ɓeydaade huutoreede.[24] === Turismo === Ekoturism ko feccere e yah-ngartaa jowitiingal e tago, ina hirjina weltaare yaajnde tawa ina wallita e reende e hisnude nokkuuji.[25] Agritourism ko sifaa gollorde njulaagu jokkondirnde e peewnugol ndema e/walla njulaagu e turism ngam dañde njilluuji e nder ngesa, e nder njulaagu, walla e nder njulaagu ndema goɗɗo ngam weltinde walla jannginde njilluuji ɗii tawa ina heɓa ngalu wonande ngesa, njulaagu, walla joom njulaagu. Skeemaaji turism-agrariyankooji renndo Nwanedi e leyɗeele ndema goɗɗe tuugiiɗe e toɓo ko golle laddeeji denndaaɗe.[26] Hiisiwal ngal hollitii wonde kominaaji Musina ina naftoroo jogaade nokkuuji turism keewɗi. Ina jeyaa heen nokku restoraaji Nwanedi e nokku restoraaji, nokku restoraaji Sagole Big Tree e nokku hoɗorde leɗɗe mawɗe.[27] Nokkuuji cuɓaaɗi ɗii (Folovhodwe, Gumela, Tshipise e Zwigodini) ina njokkondiri kadi e nokkuuji reentorɗi ɗii, ko wayi no baraasuuji Luphephe/Nwanedi[28]. Reserve nature Nwanedi, e resort ina mbayli seeɗa e laabi dogginde golle mum en e waylooji ɗi njiyataa, e turism ina naftoroo renndooji nokkuuji ɗii.[29] E nder ɗuum, gure teeru ɓuri moƴƴude e nokkuuji turism, gila e adventure, pinal, leƴƴi e ekoturism, e ko nanndi heen. Kono noon, laabi saraaji gure Folovhodwe e Gumela ina poti toppiteede ko yaawi ngam ɓeydude ƴellitaare turism e nder gollorɗe nokkuuje ɗee e nder nokkuuji restoraaji Nwanedi, e resort.[30] Nde turismaaɓe ngari e winndere ndee kala e lewru Duujal 2002 ngam seedaade geɗe lewru e nder Afrik worgo,[31] nokku restoraaji Nwanedi, e resort ina jeyaa e nokkuuji yiylotooɗi naange e nder wuro Musina e nder diiwaan Vhembe, e nder diiwaan Limpopo, Afrik worgo. == Tuugnorgal == 5mgbs8fp4ob4v0wqlqvgysxadkfia7t 174564 174563 2026-06-19T11:29:37Z Nnamadee 11577 174564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maayo Luphephe''' ummotoo ko e nokku Guyuni, to fuɗnaange Thohoyandou, ngam hawrude e maayo Nwanedi nder nokku keeriiɗo e nokku ɓuuɓɗo Nwanedi, waɗta ɗum baraaji Nwanedi – Luphephe. Ɗoon e ɗoon les ɓuuɓol ngol, maayo Nwanedi ina jokki e ɓuuɓde haa ɓurti keeri ɓuuɓol ngol rewrude e laawol ɓuuɓngol e nder weeyo Limpopo ɗo ngol hawri e maayo Limpopo. Maayo Luphehe e ɓulli mum ina ndokka ndiyam ndema, kullon ladde, e yimɓe hoɗɓe e nder maayo Limpopo. Reservoir e resort Nwanedi ina mbayli seeɗa e laabi dogginde sarwisaaji mum en e mbayliigu ngu yiyataa, kadi turism ina naftoroo renndooji koɗdiiɗi ɗii. Sabu ɗuum, teeru ina wonta cuɓagol ɓurngol moƴƴude wonande nokkuuji turism, gila e adventure, pinal, leƴƴi e ekoturism, so en limtii heen seeɗa. Kosam toowɗam maayo Luphephe e Nwanedi fof tawaama ina jogii nafoore mawnde ekolosii e sensitiviteeji. Nii woni wonta huunde himmunde ngam reende ɓulli toowɗi ɗii e nder ngonka naftoraaka walla moƴƴa. == Ɓawo == === Feccere fuɗɗorde maayo ngoo === Maayo Luphephe ko maayo mawngo duumotoongo e maayo Nwanedi e nder wuro Musina, wuro diiwaan Vhembe e nder diiwaan Limpopo, Afrik worgo. Iwdi mayre woni ko e leegal Guyuni/Dzumbama/Tshitandani/Tshamulungwi hedde 10 km hade mum hawrude e maayo Nwanedi e nokku mum toowɗo. Nokku toowɗo maayo Luphephe ina waawi fecceede e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi Waterfall to Mountain ɗi tawaaɗi e nder ndeeɗoo maayo fof. Zone source fuɗɗotoo ko e tooweeki 976 meeter, njuuteendi mum ko hedde kiloomeeteer gooto. Zone torrent Waterfall to Mountain ina ilna hakkunde 915 e 610 meeteer dow koye maayo dow ŋoral tokosal e ŋoral ɓuuɓngal. Substratum maayo ngoo fof ɓuri heewde ko sifaa kaaƴe, ina waɗi kaaƴe, kaaƴe e kaaƴe mawɗe. Sahaa e sahaa fof ɓuuɓri ceene ina waɗa.<ref>Mokgalong 1981:10</ref> Ko adii nde naatata e nokku keso Nwanedi, e resort nde hawrata e maayo Savhani. Maayo Savhani fuɗɗotoo ko e Gwangwatini, rewa Ngalavhani, Tshitanje, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, e Tshikotoni (anndiraango Manzhenge). E dow maayo Luphephe ina waɗi nokkuuji ndema haa e daande maayo<ref>Angliss 2007:13</ref> renndooji taariiɗi ɗii. Maayo Luphephe ina hawra e maayo Nwanedi nder nokku keeriiɗo Nwanedi, e resort, ina waɗa baraasuuji Nwanedi – Luphephe. === Feccere hakkundeere maayo ngo === E hitaande 1964, e dow ɗaɓɓaande Yiilirde ndiyam Nwanedi, Departemaa Geɗe Ndiyam mahii baraas Luphephe e baraas Nwanedi, gooto e dow kala maayo Luphephe e maayo Nwanedi,<ref>Mokgalong 1981:3</ref> ngam ndiyam. Koɗorɗe arc dam Luphephe ina njogii 39 meeteer toowɗo, ina njogii 14 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo. Koɗorɗe arc dam Nwanedi ina njogii 36 meeteer toowɗo, ina njogii 5 310 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo. Baraaji ɗiɗi ɗii e saraaji mum en fotde 9000 ektaar, kolliraama ko nokkuuji restoraaji Nwanedi e hitaande 1979.<ref>Madanire-Moyo, GN. et.al. 2010. Ecology of metazoan parasites of Clarias gariepinus (Osteichthyes: Clariidae) from the Nwanedi-Luphephe Dams of the Limpopo River System, South Africa. African Zoology, 45(2): 849 – 862. P. 234. Available at: <nowiki>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232084925_Ecology_of_Metazoan_Parasites_of_Clarias_gariepinus_Osteichthyes_Clariidae_from_the_Nwanedi-Luphephe_Dams_of_the_Limpopo_River_System_South_Africa</nowiki></ref> E fuɗɗoode ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam Luphephe hawri ko e Nwanedi to nokku les njiimaandi baraas hannde oo kono e mahngo baraasuuji e dow maayooji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ngonka kaa wayliima seeɗa sabu jooni ina woodi kanndaa 2,5 meeter luggiɗiiɗo jokkondirɗo e ɓulli ndiyam ɗiɗi ɗii ko ina wona 100 meeteruuji e dow maayooji ɗii fof. Dame ɓuuɓɗe gonɗe e baraasuuji ɗii fof ina kuutoree ngam reentaade tolno ndiyam, e jogaade doole ndiyam les haa e nder weendu wooturu. Fotde 500 meeter dow maayo baraaji Nwanedi/Luphephe ina woodi ponto beton tokooso les, ina taƴa maayo ngoo,[6] ummoraade e damal naatgol Gumela. Heen sahaaji ina heɓa ilam e ɓuuɓde njaareendi dow pont oo.[7] === Feccere cakkitiinde maayo ngoo === Maayo ngoo ina jokki e bannge worgo, ina rewi e ŋoral Limpopo. Ko ɗoon ladde Limpopo ndee udditaa e yaasi nokku restoraaji Nwanedi e les njiimaandi falnde sakkitiinde hakkunde tule, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko maadi kaaƴe ɓutte e maayo ina rewi heen.[8] Maayo ngo yahrata ko e baraas Cross (renndo Muswodi Tshisimani ina noddira baraas Cross Gondoza) ko ɗum woni e nder les njiimaandi.[9] Dam Cross oo mahaa ko ngam rokkude ndiyam ngam ilnude gese ndema, remde jawdi, remde jawdi e koɗkiiji laddeeji koɗdiiɗi ɗii.[10] Ɗoon e ɗoon les njiimaandi Cross Dam e nder falnde ɗo ndiyam ɗam ɓuri yaajde ko 3 haa 6 m, ina woodi ŋoral ɗo laawol tar Tshipise/Pafuri taƴata maayo Nwanedi.[11] Maayo ngo ina yahra haa ngo hawri e maayo Limpopo to nokku kilooji sappo to fuɗnaange Malaladrift,[12] to keeri Zimbaabwee to tooweeki 340 meeteer. Maayo ngoo fof ina woni e nder nokkuuji njuvvudi ndiyam Limpopo, ina woni e nder nokkuuji vurzi waawde wonde e 1136 km2 e 24,5 10 (6)M3 e nder yontere nde. Baraaji Nwanedi – Luphephe ko baraasuuji tan Afrik worgo maantinɗi e nder weendu nduu.[13] == Nafoore faggudu/ekolosii == === Ndema e nguurndam === Demal ina hawra e peewnugol gese e jawdi, ndema ndiyam, e laddeeji ngam nguura e geɗe ɗe ngonaa nguura. Renndooji hoɗɓe e maayo ngo ina kuutoroo maayo Luphephe ngam lootde comci, ɓuuɓnude gese e jogaade jawdi,[14] e ko nanndi heen. To bannge maayo Luphephe mawngo, vursugol vursugol ngol ta/aama e nder leydi ndi vursugol ndiyam ngol vursata ngam diwde jawdi. Dippol ngol waɗiraa ko laawol ɓuuɓngol ngol daabaaji ɗii njahata, ina ɓuuɓna ɗum en e ndiyam ɓurɗam luggiɗde haa daaba oo ɓuuɓtoo haa laaɓa. Kanaal oo mahiraa ko e hitaande 1927 e leydi Tshikotoni. Renndooji Tshitanzhe, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, Tshikotoni e Tshitandani ina keewi diwde toon jawdi mum en kala jonte ɗiɗi fuɗɗoraade waktuuji jeeɗiɗi haa duuɓi seeɗa caggal fajiri demokaraasi e hitaande 1994. Laabi furrow ɗii kadi ina kuutoree ngam ndiyam remooɓe gese e dow daande maayo e leydi Tshikotoni. Remooɓe mawɓe ɓee ko leñol Mukwevho, leñol Dzuguda, leñol Phupheli, leñol Nekhumbe, leñol Chauke, leñol Nethononda, leñol Mufamadi, leñol Ndou dza Manenzhe, leñol Luranga e leñol Langanda (ngesa maɓɓe ina anndiranoo Galauvhe). Yanti heen, maayo Luphephe ina rokka remooɓe gese ndiyam e daande maayo Helula 2. Gese ko wayi no kaaƴe, gawri, ñebbe, ñebbe, mangooji e banaana ina ndema toon gila e yontaaji keewɗi. Leñol Mathukha/Marubini, leñol Phupheli (ngesa maɓɓe ina wiyee Makhothoni), leñol Madumi, leñol Kwinda la ha Tshirundu, leñol Netshishangane, leñol Manenzhe e leñol Mukwevho ko remooɓe ɓurɓe heewde e leydi Helula 2. Leñol Mukwevho e leñol Manenzhe kadi ina njula beeli e nder luumooji ngenndiiji e hakkunde leyɗeele so tawii ɓe mooftii geɗe moƴƴe e kitaale 1980. Nguurndam ina waɗi mbaawka heɓde geɗe baawɗe wonde fof ngam waawde huutoraade koye mum en e galle mum en. Rewɓe e sukaaɓe rewɓe to Tshikotoni, Helula 2 e Gumela ina kuutoroo maayo Luphephe ngam ƴettude ndiyam ngam ñaamde e nder galleeji. Kadi ɓe lootata ko ɓuuɓri e comci maɓɓe to maayo Luphephe duuɓi keewɗi. Worɓe e sukaaɓe tokosɓe ina kuutoroo maayo ngoo ngam nanngude liɗɗi ngam wuurde e lummbaade. === Sifaa ndiyam Nwanedi === Nde basin oo udditaa e yaasi nokku restoraaji Nwanedi e les njiimaandi falnde sakkitiinde hakkunde tule, maayo ngoo ina rokka ndiyam ngam remde gese e njulaagu e nder wuro Folovhodwe. Koolol Folovhodwe sosaa ko e hitaande 1986 ngam jibinde ƴiye mango e sitrus ngam ƴellitde Venda ndeen, to fuɗnaange Soutpansberg, e yaltinde leɗɗe ɗe ngalaa ñawu e leyɗeele hoɗdiiɓe.[15] Kosam ɗam ina rokka kadi ndiyam ngam ndema jawdi e ndema gese to Fedde Jeyi leydi Nwanedi (Fedde Jeyi leydi Nwanedi sosaa ko caggal nde ɗaɓɓaande leydi ngam renndinde e yoɓde). Renndooji ɗi ina mbaɗi Folovhodwe, Tshikhudini, Tanda, e Tshiphale. Nokku oo ina jeyaa e peeje ndiyam Nwanedi tawaaɗe to fuɗnaange koɗli Soutpansberg, fotde 40 Kilomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Tshipise e nder diiwaan Vhembe e nder diiwaan Limpopo, Afrik worgo. Nwanedi Irrigation scheme ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 300 remoowo tokooso, ɓe ndemata ko leɗɗe ndiyam ko ɓuri heewde ko tomateeji. Remooɓe ina ƴetta ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam e maayo hee tawa ina kuutoroo mbaydi ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.[16] Irrigaasiyoŋ toɓo ko jillondiral ngam hisnude ndiyam e ƴellitaare ɓurnde heewde ina ɓeyda ko famɗi fof 50% e kuutoragol ndiyam, ƴellitaare e nder yuɓɓo ndiyam, kadi ina waɗa ɗum karallaagal ɓurngal mawnude e nder caɗeele winndereyankooje ngam moƴƴinde peewnugol gese e nder caɗeele ndiyam mawɗe.[17] Ko vuri heewde e terɗe eɓɓaande ndee ina peewna fotde 100 ton tomateer e nder neɗɗo gooto e hektaar gooto walla 1000 kaaree (1000m2). Ko ɓuri heewde e remooɓe ina njogii hakkunde 10 e 100 hactor e ɓe peewna ko ɓuri heewde ko ngam yeeyde.[18] Won cazeele ŋakkeende ndiyam ko wayi no ustude ndiyam rewrude e vursugol toowngol e tuubaaji vursugol ; nguleeki toowki addanoowo ndiyam toowɗam ɓuuɓde e maayo e ɓuuɓde e gese ; pottital ndiyam hakkunde remooɓe e huutortooɓe nder galleeji ina addana ɗum en luural e ŋakkeende potal ndiyam sabu remooɓe wonɓe e wutte les maayo ngoo ina keɓa ndiyam seeɗa walla hay dara so ndiyam maayo ngoo ina ustoo.[19] Hakindo hitaande kala [[evapotranspiraasiyoŋ]] ko 1400 mm. Temperaaji ina ceerti gila e lewru ɓurndu heewde e ɓurndu famɗude ko 33,52 e 21,30 degere Celsius e lewru feebariyee haa 25,6 e 8,6 degere Celsius e lewru Siilo.[20] Kono noon, Nwanedi irrigation Scheme hollirii laabi vurzi waawde reentaade to senngo gese ina heen veydude ndiyam maayo e tovo ngo wonnoo ko salinirde leydi wonaa cazeele ; ndiyam jamma so tawii ɓuuɓri e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri ina famɗi ; ustude nokkuuji ndema ngam heɓde mbaawka ndiyam maayo ; aawde gese ɗe yooro waawata heɓde ngam ustude kuutoragol ndiyam e sahaa nguleeki.[21] === Nafoore Ekolosii === Njeñtudi wizto 2007 hollirii, vursugol toowngol maayo Luphephe e maayo Nwanedi fof ina hiisee wonde ina jogii nafoore e senngooji ekolosii toowzi (EIS), tawi noon les vursugol Nwanedzi/baraas Luphephe ngol EIS ko Moderate. Ko ɓuri heewde ko sabu feccere mawnde e ɓuuɓri toowndi ndii ina fadi haa e nder nokkuuji taariindi Nwanedi, tawi noon e nder weeyo Limpopo, ina rewi e nokkuuji taariindi keertiiɗi walla e nder gese jawdi.[22] So en teskiima batte e diwooje nder ndee zoo zoo zoo zoo ina njokki e duuvi keewzi, ina sikkaa wonde ngonka zoo zoo zoo ina waawi waylude no feewi e nder yontaaji garooji.[23] EIS ko maande tolno ndeenka maayo ngoo foti heɓde. Maanaa toowɗo ina foti reeneede haa wonta ngonka naftoraaka walla moƴƴa e les, firti ko ina famɗi nafoore reende walla ina jogii batte tawo e wonde ngalu nguu ina waawi ɓeydaade huutoreede.[24] === Turismo === Ekoturism ko feccere e yah-ngartaa jowitiingal e tago, ina hirjina weltaare yaajnde tawa ina wallita e reende e hisnude nokkuuji.[25] Agritourism ko sifaa gollorde njulaagu jokkondirnde e peewnugol ndema e/walla njulaagu e turism ngam dañde njilluuji e nder ngesa, e nder njulaagu, walla e nder njulaagu ndema goɗɗo ngam weltinde walla jannginde njilluuji ɗii tawa ina heɓa ngalu wonande ngesa, njulaagu, walla joom njulaagu. Skeemaaji turism-agrariyankooji renndo Nwanedi e leyɗeele ndema goɗɗe tuugiiɗe e toɓo ko golle laddeeji denndaaɗe.[26] Hiisiwal ngal hollitii wonde kominaaji Musina ina naftoroo jogaade nokkuuji turism keewɗi. Ina jeyaa heen nokku restoraaji Nwanedi e nokku restoraaji, nokku restoraaji Sagole Big Tree e nokku hoɗorde leɗɗe mawɗe.[27] Nokkuuji cuɓaaɗi ɗii (Folovhodwe, Gumela, Tshipise e Zwigodini) ina njokkondiri kadi e nokkuuji reentorɗi ɗii, ko wayi no baraasuuji Luphephe/Nwanedi[28]. Reserve nature Nwanedi, e resort ina mbayli seeɗa e laabi dogginde golle mum en e waylooji ɗi njiyataa, e turism ina naftoroo renndooji nokkuuji ɗii.[29] E nder ɗuum, gure teeru ɓuri moƴƴude e nokkuuji turism, gila e adventure, pinal, leƴƴi e ekoturism, e ko nanndi heen. Kono noon, laabi saraaji gure Folovhodwe e Gumela ina poti toppiteede ko yaawi ngam ɓeydude ƴellitaare turism e nder gollorɗe nokkuuje ɗee e nder nokkuuji restoraaji Nwanedi, e resort.[30] Nde turismaaɓe ngari e winndere ndee kala e lewru Duujal 2002 ngam seedaade geɗe lewru e nder Afrik worgo,[31] nokku restoraaji Nwanedi, e resort ina jeyaa e nokkuuji yiylotooɗi naange e nder wuro Musina e nder diiwaan Vhembe, e nder diiwaan Limpopo, Afrik worgo. == Tuugnorgal == 1spb10z187u1fwr80dbsxkdepipznmv 174565 174564 2026-06-19T11:31:44Z Nnamadee 11577 174565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maayo Luphephe''' ummotoo ko e nokku Guyuni, to fuɗnaange Thohoyandou, ngam hawrude e maayo Nwanedi nder nokku keeriiɗo e nokku ɓuuɓɗo Nwanedi, waɗta ɗum baraaji Nwanedi – Luphephe. Ɗoon e ɗoon les ɓuuɓol ngol, maayo Nwanedi ina jokki e ɓuuɓde haa ɓurti keeri ɓuuɓol ngol rewrude e laawol ɓuuɓngol e nder weeyo Limpopo ɗo ngol hawri e maayo Limpopo. Maayo Luphehe e ɓulli mum ina ndokka ndiyam ndema, kullon ladde, e yimɓe hoɗɓe e nder maayo Limpopo. Reservoir e resort Nwanedi ina mbayli seeɗa e laabi dogginde sarwisaaji mum en e mbayliigu ngu yiyataa, kadi turism ina naftoroo renndooji koɗdiiɗi ɗii. Sabu ɗuum, teeru ina wonta cuɓagol ɓurngol moƴƴude wonande nokkuuji turism, gila e adventure, pinal, leƴƴi e ekoturism, so en limtii heen seeɗa. Kosam toowɗam maayo Luphephe e Nwanedi fof tawaama ina jogii nafoore mawnde ekolosii e sensitiviteeji. Nii woni wonta huunde himmunde ngam reende ɓulli toowɗi ɗii e nder ngonka naftoraaka walla moƴƴa. == Ɓawo == === Feccere fuɗɗorde maayo ngoo === Maayo Luphephe ko maayo mawngo duumotoongo e maayo Nwanedi e nder wuro Musina, wuro diiwaan Vhembe e nder diiwaan Limpopo, Afrik worgo. Iwdi mayre woni ko e leegal Guyuni/Dzumbama/Tshitandani/Tshamulungwi hedde 10 km hade mum hawrude e maayo Nwanedi e nokku mum toowɗo. Nokku toowɗo maayo Luphephe ina waawi fecceede e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi Waterfall to Mountain ɗi tawaaɗi e nder ndeeɗoo maayo fof. Zone source fuɗɗotoo ko e tooweeki 976 meeter, njuuteendi mum ko hedde kiloomeeteer gooto. Zone torrent Waterfall to Mountain ina ilna hakkunde 915 e 610 meeteer dow koye maayo dow ŋoral tokosal e ŋoral ɓuuɓngal. Substratum maayo ngoo fof ɓuri heewde ko sifaa kaaƴe, ina waɗi kaaƴe, kaaƴe e kaaƴe mawɗe. Sahaa e sahaa fof ɓuuɓri ceene ina waɗa.<ref>Mokgalong 1981:10</ref> Ko adii nde naatata e nokku keso Nwanedi, e resort nde hawrata e maayo Savhani. Maayo Savhani fuɗɗotoo ko e Gwangwatini, rewa Ngalavhani, Tshitanje, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, e Tshikotoni (anndiraango Manzhenge). E dow maayo Luphephe ina waɗi nokkuuji ndema haa e daande maayo<ref>Angliss 2007:13</ref> renndooji taariiɗi ɗii. Maayo Luphephe ina hawra e maayo Nwanedi nder nokku keeriiɗo Nwanedi, e resort, ina waɗa baraasuuji Nwanedi – Luphephe. === Feccere hakkundeere maayo ngo === E hitaande 1964, e dow ɗaɓɓaande Yiilirde ndiyam Nwanedi, Departemaa Geɗe Ndiyam mahii baraas Luphephe e baraas Nwanedi, gooto e dow kala maayo Luphephe e maayo Nwanedi,<ref>Mokgalong 1981:3</ref> ngam ndiyam. Koɗorɗe arc dam Luphephe ina njogii 39 meeteer toowɗo, ina njogii 14 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo. Koɗorɗe arc dam Nwanedi ina njogii 36 meeteer toowɗo, ina njogii 5 310 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo. Baraaji ɗiɗi ɗii e saraaji mum en fotde 9000 ektaar, kolliraama ko nokkuuji restoraaji Nwanedi e hitaande 1979.<ref>Madanire-Moyo, GN. et.al. 2010. Ecology of metazoan parasites of Clarias gariepinus (Osteichthyes: Clariidae) from the Nwanedi-Luphephe Dams of the Limpopo River System, South Africa. African Zoology, 45(2): 849 – 862. P. 234. Available at: <nowiki>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232084925_Ecology_of_Metazoan_Parasites_of_Clarias_gariepinus_Osteichthyes_Clariidae_from_the_Nwanedi-Luphephe_Dams_of_the_Limpopo_River_System_South_Africa</nowiki></ref> E fuɗɗoode ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam Luphephe hawri ko e Nwanedi to nokku les njiimaandi baraas hannde oo kono e mahngo baraasuuji e dow maayooji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ngonka kaa wayliima seeɗa sabu jooni ina woodi kanndaa 2,5 meeter luggiɗiiɗo jokkondirɗo e ɓulli ndiyam ɗiɗi ɗii ko ina wona 100 meeteruuji e<ref>Mokgalong, NM. 1981. Aspects of the invertebrate ecology of the Nwanedi tributary of the Limpopo river: Submitted in fulfilment of part of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in the Department of Zoology in the faculty of mathematics and natural sciences at the University of the North, Pietersburg. Available at: <nowiki>http://ulspace.ul.ac.za/handle/10386/211</nowiki></ref> dow maayooji ɗii fof. Dame ɓuuɓɗe gonɗe e baraasuuji ɗii fof ina kuutoree ngam reentaade tolno ndiyam, e jogaade doole ndiyam les haa e nder weendu wooturu. Fotde 500 meeter dow maayo baraaji Nwanedi/Luphephe ina woodi ponto beton tokooso les, ina taƴa maayo ngoo,[6] ummoraade e damal naatgol Gumela. Heen sahaaji ina heɓa ilam e ɓuuɓde njaareendi dow pont oo.[7] === Feccere cakkitiinde maayo ngoo === Maayo ngoo ina jokki e bannge worgo, ina rewi e ŋoral Limpopo. Ko ɗoon ladde Limpopo ndee udditaa e yaasi nokku restoraaji Nwanedi e les njiimaandi falnde sakkitiinde hakkunde tule, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko maadi kaaƴe ɓutte e maayo ina rewi heen.[8] Maayo ngo yahrata ko e baraas Cross (renndo Muswodi Tshisimani ina noddira baraas Cross Gondoza) ko ɗum woni e nder les njiimaandi.[9] Dam Cross oo mahaa ko ngam rokkude ndiyam ngam ilnude gese ndema, remde jawdi, remde jawdi e koɗkiiji laddeeji koɗdiiɗi ɗii.[10] Ɗoon e ɗoon les njiimaandi Cross Dam e nder falnde ɗo ndiyam ɗam ɓuri yaajde ko 3 haa 6 m, ina woodi ŋoral ɗo laawol tar Tshipise/Pafuri taƴata maayo Nwanedi.[11] Maayo ngo ina yahra haa ngo hawri e maayo Limpopo to nokku kilooji sappo to fuɗnaange Malaladrift,[12] to keeri Zimbaabwee to tooweeki 340 meeteer. Maayo ngoo fof ina woni e nder nokkuuji njuvvudi ndiyam Limpopo, ina woni e nder nokkuuji vurzi waawde wonde e 1136 km2 e 24,5 10 (6)M3 e nder yontere nde. Baraaji Nwanedi – Luphephe ko baraasuuji tan Afrik worgo maantinɗi e nder weendu nduu.[13] == Nafoore faggudu/ekolosii == === Ndema e nguurndam === Demal ina hawra e peewnugol gese e jawdi, ndema ndiyam, e laddeeji ngam nguura e geɗe ɗe ngonaa nguura. Renndooji hoɗɓe e maayo ngo ina kuutoroo maayo Luphephe ngam lootde comci, ɓuuɓnude gese e jogaade jawdi,[14] e ko nanndi heen. To bannge maayo Luphephe mawngo, vursugol vursugol ngol ta/aama e nder leydi ndi vursugol ndiyam ngol vursata ngam diwde jawdi. Dippol ngol waɗiraa ko laawol ɓuuɓngol ngol daabaaji ɗii njahata, ina ɓuuɓna ɗum en e ndiyam ɓurɗam luggiɗde haa daaba oo ɓuuɓtoo haa laaɓa. Kanaal oo mahiraa ko e hitaande 1927 e leydi Tshikotoni. Renndooji Tshitanzhe, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, Tshikotoni e Tshitandani ina keewi diwde toon jawdi mum en kala jonte ɗiɗi fuɗɗoraade waktuuji jeeɗiɗi haa duuɓi seeɗa caggal fajiri demokaraasi e hitaande 1994. Laabi furrow ɗii kadi ina kuutoree ngam ndiyam remooɓe gese e dow daande maayo e leydi Tshikotoni. Remooɓe mawɓe ɓee ko leñol Mukwevho, leñol Dzuguda, leñol Phupheli, leñol Nekhumbe, leñol Chauke, leñol Nethononda, leñol Mufamadi, leñol Ndou dza Manenzhe, leñol Luranga e leñol Langanda (ngesa maɓɓe ina anndiranoo Galauvhe). Yanti heen, maayo Luphephe ina rokka remooɓe gese ndiyam e daande maayo Helula 2. Gese ko wayi no kaaƴe, gawri, ñebbe, ñebbe, mangooji e banaana ina ndema toon gila e yontaaji keewɗi. Leñol Mathukha/Marubini, leñol Phupheli (ngesa maɓɓe ina wiyee Makhothoni), leñol Madumi, leñol Kwinda la ha Tshirundu, leñol Netshishangane, leñol Manenzhe e leñol Mukwevho ko remooɓe ɓurɓe heewde e leydi Helula 2. Leñol Mukwevho e leñol Manenzhe kadi ina njula beeli e nder luumooji ngenndiiji e hakkunde leyɗeele so tawii ɓe mooftii geɗe moƴƴe e kitaale 1980. Nguurndam ina waɗi mbaawka heɓde geɗe baawɗe wonde fof ngam waawde huutoraade koye mum en e galle mum en. Rewɓe e sukaaɓe rewɓe to Tshikotoni, Helula 2 e Gumela ina kuutoroo maayo Luphephe ngam ƴettude ndiyam ngam ñaamde e nder galleeji. Kadi ɓe lootata ko ɓuuɓri e comci maɓɓe to maayo Luphephe duuɓi keewɗi. Worɓe e sukaaɓe tokosɓe ina kuutoroo maayo ngoo ngam nanngude liɗɗi ngam wuurde e lummbaade. === Sifaa ndiyam Nwanedi === Nde basin oo udditaa e yaasi nokku restoraaji Nwanedi e les njiimaandi falnde sakkitiinde hakkunde tule, maayo ngoo ina rokka ndiyam ngam remde gese e njulaagu e nder wuro Folovhodwe. Koolol Folovhodwe sosaa ko e hitaande 1986 ngam jibinde ƴiye mango e sitrus ngam ƴellitde Venda ndeen, to fuɗnaange Soutpansberg, e yaltinde leɗɗe ɗe ngalaa ñawu e leyɗeele hoɗdiiɓe.[15] Kosam ɗam ina rokka kadi ndiyam ngam ndema jawdi e ndema gese to Fedde Jeyi leydi Nwanedi (Fedde Jeyi leydi Nwanedi sosaa ko caggal nde ɗaɓɓaande leydi ngam renndinde e yoɓde). Renndooji ɗi ina mbaɗi Folovhodwe, Tshikhudini, Tanda, e Tshiphale. Nokku oo ina jeyaa e peeje ndiyam Nwanedi tawaaɗe to fuɗnaange koɗli Soutpansberg, fotde 40 Kilomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Tshipise e nder diiwaan Vhembe e nder diiwaan Limpopo, Afrik worgo. Nwanedi Irrigation scheme ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 300 remoowo tokooso, ɓe ndemata ko leɗɗe ndiyam ko ɓuri heewde ko tomateeji. Remooɓe ina ƴetta ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam e maayo hee tawa ina kuutoroo mbaydi ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.[16] Irrigaasiyoŋ toɓo ko jillondiral ngam hisnude ndiyam e ƴellitaare ɓurnde heewde ina ɓeyda ko famɗi fof 50% e kuutoragol ndiyam, ƴellitaare e nder yuɓɓo ndiyam, kadi ina waɗa ɗum karallaagal ɓurngal mawnude e nder caɗeele winndereyankooje ngam moƴƴinde peewnugol gese e nder caɗeele ndiyam mawɗe.[17] Ko vuri heewde e terɗe eɓɓaande ndee ina peewna fotde 100 ton tomateer e nder neɗɗo gooto e hektaar gooto walla 1000 kaaree (1000m2). Ko ɓuri heewde e remooɓe ina njogii hakkunde 10 e 100 hactor e ɓe peewna ko ɓuri heewde ko ngam yeeyde.[18] Won cazeele ŋakkeende ndiyam ko wayi no ustude ndiyam rewrude e vursugol toowngol e tuubaaji vursugol ; nguleeki toowki addanoowo ndiyam toowɗam ɓuuɓde e maayo e ɓuuɓde e gese ; pottital ndiyam hakkunde remooɓe e huutortooɓe nder galleeji ina addana ɗum en luural e ŋakkeende potal ndiyam sabu remooɓe wonɓe e wutte les maayo ngoo ina keɓa ndiyam seeɗa walla hay dara so ndiyam maayo ngoo ina ustoo.[19] Hakindo hitaande kala [[evapotranspiraasiyoŋ]] ko 1400 mm. Temperaaji ina ceerti gila e lewru ɓurndu heewde e ɓurndu famɗude ko 33,52 e 21,30 degere Celsius e lewru feebariyee haa 25,6 e 8,6 degere Celsius e lewru Siilo.[20] Kono noon, Nwanedi irrigation Scheme hollirii laabi vurzi waawde reentaade to senngo gese ina heen veydude ndiyam maayo e tovo ngo wonnoo ko salinirde leydi wonaa cazeele ; ndiyam jamma so tawii ɓuuɓri e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri ina famɗi ; ustude nokkuuji ndema ngam heɓde mbaawka ndiyam maayo ; aawde gese ɗe yooro waawata heɓde ngam ustude kuutoragol ndiyam e sahaa nguleeki.[21] === Nafoore Ekolosii === Njeñtudi wizto 2007 hollirii, vursugol toowngol maayo Luphephe e maayo Nwanedi fof ina hiisee wonde ina jogii nafoore e senngooji ekolosii toowzi (EIS), tawi noon les vursugol Nwanedzi/baraas Luphephe ngol EIS ko Moderate. Ko ɓuri heewde ko sabu feccere mawnde e ɓuuɓri toowndi ndii ina fadi haa e nder nokkuuji taariindi Nwanedi, tawi noon e nder weeyo Limpopo, ina rewi e nokkuuji taariindi keertiiɗi walla e nder gese jawdi.[22] So en teskiima batte e diwooje nder ndee zoo zoo zoo zoo ina njokki e duuvi keewzi, ina sikkaa wonde ngonka zoo zoo zoo ina waawi waylude no feewi e nder yontaaji garooji.[23] EIS ko maande tolno ndeenka maayo ngoo foti heɓde. Maanaa toowɗo ina foti reeneede haa wonta ngonka naftoraaka walla moƴƴa e les, firti ko ina famɗi nafoore reende walla ina jogii batte tawo e wonde ngalu nguu ina waawi ɓeydaade huutoreede.[24] === Turismo === Ekoturism ko feccere e yah-ngartaa jowitiingal e tago, ina hirjina weltaare yaajnde tawa ina wallita e reende e hisnude nokkuuji.[25] Agritourism ko sifaa gollorde njulaagu jokkondirnde e peewnugol ndema e/walla njulaagu e turism ngam dañde njilluuji e nder ngesa, e nder njulaagu, walla e nder njulaagu ndema goɗɗo ngam weltinde walla jannginde njilluuji ɗii tawa ina heɓa ngalu wonande ngesa, njulaagu, walla joom njulaagu. Skeemaaji turism-agrariyankooji renndo Nwanedi e leyɗeele ndema goɗɗe tuugiiɗe e toɓo ko golle laddeeji denndaaɗe.[26] Hiisiwal ngal hollitii wonde kominaaji Musina ina naftoroo jogaade nokkuuji turism keewɗi. Ina jeyaa heen nokku restoraaji Nwanedi e nokku restoraaji, nokku restoraaji Sagole Big Tree e nokku hoɗorde leɗɗe mawɗe.[27] Nokkuuji cuɓaaɗi ɗii (Folovhodwe, Gumela, Tshipise e Zwigodini) ina njokkondiri kadi e nokkuuji reentorɗi ɗii, ko wayi no baraasuuji Luphephe/Nwanedi[28]. Reserve nature Nwanedi, e resort ina mbayli seeɗa e laabi dogginde golle mum en e waylooji ɗi njiyataa, e turism ina naftoroo renndooji nokkuuji ɗii.[29] E nder ɗuum, gure teeru ɓuri moƴƴude e nokkuuji turism, gila e adventure, pinal, leƴƴi e ekoturism, e ko nanndi heen. Kono noon, laabi saraaji gure Folovhodwe e Gumela ina poti toppiteede ko yaawi ngam ɓeydude ƴellitaare turism e nder gollorɗe nokkuuje ɗee e nder nokkuuji restoraaji Nwanedi, e resort.[30] Nde turismaaɓe ngari e winndere ndee kala e lewru Duujal 2002 ngam seedaade geɗe lewru e nder Afrik worgo,[31] nokku restoraaji Nwanedi, e resort ina jeyaa e nokkuuji yiylotooɗi naange e nder wuro Musina e nder diiwaan Vhembe, e nder diiwaan Limpopo, Afrik worgo. == Tuugnorgal == b7fwot69g29sef5ockqzg3g2w62leew 174566 174565 2026-06-19T11:33:19Z Nnamadee 11577 174566 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>Mashilwane 2024:17</ref>{{Databox}} '''Maayo Luphephe''' ummotoo ko e nokku Guyuni, to fuɗnaange Thohoyandou, ngam hawrude e maayo Nwanedi nder nokku keeriiɗo e nokku ɓuuɓɗo Nwanedi, waɗta ɗum baraaji Nwanedi – Luphephe. Ɗoon e ɗoon les ɓuuɓol ngol, maayo Nwanedi ina jokki e ɓuuɓde haa ɓurti keeri ɓuuɓol ngol rewrude e laawol ɓuuɓngol e nder weeyo Limpopo ɗo ngol hawri e maayo Limpopo. Maayo Luphehe e ɓulli mum ina ndokka ndiyam ndema, kullon ladde, e yimɓe hoɗɓe e nder maayo Limpopo. Reservoir e resort Nwanedi ina mbayli seeɗa e laabi dogginde sarwisaaji mum en e mbayliigu ngu yiyataa, kadi turism ina naftoroo renndooji koɗdiiɗi ɗii. Sabu ɗuum, teeru ina wonta cuɓagol ɓurngol moƴƴude wonande nokkuuji turism, gila e adventure, pinal, leƴƴi e ekoturism, so en limtii heen seeɗa. Kosam toowɗam maayo Luphephe e Nwanedi fof tawaama ina jogii nafoore mawnde ekolosii e sensitiviteeji. Nii woni wonta huunde himmunde ngam reende ɓulli toowɗi ɗii e nder ngonka naftoraaka walla moƴƴa. == Ɓawo == === Feccere fuɗɗorde maayo ngoo === Maayo Luphephe ko maayo mawngo duumotoongo e maayo Nwanedi e nder wuro Musina, wuro diiwaan Vhembe e nder diiwaan Limpopo, Afrik worgo. Iwdi mayre woni ko e leegal Guyuni/Dzumbama/Tshitandani/Tshamulungwi hedde 10 km hade mum hawrude e maayo Nwanedi e nokku mum toowɗo. Nokku toowɗo maayo Luphephe ina waawi fecceede e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi Waterfall to Mountain ɗi tawaaɗi e nder ndeeɗoo maayo fof. Zone source fuɗɗotoo ko e tooweeki 976 meeter, njuuteendi mum ko hedde kiloomeeteer gooto. Zone torrent Waterfall to Mountain ina ilna hakkunde 915 e 610 meeteer dow koye maayo dow ŋoral tokosal e ŋoral ɓuuɓngal. Substratum maayo ngoo fof ɓuri heewde ko sifaa kaaƴe, ina waɗi kaaƴe, kaaƴe e kaaƴe mawɗe. Sahaa e sahaa fof ɓuuɓri ceene ina waɗa.<ref>Mokgalong 1981:10</ref> Ko adii nde naatata e nokku keso Nwanedi, e resort nde hawrata e maayo Savhani. Maayo Savhani fuɗɗotoo ko e Gwangwatini, rewa Ngalavhani, Tshitanje, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, e Tshikotoni (anndiraango Manzhenge). E dow maayo Luphephe ina waɗi nokkuuji ndema haa e daande maayo<ref>Angliss 2007:13</ref> renndooji taariiɗi ɗii. Maayo Luphephe ina hawra e maayo Nwanedi nder nokku keeriiɗo Nwanedi, e resort, ina waɗa baraasuuji Nwanedi – Luphephe. === Feccere hakkundeere maayo ngo === E hitaande 1964, e dow ɗaɓɓaande Yiilirde ndiyam Nwanedi, Departemaa Geɗe Ndiyam mahii baraas Luphephe e baraas Nwanedi, gooto e dow kala maayo Luphephe e maayo Nwanedi,<ref>Mokgalong 1981:3</ref> ngam ndiyam. Koɗorɗe arc dam Luphephe ina njogii 39 meeteer toowɗo, ina njogii 14 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo. Koɗorɗe arc dam Nwanedi ina njogii 36 meeteer toowɗo, ina njogii 5 310 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo. Baraaji ɗiɗi ɗii e saraaji mum en fotde 9000 ektaar, kolliraama ko nokkuuji restoraaji Nwanedi e hitaande 1979.<ref>Madanire-Moyo, GN. et.al. 2010. Ecology of metazoan parasites of Clarias gariepinus (Osteichthyes: Clariidae) from the Nwanedi-Luphephe Dams of the Limpopo River System, South Africa. African Zoology, 45(2): 849 – 862. P. 234. Available at: <nowiki>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232084925_Ecology_of_Metazoan_Parasites_of_Clarias_gariepinus_Osteichthyes_Clariidae_from_the_Nwanedi-Luphephe_Dams_of_the_Limpopo_River_System_South_Africa</nowiki></ref> E fuɗɗoode ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam Luphephe hawri ko e Nwanedi to nokku les njiimaandi baraas hannde oo kono e mahngo baraasuuji e dow maayooji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ngonka kaa wayliima seeɗa sabu jooni ina woodi kanndaa 2,5 meeter luggiɗiiɗo jokkondirɗo e ɓulli ndiyam ɗiɗi ɗii ko ina wona 100 meeteruuji e<ref>Mokgalong, NM. 1981. Aspects of the invertebrate ecology of the Nwanedi tributary of the Limpopo river: Submitted in fulfilment of part of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in the Department of Zoology in the faculty of mathematics and natural sciences at the University of the North, Pietersburg. Available at: <nowiki>http://ulspace.ul.ac.za/handle/10386/211</nowiki></ref> dow maayooji ɗii fof. Dame ɓuuɓɗe gonɗe e baraasuuji ɗii fof ina kuutoree ngam reentaade tolno ndiyam, e jogaade doole ndiyam les haa e nder weendu wooturu. Fotde 500 meeter dow maayo baraaji Nwanedi/Luphephe ina woodi ponto beton tokooso les, ina taƴa maayo ngoo, ummoraade e damal naatgol Gumela. Heen sahaaji ina heɓa ilam e ɓuuɓde njaareendi dow pont oo.[7] === Feccere cakkitiinde maayo ngoo === Maayo ngoo ina jokki e bannge worgo, ina rewi e ŋoral Limpopo. Ko ɗoon ladde Limpopo ndee udditaa e yaasi nokku restoraaji Nwanedi e les njiimaandi falnde sakkitiinde hakkunde tule, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko maadi kaaƴe ɓutte e maayo ina rewi heen.[8] Maayo ngo yahrata ko e baraas Cross (renndo Muswodi Tshisimani ina noddira baraas Cross Gondoza) ko ɗum woni e nder les njiimaandi.[9] Dam Cross oo mahaa ko ngam rokkude ndiyam ngam ilnude gese ndema, remde jawdi, remde jawdi e koɗkiiji laddeeji koɗdiiɗi ɗii.[10] Ɗoon e ɗoon les njiimaandi Cross Dam e nder falnde ɗo ndiyam ɗam ɓuri yaajde ko 3 haa 6 m, ina woodi ŋoral ɗo laawol tar Tshipise/Pafuri taƴata maayo Nwanedi.[11] Maayo ngo ina yahra haa ngo hawri e maayo Limpopo to nokku kilooji sappo to fuɗnaange Malaladrift,[12] to keeri Zimbaabwee to tooweeki 340 meeteer. Maayo ngoo fof ina woni e nder nokkuuji njuvvudi ndiyam Limpopo, ina woni e nder nokkuuji vurzi waawde wonde e 1136 km2 e 24,5 10 (6)M3 e nder yontere nde. Baraaji Nwanedi – Luphephe ko baraasuuji tan Afrik worgo maantinɗi e nder weendu nduu.[13] == Nafoore faggudu/ekolosii == === Ndema e nguurndam === Demal ina hawra e peewnugol gese e jawdi, ndema ndiyam, e laddeeji ngam nguura e geɗe ɗe ngonaa nguura. Renndooji hoɗɓe e maayo ngo ina kuutoroo maayo Luphephe ngam lootde comci, ɓuuɓnude gese e jogaade jawdi,[14] e ko nanndi heen. To bannge maayo Luphephe mawngo, vursugol vursugol ngol ta/aama e nder leydi ndi vursugol ndiyam ngol vursata ngam diwde jawdi. Dippol ngol waɗiraa ko laawol ɓuuɓngol ngol daabaaji ɗii njahata, ina ɓuuɓna ɗum en e ndiyam ɓurɗam luggiɗde haa daaba oo ɓuuɓtoo haa laaɓa. Kanaal oo mahiraa ko e hitaande 1927 e leydi Tshikotoni. Renndooji Tshitanzhe, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, Tshikotoni e Tshitandani ina keewi diwde toon jawdi mum en kala jonte ɗiɗi fuɗɗoraade waktuuji jeeɗiɗi haa duuɓi seeɗa caggal fajiri demokaraasi e hitaande 1994. Laabi furrow ɗii kadi ina kuutoree ngam ndiyam remooɓe gese e dow daande maayo e leydi Tshikotoni. Remooɓe mawɓe ɓee ko leñol Mukwevho, leñol Dzuguda, leñol Phupheli, leñol Nekhumbe, leñol Chauke, leñol Nethononda, leñol Mufamadi, leñol Ndou dza Manenzhe, leñol Luranga e leñol Langanda (ngesa maɓɓe ina anndiranoo Galauvhe). Yanti heen, maayo Luphephe ina rokka remooɓe gese ndiyam e daande maayo Helula 2. Gese ko wayi no kaaƴe, gawri, ñebbe, ñebbe, mangooji e banaana ina ndema toon gila e yontaaji keewɗi. Leñol Mathukha/Marubini, leñol Phupheli (ngesa maɓɓe ina wiyee Makhothoni), leñol Madumi, leñol Kwinda la ha Tshirundu, leñol Netshishangane, leñol Manenzhe e leñol Mukwevho ko remooɓe ɓurɓe heewde e leydi Helula 2. Leñol Mukwevho e leñol Manenzhe kadi ina njula beeli e nder luumooji ngenndiiji e hakkunde leyɗeele so tawii ɓe mooftii geɗe moƴƴe e kitaale 1980. Nguurndam ina waɗi mbaawka heɓde geɗe baawɗe wonde fof ngam waawde huutoraade koye mum en e galle mum en. Rewɓe e sukaaɓe rewɓe to Tshikotoni, Helula 2 e Gumela ina kuutoroo maayo Luphephe ngam ƴettude ndiyam ngam ñaamde e nder galleeji. Kadi ɓe lootata ko ɓuuɓri e comci maɓɓe to maayo Luphephe duuɓi keewɗi. Worɓe e sukaaɓe tokosɓe ina kuutoroo maayo ngoo ngam nanngude liɗɗi ngam wuurde e lummbaade. === Sifaa ndiyam Nwanedi === Nde basin oo udditaa e yaasi nokku restoraaji Nwanedi e les njiimaandi falnde sakkitiinde hakkunde tule, maayo ngoo ina rokka ndiyam ngam remde gese e njulaagu e nder wuro Folovhodwe. Koolol Folovhodwe sosaa ko e hitaande 1986 ngam jibinde ƴiye mango e sitrus ngam ƴellitde Venda ndeen, to fuɗnaange Soutpansberg, e yaltinde leɗɗe ɗe ngalaa ñawu e leyɗeele hoɗdiiɓe.[15] Kosam ɗam ina rokka kadi ndiyam ngam ndema jawdi e ndema gese to Fedde Jeyi leydi Nwanedi (Fedde Jeyi leydi Nwanedi sosaa ko caggal nde ɗaɓɓaande leydi ngam renndinde e yoɓde). Renndooji ɗi ina mbaɗi Folovhodwe, Tshikhudini, Tanda, e Tshiphale. Nokku oo ina jeyaa e peeje ndiyam Nwanedi tawaaɗe to fuɗnaange koɗli Soutpansberg, fotde 40 Kilomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Tshipise e nder diiwaan Vhembe e nder diiwaan Limpopo, Afrik worgo. Nwanedi Irrigation scheme ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 300 remoowo tokooso, ɓe ndemata ko leɗɗe ndiyam ko ɓuri heewde ko tomateeji. Remooɓe ina ƴetta ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam e maayo hee tawa ina kuutoroo mbaydi ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.[16] Irrigaasiyoŋ toɓo ko jillondiral ngam hisnude ndiyam e ƴellitaare ɓurnde heewde ina ɓeyda ko famɗi fof 50% e kuutoragol ndiyam, ƴellitaare e nder yuɓɓo ndiyam, kadi ina waɗa ɗum karallaagal ɓurngal mawnude e nder caɗeele winndereyankooje ngam moƴƴinde peewnugol gese e nder caɗeele ndiyam mawɗe.[17] Ko vuri heewde e terɗe eɓɓaande ndee ina peewna fotde 100 ton tomateer e nder neɗɗo gooto e hektaar gooto walla 1000 kaaree (1000m2). Ko ɓuri heewde e remooɓe ina njogii hakkunde 10 e 100 hactor e ɓe peewna ko ɓuri heewde ko ngam yeeyde.[18] Won cazeele ŋakkeende ndiyam ko wayi no ustude ndiyam rewrude e vursugol toowngol e tuubaaji vursugol ; nguleeki toowki addanoowo ndiyam toowɗam ɓuuɓde e maayo e ɓuuɓde e gese ; pottital ndiyam hakkunde remooɓe e huutortooɓe nder galleeji ina addana ɗum en luural e ŋakkeende potal ndiyam sabu remooɓe wonɓe e wutte les maayo ngoo ina keɓa ndiyam seeɗa walla hay dara so ndiyam maayo ngoo ina ustoo.[19] Hakindo hitaande kala [[evapotranspiraasiyoŋ]] ko 1400 mm. Temperaaji ina ceerti gila e lewru ɓurndu heewde e ɓurndu famɗude ko 33,52 e 21,30 degere Celsius e lewru feebariyee haa 25,6 e 8,6 degere Celsius e lewru Siilo.[20] Kono noon, Nwanedi irrigation Scheme hollirii laabi vurzi waawde reentaade to senngo gese ina heen veydude ndiyam maayo e tovo ngo wonnoo ko salinirde leydi wonaa cazeele ; ndiyam jamma so tawii ɓuuɓri e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri ina famɗi ; ustude nokkuuji ndema ngam heɓde mbaawka ndiyam maayo ; aawde gese ɗe yooro waawata heɓde ngam ustude kuutoragol ndiyam e sahaa nguleeki.[21] === Nafoore Ekolosii === Njeñtudi wizto 2007 hollirii, vursugol toowngol maayo Luphephe e maayo Nwanedi fof ina hiisee wonde ina jogii nafoore e senngooji ekolosii toowzi (EIS), tawi noon les vursugol Nwanedzi/baraas Luphephe ngol EIS ko Moderate. Ko ɓuri heewde ko sabu feccere mawnde e ɓuuɓri toowndi ndii ina fadi haa e nder nokkuuji taariindi Nwanedi, tawi noon e nder weeyo Limpopo, ina rewi e nokkuuji taariindi keertiiɗi walla e nder gese jawdi.[22] So en teskiima batte e diwooje nder ndee zoo zoo zoo zoo ina njokki e duuvi keewzi, ina sikkaa wonde ngonka zoo zoo zoo ina waawi waylude no feewi e nder yontaaji garooji.[23] EIS ko maande tolno ndeenka maayo ngoo foti heɓde. Maanaa toowɗo ina foti reeneede haa wonta ngonka naftoraaka walla moƴƴa e les, firti ko ina famɗi nafoore reende walla ina jogii batte tawo e wonde ngalu nguu ina waawi ɓeydaade huutoreede.[24] === Turismo === Ekoturism ko feccere e yah-ngartaa jowitiingal e tago, ina hirjina weltaare yaajnde tawa ina wallita e reende e hisnude nokkuuji.[25] Agritourism ko sifaa gollorde njulaagu jokkondirnde e peewnugol ndema e/walla njulaagu e turism ngam dañde njilluuji e nder ngesa, e nder njulaagu, walla e nder njulaagu ndema goɗɗo ngam weltinde walla jannginde njilluuji ɗii tawa ina heɓa ngalu wonande ngesa, njulaagu, walla joom njulaagu. Skeemaaji turism-agrariyankooji renndo Nwanedi e leyɗeele ndema goɗɗe tuugiiɗe e toɓo ko golle laddeeji denndaaɗe.[26] Hiisiwal ngal hollitii wonde kominaaji Musina ina naftoroo jogaade nokkuuji turism keewɗi. Ina jeyaa heen nokku restoraaji Nwanedi e nokku restoraaji, nokku restoraaji Sagole Big Tree e nokku hoɗorde leɗɗe mawɗe.[27] Nokkuuji cuɓaaɗi ɗii (Folovhodwe, Gumela, Tshipise e Zwigodini) ina njokkondiri kadi e nokkuuji reentorɗi ɗii, ko wayi no baraasuuji Luphephe/Nwanedi[28]. Reserve nature Nwanedi, e resort ina mbayli seeɗa e laabi dogginde golle mum en e waylooji ɗi njiyataa, e turism ina naftoroo renndooji nokkuuji ɗii.[29] E nder ɗuum, gure teeru ɓuri moƴƴude e nokkuuji turism, gila e adventure, pinal, leƴƴi e ekoturism, e ko nanndi heen. Kono noon, laabi saraaji gure Folovhodwe e Gumela ina poti toppiteede ko yaawi ngam ɓeydude ƴellitaare turism e nder gollorɗe nokkuuje ɗee e nder nokkuuji restoraaji Nwanedi, e resort.[30] Nde turismaaɓe ngari e winndere ndee kala e lewru Duujal 2002 ngam seedaade geɗe lewru e nder Afrik worgo,[31] nokku restoraaji Nwanedi, e resort ina jeyaa e nokkuuji yiylotooɗi naange e nder wuro Musina e nder diiwaan Vhembe, e nder diiwaan Limpopo, Afrik worgo. == Tuugnorgal == 48rnw1b5llpyjfbntlm942g7xkpk75f 174567 174566 2026-06-19T11:34:54Z Nnamadee 11577 174567 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>Mashilwane 2024:17</ref>{{Databox}} '''Maayo Luphephe''' ummotoo ko e nokku Guyuni, to fuɗnaange Thohoyandou, ngam hawrude e maayo Nwanedi nder nokku keeriiɗo e nokku ɓuuɓɗo Nwanedi, waɗta ɗum baraaji Nwanedi – Luphephe. Ɗoon e ɗoon les ɓuuɓol ngol, maayo Nwanedi ina jokki e ɓuuɓde haa ɓurti keeri ɓuuɓol ngol rewrude e laawol ɓuuɓngol e nder weeyo Limpopo ɗo ngol hawri e maayo Limpopo. Maayo Luphehe e ɓulli mum ina ndokka ndiyam ndema, kullon ladde, e yimɓe hoɗɓe e nder maayo Limpopo. Reservoir e resort Nwanedi ina mbayli seeɗa e laabi dogginde sarwisaaji mum en e mbayliigu ngu yiyataa, kadi turism ina naftoroo renndooji koɗdiiɗi ɗii. Sabu ɗuum, teeru ina wonta cuɓagol ɓurngol moƴƴude wonande nokkuuji turism, gila e adventure, pinal, leƴƴi e ekoturism, so en limtii heen seeɗa. Kosam toowɗam maayo Luphephe e Nwanedi fof tawaama ina jogii nafoore mawnde ekolosii e sensitiviteeji. Nii woni wonta huunde himmunde ngam reende ɓulli toowɗi ɗii e nder ngonka naftoraaka walla moƴƴa. == Ɓawo == === Feccere fuɗɗorde maayo ngoo === Maayo Luphephe ko maayo mawngo duumotoongo e maayo Nwanedi e nder wuro Musina, wuro diiwaan Vhembe e nder diiwaan Limpopo, Afrik worgo. Iwdi mayre woni ko e leegal Guyuni/Dzumbama/Tshitandani/Tshamulungwi hedde 10 km hade mum hawrude e maayo Nwanedi e nokku mum toowɗo. Nokku toowɗo maayo Luphephe ina waawi fecceede e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi Waterfall to Mountain ɗi tawaaɗi e nder ndeeɗoo maayo fof. Zone source fuɗɗotoo ko e tooweeki 976 meeter, njuuteendi mum ko hedde kiloomeeteer gooto. Zone torrent Waterfall to Mountain ina ilna hakkunde 915 e 610 meeteer dow koye maayo dow ŋoral tokosal e ŋoral ɓuuɓngal. Substratum maayo ngoo fof ɓuri heewde ko sifaa kaaƴe, ina waɗi kaaƴe, kaaƴe e kaaƴe mawɗe. Sahaa e sahaa fof ɓuuɓri ceene ina waɗa.<ref>Mokgalong 1981:10</ref> Ko adii nde naatata e nokku keso Nwanedi, e resort nde hawrata e maayo Savhani. Maayo Savhani fuɗɗotoo ko e Gwangwatini, rewa Ngalavhani, Tshitanje, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, e Tshikotoni (anndiraango Manzhenge). E dow maayo Luphephe ina waɗi nokkuuji ndema haa e daande maayo<ref>Angliss 2007:13</ref> renndooji taariiɗi ɗii. Maayo Luphephe ina hawra e maayo Nwanedi nder nokku keeriiɗo Nwanedi, e resort, ina waɗa baraasuuji Nwanedi – Luphephe. === Feccere hakkundeere maayo ngo === E hitaande 1964, e dow ɗaɓɓaande Yiilirde ndiyam Nwanedi, Departemaa Geɗe Ndiyam mahii baraas Luphephe e baraas Nwanedi, gooto e dow kala maayo Luphephe e maayo Nwanedi,<ref>Mokgalong 1981:3</ref> ngam ndiyam. Koɗorɗe arc dam Luphephe ina njogii 39 meeteer toowɗo, ina njogii 14 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo. Koɗorɗe arc dam Nwanedi ina njogii 36 meeteer toowɗo, ina njogii 5 310 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo. Baraaji ɗiɗi ɗii e saraaji mum en fotde 9000 ektaar, kolliraama ko nokkuuji restoraaji Nwanedi e hitaande 1979.<ref>Madanire-Moyo, GN. et.al. 2010. Ecology of metazoan parasites of Clarias gariepinus (Osteichthyes: Clariidae) from the Nwanedi-Luphephe Dams of the Limpopo River System, South Africa. African Zoology, 45(2): 849 – 862. P. 234. Available at: <nowiki>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232084925_Ecology_of_Metazoan_Parasites_of_Clarias_gariepinus_Osteichthyes_Clariidae_from_the_Nwanedi-Luphephe_Dams_of_the_Limpopo_River_System_South_Africa</nowiki></ref> E fuɗɗoode ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam Luphephe hawri ko e Nwanedi to nokku les njiimaandi baraas hannde oo kono e mahngo baraasuuji e dow maayooji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ngonka kaa wayliima seeɗa sabu jooni ina woodi kanndaa 2,5 meeter luggiɗiiɗo jokkondirɗo e ɓulli ndiyam ɗiɗi ɗii ko ina wona 100 meeteruuji e<ref>Mokgalong, NM. 1981. Aspects of the invertebrate ecology of the Nwanedi tributary of the Limpopo river: Submitted in fulfilment of part of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in the Department of Zoology in the faculty of mathematics and natural sciences at the University of the North, Pietersburg. Available at: <nowiki>http://ulspace.ul.ac.za/handle/10386/211</nowiki></ref> dow maayooji ɗii fof. Dame ɓuuɓɗe gonɗe e baraasuuji ɗii fof ina kuutoree ngam reentaade tolno ndiyam, e jogaade doole ndiyam les haa e nder weendu wooturu. Fotde 500 meeter dow maayo baraaji Nwanedi/Luphephe ina woodi ponto beton tokooso les, ina taƴa maayo ngoo, ummoraade e damal naatgol Gumela. Heen sahaaji ina heɓa ilam e ɓuuɓde njaareendi dow pont oo.<ref>Angliss 2007:14</ref> === Feccere cakkitiinde maayo ngoo === Maayo ngoo ina jokki e bannge worgo, ina rewi e ŋoral Limpopo. Ko ɗoon ladde Limpopo ndee udditaa e yaasi nokku restoraaji Nwanedi e les njiimaandi falnde sakkitiinde hakkunde tule, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko maadi kaaƴe ɓutte e maayo ina rewi heen.[8] Maayo ngo yahrata ko e baraas Cross (renndo Muswodi Tshisimani ina noddira baraas Cross Gondoza) ko ɗum woni e nder les njiimaandi.[9] Dam Cross oo mahaa ko ngam rokkude ndiyam ngam ilnude gese ndema, remde jawdi, remde jawdi e koɗkiiji laddeeji koɗdiiɗi ɗii.[10] Ɗoon e ɗoon les njiimaandi Cross Dam e nder falnde ɗo ndiyam ɗam ɓuri yaajde ko 3 haa 6 m, ina woodi ŋoral ɗo laawol tar Tshipise/Pafuri taƴata maayo Nwanedi.[11] Maayo ngo ina yahra haa ngo hawri e maayo Limpopo to nokku kilooji sappo to fuɗnaange Malaladrift,[12] to keeri Zimbaabwee to tooweeki 340 meeteer. Maayo ngoo fof ina woni e nder nokkuuji njuvvudi ndiyam Limpopo, ina woni e nder nokkuuji vurzi waawde wonde e 1136 km2 e 24,5 10 (6)M3 e nder yontere nde. Baraaji Nwanedi – Luphephe ko baraasuuji tan Afrik worgo maantinɗi e nder weendu nduu.[13] == Nafoore faggudu/ekolosii == === Ndema e nguurndam === Demal ina hawra e peewnugol gese e jawdi, ndema ndiyam, e laddeeji ngam nguura e geɗe ɗe ngonaa nguura. Renndooji hoɗɓe e maayo ngo ina kuutoroo maayo Luphephe ngam lootde comci, ɓuuɓnude gese e jogaade jawdi,[14] e ko nanndi heen. To bannge maayo Luphephe mawngo, vursugol vursugol ngol ta/aama e nder leydi ndi vursugol ndiyam ngol vursata ngam diwde jawdi. Dippol ngol waɗiraa ko laawol ɓuuɓngol ngol daabaaji ɗii njahata, ina ɓuuɓna ɗum en e ndiyam ɓurɗam luggiɗde haa daaba oo ɓuuɓtoo haa laaɓa. Kanaal oo mahiraa ko e hitaande 1927 e leydi Tshikotoni. Renndooji Tshitanzhe, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, Tshikotoni e Tshitandani ina keewi diwde toon jawdi mum en kala jonte ɗiɗi fuɗɗoraade waktuuji jeeɗiɗi haa duuɓi seeɗa caggal fajiri demokaraasi e hitaande 1994. Laabi furrow ɗii kadi ina kuutoree ngam ndiyam remooɓe gese e dow daande maayo e leydi Tshikotoni. Remooɓe mawɓe ɓee ko leñol Mukwevho, leñol Dzuguda, leñol Phupheli, leñol Nekhumbe, leñol Chauke, leñol Nethononda, leñol Mufamadi, leñol Ndou dza Manenzhe, leñol Luranga e leñol Langanda (ngesa maɓɓe ina anndiranoo Galauvhe). Yanti heen, maayo Luphephe ina rokka remooɓe gese ndiyam e daande maayo Helula 2. Gese ko wayi no kaaƴe, gawri, ñebbe, ñebbe, mangooji e banaana ina ndema toon gila e yontaaji keewɗi. Leñol Mathukha/Marubini, leñol Phupheli (ngesa maɓɓe ina wiyee Makhothoni), leñol Madumi, leñol Kwinda la ha Tshirundu, leñol Netshishangane, leñol Manenzhe e leñol Mukwevho ko remooɓe ɓurɓe heewde e leydi Helula 2. Leñol Mukwevho e leñol Manenzhe kadi ina njula beeli e nder luumooji ngenndiiji e hakkunde leyɗeele so tawii ɓe mooftii geɗe moƴƴe e kitaale 1980. Nguurndam ina waɗi mbaawka heɓde geɗe baawɗe wonde fof ngam waawde huutoraade koye mum en e galle mum en. Rewɓe e sukaaɓe rewɓe to Tshikotoni, Helula 2 e Gumela ina kuutoroo maayo Luphephe ngam ƴettude ndiyam ngam ñaamde e nder galleeji. Kadi ɓe lootata ko ɓuuɓri e comci maɓɓe to maayo Luphephe duuɓi keewɗi. Worɓe e sukaaɓe tokosɓe ina kuutoroo maayo ngoo ngam nanngude liɗɗi ngam wuurde e lummbaade. === Sifaa ndiyam Nwanedi === Nde basin oo udditaa e yaasi nokku restoraaji Nwanedi e les njiimaandi falnde sakkitiinde hakkunde tule, maayo ngoo ina rokka ndiyam ngam remde gese e njulaagu e nder wuro Folovhodwe. Koolol Folovhodwe sosaa ko e hitaande 1986 ngam jibinde ƴiye mango e sitrus ngam ƴellitde Venda ndeen, to fuɗnaange Soutpansberg, e yaltinde leɗɗe ɗe ngalaa ñawu e leyɗeele hoɗdiiɓe.[15] Kosam ɗam ina rokka kadi ndiyam ngam ndema jawdi e ndema gese to Fedde Jeyi leydi Nwanedi (Fedde Jeyi leydi Nwanedi sosaa ko caggal nde ɗaɓɓaande leydi ngam renndinde e yoɓde). Renndooji ɗi ina mbaɗi Folovhodwe, Tshikhudini, Tanda, e Tshiphale. Nokku oo ina jeyaa e peeje ndiyam Nwanedi tawaaɗe to fuɗnaange koɗli Soutpansberg, fotde 40 Kilomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Tshipise e nder diiwaan Vhembe e nder diiwaan Limpopo, Afrik worgo. Nwanedi Irrigation scheme ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 300 remoowo tokooso, ɓe ndemata ko leɗɗe ndiyam ko ɓuri heewde ko tomateeji. Remooɓe ina ƴetta ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam e maayo hee tawa ina kuutoroo mbaydi ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.[16] Irrigaasiyoŋ toɓo ko jillondiral ngam hisnude ndiyam e ƴellitaare ɓurnde heewde ina ɓeyda ko famɗi fof 50% e kuutoragol ndiyam, ƴellitaare e nder yuɓɓo ndiyam, kadi ina waɗa ɗum karallaagal ɓurngal mawnude e nder caɗeele winndereyankooje ngam moƴƴinde peewnugol gese e nder caɗeele ndiyam mawɗe.[17] Ko vuri heewde e terɗe eɓɓaande ndee ina peewna fotde 100 ton tomateer e nder neɗɗo gooto e hektaar gooto walla 1000 kaaree (1000m2). Ko ɓuri heewde e remooɓe ina njogii hakkunde 10 e 100 hactor e ɓe peewna ko ɓuri heewde ko ngam yeeyde.[18] Won cazeele ŋakkeende ndiyam ko wayi no ustude ndiyam rewrude e vursugol toowngol e tuubaaji vursugol ; nguleeki toowki addanoowo ndiyam toowɗam ɓuuɓde e maayo e ɓuuɓde e gese ; pottital ndiyam hakkunde remooɓe e huutortooɓe nder galleeji ina addana ɗum en luural e ŋakkeende potal ndiyam sabu remooɓe wonɓe e wutte les maayo ngoo ina keɓa ndiyam seeɗa walla hay dara so ndiyam maayo ngoo ina ustoo.[19] Hakindo hitaande kala [[evapotranspiraasiyoŋ]] ko 1400 mm. Temperaaji ina ceerti gila e lewru ɓurndu heewde e ɓurndu famɗude ko 33,52 e 21,30 degere Celsius e lewru feebariyee haa 25,6 e 8,6 degere Celsius e lewru Siilo.[20] Kono noon, Nwanedi irrigation Scheme hollirii laabi vurzi waawde reentaade to senngo gese ina heen veydude ndiyam maayo e tovo ngo wonnoo ko salinirde leydi wonaa cazeele ; ndiyam jamma so tawii ɓuuɓri e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri ina famɗi ; ustude nokkuuji ndema ngam heɓde mbaawka ndiyam maayo ; aawde gese ɗe yooro waawata heɓde ngam ustude kuutoragol ndiyam e sahaa nguleeki.[21] === Nafoore Ekolosii === Njeñtudi wizto 2007 hollirii, vursugol toowngol maayo Luphephe e maayo Nwanedi fof ina hiisee wonde ina jogii nafoore e senngooji ekolosii toowzi (EIS), tawi noon les vursugol Nwanedzi/baraas Luphephe ngol EIS ko Moderate. Ko ɓuri heewde ko sabu feccere mawnde e ɓuuɓri toowndi ndii ina fadi haa e nder nokkuuji taariindi Nwanedi, tawi noon e nder weeyo Limpopo, ina rewi e nokkuuji taariindi keertiiɗi walla e nder gese jawdi.[22] So en teskiima batte e diwooje nder ndee zoo zoo zoo zoo ina njokki e duuvi keewzi, ina sikkaa wonde ngonka zoo zoo zoo ina waawi waylude no feewi e nder yontaaji garooji.[23] EIS ko maande tolno ndeenka maayo ngoo foti heɓde. Maanaa toowɗo ina foti reeneede haa wonta ngonka naftoraaka walla moƴƴa e les, firti ko ina famɗi nafoore reende walla ina jogii batte tawo e wonde ngalu nguu ina waawi ɓeydaade huutoreede.[24] === Turismo === Ekoturism ko feccere e yah-ngartaa jowitiingal e tago, ina hirjina weltaare yaajnde tawa ina wallita e reende e hisnude nokkuuji.[25] Agritourism ko sifaa gollorde njulaagu jokkondirnde e peewnugol ndema e/walla njulaagu e turism ngam dañde njilluuji e nder ngesa, e nder njulaagu, walla e nder njulaagu ndema goɗɗo ngam weltinde walla jannginde njilluuji ɗii tawa ina heɓa ngalu wonande ngesa, njulaagu, walla joom njulaagu. Skeemaaji turism-agrariyankooji renndo Nwanedi e leyɗeele ndema goɗɗe tuugiiɗe e toɓo ko golle laddeeji denndaaɗe.[26] Hiisiwal ngal hollitii wonde kominaaji Musina ina naftoroo jogaade nokkuuji turism keewɗi. Ina jeyaa heen nokku restoraaji Nwanedi e nokku restoraaji, nokku restoraaji Sagole Big Tree e nokku hoɗorde leɗɗe mawɗe.[27] Nokkuuji cuɓaaɗi ɗii (Folovhodwe, Gumela, Tshipise e Zwigodini) ina njokkondiri kadi e nokkuuji reentorɗi ɗii, ko wayi no baraasuuji Luphephe/Nwanedi[28]. Reserve nature Nwanedi, e resort ina mbayli seeɗa e laabi dogginde golle mum en e waylooji ɗi njiyataa, e turism ina naftoroo renndooji nokkuuji ɗii.[29] E nder ɗuum, gure teeru ɓuri moƴƴude e nokkuuji turism, gila e adventure, pinal, leƴƴi e ekoturism, e ko nanndi heen. Kono noon, laabi saraaji gure Folovhodwe e Gumela ina poti toppiteede ko yaawi ngam ɓeydude ƴellitaare turism e nder gollorɗe nokkuuje ɗee e nder nokkuuji restoraaji Nwanedi, e resort.[30] Nde turismaaɓe ngari e winndere ndee kala e lewru Duujal 2002 ngam seedaade geɗe lewru e nder Afrik worgo,[31] nokku restoraaji Nwanedi, e resort ina jeyaa e nokkuuji yiylotooɗi naange e nder wuro Musina e nder diiwaan Vhembe, e nder diiwaan Limpopo, Afrik worgo. == Tuugnorgal == ek9uk1eflgl9eum0a40up04njg6apzt 174568 174567 2026-06-19T11:36:06Z Nnamadee 11577 174568 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>Mashilwane 2024:17</ref>{{Databox}} '''Maayo Luphephe''' ummotoo ko e nokku Guyuni, to fuɗnaange Thohoyandou, ngam hawrude e maayo Nwanedi nder nokku keeriiɗo e nokku ɓuuɓɗo Nwanedi, waɗta ɗum baraaji Nwanedi – Luphephe. Ɗoon e ɗoon les ɓuuɓol ngol, maayo Nwanedi ina jokki e ɓuuɓde haa ɓurti keeri ɓuuɓol ngol rewrude e laawol ɓuuɓngol e nder weeyo Limpopo ɗo ngol hawri e maayo Limpopo. Maayo Luphehe e ɓulli mum ina ndokka ndiyam ndema, kullon ladde, e yimɓe hoɗɓe e nder maayo Limpopo. Reservoir e resort Nwanedi ina mbayli seeɗa e laabi dogginde sarwisaaji mum en e mbayliigu ngu yiyataa, kadi turism ina naftoroo renndooji koɗdiiɗi ɗii. Sabu ɗuum, teeru ina wonta cuɓagol ɓurngol moƴƴude wonande nokkuuji turism, gila e adventure, pinal, leƴƴi e ekoturism, so en limtii heen seeɗa. Kosam toowɗam maayo Luphephe e Nwanedi fof tawaama ina jogii nafoore mawnde ekolosii e sensitiviteeji. Nii woni wonta huunde himmunde ngam reende ɓulli toowɗi ɗii e nder ngonka naftoraaka walla moƴƴa. == Ɓawo == === Feccere fuɗɗorde maayo ngoo === Maayo Luphephe ko maayo mawngo duumotoongo e maayo Nwanedi e nder wuro Musina, wuro diiwaan Vhembe e nder diiwaan Limpopo, Afrik worgo. Iwdi mayre woni ko e leegal Guyuni/Dzumbama/Tshitandani/Tshamulungwi hedde 10 km hade mum hawrude e maayo Nwanedi e nokku mum toowɗo. Nokku toowɗo maayo Luphephe ina waawi fecceede e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi Waterfall to Mountain ɗi tawaaɗi e nder ndeeɗoo maayo fof. Zone source fuɗɗotoo ko e tooweeki 976 meeter, njuuteendi mum ko hedde kiloomeeteer gooto. Zone torrent Waterfall to Mountain ina ilna hakkunde 915 e 610 meeteer dow koye maayo dow ŋoral tokosal e ŋoral ɓuuɓngal. Substratum maayo ngoo fof ɓuri heewde ko sifaa kaaƴe, ina waɗi kaaƴe, kaaƴe e kaaƴe mawɗe. Sahaa e sahaa fof ɓuuɓri ceene ina waɗa.<ref>Mokgalong 1981:10</ref> Ko adii nde naatata e nokku keso Nwanedi, e resort nde hawrata e maayo Savhani. Maayo Savhani fuɗɗotoo ko e Gwangwatini, rewa Ngalavhani, Tshitanje, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, e Tshikotoni (anndiraango Manzhenge). E dow maayo Luphephe ina waɗi nokkuuji ndema haa e daande maayo<ref>Angliss 2007:13</ref> renndooji taariiɗi ɗii. Maayo Luphephe ina hawra e maayo Nwanedi nder nokku keeriiɗo Nwanedi, e resort, ina waɗa baraasuuji Nwanedi – Luphephe. === Feccere hakkundeere maayo ngo === E hitaande 1964, e dow ɗaɓɓaande Yiilirde ndiyam Nwanedi, Departemaa Geɗe Ndiyam mahii baraas Luphephe e baraas Nwanedi, gooto e dow kala maayo Luphephe e maayo Nwanedi,<ref>Mokgalong 1981:3</ref> ngam ndiyam. Koɗorɗe arc dam Luphephe ina njogii 39 meeteer toowɗo, ina njogii 14 800 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo. Koɗorɗe arc dam Nwanedi ina njogii 36 meeteer toowɗo, ina njogii 5 310 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo. Baraaji ɗiɗi ɗii e saraaji mum en fotde 9000 ektaar, kolliraama ko nokkuuji restoraaji Nwanedi e hitaande 1979.<ref>Madanire-Moyo, GN. et.al. 2010. Ecology of metazoan parasites of Clarias gariepinus (Osteichthyes: Clariidae) from the Nwanedi-Luphephe Dams of the Limpopo River System, South Africa. African Zoology, 45(2): 849 – 862. P. 234. Available at: <nowiki>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232084925_Ecology_of_Metazoan_Parasites_of_Clarias_gariepinus_Osteichthyes_Clariidae_from_the_Nwanedi-Luphephe_Dams_of_the_Limpopo_River_System_South_Africa</nowiki></ref> E fuɗɗoode ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam Luphephe hawri ko e Nwanedi to nokku les njiimaandi baraas hannde oo kono e mahngo baraasuuji e dow maayooji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, ngonka kaa wayliima seeɗa sabu jooni ina woodi kanndaa 2,5 meeter luggiɗiiɗo jokkondirɗo e ɓulli ndiyam ɗiɗi ɗii ko ina wona 100 meeteruuji e<ref>Mokgalong, NM. 1981. Aspects of the invertebrate ecology of the Nwanedi tributary of the Limpopo river: Submitted in fulfilment of part of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in the Department of Zoology in the faculty of mathematics and natural sciences at the University of the North, Pietersburg. Available at: <nowiki>http://ulspace.ul.ac.za/handle/10386/211</nowiki></ref> dow maayooji ɗii fof. Dame ɓuuɓɗe gonɗe e baraasuuji ɗii fof ina kuutoree ngam reentaade tolno ndiyam, e jogaade doole ndiyam les haa e nder weendu wooturu. Fotde 500 meeter dow maayo baraaji Nwanedi/Luphephe ina woodi ponto beton tokooso les, ina taƴa maayo ngoo, ummoraade e damal naatgol Gumela. Heen sahaaji ina heɓa ilam e ɓuuɓde njaareendi dow pont oo.<ref>Angliss 2007:14</ref> === Feccere cakkitiinde maayo ngoo === Maayo ngoo ina jokki e bannge worgo, ina rewi e ŋoral Limpopo. Ko ɗoon ladde Limpopo ndee udditaa e yaasi nokku restoraaji Nwanedi e les njiimaandi falnde sakkitiinde hakkunde tule, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko maadi kaaƴe ɓutte e maayo ina rewi heen.<ref>Angliss 2007: 14</ref> Maayo ngo yahrata ko e baraas Cross (renndo Muswodi Tshisimani ina noddira baraas Cross Gondoza) ko ɗum woni e nder les njiimaandi.[9] Dam Cross oo mahaa ko ngam rokkude ndiyam ngam ilnude gese ndema, remde jawdi, remde jawdi e koɗkiiji laddeeji koɗdiiɗi ɗii.[10] Ɗoon e ɗoon les njiimaandi Cross Dam e nder falnde ɗo ndiyam ɗam ɓuri yaajde ko 3 haa 6 m, ina woodi ŋoral ɗo laawol tar Tshipise/Pafuri taƴata maayo Nwanedi.[11] Maayo ngo ina yahra haa ngo hawri e maayo Limpopo to nokku kilooji sappo to fuɗnaange Malaladrift,[12] to keeri Zimbaabwee to tooweeki 340 meeteer. Maayo ngoo fof ina woni e nder nokkuuji njuvvudi ndiyam Limpopo, ina woni e nder nokkuuji vurzi waawde wonde e 1136 km2 e 24,5 10 (6)M3 e nder yontere nde. Baraaji Nwanedi – Luphephe ko baraasuuji tan Afrik worgo maantinɗi e nder weendu nduu.[13] == Nafoore faggudu/ekolosii == === Ndema e nguurndam === Demal ina hawra e peewnugol gese e jawdi, ndema ndiyam, e laddeeji ngam nguura e geɗe ɗe ngonaa nguura. Renndooji hoɗɓe e maayo ngo ina kuutoroo maayo Luphephe ngam lootde comci, ɓuuɓnude gese e jogaade jawdi,[14] e ko nanndi heen. To bannge maayo Luphephe mawngo, vursugol vursugol ngol ta/aama e nder leydi ndi vursugol ndiyam ngol vursata ngam diwde jawdi. Dippol ngol waɗiraa ko laawol ɓuuɓngol ngol daabaaji ɗii njahata, ina ɓuuɓna ɗum en e ndiyam ɓurɗam luggiɗde haa daaba oo ɓuuɓtoo haa laaɓa. Kanaal oo mahiraa ko e hitaande 1927 e leydi Tshikotoni. Renndooji Tshitanzhe, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, Tshikotoni e Tshitandani ina keewi diwde toon jawdi mum en kala jonte ɗiɗi fuɗɗoraade waktuuji jeeɗiɗi haa duuɓi seeɗa caggal fajiri demokaraasi e hitaande 1994. Laabi furrow ɗii kadi ina kuutoree ngam ndiyam remooɓe gese e dow daande maayo e leydi Tshikotoni. Remooɓe mawɓe ɓee ko leñol Mukwevho, leñol Dzuguda, leñol Phupheli, leñol Nekhumbe, leñol Chauke, leñol Nethononda, leñol Mufamadi, leñol Ndou dza Manenzhe, leñol Luranga e leñol Langanda (ngesa maɓɓe ina anndiranoo Galauvhe). Yanti heen, maayo Luphephe ina rokka remooɓe gese ndiyam e daande maayo Helula 2. Gese ko wayi no kaaƴe, gawri, ñebbe, ñebbe, mangooji e banaana ina ndema toon gila e yontaaji keewɗi. Leñol Mathukha/Marubini, leñol Phupheli (ngesa maɓɓe ina wiyee Makhothoni), leñol Madumi, leñol Kwinda la ha Tshirundu, leñol Netshishangane, leñol Manenzhe e leñol Mukwevho ko remooɓe ɓurɓe heewde e leydi Helula 2. Leñol Mukwevho e leñol Manenzhe kadi ina njula beeli e nder luumooji ngenndiiji e hakkunde leyɗeele so tawii ɓe mooftii geɗe moƴƴe e kitaale 1980. Nguurndam ina waɗi mbaawka heɓde geɗe baawɗe wonde fof ngam waawde huutoraade koye mum en e galle mum en. Rewɓe e sukaaɓe rewɓe to Tshikotoni, Helula 2 e Gumela ina kuutoroo maayo Luphephe ngam ƴettude ndiyam ngam ñaamde e nder galleeji. Kadi ɓe lootata ko ɓuuɓri e comci maɓɓe to maayo Luphephe duuɓi keewɗi. Worɓe e sukaaɓe tokosɓe ina kuutoroo maayo ngoo ngam nanngude liɗɗi ngam wuurde e lummbaade. === Sifaa ndiyam Nwanedi === Nde basin oo udditaa e yaasi nokku restoraaji Nwanedi e les njiimaandi falnde sakkitiinde hakkunde tule, maayo ngoo ina rokka ndiyam ngam remde gese e njulaagu e nder wuro Folovhodwe. Koolol Folovhodwe sosaa ko e hitaande 1986 ngam jibinde ƴiye mango e sitrus ngam ƴellitde Venda ndeen, to fuɗnaange Soutpansberg, e yaltinde leɗɗe ɗe ngalaa ñawu e leyɗeele hoɗdiiɓe.[15] Kosam ɗam ina rokka kadi ndiyam ngam ndema jawdi e ndema gese to Fedde Jeyi leydi Nwanedi (Fedde Jeyi leydi Nwanedi sosaa ko caggal nde ɗaɓɓaande leydi ngam renndinde e yoɓde). Renndooji ɗi ina mbaɗi Folovhodwe, Tshikhudini, Tanda, e Tshiphale. Nokku oo ina jeyaa e peeje ndiyam Nwanedi tawaaɗe to fuɗnaange koɗli Soutpansberg, fotde 40 Kilomeeteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Tshipise e nder diiwaan Vhembe e nder diiwaan Limpopo, Afrik worgo. Nwanedi Irrigation scheme ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 300 remoowo tokooso, ɓe ndemata ko leɗɗe ndiyam ko ɓuri heewde ko tomateeji. Remooɓe ina ƴetta ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam e maayo hee tawa ina kuutoroo mbaydi ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.[16] Irrigaasiyoŋ toɓo ko jillondiral ngam hisnude ndiyam e ƴellitaare ɓurnde heewde ina ɓeyda ko famɗi fof 50% e kuutoragol ndiyam, ƴellitaare e nder yuɓɓo ndiyam, kadi ina waɗa ɗum karallaagal ɓurngal mawnude e nder caɗeele winndereyankooje ngam moƴƴinde peewnugol gese e nder caɗeele ndiyam mawɗe.[17] Ko vuri heewde e terɗe eɓɓaande ndee ina peewna fotde 100 ton tomateer e nder neɗɗo gooto e hektaar gooto walla 1000 kaaree (1000m2). Ko ɓuri heewde e remooɓe ina njogii hakkunde 10 e 100 hactor e ɓe peewna ko ɓuri heewde ko ngam yeeyde.[18] Won cazeele ŋakkeende ndiyam ko wayi no ustude ndiyam rewrude e vursugol toowngol e tuubaaji vursugol ; nguleeki toowki addanoowo ndiyam toowɗam ɓuuɓde e maayo e ɓuuɓde e gese ; pottital ndiyam hakkunde remooɓe e huutortooɓe nder galleeji ina addana ɗum en luural e ŋakkeende potal ndiyam sabu remooɓe wonɓe e wutte les maayo ngoo ina keɓa ndiyam seeɗa walla hay dara so ndiyam maayo ngoo ina ustoo.[19] Hakindo hitaande kala [[evapotranspiraasiyoŋ]] ko 1400 mm. Temperaaji ina ceerti gila e lewru ɓurndu heewde e ɓurndu famɗude ko 33,52 e 21,30 degere Celsius e lewru feebariyee haa 25,6 e 8,6 degere Celsius e lewru Siilo.[20] Kono noon, Nwanedi irrigation Scheme hollirii laabi vurzi waawde reentaade to senngo gese ina heen veydude ndiyam maayo e tovo ngo wonnoo ko salinirde leydi wonaa cazeele ; ndiyam jamma so tawii ɓuuɓri e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri ina famɗi ; ustude nokkuuji ndema ngam heɓde mbaawka ndiyam maayo ; aawde gese ɗe yooro waawata heɓde ngam ustude kuutoragol ndiyam e sahaa nguleeki.[21] === Nafoore Ekolosii === Njeñtudi wizto 2007 hollirii, vursugol toowngol maayo Luphephe e maayo Nwanedi fof ina hiisee wonde ina jogii nafoore e senngooji ekolosii toowzi (EIS), tawi noon les vursugol Nwanedzi/baraas Luphephe ngol EIS ko Moderate. Ko ɓuri heewde ko sabu feccere mawnde e ɓuuɓri toowndi ndii ina fadi haa e nder nokkuuji taariindi Nwanedi, tawi noon e nder weeyo Limpopo, ina rewi e nokkuuji taariindi keertiiɗi walla e nder gese jawdi.[22] So en teskiima batte e diwooje nder ndee zoo zoo zoo zoo ina njokki e duuvi keewzi, ina sikkaa wonde ngonka zoo zoo zoo ina waawi waylude no feewi e nder yontaaji garooji.[23] EIS ko maande tolno ndeenka maayo ngoo foti heɓde. Maanaa toowɗo ina foti reeneede haa wonta ngonka naftoraaka walla moƴƴa e les, firti ko ina famɗi nafoore reende walla ina jogii batte tawo e wonde ngalu nguu ina waawi ɓeydaade huutoreede.[24] === Turismo === Ekoturism ko feccere e yah-ngartaa jowitiingal e tago, ina hirjina weltaare yaajnde tawa ina wallita e reende e hisnude nokkuuji.[25] Agritourism ko sifaa gollorde njulaagu jokkondirnde e peewnugol ndema e/walla njulaagu e turism ngam dañde njilluuji e nder ngesa, e nder njulaagu, walla e nder njulaagu ndema goɗɗo ngam weltinde walla jannginde njilluuji ɗii tawa ina heɓa ngalu wonande ngesa, njulaagu, walla joom njulaagu. Skeemaaji turism-agrariyankooji renndo Nwanedi e leyɗeele ndema goɗɗe tuugiiɗe e toɓo ko golle laddeeji denndaaɗe.[26] Hiisiwal ngal hollitii wonde kominaaji Musina ina naftoroo jogaade nokkuuji turism keewɗi. Ina jeyaa heen nokku restoraaji Nwanedi e nokku restoraaji, nokku restoraaji Sagole Big Tree e nokku hoɗorde leɗɗe mawɗe.[27] Nokkuuji cuɓaaɗi ɗii (Folovhodwe, Gumela, Tshipise e Zwigodini) ina njokkondiri kadi e nokkuuji reentorɗi ɗii, ko wayi no baraasuuji Luphephe/Nwanedi[28]. Reserve nature Nwanedi, e resort ina mbayli seeɗa e laabi dogginde golle mum en e waylooji ɗi njiyataa, e turism ina naftoroo renndooji nokkuuji ɗii.[29] E nder ɗuum, gure teeru ɓuri moƴƴude e nokkuuji turism, gila e adventure, pinal, leƴƴi e ekoturism, e ko nanndi heen. Kono noon, laabi saraaji gure Folovhodwe e Gumela ina poti toppiteede ko yaawi ngam ɓeydude ƴellitaare turism e nder gollorɗe nokkuuje ɗee e nder nokkuuji restoraaji Nwanedi, e resort.[30] Nde turismaaɓe ngari e winndere ndee kala e lewru Duujal 2002 ngam seedaade geɗe lewru e nder Afrik worgo,[31] nokku restoraaji Nwanedi, e resort ina jeyaa e nokkuuji yiylotooɗi naange e nder wuro Musina e nder diiwaan Vhembe, e nder diiwaan Limpopo, Afrik worgo. == Tuugnorgal == tg4eip44j3oinu6cn189swm98lyc1df 0 42238 174571 2026-06-19T11:45:42Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174571 wikitext text/x-wiki Simeon Tarka (1953-2019) ko siyaasyanke e dowla Naajeeriya, jeyaaɗo e diiwaan Benue. Nde o mari duuɓi 28, o suɓaama nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya, o laati tergal maako ɓurdungal famɗugo diga 1979 haa 1983 wakkati laamu lesdi Naajeeriya ɗiɗaɓuru. Ko kanko woni ɓiy mawɗo e nder politik Najeriya mawɗo biyeteeɗo Joseph Tarka. Tarka janngii jokkondiral hakkunde leyɗeele e jaayndeyaagal to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Nebraska to Lincoln, o heɓi heen hitaande ko adii nde o suɓetee e Asaambele ngenndi. Tuugnorgal 7i5j3sikjsylyxbgbk6dvj5nt66an4l 174572 174571 2026-06-19T11:47:09Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Simeon Tarka (1953-2019) ko siyaasyanke e dowla Naajeeriya, jeyaaɗo e diiwaan Benue. Nde o mari duuɓi 28, o suɓaama nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya, o laati tergal maako ɓurdungal famɗugo diga 1979 haa 1983 wakkati laamu lesdi Naajeeriya ɗiɗaɓuru. Ko kanko woni ɓiy mawɗo e nder politik Najeriya mawɗo biyeteeɗo Joseph Tarka. Tarka janngii jokkondiral hakkunde leyɗeele e jaayndeyaagal to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Nebraska to Lincoln, o heɓi heen hitaande ko adii nde o suɓetee e Asaambele ngenndi. Tuugnorgal 5k7hw7pbo0ba0cvk7lwzj7spprj0v5s 174573 174572 2026-06-19T11:47:51Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Simeon Tarka''' (1953-2019) ko siyaasyanke e dowla Naajeeriya, jeyaaɗo e diiwaan Benue. Nde o mari duuɓi 28, o suɓaama nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya, o laati tergal maako ɓurdungal famɗugo diga 1979 haa 1983 wakkati laamu lesdi Naajeeriya ɗiɗaɓuru. Ko kanko woni ɓiy mawɗo e nder politik Najeriya mawɗo biyeteeɗo Joseph Tarka. Tarka janngii jokkondiral hakkunde leyɗeele e jaayndeyaagal to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Nebraska to Lincoln, o heɓi heen hitaande ko adii nde o suɓetee e Asaambele ngenndi. == Tuugnorgal == mcthdi126ahu1f8vdzemx88w0fj763w 174574 174573 2026-06-19T11:49:19Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Simeon Tarka''' (1953-2019) ko siyaasyanke e dowla Naajeeriya, jeyaaɗo e diiwaan Benue. Nde o mari duuɓi 28, o suɓaama nder suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya, o laati tergal maako ɓurdungal famɗugo diga 1979 haa 1983 wakkati laamu lesdi Naajeeriya ɗiɗaɓuru. Ko kanko woni ɓiy mawɗo e nder politik Najeriya mawɗo biyeteeɗo Joseph Tarka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Gupte|first=Pranay B.|author-link=Pranay Gupte|date=28 October 1979|title=Father and Son In Lagos Called Rising Dynasty: Smiles and Laughter Powerful Member of the Senate Party Short of Majority 'To Make Things Smooth'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/10/28/archives/father-and-son-in-lagos-called-rising-dynasty-smiles-and-laughter.html|website=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Terzungwe|first=Saawua|date=10 May 2019|title=Benue loses son of foremost nationalist at 65 - Daily Trust|url=https://dailytrust.com/benue-loses-son-of-foremost-nationalist-at-65/|access-date=17 November 2024|newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Jannah|first=Chijioke|date=11 May 2019|title=Ex-Reps member, Tarka dies in Benue|url=https://dailypost.ng/2019/05/11/ex-reps-member-tarka-dies-benue/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=17 November 2024|newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Hagher|first=Iyorwuese|date=11 November 2024|title=Wanteregh Paul Iyorpuu Unongo, OFR: A Leader For All Seasons Takes A Final Bow|url=https://leadership.ng/wanteregh-paul-iyorpuu-unongo-a-leader-for-all-seasons-takes-a-final-bow/|access-date=17 November 2024|language=en-US|newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref> Tarka janngii jokkondiral hakkunde leyɗeele e jaayndeyaagal to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Nebraska to Lincoln, o heɓi heen hitaande ko adii nde o suɓetee e Asaambele ngenndi. == Tuugnorgal == 5fq11g30p3potp8oe5n0mhrs3g7tm4c 0 42239 174575 2026-06-19T11:53:29Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174575 wikitext text/x-wiki Shehu Usman Aliyu Shagari GCFR (hausa pronunciation; 25 feebariyee 1925 – 28 lewru desaambar 2018) ko siyaasyanke Naajeeriya mo woni hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya gadano suɓaaɗo e dow demokaraasi, caggal nde hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya Seneraal Olusegun Obasanjo hokki laamu nguu e hitaande 1979. O golliima seeɗa e jannginoowo hade makko naatde e politik e hitaande 1951 ; e o suɓaama nder suudu sarɗiiji hitaande 1954. E wakkatiiji feere-feere hakkunde hitaande 1958 rewrude e ndimu leydi Naajeeriya nder hitaande 1960 e hitaande 1975, o jogi kuugal kabine bana komisinaajo lesdi Naajeeriya. E nder ɗeen balɗe, Shagari waɗii darnde mawnde e nder fannuuji keewɗi e faggudu leydi Najeriya. Ko o jaagorgal golle, o waɗii darnde tiiɗnde e ƴellitaare gollorɗe. Ko o ministaajo ƴellitaare faggudu, o waɗii nafoore mawnde e yuɓɓinde peeje faggudu leydi Naajeeriya caggal jeytaare mum, kadi ko o Komisinaajo Fedde nde (hannde ko ministaajo) ngam kaalis, o ardiima udditgol Naira. Ko o hooreejo leydi, o ardii ƴellitaare faggudu, yaajnude gollorɗe, e ƴellitde gollorɗe, o yamiri Ajaokuta Steel Mill, eɓɓoore ɓurnde mawnude e nder Afrik, ngam waɗde njuɓɓudi ƴellitaare gollorɗe leydi Najeriya. Njuɓɓudi makko ina wondi e caɗeele, haa arti noon e ŋakkeende faggudu e ŋakkeende kisal politik. Laamu makko joofi ko e kuudetaa konu e hitaande 1983. 9qva6e925j24dbqna78tg84viojr9o9 174576 174575 2026-06-19T11:56:52Z Ilya Discuss 10103 #1Lib1Ref 174576 wikitext text/x-wiki Shehu Usman Aliyu Shagari GCFR (hausa pronunciation; 25 feebariyee 1925 – 28 lewru desaambar 2018) ko siyaasyanke Naajeeriya mo woni hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya gadano suɓaaɗo e dow demokaraasi, caggal nde hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya Seneraal Olusegun Obasanjo hokki laamu nguu e hitaande 1979. O golliima seeɗa e jannginoowo hade makko naatde e politik e hitaande 1951 ; e o suɓaama nder suudu sarɗiiji hitaande 1954. E wakkatiiji feere-feere hakkunde hitaande 1958 rewrude e ndimu leydi Naajeeriya nder hitaande 1960 e hitaande 1975, o jogi kuugal kabine bana komisinaajo lesdi Naajeeriya. E nder ɗeen balɗe, Shagari waɗii darnde mawnde e nder fannuuji keewɗi e faggudu leydi Najeriya. Ko o jaagorgal golle, o waɗii darnde tiiɗnde e ƴellitaare gollorɗe. Ko o ministaajo ƴellitaare faggudu, o waɗii nafoore mawnde e yuɓɓinde peeje faggudu leydi Naajeeriya caggal jeytaare mum, kadi ko o Komisinaajo Fedde nde (hannde ko ministaajo) ngam kaalis, o ardiima udditgol Naira. Ko o hooreejo leydi, o ardii ƴellitaare faggudu, yaajnude gollorɗe, e ƴellitde gollorɗe, o yamiri Ajaokuta Steel Mill, eɓɓoore ɓurnde mawnude e nder Afrik, ngam waɗde njuɓɓudi ƴellitaare gollorɗe leydi Najeriya. Njuɓɓudi makko ina wondi e caɗeele, haa arti noon e ŋakkeende faggudu e ŋakkeende kisal politik. Laamu makko joofi ko e kuudetaa konu e hitaande 1983. Duuɓi gadani Shehu Usmaan Shagari jibinaa ko ñalnde 25 feebariyee 1925 to Shagari e galle fulɓe juulɓe sunnit en. Wuro Shagari sosinnoo ngo ko mawniiko biyeteeɗo Ahmadu Rufa’i. O mawni ko e galle jom rewɓe heewɓe, ko kanko woni ɓiɗɗo jeegom jibinaaɗo e nder galle hee. Baaba makko biyeteeɗo Aliyu Shagari ko Magajin Shagari (magaji firti ko hooreejo wuro). Ko adii nde o wontata Magajin Shagari, Aliyu ko demoowo, njulaagu, duroowo. Kono, sabu laabi aadaaji haɗnooɗi laamɓe tawtoreede njulaagu, Aliyu woppii yoga e nafooje mum njulaagu nde o wonti Magaji. Aliyu maayi duuɓi jowi caggal jibineede Shehu, mawniiko gorko biyeteeɗo Bello, ƴetti mantol baaba mum e nder dumunna juutɗo, hono Magajin Shagari. Shagari fuɗɗii jaŋde mum ko e duɗal Quraana, caggal ɗuum o yahi o hoɗi e banndiraaɓe makko to wuro saraaji mum, ɗo o naati duɗal leslesal Yabo tuggi 1931 haa 1935. E hitaande 1936–1940, o yahi Sokoto ngam janngude hakkundeere, caggal ɗuum tuggi 1941 haa 1944 o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Barewa. Hakkunde 1944 e 1952, Shagari heɓi bak mum to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde jannginooɓe, to Zaria, Kaduna, to leydi Nijeer. Tuggi 1953 haa 1958, Shagari heɓi golle jannginoowo njillu to diiwaan Sokoto. O woniino kadi tergal e Yiilirde Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe gila 1954 haa 1958. Fuɗɗoode golle politik Naatgol e dawrugol Shehu Usman Shagari naati nder siyaasaaku nder hitaande 1951 nde o laati hooreejo kawtal yimɓe woylaare lesdi Naajeeriya haa Sokoto, lesdi Naajeeriya, kuugal ngal o jogi haa hitaande 1956. Ammaa kuuɗe maako siyaasaaku arandeeji fuɗɗi nder hitaande 1945, nde o woni jannginoowo o sosi fedde sukaaɓe wiyeteende secretary i Sokoto Social be Circle. Fedde nde wonti gooto e pelle tokoose ɗe kawri ngam jeyeede e fedde yimɓe worgo (NPC), sosaande e hitaande 1948. E hitaande 1948, nde Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe mo NCNC woni e njillu mum e nder leydi Najeriya ngam dañde kaalis ngam neldude delegaasiyoŋ to Londres ngam ɗaɓɓude e Ofis Koloñaal yo woppu doosɗe leydi Richard nde tawnoo ko nde demokaraasi, Shehu Shagari mo nganndu-ɗaa ko jannguɗo no feewi deftere Pilot Afrik-Hirnaange ko kanko tan woni gorko gooto to Sokoto meeting e ooɗoo iwdi Sokoto. Nde ofisee jaŋde diiwaan Angalteer humpitaa wonde Shagari arii, ɓeydagol njoɓdi makko joɗɗinaama e oon hitaande ngam waɗde ɗum ñaawoore. Pilot Afrik worgo oo haɗaama e nder duɗe diiwaan worgo oo, Shagari winndi ɗum winndannde ngam umminde ɗum e hitaande 1948. E oon sahaa gooto, Shagari fuɗɗinooma daranaade yaltugol laamu koloñaal nde o yaltini deftere Hausa ina joginoo jimɗi ɗe o inniri "Anti Colonialist in". E hitaande 1950, Shagari, suka jannginoowo jahroowo e duuɓi 25, suɓaama e gardagol ofisee diiwaan Angalteer biyeteeɗo H.A.S Johnson ngam tawtoreede batu Ibadan ngam yeewtidde e doosgal leydi Richards. Suɓngo parlemaa E hitaande 1954, Shehu Shagari suɓaama e nder laamu mum gadano, o woni tergal suudu sarɗiiji fedde nde ngam Sokoto bannge worgo. E hitaande 1958, Shagari toɗɗaa koolaaɗo kuuɓal parlemaa (o woppi golle ɗee ko e hitaande 1959) to gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi Nijeer, hono Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, e ndeen hitaande kadi o woni jaagorde fedde nde to bannge njulaagu e gollorɗe. Toɗɗagol jaagorɗe canfm71uhbb93q26q8yp8tvss8b0bnq