Vicipéid gawiki https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%ADomhleathanach MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.3 first-letter Meán Speisialta Plé Úsáideoir Plé úsáideora Vicipéid Plé Vicipéide Íomhá Plé íomhá MediaWiki Plé MediaWiki Teimpléad Plé teimpléid Cabhair Plé cabhrach Catagóir Plé catagóire TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk 0 1874 1269416 1246963 2025-06-11T04:55:17Z 223.24.191.138 1269416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{glanadh|beag=beag}} {{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil}} [[Poblacht|Poblacht bhunreachtúil]] [[cónaidhm|chónaidhme]] ina bhfuil [[Stáit Mheiriceá|caoga stát]] agus [[ceantar cónaidhme]] amháin is ea '''Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá''' nó '''SAM''', atá suite idir [[an tAigéan Atlantach]] agus [[an tAigéan Ciúin]]. Is í an ceathrú tír is mó achar agus an tríú tír is mó daonra ar domhan. Tá caoga stát ar fad ann. Is é [[Alasca]] an ceann díobh is mó achar, agus [[California]] ar an gceann is líonmhaire daonra. Tá na Stáit Aontaithe ar an t-aon ollchumhacht amháin ar an domhan inniu, nó is í an tír seo atá chun tosaigh ó thaobh na heacnamaíochta, na n-armálacha agus an chultúir de ar an gcuid eile dár bpláinéad. Aithnítear tionchar na luaineachtaí eacnamaíocha sna Stáit Aontaithe ar gheilleagar na dtíortha eile, breathnaítear ar scannáin agus ar chláir teilifíse de dhéantús na Stát Aontaithe, agus labhraítear [[Béarla]] Mheiriceá mar fhrancbhéarla idirnáisiúnta. Tarraingíonn cumhacht dhoshéanta na Stát Aontaithe idir adhradh agus fhuath ar an tír, ach ní féidir dearmad ná droichead a dhéanamh di. Tá an chuid is mó de na stáit suite in aon limistéar amháin in [[Meiriceá Thuaidh|Ilchríoch Mheiriceá Thuaidh]]. Tá dhá stát ann agus iad scartha ón mbloc seo, mar atá, Stát [[Haváí]], ar oileánra é san Aigéan Ciúin, agus Stát [[Alasca]], a bhfuil stiall chaol de thailte Chúige [[An Cholóim Bhriotanach]], [[Ceanada]], idir é agus Stát [[Washington]]. Stát [[Daonlathas|daonlathach]] [[Liobrálachas|liobrálach]] is ea na Stáit Aontaithe, agus bhí páirt thar a bheith tábhachtach ag an tír i bhforbairt stairiúil an daonlathais nua-aimseartha. Ós rud é go bhfuil [[náisiúnachas]] an stáit bunaithe ar an mbunreacht agus ar an traidisiún daonlathach in áit aon náisiúntacht nó dream eitneach ar leith, fáiltítear lucht inimirce ó gach cearn den domhan, agus dá réir sin, tá na Stáit Aontaithe ar ceann de na tíortha is ilchultúrtha ar fud an domhain. == Stair == === Meiriceánaigh dhúchasacha agus coilínigh Eorpacha === Ceaptar gurbh as an [[An Áise|Áise]] a tháinig sinsir bhundúchasaigh Mheiriceá go dtí an tOileán Úr. Thosaigh siad ag lonnadh ann am éigin i ndiaidh 12,000 RC. D'éirigh le roinnt phobal bundúchasach leibhéal an-ard cultúrtha a bhaint amach i gcúrsaí curadóireachta, ailtireachta agus státaireachta, cosúil le [[cultúr Mississippi]] a bhí faoi réim sna blianta 1500-800 RC, a bheag nó a mhór. I 1492, shroich an taiscéalaí [[Genova]]ch [[Criostóir Colambas]], a bhí faoi chonradh ag Coróin na [[An Spáinn|Spáinne]], roinnt oileán i [[Muir Chairib]]. Deirtear gurbh é an chéad Eorpach a tháinig go Meiriceá, cé gur shroich Lochlannaigh ann roimhe. (Tá sé cinnte go ndeachaigh na Lochlannaigh chomh fada sin ó dheas le [[Talamh an Éisc]]). Sna blianta i ndiaidh theacht Cholambais, pé ar bith scéal é, fuair formhór na ndaoine dúchasacha bás de bharr eipidéimí na ngalar Eoráiseach. {{glanadh}} Ar 2 Aibreán 1513, tháinig an ''[[conquistador]]'' Spáinneach [[Juan Ponce de León]] i dtír ar "[[La Florida]]," mar a bhaist sé air. Ba é sin an chéad teacht Eorpach ar mhórthír na Stát Aontaithe a bhfuil tásc air sna cáipéisí. As na coilíneachtaí bunaithe sa réigiún ag [[an Spáinn]], ní mhaireann ach St. Augustine, a bunaíodh sa bhliain 1565, sa lá atá inniu ann. Chruthaigh trádálaithe Francacha na bhfionnaigh urphoist timpeall na [[Locha Móra|Lochanna Móra]]; sa deireadh, d’éiligh an Fhrainc an chuid is mó de Mheiriceá Thuaidh go dtí [[Murascaill Mheicsiceo|Murascaill Mheicsiceo]] sa deisceart. Ba iad Coilíneacht Virgina, a bunaíodh i [[Jamestown]] i 1607, agus Coilíneacht Plymouth na n-Oilithreach, a bunaíodh i 1620, ceann de céad áiteanna lonnaithe rathúla na Sasanach. Bhí a lán [[inimirce]] de thoradh chairtfhostú na Coilíneachta [[Bhá Mhassachusetts]] i 1628. Thairis sin, bhí [[Sasana Nua]] lonnaithe le timpeall 10,000 [[Piúratánach]] faoin mbliain 1634. Idir deireadh na 1610-idí agus [[Cogadh Réabhlóideach Mheiriceá]], chuir timpeall 50,000 ciontach go dtí na coilíneachtaí a bhí ag Sasana, agus níos moille an Bhreatain Mhór, i Meiriceá. Thosaigh [[muintir na hOllainne]] ag bunú áite lonnaithe feadh theorainn theas [[Abhainn an Hudson|Abhann Hudson]], Amsterdam Nua ar [[Manhattan|Oileán Manhattan]] san áireamh. Bunaíodh áit lonnaithe beag le taobh na [[nAbhann Delaware]] i 1638, dár n-ainm An tSualainn Nua, ach glacadh an áit sin ar láimh leis na hOllannaigh i 1655. I 1674, bhí na Sasanaigh i gceannas ar na sean-choilíneachtaí Ollannacha; mar sin, athraíodh ainm chúige Nua Ísiltír go dtí Nua-Eabhrac agus New Jersey. Tháinig a lán seirbhísigh féichiúnaigh go dtí an tír – go háirithe sa deisceart. Idir 1630 agus 1680 bhí dhá thrian de na hinimircigh ina seirbhísigh féichiúnaigh. Ag críoch na haoise, bhí sclábhaithe Afracacha ag éiriú príomh-fhoinse an saothair banna. Chruthaigh na 13 coilíneacht Bhriotanacha, a n-éireodh Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá, le deighilt na Carolinas i 1729 agus coilíniú Georgia i 1732. Bhí rialtais áitiúla ag gach coilíneacht agus chomh maith leis sin bhí ciall an fhéinrialtais acu le tacaíocht do phoblachtachas. Bhí [[Sclábhaíocht|trádáil na sclábhaithe Afracach]] dleathach sna 13 coilíneacht, leis. Le hardrátaí beireatais, rátaí báis ísle agus inimirce seasta, mhéadaigh daonra na gcoilíneachtaí faoi dhó gach 25 bliain. Faoin mbliain 1770, bhí 3 mhilliún duine ina gcónaí sna coilíneachtaí – timpeall leath dhaonra na Breataine. Cé go ngearrfaí cánacha orthu, ní raibh aon ionadaithe féin acu sa [[Parlaimint|Pharlaimint]] i [[Londain]]—"diabhal cánacha gan ionadaíocht", mar a dúirt na ceannairceoirí féin. === Neamhspleáchas agus fairsingiú Mheiriceá === :''Príomhalt: [[Cogadh Réabhlóideach Mheiriceá]]'' [[Íomhá:Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States.jpg|clé|mion|[[17 Meán Fómhair]] [[1787]]]] Bhí a lán teannais idir muintir na gcoilíneachtaí agus na Sasanaigh i rith an tréimhse réabhlóidigh (1760-1770). Mar sin, tháinig [[Comhdháil Mhór-Roinn]] i bh[[Philadelphia]] ar 14ú Iúil, 1775 agus chruthaigh siad an t[[Arm Ilchríochach]] as na mílístí áitiúla. Cuireadh na fórsaí faoi cheannas George Washington. Ghlac an Chomhdháil leis an bhFógra Neamhspleáchais ar 4ú Iúil, 1776. Dar leis an bhFógra, “cruthaítear gach fear go cothrom” agus tá “cearta doshéanta áirithe” acu. Bhí an Fógra dréachtaithe le [[Thomas Jefferson]] agus ghlaoigh sé “stáit” ceannnasachta ar na coilíneachtaí. I 1777, glacadh Airteagail na Cónaidhme a aontaigh na stáit faoi [[rialtas]] feidearálach lag. Mhair sé sin go dtí 1788. D’éalaigh idir 70,000-80,000 daoine a bhí dílis don Choróin Bhriotanach, a lán acu ag tabhairt aghaidh ar [[Albain Nua|Nova Scotia]] agus na críocha Briotanacha nua i g[[Ceanada]]. Maidir leis na [[Na Meiriceánaigh Dhúchasacha|Meiriceánaigh dhúchasacha]], throid siad ar dhá thaobh an chogaidh. [[Íomhá:Constitution_of_the_United_States,_page_1.jpg|mion|[[17 Meán Fómhair]] [[1787]]ː [[Bunreacht na Stát Aontaithe]]]] Fuair na [[Fórsaí armtha|fórsaí]] Meiriceánacha cabhair ó na [[Francaigh]] agus sa deireadh, bhuaigh siad an [[Cogadh Réabhlóideach Mheiriceá|cogadh]] ar [[3 Meán Fómhair]] [[1783]]. I 1783, ghlac [[An Ríocht Aontaithe|An Bhreatan Mhór]] le [[Neamhspleách (polaitíocht)|neamhspleáchas]] na 13 [[Coilíneachas|coilíneacht]]. Ceithre bliana níos moille, sa bhliain 1787, eagraíodh coinbhinsiún [[bunreacht]]úil. Bhí sé ar intinn ag na teachtaí [[rialtas]] náisiúnta láidir a chruthú. I Mí Meithimh 1788, bhí [[Bunreacht na Stát Aontaithe]] daingnithe ag naoi stát. Bhí sé sin a ndóthain chun [[rialtas]] nua a chruthú. Mar sin, chuaigh an chéad [[Seanad na Stát Aontaithe|Seanad]], céad [[Teach Ionadaithe na Stát Aontaithe|Teach na n-Ionadaithe]], agus an chéad [[Uachtarán na Stát Aontaithe|Uachtarán]], [[George Washington]], i mbun dualgas sa bhliain 1789. Dearbhaíodh [[Nua-Eabhrac (cathair)|Nua-Eabhrac]] mar [[Príomhchathair|phríomhchathair]] fheidearálach ar feadh bliain amháin. Ina dhiaidh sin, bhog an rialtas go dtí [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]]. I 1791, daingníodh [[Bille na gCeart]], is é sin, deich leasú a cuireadh leis an mBunreacht. Thug na leasuithe sin roinnt chosaint dhlíthiúil do na daoine – mar shampla, ní raibh cead ag an rialtas feidearálach srianta a chur ar shaoirse phearsanta na ndaoine. Bhí clásal sa Bhunreacht ag cosaint na [[Sclábhaíocht|sclábhaíochta]] suas go dtí 1808. Ach bhí dearcaigh faoi sclábhaíocht ag athrú, áfach. Mar sin, dhíothaigh na Stáit Thuaidh an sclábhaíocht idir 1780 agus 1804. Ach fós mhair na stáit sa deisceart mar chosantóirí na “hinstitiúide aisteach” seo. I 1800, bhog an rialtas feidearálach go dtí an [[Cathair (lonnaíocht)|chathair]] nua, [[Washington, D.C.]] [[Íomhá:Declaration of Independence (1819), by John Trumbull.jpg|thumb|''Forógra na Saoirse'' le John Trumbull (1817–18)]] I rith an naoú haois déag, thosaigh na Meiriceánaigh ag bogadh siar agus mar sin bhí a lán cogadh idir iad féin agus na [[Na Meiriceánaigh Dhúchasacha|Meiriceánaigh dúchasacha]]. I 1803, cheannaigh an tUachtarán Thomas Jefferson a lán críocha ó na Francaigh (“An Ceannach Louisiana”) agus de réir sin, dúbhaileadh méid an náisiúin. Chomh maith leis sin, tharscaoil An Spáinn talamh timpeall Florida mar gheall ar ionsaithe ó na fórsaí Meiriceánacha sa cheantar. I 1845, fuair an tír Poblacht na Texas, leis. Sínigh na Stáit Aontaithe Conradh an Oregan leis na Sasanaigh agus de bharr sin, fuair siad smacht thar Iarthuaisceart Mheiriceá. Bhuaigh na Stáit Aontaithe an Cogadh Meicsiceo-Meiriceá freisin agus fuair siad [[California]] agus a lán talaimh in Iardheisceart na tíre. Idir 1848-49, cheap a lán daoine go raibh ór i gCalifornia agus bhí níos mó inimirce siar. De dheasca sin, tógadh iarnróid nua. Ach bhí dochar ag baint leis sin mar maraíodh suas go 40 milliúin bison Meiriceánacha dona gcraiceann, bhfeoil agus chun spás a chruthú do na hiarnróid. Bhí sé sin go huafásach do chultúr na nIndiach ar na plánaí mar ba phríomh-seift iad na bison dóibh. === Cogadh Carthartha agus Réabhlóid Tionsclaíochta === :''Príomhalt: [[Cogadh Cathartha SAM]]'' Bhí a lán teannais idir na saorstáit agus na stáit sclábhaíochta. Chomh maith leis sin bhí easaontais faoin gcaidreamh idir an rialtas stáit agus an rialtas feidearálach. I 1860, toghadh [[Abraham Lincoln]], iarrthóir don [[Páirtí Poblachtach (Stáit Aontaithe)|Pháirtí Poblachtach]] a bhí i gcoinne sclábhaíochta. Sar a ndeachaigh sé i mbun dualgas, d’fhógair seacht stát sclábhaíochta a neamhspleáchas ó na Stáit Aontaithe agus chruthaigh siad Stáit Cónaidhme Mheiriceá. Dhearbhaigh an rialtas feidearálach gur scaradh mídhleathach a bhí ann. Nuair a ionsaíodh Dún Sumter, thosaigh [[Cogadh Cathartha SAM|Cogadh Carthartha Mheiriceá]] agus chuaigh ceithre stát eile i gcomhar leis an gCónaidhm. Saoradh na sclábhaithe cónaidhme agus a bhog fórsaí an Aontais tríd an Deisceart. Tar éis bua an Aontais i 1865, cuireadh trí leasú le Bunreacht na Stát Aontaithe a shaor beagnach ceithre milliúin Meiriceánaigh Afracacha a bhí ina sclábhaithe. Anois, ba shaoránaigh iad na Meiriceánaigh Afracacha agus bhí cead acu vótáil. Mar gheall ar an chogaidh, bhí níos mó cumhachta ag an rialtas feidearálach. Ceann de na gníomhartha deireanach den Chogadh Carthartha ná feallmharú an Uachtaráin Lincoln. De thoradh sin, d’éirigh polasaithe na hAtógála, sin polasaithe an Pháirtí Phoblachtaigh níos radacaí. Chríochnaigh Ré na hAtógála leis an gComhréiteach i 1877. Réitigh an Comhréiteach sin an díospóid maidir le toghchán an uachtaráin i 1876. Ach chaill mórán Meiriceánach Afracacha a gceart vótála, áfach, de bharr dlí Jim Crow. I dtuaisceart na tíre tharla a lán inimirce agus de dheasca sin, thosaigh an [[Réabhlóid Thionsclaíoch]]. Mhair an plódú inimirce sin go dtí 1929. Sholáthair an lucht oibre sin saothar do ghnóthlachtaí Meirceánacha agus d’athraigh sé an cultúr Meiriceánach. Ceannaíodh [[Alasca]] ón Rúis sa bhliain 1876 agus ansin bhí fairsingiú na tíre trasna na mór-roinne críochnaithe. Sa bhliain 1893, bhris grúpa Meiriceánaigh an mhonarcacht dhúchasach in Haváí agus sa bhliain 1898 rinneadh nasc-ghabháil ar an oileánra. === An Chéad Chogadh Domhanda, an Spealadh Mór, agus an Dara Cogadh Domhanda === :''Príomhailt: [[An Chéad Chogadh Domhanda]], [[An Spealadh Mór]], [[An Dara Cogadh Domhanda]]'' Ag tús [[An Chéad Chogadh Domhanda|an Chéad Chogaidh Domhanda]] i 1914, bhí na Stáit Aontaithe neodrach. Rinne na Meiriceánaigh comhbhrón leis na Sasanaigh agus leis na Francaigh, ach bhí a lán saoránaigh, go háirithe [[Éire]]annaigh agus [[An Ghearmáin|Gearmánaigh]] i gcoinne idirghabhála. Ach i 1917, ghlac na Stáit Aontaithe páirt sa chogadh leis na [[comhghuaillithe]]. Níor theastaigh ó na Stáit Aontaithe a bheith gafa i gcúrsaí Eorpacha, agus mar sin, níor daingníodh an Seanad [[an Conradh Versailles]]. Chruthaigh an Conradh sin [[Conradh na Náisiún]]. I 1920, bhí bua ag [[gluaiseacht na mban]] mar chuir leasú leis an mbunreacht a dheonaigh vótáil chomhchoiteann dhíreach do mhná. As siocair a gcuid seirbhíse sa chogadh, fuair Meiriceánaigh dhúchasacha saoránacht Mheiriceánach de réir Acht Saoránachta na n-Indiach, 1924. [[Íomhá:Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg|thumb|220px|Grianghraf cáiliúil ó thréimhse an Spealta Mhóir: ''Migrant Mother'' le [[Dorothea Lange]] ([[1936]])]] I rith an chuid is m ó de na 1920idí, bhain na Stáit Aontaithe sult as rathúnas míchothrom mar d’ísligh brabúis feirme agus d’fhás brabúis tionsclaíochta. Ba iad ardú i bhfiach agus stocmhargadh boilscitheach príomhchúiseanna na tuairte i 1929. Ba é an tuairt sin a chur tús leis [[an Spealadh Mór]]. Toghadh ina hUachtarán [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] i 1932 agus chruthaigh sé an [[Beart Nua]]. Iomad polasaí a bhí ann a mhéadaigh idirghabháil an rialtais san eacnamaíocht. Bhí a lán feirmeacha ar míbhail sna 1930idí de réir an [[Babhla Deannaigh]]. De dheasca sin, tharla a lán inimirce nua thiar. Ní bhfuair an tír biseach ón spealadh go dtí go ndeachaigh siad isteach sa Dara Cogadh Domhanda. Cé go raibh na Stáit Aontaithe neodrach go héifeachtach i rith céime luath an chogaidh, thosaigh siad ag soláthar ábhair chogaidh do na comhghuaillithe i Mí Mhárta 1941 de réir an chláir Iasacht-Léas. Ar an 7 Nollaig 1941,tharraing ionsaí na Seapánach ar Pearl Harbour na Meiriceánaigh isteach i gcogadh an Aigéin Chiúin. Ba é an dara Cogadh Domhanda an cogadh ba chostasaí ar fud stair Mheiriceá; ach fós mhéadaigh eacnamaíocht na Stáit Aontaithe mar cruthaíodh a lán infheistíochtaí agus post. Tionóladh comhdháil chomhghuaillithe i m[[Bretton Woods]] agus i [[Yalta]] agus tugadh mionchuntas ar córais idirnáisiúnta nua a chuir na Stáit Aontaithe agus an tAontas Sóivéadach i lár cúrsaí domhain. I ndiaidh bua san Eoraip, tionóladh comhdháil idirnáisiúnta i [[San Francisco]] a sholáthair [[Cairt na Náisiún Aontaithe]]. Ba í Meiriceá an chéad tír ar domhain chun [[airm núicléacha]] a fhorbairt agus d’úsáid siad na hairm sin ar dhá chathair sa tSeapáin, [[Hiroshima]] agus [[Nagasaki]], i Mí Lúnasa. Ghéill [[an tSeapáin]] ar an dóú de Mheán Fómhair agus chuir sé sin críoch leis an gcogadh. === Cogadh Fuar agus Cearta Sibhialta === :''Príomhalt: [[An Cogadh Fuar]]'' Is é atá i gceist leis an gCogadh Fuar ná coimhlint idé-eolaíoch, gheilleagrach agus pholaitiúil a bhí ar siúl san 20ú haois idir Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá is an [[caipitleachas]] ar aon taobh amháin, agus an tAontas Sóivéadach is an [[cumannachas]] ar an taobh eile. Bhí an dá thír sin, nó "mórchumhachtaí" mar a ghlaodh orthu, gafa i gcúrsaí míleata na hEorpa trí mheán [[ECAT]] agus [[Comhaontú Vársá|Chomhaontú Vársá]]. Thacaigh an dá mhórchumhacht sin deachtóireachtaí agus ghabh siad le cogaidh ionadaí. Throid trúpaí na Stát Aontaithe i gcoinne fórsaí cumannacha na Síne i g[[cogadh na Cóiré]] i rith 1950-53. Ghabh an [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] (sin é "An Coimisiún um Ghníomhaíochtaí Fhrith-Mheiriceánacha") sraith imscrúduithe ar dhaoine faoi amhras a bheith ina gcumannaigh. D’éirigh [[Joseph McCarthy]] ina cheannaire ar an maoithneachas frith-Chumannaí sin. Lainseáil an tAontas Sóivéadach an chéad spásárthach le duine ar bord sa bhliain 1961 agus mar sin rinne na Stáit Aontaithe iarracht oilteacht i matamaitice agus eolaíocht a ardú. Theastaigh ón Uachtarán John F. Kennedy duine a chur ar an nGealach roimh aon tír eile agus mar sin, i 1969 bhí [[Neil Armstrong]] agus [[Edwin Aldrin]] ar an chéad bheirt a bhain an Ghealach amach. Bhí ar Kennedy déileáil leis an [[éigeandáil núicléach]] le fórsaí Sóivéadacha chomh maith. Idir an dá linn d’fhás eacnamaíocht Mheiriceá. Ach ag an am céanna, bhí a lán Meiriceánaigh Afracacha suntasacha, mar [[Martin Luther King]], i gceannas ar [[Ghluaisteacht na gCearta Sibhialta]]. Chuaigh an ghluaisteacht sin i ngleic le idirdhealú na ndaoine. Sa deireadh, d’éirigh leis an ngluaisteacht na dlíthe Jim Crow a dhíothú. I ndiaidh [[John F. Kennedy|feallmharú Kennedy]] i 1963, glacadh Acht na gCearta Sibhialta, 1964 ag Uachtarán [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]. Leathnaigh a chomharba, [[Richard Nixon]], na cogaidh in Oirdheisceart na hÁise. Cuireadh dlús le próiseas na síochána ach lean [[Cogadh Vítneam]] ar aghaidh go dtí 1975. De thoradh [[scannail Watergate]], cuireadh roinnt chúiseamh i leith Nixon, lena n-áirítear bacadh ceartais agus mí-úsáid cumhachta. Mar sin, thiocfadh dó gur cuireadh táinseamh air agus chun é sin a sheachaint, ba é Nixon an chéad Uachtarán Meiriceánach riamh a éirigh as oifig; chuaigh Leasuachtarán [[Gerald Ford]] i mbun dualgas. I rith uachtaránacht [[Jimmy Carter]] ag deireadh na 1970idí, chuaigh eacnamaíocht Mheiriceá in olcas. Nuair a tóghadh [[Ronald Reagan]] i 1980, bhog polaitíocht Mheiriceá go dtí an taobh deas. Bhí sé sin brathmhar in eacnamaíocht na tíre mar athraíodh tosaíochtaí maidir le cánachas agus caitheamh. I rith na 1980idí laghdaigh cumhacht an Aontais Shóivéadaigh. Ag tús na 1990idí, bhain an chuid is mó de na Poblachtaí Sóisialacha a neamhspleáchas amach agus mar sin tháinig an Cogadh Fuar chun crích. === An Nua-Aois === Ghabh na Stáit Aontaithe agus a gcomhghuaillithe le ról ceannaireachta sna [[Náisiúin Aontaithe]]. Cheadaigh [[George H. W. Bush]] [[Cogadh na Murascaille]] agus [[Cogaidh na hIúgslaive]] agus bhí sé soiléir gur mórchumhacht deireadh ar domhain ab ea na Stáit Aontaithe. Mothaíodh an leathnú eacnamaíochta ba mhó i rith stair nua-aois Mheiriceá idir Márta 1991 go Márta 2001. Bhí na huachtaráin [[George H.W. Bush]], [[Bill Clinton]] agus [[George W. Bush]] in oifig sa tréimhse sin. I 1998, tháinsíodh Clinton ar chúisimh a bhain le cúis dlí sibhialta agus scannal gnéasach, ach shaor an Seanad é agus d’fhan sé in oifig. I rith na 1990idí, bhí méadú i [[Liosta ionsaithe sceimhlitheoireachta Ioslamach|sceimhlitheoireacht Ioslamach]] i gcoinne Meiriceánach – go háirithe ó ghrúpaí mar al-Qaeda. Bhí ionsaí ar an [[Ionad Trádála Domhanda]] sa bhliain 1993, ionsaí ar fórsaí Meiriceánacha sa tSomáil, an bhuamáil ar na Túir Khobar i 1996, na buamáilí ar ambasáid Mheiriceá sa [[An Tansáin|Tansáin]] agus sa [[An Chéinia|Chéinia]], na ceilgí chun ionsaí a dhéanamh i 2000, agus an bhuamáil i 2000 ar an USS ''Cole'' i b[[Poblacht Éimin]] i Mí Deireadh Fómhair. Fadhb mhór a bhí ag baint le réim [[Saddam Hussein]] san [[An Iaráic|Iaráic]] – go háirithe do chomharsanna na hIaráice agus do na [[Náisiúin Aontaithe]]. De thoradh sin, chuir an NA roinnt smachtbhannaí ar an Iaráic agus bhí na Sasanaigh agus na Meiriceánaigh ar patrol i limistéireachtaí "no-fly" na hIaráice agus tharla Feachtas "Desert Fox". Glacadh Acht Shaoradh na hIaráice, 1998, a bhí ag lorg réim Saddam Hussein a bhriseadh agus córas daonlathach a chur ina ionad. Ba é [[toghchán na huachtaráin i 2000]] ceann de na toghcháin ba chonspóidí riamh i Meiriceá ach, sa deireadh, toghadh [[George W. Bush]]. Ar [[9/11|11ú Meán Fómhair 2001]], bhuail sciemhlitheoirí [[al-Qaeda]] dá thúr an Ionaid Thrádála Dhomhanda i gcathair Nua-Eabhrac agus [[An Peinteagán]] in aice [[Washington, D.C.]]. Maraíodh timpeall 3000 daoine. Tar éis na hionsaithe, d'fhógair George W. Bush [[cogadh ar sceimhlitheoireacht]] agus bhí tacaíocht an Chomhphobail Idirnáisiúnta á lorg aige. Ag deireadh 2001, thosaigh Feachtas "Enduring Freedom" agus an aidhm a bhí ag an bhFeachtas ná an rialtas [[Taliban]] agus campaí traenála al-Qaeda a bhriseadh ón [[An Afganastáin|Afganastáin]]. Sa lá atá inniu ann tá fórsaí Taliban fós ag troid i gcoinne fórsaí [[ECAT]] sa tír úd. I 2002, thosaigh Bush ag úsáid teanga ó Acht Saoradh na hIaráice, 1998 agus an Riarachán Clinton chun athrú réime san Iaráic a éileamh. Bhí a lán tacaíochta ag Bush sna Stáit Aontaithe agus chruthaigh sé Coalition of the Willing (sé sin "Comhcheangal Fonnmhar"). Ba é a bhí i gceist leis an gComhcheangal ná na tíre a bhí ag tabhairt tacaíochta do na Stáit Aontaithe maidir leis an gcogadh san Iaráic, idir na tíre a thug tacaíocht mhíleata agus na tíre a thug tacaíocht fhocal. I Mí Márta 2003, d’ordaigh Bush Feachtas Iraqi Freedom agus briseadh Saddam Hussein ón oifig. Cé go raibh brú ar na Stáit Aontaithe an Iaráic a fhágadh tá na Stáit Aontaithe agus a comhcheangal fós san Iaráic. Tá an comhcheangal ag traenáil armtha nua Iaráice sa lá atá inniu ann agus ag cabhrú forbartha eacnamaíochta agus bonneagair na tíre. Sa bhliain 2008, i dtoghchán ina raibh [[John McCain]] ina hiarrthóir don [[Páirtí Poblachtach (Stáit Aontaithe)|Pháirtí Poblachtach]] agus [[Barack Obama]] ina hiarrthóir don [[Páirtí Daonlathach (Stáit Aontaithe)|Pháirtí Daonlathach]], bhuaigh Obama. Is é Barack Obama an chéad Meiriceánach Afracach a bheith ina cheannaire don tír. [[Íomhá:MtHood TrilliumLake.jpg|mion|260px|Bolcán suanach in iarthuaisceart na tíre]] == Tíreolaíocht == Is é achar talún na [[Stáit Aontaithe teorantach]] 7.7 milliún ciliméadar cearnach, is iad an tríú tír is mó sa domhain. Tá radharcra na tíre an-éagsúil, idir choillte agus chnoic san oirthear, phortaigh mhangróibh i bh[[Florida]], agus mhachairí móra i lár na tíre. Is í [[Nua-Eabhrac (cathair)|Nua-Eabhrac]] an chathair is mó. Tá an tír ag críochantacht le [[Ceanada]] thuaidh agus le [[Meicsiceo]] theas. == Rialtas == Is iad na Stáit Aontaithe an chónaidhm mharthanach is sine ar domhain. Poblacht bhunreachtúil atá ann agus cosnaítear cearta neamhfhorleathana leis an ndlí. Is é an cóiriú rialtais ná daonlathach ionadaíoch, ach ní féidir le saoránaigh atá ina gcónaí sna críocha vóta a chaitheamh do hoifigigh feidearálacha. Tá an rialtas rialaithe le córas fíorú agus fuílleach atá sainmhíniú le Bunreacht na Stát Aontaithe. Is é an Bunreacht sár-dhoiciméad dlíthiúil na tíre agus feidhmíonn sé mar chonradh sóisialta do dhaoine na Stát Aontaithe. I gcóras feidearálach Mheiriceá, go hiondúil, tá saoránaigh ceangailte le 3 leibhéal rialtais: an rialtas feidearálach, rialtas an stáit, agus an rialtas áitiúil. De ghnáth tá dualgais an rialtais áitiúil roinnte idir rialtais chontae agus bhardasacha. I mbeagnach gach cás, toghtar oifigigh feidhmiúcháin agus oifigigh reachtacha trí vóta tromlach de cheantar. Níl aon ionadaíocht chionmhar ag an leibhéal feidearálach agus tá sé annamh ag leibhéil íochtaracha. Den chuid is mó, tá breithimh stáit agus feidearálacha ainmniú ag an mbrainse feidhmeannach agus ceadaithe ag an reachtas. Tá trí bhrainse sa rialtas feidearálach, agus iad sách neamhspleách ar a chéile. Mar sin, coinníonn siad srianta le chéile, agus aon chraobh amháin obair an dá cheann eile a lochtú is a cheartú. [[Íomhá:White House Washington South.JPG|thumb|260px|An Teach Bán, Washington, D.C.]] * [[An Chumhacht Reachtach]]: An [[Comhdháil an Stát Aontaithe|Chomhdháil]] agus í roinnte ina dá teach, mar atá teach, an [[Seanad na Stát Aontaithe|Seanad]] agus [[Teach Ionadaithe na Stát Aontaithe|Teach na nIonadaithe]]. Reachtaíonn siad dlíthe feidearálacha na Stát Aontaithe, agus tá sé de chumhacht acu cogadh a fhógairt, conradh a dhaingniú agus Uachtarán a tháinseamh. * [[An Chumhacht Fheidhmitheach]]: an t[[Uachtarán na Stát Aontaithe|Uachtarán]]. Is é an tUachtarán a cheapann na hAirí Rialtais, le formhuiniú na Comhdhála. Tá an tUachtarán ina cheannfort ar an armtha chomh maith. Tá ceart ag an Uachtarán chun bille reachtacha a chrosadh sar a éiríonn siad an dlí. * [[An Chumhacht Bhreithiúnach]]: [[An Chúirt Uachtarach]] agus na cúirte ar leibhéil is ísle ná í. Tá na breithimh ceaptha ag an Uachtarán le formhuiniú an Seanaid. D’fhéadfadh na cúirteanna dlíthe a léiriú agus dlíthe a iompú má mheastar gur dlíthe míbhunreachtúla atá ann. Tá 435 feisire i dTeach na nIondaithe. Déanann na feisirí sin iondaíocht ar son ceantair chomhdhála ar feadh thréimhse dhá bliana. Roinntear suíocháin an tí idir na caoga stáit de réir daonra gach deich mbliana. Dar leis an ndaonáireamh i 2000, tá ionadaí amháin ag seacht stát. Tá 53 ionadaí ag California, an stát is líonmhaire daonra. Tá beirt seanadóir ag gach stát. Toghtar na seanadóirí ar feadh thréimhse sé bliana. Toghtar trian de na seanadóirí gach dhá bhliain. Bíonn an tUachtarán i seilbh oifige go ceann ceithre bliana agus ní féidir le héinne a bheith ina nUachtarán ach faoi dhó. Ní thoghtar an tUachtarán le vóta lomdíreach, ach le córas indíreach, sin é toghcholáiste. Roinntear na vótaí maidir le stát. Tá 9 comhalta sa Chúirt Uachtarach agus bíonn siad i seilbh oifige go ceann a saol. Is é Príomh-Bhreitheamh na Stát Aontaithe ceannaire na Cúirte Uachtaraigh. Tá dlí agus nós imeachta an rialtais feidearálaigh agus an rialtais stáit faoi réir athbhreithnithe ag na cúirteanna. Iompaítear aon dlí a rialaítear in aghaidh an dlí ag an mbrainse breithiúnach. Cruthaíonn buntéacs an Bhunreacht freagrachtaí agus struchtúr an rialtais feidearálaigh. Tugann an Bunreacht mionchuntas ar an gcaidreamh idir an rialtas feidearálach agus na stáit aonair, agus cúrsaí bunúsacha mar shampla údarás eacnamaíochta agus míleata. Cosnaíonn Airteagal a hAon an “eascaire mhór”, sin é habeas corpus, agus ráthaíonn Airteagal a Trí an ceart chun triail ghiúiré a fháil i gceann gach cás coiriúil. Is gá le trí ceathrú na stát leasuithe don Bhunreacht a cheadú. Tá 27 leasú sa Bhunreacht; is é Bille na gCeart ná an chéad deich leasú. Déanann Bille na gCeart agus an Ceithre Leasú Deag bonn na gceart sna Stáit Aontaithe. == Ballstáit == {{Príomhalt|Stáit Mheiriceá}} == Déimeagrafaic == Dar leis an ndaonáireamh a rinne Biúró an Daonáirimh i 2008, tá an daonra measta timpeall 304.516.00. Bhí timpeall 11,2 milliún inimirceach mídhleathach ar áireamh sa mheastachán sin. Bhí an ráta fháis 0,89% i gcomparáid le 0,16% - an ráta fhás san Aontas Eorpach. Tá an ráta breithe (14,16 as gach 1.000) 30% faoi mheán an domhain, ach tá sé níos airde ná aon tír Eorpach ach [[an Albáin]] agus [[Éire]] amháin. I 2006, deonaítear cónaí dlíthiúil ar 1,27 milliún inimirceach mídhleathach. Ar feadh fiche bliana, is é Meicsiceo an tír a thagann an chuid is mó de na hinimircigh go dtí na Stáit Aontaithe; gach bliain ó 1998 is iad an tSín, an India agus na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha na hardthíortha a sheolann inimircigh. Is é an Meiriceá an tír thionsclaithe aonair ina bhfuil méadú mór daonra réamhaithriseadh. Tá daonra éagsúil ag na Stáit Aontaithe – tá níos mó ná milliún ball i 31 grúpa sinsear. Is iad na daoine geala an grúpa ciníoch is mó sa tír; is iad na Meiriceánaigh Gearmánacha, na [[Meiriceánaigh Éireannacha]], agus na Meiriceánaigh Sasanacha na 3 grúpa sinsear is mó. Is iad na Meiriceánaigh Afracacha an mionlach ciníoch is mó agus an an tríú grúpa sinsear is mó sa tír. Is iad na Meiriceánaigh Áiseacha an dara mionlach ciníoch is mó sa tír agus na Sínigh agus na Filipínigh an dá grúpa sinsear is mó sa mhionlach sin. I 2006, bhí timpeall 4,5 milliún daoine le sinsir [[Na Meiriceánaigh Dhúchasacha|Mheiriceánaigh dhúchasacha]] nó sinsir Alascacha (agus 2,9 milliún daoine den sinsear sin amháin) agus níos mó ná milliún daoine le sinsir ó Haváí nó Oileán Chiúin (0,5 milliún daoine den sinsear sin amháin). Treocht mhór atá sna Stáit Aontaithe sa lá atá inniu ann ná fás an daonra Mheiriceánaigh Laidineacha. Tá amuigh is istigh ar 44 milliún Meiriceánaigh de shliocht Spáinneach, agus tá timpeall 64% le sinsear Mheicsiceacha. Idir 2000 agus 2006, d’fhás daonra Spáinneach na tíre le 25,5% ach níor fhás an daonra Easpáinneach ach 3,5%. Tháinig an chuid is mó den fhás sin ó hinimirce. I 2004, rugadh 12% den dhaonra Mheiriceánach i dtíortha iasachta, agus níos mó ná leath an uimhire sin ón Meiriceá Laidineach. Cónaíonn timpeall le 83% den dhaonra i gceann de na 363 limistéar cathrach. I 2006, bhí daonra thar 100.000 daoine i 254 áit chorpraithe sna Stáit Aontaithe, agus bhí níos mó ná milliún cónaitheoir i 9 gcathair agus thar 2 mhilliún cónaitheoir i 4 cathair (Nua-Eabhrac, Los Angeles, Chicago, agus Houston). Tá caoga limistéar cathrach sna Stáit Aontaithe le daonra thar milliún daoine. === Teanga === {| class="wikitable" table style="border:1px #000000;" cellspacing="0" align="right" style="margin-left: 1em" ! style="background:#FF9999;" colspan="2"|Teangacha(2003)<ref name="USCB Lang">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/06statab/pop.pdf|foilsitheoir=U.S. Census Bureau|work=Statistical Abstract of the United States 2006| teideal=Table 47—Languages Spoken at Home by Language: 2003|accessdate = 2007-06-17|format=PDF}}</ref> |- |[[An Béarla]] (''amháin'')||214.8 milliún |- |[[An Spáinnis]] agus na [[fásteanga]]cha gaolmhara||29.7 milliún |- |[[An tSínis]]||2.2 million |- |[[An Fhraincis]] agus na [[fásteanga]]cha gaolmhara||1.9 milliún |- |[[An Tagálaigis]]||1.3 milliún |- |[[An Vítneaimis]]||1.1 milliún |- |[[An Ghearmáinis]]||1.1 milliún |- |} Is é an [[Béarla]] an teanga náisiúnta ''de facto''. Cé nach bhfuil aon teanga oifigiúil ag an leibhéal feidearálach, cuireann roinnt dlíthe, mar na riachtanais do headóirsiú, caighdeán ar Bhéarla. Sa bhliain 2003, labhair timpeall 215 milliún duine, is é sin 82% den daonra thar 5 bliana d’aois, Béarla amháin sa bhaile. Labhair níos mó ná 10% den daonra [[Spáinnis]] sa bhaile. Mar sin, is í Spáinnis an dara teanga sa tír agus is í an teanga iasachta is mó a mhúintear freisin. Molann roinnt Meiriceánach stádas oifigiúil a chur ar an mBéarla, mar a bhfuil sé i 28 stát ar a laghad. Is teangacha oifigiúla iad [[an Haváís|Haváís]] agus Béarla in [[Haváí]] de réir dlíthe an stáit. Cé nach bhfuil teanga oifigiúil ag Nua-Mheicsiceo nó Louisiana, tá dlíthe ann chun úsáid Bhéarla agus Spáinnise a chur ar fáil do dhaoine i Nua-Mheicsiceo agus úsáid Bhéarla agus Fhraincise a chur ar fáil do dhaoine in Louisiana. I stáit eile, mar shampla California, ní mór doiciméid rialtais áirithe a fhoilsiú as Spáinnis chomh maith. Deonaíonn roinnt críoch aitheantas dá dteangacha dúchasacha in éineacht le Béarla: glactar le Samóis mar theanga oifigiúil eile i [[Samó Mheiriceá]] agus Chamorro mar theanga oifigiúil eile in [[Guam]] agus sna hOileáin Mariana Thuaidh. Is í Spáinnis an teanga oifigiúil i bPuerto Rico. === Creideamh === Go hoifigiúil, tír shaolta is ea na Stáit Aontaithe; ráthaíonn Bunreacht na Stát Aontaithe saoirse creidimh. Ní iniúchann an rialtas creideamh na Meiriceánach. Dar le suirbhé príobháideach a stiúradh i 2001, mhaígh 76,5% de Meiriceánaigh gur [[Críostaí|Chríostaí]] iad, síos ó 86,4% i 1990. Chleacht 52% de Mheiriceánaigh fásta ceann de na [[Protastúnachas|sainchreidimh Protastúnacha]], agus bhí 24,5% de dhaoine ag cleachtadh [[Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach|Caitlicigh Rómhánaigh]]. An tuairisciú iomlán de Neamh-Chríostaí i 2001 ná 3,7%, suas ó 3,3% i 1990. Is iad na príomhchreidimh Neamh-Chríostaí ná [[Giúdachas]] (1,4%), [[Ioslam]] (0,5%), [[Búdachas]] (0,5%), [[Hiondúchas]] (0,4%) agus Uilíochas Aonadúil (0,3%). Idir 1990 agus 2001, dhúbháil an méid Moslamach agus Búdasach. Mhínigh 8,2% de dhaoine iad féin mar aindiachaí i 1990 agus d’ardaigh é sin go dtí 14,1% i 2001. Ach tá an méid sin fós níos lú ná i dtíortha iarthionsclaíocha eile mar shampla sa Bhreatan (44% i 2005) agus an tSualainn (69% i 2001, 85% i 2005). === Oideachas === Tá an t-oideachas poiblí Meiriceánach faoi stiúradh rialtais na stát agus pobail áitiúla, agus rialaíonn Roinn Oideachais na Stát Aontaithe an córas agus an Roinn ag baint úsáid as srianta ar dheontais feidearálacha. I ngach stát nach mór, tá ar pháistí freastal ar scoil ó 6 nó 7 mbliana d’aois (de ghnáth sin é Kindergarten nó Rang a hAon) go dtí 18 mbliana d’aois (go hiondúil ó Rang a Dó-Dhéag go dtí deireadh na meánscoile). Ceadaíonn roinnt stát daltaí an scoil a fhágáil agus iad 16 nó 17 mbliana d’aois. Cláraítear timpeall 12% de pháistí i scoileanna príobháideacha neamhsheicteacha nó i scoileanna paróisteacha. Faigheann thar 2% de pháistí oideachas sa bhaile. Tá a lán institiúidí oideachais ardleibhéil sna Stáit Aontaithe idir cinn phríobháideacha agus phoiblí, agus tá cuid díobh thar a bheith iomaíoch. Chomh maith leis sin tá coláistí pobail le cáilíochtaí difriúla agus le polasaí oscailte maidir leis an gcead isteach. As Meiriceánaigh 25 bliain d’aois agus níos sine, bhain 84,6% díobh céim amach ó mheánscoil, d’fhreastail 52,6% ar choláiste éigean, fuair 27,2% díobh céim baitsiléara. Tá an bunráta litearthachta amuigh agus istigh ar 99%. Cuireann na Náisiúin Aontaithe innéacs oideachais de 0,97 ar na Stáit Aontaithe agus mar sin, tá sé ar dhá thír san 12ú áit is fearr ar domhan maidir le hoideachas.<ref>{{cite web |teideal=Human Development Indicators |year=2005 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Reports |accessdate=January 14, 2008 |url=http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2005/pdf/HDR05_HDI.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620235428/http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2005/pdf/HDR05_HDI.pdf |archivedate=June 20, 2007}}</ref> === Sláinte === Tá an t-ionchas saoil i Meiriceá (77.8 bliain) níos ísle ná an uimhir iomlán in Iarthar na hEorpa; tá an uimhir trí nó ceithre bliana níos ísle ná san [[an Iorua|Iorua]], san [[an Eilvéis|Eilvéis]] agus i g[[Ceanada]]. D’ísligh céimíocht na tíre maidir leis an ionchas saoil thar fiche bliain, ón 11ú áit go dtí an 42ra háit sa domhan. Tá an ráta mortlaíochta (6.37 as gach 1,000 daoine) sa 42ra háit as 221 tír, ar chúl gach tíre in [[Iarthar na hEorpa]]. Tá na rátaí marthanais maidir le [[ailse|hailse]] sna Stáit Aontaithe ar na rátaí is airde ar domhan. Tá timpeall is an tríú cuid de dhaonra aosach Mheiriceá [[otracht|murtallach]] agus tríú cuid breise róthrom; is é sin an ráta is airde sa domhan tionsclaithe agus dhúbháil an ráta sa deireadh 25 bliain. Measann gairmí sláinte gur eipidéim is ea [[diaibéiteas]] chineál 2 a bhaineann leis an otracht. Tá an ráta [[toircheas|toirchis]] i measc déagóirí sna Stáit Aontaithe (79,8 as gach 1000) cheithre oiread níos mó ná san Fhrainc agus a chúig oiread níos mó ná sa Ghearmáin. Is féidir [[ginmhilleadh]] dlíthiúil a fháil sna Stáit Aontaithe ach is conspóid mhór pholaitiúil í. Cuireann a lán stát cosc ar chistiúchán poiblí don ghinmhilleadh. Tá roinnt dlíthe ann sna stáit chomh maith a chuireann cosc ar ghinmhilleadh san iarthéarma, ní foláir an ginmhilleadh a chur in iúl do thuismitheoirí maidir le déagóirí, agus uaireanta tá tréimhse feithimh ann sar is féidir an ginmhilleadh a fháil. Cé go bhfuil an ráta ginmhilltí ag laghdú, tá coibhneas ginmhilltí Mheiriceá (241 as gach 1000 breith beo agus 15 as gach 1000 bean idir 15-44) níos airde ná formhór na tíre in Iarthar na hEorpa. Caitear níos mó ar an gcóras sláinte sna Stát Aontaithe ná mar in aon náisiún eile má tomhaistear é i gcaitheamh an duine agus i gcéatadán an OTN. Níl córas sláinte na Stát Aontaithe uilíoch murab ionann agus tíortha forbartha eile. Baineann an córas níos mó feidhm as cistiúcháin phríobháideacha. Sa bhliain 2004, d’íoc árachas príobháideach as 36% den chaiteachas sláinte pearsanta, íocaíochtaí-as-póca príobháideacha ar 15% agus rialtais feidearálacha, stáit agus áitiúla ar 44%. Sa bhliain 2000 chuir an [[Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Sláinte]] córas sláinte na Stát Aontaithe sa chéad áit ar domhan maidir le freagrachas, ach sa 37ú áit maidir le feidhmiú ginearálta. Is ceannaire iad na Stáit Aontaithe i nuála sláinte. I 2004, chaith earnáil neamhthionsclaíoch na Stát Aontaithe a trí oiread an duine ná an Eoraip ar thaighde bithleighis. Is iad billí leighis príomhchúis féimheachta pearsanta sna Stáit Aontaithe. I 2005, ní raibh árachas ag 46,6 milliún de Mheiriceánaigh, sin é 15,% den dhaonra. Is í príomhchúis an meathlú sin ná an laghdú in árachas sláinte atá urraithe ag fostóirí, a thit ó 62,6% i 2001 go 59,5% i 2005. Bhí amuigh agus istigh an tríú cuid de na daoine gan árachas ina gcónaí i líon tí le hioncaim bliantúla níos mó ná $50,000 agus leath na ndaoine sin le hioncam thar $75,000. Bhí tríú cuid eile de dhaoine i dteideal árachais sláinte poiblí ach ní raibh siad cláraithe. I 2006, d’éirigh Massachusetts an chéad stát chun árachas sláinte a shainordú; sa bhliain 2010 cuireadh tús le hiarracht le córas sláinte uilíoch a chur ar bun (Affordable Care Act, nó Obamacare, go comónta). Níor baineadh an cuspóir sin amach go hiomlán agus tá iarracht leanúnach ar siúl ag an pháirtí atá i seilbh an Tí Bháin agus an tSeanaid chun an córas nua seo a chur ar cheal. ===Cúrsaí teaghlaigh=== Tá 58% de mhuintir na tíre os cionn 18 bliana d'aois pósta. Níor phós 25% den daonra riamh. I ndiaidh do roinnt stát [[Pósadh|póstaí]] comhghnéis a aithin, chuaigh an cás dlí ''Obergefell v. Hodges'' go dtí [[Cúirt Uachtarach na Stát Aontaithe]] agus thug an chúirt cead dó ar leibhéal náisiúnta (2015). Níl an [[polaigíneas]] dlíthiúil cé go mbíonn corr-iarracht ar siúl chun é a chleachtadh, go mór mhór in áiteanna in iarthar na tíre nó i measc imirceach.<ref name=quietly>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=90857818 |teideal=Some Muslims in U.S. Quietly Engage in Polygamy |publisher=National Public Radio: ''[[All Things Considered]]'' |accessdate=July 23, 2009 |date=May 27, 2008 |first=Barbara Bradley |last=Hagerty}}</ref> Tá an t-uchtú comónta agus sách éasca a chur i bhfeidhm de réir an dlí i gcomparáid le tíortha eile san Iarthar.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jardine |first=Cassandra |teideal=Why adoption is so easy in America |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/3354960/Why-adoption-is-so-easy-in-America.html |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=October 31, 2007}}</ref> Agus 127,000 duine uchtaithe sa bhliain 2001 sna Stáit Aontaithe is féidir a rá go bhfuil leath den méid daoine uchtaithe ar domhan nach mór sa tír úd.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/policy/child-adoption.pdf |teideal=Child Adoption: Trends and policies |publisher=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs |year=2009 |accessdate=25 D.F. 2015}}</ref> == Cultúr == Tír ilchultúrtha is ea an Meiriceá agus cineál grúpaí eitneacha lena dtradisiúin agus luachanna féin ina gcónaí ann. Níl aon eitneach “Meiriceánach”; lasmuigh de dhaonra beag Meiriceánach dúchasach, tháinig beagnach gach Mericeánaigh nó a sinsir ar inimirce laistigh cúig céad. Is é an cultúr atá ag formhór na Meiriceánach ná príomhchultúr Meiriceánach – cultúr iartharach a thagann ó thraidisiúin imirceach Iarthar na hEorpa. Chuir na lonnaitheoirí Sasanacha agus Ollannacha tús leis an gcultúr sin. Bhí cultúr na Gearmáine, na hÉireann agus na hAlban tábhachtach chomh maith. Ghlac príomhchultúr an Mheiriceá le hairíona áirithe ó sclábhaithe Mandé agus Wolof a tháinig ó Iarthar na hAfraice; d’fhorbair cultúr sainiúil Meiriceánach Afracach a bhí bunaithe ar thraidisiúin na sclábhaí Bantu a tháinig ó Lár-Afraic agus chuaigh sé sin i bhfeidhm ar an bpríomhchultúr chomh maith. Chomhtháthaigh Creole agus Cajun na Louisiana agus Hispanos an iardheiscirt agus an náisiún ag fairsingiú siar. Mar sin tháinig siad i dtadhall le cultúr Mheicsiceo. Tháinig eilimintí chultúrtha nua leis an inimirce mhór sa 19ú haois agus tús an 20ú haois. D’fhéadfadh corcán leáite aonchineálach a ghlaoch ar an meascán chultúrtha sin nó babhla sailéid ina choinníonn na hinimircigh agus a sinsir a dtréithí cultúrtha sainiúla féin. Cé go ndeireann cultúr Meiriceánach gur sochaí gan aicme atá ann sna SA, shainaithin eacnamaithe agus socheolaithe go bhfuil difríochtaí chultúrtha ann idir aicme na tíre agus téann sé sin i bhfeidhm ar teanga, luachanna agus rudaí eile. Is foinse iad an mheánaicme agus an aicme phroifisiúnta do treochtaí sóisialta mar fheimineachas, timpeallacht agus ilchultúrachas. Tá féiníomhá, déarcaigh sóisialta agus dóchais chultúrtha na Meiriceánach conasctha go géar lena ngairm. Cé go bhfuil luach mór ag baint le héacht eacnamaíochta, meastar gur airí dimhneach é a bheith i do ghnáthdhuine. Cé go bhfuil léargas ann go bhfuil soghluaisteacht sóisialta ard ag Meiriceánaigh, ceapann roinnt anailísí go bhfuil soghluaisteacht sóisialta níos lú sna SA ná in Iarthar na hEorpa agus i gCeanada. === Na Meáin Chumarsáide === I 1878, d’úsáid [[Eadweard Muybridge]] ceamaraí iolracha chun gluaiseacht a tharraingt agus mar sin thaispeáin sé cumhacht na grianghrafadóireachta. I 1894, taispeánadh céad taispeántas scannáin tráchtála an domhain i Nua-Eabhrac ag baint úsáid as [[Kinetoscope]] [[Thomas Edison]]. Na blianta a leanas, bhí na Stáit Aontaithe ar thús cadhnaíochta an fhorais [[scannáin fuaime]]. Ó thús an fhichiú haois, bhí tionscal scannáin na SA suite i agus timpeall ar [[Hollywood|Hollywood, California]]. Bhí baint ag an stiúrthóir [[D. W. Griffith]] le forás na gramadaí scannáin. Luaitear an scannán [[Citizen Kane]] (1941) le [[Orson Welles]] go minic i vótáilí criticeoirí mar an scannán is fearr riamh. Tá aisteoirí scannán mar [[John Wayne]] agus [[Marilyn Monroe]] ina n-íol, agus ba cheannaire é an léiritheoir/fiontraí [[Walt Disney]] i gcartúin agus earraí scannán. Rinneadh a lán scannán rathúla tráchtála mar [[Star Wars]] (1977) agus [[Titanic (scannán 1997)|Titanic]] (1997) sna príomhstiúideonna in Hollywood agus mar sin, tá scannáin Hollywood i gceannas ar thionscal scannáin an domhain sa lá atá inniu ann. Is iad na Meiriceánaigh na breathnóirí is mó ar domhan agus tá an meánam a chaitheann siad os comhair na teilifíse ag méadú (5 uair an lae i 2006). Is eagrais tráchtála iad na 4 mhórbhealach teilifíse go léir. Éisteann Meiriceánaigh leis an raidió, atá go mór tráchtála chom maith, ar feadh dhá huair go leith. Na suíomhanna idirlín is coitianta, lasmuigh de shuíomh tairsigh agus gléasanna cuardaithe, ná [[eBay]], [[MySpace]], [[Amazon.com]], [[The New York Times]], agus [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]. Coimeádann 12 milliún Meiriceánach [[blag]]. Chuaigh stíl liriceach agus rithimeach an [[cheoil Afracaigh-Meiriceánaigh]] i bhfeidhm ar an gceol Meiriceánach. Glacadh eilimintí ó cheol mar [[na gormacha]] nó ''blues'' agus ceol seanaimseartha agus d’éirigh sé sin ina seánraí coitianta le lucht éisteachta domhanda. D’fhás [[snagcheol]] le ceoltóirí mar [[Louis Armstrong]] agus [[Duke Ellington]] ag tús an fichiú haois. Tháinig [[ceol tíre]], [[R&B]] agus [[rac-cheol|roc is roll]] chun cinn sna 1920idí agus 1950idí faoi seach. Le linn athbheochana an cheoil tíre, d’éirigh [[Bob Dylan]] ceann de na scríbhneoir cheoil is fearr i Meiriceá agus bhí [[James Brown]] ina cheannaire ar fhorás an [[cheoil funk]]. Ceann de na cruthú Meiriceánaigh nua is ea [[hip hop]] agus an [[ceol tí]]. D’éirigh popréaltaí Meiriceánacha mar [[Elvis Presley]], [[Michael Jackson]] agus [[Madonna]] ina gceiliúráin domhanda. === Litríocht, fealsúnacht agus na healaíona === I rith an 18ú haois agus i dtús an 19ú haois, ba iad ealaíon agus litríocht na hEorpa a bhí i gcion ar ardchultúr agus mheon Mheiriceá. Ach i lár an 19ú haois tháinig scríbhneoirí mar [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]], [[Edgar Allan Poe]] agus [[Henry David Thoreau]] ar an saol, agus mar sin bhí stíl liteartha shoiléir Mheiriceánach ann. Príomhphearsana sa litríocht a tháinig ar a sáile ab ea [[Mark Twain]], aorthóir, agus [[Walt Whitman]], file. File suntasach eile ab ea [[Emily Dickinson]], file a bhí beagnach anaithnid i rith a saoil. Tugtar "Úrscéal Mór Meiriceánach" go minic ar úrscéal a chuireann síos ar ghné bhunúsach an charachtair agus an fhiontair náisiúnta, mar shampla: ''[[Moby-Dick]]'' le [[Herman Melville]] (1851), ''[[The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn]]'' le Mark Twain (1885) agus ''[[The Great Gatsby]]'' le [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]] (1925). Tá [[Duais Nobel na Litríochta]] bronnta ar 11 saoránach Meiriceánach—an buaiteoir is déanaí ná [[Toni Morrison]] sa bhliain 1993. Ainmnítear [[Ernest Hemingway]], a bhuaigh [[Duais Nobel]] i 1954, go minic mar dhuine de na scríbhneoirí is tábhachtaí sa 20ú haois. Tháinig seánraí liteartha coitianta mar leabhair [[buachaillí bó]] agus [[ficsean coir]] ar an saol. Chruthaigh scríbhneoirí an Beat Generation seánraí liteartha nua chomh maith le húdair iar-nua-aimseartha mar [[John Barth]], [[Thomas Pynchon]] agus [[Don DeLillo]]. Chruthaigh na ''transcendentalists'' a bhí treoraithe le [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] agus [[Henry David Thoreau]], an chéad phríomhghluaiseacht fealsúnachta i Meiriceá. Tar éis an chogaidh charthartha, ba é [[Charles Pierce]], agus ansin ba iad [[William James]] agus [[John Dewey]], ceannairí i bhforbairt an phragmatachais. I rith an 20ú haois, chabhraigh obair [[W.V. Quine]] agus [[Richard Rorty]] le fealsúnacht anailíseach a thabhairt chun tosaigh i gciorcail acadúla na SA. == Tagairtí == {{commons|United States}} {{reflist}} {{Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá}} {{Washington, D.C.}} [[Catagóir:Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá| ]] [[Catagóir:Ballstáit na Náisiún Aontaithe]] [[Catagóir:Náisiúin G-8]] [[Catagóir:Náisiúin G-20]] [[Catagóir:Tíortha agus críocha labhartha na Sínise]] hksjx8tuwja0sldn9nqtjmyp9q6y0yd 0 1895 1269422 1251467 2025-06-11T08:29:46Z InternetArchiveBot 47196 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1269422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}} Is polaiteoir [[Éire]]annach é '''Pádraig Parthalán Ó hEachthairn''' nó '''Bertie Ahern''' mar a thugtar air de ghnáth, a rugadh ar an [[12 Meán Fómhair]] [[1951]]. D'ob é an 10ú agus 11ú [[Taoiseach]] (ceann Rialtais na h[[Poblacht na hÉireann|Éireann]]) ó [[26 Meitheamh]] [[1997]] go dtí [[6 Bealtaine]] [[2008]]. Tháinig sé i gcomharbacht ar [[Seán de Briotún|Sheán de Briotún]] i [[1997]]. D'fhógair sé go n-éireodh sé as a phost mar Thaoiseach agus mar cheannaire Fhianna Fáil ar [[2 Aibreán]] [[2008]] de bharr an bhrú a bhí ag teacht air ó [[Binse Fiosraithe Mahon|Bhinse Fiosraithe Mahon]]. Tháinig [[Brian Ó Comhain]] i gcomharbacht air. Níos túisce, chaith sé sealanna ag feidhmiú mar an [[Aire Airgeadais]] agus an [[Aire Saothair]]. [[Íomhá:Flickr - World Economic Forum - Bertie Ahern - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2004.jpg|clé|mion|Address by the President of the Council of the European Union' at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, 24 Eanáir 2004.]] == Tús a shaoil == [[Íomhá:President George W. Bush walks with British Prime Minister Tony Blair and Irish Prime Minister Bertie Ahern at Hillsborough Castle as he prepares to depart Northern Ireland.jpg|clé|mion|[[George W. Bush]], [[Tony Blair]], agus Bertie Ahern, Hillsborough Castle, 8 Aibreán 2003.]] Saolaíodh Bertie Ó hEachthairn i n[[Droim Conrach]] i dtuaisceart [[Baile Átha Cliath|Bhaile Átha Cliath]], agus is san áit seo a chaith sé a shaol ar fad go dtí an lá inniu. Is eisean an duine is óige de chúigear, mac le Con agus Julia Ahern, as [[Contae Chorcaí]] don bheirt. Phós a thuismitheoirí i mí Dheireadh Fómhair 1937, agus chuireadar fuathú in Ascaill an Teampaill i nDroim Conrach, áit ina chaithfidís iomlán a saolta.[[Íomhá:Hillary Clinton and Bertie Ahern.jpg|clé|mion|Senator Hillary Clinton agus Ahern in Washington D.C., 17 Márta 2008.]] == Teachta Dála == == Ré mar Thaoiseach == === An Tíogar Ceilteach agus Titim an Tíogair Cheiltigh === D'éirigh Ahern as sa bhliain 2008 nuair a bhí an tóin ag titim as [[An Tíogar Ceilteach]]. {{Main|Géarchéim airgeadais 2007-2008}}{{Main|Banc Angla-Éireannach}} === An Próiséas Síochána === == Scannail Bhinse Fiosrúcháin Mahon == Thug Bertie Ahern, an Taoiseach ó 1997 go 2008, fianaise “dhochreidte” don Bhinse sa bhliain 2007.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.beo.ie/alt-an-bhfuil-an-comhrialtas-ag-dul-tri-ghearcheim.aspx|teideal=An bhfuil an Comhrialtas ag dul trí ghéarchéim?|údar=Beo|dáta=EAGRÁN 80 · NOLLAIG 2007|language=ga-IE|work=Beo!|dátarochtana=2022-11-04}}</ref> Bhí 'rath fáistine' ag Ahern.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.teanglann.ie/ga/fgb/f%C3%A1istine|teideal=Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla (Ó Dónaill): fáistine|language=ga|work=www.teanglann.ie|dátarochtana=2021-10-22}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.beo.ie/alt-seoladh-fhianna-fail-nua.aspx|teideal=Seoladh Fhianna Fáil Nua|údar=Breandán Delap|dáta=2010|language=ga|work=Beo!|dátarochtana=2021-10-22}}</ref> De bharr an bhrú a bhí ag teacht air ón mbinse fiosraithe, d'fhógair Ahern go n-éireodh sé as a phost mar Thaoiseach agus mar cheannaire [[Fianna Fáil|Fhianna Fáil]] ar 2 Aibreán 2008   Sa bhliain [[2012]] chuir [[Binse Fiosraithe um Ábhair Phleanála agus Íocaíochtaí Áirithe|Binse Fiosrúcháin Mahon]] ina leith cuir inis Ahern bréaga leis an mbinse i dtaobh a chuir airgid phearsanta. D'éirigh Ahern as Fianna Fáil i ngeall air seo, is tar éis gur iarr [[Mícheál Ó Máirtín]] ar an bpáirtí Ó hEachthairn a ruaigeadh. Glacadh isteach sa pháirtí arís é i 2022, tráth a rabhthas ag tuairimiú go raibh faoi rith don Uachtaránacht.<ref>https://www.rte.ie/news/politics/2023/0208/1355537-bertie-ahern-fianna-fail/</ref> == Féach freisin == * [[Liam Lawlor]] * [[Ray Burke (aire rialtais)]] * [[Binse Fiosraithe um Ábhair Phleanála agus Íocaíochtaí Áirithe]] * [[:Catagóir:Baile Átha Cliath Láir (Dáilcheantar)|Polaiteoirí i mBaile Átha Cliath Láir]] * [[Baile Átha Cliath Láir (Dáilcheantar)]] == Naisc sheachtracha == * [http://www.electionsireland.org/candidate.cfm?ID=3133 Stair thoghchánaíochta Uí Eachthairn] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114153158/http://www.electionsireland.org/candidate.cfm?id=3133 |date=2007-11-14 }} == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} [[Catagóir:Polaiteoirí as Baile Átha Cliath]] [[Catagóir:Baile Átha Cliath Láir (Dáilcheantar)]] {{Tánaistithe na hÉireann}} {{Taoisigh na hÉireann}} {{Teachtaí Dála an 21ú Dáil}} {{Teachtaí Dála an 22ú Dáil}} {{Teachtaí Dála an 23ú Dáil}} {{Teachtaí Dála an 24ú Dáil}} {{Teachtaí Dála an 25ú Dáil}} {{Rialú údaráis}} {{síol-ie}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Eachthairn, Bertie}} [[Catagóir:Ardmhéaraí Bhaile Átha Cliath]] [[Catagóir:Baill den 21ú Dáil]] [[Catagóir:Baill den 22ú Dáil]] [[Catagóir:Baill den 23ú Dáil]] [[Catagóir:Baill den 24ú Dáil]] [[Catagóir:Baill den 25ú Dáil]] [[Catagóir:Baill den 26ú Dáil]] [[Catagóir:Baill den 27ú Dáil]] [[Catagóir:Baill den 28ú Dáil]] [[Catagóir:Baill den 29ú Dáil]] [[Catagóir:Baill den 30ú Dáil]] [[Catagóir:Ceannairí Fhianna Fáil]] [[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1951]] [[Catagóir:Daoine beo]] mrm2vac97iuh3wf5uskgh81sgl26u2k 0 2441 1269370 1265868 2025-06-10T16:06:15Z 49.237.203.182 /* Stair */ 1269370 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Íomhá:DallanForghaill.jpg|mion|[[Dallán Forgaill|Dallán Forgaill,]] a scríobh ,''[[Amra Choluim Chille|Amra Coluim Chille]]'' (c. 575).]] [[File:Aodh McAingil MacCathmhaoil (cropped).png | thumb | 220x124px | right | Aodh Mac Aingil, file Éireannach as an 16ú céad ]] I n[[Gaeilge]] agus i [[Laidin]] atá '''litríocht luath na hÉireann'''. Cé gurb í [[litríocht]] Bhéarla na hÉireann an ceann is mó clú anois, is mó go mór an tábhacht atá le litríocht na Gaeilge sa tréimhse is luaithe, agus í ar na litríochtaí iarchlasaiceacha is sine san [[Eoraip]]. == Stair == Is ón [[naomhsheanchas]] agus ón [[béaloideas na hÉireann|mbéaloideas]] a thagann an chuid is mó de sheanlitríocht phróis na Gaeilge: scéalta faoi, mar shampla, [[Fionn Mac Cumhaill|Fhionn Mac Cumhaill]] agus na [[Fiannaíocht|Fianna]], nó, ''[[Amra Choluim Chille|Amra Coluim Chille]]'' (c. 575).<ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Amra|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amra|journal=Wikipedia|date=2025-02-24|language=en}}</ref> Chomh maith leis sin tá filíocht fíorálainn ann. Dealraíonn sé gurb iad na manaigh a thosaigh ag cur an ábhair seo ar pár agus gur ghearr go ndeachaigh an t-aos dána féin i mbun pinn. Tháinig traidisiún tréan liteartha ann agus [[Gaeilge na scol]], canúint aontaithe liteartha, á húsáid chuige. Lasmuigh den traidisiún "oifigiúil" bhí dánta galánta grá á scríobh ag fir agus ag mná. Mar seo a lean an scéal anuas go dtí an [[17ú haois]], agus an [[filíocht|fhilíocht]] ar tosach i gcónaí. Bhí Béarla á úsáid sna bailte móra, ach ar éigean a bhí tábhacht leis in Éirinn i gcúrsaí litríochta nó gur mheath cumhacht na seanuaisle agus gur daingníodh an Béarla ní b'fhorleithne sa tír. Fiú amháin sa 17ú haois bhí scoth litríochta á cumadh i nGaeilge, leithéid shaothar [[Seathrún Céitinn|Sheathrúin Chéitinn]], agus bhí bláthú éigin san 18ú haois féin, nuair a tháinig blas ní ba choitianta ar an litríocht, cé gurbh fhurasta rian na seanghalántachta a aithint fós uirthi. [[Íomhá:Liam O'Flaherty.jpeg|mion|143x143px|[[Liam Ó Flaithearta]]]] [[Íomhá:Seamus Heaney, Irish poet, brightened (cropped).jpg|mion|147x147px|[[Seamus Heaney]]]] Lean an Béarla uirthi ag borradh sa 19ú haois in Éirinn, agus gan léamh agus scríobh na Gaeilge ag mórán faoin am sin. Thosaigh litríocht shuntasach Bhéarla ag teacht chun cinn. Faoi dheireadh na haoise, áfach, bhí gluaiseacht faoi lánseoil ar chuspóir di spéis na ndaoine sa Ghaeilge a mhúscailt arís, agus dá bhrí sin roghnaigh a lán daoine mar uirlis litríochta í. Socraíodh gurbh í "caint na ndaoine" an modh ceart scríbhneoireachta, agus sa chéad chuid den [[20ú haois]] bhí scríbhneoirí an-nótálta ann, go háirithe [[Máirtín Ó Cadhain]]. Ach ba é an Béarla príomhtheanga na tíre agus na litríochta faoin am sin, agus gach údar eile faoi scáth an deoraí [[James Joyce]] (cé gur féidir an Cadhnach a chur i gcomparáid leis ina lán slite). == Inniu == Faoi láthair aithnítear ar fud an domhain go bhfuil litríocht shonrach Éireannach ann agus í scríofa i mBéarla. I gcás an Bhéarla, caithfidh scríbhneoirí Éireannacha, dá fheabhas iad, glacadh leis go ndéanann an teanga fhorleathan úd scríbhneoirí réigiúnacha díobh, rud nach bhfuil go dona ann féin. Is iomaí duine díobh a tharraing clú air féin, agus gan Joyce a lua ar chor ar bith - [[W. B. Yeats|William Butler Yeats]], [[James Joyce]], [[Patrick Kavanagh]], [[William Trevor]], [[Seamus Heaney]], [[Paul Muldoon]] agus [[Seán O'Casey]]. Tá [[Liam Ó Flaithearta]] orthu siúd a scríobh sa dá theanga. [[Íomhá:Anna Burns (cropped).jpg|mion|173x173px|[[Anna Burns]], 2020]] Chun teacht ar an liosta den 100 saothar ficsin is fearr as Éirinn ó thosach na mílaoise (an bhliain 2000), thug eagarthóir leabhar an ''Irish Times'', Martin Doyle, cuireadh do 60 duine, idir léirmheastóirí, lucht díolta leabhar, lucht acadúil agus stiúrthóirí féilte, an 50 úrscéal nó cnuasach gearrscéalta is ansa leo féin ón tréimhse sin a roghnú. ''Milkman'' le Anna Burns, a bhuaigh an [[duais Booker]], a bhí sa chéad áit ar an liosta den 100 leabhar ficsin Éireannach is fearr sa 21ú haois.<ref name=":0">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/ni-bheinn-ag-suil-lena-mhalairt-leabhar-gaeilge-ar-bith-ar-liosta-den-100-leabhar-eireannach-is-fearr-sa-21u-haois/|teideal=‘Ní bheinn ag súil lena mhalairt’ – leabhar Gaeilge ar bith ar liosta den 100 leabhar Éireannach is fearr sa 21ú haois|údar=Maitiú Ó Coimín|dáta=19 Márta 2025|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2025-03-19}}</ref> === An Ghaeilge === Is beag léitheoir a bhfuil a dhóthain Gaeilge aige chun blas a fháil ar litríocht na teanga úd, cé go bhfuil saothair á bhfoilsiú inti i gcónaí. Tá foinse dhomhain á cailleadh aici le meath na [[Gaeltacht]]a, agus tá sí á hathdhaingniú sna cathracha fós. [[Íomhá:Alan Titley.JPG|mion|115x115px|[[Alan Titley]]]] I mí an Mhárta 2025, foilsíodh an ''Irish Times liosta'' den 100 leabhar ficsin ‘is fearr’ as Éirinn idir 2000-2025. Ní raibh leabhar Gaeilge ar bith ar an liosta. Níor éirigh le haon úrscéal nó cnuasach gearrscéalta Gaeilge áit a bhaint amach ar an liosta. Deir [[Alan Titley]] go bhfuil “apartheid daingean” ar siúl maidir le litríocht na hÉireann agus  go bhfágtar litríocht na Gaeilge laistiar “d’fhalla dophollta”. Sa 20ú haois, tugtaí ‘Anglo-Irish Literature’ ar a raibh scríofa sa Bhéarla in Éirinn ach go tugtar ‘Irish literature’ air “go neamhleithscéalach lom gan náire” anois, dar leis.<ref name=":0" /> == Féach freisin == * [[Liosta drámadóirí Éireannacha]] * [[Liosta filí Éireannacha]] * [[Liosta úrscéalaithe Éireannacha]] * [[Liosta gearrscéalaithe Éireannacha]] == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} == Naisc sheachtracha == * [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/ CELT: The online resource for Irish history, literature and politics] * [http://homepage.tinet.ie/%7Esfa/page6.html Irish Theatre Resource] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040807004421/http://homepage.tinet.ie/~sfa/page6.html |date=2004-08-07 }} * [http://www.irishwriters-online.com/index.html Irish Writers Online] * [http://www.irishreader.com/index.htm Extracts from New Irish books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040810174546/http://irishreader.com/index.htm |date=2004-08-10 }} * [http://www.pgil-eirdata.org/ Princess Grace Irish Library] [[Catagóir:Litríocht na hÉireann]] [[Catagóir:Leabhair Éireannacha]] dpbec8kzbafwn65ns4puv4l85f84t8d 0 2813 1269376 1260103 2025-06-10T19:21:19Z 49.237.203.182 /* Stair */ 1269376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Teanga}} Is í an '''Laidin''' an teanga a labhraítí i Latium (Lazio) fadó agus a chuaigh chun fairsinge sna sálaí ag saighdiúirí na hImpireachta Rómhánaí. Tá an Laidin ina theanga oifigiúil sa [[Cathair na Vatacáine|Vatacáin]] i gcónaí. Thairis sin, craolann Raidió na Fionlainne nuacht as Laidin gach seachtain ón mbliain 1989 ar aghaidh. [[Íomhá:Latin dictionary.jpg|mion|clé|Foclóir laidine]] == Stair == Ceann de na teangacha Iodálda is ea an Laidin, agus í á scríobh leis an aibítir Laidineach, atá bunaithe ar an aibítir Shean-Iodálda. As aibítir [[An Ghréigis|Ghréigise]] a d'eascair an aibítir sin. Creidtear gur tháinig an Laidin, nó an chanúint Iodálda, go dtí Latium thart ar ocht nó naoi gcéad bliain roimh bhreith Chríost. Aduaidh a tháinig lucht labhartha na Laidine, agus mar sin, d'fhág na teangacha Ceilteacha agus an Eatrúiscis - seanteanga neamh-Ind-Eorpach na hIodáile - a sliocht ar an Laidin is sine dá bhfuil ann. Tháinig an teanga chun cinn i gceantar tíre na Laidineach timpeall ar chathair [[an Róimh|na Róimhe]], agus leathnaigh sí amach de réir mar a ghlac na Rómhánaigh seilbh ar leithinis na h[[an Iodáil|Iodáile]] agus na tailte go léir timpeall ar an [[An Mheánmhuir|Meánmhuir]]. Breacadh an teanga síos an chéad uair timpeall ar 550 bliain r. Chr., agus b'aistriúcháin ón [[an Ghréigis|nGréigis]] a bhí sa chuid ba mhó de litríocht na Laidine ar feadh tamaill fhada. Scríobhadh an chuid is tábhachtaí de litríocht na Laidine sa teanga shaorga ealaíonta ar a dtugtar an Laidin Chlasaiceach. Ba iad an dá chéad bliain timpeall ar bhreith Chríost ré órga na Laidine Clasaicí, nuair a bhí an [[Impireacht na Róimhe|Impireacht]] in ard a réime. San am sin a mhair scríbhneoirí cáiliúla ar nós [[Cicearó|Chicearó]] agus [[Iúil Caesar|Chaesair]] agus [[Veirgil]] agus [[Tacatas|Thacatais]], chomh maith leis an bhfile [[Óivid]]. San am céanna, bhí an chosmhuintir ag labhairt ghnáthchaint Laidine, a bhí sách difriúil leis an teanga Chlasaiceach ó thaobh na gramadaí agus an stór focal de. San Iarthar, ghlac na [[An Chríostaíocht|Críostaithe]] leis an teanga mar theanga liotúirgeach, agus cuireadh an [[An Bíobla|Bíobla]] ar fáil as Laidin. Is í an [[Vulgáid]] an t-aistriúchán Laidine den Bhíobla a bhí in úsáid ag an Eaglais go dtí go ndeachaigh lucht an Reifirméisin siar go dtí na foinsí [[An Ghréigis|Gréigise]] agus [[An Eabhrais|Eabhraise]]. Rinne manaigh ar fud na h[[An Eoraip|Eorpa]] agus i dtíortha na [[An Mheánmhuir|Meánmhara]] staidéar ar an teanga. Mar theanga labhartha, áfach, chuaigh athruithe difriúla i bhfeidhm ar an Laidin i réigiúin éagsúla, agus d'iompaigh na canúintí ina dteangacha éagsúla, ar a dtugtar [[teangacha Rómánsacha]]. I measc na teangacha a d'fhorbair as an Laidin, áirítear teangacha náisiúnta mar an [[An Fhraincis|Fhraincis]], an [[An Iodáilis|Iodáilis]], an [[An Spáinnis|Spáinnis]], an [[An Rómáinis|Rómáinis]] agus an [[An Phortaingéilis|Phortaingéilis]]; chomh maith le sraith mionteangacha a labhraítear in Iarthar na hEorpa, Catalónis agus Sairdínis san áireamh. == Tréithe == Teanga tháite nó infhillte is ea an Laidin. Cuirtear iarmhíreanna le tamhain na bhfocal chun inscne, uimhir agus tuiseal a chur in iúl sna haidiachtaí, na hainmfhocail agus na forainmneacha. Tá cúig [[díochlaonadh|dhíochlaonadh]] ag na hainmfhocail, agus ceithre réimniú ag na briathra. Is iad sé thuiseal na n-ainmfhocal ná: # [[Tuiseal ainmneach|ainmneach]] (an bhunfhoirm), # [[tuiseal ginideach|ginideach]] (a úsáidtear chun úinéireacht nó baint éigin eile a chur in iúl), # [[tuiseal tabharthach|tabharthach]] (a úsáidtear le cuspóir neamhdhíreach an bhriathair a chur in iúl), # [[tuiseal cuspóireach|cuspóireach]] (a úsáidtear le cuspóir díreach an bhriathair a chur in iúl), # [[tuiseal ochslaíoch|ochslaíoch]] (a úsáidtear chun scaradh, foinse, cúis nó ionstraim a thaispeáint) agus # [[tuiseal gairmeach|gairmeach]] (a úsáidtear nuair atáthar ag cur ceiliúir nó forráin ar dhuine nó ar rud). Ina theannta sin, tá [[tuiseal áitreabhach]] ag roinnt ainmfhocal a úsáidtear lena léiriú cá bhfuil an duine nó an rud suite. In áit an tuisil seo, áfach, is gnách dul i dtuilleamaí réamhfhocail éigin, ar nós ''in'', a éilíonn go n-úsáidfear an tuiseal ochslaíoch ar a lorg. Iarsma seanársa ón bprótaitheanga Ind-Eorpach is ea an t-áitreabhach, agus ní féidir, de ghnáth, ach logainmneacha a dhíochlaonadh san áitreabhach. Fiú i laethanta na Laidine Clasaicí, bhí daoine ann nach mbacfadh leis an áitreabhach ar aon nós, an tImpire [[Ágastas]], mar shampla, agus iad ag scríobh ''in Rōmā'' (in áit ''Rōmae'') = sa Róimh. [[Íomhá:Mario Kleff Book of Kells Folio 02.jpg|mion|[[Leabhar Cheanannais]]]] == An Ghaeilge == Bhí tionchar nach beag ag Laidin ar an Ghaeilge.<ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=From póg to obair, how Gaeilge borrowed everyday words from Latin|url=https://www.rte.ie/brainstorm/2025/0224/1498089-gaeilge-latin-vocabulary-loanwords/|date=2025-02-24|language=en}}</ref> Mar shampla * '''[[Críostaíocht]]''': aifreann ''offerenda'', beannacht ''benedictio,'' aingeal ''angelus'', aspal ''apostolus'', diabhal ''diabolus,'' ifreann ''infernus'', sagart ''sacerdos''. easpag ''episcopus'', manach ''monachus'', eaglais ''ecclesia'', teampall ''templum'', díseart ''desertum,'' paidir  ''pater noster.'' * [[Beatha|'''Saol''']]: pobal ''populus'', obair ''opera'',   saol ''saeculum'',   pian ''poena'' ‘píonos’,  trioblóid ''tribulatio'',  reilig ''reliquiae'',   long  ''navis longa'' (long fhada)    póg  ''pax.'' * '''[[Oideachas]]''': leabhar ''liber''  litir ''littera,'',  léann ''legendum'', scríobh ''scribo'',  scoil ''schola'',  ceacht ''acceptum'' (faighte). * '''[[Am]]''': uair ''hora'', maidin ''matutinus'', tráthnóna ''nona'' (9ú uair), Céadaoin - tagann aoin as ''ieiunium'' (an chéad troscadh), Déardaoin (idir dá aoin), Aoine ''ieiunium.'' == Féach freisin == * [[An Laidinis]] == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} {{IdirVicí|cód=la}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Laidin, An}} [[Catagóir:Teangacha Rómánsacha]] [[Catagóir:Teangacha na hEorpa]] [[Catagóir:Teangacha marbha]] [[Catagóir:Cathair na Vatacáine]] [[Catagóir:An tSean-Róimh]] [[Catagóir:An Laidin]] [[Catagóir:Gaeilge]] fh5ink9xb12jqnwxfbo61hagikfyda7 1269414 1269376 2025-06-11T04:39:16Z 223.24.191.138 1269414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Teanga}} Is í an '''Laidin''' an teanga a labhraítí i Latium (Lazio) fadó agus a chuaigh chun fairsinge sna sálaí ag saighdiúirí na hImpireachta Rómhánaí. Tá an Laidin ina theanga oifigiúil sa [[Cathair na Vatacáine|Vatacáin]] i gcónaí. Thairis sin, craolann Raidió na Fionlainne nuacht as Laidin gach seachtain ón mbliain 1989 ar aghaidh. [[Íomhá:Latin dictionary.jpg|mion|clé|Foclóir laidine]] == Stair == Ceann de na teangacha Iodálda is ea an Laidin, agus í á scríobh leis an aibítir Laidineach, atá bunaithe ar an aibítir Shean-Iodálda. As aibítir [[An Ghréigis|Ghréigise]] a d'eascair an aibítir sin. Creidtear gur tháinig an Laidin, nó an chanúint Iodálda, go dtí Latium thart ar ocht nó naoi gcéad bliain roimh bhreith Chríost. Aduaidh a tháinig lucht labhartha na Laidine, agus mar sin, d'fhág na teangacha Ceilteacha agus an Eatrúiscis - seanteanga neamh-Ind-Eorpach na hIodáile - a sliocht ar an Laidin is sine dá bhfuil ann. Tháinig an teanga chun cinn i gceantar tíre na Laidineach timpeall ar chathair [[an Róimh|na Róimhe]], agus leathnaigh sí amach de réir mar a ghlac na Rómhánaigh seilbh ar leithinis na h[[an Iodáil|Iodáile]] agus na tailte go léir timpeall ar an [[An Mheánmhuir|Meánmhuir]]. Breacadh an teanga síos an chéad uair timpeall ar 550 bliain r. Chr., agus b'aistriúcháin ón [[an Ghréigis|nGréigis]] a bhí sa chuid ba mhó de litríocht na Laidine ar feadh tamaill fhada. Scríobhadh an chuid is tábhachtaí de litríocht na Laidine sa teanga shaorga ealaíonta ar a dtugtar an Laidin Chlasaiceach. Ba iad an dá chéad bliain timpeall ar bhreith Chríost ré órga na Laidine Clasaicí, nuair a bhí an [[Impireacht na Róimhe|Impireacht]] in ard a réime. San am sin a mhair scríbhneoirí cáiliúla ar nós [[Cicearó|Chicearó]] agus [[Iúil Caesar|Chaesair]] agus [[Veirgil]] agus [[Tacatas|Thacatais]], chomh maith leis an bhfile [[Óivid]]. San am céanna, bhí an chosmhuintir ag labhairt ghnáthchaint Laidine, a bhí sách difriúil leis an teanga Chlasaiceach ó thaobh na gramadaí agus an stór focal de. San Iarthar, ghlac na [[An Chríostaíocht|Críostaithe]] leis an teanga mar theanga liotúirgeach, agus cuireadh an [[An Bíobla|Bíobla]] ar fáil as Laidin. Is í an [[Vulgáid]] an t-aistriúchán Laidine den Bhíobla a bhí in úsáid ag an Eaglais go dtí go ndeachaigh lucht an Reifirméisin siar go dtí na foinsí [[An Ghréigis|Gréigise]] agus [[An Eabhrais|Eabhraise]]. Rinne manaigh ar fud na h[[An Eoraip|Eorpa]] agus i dtíortha na [[An Mheánmhuir|Meánmhara]] staidéar ar an teanga. Mar theanga labhartha, áfach, chuaigh athruithe difriúla i bhfeidhm ar an Laidin i réigiúin éagsúla, agus d'iompaigh na canúintí ina dteangacha éagsúla, ar a dtugtar [[teangacha Rómánsacha]]. I measc na teangacha a d'fhorbair as an Laidin, áirítear teangacha náisiúnta mar an [[An Fhraincis|Fhraincis]], an [[An Iodáilis|Iodáilis]], an [[An Spáinnis|Spáinnis]], an [[An Rómáinis|Rómáinis]] agus an [[An Phortaingéilis|Phortaingéilis]]; chomh maith le sraith mionteangacha a labhraítear in Iarthar na hEorpa, Catalóinis agus Sairdínis san áireamh. == Tréithe == Teanga tháite nó infhillte is ea an Laidin. Cuirtear iarmhíreanna le tamhain na bhfocal chun inscne, uimhir agus tuiseal a chur in iúl sna haidiachtaí, na hainmfhocail agus na forainmneacha. Tá cúig [[díochlaonadh|dhíochlaonadh]] ag na hainmfhocail, agus ceithre réimniú ag na briathra. Is iad sé thuiseal na n-ainmfhocal ná: # [[Tuiseal ainmneach|ainmneach]] (an bhunfhoirm), # [[tuiseal ginideach|ginideach]] (a úsáidtear chun úinéireacht nó baint éigin eile a chur in iúl), # [[tuiseal tabharthach|tabharthach]] (a úsáidtear le cuspóir neamhdhíreach an bhriathair a chur in iúl), # [[tuiseal cuspóireach|cuspóireach]] (a úsáidtear le cuspóir díreach an bhriathair a chur in iúl), # [[tuiseal ochslaíoch|ochslaíoch]] (a úsáidtear chun scaradh, foinse, cúis nó ionstraim a thaispeáint) agus # [[tuiseal gairmeach|gairmeach]] (a úsáidtear nuair atáthar ag cur ceiliúir nó forráin ar dhuine nó ar rud). Ina theannta sin, tá [[tuiseal áitreabhach]] ag roinnt ainmfhocal a úsáidtear lena léiriú cá bhfuil an duine nó an rud suite. In áit an tuisil seo, áfach, is gnách dul i dtuilleamaí réamhfhocail éigin, ar nós ''in'', a éilíonn go n-úsáidfear an tuiseal ochslaíoch ar a lorg. Iarsma seanársa ón bprótaitheanga Ind-Eorpach is ea an t-áitreabhach, agus ní féidir, de ghnáth, ach logainmneacha a dhíochlaonadh san áitreabhach. Fiú i laethanta na Laidine Clasaicí, bhí daoine ann nach mbacfadh leis an áitreabhach ar aon nós, an tImpire [[Ágastas]], mar shampla, agus iad ag scríobh ''in Rōmā'' (in áit ''Rōmae'') = sa Róimh. [[Íomhá:Mario Kleff Book of Kells Folio 02.jpg|mion|[[Leabhar Cheanannais]]]] == An Ghaeilge == Bhí tionchar nach beag ag Laidin ar an Ghaeilge.<ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=From póg to obair, how Gaeilge borrowed everyday words from Latin|url=https://www.rte.ie/brainstorm/2025/0224/1498089-gaeilge-latin-vocabulary-loanwords/|date=2025-02-24|language=en}}</ref> Mar shampla * '''[[Críostaíocht]]''': aifreann ''offerenda'', beannacht ''benedictio,'' aingeal ''angelus'', aspal ''apostolus'', diabhal ''diabolus,'' ifreann ''infernus'', sagart ''sacerdos''. easpag ''episcopus'', manach ''monachus'', eaglais ''ecclesia'', teampall ''templum'', díseart ''desertum,'' paidir  ''pater noster.'' * [[Beatha|'''Saol''']]: pobal ''populus'', obair ''opera'',   saol ''saeculum'',   pian ''poena'' ‘píonos’,  trioblóid ''tribulatio'',  reilig ''reliquiae'',   long  ''navis longa'' (long fhada)    póg  ''pax.'' * '''[[Oideachas]]''': leabhar ''liber''  litir ''littera,'',  léann ''legendum'', scríobh ''scribo'',  scoil ''schola'',  ceacht ''acceptum'' (faighte). * '''[[Am]]''': uair ''hora'', maidin ''matutinus'', tráthnóna ''nona'' (9ú uair), Céadaoin - tagann aoin as ''ieiunium'' (an chéad troscadh), Déardaoin (idir dá aoin), Aoine ''ieiunium.'' == Féach freisin == * [[An Laidinis]] == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} {{IdirVicí|cód=la}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Laidin, An}} [[Catagóir:Teangacha Rómánsacha]] [[Catagóir:Teangacha na hEorpa]] [[Catagóir:Teangacha marbha]] [[Catagóir:Cathair na Vatacáine]] [[Catagóir:An tSean-Róimh]] [[Catagóir:An Laidin]] [[Catagóir:Gaeilge]] 41uvgp8i7xodydjwi0vlblhninlhcaj 0 2892 1269405 1247523 2025-06-11T01:40:54Z 223.24.191.138 1269405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Teanga}} Is í '''an Spáinnis''' nó '''Caistílis''' teanga náisiúnta [[an Spáinn|na Spáinne]], chomh maith leis an gcuid is mó de [[Meiriceá Theas|Mheiriceá Laidine]]. Tá tábhacht ag an teanga, freisin, sna h[[Na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha|Oileáin Fhilipíneacha]], agus i gcuid mhaith de Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá, go háirithe de thoradh na hinimirce ó thíortha Mheiriceá Laidineach. Labhraítear Spáinnis i dtuaisceart Mharacó go fóill, sa chuid den tír a bhí ina coilíneacht ag an Spáinn. Is [[Teangacha Rómánsacha|teanga Rómánsach]] í, is é sin, is teanga de bhunadh na [[An Laidin|Laidine]] í. Tugtar ''Castellano'' ar an gcaighdeán oifigiúil go minic, is é sin, an Chaistílis, nó teanga [[An Chaistíl|Chúige na Caistíle]]. Dealraíonn sé gur tháinig an Spáinnis, mar theanga nó mar chanúint ar leith, ar an bhfód i gCantabria i dtuaisceart na Spáinne, ach ansin, chuaigh sí in úsáid sa Chaistíl freisin. Sa bhliain [[1492]], foilsíodh an chéad ghramadach chaighdeánach don Spáinnis. Sa bhliain chéanna, chuaigh [[Criostóir Colambas|Críostóir Colambas]], nó ''Cristobal Colón'', mar a thugann na Spáinniseoirí air, i dtír san Oileán Úr, agus chuir sé an chéad tús leis an ngabháltas millteanach, an ''Conquista'' nó an Concas, a rinne na Spáinnigh ansin. Thug siad a dteanga leo, agus ní raibh aon mhoill ar na bundúchasaigh í a fhoghlaim. Mar sin, is í an Spáinnis an teanga Rómánsach is líonmhaire cainteoirí inniu. Creidtear go bhfuil sí ó dhúchas ag ceithre chéad is deich milliún duine, agus an uimhir sin ag dul in airde. Mar sin, tá an Spáinnis ar theangacha móra an domhain. ==Ainm na teanga== Is nós le muintir na Spáinne ''español'' a thabhairt ar an teanga le hí a scaradh ó theangacha náisiúnta na dtíortha eile, ach is rogha leo ''castellano'' nó Caistílis a ghlaoch uirthi le béim ar leith a chur ar an difríocht idir í agus teangacha réigiúnda na Spáinne, an [[An Bhascais|Bhascais]] agus an [[An Chatalóinis|Chatalóinis]] ach go háirithe. Dá réir sin, is é an téarma a úsáideann bunreacht na Spáinne ná ''castellano''. Iad siúd a bhfuil teanga réigiúnda éigin á labhairt acu, is minic a bhíonn siad míshásta leis an bhfocal ''español'', ó shamhlaíonn siad le húsáid oifigiúil na deachtóireachta faoi [[Francisco Franco]] é. Is amhlaidh nach raibh meas an mhadra ag Franco ar na teangacha mionlaigh, agus é den tuairim go gcaithfí iad a bhaint de bhéal na ndaoine agus teanga ghlórmhar na Spáinne a chur ina n-áit. Ón taobh eile de, is féidir do náisiúnaí Bascach nó Catalónach an t-ainm sin ''español'' a thabhairt ar an teanga, agus é ag iarraidh a chur in iúl nach leis an Spáinn a réigiún féin ar aon nós, agus gur teanga choimhthíoch í an Spáinnis. Maidir leis na tíortha eile ina labhraítear an Spáinnis, ní bhíonn mórán polaitíochta ag greamú den téarma sin ''español'', agus braitheann sé ar an nós áitiúil, cé acu focal is minicí a chloistear. Tríd is tríd, áfach, is é an t-ainm sin ''castellano'' an ceann is lú idé-eolaíochta. == Teangacha Gaolmhara == Is iad na teangacha Ibéaracha Rómánsacha eile sa Leithinis Phirinéach na gaolta is dlúithe atá ag an Spáinnis, mar atá, an [[An Phortaingéilis|Phortaingéilis]], an [[An Aragóinis|Aragóinis]], an [[An Chatalóinis|Chatalóinis]], an [[An Ghailísis|Ghailísis]], agus an [[Spáinnis Ghiúdach]] chomh maith leis na canúintí úd Asturianu, Estremeñu, Aranès, agus Llïonés. An chuid is mó de na teangacha seo, tháinig siad ar an bhfód nuair a d'fhoghlaim na ciníocha Ceilteacha in Iarthar na hEorpa leagan éigin den Laidin, agus mar sin, is féidir comhthréithe a aithint eatarthu go raidhsiúil. Tá an Iodáilis sách intuigthe ag an Spáinniseoir chomh maith, cé nach bhfuil an gaol chomh dlúth céanna. Ón taobh eile de, bíonn sé deacair ag an Spáinneach mórán adhmaid a dhéanamh de chaint an Fhrancaigh, mura bhfuil staidéar déanta aige ar an bh[[An Fhraincis|Fraincis]]. Maidir leis an Spáinnis Ghiúdach, is ionann í, go bunúsach, agus Spáinnis na Meánaoise. Cruthaíodh mar theanga ar leith í, nuair a ruaigeadh na Giúdaigh as an Spáinn sa chúigiú haois déag. Chuaigh siad ina gcónaí sna Balcáin, áit a raibh na Turcaigh i gceannas ar san am sin, agus lean siad ag labhairt na Spáinnise ansin. Chuir siad aibítir na hEabhraise i bhfeidhm ar an Spáinnis, agus is follasach gur imir teangacha áitiúla a dtimpeallachta, ar nós na Bulgáirise agus na Tuircise, tionchar áirithe ar an teanga. Dúirt an pianódóir Meiriceánach [[Murray Perahia]], a bhfuil an Spáinnis Ghiúdach ó dhúchas aige, go magúil go bhfuair sé an teanga san úrscéal [[Don Cíochótae]] an-nua-aimseartha - scríobhadh an leabhar i dtús na seachtú haoise déag. Bhí an Spáinnis Ghiúdach ó dhúchas ag an scríbhneoir [[Elias Canetti]] freisin, cé gur roghnaigh sé a chuid scríbhneoireachta a dhéanamh trí mheán na [[An Ghearmáinis|Gearmáinise]]. === An Spáinnis agus an [[An Phortaingéilis|Phortaingéilis]] === Tá dlúthghaol ag an Spáinnis agus ag an bPortaingéilis le chéile, ach mar sin féin, is iomaí difríocht is féidir a aithint eatarthu. Ó thaobh na foghraíochta de, is luath a thosaigh comhcheangail na gconsan ag forbairt a mbealach féin sa dá theanga. {|style="width:70%; height:100px" border="1 |'''[[An Laidin|Laidin]]''' || '''Spáinnis'''||'''[[An Phortaingéilis|Portaingéilis]]''' |- |''o'''ct'''o''||''o'''ch'''o''||''o'''it'''o''||ocht |- |''no'''ct'''e(m)''||''no'''ch'''e''||''no'''it'''e''||oíche |- |''mŭ'''lt'''u(m)''||''mu'''ch'''o''||''mu'''it'''o''||a lán, cuid mhór |- |''a'''rg'''illa(m)''||''a'''rc'''illa''||''a'''rg'''ila''||cré |- |'''''cl'''amāre''||'''''ll'''amar''||'''''ch'''amar''||glaoch (a chur ar dhuine), scairteadh |- |'''''fl'''amma(m)''||'''''ll'''ama''||'''''ch'''ama''||bladhaire, lasair |- |'''''pl'''ēnu(m)''||'''''ll'''eno''||'''''ch'''eio''||lán |- |'''''bl'''andu(m)''||'''''bl'''ando''||'''''br'''ando''||bog |- |''homĭne(m)'' > ''ho'''m'n'''e''||''ho'''mbr'''e''||''ho'''m'''em''||fear |- |''tremulāre'' > '''''tr'''e'''m'l'''are''||'''''t'''e'''mbl'''ar''||'''''tr'''e'''m'''er''||crith, creathnú |- |''cā'''s'''ĕu(m)''||''que'''s'''o''||''que'''ij'''o''||cáis |- |''a'''lĭ'''u(m)''||''a'''j'''o''|||''a'''lh'''o''||gairleog |- |''ocŭlu(m)'' > ''o'''c'l'''u''||''o'''j'''o''||''o'''lh'''o''||súil, rosc |} Sna háiteanna ina bhfuil an Spáinnis agus an Phortaingéilis i síor-theagmháil le chéile, bíonn siad ag imirt tionchair ar a chéile, ionas go bhforbraítear cineál béarlagair measctha. Tugtar ''Portuñol'' ("Portáinnis", as ''portugués'', is é sin, Portaingéilis, agus ''español'', Spáinnis) nó ''Fronterizo'' ("teanga na teorainne", "Teorainnis") ar theangacha measctha den chineál seo. Is é an leagan is aithnidiúla den Phortuñol ná an ceann a labhraítear in aice le teorainn na Brasaíle agus Uragua. Imríonn an cineál seo Portuñol, fiú, tionchar nach beag ar an Spáinnis a chloistear i lár na tíre. == Stair == Teanga Rómánsach í an Spáinnis, rud a chiallaíonn gurb í an [[An Laidin|Laidin]] - nó an leagan labhartha den Laidin - is bunús léi. D'imir an [[Ceiltibéiris|Cheiltibéiris]], an [[An Bhascais|Bhascais]] agus an [[An Araibis|Araibis]] tionchar ar an Spáinnis, agus í á forbairt cois chósta thuaidh na Leathinise Ibéirí. Tréithe tipiciúla iad séimhiú na gconsan - rinneadh ''vida'' [βi:δa] de ''vita'' na Laidine - an caolú (''annum'' -> ''año''), agus défhoghrú na ngutaí (''terra'' -> ''tierra'', ''novus'' -> ''nuevo''). De réir mar a bhí Críostaithe an Tuaiscirt ag athghabháil na Leathinise ó na Muslamaigh, leath an chanúint seo ó dheas. Sa bhliain [[1492]], d'fhoilsigh [[Elo Antonio de Nebrija]] an chéad ghramadach Spáinnise leis an teanga a chaighdeánú. Nuair a chuir sé an saothar seo faoi bhráid na Banríona Isibéil, d'fhiafraigh sise de: ''Cén úsáid a bheadh ina leithéid seo dom, agus an teanga go líofa agam cheana féin?'' Is é an freagra a thug Nebrija ná: ''A Mhórgacht, is iontach an áis an teanga chun an Impireacht a rialú.'' Tháinig focail Nebrija isteach fíor, nó de réir mar a bhí an Spáinn ag gabháil coilíneachtaí nua ar fud an domhain, chuaigh an teanga i bhfairsinge. [[Íomhá:Spanish language World Map.svg|mion|clé|350px| An Domhan: {{legend|#FF0000|Dearg - teanga oifigiúil}} {{legend|#0000FF|Dubhghorm - dara teanga}} <!--SAM: {{legend|#0000FF|+25%}} {{legend|#0080FF|10-20%}} {{legend|#78C0FF|5-10%}}--> ]] == Cá Labhraítear Spáinnis? == Inniu, labhraítear Spáinnis ar fud Mheiriceá Theas. Is í an [[An Bhrasaíl|Bhrasaíl]] an t-aon tír mhór san ilchríoch sin nach bhfuil an Spáinnis mar phríomhtheanga ansin, nó is í an [[An Phortaingéilis|Phortaingéilis]] teanga na Brasaíle. Tá stádas oifigiúil ag an Spáinnis sa [[An Bholaiv|Bholaiv]], i b[[Peiriú]], san [[An Airgintín|Airgintín]], sa t[[An tSile|Sile]], sa [[An Cholóim|Cholóim]], i g[[Cósta Ríce]], i g[[Cúba]], sa [[An Phoblacht Dhoiminiceach|Phoblacht Dhoiminiceach]], i [[Meicsiceo]], sa t[[An tSalvadóir|Salvadóir]], in [[Eacuadór]], sa [[An Ghuine Mheánchriosach|Ghuine Mheánchiorclach]], i n[[Guatamala]], i [[Hondúras]], i b[[Pórtó Ríce]], sa [[An Spáinn|Spáinn]], i [[Veiniséala]], i b[[Paragua]], in [[Uragua]], agus sa t[[An tSahára Thiar|Sahára Thiar]]. Níl stádas oifigiúil ag an Spáinnis sa [[an Bheilís|Bheilís]], ach mura bhfuil féin, tá sí á labhairt ansin go fairsing. Sna [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Stáit Aontaithe]], tá sí ag tríocha milliún duine, ach níl stádas oifigiúil aici ach i bPortó Ríce. Is minic a shíltear go bhfuil an Spáinnis ina teanga oifigiúil i [[Nua-Mheicsiceo]], ach le fírinne, níl teanga oifigiúil ar bith ag Nua-Mheicsiceo. Cibé faoin stádas oifigiúil, tuigeann cuid mhór de na húdaráis áitiúla sna Stáit go gcaithfidh siad freastal éigin a dhéanamh ar riachtanaisí lucht labhartha na Spáinnise, líonmhar is uile agus atá siad. Tá tábhacht na Spáinnise ag dul i méadaíocht sna Stáit, agus a lán daoine á foghlaim mar theanga iasachta. Maidir leis na h[[Na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha|Oileáin Fhilipíneacha]], bhí an Spáinnis á saothrú mar theanga choilíneach ar feadh i bhfad, ach níor éirigh leis na Spáinnigh na teangacha bundúchasacha a bhaint de bhéal na ndaoine. Cé gur imir an Spáinnis an-tionchar orthu, d'imigh sí as úsáid go géar gasta i ndiaidh an ghabháltais a rinne na Meiriceánaigh ar na hoileáin i dtús na fichiú haoise. Níl sí ina teanga oifigiúil a thuilleadh, agus níl sí ó dhúchas ag trí mhíle duine sna hoileáin. Na leaganacha [[Fásteanga|criólaithe]] den Spáinnis a tháinig ar an bhfód de thoradh theagmháil na Spáinnise leis na teangacha bundúchasacha, tá siad á labhairt ag trí chéad míle duine sna hoileáin. San am céanna, tá an [[An Tagálaigis|Tagálaigis]], an ceann is tábhachtaí de na teangacha bundúchasacha, ó dhúchas ag dhá mhilliún is fiche de dhaoine, agus í foghlamthe mar [[Francbhéarla|fhrancbhéarla]] réigiúnda ag dhá nó trí oiread eile. Tríd is tríd, níl mórán tábhachta leis an Spáinnis sna hOileáin Fhilipíneacha inniu, cé go raibh na hoileáin á gcoilíniú ag na Spáinnigh go deireadh na naoú haoise déag. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Ordú de réir na hAibítre ! Líon na gCainteoirí Dúchais |- | # [[Andóra|Andorra]] (40,000) # [[An Airgintín]] (41,248,000) # [[An Astráil]] (150,000) # [[An Bheilís]] (130,000) # [[An Bholaiv]] (7,010,000) # [[An Bhrasaíl]] (19,700,000) # [[Ceanada]] (272,000) # [[An Chóiré Theas]] (90,000) # [[An Cholóim]] (45,600,000) # [[Cósta Ríce]] (4,220,000) # [[Cúba]] (11,285,000) # [[Eacuadór]] (10,946,000) # [[An Fhionlainn]] (17,200) # [[An Fhrainc]] (2,100,000) # [[An Ghearmáin]] (410,000) # [[Guatamala]] (8,163,000) # [[An Ghuine Mheánchriosach|An Ghuine Mheánchiorclach]] (447,000) # [[Hondúras]] (7,267,000) # [[An Iodáil]] (455,000) # [[Iosrael]] (160,000) # [[An Liobáin]] (2,300) # [[Meicsiceo]] (106,255,000) # [[Maracó]] (86,000) # [[Nicearagua]] (5,503,000) # [[Na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha]] (2,900,000) # [[Panama]] (3,108,000) # [[Paragua]] (4,737,000) # [[Peiriú]] (26,152,265) # [[An Phoblacht Dhoiminiceach]] (8,850,000) # [[Pórtó Ríce]] (4,017,000) # [[An Ríocht Aontaithe]] (900,000) # [[An Rómáin]] (7,000) # [[An Rúis]] (1,200,000) # [[An tSalvadóir]] (6,859,000) # [[An tSeapáin]] (500,000) # [[An tSile]] (15,795,000) # [[An tSín]] (250,000) # [[An Spáinn]] (44,400,000) # [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá]] (41,000,000) # [[An tSualainn]] (39,700) # [[An Tuirc]] (29,500) # [[Uragua]] (3,442,000) # [[Veiniséala]] (26,021,000) # [[An Sahára Thiar]] (341,000) | # [[Meicsiceo]] (106,255,000) # [[An Cholóim]] (45,600,000) # [[An Spáinn]] (44,400,000) # [[An Airgintín]] (41,248,000) # [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá]] (41,000,000) # [[Peiriú]] (26,152,265) # [[Veiniséala]] (26,021,000) # [[An Bhrasaíl]] (19,700,000) # [[An tSile]] (15,795,000) # [[Cúba]] (11,285,000) # [[Eacuadór]] (10,946,000) # [[An Phoblacht Dhoiminiceach]] (8,850,000) # [[Guatamala]] (8,163,000) # [[Hondúras]] (7,267,000) # [[An Bholaiv]] (7,010,000) # [[An tSalvadóir]] (6,859,000) # [[Nicearagua]] (5,503,000) # [[Paragua]] (4,737,000) # [[Cósta Ríce]] (4,220,000) # [[Pórtó Ríce]] (4,017,000) # [[Uragua]] (3,442,000) # [[Panama]] (3,108,000) # [[Na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha]] (2,900,000) # [[An Fhrainc]] (2,100,000) # [[An Rúis]] (1,200,000) # [[An Ríocht Aontaithe]] (900,000) # [[An tSeapáin]] (500,000) # [[An Iodáil]] (455,000) # [[An Ghuine Mheánchriosach|An Ghuine Mheánchiorclach]] (447,000) # [[An Ghearmáin]] (410,000) # [[An Sahára Thiar]] (341,000) # [[Ceanada]] (272,000) # [[An tSín]] (250,000) # [[Iosrael]] (160,000) # [[An Astráil]] (150,000) # [[An Bheilís]] (130,000) # [[An Chóiré Theas]] (90,000) # [[Maracó]] (86,000) # [[Andóra|Andorra]] (40,000) # [[An tSualainn]] (39,700) # [[An Tuirc]] (29,500) # [[An Fhionlainn]] (17,200) # [[An Rómáin]] (7,000) # [[An Liobáin]] (2,300) |- ! colspan="2" | Is deacair líon cruinn na Spáinniseoirí a shainiú, nó fiú sna tíortha ina bhfuil stádas oifigiúil aici, is iomaí duine nach bhfuil in ann í a labhairt. Ón taobh eile, an chuid is mó de na Spáinniseoirí sna Stáit Aontaithe nó i dtíortha móra Béarla eile, bíonn Béarla acu, agus cuid acu tá líofacht níos fearr acu sa Bhéarla ná sa Spáinnis féin. |} == Difríochtaí Réigiúnda == === Fuaimniú na litreach ''z'' agus ''c'' roimh ''e'' agus ''i'' === Ceann de na príomhdhifríochtaí idir Spáinnis Mheiriceá Theas agus Spáinnis na Leathinise (is é sin, an cineál Spáinnis a labhraítear sa Spáinn féin) is ea fuaimniú na litreach ''z'' chomh maith le fuaimniú na litreach ''c'' nuair a thagann sé roimh ''e'' nó ''i''. Sa chuid is mó den Spáinn, cleachtaítear an fuaimniú ar a dtugtar ''zezeo'', is é sin, fuaimnítear an ''z'' agus an ''c'' mar [θ] - is é sin, ''th'' an Bhéarla san fhocal "thick". San Andalúis agus i Meiriceá Theas, áfach, is mar [s] a fhuaimnítear iad - ''ceceo'' a thugtar air seo. === Le nó lo? === Cé go bhfuil an chuid is mó de dhíochlaonta na Laidine imithe as an Spáinnis, aithnítear an tuiseal cuspóireach agus an tuiseal tabharthach ó chéile i gcónaí i bhforainmneacha áirithe. De réir an chaighdeáin, deirtear '''''lo''' hice'' "rinne mé é" (tuiseal cuspóireach), ach '''''le''' hablé'' "labhair mé leis", nó "labhair mé '''dó'''", focal ar fhocal (tuiseal tabharthach). Sna canúintí ina gcleachtaítear an ''loísmo'', úsáidtear ''lo'' sa dá chiall: ''lo hice'', ''lo hablé''. Ní cuid den teanga chaighdeánach é an ''loísmo'' dar le hAcadamh Ríoga na Spáinnise, ach mar sin féin, cloistear go minic sa Spáinn féin é, go háirithe i gcanúintí Thuaisceart na Caistíle. === Voseo === Le coincheap an ''voseo'' a thuiscint, ní mór dúinn súil a chaitheamh ar iarmhíreanna pearsanta na mbriathar Spáinnise mar a labhraítear sa Spáinn féin í: :yo soy = tá mé, is mé :tú eres = tá tú, is tú :él/ella es = tá sé/sí, is é/í :nosotros somos = tá muid, is sinn :vosotros sois = tá sibh, is sibh :ellos/ellas son = tá siad, is iad :Usted es = tá tú (ag labhairt go múinte le duine nach bhfuil aithne mhaith agat air) :Ustedes son = tá sibh (ag labhairt go múinte le daoine nach bhfuil aithne mhaith agat orthu) I gcanúintí Mheiriceá Theas, tá an forainm úd ''vosotros'' dulta in éag, agus úsáidtear ''ustedes'' ina áit, fiú má táthar ag labhairt le daoine a bhfuil aithne mhaith ag an gcainteoir orthu. San am céanna, maireann an sean-fhorainm úd ''vos'' i gcónaí in áiteanna i Meiriceá Theas, agus an fhoirm den bhriathar atá ag dul leis, tá sí cosúil leis an bhfoirm atá ag dul le ''vosotros'', ach amháin go bhfuil an t-''i'' roimh an ''s'' fágtha ar lár: ''vos sos'' in áit ''tu eres'', ''vos hablás'' in áit ''tu hablas'' "labhraíonn tú, tá tú ag labhairt" (cf. ''vosotros habláis'' = "labhraíonn sibh, tá sibh ag labhairt"). Tabhair faoi deara, áfach, go ndéantar ''-ís'' seachas ''-és'' den iarmhír ''-éis'': ''tu comes'' = "itheann tú, tá tú ag ithe", ''vosotros coméis'' = "itheann sibh, tá sibh ag ithe", ''vos comís'' = "itheann tú, tá tú ag ithe" (sna canúintí leis an ''voseo''). Tá glacadh leis an ''voseo'' sa teanga liteartha féin i dtíortha Río de la Plata, mar atá, [[Uragua]], [[An Cholóim]], [[Paragua]], agus [[an Airgintín]], ach bíonn sé coitianta go leor sa ghnáthchaint ina lán tíortha eile, go háirithe i Lár Mheiriceá. == Gramadach == Tá tuisil agus inscne neodrach na Laidine imithe as an Spáinnis go hiomlán, agus tá sé an-fhurasta uimhir iolra na n-ainmfhocal a fhoirmiú, nó níl de dhíth ach -s nó -es a chur leo: ''hombre'' - ''hombres'', ''mujer'' - ''mujeres'', ''país'' - ''países'', agus araile. Scéal eile ar fad é an briathar, go háirithe úsáid an mhodha fhoshuitigh, nó is ar éigean is féidir í a fhoghlaim mar is ceart gan an teanga a chleachtadh i gcuideachta na gcainteoirí dúchais nó dianstaidéar a dhéanamh ar an litríocht Spáinnise. Is iad na haimsirí is tábhachtaí sa Spáinnis ná an aimsir láithreach, an aimsir fháistineach, an aimsir chaite neamhfhoirfe agus an aimsir chaite fhoirfe, ach tá foirmeacha eile ann fós. Tá modh coinníollach ag na briathra freisin. Cosúil leis an nGaeilge, baineann an Spáinnis úsáid as dhá bhriathar éagsúla le ''to be'' an Bhéarla a aistriú - ''ser'' (arb ionann, ar go leor bealaí, é agus ''is'' na Gaeilge) agus ''estar'' (agus é níos cosúla le ''tá'' na Gaeilge ina úsáid). {{IdirVicí|cód=es}} {{Teangacha oifigiúla na NA}} {{Teangacha oifigiúla an AE}} == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} ==Naisc sheachtracha== {{DEFAULTSORT:Spáinnis, An}} [[Catagóir:An Spáinnis| ]] [[Catagóir:Teangacha Rómánsacha]] [[Catagóir:Teangacha na Spáinne|Spáinnis]] [[Catagóir:Teangacha na hEorpa]] [[Catagóir:Teangacha Mheiriceá Theas]] [[Catagóir:Teangacha Mheiriceá Thuaidh]] [[Catagóir:An Spáinn]] [[Catagóir:Meiriceá Laidineach]] [[Catagóir:Meicsiceo]] [[Catagóir:An Airgintín]] [[Catagóir:Teangacha oifigiúla na Náisiún Aontaithe]] [[Catagóir:Teangacha oifigiúla an Aontais Eorpaigh]] d0nkyg13mmmgg2yaf8pn8qvzqvl2gjv 1269406 1269405 2025-06-11T03:00:37Z 223.24.191.138 /* An Spáinnis agus an Phortaingéilis */ 1269406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Teanga}} Is í '''an Spáinnis''' nó '''Caistílis''' teanga náisiúnta [[an Spáinn|na Spáinne]], chomh maith leis an gcuid is mó de [[Meiriceá Theas|Mheiriceá Laidine]]. Tá tábhacht ag an teanga, freisin, sna h[[Na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha|Oileáin Fhilipíneacha]], agus i gcuid mhaith de Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá, go háirithe de thoradh na hinimirce ó thíortha Mheiriceá Laidineach. Labhraítear Spáinnis i dtuaisceart Mharacó go fóill, sa chuid den tír a bhí ina coilíneacht ag an Spáinn. Is [[Teangacha Rómánsacha|teanga Rómánsach]] í, is é sin, is teanga de bhunadh na [[An Laidin|Laidine]] í. Tugtar ''Castellano'' ar an gcaighdeán oifigiúil go minic, is é sin, an Chaistílis, nó teanga [[An Chaistíl|Chúige na Caistíle]]. Dealraíonn sé gur tháinig an Spáinnis, mar theanga nó mar chanúint ar leith, ar an bhfód i gCantabria i dtuaisceart na Spáinne, ach ansin, chuaigh sí in úsáid sa Chaistíl freisin. Sa bhliain [[1492]], foilsíodh an chéad ghramadach chaighdeánach don Spáinnis. Sa bhliain chéanna, chuaigh [[Criostóir Colambas|Críostóir Colambas]], nó ''Cristobal Colón'', mar a thugann na Spáinniseoirí air, i dtír san Oileán Úr, agus chuir sé an chéad tús leis an ngabháltas millteanach, an ''Conquista'' nó an Concas, a rinne na Spáinnigh ansin. Thug siad a dteanga leo, agus ní raibh aon mhoill ar na bundúchasaigh í a fhoghlaim. Mar sin, is í an Spáinnis an teanga Rómánsach is líonmhaire cainteoirí inniu. Creidtear go bhfuil sí ó dhúchas ag ceithre chéad is deich milliún duine, agus an uimhir sin ag dul in airde. Mar sin, tá an Spáinnis ar theangacha móra an domhain. ==Ainm na teanga== Is nós le muintir na Spáinne ''español'' a thabhairt ar an teanga le hí a scaradh ó theangacha náisiúnta na dtíortha eile, ach is rogha leo ''castellano'' nó Caistílis a ghlaoch uirthi le béim ar leith a chur ar an difríocht idir í agus teangacha réigiúnda na Spáinne, an [[An Bhascais|Bhascais]] agus an [[An Chatalóinis|Chatalóinis]] ach go háirithe. Dá réir sin, is é an téarma a úsáideann bunreacht na Spáinne ná ''castellano''. Iad siúd a bhfuil teanga réigiúnda éigin á labhairt acu, is minic a bhíonn siad míshásta leis an bhfocal ''español'', ó shamhlaíonn siad le húsáid oifigiúil na deachtóireachta faoi [[Francisco Franco]] é. Is amhlaidh nach raibh meas an mhadra ag Franco ar na teangacha mionlaigh, agus é den tuairim go gcaithfí iad a bhaint de bhéal na ndaoine agus teanga ghlórmhar na Spáinne a chur ina n-áit. Ón taobh eile de, is féidir do náisiúnaí Bascach nó Catalónach an t-ainm sin ''español'' a thabhairt ar an teanga, agus é ag iarraidh a chur in iúl nach leis an Spáinn a réigiún féin ar aon nós, agus gur teanga choimhthíoch í an Spáinnis. Maidir leis na tíortha eile ina labhraítear an Spáinnis, ní bhíonn mórán polaitíochta ag greamú den téarma sin ''español'', agus braitheann sé ar an nós áitiúil, cé acu focal is minicí a chloistear. Tríd is tríd, áfach, is é an t-ainm sin ''castellano'' an ceann is lú idé-eolaíochta. == Teangacha Gaolmhara == Is iad na teangacha Ibéaracha Rómánsacha eile sa Leithinis Phirinéach na gaolta is dlúithe atá ag an Spáinnis, mar atá, an [[An Phortaingéilis|Phortaingéilis]], an [[An Aragóinis|Aragóinis]], an [[An Chatalóinis|Chatalóinis]], an [[An Ghailísis|Ghailísis]], agus an [[Spáinnis Ghiúdach]] chomh maith leis na canúintí úd Asturianu, Estremeñu, Aranès, agus Llïonés. An chuid is mó de na teangacha seo, tháinig siad ar an bhfód nuair a d'fhoghlaim na ciníocha Ceilteacha in Iarthar na hEorpa leagan éigin den Laidin, agus mar sin, is féidir comhthréithe a aithint eatarthu go raidhsiúil. Tá an Iodáilis sách intuigthe ag an Spáinniseoir chomh maith, cé nach bhfuil an gaol chomh dlúth céanna. Ón taobh eile de, bíonn sé deacair ag an Spáinneach mórán adhmaid a dhéanamh de chaint an Fhrancaigh, mura bhfuil staidéar déanta aige ar an bh[[An Fhraincis|Fraincis]]. Maidir leis an Spáinnis Ghiúdach, is ionann í, go bunúsach, agus Spáinnis na Meánaoise. Cruthaíodh mar theanga ar leith í, nuair a ruaigeadh na Giúdaigh as an Spáinn sa chúigiú haois déag. Chuaigh siad ina gcónaí sna Balcáin, áit a raibh na Turcaigh i gceannas ar san am sin, agus lean siad ag labhairt na Spáinnise ansin. Chuir siad aibítir na hEabhraise i bhfeidhm ar an Spáinnis, agus is follasach gur imir teangacha áitiúla a dtimpeallachta, ar nós na Bulgáirise agus na Tuircise, tionchar áirithe ar an teanga. Dúirt an pianódóir Meiriceánach [[Murray Perahia]], a bhfuil an Spáinnis Ghiúdach ó dhúchas aige, go magúil go bhfuair sé an teanga san úrscéal [[Don Cíochótae]] an-nua-aimseartha - scríobhadh an leabhar i dtús na seachtú haoise déag. Bhí an Spáinnis Ghiúdach ó dhúchas ag an scríbhneoir [[Elias Canetti]] freisin, cé gur roghnaigh sé a chuid scríbhneoireachta a dhéanamh trí mheán na [[An Ghearmáinis|Gearmáinise]]. === An Spáinnis agus an [[An Phortaingéilis|Phortaingéilis]] === Tá dlúthghaol ag an Spáinnis agus ag an bPortaingéilis le chéile, ach mar sin féin, is iomaí difríocht is féidir a aithint eatarthu. Ó thaobh na foghraíochta de, is luath a thosaigh comhcheangail na gconsan ag forbairt a mbealach féin sa dá theanga. {|style="width:70%; height:100px" border="1 |'''[[An Laidin|Laidin]]''' || '''Spáinnis'''||'''[[An Phortaingéilis|Portaingéilis]]''' |- |''o'''ct'''o''||''o'''ch'''o''||''o'''it'''o''||ocht |- |''no'''ct'''e(m)''||''no'''ch'''e''||''no'''it'''e''||oíche |- |''mŭ'''lt'''u(m)''||''mu'''ch'''o''||''mu'''it'''o''||a lán, cuid mhór |- |''a'''rg'''illa(m)''||''a'''rc'''illa''||''a'''rg'''ila''||cré |- |'''''cl'''amāre''||'''''ll'''amar''||'''''ch'''amar''||glaoch (a chur ar dhuine), scairteadh |- |'''''fl'''amma(m)''||'''''ll'''ama''||'''''ch'''ama''||bladhaire, lasair |- |'''''pl'''ēnu(m)''||'''''ll'''eno''||'''''ch'''eio''||lán |- |'''''bl'''andu(m)''||'''''bl'''ando''||'''''br'''ando''||bog |- |''homĭne(m)'' > ''ho'''m'n'''e''||''ho'''mbr'''e''||''ho'''m'''em''||fear |- |''tremulāre'' > '''''tr'''e'''m'l'''are''||'''''t'''e'''mbl'''ar''||'''''tr'''e'''m'''er''||crith, creathnú |- |''cā'''s'''ĕu(m)''||''que'''s'''o''||''que'''ij'''o''||cáis |- |''a'''lĭ'''u(m)''||''a'''j'''o''|||''a'''lh'''o''||gairleog |- |''ocŭlu(m)'' > ''o'''c'l'''u''||''o'''j'''o''||''o'''lh'''o''||súil, rosc |} Sna háiteanna ina bhfuil an Spáinnis agus an Phortaingéilis i síor-theagmháil le chéile, bíonn siad ag imirt tionchair ar a chéile, ionas go bhforbraítear cineál béarlagair measctha. Tugtar ''Portuñol'' ("Portáinnis", as ''portugués'', is é sin, Portaingéilis, agus ''español'', Spáinnis) nó ''Fronterizo'' ("teanga na teorainne", "Teorainnis") ar theangacha measctha den chineál seo. Is é an leagan is aithnidiúla den Phortuñol ná an ceann a labhraítear in aice le teorainn na Brasaíle agus Uragua. Imríonn an cineál seo Portuñol, fiú, tionchar nach beag ar an Spáinnis a chloistear i lár na tíre. == Stair == Teanga Rómánsach í an Spáinnis, rud a chiallaíonn gurb í an [[An Laidin|Laidin]] - nó an leagan labhartha den Laidin - is bunús léi. D'imir an [[Ceiltibéiris|Cheiltibéiris]], an [[An Bhascais|Bhascais]] agus an [[An Araibis|Araibis]] tionchar ar an Spáinnis, agus í á forbairt cois chósta thuaidh na Leathinise Ibéirí. Tréithe tipiciúla iad séimhiú na gconsan - rinneadh ''vida'' [βi:δa] de ''vita'' na Laidine - an caolú (''annum'' -> ''año''), agus défhoghrú na ngutaí (''terra'' -> ''tierra'', ''novus'' -> ''nuevo''). De réir mar a bhí Críostaithe an Tuaiscirt ag athghabháil na Leathinise ó na Muslamaigh, leath an chanúint seo ó dheas. Sa bhliain [[1492]], d'fhoilsigh [[Elo Antonio de Nebrija]] an chéad ghramadach Spáinnise leis an teanga a chaighdeánú. Nuair a chuir sé an saothar seo faoi bhráid na Banríona Isibéil, d'fhiafraigh sise de: ''Cén úsáid a bheadh ina leithéid seo dom, agus an teanga go líofa agam cheana féin?'' Is é an freagra a thug Nebrija ná: ''A Mhórgacht, is iontach an áis an teanga chun an Impireacht a rialú.'' Tháinig focail Nebrija isteach fíor, nó de réir mar a bhí an Spáinn ag gabháil coilíneachtaí nua ar fud an domhain, chuaigh an teanga i bhfairsinge. [[Íomhá:Spanish language World Map.svg|mion|clé|350px| An Domhan: {{legend|#FF0000|Dearg - teanga oifigiúil}} {{legend|#0000FF|Dubhghorm - dara teanga}} <!--SAM: {{legend|#0000FF|+25%}} {{legend|#0080FF|10-20%}} {{legend|#78C0FF|5-10%}}--> ]] == Cá Labhraítear Spáinnis? == Inniu, labhraítear Spáinnis ar fud Mheiriceá Theas. Is í an [[An Bhrasaíl|Bhrasaíl]] an t-aon tír mhór san ilchríoch sin nach bhfuil an Spáinnis mar phríomhtheanga ansin, nó is í an [[An Phortaingéilis|Phortaingéilis]] teanga na Brasaíle. Tá stádas oifigiúil ag an Spáinnis sa [[An Bholaiv|Bholaiv]], i b[[Peiriú]], san [[An Airgintín|Airgintín]], sa t[[An tSile|Sile]], sa [[An Cholóim|Cholóim]], i g[[Cósta Ríce]], i g[[Cúba]], sa [[An Phoblacht Dhoiminiceach|Phoblacht Dhoiminiceach]], i [[Meicsiceo]], sa t[[An tSalvadóir|Salvadóir]], in [[Eacuadór]], sa [[An Ghuine Mheánchriosach|Ghuine Mheánchiorclach]], i n[[Guatamala]], i [[Hondúras]], i b[[Pórtó Ríce]], sa [[An Spáinn|Spáinn]], i [[Veiniséala]], i b[[Paragua]], in [[Uragua]], agus sa t[[An tSahára Thiar|Sahára Thiar]]. Níl stádas oifigiúil ag an Spáinnis sa [[an Bheilís|Bheilís]], ach mura bhfuil féin, tá sí á labhairt ansin go fairsing. Sna [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Stáit Aontaithe]], tá sí ag tríocha milliún duine, ach níl stádas oifigiúil aici ach i bPortó Ríce. Is minic a shíltear go bhfuil an Spáinnis ina teanga oifigiúil i [[Nua-Mheicsiceo]], ach le fírinne, níl teanga oifigiúil ar bith ag Nua-Mheicsiceo. Cibé faoin stádas oifigiúil, tuigeann cuid mhór de na húdaráis áitiúla sna Stáit go gcaithfidh siad freastal éigin a dhéanamh ar riachtanaisí lucht labhartha na Spáinnise, líonmhar is uile agus atá siad. Tá tábhacht na Spáinnise ag dul i méadaíocht sna Stáit, agus a lán daoine á foghlaim mar theanga iasachta. Maidir leis na h[[Na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha|Oileáin Fhilipíneacha]], bhí an Spáinnis á saothrú mar theanga choilíneach ar feadh i bhfad, ach níor éirigh leis na Spáinnigh na teangacha bundúchasacha a bhaint de bhéal na ndaoine. Cé gur imir an Spáinnis an-tionchar orthu, d'imigh sí as úsáid go géar gasta i ndiaidh an ghabháltais a rinne na Meiriceánaigh ar na hoileáin i dtús na fichiú haoise. Níl sí ina teanga oifigiúil a thuilleadh, agus níl sí ó dhúchas ag trí mhíle duine sna hoileáin. Na leaganacha [[Fásteanga|criólaithe]] den Spáinnis a tháinig ar an bhfód de thoradh theagmháil na Spáinnise leis na teangacha bundúchasacha, tá siad á labhairt ag trí chéad míle duine sna hoileáin. San am céanna, tá an [[An Tagálaigis|Tagálaigis]], an ceann is tábhachtaí de na teangacha bundúchasacha, ó dhúchas ag dhá mhilliún is fiche de dhaoine, agus í foghlamthe mar [[Francbhéarla|fhrancbhéarla]] réigiúnda ag dhá nó trí oiread eile. Tríd is tríd, níl mórán tábhachta leis an Spáinnis sna hOileáin Fhilipíneacha inniu, cé go raibh na hoileáin á gcoilíniú ag na Spáinnigh go deireadh na naoú haoise déag. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Ordú de réir na hAibítre ! Líon na gCainteoirí Dúchais |- | # [[Andóra|Andorra]] (40,000) # [[An Airgintín]] (41,248,000) # [[An Astráil]] (150,000) # [[An Bheilís]] (130,000) # [[An Bholaiv]] (7,010,000) # [[An Bhrasaíl]] (19,700,000) # [[Ceanada]] (272,000) # [[An Chóiré Theas]] (90,000) # [[An Cholóim]] (45,600,000) # [[Cósta Ríce]] (4,220,000) # [[Cúba]] (11,285,000) # [[Eacuadór]] (10,946,000) # [[An Fhionlainn]] (17,200) # [[An Fhrainc]] (2,100,000) # [[An Ghearmáin]] (410,000) # [[Guatamala]] (8,163,000) # [[An Ghuine Mheánchriosach|An Ghuine Mheánchiorclach]] (447,000) # [[Hondúras]] (7,267,000) # [[An Iodáil]] (455,000) # [[Iosrael]] (160,000) # [[An Liobáin]] (2,300) # [[Meicsiceo]] (106,255,000) # [[Maracó]] (86,000) # [[Nicearagua]] (5,503,000) # [[Na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha]] (2,900,000) # [[Panama]] (3,108,000) # [[Paragua]] (4,737,000) # [[Peiriú]] (26,152,265) # [[An Phoblacht Dhoiminiceach]] (8,850,000) # [[Pórtó Ríce]] (4,017,000) # [[An Ríocht Aontaithe]] (900,000) # [[An Rómáin]] (7,000) # [[An Rúis]] (1,200,000) # [[An tSalvadóir]] (6,859,000) # [[An tSeapáin]] (500,000) # [[An tSile]] (15,795,000) # [[An tSín]] (250,000) # [[An Spáinn]] (44,400,000) # [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá]] (41,000,000) # [[An tSualainn]] (39,700) # [[An Tuirc]] (29,500) # [[Uragua]] (3,442,000) # [[Veiniséala]] (26,021,000) # [[An Sahára Thiar]] (341,000) | # [[Meicsiceo]] (106,255,000) # [[An Cholóim]] (45,600,000) # [[An Spáinn]] (44,400,000) # [[An Airgintín]] (41,248,000) # [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá]] (41,000,000) # [[Peiriú]] (26,152,265) # [[Veiniséala]] (26,021,000) # [[An Bhrasaíl]] (19,700,000) # [[An tSile]] (15,795,000) # [[Cúba]] (11,285,000) # [[Eacuadór]] (10,946,000) # [[An Phoblacht Dhoiminiceach]] (8,850,000) # [[Guatamala]] (8,163,000) # [[Hondúras]] (7,267,000) # [[An Bholaiv]] (7,010,000) # [[An tSalvadóir]] (6,859,000) # [[Nicearagua]] (5,503,000) # [[Paragua]] (4,737,000) # [[Cósta Ríce]] (4,220,000) # [[Pórtó Ríce]] (4,017,000) # [[Uragua]] (3,442,000) # [[Panama]] (3,108,000) # [[Na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha]] (2,900,000) # [[An Fhrainc]] (2,100,000) # [[An Rúis]] (1,200,000) # [[An Ríocht Aontaithe]] (900,000) # [[An tSeapáin]] (500,000) # [[An Iodáil]] (455,000) # [[An Ghuine Mheánchriosach|An Ghuine Mheánchiorclach]] (447,000) # [[An Ghearmáin]] (410,000) # [[An Sahára Thiar]] (341,000) # [[Ceanada]] (272,000) # [[An tSín]] (250,000) # [[Iosrael]] (160,000) # [[An Astráil]] (150,000) # [[An Bheilís]] (130,000) # [[An Chóiré Theas]] (90,000) # [[Maracó]] (86,000) # [[Andóra|Andorra]] (40,000) # [[An tSualainn]] (39,700) # [[An Tuirc]] (29,500) # [[An Fhionlainn]] (17,200) # [[An Rómáin]] (7,000) # [[An Liobáin]] (2,300) |- ! colspan="2" | Is deacair líon cruinn na Spáinniseoirí a shainiú, nó fiú sna tíortha ina bhfuil stádas oifigiúil aici, is iomaí duine nach bhfuil in ann í a labhairt. Ón taobh eile, an chuid is mó de na Spáinniseoirí sna Stáit Aontaithe nó i dtíortha móra Béarla eile, bíonn Béarla acu, agus cuid acu tá líofacht níos fearr acu sa Bhéarla ná sa Spáinnis féin. |} == Difríochtaí Réigiúnda == === Fuaimniú na litreach ''z'' agus ''c'' roimh ''e'' agus ''i'' === Ceann de na príomhdhifríochtaí idir Spáinnis Mheiriceá Laidine agus Spáinnis na Spáinne féin is ea fuaimniú na litreach ''z'' chomh maith le fuaimniú na litreach ''c'' nuair a thagann sí le ''e'' nó ''i''. Sa chuid is mó den Spáinn, fuaimnítear iad [θ] - is é sin, mar ''th'' an Bhéarla san fhocal "thick", agus tugtar ''zezeo'' ar an bhfeiniméan seo. Sna hOileáin Chanáracha, i gcodanna na hAndalúise, agus i Meiriceá Theas iomlán, áfach, is mar [s] a fhuaimnítear iad - ''ceceo'' a thugtar air seo. === Le nó lo? === Cé go bhfuil an chuid is mó de dhíochlaonta na Laidine imithe as an Spáinnis, aithnítear an tuiseal cuspóireach agus an tuiseal tabharthach ó chéile i gcónaí i bhforainmneacha áirithe. De réir an chaighdeáin, deirtear '''''lo''' hice'' "rinne mé é" (tuiseal cuspóireach), ach '''''le''' hablé'' "labhair mé leis", nó "labhair mé '''dó'''", focal ar fhocal (tuiseal tabharthach). Sna canúintí ina gcleachtaítear an ''loísmo'', úsáidtear ''lo'' sa dá chiall: ''lo hice'', ''lo hablé''. Ní cuid den teanga chaighdeánach é an ''loísmo'' dar le hAcadamh Ríoga na Spáinnise, ach mar sin féin, cloistear go minic sa Spáinn féin é, go háirithe i gcanúintí Thuaisceart na Caistíle. === Voseo === Le coincheap an ''voseo'' a thuiscint, ní mór dúinn súil a chaitheamh ar iarmhíreanna pearsanta na mbriathar Spáinnise mar a labhraítear sa Spáinn féin í: :yo soy = tá mé, is mé :tú eres = tá tú, is tú :él/ella es = tá sé/sí, is é/í :nosotros somos = tá muid, is sinn :vosotros sois = tá sibh, is sibh :ellos/ellas son = tá siad, is iad :Usted es = tá tú (ag labhairt go múinte le duine nach bhfuil aithne mhaith agat air) :Ustedes son = tá sibh (ag labhairt go múinte le daoine nach bhfuil aithne mhaith agat orthu) I gcanúintí Mheiriceá Theas, tá an forainm úd ''vosotros'' dulta in éag, agus úsáidtear ''ustedes'' ina áit, fiú má táthar ag labhairt le daoine a bhfuil aithne mhaith ag an gcainteoir orthu. San am céanna, maireann an sean-fhorainm úd ''vos'' i gcónaí in áiteanna i Meiriceá Theas, agus an fhoirm den bhriathar atá ag dul leis, tá sí cosúil leis an bhfoirm atá ag dul le ''vosotros'', ach amháin go bhfuil an t-''i'' roimh an ''s'' fágtha ar lár: ''vos sos'' in áit ''tu eres'', ''vos hablás'' in áit ''tu hablas'' "labhraíonn tú, tá tú ag labhairt" (cf. ''vosotros habláis'' = "labhraíonn sibh, tá sibh ag labhairt"). Tabhair faoi deara, áfach, go ndéantar ''-ís'' seachas ''-és'' den iarmhír ''-éis'': ''tu comes'' = "itheann tú, tá tú ag ithe", ''vosotros coméis'' = "itheann sibh, tá sibh ag ithe", ''vos comís'' = "itheann tú, tá tú ag ithe" (sna canúintí leis an ''voseo''). Tá glacadh leis an ''voseo'' sa teanga liteartha féin i dtíortha Río de la Plata, mar atá, [[Uragua]], [[An Cholóim]], [[Paragua]], agus [[an Airgintín]], ach bíonn sé coitianta go leor sa ghnáthchaint ina lán tíortha eile, go háirithe i Lár Mheiriceá. == Gramadach == Tá tuisil agus inscne neodrach na Laidine imithe as an Spáinnis go hiomlán, agus tá sé an-fhurasta uimhir iolra na n-ainmfhocal a fhoirmiú, nó níl de dhíth ach -s nó -es a chur leo: ''hombre'' - ''hombres'', ''mujer'' - ''mujeres'', ''país'' - ''países'', agus araile. Scéal eile ar fad é an briathar, go háirithe úsáid an mhodha fhoshuitigh, nó is ar éigean is féidir í a fhoghlaim mar is ceart gan an teanga a chleachtadh i gcuideachta na gcainteoirí dúchais nó dianstaidéar a dhéanamh ar an litríocht Spáinnise. Is iad na haimsirí is tábhachtaí sa Spáinnis ná an aimsir láithreach, an aimsir fháistineach, an aimsir chaite neamhfhoirfe agus an aimsir chaite fhoirfe, ach tá foirmeacha eile ann fós. Tá modh coinníollach ag na briathra freisin. Cosúil leis an nGaeilge, baineann an Spáinnis úsáid as dhá bhriathar éagsúla le ''to be'' an Bhéarla a aistriú - ''ser'' (arb ionann, ar go leor bealaí, é agus ''is'' na Gaeilge) agus ''estar'' (agus é níos cosúla le ''tá'' na Gaeilge ina úsáid). {{IdirVicí|cód=es}} {{Teangacha oifigiúla na NA}} {{Teangacha oifigiúla an AE}} == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} ==Naisc sheachtracha== {{DEFAULTSORT:Spáinnis, An}} [[Catagóir:An Spáinnis| ]] [[Catagóir:Teangacha Rómánsacha]] [[Catagóir:Teangacha na Spáinne|Spáinnis]] [[Catagóir:Teangacha na hEorpa]] [[Catagóir:Teangacha Mheiriceá Theas]] [[Catagóir:Teangacha Mheiriceá Thuaidh]] [[Catagóir:An Spáinn]] [[Catagóir:Meiriceá Laidineach]] [[Catagóir:Meicsiceo]] [[Catagóir:An Airgintín]] [[Catagóir:Teangacha oifigiúla na Náisiún Aontaithe]] [[Catagóir:Teangacha oifigiúla an Aontais Eorpaigh]] jd70el1jurphv17fvwut05rbp5afx6b 1269407 1269406 2025-06-11T03:05:44Z 223.24.191.138 1269407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Teanga}} Is í '''an Spáinnis''' nó '''Caistílis''' teanga náisiúnta [[an Spáinn|na Spáinne]], chomh maith leis an gcuid is mó de [[Meiriceá Theas|Mheiriceá Laidine]]. Tá tábhacht ag an teanga, freisin, sna h[[Na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha|Oileáin Fhilipíneacha]], agus i gcuid mhaith de Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá, go háirithe de thoradh na hinimirce ó thíortha Mheiriceá Laidineach. Labhraítear Spáinnis i dtuaisceart Mharacó go fóill, sa chuid den tír a bhí ina coilíneacht ag an Spáinn. Is [[Teangacha Rómánsacha|teanga Rómánsach]] í, is é sin, is teanga de bhunadh na [[An Laidin|Laidine]] í. Tugtar ''Castellano'' ar an gcaighdeán oifigiúil go minic, is é sin, an Chaistílis, nó teanga [[An Chaistíl|Chúige na Caistíle]]. Dealraíonn sé gur tháinig an Spáinnis, mar theanga nó mar chanúint ar leith, ar an bhfód i gCantabria i dtuaisceart na Spáinne, ach ansin, chuaigh sí in úsáid sa Chaistíl freisin. Sa bhliain [[1492]], foilsíodh an chéad ghramadach chaighdeánach don Spáinnis. Sa bhliain chéanna, chuaigh [[Criostóir Colambas|Críostóir Colambas]], nó ''Cristobal Colón'', mar a thugann na Spáinniseoirí air, i dtír san Oileán Úr, agus chuir sé an chéad tús leis an ngabháltas millteanach, an ''Conquista'' nó an Concas, a rinne na Spáinnigh ansin. Thug siad a dteanga leo, agus ní raibh aon mhoill ar na bundúchasaigh í a fhoghlaim. Mar sin, is í an Spáinnis an teanga Rómánsach is líonmhaire cainteoirí inniu. Creidtear go bhfuil sí ó dhúchas ag ceithre chéad is deich milliún duine, agus an uimhir sin ag dul in airde. Mar sin, tá an Spáinnis ar theangacha móra an domhain. ==Ainm na teanga== Is nós le muintir na Spáinne ''español'' a thabhairt ar an teanga le hí a scaradh ó theangacha náisiúnta na dtíortha eile, ach is rogha leo ''castellano'' nó Caistílis a ghlaoch uirthi le béim ar leith a chur ar an difríocht idir í agus teangacha réigiúnda na Spáinne, an [[An Bhascais|Bhascais]] agus an [[An Chatalóinis|Chatalóinis]] ach go háirithe. Dá réir sin, is é an téarma a úsáideann bunreacht na Spáinne ná ''castellano''. Iad siúd a bhfuil teanga réigiúnda éigin á labhairt acu, is minic a bhíonn siad míshásta leis an bhfocal ''español'', ó shamhlaíonn siad le húsáid oifigiúil na deachtóireachta faoi [[Francisco Franco]] é. Is amhlaidh nach raibh meas an mhadra ag Franco ar na teangacha mionlaigh, agus é den tuairim go gcaithfí iad a bhaint de bhéal na ndaoine agus teanga ghlórmhar na Spáinne a chur ina n-áit. Ón taobh eile de, is féidir do náisiúnaí Bascach nó Catalónach an t-ainm sin ''español'' a thabhairt ar an teanga, agus é ag iarraidh a chur in iúl nach leis an Spáinn a réigiún féin ar aon nós, agus gur teanga choimhthíoch í an Spáinnis. Maidir leis na tíortha eile ina labhraítear an Spáinnis, ní bhíonn mórán polaitíochta ag greamú den téarma sin ''español'', agus braitheann sé ar an nós áitiúil, cé acu focal is minicí a chloistear. Tríd is tríd, áfach, is é an t-ainm sin ''castellano'' an ceann is lú idé-eolaíochta. == Teangacha Gaolmhara == Is iad na teangacha Ibéaracha Rómánsacha eile sa Leithinis Phirinéach na gaolta is dlúithe atá ag an Spáinnis, mar atá, an [[An Phortaingéilis|Phortaingéilis]], an [[An Aragóinis|Aragóinis]], an [[An Chatalóinis|Chatalóinis]], an [[An Ghailísis|Ghailísis]], agus an [[Spáinnis Ghiúdach]] chomh maith leis na canúintí úd Asturianu, Estremeñu, Aranès, agus Llïonés. An chuid is mó de na teangacha seo, tháinig siad ar an bhfód nuair a d'fhoghlaim na ciníocha Ceilteacha in Iarthar na hEorpa leagan éigin den Laidin, agus mar sin, is féidir comhthréithe a aithint eatarthu go raidhsiúil. Tá an Iodáilis sách intuigthe ag an Spáinniseoir chomh maith, cé nach bhfuil an gaol chomh dlúth céanna. Ón taobh eile de, bíonn sé deacair ag an Spáinneach mórán adhmaid a dhéanamh de chaint an Fhrancaigh, mura bhfuil staidéar déanta aige ar an bh[[An Fhraincis|Fraincis]]. Maidir leis an Spáinnis Ghiúdach, is ionann í, go bunúsach, agus Spáinnis na Meánaoise. Cruthaíodh mar theanga ar leith í, nuair a ruaigeadh na Giúdaigh as an Spáinn sa chúigiú haois déag. Chuaigh siad ina gcónaí sna Balcáin, áit a raibh na Turcaigh i gceannas ar san am sin, agus lean siad ag labhairt na Spáinnise ansin. Chuir siad aibítir na hEabhraise i bhfeidhm ar an Spáinnis, agus is follasach gur imir teangacha áitiúla a dtimpeallachta, ar nós na Bulgáirise agus na Tuircise, tionchar áirithe ar an teanga. Dúirt an pianódóir Meiriceánach [[Murray Perahia]], a bhfuil an Spáinnis Ghiúdach ó dhúchas aige, go magúil go bhfuair sé an teanga san úrscéal [[Don Cíochótae]] an-nua-aimseartha - scríobhadh an leabhar i dtús na seachtú haoise déag. Bhí an Spáinnis Ghiúdach ó dhúchas ag an scríbhneoir [[Elias Canetti]] freisin, cé gur roghnaigh sé a chuid scríbhneoireachta a dhéanamh trí mheán na [[An Ghearmáinis|Gearmáinise]]. === An Spáinnis agus an [[An Phortaingéilis|Phortaingéilis]] === Tá dlúthghaol ag an Spáinnis agus ag an bPortaingéilis le chéile, ach mar sin féin, is iomaí difríocht is féidir a aithint eatarthu. Ó thaobh na foghraíochta de, is luath a thosaigh comhcheangail na gconsan ag forbairt a mbealach féin sa dá theanga. {|style="width:70%; height:100px" border="1 |'''[[An Laidin|Laidin]]''' || '''Spáinnis'''||'''[[An Phortaingéilis|Portaingéilis]]''' |- |''o'''ct'''o''||''o'''ch'''o''||''o'''it'''o''||ocht |- |''no'''ct'''e(m)''||''no'''ch'''e''||''no'''it'''e''||oíche |- |''mŭ'''lt'''u(m)''||''mu'''ch'''o''||''mu'''it'''o''||a lán, cuid mhór |- |''a'''rg'''illa(m)''||''a'''rc'''illa''||''a'''rg'''ila''||cré |- |'''''cl'''amāre''||'''''ll'''amar''||'''''ch'''amar''||glaoch (a chur ar dhuine), scairteadh |- |'''''fl'''amma(m)''||'''''ll'''ama''||'''''ch'''ama''||bladhaire, lasair |- |'''''pl'''ēnu(m)''||'''''ll'''eno''||'''''ch'''eio''||lán |- |'''''bl'''andu(m)''||'''''bl'''ando''||'''''br'''ando''||bog |- |''homĭne(m)'' > ''ho'''m'n'''e''||''ho'''mbr'''e''||''ho'''m'''em''||fear |- |''tremulāre'' > '''''tr'''e'''m'l'''are''||'''''t'''e'''mbl'''ar''||'''''tr'''e'''m'''er''||crith, creathnú |- |''cā'''s'''ĕu(m)''||''que'''s'''o''||''que'''ij'''o''||cáis |- |''a'''lĭ'''u(m)''||''a'''j'''o''|||''a'''lh'''o''||gairleog |- |''ocŭlu(m)'' > ''o'''c'l'''u''||''o'''j'''o''||''o'''lh'''o''||súil, rosc |} Sna háiteanna ina bhfuil an Spáinnis agus an Phortaingéilis i síor-theagmháil le chéile, bíonn siad ag imirt tionchair ar a chéile, ionas go bhforbraítear cineál béarlagair measctha. Tugtar ''Portuñol'' ("Portáinnis", as ''portugués'', is é sin, meascán de Phortaingéilis, agus ''español'', Spáinnis) nó ''Fronterizo'' ("teanga na teorainne", "Teorainnis") ar theangacha measctha den chineál seo. Is é an leagan is aithnidiúla den Phortuñol ná an ceann a labhraítear in aice le teorainn na Brasaíle agus Uragua. Imríonn an cineál seo Portuñol, fiú, tionchar nach beag ar an Spáinnis a chloistear i lár na tíre. == Stair == Teanga Rómánsach í an Spáinnis, rud a chiallaíonn gurb í an [[An Laidin|Laidin]] - nó an leagan labhartha den Laidin - is bunús léi. D'imir an [[Ceiltibéiris|Cheiltibéiris]], an [[An Bhascais|Bhascais]] agus an [[An Araibis|Araibis]] tionchar ar an Spáinnis, agus í á forbairt cois chósta thuaidh na Leathinise Ibéirí. Tréithe tipiciúla iad séimhiú na gconsan - rinneadh ''vida'' [βi:δa] de ''vita'' na Laidine - an caolú (''annum'' -> ''año''), agus défhoghrú na ngutaí (''terra'' -> ''tierra'', ''novus'' -> ''nuevo''). De réir mar a bhí Críostaithe an Tuaiscirt ag athghabháil na Leathinise ó na Muslamaigh, leath an chanúint seo ó dheas. Sa bhliain [[1492]], d'fhoilsigh [[Elo Antonio de Nebrija]] an chéad ghramadach Spáinnise leis an teanga a chaighdeánú. Nuair a chuir sé an saothar seo faoi bhráid na Banríona Isibéil, d'fhiafraigh sise de: ''Cén úsáid a bheadh ina leithéid seo dom, agus an teanga go líofa agam cheana féin?'' Is é an freagra a thug Nebrija ná: ''A Mhórgacht, is iontach an áis an teanga chun an Impireacht a rialú.'' Tháinig focail Nebrija isteach fíor, nó de réir mar a bhí an Spáinn ag gabháil coilíneachtaí nua ar fud an domhain, chuaigh an teanga i bhfairsinge. [[Íomhá:Spanish language World Map.svg|mion|clé|350px| An Domhan: {{legend|#FF0000|Dearg - teanga oifigiúil}} {{legend|#0000FF|Dubhghorm - dara teanga}} <!--SAM: {{legend|#0000FF|+25%}} {{legend|#0080FF|10-20%}} {{legend|#78C0FF|5-10%}}--> ]] == Cá Labhraítear Spáinnis? == Inniu, labhraítear Spáinnis ar fud Mheiriceá Theas. Is í an [[An Bhrasaíl|Bhrasaíl]] an t-aon tír mhór san ilchríoch sin nach bhfuil an Spáinnis mar phríomhtheanga ansin, nó is í an [[An Phortaingéilis|Phortaingéilis]] teanga na Brasaíle. Tá stádas oifigiúil ag an Spáinnis sa [[An Bholaiv|Bholaiv]], i b[[Peiriú]], san [[An Airgintín|Airgintín]], sa t[[An tSile|Sile]], sa [[An Cholóim|Cholóim]], i g[[Cósta Ríce]], i g[[Cúba]], sa [[An Phoblacht Dhoiminiceach|Phoblacht Dhoiminiceach]], i [[Meicsiceo]], sa t[[An tSalvadóir|Salvadóir]], in [[Eacuadór]], sa [[An Ghuine Mheánchriosach|Ghuine Mheánchiorclach]], i n[[Guatamala]], i [[Hondúras]], i b[[Pórtó Ríce]], sa [[An Spáinn|Spáinn]], i [[Veiniséala]], i b[[Paragua]], in [[Uragua]], agus sa t[[An tSahára Thiar|Sahára Thiar]]. Níl stádas oifigiúil ag an Spáinnis sa [[an Bheilís|Bheilís]], ach mura bhfuil féin, tá sí á labhairt ansin go fairsing. Sna [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Stáit Aontaithe]], tá sí ag tríocha milliún duine, ach níl stádas oifigiúil aici ach i bPortó Ríce. Is minic a shíltear go bhfuil an Spáinnis ina teanga oifigiúil i [[Nua-Mheicsiceo]], ach le fírinne, níl teanga oifigiúil ar bith ag Nua-Mheicsiceo. Cibé faoin stádas oifigiúil, tuigeann cuid mhór de na húdaráis áitiúla sna Stáit go gcaithfidh siad freastal éigin a dhéanamh ar riachtanaisí lucht labhartha na Spáinnise, líonmhar is uile agus atá siad. Tá tábhacht na Spáinnise ag dul i méadaíocht sna Stáit, agus a lán daoine á foghlaim mar theanga iasachta. Maidir leis na h[[Na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha|Oileáin Fhilipíneacha]], bhí an Spáinnis á saothrú mar theanga choilíneach ar feadh i bhfad, ach níor éirigh leis na Spáinnigh na teangacha bundúchasacha a bhaint de bhéal na ndaoine. Cé gur imir an Spáinnis an-tionchar orthu, d'imigh sí as úsáid go géar gasta i ndiaidh an ghabháltais a rinne na Meiriceánaigh ar na hoileáin i dtús na fichiú haoise. Níl sí ina teanga oifigiúil a thuilleadh, agus níl sí ó dhúchas ag trí mhíle duine sna hoileáin. Na leaganacha [[Fásteanga|criólaithe]] den Spáinnis a tháinig ar an bhfód de thoradh theagmháil na Spáinnise leis na teangacha bundúchasacha, tá siad á labhairt ag trí chéad míle duine sna hoileáin. San am céanna, tá an [[An Tagálaigis|Tagálaigis]], an ceann is tábhachtaí de na teangacha bundúchasacha, ó dhúchas ag dhá mhilliún is fiche de dhaoine, agus í foghlamthe mar [[Francbhéarla|fhrancbhéarla]] réigiúnda ag dhá nó trí oiread eile. Tríd is tríd, níl mórán tábhachta leis an Spáinnis sna hOileáin Fhilipíneacha inniu, cé go raibh na hoileáin á gcoilíniú ag na Spáinnigh go deireadh na naoú haoise déag. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Ordú de réir na hAibítre ! Líon na gCainteoirí Dúchais |- | # [[Andóra|Andorra]] (40,000) # [[An Airgintín]] (41,248,000) # [[An Astráil]] (150,000) # [[An Bheilís]] (130,000) # [[An Bholaiv]] (7,010,000) # [[An Bhrasaíl]] (19,700,000) # [[Ceanada]] (272,000) # [[An Chóiré Theas]] (90,000) # [[An Cholóim]] (45,600,000) # [[Cósta Ríce]] (4,220,000) # [[Cúba]] (11,285,000) # [[Eacuadór]] (10,946,000) # [[An Fhionlainn]] (17,200) # [[An Fhrainc]] (2,100,000) # [[An Ghearmáin]] (410,000) # [[Guatamala]] (8,163,000) # [[An Ghuine Mheánchriosach|An Ghuine Mheánchiorclach]] (447,000) # [[Hondúras]] (7,267,000) # [[An Iodáil]] (455,000) # [[Iosrael]] (160,000) # [[An Liobáin]] (2,300) # [[Meicsiceo]] (106,255,000) # [[Maracó]] (86,000) # [[Nicearagua]] (5,503,000) # [[Na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha]] (2,900,000) # [[Panama]] (3,108,000) # [[Paragua]] (4,737,000) # [[Peiriú]] (26,152,265) # [[An Phoblacht Dhoiminiceach]] (8,850,000) # [[Pórtó Ríce]] (4,017,000) # [[An Ríocht Aontaithe]] (900,000) # [[An Rómáin]] (7,000) # [[An Rúis]] (1,200,000) # [[An tSalvadóir]] (6,859,000) # [[An tSeapáin]] (500,000) # [[An tSile]] (15,795,000) # [[An tSín]] (250,000) # [[An Spáinn]] (44,400,000) # [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá]] (41,000,000) # [[An tSualainn]] (39,700) # [[An Tuirc]] (29,500) # [[Uragua]] (3,442,000) # [[Veiniséala]] (26,021,000) # [[An Sahára Thiar]] (341,000) | # [[Meicsiceo]] (106,255,000) # [[An Cholóim]] (45,600,000) # [[An Spáinn]] (44,400,000) # [[An Airgintín]] (41,248,000) # [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá]] (41,000,000) # [[Peiriú]] (26,152,265) # [[Veiniséala]] (26,021,000) # [[An Bhrasaíl]] (19,700,000) # [[An tSile]] (15,795,000) # [[Cúba]] (11,285,000) # [[Eacuadór]] (10,946,000) # [[An Phoblacht Dhoiminiceach]] (8,850,000) # [[Guatamala]] (8,163,000) # [[Hondúras]] (7,267,000) # [[An Bholaiv]] (7,010,000) # [[An tSalvadóir]] (6,859,000) # [[Nicearagua]] (5,503,000) # [[Paragua]] (4,737,000) # [[Cósta Ríce]] (4,220,000) # [[Pórtó Ríce]] (4,017,000) # [[Uragua]] (3,442,000) # [[Panama]] (3,108,000) # [[Na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha]] (2,900,000) # [[An Fhrainc]] (2,100,000) # [[An Rúis]] (1,200,000) # [[An Ríocht Aontaithe]] (900,000) # [[An tSeapáin]] (500,000) # [[An Iodáil]] (455,000) # [[An Ghuine Mheánchriosach|An Ghuine Mheánchiorclach]] (447,000) # [[An Ghearmáin]] (410,000) # [[An Sahára Thiar]] (341,000) # [[Ceanada]] (272,000) # [[An tSín]] (250,000) # [[Iosrael]] (160,000) # [[An Astráil]] (150,000) # [[An Bheilís]] (130,000) # [[An Chóiré Theas]] (90,000) # [[Maracó]] (86,000) # [[Andóra|Andorra]] (40,000) # [[An tSualainn]] (39,700) # [[An Tuirc]] (29,500) # [[An Fhionlainn]] (17,200) # [[An Rómáin]] (7,000) # [[An Liobáin]] (2,300) |- ! colspan="2" | Is deacair líon cruinn na Spáinniseoirí a shainiú, nó fiú sna tíortha ina bhfuil stádas oifigiúil aici, is iomaí duine nach bhfuil in ann í a labhairt. Ón taobh eile, an chuid is mó de na Spáinniseoirí sna Stáit Aontaithe nó i dtíortha móra Béarla eile, bíonn Béarla acu, agus cuid acu tá líofacht níos fearr acu sa Bhéarla ná sa Spáinnis féin. |} == Difríochtaí Réigiúnda == === Fuaimniú na litreach ''z'' agus ''c'' roimh ''e'' agus ''i'' === Ceann de na príomhdhifríochtaí idir Spáinnis Mheiriceá Laidine agus Spáinnis na Spáinne féin is ea fuaimniú na litreach ''z'' chomh maith le fuaimniú na litreach ''c'' nuair a thagann sí le ''e'' nó ''i''. Sa chuid is mó den Spáinn, fuaimnítear iad [θ] - is é sin, mar ''th'' an Bhéarla san fhocal "thick", agus tugtar ''zezeo'' ar an bhfeiniméan seo. Sna hOileáin Chanáracha, i gcodanna na hAndalúise, agus i Meiriceá Laidine iomlán, áfach, is mar [s] a fhuaimnítear iad - ''ceceo'' a thugtar air seo. === Le nó lo? === Cé go bhfuil an chuid is mó de dhíochlaonta na Laidine imithe as an Spáinnis, aithnítear an tuiseal cuspóireach agus an tuiseal tabharthach ó chéile i gcónaí i bhforainmneacha áirithe. De réir an chaighdeáin, deirtear '''''lo''' hice'' "rinne mé é" (tuiseal cuspóireach), ach '''''le''' hablé'' "labhair mé leis", nó "labhair mé '''dó'''", focal ar fhocal (tuiseal tabharthach). Sna canúintí ina gcleachtaítear an ''loísmo'', úsáidtear ''lo'' sa dá chiall: ''lo hice'', ''lo hablé''. Ní cuid den teanga chaighdeánach é an ''loísmo'' dar le hAcadamh Ríoga na Spáinnise, ach mar sin féin, cloistear go minic sa Spáinn féin é, go háirithe i gcanúintí Thuaisceart na Caistíle. === Voseo === Le coincheap an ''voseo'' a thuiscint, ní mór dúinn súil a chaitheamh ar iarmhíreanna pearsanta na mbriathar Spáinnise mar a labhraítear sa Spáinn féin í: :yo soy = tá mé, is mé :tú eres = tá tú, is tú :él/ella es = tá sé/sí, is é/í :nosotros somos = tá muid, is sinn :vosotros sois = tá sibh, is sibh :ellos/ellas son = tá siad, is iad :Usted es = tá tú (ag labhairt go múinte le duine nach bhfuil aithne mhaith agat air) :Ustedes son = tá sibh (ag labhairt go múinte le daoine nach bhfuil aithne mhaith agat orthu) I gcanúintí Mheiriceá Theas, tá an forainm úd ''vosotros'' dulta in éag, agus úsáidtear ''ustedes'' ina áit, fiú má táthar ag labhairt le daoine a bhfuil aithne mhaith ag an gcainteoir orthu. San am céanna, maireann an sean-fhorainm úd ''vos'' i gcónaí in áiteanna i Meiriceá Theas, agus an fhoirm den bhriathar atá ag dul leis, tá sí cosúil leis an bhfoirm atá ag dul le ''vosotros'', ach amháin go bhfuil an t-''i'' roimh an ''s'' fágtha ar lár: ''vos sos'' in áit ''tu eres'', ''vos hablás'' in áit ''tu hablas'' "labhraíonn tú, tá tú ag labhairt" (cf. ''vosotros habláis'' = "labhraíonn sibh, tá sibh ag labhairt"). Tabhair faoi deara, áfach, go ndéantar ''-ís'' seachas ''-és'' den iarmhír ''-éis'': ''tu comes'' = "itheann tú, tá tú ag ithe", ''vosotros coméis'' = "itheann sibh, tá sibh ag ithe", ''vos comís'' = "itheann tú, tá tú ag ithe" (sna canúintí leis an ''voseo''). Tá glacadh leis an ''voseo'' sa teanga liteartha féin i dtíortha Río de la Plata, mar atá, [[Uragua]], [[An Cholóim]], [[Paragua]], agus [[an Airgintín]], ach bíonn sé coitianta go leor sa ghnáthchaint ina lán tíortha eile, go háirithe i Lár Mheiriceá. == Gramadach == Tá tuisil agus inscne neodrach na Laidine imithe as an Spáinnis go hiomlán, agus tá sé an-fhurasta uimhir iolra na n-ainmfhocal a fhoirmiú, nó níl de dhíth ach -s nó -es a chur leo: ''hombre'' - ''hombres'', ''mujer'' - ''mujeres'', ''país'' - ''países'', agus araile. Scéal eile ar fad é an briathar, go háirithe úsáid an mhodha fhoshuitigh, nó is ar éigean is féidir í a fhoghlaim mar is ceart gan an teanga a chleachtadh i gcuideachta na gcainteoirí dúchais nó dianstaidéar a dhéanamh ar an litríocht Spáinnise. Is iad na haimsirí is tábhachtaí sa Spáinnis ná an aimsir láithreach, an aimsir fháistineach, an aimsir chaite neamhfhoirfe agus an aimsir chaite fhoirfe, ach tá foirmeacha eile ann fós. Tá modh coinníollach ag na briathra freisin. Cosúil leis an nGaeilge, baineann an Spáinnis úsáid as dhá bhriathar éagsúla le ''to be'' an Bhéarla a aistriú - ''ser'' (arb ionann, ar go leor bealaí, é agus ''is'' na Gaeilge) agus ''estar'' (agus é níos cosúla le ''tá'' na Gaeilge ina úsáid). {{IdirVicí|cód=es}} {{Teangacha oifigiúla na NA}} {{Teangacha oifigiúla an AE}} == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} ==Naisc sheachtracha== {{DEFAULTSORT:Spáinnis, An}} [[Catagóir:An Spáinnis| ]] [[Catagóir:Teangacha Rómánsacha]] [[Catagóir:Teangacha na Spáinne|Spáinnis]] [[Catagóir:Teangacha na hEorpa]] [[Catagóir:Teangacha Mheiriceá Theas]] [[Catagóir:Teangacha Mheiriceá Thuaidh]] [[Catagóir:An Spáinn]] [[Catagóir:Meiriceá Laidineach]] [[Catagóir:Meicsiceo]] [[Catagóir:An Airgintín]] [[Catagóir:Teangacha oifigiúla na Náisiún Aontaithe]] [[Catagóir:Teangacha oifigiúla an Aontais Eorpaigh]] l4fit59iliu127ahffk530p6twbtmtf 1269408 1269407 2025-06-11T03:10:56Z 223.24.191.138 1269408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Teanga}} Is í '''an Spáinnis''' nó '''Caistílis''' teanga náisiúnta [[an Spáinn|na Spáinne]], chomh maith leis an gcuid is mó de [[Meiriceá Theas|Mheiriceá Laidineach]]. Tá tábhacht ag an teanga, freisin, sna h[[Na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha|Oileáin Fhilipíneacha]], agus i gcuid mhaith de Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá, go háirithe de thoradh na hinimirce ó thíortha Mheiriceá Laidinigh. Labhraítear Spáinnis i dtuaisceart Mharacó go fóill, sa chuid den tír a bhí ina coilíneacht ag an Spáinn. Is [[Teangacha Rómánsacha|teanga Rómánsach]] í, is é sin, is teanga de bhunadh na [[An Laidin|Laidine]] í. Tugtar ''Castellano'' ar an gcaighdeán oifigiúil go minic, is é sin, an Chaistílis, nó teanga [[An Chaistíl|Chúige na Caistíle]]. Dealraíonn sé gur tháinig an Spáinnis, mar theanga nó mar chanúint ar leith, ar an bhfód i gCantabria i dtuaisceart na Spáinne, ach ansin, chuaigh sí in úsáid sa Chaistíl freisin. Sa bhliain [[1492]], foilsíodh an chéad ghramadach chaighdeánach don Spáinnis. Sa bhliain chéanna, chuaigh [[Criostóir Colambas|Críostóir Colambas]], nó ''Cristobal Colón'', mar a thugann na Spáinniseoirí air, i dtír san Oileán Úr, agus chuir sé an chéad tús leis an ngabháltas millteanach, an ''Conquista'' nó an Concas, a rinne na Spáinnigh ansin. Thug siad a dteanga leo, agus ní raibh aon mhoill ar na bundúchasaigh í a fhoghlaim. Mar sin, is í an Spáinnis an teanga Rómánsach is líonmhaire cainteoirí inniu. Creidtear go bhfuil sí ó dhúchas ag ceithre chéad is deich milliún duine, agus an uimhir sin ag dul in airde. Mar sin, tá an Spáinnis ar theangacha móra an domhain. ==Ainm na teanga== Is nós le muintir na Spáinne ''español'' a thabhairt ar an teanga le hí a scaradh ó theangacha náisiúnta na dtíortha eile, ach is rogha leo ''castellano'' nó Caistílis a ghlaoch uirthi le béim ar leith a chur ar an difríocht idir í agus teangacha réigiúnda na Spáinne, an [[An Bhascais|Bhascais]] agus an [[An Chatalóinis|Chatalóinis]] ach go háirithe. Dá réir sin, is é an téarma a úsáideann bunreacht na Spáinne ná ''castellano''. Iad siúd a bhfuil teanga réigiúnda éigin á labhairt acu, is minic a bhíonn siad míshásta leis an bhfocal ''español'', ó shamhlaíonn siad le húsáid oifigiúil na deachtóireachta faoi [[Francisco Franco]] é. Is amhlaidh nach raibh meas an mhadra ag Franco ar na teangacha mionlaigh, agus é den tuairim go gcaithfí iad a bhaint de bhéal na ndaoine agus teanga ghlórmhar na Spáinne a chur ina n-áit. Ón taobh eile de, is féidir do náisiúnaí Bascach nó Catalónach an t-ainm sin ''español'' a thabhairt ar an teanga, agus é ag iarraidh a chur in iúl nach leis an Spáinn a réigiún féin ar aon nós, agus gur teanga choimhthíoch í an Spáinnis. Maidir leis na tíortha eile ina labhraítear an Spáinnis, ní bhíonn mórán polaitíochta ag greamú den téarma sin ''español'', agus braitheann sé ar an nós áitiúil, cé acu focal is minicí a chloistear. Tríd is tríd, áfach, is é an t-ainm sin ''castellano'' an ceann is lú idé-eolaíochta. == Teangacha Gaolmhara == Is iad na teangacha Ibéaracha Rómánsacha eile sa Leithinis Phirinéach na gaolta is dlúithe atá ag an Spáinnis, mar atá, an [[An Phortaingéilis|Phortaingéilis]], an [[An Aragóinis|Aragóinis]], an [[An Chatalóinis|Chatalóinis]], an [[An Ghailísis|Ghailísis]], agus an [[Spáinnis Ghiúdach]] chomh maith leis na canúintí úd Asturianu, Estremeñu, Aranès, agus Llïonés. An chuid is mó de na teangacha seo, tháinig siad ar an bhfód nuair a d'fhoghlaim na ciníocha Ceilteacha in Iarthar na hEorpa leagan éigin den Laidin, agus mar sin, is féidir comhthréithe a aithint eatarthu go raidhsiúil. Tá an Iodáilis sách intuigthe ag an Spáinniseoir chomh maith, cé nach bhfuil an gaol chomh dlúth céanna. Ón taobh eile de, bíonn sé deacair ag an Spáinneach mórán adhmaid a dhéanamh de chaint an Fhrancaigh, mura bhfuil staidéar déanta aige ar an bh[[An Fhraincis|Fraincis]]. Maidir leis an Spáinnis Ghiúdach, is ionann í, go bunúsach, agus Spáinnis na Meánaoise. Cruthaíodh mar theanga ar leith í, nuair a ruaigeadh na Giúdaigh as an Spáinn sa chúigiú haois déag. Chuaigh siad ina gcónaí sna Balcáin, áit a raibh na Turcaigh i gceannas ar san am sin, agus lean siad ag labhairt na Spáinnise ansin. Chuir siad aibítir na hEabhraise i bhfeidhm ar an Spáinnis, agus is follasach gur imir teangacha áitiúla a dtimpeallachta, ar nós na Bulgáirise agus na Tuircise, tionchar áirithe ar an teanga. Dúirt an pianódóir Meiriceánach [[Murray Perahia]], a bhfuil an Spáinnis Ghiúdach ó dhúchas aige, go magúil go bhfuair sé an teanga san úrscéal [[Don Cíochótae]] an-nua-aimseartha - scríobhadh an leabhar i dtús na seachtú haoise déag. Bhí an Spáinnis Ghiúdach ó dhúchas ag an scríbhneoir [[Elias Canetti]] freisin, cé gur roghnaigh sé a chuid scríbhneoireachta a dhéanamh trí mheán na [[An Ghearmáinis|Gearmáinise]]. === An Spáinnis agus an [[An Phortaingéilis|Phortaingéilis]] === Tá dlúthghaol ag an Spáinnis agus ag an bPortaingéilis le chéile, ach mar sin féin, is iomaí difríocht is féidir a aithint eatarthu. Ó thaobh na foghraíochta de, is luath a thosaigh comhcheangail na gconsan ag forbairt a mbealach féin sa dá theanga. {|style="width:70%; height:100px" border="1 |'''[[An Laidin|Laidin]]''' || '''Spáinnis'''||'''[[An Phortaingéilis|Portaingéilis]]''' |- |''o'''ct'''o''||''o'''ch'''o''||''o'''it'''o''||ocht |- |''no'''ct'''e(m)''||''no'''ch'''e''||''no'''it'''e''||oíche |- |''mŭ'''lt'''u(m)''||''mu'''ch'''o''||''mu'''it'''o''||a lán, cuid mhór |- |''a'''rg'''illa(m)''||''a'''rc'''illa''||''a'''rg'''ila''||cré |- |'''''cl'''amāre''||'''''ll'''amar''||'''''ch'''amar''||glaoch (a chur ar dhuine), scairteadh |- |'''''fl'''amma(m)''||'''''ll'''ama''||'''''ch'''ama''||bladhaire, lasair |- |'''''pl'''ēnu(m)''||'''''ll'''eno''||'''''ch'''eio''||lán |- |'''''bl'''andu(m)''||'''''bl'''ando''||'''''br'''ando''||bog |- |''homĭne(m)'' > ''ho'''m'n'''e''||''ho'''mbr'''e''||''ho'''m'''em''||fear |- |''tremulāre'' > '''''tr'''e'''m'l'''are''||'''''t'''e'''mbl'''ar''||'''''tr'''e'''m'''er''||crith, creathnú |- |''cā'''s'''ĕu(m)''||''que'''s'''o''||''que'''ij'''o''||cáis |- |''a'''lĭ'''u(m)''||''a'''j'''o''|||''a'''lh'''o''||gairleog |- |''ocŭlu(m)'' > ''o'''c'l'''u''||''o'''j'''o''||''o'''lh'''o''||súil, rosc |} Sna háiteanna ina bhfuil an Spáinnis agus an Phortaingéilis i síor-theagmháil le chéile, bíonn siad ag imirt tionchair ar a chéile, ionas go bhforbraítear cineál béarlagair measctha. Tugtar ''Portuñol'' ("Portáinnis", as ''portugués'', is é sin, meascán de Phortaingéilis, agus ''español'', Spáinnis) nó ''Fronterizo'' ("teanga na teorainne", "Teorainnis") ar theangacha measctha den chineál seo. Is é an leagan is aithnidiúla den Phortuñol ná an ceann a labhraítear in aice le teorainn na Brasaíle agus Uragua. Imríonn an cineál seo Portuñol, fiú, tionchar nach beag ar an Spáinnis a chloistear i lár na tíre. == Stair == Teanga Rómánsach í an Spáinnis, rud a chiallaíonn gurb í an [[An Laidin|Laidin]] - nó an leagan labhartha den Laidin - is bunús léi. D'imir an [[Ceiltibéiris|Cheiltibéiris]], an [[An Bhascais|Bhascais]] agus an [[An Araibis|Araibis]] tionchar ar an Spáinnis, agus í á forbairt cois chósta thuaidh na Leathinise Ibéirí. Tréithe tipiciúla iad séimhiú na gconsan - rinneadh ''vida'' [βi:δa] de ''vita'' na Laidine - an caolú (''annum'' -> ''año''), agus défhoghrú na ngutaí (''terra'' -> ''tierra'', ''novus'' -> ''nuevo''). De réir mar a bhí Críostaithe an Tuaiscirt ag athghabháil na Leathinise ó na Muslamaigh, leath an chanúint seo ó dheas. Sa bhliain [[1492]], d'fhoilsigh [[Elo Antonio de Nebrija]] an chéad ghramadach Spáinnise leis an teanga a chaighdeánú. Nuair a chuir sé an saothar seo faoi bhráid na Banríona Isibéil, d'fhiafraigh sise de: ''Cén úsáid a bheadh ina leithéid seo dom, agus an teanga go líofa agam cheana féin?'' Is é an freagra a thug Nebrija ná: ''A Mhórgacht, is iontach an áis an teanga chun an Impireacht a rialú.'' Tháinig focail Nebrija isteach fíor, nó de réir mar a bhí an Spáinn ag gabháil coilíneachtaí nua ar fud an domhain, chuaigh an teanga i bhfairsinge. [[Íomhá:Spanish language World Map.svg|mion|clé|350px| An Domhan: {{legend|#FF0000|Dearg - teanga oifigiúil}} {{legend|#0000FF|Dubhghorm - dara teanga}} <!--SAM: {{legend|#0000FF|+25%}} {{legend|#0080FF|10-20%}} {{legend|#78C0FF|5-10%}}--> ]] == Cá Labhraítear Spáinnis? == Inniu, labhraítear Spáinnis ar fud Mheiriceá Theas. Is í an [[An Bhrasaíl|Bhrasaíl]] an t-aon tír mhór san ilchríoch sin nach bhfuil an Spáinnis mar phríomhtheanga ansin, nó is í an [[An Phortaingéilis|Phortaingéilis]] teanga na Brasaíle. Tá stádas oifigiúil ag an Spáinnis sa [[An Bholaiv|Bholaiv]], i b[[Peiriú]], san [[An Airgintín|Airgintín]], sa t[[An tSile|Sile]], sa [[An Cholóim|Cholóim]], i g[[Cósta Ríce]], i g[[Cúba]], sa [[An Phoblacht Dhoiminiceach|Phoblacht Dhoiminiceach]], i [[Meicsiceo]], sa t[[An tSalvadóir|Salvadóir]], in [[Eacuadór]], sa [[An Ghuine Mheánchriosach|Ghuine Mheánchiorclach]], i n[[Guatamala]], i [[Hondúras]], i b[[Pórtó Ríce]], sa [[An Spáinn|Spáinn]], i [[Veiniséala]], i b[[Paragua]], in [[Uragua]], agus sa t[[An tSahára Thiar|Sahára Thiar]]. Níl stádas oifigiúil ag an Spáinnis sa [[an Bheilís|Bheilís]], ach mura bhfuil féin, tá sí á labhairt ansin go fairsing. Sna [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Stáit Aontaithe]], tá sí ag tríocha milliún duine, ach níl stádas oifigiúil aici ach i bPortó Ríce. Is minic a shíltear go bhfuil an Spáinnis ina teanga oifigiúil i [[Nua-Mheicsiceo]], ach le fírinne, níl teanga oifigiúil ar bith ag Nua-Mheicsiceo. Cibé faoin stádas oifigiúil, tuigeann cuid mhór de na húdaráis áitiúla sna Stáit go gcaithfidh siad freastal éigin a dhéanamh ar riachtanaisí lucht labhartha na Spáinnise, líonmhar is uile agus atá siad. Tá tábhacht na Spáinnise ag dul i méadaíocht sna Stáit, agus a lán daoine á foghlaim mar theanga iasachta. Maidir leis na h[[Na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha|Oileáin Fhilipíneacha]], bhí an Spáinnis á saothrú mar theanga choilíneach ar feadh i bhfad, ach níor éirigh leis na Spáinnigh na teangacha bundúchasacha a bhaint de bhéal na ndaoine. Cé gur imir an Spáinnis an-tionchar orthu, d'imigh sí as úsáid go géar gasta i ndiaidh an ghabháltais a rinne na Meiriceánaigh ar na hoileáin i dtús na fichiú haoise. Níl sí ina teanga oifigiúil a thuilleadh, agus níl sí ó dhúchas ag trí mhíle duine sna hoileáin. Na leaganacha [[Fásteanga|criólaithe]] den Spáinnis a tháinig ar an bhfód de thoradh theagmháil na Spáinnise leis na teangacha bundúchasacha, tá siad á labhairt ag trí chéad míle duine sna hoileáin. San am céanna, tá an [[An Tagálaigis|Tagálaigis]], an ceann is tábhachtaí de na teangacha bundúchasacha, ó dhúchas ag dhá mhilliún is fiche de dhaoine, agus í foghlamthe mar [[Francbhéarla|fhrancbhéarla]] réigiúnda ag dhá nó trí oiread eile. Tríd is tríd, níl mórán tábhachta leis an Spáinnis sna hOileáin Fhilipíneacha inniu, cé go raibh na hoileáin á gcoilíniú ag na Spáinnigh go deireadh na naoú haoise déag. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Ordú de réir na hAibítre ! Líon na gCainteoirí Dúchais |- | # [[Andóra|Andorra]] (40,000) # [[An Airgintín]] (41,248,000) # [[An Astráil]] (150,000) # [[An Bheilís]] (130,000) # [[An Bholaiv]] (7,010,000) # [[An Bhrasaíl]] (19,700,000) # [[Ceanada]] (272,000) # [[An Chóiré Theas]] (90,000) # [[An Cholóim]] (45,600,000) # [[Cósta Ríce]] (4,220,000) # [[Cúba]] (11,285,000) # [[Eacuadór]] (10,946,000) # [[An Fhionlainn]] (17,200) # [[An Fhrainc]] (2,100,000) # [[An Ghearmáin]] (410,000) # [[Guatamala]] (8,163,000) # [[An Ghuine Mheánchriosach|An Ghuine Mheánchiorclach]] (447,000) # [[Hondúras]] (7,267,000) # [[An Iodáil]] (455,000) # [[Iosrael]] (160,000) # [[An Liobáin]] (2,300) # [[Meicsiceo]] (106,255,000) # [[Maracó]] (86,000) # [[Nicearagua]] (5,503,000) # [[Na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha]] (2,900,000) # [[Panama]] (3,108,000) # [[Paragua]] (4,737,000) # [[Peiriú]] (26,152,265) # [[An Phoblacht Dhoiminiceach]] (8,850,000) # [[Pórtó Ríce]] (4,017,000) # [[An Ríocht Aontaithe]] (900,000) # [[An Rómáin]] (7,000) # [[An Rúis]] (1,200,000) # [[An tSalvadóir]] (6,859,000) # [[An tSeapáin]] (500,000) # [[An tSile]] (15,795,000) # [[An tSín]] (250,000) # [[An Spáinn]] (44,400,000) # [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá]] (41,000,000) # [[An tSualainn]] (39,700) # [[An Tuirc]] (29,500) # [[Uragua]] (3,442,000) # [[Veiniséala]] (26,021,000) # [[An Sahára Thiar]] (341,000) | # [[Meicsiceo]] (106,255,000) # [[An Cholóim]] (45,600,000) # [[An Spáinn]] (44,400,000) # [[An Airgintín]] (41,248,000) # [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá]] (41,000,000) # [[Peiriú]] (26,152,265) # [[Veiniséala]] (26,021,000) # [[An Bhrasaíl]] (19,700,000) # [[An tSile]] (15,795,000) # [[Cúba]] (11,285,000) # [[Eacuadór]] (10,946,000) # [[An Phoblacht Dhoiminiceach]] (8,850,000) # [[Guatamala]] (8,163,000) # [[Hondúras]] (7,267,000) # [[An Bholaiv]] (7,010,000) # [[An tSalvadóir]] (6,859,000) # [[Nicearagua]] (5,503,000) # [[Paragua]] (4,737,000) # [[Cósta Ríce]] (4,220,000) # [[Pórtó Ríce]] (4,017,000) # [[Uragua]] (3,442,000) # [[Panama]] (3,108,000) # [[Na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha]] (2,900,000) # [[An Fhrainc]] (2,100,000) # [[An Rúis]] (1,200,000) # [[An Ríocht Aontaithe]] (900,000) # [[An tSeapáin]] (500,000) # [[An Iodáil]] (455,000) # [[An Ghuine Mheánchriosach|An Ghuine Mheánchiorclach]] (447,000) # [[An Ghearmáin]] (410,000) # [[An Sahára Thiar]] (341,000) # [[Ceanada]] (272,000) # [[An tSín]] (250,000) # [[Iosrael]] (160,000) # [[An Astráil]] (150,000) # [[An Bheilís]] (130,000) # [[An Chóiré Theas]] (90,000) # [[Maracó]] (86,000) # [[Andóra|Andorra]] (40,000) # [[An tSualainn]] (39,700) # [[An Tuirc]] (29,500) # [[An Fhionlainn]] (17,200) # [[An Rómáin]] (7,000) # [[An Liobáin]] (2,300) |- ! colspan="2" | Is deacair líon cruinn na Spáinniseoirí a shainiú, nó fiú sna tíortha ina bhfuil stádas oifigiúil aici, is iomaí duine nach bhfuil in ann í a labhairt. Ón taobh eile, an chuid is mó de na Spáinniseoirí sna Stáit Aontaithe nó i dtíortha móra Béarla eile, bíonn Béarla acu, agus cuid acu tá líofacht níos fearr acu sa Bhéarla ná sa Spáinnis féin. |} == Difríochtaí Réigiúnda == === Fuaimniú na litreach ''z'' agus ''c'' roimh ''e'' agus ''i'' === Ceann de na príomhdhifríochtaí idir Spáinnis Mheiriceá Laidinigh agus Spáinnis na Spáinne féin is ea fuaimniú na litreach ''z'' chomh maith le fuaimniú na litreach ''c'' nuair a thagann sí le ''e'' nó ''i''. Sa chuid is mó den Spáinn, fuaimnítear iad [θ] - is é sin, mar ''th'' an Bhéarla san fhocal "''thick''", agus tugtar ''zezeo'' ar an bhfeiniméan seo. Sna hOileáin Chanáracha, i gcodanna na hAndalúise, agus i Meiriceá Laidineach iomlán, áfach, is mar [s] a fhuaimnítear iad - ''ceceo'' a thugtar air seo. === Le nó lo? === Cé go bhfuil an chuid is mó de dhíochlaonta na Laidine imithe as an Spáinnis, aithnítear an tuiseal cuspóireach agus an tuiseal tabharthach ó chéile i gcónaí i bhforainmneacha áirithe. De réir an chaighdeáin, deirtear '''''lo''' hice'' "rinne mé é" (tuiseal cuspóireach), ach '''''le''' hablé'' "labhair mé leis", nó "labhair mé '''dó'''", focal ar fhocal (tuiseal tabharthach). Sna canúintí ina gcleachtaítear an ''loísmo'', úsáidtear ''lo'' sa dá chiall: ''lo hice'', ''lo hablé''. Ní cuid den teanga chaighdeánach é an ''loísmo'' dar le hAcadamh Ríoga na Spáinnise, ach mar sin féin, cloistear go minic sa Spáinn féin é, go háirithe i gcanúintí Thuaisceart na Caistíle. === Voseo === Le coincheap an ''voseo'' a thuiscint, ní mór dúinn súil a chaitheamh ar iarmhíreanna pearsanta na mbriathar Spáinnise mar a labhraítear sa Spáinn féin í: :yo soy = tá mé, is mé :tú eres = tá tú, is tú :él/ella es = tá sé/sí, is é/í :nosotros somos = tá muid, is sinn :vosotros sois = tá sibh, is sibh :ellos/ellas son = tá siad, is iad :Usted es = tá tú (ag labhairt go múinte le duine nach bhfuil aithne mhaith agat air) :Ustedes son = tá sibh (ag labhairt go múinte le daoine nach bhfuil aithne mhaith agat orthu) I gcanúintí Mheiriceá Theas, tá an forainm úd ''vosotros'' dulta in éag, agus úsáidtear ''ustedes'' ina áit, fiú má táthar ag labhairt le daoine a bhfuil aithne mhaith ag an gcainteoir orthu. San am céanna, maireann an sean-fhorainm úd ''vos'' i gcónaí in áiteanna i Meiriceá Theas, agus an fhoirm den bhriathar atá ag dul leis, tá sí cosúil leis an bhfoirm atá ag dul le ''vosotros'', ach amháin go bhfuil an t-''i'' roimh an ''s'' fágtha ar lár: ''vos sos'' in áit ''tu eres'', ''vos hablás'' in áit ''tu hablas'' "labhraíonn tú, tá tú ag labhairt" (cf. ''vosotros habláis'' = "labhraíonn sibh, tá sibh ag labhairt"). Tabhair faoi deara, áfach, go ndéantar ''-ís'' seachas ''-és'' den iarmhír ''-éis'': ''tu comes'' = "itheann tú, tá tú ag ithe", ''vosotros coméis'' = "itheann sibh, tá sibh ag ithe", ''vos comís'' = "itheann tú, tá tú ag ithe" (sna canúintí leis an ''voseo''). Tá glacadh leis an ''voseo'' sa teanga liteartha féin i dtíortha Río de la Plata, mar atá, [[Uragua]], [[An Cholóim]], [[Paragua]], agus [[an Airgintín]], ach bíonn sé coitianta go leor sa ghnáthchaint ina lán tíortha eile, go háirithe i Lár Mheiriceá. == Gramadach == Tá tuisil agus inscne neodrach na Laidine imithe as an Spáinnis go hiomlán, agus tá sé an-fhurasta uimhir iolra na n-ainmfhocal a fhoirmiú, nó níl de dhíth ach -s nó -es a chur leo: ''hombre'' - ''hombres'', ''mujer'' - ''mujeres'', ''país'' - ''países'', agus araile. Scéal eile ar fad é an briathar, go háirithe úsáid an mhodha fhoshuitigh, nó is ar éigean is féidir í a fhoghlaim mar is ceart gan an teanga a chleachtadh i gcuideachta na gcainteoirí dúchais nó dianstaidéar a dhéanamh ar an litríocht Spáinnise. Is iad na haimsirí is tábhachtaí sa Spáinnis ná an aimsir láithreach, an aimsir fháistineach, an aimsir chaite neamhfhoirfe agus an aimsir chaite fhoirfe, ach tá foirmeacha eile ann fós. Tá modh coinníollach ag na briathra freisin. Cosúil leis an nGaeilge, baineann an Spáinnis úsáid as dhá bhriathar éagsúla le ''to be'' an Bhéarla a aistriú - ''ser'' (arb ionann, ar go leor bealaí, é agus ''is'' na Gaeilge) agus ''estar'' (agus é níos cosúla le ''tá'' na Gaeilge ina úsáid). {{IdirVicí|cód=es}} {{Teangacha oifigiúla na NA}} {{Teangacha oifigiúla an AE}} == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} ==Naisc sheachtracha== {{DEFAULTSORT:Spáinnis, An}} [[Catagóir:An Spáinnis| ]] [[Catagóir:Teangacha Rómánsacha]] [[Catagóir:Teangacha na Spáinne|Spáinnis]] [[Catagóir:Teangacha na hEorpa]] [[Catagóir:Teangacha Mheiriceá Theas]] [[Catagóir:Teangacha Mheiriceá Thuaidh]] [[Catagóir:An Spáinn]] [[Catagóir:Meiriceá Laidineach]] [[Catagóir:Meicsiceo]] [[Catagóir:An Airgintín]] [[Catagóir:Teangacha oifigiúla na Náisiún Aontaithe]] [[Catagóir:Teangacha oifigiúla an Aontais Eorpaigh]] b3prz5n0ekcafjeyf6ueil1gqaiqz3m 0 4263 1269381 1106269 2025-06-10T21:35:18Z 109.78.32.199 Fuair mé réidh leis an abairt 'Bhris an cogadh amach' agus chuir mé 'Thosaigh an cogadh' ina hionad, mar de réir An Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla agus The English-Irish Dictionary, Béarlachas is ea 'bris amach' le haghaidh na céille sin, agus más ea, is fearr 'tosaigh' a rá. 1269381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Coinbhleacht Mhíleata |coinbhleacht=Cogadh Réabhlóideach Mheiriceá |íomhá=Rev collage.png |méid_íomhá=280px |dáta=[[19 Aibreán]], [[1775]] – [[3 Meán Fómhair]], [[1783]] |toradh=Conradh Versailles (1783) |comhraiceoir1=[[Íomhá:US flag 13 stars.svg|22px|border]] [[Stáit Aontaithe]] <br /> [[Íomhá:Royal Standard of the King of France.svg|22px|border]] [[An Fhrainc]] <br /> [[Íomhá:Bandera de España 1760-1785.svg|22px]] [[An Spáinn]]<br /> [[Íomhá:Prinsenvlag.svg|22px|border]] [[Poblacht na hOllainne]] <br />... srl |comhraiceoir2=[[Íomhá:Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg|22px|border]] [[Ríocht na Breataine Móire]]<br /> Iroquois <br /> Cherokee <br /> ... srl |ceannasaí1= [[George Washington]] <br />[[Nathanael Greene]] <br />[[Horatio Gates]] <br />[[Benedict Arnold]] <br />[[Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben]] <br />[[Marquis de La Fayette]] <br />[[Comte de Rochambeau]] <br />[[Comte de Grasse]] <br />[[Bailli de Suffren]] <br />[[Bernardo de Gálvez]] <br />[[Luis de Córdova]] <br />...srl |ceannasaí2=[[Frederick North]] <br />[[William Howe]] <br />[[Thomas Gage]] <br />[[Henry Clinton]] <br />[[Lord Cornwallis]] <br />[[Guy Carleton]] <br />[[John Burgoyne]] <br />[[George Rodney]] <br />[[Richard Howe]] <br />[[Wilhelm von Knyphausen]] <br />[[Joseph Brant]] <br />...srl |líon_comhraic1=~140,000 |líon_comhraic2=~300,000 |taismigh1=~50,000* |taismigh2=~47,000* |nótaí=* Básanna & gortaithe |}} [[Cogadh]] [[réabhlóid]]<nowiki/>each ([[1775]] - [[1783]]) i [[Meiriceá Thuaidh]] idir [[An Bhreatain|Ríocht na Breataine Móire]] agus trí choilíneacht déag Bhriotanacha ba ea '''Cogadh Réabhlóideach Mheiriceá''', nó '''Cogadh Saoirse Mheiriceá''', mar a thugtar air freisin. Thosaigh an cogadh mar chonspóid faoi [[cearta daonna|chearta]] na gcoilíneach mar Shasanaigh, conspóid a bhain le cúrsaí tráchtála agus riaracháin. Is gearr gur tháinig tuiscint nua ag na coilínigh orthu féin mar Mheiriceánaigh, agus as sin amach bhí siad ag iarraidh deireadh a chur le riail na Breataine. Thosaigh an cogadh sa bhliain 1775 nuair a chuaigh na réabhlóidithe faoi réim sna coilíneachtaí uile agus gur chuir siad an Dara Chomhdháil Ilchríochach agus an tArm Ilchríochach nua ar bun. An bhliain dár gcionn fógraíodh neamhspleáchas [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá]], náisiún nua. [[Íomhá:Boston Massacre.jpg|thumb|left|Greanadóireacht le [[Paul Revere]] - an Sléacht i m[[Bostún]].]] {{Catcómhaoin|American Revolutionary War| Cogadh Réabhlóideach Mheiriceá}} {{Síol}} ==Tagairtí== {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Réabhlóidí| *]] [[Catagóir:Cogadh Réabhlóideach Mheiriceá| ]] 286b03i0d3yh5f6x1j7tdt6lf8z4ajf 5 4870 1269366 1265565 2025-06-10T13:19:53Z PamelaBertaccini 66841 /* An féidir le duine cabhrú liom, le do thoil? */ mír nua 1269366 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Irish learners== ''If your Irish isn't the best or you're still learning it, don't be afraid to add articles, edit articles where you see a mistake or ask questions, in any language. The users on this page have a wide range of languages, so ask away and someone will answer you. Most of all, add to the Vicipéid, 'a full Wikipedia with terrible grammar is better than an empty one with perfect grammar'.'' :I've added to a few pages (like [[Raidió na Life]]), which seem to be to be good, honest stubs... but I worry about creating articles full of broken Irish that make this place a less useful resource. Perhaps a "cupla focal" category is needed, so that those who are more talented with the language might check the work of those who aren't so good, and at least make it legible and comprehensible. What do you think? [[Úsáideoir:Lankiveil|Lankiveil]] 10:09, 29 Mei 2005 (UTC). ::I wouldn't worry about it, Generally I click the leathanach fánach link and correct any bad Irish I see, and if I ever make a mistake it's usually not too long before someone's edited it for, so your stuff is probably getting checked without you noticing. One thing I find helpful in other language wikis where my grasp of that language isn't perfect, is to type in 'Check my grammar please'(Féach ar mo ghramadach, le do thoil), and then when/if the page has been fixed, look at the differences, that way, I learn from my mistakes and any obvious grammar mistake I made can be fixed next time. - [[Úsáideoir:Dalta|Dalta]] 16:52, 30 Mei 2005 (UTC) :::Many thanks - I didn't want to be seen as a menace to the community. Also, I do compare my versions to the corrected versions as a form of study, I've learned quite a lot. I still think my best bet is to go and create "fill in the blanks" sort of articles (cities, countries, etc) - once I've got the template down pat, most of the work is done that way. Less work for everyone else to fix it up, too! [[Úsáideoir:Lankiveil|Lankiveil]] 9 Iúil 2005 00:51 (UTC). Cá bhfuair sibh an focal aisteach sin 'comhphobal'? Téarma é a bhain leis an eagraíocht ar a dtugtar anois 'An tAontas Eorpach', agus tá cuma fhíorait air sa chomhthéacs áirithe seo. Agus comhphobal á úsáid i gcónaí agaibh! In ainm Dé, Chroim, agus Déithe na Róimhe agus na hÉigipte agus na hIndia agus araile, nach bhféadfaí ligint do dhaoine a bhfuil Gaeilge acu eagarthóireacht a dhéanamh ar na teidil áiféiseacha atá á n-úsáid anseo. Nó an leanfaidh na daill ar aghaidh ag treorú a chéile? Eanáir 2006 Louis Stein == Audio recordings == Dia diabh. Sa Vicipéide Bearla, tá [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:SPOKEN WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia] fantastic for learners of Bearla. Mise, is fear liom foghlaim Gaeilge, ach níl aon audio recordings anseo. Just a suggestion. Go raibh maith agaibh. ==An Teimpléad - Bosca Sonraí Tacsanomaíocha== Tá mé tar éis a bheith ag plé leis seo le tamall anuas agus tá sé tugtha faoi deara agam go mbíonn sé deacair cuid de na paraiméadair chuí i nGaeilge a aithint ón mBéarla. Chruthaigh mé leathanach nua inniu leis an bpróiseas sin a éascú [[Vicipéid:Gluais Thacsanomaíochta]]. rud a rith liom ná go mb'fhéidir gur cheart na hathróga Gaeilge a aistriú ar ais go Béarla sa teimpléad é féin. Ciallaíonn sé seo go mbeadh sé i bhfad níos éasca na boscaí tacsanomaíocha seo a chóipeáil trasna ó Wikipedia gan a bheith ag athrú ainmneacha na n-athróga. Ar ndóigh bheadh na lipéid sa teimpléad fós i nGaeilge. Ní fheicfeadh gnáthléitheoirí na Vicipéide ach Gaeilge ach d'éascódh sé an próiseas aistrithe go mór. Seo an t-am leis an ábhar seo a phlé mar nach bhfuil mórán de na boscaí seo ar an Vicipéid faoi láthair agus bheadh sé éasca na hathruithe a chur i bhfeidhm. Rud beag eile ná, tá ''Bosca Sonraí Tacsanomaíocha'' míchruinn. Is ''Bosca Sonraí Tacsanomaíochta'' atá ceart. Tuairimí? [[Úsáideoir:Nmacu|Nmacu]] 11:44, 13 Meitheamh 2007 (UTC) :Tuigim a bhfuil le rá agat, ach fiú dá mbeadh sé féideartha dúinn an teimpléad a chóipeáil isteach go díreach ón leagan Béarla, bheadh sé riachtanach ar chaoi ar bith ainm an orgánaigh, fortheideal an íomhá, fonótaí srl a aistriú go Gaeilge. Bhuail smaoineamh eile mé le gairid, áfach: bainimse úsáid as [http://code.cside.com/3rdpage/us/unicode/converter.html an leathanach seo] go minic chun téacs a aistriú idir an leagan Unicode agus an leagan heicsidheachúlach. Ceapaim go bhféadfar script nó feidhmchláirín den saghas sin a scríobh chun na boscaí Béarla a aistriú go Gaeilge go huathoibríoch; níl eolas agamsa féin ar conas scripteanna den saghas sin a chur le chéile, ach tá barúil agam nach mbeadh ann ach cód simplí. --[[Úsáideoir:Gabriel Beecham|Gabriel Beecham]] 11:16, 23 Meitheamh 2007 (UTC) ::GRMA as ucht an mholta sin. D'fhéadfadh a leithéid d'uirlis a bheith an-úsáideach - cé nach mbeadh an t-am agam tabhairt faoi rud mar sin faoi láthair. Tá mé ag útamáil thart leis an teimpléad faoi láthair ar mo leathanach baile ag iarraidh leagan dá-theangach a chur ar fáil ionas go bhfuil an rogha ag daoine ainmneacha na n-athróg a úsáid i nGaeilge nó i mBéarla. [[Úsáideoir:Nmacu|Nmacu]] 14:16, 25 Meitheamh 2007 (UTC) ==Betawiki: better support for your language in MediaWiki == Dear community. I am writing to you to promote a special wiki called [http://nike.users.idler.fi/betawiki Betawiki]. This wiki facilitates the localisation (l10n) of the MediaWiki interface. You may have changed many messages here to use your language in the interface, but if you would log in to for example the English language Wiktionary, you would not be able to use the interface as well translated as here. Infact, of the 1798 messages in the core of MediaWiki, 1054 messages have been translated. Betawiki also supports the translation of messages of about 80 extensions, with almost 1000 messages. If you wish to contribute to better support of your language in MediaWiki, as well as for many MediaWiki extensions, please visit [http://nike.users.idler.fi/betawiki/Translating:Intro Betawiki], [http://nike.users.idler.fi/dev/?title=Special:Userlogin&type=signup&uselang=en create an account] and [http://nike.users.idler.fi/betawiki/Betawiki:Rights request translator priviledges]. You can see the current status of localisation of your language on [[meta:Localization_statistics|meta]] and do not forget to get in touch with others that may already be [http://nike.users.idler.fi/betawiki/Translating:Languages working on your language on Betawiki]. If you have any further questions, [http://nike.users.idler.fi/betawiki/User_talk:Siebrand please let me know on my talk page on Betawiki]. We will try and assist you as much as possible, for example by importing all messages from a local wiki for you to start with, if you so desire. You can also find us on the Freenode [[w:en:Internet Relay Chat|IRC]] network in the channel #mediawiki-i18n where we would be happy to help you get started. Thank you very much for your attention and I do hope to see some of you on [http://nike.users.idler.fi/betawiki/Etusivu Betawiki] soon! Cheers! [http://nike.users.idler.fi/betawiki/User:Siebrand Siebrand@Betawiki] *Currently 70.76% of the MediaWiki messages and 11.41% of the messages used by extensions used by the Wikimedia Foundation have been localised. Please help us help your language by localising at [http://translatewiki.net betawiki]. Thanks, [[Úsáideoir:GerardM|GerardM]] 08:36, 9 Márta 2008 (UTC) * Currently 65.20% of the MediaWiki messages and 12.82% of the messages of the extensions used by the Wikimedia Foundation projects have been localised. Please help us help your language by localising at [http://translatewiki.net Betawiki]. This is the [http://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&namespace=8&trailer=%2Fgd recent localisation activity] for your language. Thanks, [[Úsáideoir:GerardM|GerardM]] 18:06, 30 Aibreán 2008 (UTC) * Currently 65.79% of the MediaWiki messages and 9.98% of the messages of the extensions used by the Wikimedia Foundation projects have been localised. Please help us help your language by localising at [http://translatewiki.net Betawiki]. This is the [http://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&namespace=8&trailer=%2Fga recent localisation activity] for your language. Thanks, [[Úsáideoir:GerardM|GerardM]] 10:56, 29 Meitheamh 2008 (UTC) * Currently 65.17% of the MediaWiki messages and 11.21% of the messages of the extensions used by the Wikimedia Foundation projects have been localised. Please help us help your language by localising at [http://translatewiki.net Betawiki]. This is the [http://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&namespace=8&trailer=%2Fga recent localisation activity] for your language. Thanks, [[Úsáideoir:GerardM|GerardM]] 13:32, 2 Lúnasa 2008 (UTC) * Currently 63.21% of the MediaWiki messages and 9.62% of the messages of the extensions used by the Wikimedia Foundation projects have been localised. Please help us help your language by localising at [http://translatewiki.net Betawiki]. This is the [http://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&namespace=8&trailer=%2Fga recent localisation activity] for your language. Thanks, [[Úsáideoir:GerardM|GerardM]] 14:29, 3 Meán Fómhair 2008 (UTC) * Currently 61.18% of the MediaWiki messages and 9.53% of the messages of the extensions used by the Wikimedia Foundation projects have been localised. Please help us help your language by localising at [http://translatewiki.net Betawiki]. This is the [http://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&namespace=8&trailer=%2Fga recent localisation activity] for your language. Thanks, [[Úsáideoir:GerardM|GerardM]] 11:41, 12 Deireadh Fómhair 2008 (UTC) * Currently 61.59% of the MediaWiki messages and 7.09% of the messages of the extensions used by the Wikimedia Foundation projects have been localised. Please help us help your language by localising at [http://translatewiki.net Betawiki]. This is the [http://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&namespace=8&trailer=%2Fga recent localisation activity] for your language. Thanks, [[Úsáideoir:GerardM|GerardM]] 10:13, 10 Samhain 2008 (UTC) * Currently 68.94% of the MediaWiki messages and 9.97% of the messages of the extensions used by the Wikimedia Foundation projects have been localised. Please help us help your language by localising and proof reading at [[betawiki:Special:LanguageStats/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|Betawiki]]. This is the [[betawiki:Special:Special:RecentChanges&namespace=8&trailer=%2F{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|recent localisation activity]] for your language. Thanks, [[Úsáideoir:GerardM|GerardM]] 11:35, 14 Mí na Nollag 2008 (UTC) * Currently 69.92% of the MediaWiki messages and 16.54% of the messages of the extensions used by the Wikimedia Foundation projects have been localised. Please help us help your language by localising and proof reading at [[betawiki:Special:LanguageStats/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|Betawiki]]. This is the [http://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&translations=only&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localisation activity] for your language. Thanks, [[Úsáideoir:GerardM|GerardM]] 11:37, 10 Eanáir 2009 (UTC) :PS Please help us complete [http://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&task=untranslated&group=core-mostused&language={{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}&limit=100 the most wanted messages].. ==Revision tag== Manx Wikipedia has a revision tag with the following content: "This article needs an orthographic and grammatic revision. Please don't remove this template until the article has been revised by an experienced Manx speaker." Shouldn't we introduce one, too? The ''glanadh'' tag is somewhat vague. I would suggest the following content (bilingually) "This article needs an orthographic and grammatic revision. Please don't remove this template until the article has been revised by a native or fluent Irish speaker. Ní mór feabhas a chur ar an litriú agus/nó ar an ngramadach san alt seo. Ná bain an chlib seo den alt ach i ndiaidh do chainteoir dúchasach nó líofa súil a chaitheamh air, le do thoil." [[Speisialta:Contributions/194.100.66.100|194.100.66.100]] 16:34, 18 Aibreán 2008 (UTC) That was me, of course...not logged in.[[Úsáideoir:Panu Petteri Höglund|Panu Petteri Höglund]] 16:35, 18 Aibreán 2008 (UTC) :I would definitely support this, I'd feel a lot less nervous about adding content if I could tag it as being created by someone who's not that skilled in the language yet. It would be even better if whomever checks out the article could summarise the fixes they made on the original user's talkpage, but I realise this would be extremely time-consuming and obviously would not be essential. [[Úsáideoir:Lankiveil|Lankiveil]] 06:45, 9 Iúil 2008 (UTC). ::Déanta [[Teimpléad:Athbhreithniú]] - [[Úsáideoir:Dalta|Dalta]] 19:13, 9 Iúil 2008 (UTC) == The most often used MediaWiki messages == Hoi, the most often used MediaWiki messages (less than 25% of all MediaWiki messages) are the most visible messages. They help our readers and editors the most. We are aiming to get these messages localised for as many languages as possible by the end of the year. Please help us and yourself and localise [http://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&task=untranslated&group=core-mostused&language={{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}&limit=100 these messages]. Thanks, [[Úsáideoir:GerardM|GerardM]] 13:12, 17 Samhain 2008 (UTC) == hello == * please translate [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farzin_fakhr_yaseri this article] in you'r nice language. best regards--[[:glk:User:AminSanaei]] ==The LocalisationUpdate extension has gone live== The LocalisationUpdate extension is now enabled for all Wikimedia projects. From now on new localisations that become available in SVN will become available to your project within 24 hours. Your localisations get into SVN from [http://translatewiki.net translatewiki.net] typically within a day and at worst in two days. This is a huge improvement from the old practice where the localisations became available with new software. This could take weeks, even months. The localisations done by our community at translatewiki.net are committed to SVN typically every day. When the system messages in English are the same as the local messages, they will now be inserted in a file and are available for use in all our projects in a timely manner ===What this means for you=== Local messages have an impact on the performance of our system. It is best when messages are as much as possible part of the system messages. In order to remove unnecessary duplication, all the messages that have a local localisation and are '''exactly''' the same as the system message will be removed. What we ask you to do is to compare and proof read the messages in translatewiki.net and the local messages. You can then either remove local messages when the translatewiki.net message is to be preferred or, you can update the message at translatewiki.net. Messages that are specific to your project will have to stay as they are. You do want to check if the format and the variables of the message are still the same. ===Why localise at translatewiki.net=== When you localise at translatewiki.net, your messages will be used in all Wikimedia projects and eventually in all MediaWiki based projects. This is how we provide the standard support for your language. When messages change, at translatewiki.net you will be prompted to revisit your translations. Localising is more efficient because we have innovated the process to make you more efficient; there is text explaining about messages and we have applied AJAX technology to reduce the number of clicks you have to make. ==Translatewiki.net update== *Currently 64.40% of the MediaWiki messages and 6.57% of the messages of the extensions used by the Wikimedia Foundation projects have been localised. Please help us help your language by localising and proof reading at [[betawiki:Special:LanguageStats/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|translatewiki.net]]. This is the [http://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&translations=only&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localisation activity] for your language. Thanks, [[Úsáideoir:GerardM|GerardM]] 21:29, 28 Meán Fómhair 2009 (UTC) *Currently 63.73% of the MediaWiki messages and 6.31% of the messages of the extensions used by the Wikimedia Foundation projects have been localised. Please help us help your language by localising and proof reading at [[betawiki:Special:LanguageStats/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|translatewiki.net]]. This is the [http://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&translations=only&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localisation activity] for your language. Thanks, [[Úsáideoir:GerardM|GerardM]] 11:09, 1 Mí na Samhna 2009 (UTC) *Currently 65.89% of the MediaWiki messages and 6.67% of the messages of the extensions used by the Wikimedia Foundation projects have been localised. Please help us help your language by localising and proof reading at [[betawiki:Special:LanguageStats/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|translatewiki.net]]. This is the [http://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&translations=only&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localisation activity] for your language. Thanks, [[Úsáideoir:GerardM|GerardM]] 13:01, 7 Mí na Nollag 2009 (UTC) *Currently 65.68% of the MediaWiki messages and 7.00% of the messages of the extensions used by the Wikimedia Foundation projects have been localised. Please help us help your language by localising and proof reading at [[betawiki:Special:LanguageStats/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|translatewiki.net]]. This is the [http://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&translations=only&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localisation activity] for your language. Thanks, [[Úsáideoir:GerardM|GerardM]] 15:28, 4 Eanáir 2010 (UTC) *PS Please help us complete [http://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&task=untranslated&group=core-mostused&language={{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}&limit=100 the most wanted messages].. ==How can we improve the usability for your language== We expect that with the implementation of LocalisationUpdate the usability of MediaWiki for your language will improve. We are now ready to look at other aspects of usability for your language as well. There are two questions we would like you to answer: Are there issues with the new functionality of the Usability Initiative Does MediaWiki support your language properly The best way to answer the first question is to visit the translatewiki.net. Change the language to your language, select the “vector” skin and add the advanced tool bar in in the preferences and check out the new functionality. And make some changes in your user page. When there is a need to improve on the localisation, please make the [http://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&group=ext-ui-0-all necessary changes]s . It should update your localisation straight away. We would like you to report each issue individually at http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Usability_issues. When there are problems with the support of MediaWiki for your language, we really want to know about this. It is best to report each issue separately. In this way there will be no large mass of issues to resolve but we can address each issue on its own. Consider issues with the display of characters, the presentation of your script, the position of the side bar, the combination of text with other languages, scripts. It is best to try this in an environment like the prototype wiki as it provides you with a clean, basic and up to date environment. The prototype wiki is available for five languages but you can select any of them, change the preferences to your language and test out MediaWiki for your language. We would like you to report each issue individually at http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Language issues. The issues you raise will all be assessed. It is important to keep each issue separate, because this will make it easier to understand the issues and find solutions. PS This text has been approved by Naoko, Brion and Siebrand. Thanks, [[Úsáideoir:GerardM|GerardM]] 21:29, 28 Meán Fómhair 2009 (UTC) ==Staidreamh== An féidir fáil amach cé mhéid alt atá cruthaithe agat nó ag duine? [[Úsáideoir:Eomurchadha|Eomurchadha]] ([[Plé úsáideora:Eomurchadha|talk]]) 23:37, 7 Eanáir 2013 (UTC) : Is féidir - brú ar "Dréachtaí" i stair an leathanaigh. Rogha eile ná d'ainm (nó ainm an úsáideora) a chur ag deireadh an URL seo: http://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speisialta:Contributions/Ant%C3%B3in . --[[Úsáideoir:Antóin|Antóin]] ([[Plé úsáideora:Antóin|talk]]) 19:43, 8 Eanáir 2013 (UTC) ==Líon alt agus caighdeán== A chairde, cé gur iontach an rud é 30,000 alt a bheith againn is líne amháin atá i bhformhór mór na n-alt. Mholfainn do dhaoine ar mian leo sraith d'ailt nua a chruthú smaoineamh ar ailt fhada a chur le chéile ina háit sin. I bhfírinne is beag úsáid is féidir a bhaint as míle alt nach bhfuil ach líne faoi bhaile éigin i dtír x iontu. B'fhearr i bhfad 10 n-alt fhada a gcuirfeadh daoine suim/spéis iontu/a bhféadfaí leas a bhaint astu. Eomurchadha :Mo smaointe scaipthe: Tá géarghá le téacs anseo, gan amhras. Iontas (agus díoma) orm an fhadhb chéanna a fheiceáil ag Vicipéidí móra, fiú, go minic. (Uaireanta bíonn ailt níos faide againne.) Agus bhí mé féin ag smaoineamh gur thig le Vicipéid mhionteanga a bheith an-úsáideach gan ach líon beag alt. Ach tá cead ag daoine bheith páirteach sa tionscadal ar bhealach ar bith taobh istigh de rialacha na Vicipéide. Mar a dúirt eagarthóir anseo uair amháin agus i bhfocla eile, Bíodh amhlaidh, beidh Vicipéid shuimiúil dár gcuid féin againn. Ar a laghad ní bhaintear úsáid as na bots chun ailt a chur suas (seachas cúpla tionscadal faoi leith agus dea-dhéanta mar ''Fréamh an Eolais'' agus bailte na Breataine Bige). :Tá duine againn atá ina Johnny Appleseed ceart (réalt sciobóil tuillte aige) agus is trua nach dtig linn coinneáil suas leis. Tá moltaí ar thig liom a thabhairt dóibh a chuireann a lán síolta suas anseo: Tá a lán príomhchathracha tíre agus stáit, chomh maith le cathracha móra, ag teastáil uainn. Agus thig le daoine daonra a chur isteach le habairt gearr amháin. Leanfaimis ar aghaidh ag scríobh agus ag baint suilt as an chóisir (mar a deir eagarthóir ag Vicipéid na Breatnaise). [[Úsáideoir:SeoMac|SeoMac]] ([[Plé úsáideora:SeoMac|talk]]) 02:27, 4 Nollaig 2014 (UTC) Gmra, ar nódigh tá cead a gcinn ag daoine, ach theastaigh uaim moladh do dhaoine smaoineamh ar ailt níos faide(nó ar a alaghad tar éis sraith a scríobh cothabháil a dhéanamh air! Eomurchadha :Agus an ceart agat. Agus rud maith gur tharraing tú an cheist aníos! [[Úsáideoir:SeoMac|SeoMac]] ([[Plé úsáideora:SeoMac|talk]]) 21:42, 5 Nollaig 2014 (UTC) ==Líon alt agus caighdeán II== Cuirfidh mé mo theachtaireacht anseo. Baineann sé le cách agus ba mhaith liom cloisteáil ó chách. Cad é bharúil daoine faoi staid na Vicipéid faoi láthair agus faoin treo ina bhfuilimid ag dul? Chosain mise thuas cruthú na síolta go léir atá anseo againn. Tá mé ar a son go fóill, cé go bhfeicim fadhbanna. Luafaidh mé cúpla rud: Ar an meán tá méid na n-alt anseo ag Vicipéid na Gaeilge a cailleadh 100 giotán sa bhliain le ceithre bliana anuas (1,000 giotán san alt anois, má's buan mo chuimhne). Rud eile de—agus muidne anseo ag cur suas an oiread seo síolta faoi chontaetha i Meiriceá agus chomharsanachtaí i Londain—tá teorainn 10 lá (sílim) ar shíolta nua sula gcaithfidh iad a thabhairt suas go stádas mar ghnáthalt. Táthar ag scriosadh a gcuid síolta faoi chontaetha Mheiriceá ceann i ndiaidh a chéile. So we've been losing 100 bytes per article, on average, per year for four years now (1,000 per article at present, if I remember correctly). On the Scots Gaelic Wikipedia, there is now a limit of—I think—ten days to bring a stub-class article (what ''we'' call a síol) up to status as a normal article. They are also systematically deleting stub-class articles on American counties—and faster than we are putting them up. Now I'm happy to see that Vicipéid12 is putting more into these articles than they had at the Scots Gaelic project. And the bytes per article is a bit misleading since we have more text than ever as well. Longer articles are just not growing as fast as síolta. I'm still strongly against doing something like the policy at the Scots Gaelic Wiki but uneasy about balance. Fáilte roimh thuairimí! And as we head toward Lá 'le Pádraig, don't let up on your efforts unless it's to celebrate. Beannachtaí na féile oraibh! [[Úsáideoir:SeoMac|SeoMac]] ([[Plé úsáideora:SeoMac|talk]]) 00:30, 15 Márta 2015 (UTC) == Delete my user page and its talk == Hello! I don't speak irish, so I will talk you in English. I want my user page and itsk talk were deleted because i have no plans to contribute in your wikipedia. Please, I hope your help and understanding. --[[Úsáideoir:Humberto del Torrejón|Humberto del Torrejón]] ([[Plé úsáideora:Humberto del Torrejón|talk]]) 00:42, 6 Bealtaine 2015 (UTC) ==87.42.182.136== Tá an duine seo ag scrios alt, conas is féidir iad a stop? == [[Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà]] == Please move [[Gǃkúnǁ'hòmdímà]] to [[Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà]] -- the ' is a glottal letter, not an apostrophe. Go raibh maith agat! [[Úsáideoir:Kwamikagami|Kwamikagami]] ([[Plé úsáideora:Kwamikagami|plé]]) 17:17, 23 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 (UTC) * {{Déanta}} - [[Úsáideoir:Alison|<span style="color:#FF823D;font-family: comic sans ms">'''A<font color= "#FF7C0A">l<font color= "#FFB550">is</font>o</font>n'''</span>]] ^{[[Plé_úsáideora:Alison|plé]]} 07:44, 3 Eanáir 2023 (UTC) == [[Hi'iaka]] == Bog [[Hi'iaka]] go [[Hiʻiaka]], le do thoil. Ní féidir liom toisc nach bhfuil an litir Haváise ''ʻokina'' ceadaithe in ainmneacha alt. Go raibh maith agat! [[Úsáideoir:Kwamikagami|Kwamikagami]] ([[Plé úsáideora:Kwamikagami|plé]]) 01:58, 2 Eanáir 2023 (UTC) * {{Déanta}} - [[Úsáideoir:Alison|<span style="color:#FF823D;font-family: comic sans ms">'''A<font color= "#FF7C0A">l<font color= "#FFB550">is</font>o</font>n'''</span>]] ^{[[Plé_úsáideora:Alison|plé]]} 07:15, 3 Eanáir 2023 (UTC) == Secure your Tickets for Celtic Knot 2024 == We are thrilled to invite you to the Celtic Knot Wikimedia Languages Conference 2024, taking place from September 25th-27th in the historic city of Waterford, Ireland. This event is a unique opportunity to engage with language enthusiasts, Wikimedia contributors, cultural advocates, and researchers dedicated to the preservation and promotion of Celtic, and minority languages. Why Attend? Access to All Sessions: Participate in workshops, keynotes, and panel discussions with leading experts. Gala Dinner: Join us for a special conference dinner on Friday, September 27th to close off Celtic Knot 2024. Cultural Experiences: Enjoy access to Waterford museums and a city walking tour. Entertainment: Experience a range of evening entertainment as part of the conference events. Including live music and dance! Special Accommodation Rate! Book your accommodation at the Tower Hotel before July 24th to take advantage of our special rate. Reserve directly with the venue to ensure you get the best deal. 🎟️ Purchase Your Ticket Today: [https://www.eventbrite.ie/e/2024-celtic-knot-wikimedia-language-conference-25-27-september-tickets-920884589597?aff=oddtdtcreator Eventbrite Link] Secure your spot today and be a part of a vibrant community working towards language preservation and cultural heritage. We look forward to welcoming you to Waterford! Best regards, The Celtic Knot Conference Team [[Úsáideoir:Cailínréalta|Cailínréalta]] ([[Plé úsáideora:Cailínréalta|plé]]) 11:36, 19 Iúil 2024 (UTC) == Aspiring New Contributor == Dia dhaoibh! Iúpatar is ainm dom, ach "Féileacain Dochais" is mo leasainm (a misspelling of Féileacain Dóchais that I can't figure out how to fix). Tá mo Ghaeilge go dona ach déanaim mo dhícheall. Tá scríofa agaim í an Vicipéid Simplí Béarla, ach ní scríofa í nGaeilge roimh seo agaim. I'll probably need a lot of help editing, but I'd like to contribute some time if I may. I'd like to write a new article in the Irish Language Wikipedia page but I can't for the life of me figure out how to. Turns out it's a lot easier to navigate a Wikipedia page in your own native language! Could someone give me a link to starting a new article within Vicipéid or tell me how to do it? Tá brón orm má cúiseanna trioblóide seo chugat. Go raibh maith agaibh as do chuid obair ar fad! And sorry about my Irish grammar. [[Úsáideoir:Féileacáin Dochais|Féileacáin Dochais]] ([[Plé úsáideora:Féileacáin Dochais|plé]]) 03:26, 10 Bealtaine 2025 (UTC) == An féidir le duine cabhrú liom, le do thoil? == Dia duit gach duine, is bean léinn mé agus Pamela is ainm dom. Ní scríobhaim go maith i nGaeilge go fóill agus ní féidir liom an téacs Vicipéid seo a cheartú: https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Benetti An bhféadfá cabhrú liom? Go raibh maith agat as an gcabhair. N.B. Más gá duit téacsanna a cheartú in Iodáilis, déan teagmháil liom agus beidh áthas orm cabhrú leat. [[Úsáideoir:PamelaBertaccini|<span style="font-family: 'Futura LT Pro Light', Futura, sans-serif; text-shadow: 1px 1px 2px #a5a5a5; font-size:110%; color:#01b30e">'''PamelaBertaccini'''</span>]] 13:19, 10 Meitheamh 2025 (UTC) q36awl21vhwaoeqtkkn548opxn9as9g 0 5325 1269410 1259017 2025-06-11T03:43:27Z 223.24.191.138 1269410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{glanadh}} {{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil}} Tháinig tús le sibhialtacht sa [[An Ghréig|Ghréig]] thart ar 3000 R. Ch. le sibhialtacht [[Na Mionóigh|na Mionóch]] ar [[oileán]] na [[An Chréit|Créite]] nuair a bhfuarthas amach conas [[copar]] agus [[stán]] a mheascadh in a gcóimhiotal. Tugtar [[Cré-umhaois|aois an chré-umha]] ar an ré seo. D'fhás an cultúr sin thar na blianta is thart ar 2000 R.Ch. thosaigh [[na Mionóigh]] ag baint úsáide as iairiglifí nó córas scríbhneoireachta grafach. Thóg na Mionóigh pálás [[Knossos]] mar lárionad a rialtais sa [[An Chréit|Chréit]] idir 1900 agus 1400 R. Ch. Sa bhliain 1450 R. Ch. chuir brúchtadh bolcáin in Thera deireadh le réim na Mionóch. == Tréimhsí staire == [[Íomhá:Athens Acropolis.jpg|thumb|260px|[[Acrapoil]] nó ''cathair ard'' na [[An Aithin|hAithne]]]] Cé go raibh tionchar mór ag na Mionóigh ar stair na Gréige, ceaptar nár Ghréagaigh iad ó thaobh a dteangan de. Tháinig an chéad phobal gurbh í an [[An Ghréigis|Ghréigis]] a dteanga don tír timpeall 2000 R. Ch., agus tar éis dheireadh a theachta ar shibhialtacht na Mionóch, bhunaigh na luath-Ghréagaigh seo an tsibhialtacht go dtugtar Mícéinéach uirthi, a mhair ó 1600–1100 R. Ch. Is ó Ré na Mícéinéach a d'eascair na heipicí [[Hóiméar]]acha agus na scéalta i dtaobh [[Traoi|Chogadh na Traoi]], cé nár deineadh leagan údarásach díobh go dtí timpeall 700 R. Ch. Ina dhiaidh sin, is féidir stair na Sean-Ghréige a roinnt i réimsí áirithe ginearálta: * ''An Ré Ársa'' timpeall 800–500 R. Ch.; * ''An Ré Chlasaiceach'' timpeall 500–323 R. Ch.; * ''An Ré Heilléanaíoch'' timpeall 337–146 R. Ch.; * ''An Ré Rómhánach'', ó 146 R.Ch. go dtí 476 A. D. Ag tús na [[Ré Ársa]], chum na Gréagaigh [[aibítir]] na Gréigise, a bhí bunaithe ar aibítir na bh[[Féinícigh|Féiníceach]], ach gur chuir na Gréagaigh litreacha i gcóir gutaí isteach inti den chéad uair. Is le linn na Ré Ársa a cuireadh tús le nós na nGréagach coilíneachtaí a bhunú mórthimpeall na Meánmhara agus na [[An Mhuir Dhubh|Mara Duibhe]], agus bhí raidhse acu ar an bhfód in iarthar na h[[An Anatóil|Anatóile]], san [[An Iodáil|Iodáil]], agus sa t[[An tSicil|Sicil]] faoi dheireadh na ré seo. Bhí na chéad Chluichí Oilimpeacha ann in 776 R. Ch. Bunaíodh an chéad rialtas daonlathach san Aithin i 508 R.Ch. === Coimhlint leis na Peirsigh === {{Príomhalt|Cath Mharatóin}} Tarlúint chinniúnach ag tús na Ré seo ab ea iarracht na h[[An Impireacht Acaeiméineach|Impireachta Peirsí]] mórthír na Gréige féin a ghabháil. Dhein na Peirsigh dhá ionradh ar an nGréig, i 490 R. Ch. agus arís i 480–478 R. Ch., ach chuir na Gréagaigh ruaig orthu (feic [[Cath Mharatóin]]), rud nach raibh na Peirsigh ná mórchuid na nGréagach ag súil leis. Bhí an Aithin i mbarr a réime sa Ré Chlasaiceach i ndiaidh na [[Cogaí Peirseacha|gCogaí Peirseacha]]. === Coimhlint idir an Aithin agus Sparta === {{Príomhalt|Cogadh na Peilipinéise}} Is sa tréimhse seo a bhí [[Cogadh na Peilipinéise]] idir [[Sparta]] agus an [[An Aithin Chlasaiceach|Aithin]], go raibh an bua ag Sparta ann. Ba é an Ré Chlasaiceach Ré an "''polis''" (Gréigis: πόλις), nó "cathair-stát", mar nach raibh aon rialtas náisiúnta ag na Gréagaigh, ach bhí an tír roinnte idir a lán cathracha neamhspleácha a bhí i gcoimhlint lena chéile don chuid is mó. === Coimhlint leis an Macadóin === Theip ar an seanchóras polaitiúil seo i 337 R. Ch. nuair a d'éirigh le [[Pilib II]], rí na [[Ríocht na Macadóine|Macadóine]], cathracha na Gréige a chur faoi smacht, agus don chéad uair riamh bhí iomlán na Gréige féin faoi smacht ag rialtas amháin (lean na cathracha Gréagacha san Iodáil agus sa tSicil mar cathracha neamhspleácha, áfach). Tháinig a mhac [[Alastar Mór]] ina chomharba ar Philib, agus d'éirigh leis, mar aon le harm mór Macadónach is Gréagach, ionradh a dhéanamh ar an Impireacht Pheirseach agus an impireacht sin ar fad a ghabháil. Leath an bua seo an cultúr Gréagach thar leath na cruinne, ón [[An tSean-Éigipt|Éigipt]] aniar go dtí an [[An Iondúis|India]]. Scoilteadh impireacht Alastair Mhóir tar éis a bháis ina ríochtaí neamhspleácha, agus ceaptar bás Alastair mar tús leis an [[An Ré Heilléanaíoch|Ré Heilléanaíoch]]. === Coimhlint leis na Rómhánaigh === Ghabh na [[Poblacht Rómhánach|Rómhánaigh]] an Ghréig i 146 R. Ch., agus bhí sí mar chuid lárnach den [[Impireacht Rómhánach]] feasta. Tháinig deireadh le cumhacht na Sean-Ghréige nuair a ghabh na Rómhánaigh í mar chuid dá n-impireacht i 146 R. Ch. D'ainneoin go raibh an lámh in uachtar ag na Rómhánaigh maidir leis an gcumhacht pholaitiúil de, bhí tionchar as cuimse ag cultúr na Gréige ar an impireacht. Cé gur thit an Impireacht san Iarthar as a chéile sa deireadh, lean an Impireacht san Oirthear mar chomharba uirthi, agus ba impireacht Ghréagach í feasta, go dtugtar an [[Impireacht Bhiosántach]] uirthi anois. == Cultúr agus Sochaí == Is as cultúr na Sean-Ghréige a thagann bunús chultúr Iarthar an domhain, agus tá cáil ar an sean-Ghréig fiú inniu mar gheall ar shaibhreas agus cruthaitheacht a cultúir. Is iad na sean-Ghréagaigh a bhunaigh an [[drámaíocht]], an [[fealsúnacht|fhealsúnacht]], an [[eolaíocht]], agus an [[stair]]. Tá litríocht na Sean-Ghréige ar na litríochtaí is clúití dá bhfuil ann i dteanga ar bith, agus tá saothair de chuid scríbhneoirí Gréagacha ar nós [[Hóiméar]], [[Aescaileas]], [[Eoiripidéas]], agus [[Sofaicléas]] á léamh fós. Eascraíonn an fhealsúnacht agus an eolaíocht araon as iarracht na nGréagach cora an tsaoil a mhíniú le míniúcháin nádúrtha. Is i gcathracha Gréagacha na Íóine (in iarthar na hAnatóile) a bhí na fealsaimh is luaithe dá bhfuil trácht againn tharstu, saoithe ar nós [[Tailéas]] agus [[Anaicsimeandar]]. Mhair triúr de na fealsúna is mó i stair an domhain, [[Sócraitéas]] (470–399 R. Ch.), [[Platón]] (429–347 R. Ch.) agus [[Arastotail]] (384–322 R. Ch.), sa tsean-Ghréig. Tagann dhá mhórscoil fhealsúnachta uatha – [[an Platónachas]] agus [[an tArastotaileachas]]. Bhí [[Eipiciúras]] ar na fealsaimh is mó le rá sa Ré Heilléanaíoch. Tá Arastatail, [[Airciméidéas]], agus [[Democritus|Déamócratas]] i measc an iliomad eolaithe a mhair sa tsean-Ghréig. Bhíodh córais éagsúla rialtais ag na Gréagaigh. Bhunaigh siad an [[daonlathas]], agus is san Aithin is mó a bhí sé siúd á chleachtadh, ach bhí neart cathracha ann a bhí ina n-olagarchtaí nó ina [[Monarcacht|monaracachtaí]] (focail Ghréigise is ea an dá fhocal seo, dar ndóigh). Cleachtaítí an [[sclábhaíocht]] go forleathan, agus ní rómhaith an stádas a bhí ag mná sa tsochaí ach oiread. Tugann staraithe Gréagacha mar [[Héaradatas]] agus [[Thucydides|Túicididéas]] a lán eolais dúinn mar gheall ar a sochaí agus a stair. == Cúrsaí creidimh == Chreid na Gréagaigh go raibh a lán déithe is bandéithe ann. B'é tuairim na nGréagach go raibh smacht ag na déithe is bandéithe sin ar na ''Moires'' nó Cinniúintí a rialaigh saol an duine. Bhíodh cónaí ag an dáréag déithe is bandéithe seo ar [[Sliabh Oilimpeas|Shliabh Oilimpeas]], an sliabh is airde sa tír. Ba é [[Séas]] athair na ndéithe agus an dia ba chumhachtaí. Ba é deartháir Shéis, Poiséadón, dia na farraige agus ba é a mhac [[Apalló (miotaseolaíocht)|Apolló]] dia an cheoil. Ba í [[Héire]] bean Shéis agus bandia an phósta. Ba í [[Aitéiné]] bandia an eolais. Cosúil le scéal na polaitíochta de, bhíodh dearcadh éagsúil ag na Gréagaigh faoi thréithe na ndéithe. Rinne na Gréagaigh iarracht na déithe a shásamh trí imeachtaí ar nós cluichí, drámaí amharclainne, mórshiúlta agus íobairtí a eagrú. == Féach freisin == * [[An tSean-Ghréigis]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Sean-Ghreig, An t}} [[Catagóir:An tSean-Ghréig| ]] [[Catagóir:Stair na Gréige]] dwv7dkrh0vlxq4ls6q1mk2vl0evx60d 0 5326 1269411 1263201 2025-06-11T03:50:49Z 223.24.191.138 1269411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}} Ba rí ar ríocht [[Sean-Ghréig|sean-Ghréigeach]] [[Ríocht na Macadóine|na Macadóine]] é '''Alastar III na Macadóine''' ([[Gréigis]]: Αλέξανδρος Γʹ ὁ Μακεδών, Aléxandros III ho Makedȏn; 20/21 Iúil 356 RC – 10/11 Meitheamh 323 RCh.), ar a dtugtar freisin '''Alastar Mór''' (Gréigis: Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας, Aléxandros ho Mégas). Ba mhac le [[Pilib II na Macadóine|Pilib II]] agus comharba air é. Tháinig sé i gcoróin nuair a bhí sé 20 bliain d'aois, sa bhliain 336 RC, agus bhí sé i mbun feachtas míleata ar fud [[Iarthair na hÁise]] agus [[An Éigipt|na hÉigipte]] ar feadh an chuid is mó dá réimis. Tar éis dó an choróin a bhaint amach, thosaigh sé feachtas in aghaidh na bPeirseach sa bhliain 334 RCR a mhair aon bhliain déag. Bhunaigh sé an Domhan Heilléanaíoch, an tréimhse inar leath cultúr agus tionchar na nGréagach ar fud an domhain chlasaicigh. Ceann de na h-impireachtaí ba mhó a bhí ann riamh, ab ea impireacht Alastair. Ghabh Alastar smacht ar [[an Éigipt]], chloígh sé na Peirsigh i gcath Gaugamela, agus bhain sé coróin na Peirse amach. Lean sé ar aghaidh go dtí [[an India]]. Fuair sé bás agus é ina fhear óg sa bhliain 323.<ref>[http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11739/ Kingdoms of the Successors of Alexander: After the Battle of Ipsus, B.C. 301]</ref> == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} {{Síol-af}} {{Síol-beath-gr}} {{Síol-stair}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Alastar Mór}} [[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 356 RC]] [[Catagóir:Básanna i 323 RC]] [[Catagóir:An tSean-Ghréig]] [[Catagóir:Daoine Gréagacha]] [[Catagóir:Déithe Gréagacha]] [[Catagóir:Farónna]] [[Catagóir:Ríthe Eorpacha]] joqxgdvtgkjj8qq4quknzm79ddu433r 1269412 1269411 2025-06-11T03:52:57Z 223.24.191.138 1269412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}} Ba rí ar ríocht [[Sean-Ghréig|sean-Ghréigeach]] [[Ríocht na Macadóine|na Macadóine]] é '''Alastar III na Macadóine''' ([[Gréigis]]: Αλέξανδρος Γʹ ὁ Μακεδών, Aléxandros III ho Makedȏn; 20/21 Iúil 356 RC – 10/11 Meitheamh 323 RCh.), ar a dtugtar freisin '''Alastar Mór''' (Gréigis: Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας, Aléxandros ho Mégas). Ba mhac le [[Pilib II na Macadóine|Pilib II]] agus comharba air é. Tháinig sé i gcoróin nuair a bhí sé 20 bliain d'aois, sa bhliain 336 RCh., agus bhí sé i mbun feachtas míleata ar fud [[Iarthair na hÁise]] agus [[An Éigipt|na hÉigipte]] ar feadh an chuid is mó dá réimis. Tar éis dó an choróin a bhaint amach, thosaigh sé feachtas in aghaidh na bPeirseach sa bhliain 334 RCh., a mhair aon bhliain déag. Bhunaigh sé an Domhan Heilléanaíoch, an tréimhse inar leath cultúr agus tionchar na nGréagach ar fud an domhain chlasaicigh. Ceann de na h-impireachtaí ba mhó a bhí ann riamh, ab ea impireacht Alastair. Ghabh Alastar smacht ar [[an Éigipt]], chloígh sé na Peirsigh i gcath Gaugamela, agus bhain sé coróin na Peirse amach. Lean sé ar aghaidh go dtí [[an India]]. Fuair sé bás agus é ina fhear óg sa bhliain 323 RCh.<ref>[http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11739/ Kingdoms of the Successors of Alexander: After the Battle of Ipsus, B.C. 301]</ref> == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} {{Síol-af}} {{Síol-beath-gr}} {{Síol-stair}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Alastar Mór}} [[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 356 RC]] [[Catagóir:Básanna i 323 RC]] [[Catagóir:An tSean-Ghréig]] [[Catagóir:Daoine Gréagacha]] [[Catagóir:Déithe Gréagacha]] [[Catagóir:Farónna]] [[Catagóir:Ríthe Eorpacha]] kc58luh716v2hu9xut4r9u9057xna1r 0 5622 1269427 1221552 2025-06-11T09:48:11Z Conradder 34685 /* Daoine a fuair bás ar an lá seo */ 1269427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Meitheamh}} Is é an '''11 Meitheamh''' an 162ú lá den bhliain de réir fhéilire Ghréagóra nó an 163ú lá i mbliain bhisigh. Tá 203 lá fágtha sa bhliain. == Féilte == * [[Haváí]] - Lá Kamehameha * [[Albain Nua]] - Lá Davis == Daoine a rugadh ar an lá seo == * [[1448]] — [[Domenico Ghirlandaio]], péintéir Iodálach de chuid na hAthbheochana * [[1776]] — [[John Constable]], péintéir Sasanach (b. [[1837]]) * [[1862]] — [[Violet Florence Martin]], scríbhneoir (b.[[1915]]) * [[1864]] — [[Richard Strauß]], Cumadóir agus stiúrthóir Gearmánach * [[1870]] — [[Tokála Luta|Chief Red Fox]], aisteoir Meiriceánach * [[1899]] — [[Yasunari Kawabata]], úrscéalaí Seapánach * [[1933]] — [[Gene Wilder]], aisteoir Meiriceánach (b. [[2016]]) * [[1933]] — [[Mychal F. Judge]], sagart Caitliceach (b. [[2001]]) * [[1935]] — [[Charles McDonald]], polaiteoir Éireannach * [[1936]] — [[Isabelle Pierre]], amhránaí Ceanadach * [[1937]] — [[Robin Warren]], paiteolaí Astrálach * [[1939]] — [[Jackie Stewart]], Tiománaí Foirmle a hAon ó Albain * [[1943]] — [[Henry Hill]], drongadóir Meiriceánach * [[1949]] — [[Bernez Tangí]], file agus ealaíontóir Briotánach * [[1959]] — [[Hugh Laurie]], aisteoir Sasanach * [[1962]] — [[Ambrós Ó Donnabháin]], imreoir peil Ghaelach * [[1969]] — [[Frank O'Rourke]], polaiteoir Éireannach * [[1969]] — [[Peter Dinklage]], aisteoir Meiriceánach * [[1982]] — [[Diana Taurasi]], cispheileadóir * [[1984]] — [[Andy Lee]], Dornálaí * [[1986]] — [[Uáin Mac Conmara]], iománaí Éireannach * [[1987]] — [[Gabhán Ó Mathúna]], iománaí Éireannach == Daoine a fuair bás ar an lá seo == * [[1488]] — [[Séamas III, Rí na nAlbanach]], (r. [[1451]]) * [[1727]] — [[Seoirse I na Breataine Móire|Seoirse I]], 67, rí na Breataine Móire (r.[[1660]]) * [[1847]] — [[John Franklin]], oifigeach i gCabhlach na Breataine, taiscéalaí Artach, agus riarthóir coilíneach (r. [[1786]]) * [[1859]] — [[Klemens Wenzel von Metternich]], taidhleoir Ostarach (r. [[1773]]) * [[1897]] — [[Carl Remigius Fresenius]], ceimiceoir Gearmánach (r. [[1818]]) * [[1937]] — [[Reginald Joseph Mitchell]], dearthóir aerárthach Sasanach (r. [[1895]]) * [[1952]] — [[Rube Ferns]], dornálaí Meiriceánach (r. [[1873]]) * [[1970]] — [[Alexander Kerensky]], polaiteoir Rúiseach (r. [[1881]]) * [[1979]] — [[John Wayne]], 72, aisteoir Meiriceánach (r.[[1907]]) * [[1990]] — [[Seosamh Mac Grianna]], scríbhneoir Éireannach (r. [[1901]]) * [[1992]] — [[Rafael Orozco Maestre|Rafael Orozco Loaiza]], amhránaí Colómach (r. [[1954]]) * [[1993]] — [[Bernard Bresslaw]], aisteoir Briotanach (r. [[1934]]) * [[1993]] — [[Ray Sharkey]], aisteoir Meiriceánach (r. [[1952]]) * [[2012]] — [[Ann Rutherford]], ban-aisteoir (r. [[1917]]) * [[2015]] — [[Joe Joe Mac an Iomaire]], siopadóir agus adhlacóir as Conamara * [[2015]] — [[Mary Mulvihill]], eolaí, láithreoir teilifíse, láithreoir raidió, údar agus oideachasóir Éıreannach (r. [[1959]]) * [[2015]] — [[Ron Moody]], aisteoir Briotanach (r. [[1924]]) * [[2023]] — [[Gearóid Mac Eoin]], scoláire Éireannach (r. [[1929]]) == Tarluithe eile == * [[1955]] - Maraíodh 80 duine ag [[Ráschúrsa Le Mans]] nuair a chuaigh [[Mercedes-Benz]] ó smacht * [[1998]] - Thug na [[Náisiúin Aontaithe]] le fios go raibh gorta i ndán do mhuintir na [[An tSúdáin|Súdáine]] <!-- idirvicí --> [[Catagóir:Dátaí|0611]] [[Catagóir:Míonna|Meitheamh, 11]] f7l87lgj2aalrdqt5fchur357cfhyaq 1269428 1269427 2025-06-11T09:50:30Z Conradder 34685 /* Daoine a rugadh ar an lá seo */ 1269428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Meitheamh}} Is é an '''11 Meitheamh''' an 162ú lá den bhliain de réir fhéilire Ghréagóra nó an 163ú lá i mbliain bhisigh. Tá 203 lá fágtha sa bhliain. == Féilte == * [[Haváí]] - Lá Kamehameha * [[Albain Nua]] - Lá Davis == Daoine a rugadh ar an lá seo == * [[1448]] — [[Domenico Ghirlandaio]], péintéir Iodálach de chuid na hAthbheochana (b. [[1494]]) * [[1776]] — [[John Constable]], péintéir Sasanach (b. [[1837]]) * [[1862]] — [[Violet Florence Martin]], scríbhneoir (b.[[1915]]) * [[1864]] — [[Richard Strauß]], Cumadóir agus stiúrthóir Gearmánach (b. [[1949]]) * [[1870]] — [[Tokála Luta|Chief Red Fox]], aisteoir Meiriceánach (b. [[1976]]) * [[1899]] — [[Yasunari Kawabata]], úrscéalaí Seapánach (b. [[1972]]) * [[1933]] — [[Gene Wilder]], aisteoir Meiriceánach (b. [[2016]]) * [[1933]] — [[Mychal F. Judge]], sagart Caitliceach (b. [[2001]]) * [[1935]] — [[Charles McDonald]], polaiteoir Éireannach * [[1936]] — [[Isabelle Pierre]], amhránaí Ceanadach * [[1937]] — [[Robin Warren]], paiteolaí Astrálach (b. [[2024]]) * [[1939]] — [[Jackie Stewart]], Tiománaí Foirmle a hAon ó Albain * [[1943]] — [[Henry Hill]], drongadóir Meiriceánach (b. [[2012]]) * [[1949]] — [[Bernez Tangí]], file agus ealaíontóir Briotánach * [[1959]] — [[Hugh Laurie]], aisteoir Sasanach * [[1962]] — [[Ambrós Ó Donnabháin]], imreoir peil Ghaelach * [[1969]] — [[Frank O'Rourke]], polaiteoir Éireannach * [[1969]] — [[Peter Dinklage]], aisteoir Meiriceánach * [[1982]] — [[Diana Taurasi]], cispheileadóir * [[1984]] — [[Andy Lee]], Dornálaí * [[1986]] — [[Uáin Mac Conmara]], iománaí Éireannach * [[1987]] — [[Gabhán Ó Mathúna]], iománaí Éireannach == Daoine a fuair bás ar an lá seo == * [[1488]] — [[Séamas III, Rí na nAlbanach]], (r. [[1451]]) * [[1727]] — [[Seoirse I na Breataine Móire|Seoirse I]], 67, rí na Breataine Móire (r.[[1660]]) * [[1847]] — [[John Franklin]], oifigeach i gCabhlach na Breataine, taiscéalaí Artach, agus riarthóir coilíneach (r. [[1786]]) * [[1859]] — [[Klemens Wenzel von Metternich]], taidhleoir Ostarach (r. [[1773]]) * [[1897]] — [[Carl Remigius Fresenius]], ceimiceoir Gearmánach (r. [[1818]]) * [[1937]] — [[Reginald Joseph Mitchell]], dearthóir aerárthach Sasanach (r. [[1895]]) * [[1952]] — [[Rube Ferns]], dornálaí Meiriceánach (r. [[1873]]) * [[1970]] — [[Alexander Kerensky]], polaiteoir Rúiseach (r. [[1881]]) * [[1979]] — [[John Wayne]], 72, aisteoir Meiriceánach (r.[[1907]]) * [[1990]] — [[Seosamh Mac Grianna]], scríbhneoir Éireannach (r. [[1901]]) * [[1992]] — [[Rafael Orozco Maestre|Rafael Orozco Loaiza]], amhránaí Colómach (r. [[1954]]) * [[1993]] — [[Bernard Bresslaw]], aisteoir Briotanach (r. [[1934]]) * [[1993]] — [[Ray Sharkey]], aisteoir Meiriceánach (r. [[1952]]) * [[2012]] — [[Ann Rutherford]], ban-aisteoir (r. [[1917]]) * [[2015]] — [[Joe Joe Mac an Iomaire]], siopadóir agus adhlacóir as Conamara * [[2015]] — [[Mary Mulvihill]], eolaí, láithreoir teilifíse, láithreoir raidió, údar agus oideachasóir Éıreannach (r. [[1959]]) * [[2015]] — [[Ron Moody]], aisteoir Briotanach (r. [[1924]]) * [[2023]] — [[Gearóid Mac Eoin]], scoláire Éireannach (r. [[1929]]) == Tarluithe eile == * [[1955]] - Maraíodh 80 duine ag [[Ráschúrsa Le Mans]] nuair a chuaigh [[Mercedes-Benz]] ó smacht * [[1998]] - Thug na [[Náisiúin Aontaithe]] le fios go raibh gorta i ndán do mhuintir na [[An tSúdáin|Súdáine]] <!-- idirvicí --> [[Catagóir:Dátaí|0611]] [[Catagóir:Míonna|Meitheamh, 11]] 95d8t8awiv08pwc41iczki5evh4xv28 1269435 1269428 2025-06-11T10:00:26Z Conradder 34685 /* Tarluithe eile */ 1269435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Meitheamh}} Is é an '''11 Meitheamh''' an 162ú lá den bhliain de réir fhéilire Ghréagóra nó an 163ú lá i mbliain bhisigh. Tá 203 lá fágtha sa bhliain. == Féilte == * [[Haváí]] - Lá Kamehameha * [[Albain Nua]] - Lá Davis == Daoine a rugadh ar an lá seo == * [[1448]] — [[Domenico Ghirlandaio]], péintéir Iodálach de chuid na hAthbheochana (b. [[1494]]) * [[1776]] — [[John Constable]], péintéir Sasanach (b. [[1837]]) * [[1862]] — [[Violet Florence Martin]], scríbhneoir (b.[[1915]]) * [[1864]] — [[Richard Strauß]], Cumadóir agus stiúrthóir Gearmánach (b. [[1949]]) * [[1870]] — [[Tokála Luta|Chief Red Fox]], aisteoir Meiriceánach (b. [[1976]]) * [[1899]] — [[Yasunari Kawabata]], úrscéalaí Seapánach (b. [[1972]]) * [[1933]] — [[Gene Wilder]], aisteoir Meiriceánach (b. [[2016]]) * [[1933]] — [[Mychal F. Judge]], sagart Caitliceach (b. [[2001]]) * [[1935]] — [[Charles McDonald]], polaiteoir Éireannach * [[1936]] — [[Isabelle Pierre]], amhránaí Ceanadach * [[1937]] — [[Robin Warren]], paiteolaí Astrálach (b. [[2024]]) * [[1939]] — [[Jackie Stewart]], Tiománaí Foirmle a hAon ó Albain * [[1943]] — [[Henry Hill]], drongadóir Meiriceánach (b. [[2012]]) * [[1949]] — [[Bernez Tangí]], file agus ealaíontóir Briotánach * [[1959]] — [[Hugh Laurie]], aisteoir Sasanach * [[1962]] — [[Ambrós Ó Donnabháin]], imreoir peil Ghaelach * [[1969]] — [[Frank O'Rourke]], polaiteoir Éireannach * [[1969]] — [[Peter Dinklage]], aisteoir Meiriceánach * [[1982]] — [[Diana Taurasi]], cispheileadóir * [[1984]] — [[Andy Lee]], Dornálaí * [[1986]] — [[Uáin Mac Conmara]], iománaí Éireannach * [[1987]] — [[Gabhán Ó Mathúna]], iománaí Éireannach == Daoine a fuair bás ar an lá seo == * [[1488]] — [[Séamas III, Rí na nAlbanach]], (r. [[1451]]) * [[1727]] — [[Seoirse I na Breataine Móire|Seoirse I]], 67, rí na Breataine Móire (r.[[1660]]) * [[1847]] — [[John Franklin]], oifigeach i gCabhlach na Breataine, taiscéalaí Artach, agus riarthóir coilíneach (r. [[1786]]) * [[1859]] — [[Klemens Wenzel von Metternich]], taidhleoir Ostarach (r. [[1773]]) * [[1897]] — [[Carl Remigius Fresenius]], ceimiceoir Gearmánach (r. [[1818]]) * [[1937]] — [[Reginald Joseph Mitchell]], dearthóir aerárthach Sasanach (r. [[1895]]) * [[1952]] — [[Rube Ferns]], dornálaí Meiriceánach (r. [[1873]]) * [[1970]] — [[Alexander Kerensky]], polaiteoir Rúiseach (r. [[1881]]) * [[1979]] — [[John Wayne]], 72, aisteoir Meiriceánach (r.[[1907]]) * [[1990]] — [[Seosamh Mac Grianna]], scríbhneoir Éireannach (r. [[1901]]) * [[1992]] — [[Rafael Orozco Maestre|Rafael Orozco Loaiza]], amhránaí Colómach (r. [[1954]]) * [[1993]] — [[Bernard Bresslaw]], aisteoir Briotanach (r. [[1934]]) * [[1993]] — [[Ray Sharkey]], aisteoir Meiriceánach (r. [[1952]]) * [[2012]] — [[Ann Rutherford]], ban-aisteoir (r. [[1917]]) * [[2015]] — [[Joe Joe Mac an Iomaire]], siopadóir agus adhlacóir as Conamara * [[2015]] — [[Mary Mulvihill]], eolaí, láithreoir teilifíse, láithreoir raidió, údar agus oideachasóir Éıreannach (r. [[1959]]) * [[2015]] — [[Ron Moody]], aisteoir Briotanach (r. [[1924]]) * [[2023]] — [[Gearóid Mac Eoin]], scoláire Éireannach (r. [[1929]]) == Tarluithe eile == * [[1509]] - Phós [[Anraí VIII Shasana|Anraí VIII]] [[Caitríona Aragón]] * [[1770]] - Chuaigh [[James Cook]] i dtalamh ag [[An Mhórsceir Bhacainneach]] * [[1955]] - Maraíodh 80 duine ag [[Ráschúrsa Le Mans]] nuair a chuaigh [[Mercedes-Benz]] ó smacht * [[1998]] - Thug na [[Náisiúin Aontaithe]] le fios go raibh gorta i ndán do mhuintir na [[An tSúdáin|Súdáine]] * [[2010]] - Thosaigh an chéad [[Corn Sacair an Domhain|Chorn Sacair an Domhain]] Afracach san [[Corn FIFA an Domhain 2010|Afraic Theas]] <!-- idirvicí --> [[Catagóir:Dátaí|0611]] [[Catagóir:Míonna|Meitheamh, 11]] hd7t0b4bg006pt3g3vz7ham3i3f40ru 0 6695 1269396 1224623 2025-06-10T23:34:28Z Taghdtaighde 60452 Mionathruithe 1269396 wikitext text/x-wiki Tagraíonn '''ríomhaireacht''' do na feidhmeanna agus úsáidí a bhaintear as innill agus córais ríomhaireachta. Áirítear leis sin na próisis leictreacha a tharlaíonn laistigh de chomhpháirteanna ríomhaireachta ([[crua-earraí]]) agus na sonraí agus na treoracha a bhíonn á bpróiseáil ag na córais sin ([[bogearraí]]). Áirítear leis freisin na coincheapa teoiriciúla lena rialaítear córais ríomhaireachta ([[ríomheolaíocht]]). B'fhiú breathnú ar an gcatagóir [[:Catagóir:Ríomhaireacht]] le haghaidh briseadh síos ar na réimsí ríomhaireachta éagsúla. == Daoine tábhachtacha sa Ríomhaireacht == * [[Charles Babbage]] * [[John Backus]] * [[Edsger Dijkstra]] * [[Bill Gates]] * [[Kenneth Iverson]] * [[Steve Jobs]] * [[Donald Knuth]] * [[Ada Lovelace]] * [[John von Neumann]] * [[Dennis Ritchie]] * [[Claude E. Shannon]] * [[Richard Stallman]] * [[Andrew S. Tanenbaum]] * [[Ken Thompson]] * [[Linus Torvalds]] * [[Alan Turing]] == Comhlachtaí ríomhaireachta == * [[International Business Machines|IBM]] * [[Microsoft]] * [[Google]] * [[Oracle Corporation]] * [[SAP]] * [[Apple Computer]] * [[Hewlett-Packard]] * [[Sun Microsystems]] == Ionchódú == * [[ASCII]] * [[Unicode]] == Teangacha ríomhchlárúcháin == * [[C (Teanga ríomhchlárúcháin)]] * [[Java]] * [[Teanga Struchtúrtha Iarratas|SQL]] == Clárúchán == * [[AJAX]] == Feidhmchláir == * [[Brabhsálaí Gréasáin]] * [[Podchraoladh]] * [[Blag|Blagadóireacht]] == Féach freisin == * [[Ríomhaireacht chandamach]] {{stumpa}} <!---Idirvicí---> {{DEFAULTSORT:Riomhaireacht}} [[Catagóir:Ríomhaireacht| ]] 4c0z33b7ppq2nshziqhzr4ad7s6o51t 0 8980 1269378 1256273 2025-06-10T19:57:00Z 223.24.191.138 /* Náisiúnachas, Creideamh, Polaitíocht */ 1269378 wikitext text/x-wiki Is féidir dhá bhrí a bhaint as "'''náisiúnachas'''": (1) An dearcadh atá ag baill de [[náisiún]] nuair atá a bhféiniúlacht náisiúnta tábhachtach dóibh, agus (2) na rudaí a dhéanann baill náisiúin nuair atá féinchinntiúchán á iarraidh nó á chosaint acu. [[Íomhá:La Liberté guidant le peuple - Eugène Delacroix - Musée du Louvre Peintures RF 129 - après restauration 2024.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Eugène Delacroix]] - ''[[La liberté guidant le peuple]]'']] Ní mór an focal "náisiún" a shainmhíniú chomh maith agus ní furast é sin a dhéanamh. Mínítear é i dtéarmaí bundúchais, [[Eitneolaíocht|eitníocht]], nó naisc [[Cultúr|chultúr]]<nowiki/>tha; uaireanta meastar nach dá dtoil féin a bhaineann daoine le náisiún, ach uaireanta eile is rogha é. Maidir le féinchinntiúchán, nó féin chur in iúl, níltear cinnte an gciallaíonn sé sin go gcaithfidh stát [[Neamhspleách (polaitíocht)|neamhspleách]] iomlán a bheith ag náisiún le h[[Rialtas|údarás]] iomlán ar ghnóthaí baile agus idirnáisiúnta, nó stádas de chineál éigin eile. == Náisiún agus Stát == Ní ghlactar leis mar sin gurb ionann náisiún agus stát. Is pobal eitneach nó cultúrtha é náisiún go minic, ach is aonán polaitiúil é stát a bhfuil cuid mhaith ceannasachta aige. Is náisiúin iad cuid de na stáit, ach is iomaí náisiún atá gan stát ceannasach. Aithnítear [[Iroquois]] [[Mheiriceá Thuaidh]], nó [[Bascaigh]] na h[[Eorpa]], mar shampla, mar náisiúin, ach níl stáit dá chuid féin acu. Is minic a meastar gur iarsma ón seansaol é an náisiúnachas, agus tá sé faiseanta caitheamh anuas air mar theagasc contúirteach a chothaíonn aighneas agus [[Cogadh|cogaíocht]]. Luaitear cogaíocht shíoraí oirdheisceart na hEorpa, mar shampla, den dhochar an náisiúnachais go dtí an lá inniu féin, agus fás na [[Gearmáine]] mar ollchumhacht ó aimsir [[Otto von Bismarck]] go dtí deireadh an [[Dara Cogadh Domhanda]], nó [[impiriúlachas]] na [[Seapáine]] sa tréimhse céanna. Is minic a mhothaíonn dream daoine go bhfuil éagóir á dhéanamh orthu mar nach dtugtar aitheantas dá gcultúr nó dá gcearta traidisiúnta, agus déanann siad iarracht iad féin a dhealú amach ón stát atá á rialú, le féinriail nó neamhspleáchas iomlán, ionas nach mbeidh deireadh ar fad leo mar phobal ar leith. Spreagtar dreamanna áirithe chun aon duine atá de chine nó de náisiún eile sa limistéir a dhíbirt nó a chur faoi chois. Nuair a dhéanann stát leatrom ar dhaoine, spreagtar daoine chun imeaglú a dhéanamh orthu siúd a thacaíonn leis an stát sin. == Náisiúnachas, Creideamh, Polaitíocht == Bíonn féiniúlacht an duine fite fuaite le teanga, cultúr agus creideamh chomh maith le mórán nithe eile, agus is minic nach ndearna idirdhealú eatarthu. Ceanglaítear go minic náisiúnachas na h[[Éire]]ann, mar shampla, leis an gcreideamh [[Caitliceach]] cé gur iomaí duine d'aicmí [[Críostaí]] eile, agus daoine nach raibh creideamh ar bith acu, a sheinn port an náisiúnachais in Éirinn. Luaitear poblachtánachas le náisiúnachas na hÉireann freisin, ach i dtíortha eile is monarcaigh iad na náisiúnaithe. Ní bhaineann an coincheap le haon teoiric pholaitiúil mar sin. Bhain [[faisistigh]] agus cumannaigh, [[poblachtánaigh]] agus [[monarcaigh]], agus gach dream idir eatarthu, úsáid as an náisiúnachas chun daoine a spreagadh chun troda nó chun oibre. I dtréimhsí éagsúla bhí náisiúnachas na [[An Fhrainc|Fraince]] luaite le dílseacht do [[Rí]], [[poblacht]], agus [[impireacht]] i dtréimhse níos lú ná leathchéad bliain. Cruthaíodh na náisiúin atá inniu ann d'aonghnó go minic, le dream lárnach amháin a raibh teanga agus creideamh agus córas polaitiúil dá gcuid féin acu ag cur dreamanna eile faoi chois. Rinneadh géarleanúint chreidimh ar dhaoine ar fud na hEorpa agus in áiteanna eile, ionas go mbeadh an creideamh céanna á chleachtadh ag gach duine a chónaigh sa stát, agus cuireadh teangacha faoi chois ar mhaithe leis an aontas. Is iomaí teanga a chuaigh i léig go hiomlán, agus níl ach iarsmaí fánacha díobh i gceantair bheaga bhochta anois i dtíortha ar nós na [[An Bhreatain|An Bhreatain Mhór]] agus na Fraince. Déanann stáit lárnacha gach iarracht chun a náisiúnachas féin a bhrú chun cinn, agus gluaiseachtaí a éilíonn cearta náisiúnta do dhreamanna eile laistigh den stát a chur faoi chois. Tugtar "náisiúnachas" ar na tréithe i dtíortha eile, nó i réigiúin, atá ag iomaíocht le forlámhas an stáit áirithe sin. Chuir An Bhreatain agus An Fhrainc a mbratacha náisiúnta ar foluain i gcoilíneachtaí ar fud an domhain, agus bhrúigh siad a dteangacha féin ar na céadta milliún thar lear, ach is annamh a admhaítear gur náisiúnachas a bhí ansin. Is amhlaidh a mheas lucht an impiriúlachais gur leas an chine daonna a bhí á dhéanamh acu, agus cháin siad an "náisiúnachas" a d'éiligh cearta agus neamhspleáchas do dhaoine eile. Maireann an meon impiriúlach i ngluaiseachtaí polaitiúla chomh maith, agus bhí [[Karl Marx]], príomhsmaointeoir an [[Cummanachas|Chumannachais]], an-chriticiúil faoi na gluaiseachtaí náisiúnacha a bhí san Eoraip lena linn féin. Teagasc uilíoch atá sa chumannachas, agus dá réir sin creideann cumannaigh go mbeidh lucht oibre an domhain aontaithe le chéile i bparthas sóisialach nuair a bheidh deireadh le gach córas polaitiúil eile. Mar sin féin, ní raibh [[Sóisialachas|sóisialaigh]] ná cumannaigh ábalta lucht oibre na hEorpa a stopadh ó dhul chun cogaidh in aghaidh a chéile "ar son an náisiúin" sa [[Chéad Chogadh Domhanda]], agus b'éigean do rialtas cumannach [[Aontas na Sóivéide]] sean-náisiúnachas na [[Rúis]]e a mhúscailt sa [[Dara Cogadh Domhanda]] chun fórsaí na Gearmáine a chloí. [[Catagóir:Polaitíocht]] [[Catagóir:Náisiúntacht]] [[Catagóir:Náisiúnachas]] eq1vsfsmh4yhx2nrbs827mltb9etvo6 1269379 1269378 2025-06-10T20:05:01Z 223.24.191.138 /* Náisiún agus Stát */ 1269379 wikitext text/x-wiki Is féidir dhá bhrí a bhaint as "'''náisiúnachas'''": (1) An dearcadh atá ag baill de [[náisiún]] nuair atá a bhféiniúlacht náisiúnta tábhachtach dóibh, agus (2) na rudaí a dhéanann baill náisiúin nuair atá féinchinntiúchán á iarraidh nó á chosaint acu. [[Íomhá:La Liberté guidant le peuple - Eugène Delacroix - Musée du Louvre Peintures RF 129 - après restauration 2024.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Eugène Delacroix]] - ''[[La liberté guidant le peuple]]'']] Ní mór an focal "náisiún" a shainmhíniú chomh maith agus ní furast é sin a dhéanamh. Mínítear é i dtéarmaí bundúchais, [[Eitneolaíocht|eitníocht]], nó naisc [[Cultúr|chultúr]]<nowiki/>tha; uaireanta meastar nach dá dtoil féin a bhaineann daoine le náisiún, ach uaireanta eile is rogha é. Maidir le féinchinntiúchán, nó féin chur in iúl, níltear cinnte an gciallaíonn sé sin go gcaithfidh stát [[Neamhspleách (polaitíocht)|neamhspleách]] iomlán a bheith ag náisiún le h[[Rialtas|údarás]] iomlán ar ghnóthaí baile agus idirnáisiúnta, nó stádas de chineál éigin eile. == Náisiún agus Stát == Mar sin, ní ghlactar leis gurb ionann náisiún agus stát. Is pobal eitneach nó cultúrtha é náisiún go minic, ach is aonán polaitiúil é stát a bhfuil cuid mhaith ceannasachta aige. Is náisiúin iad cuid de na stáit, ach is iomaí náisiún atá gan stát ceannasach. Aithnítear [[Iroquois]] [[Mheiriceá Thuaidh]], nó [[Bascaigh]] na h[[Eorpa]], mar shampla, mar náisiúin, ach níl stáit dá chuid féin acu. Is minic a meastar gur iarsma ón seansaol é an náisiúnachas, agus tá sé faiseanta caitheamh anuas air mar theagasc contúirteach a chothaíonn aighneas agus [[Cogadh|cogaíocht]]. Luaitear cogaíocht shíoraí oirdheisceart na hEorpa, mar shampla, den dhochar an náisiúnachais go dtí an lá inniu féin, agus fás na [[Gearmáine]] mar ollchumhacht ó aimsir [[Otto von Bismarck]] go dtí deireadh an [[Dara Cogadh Domhanda]], nó [[impiriúlachas]] na [[Seapáine]] sa tréimhse céanna. Is minic a mhothaíonn dream daoine go bhfuil éagóir á dhéanamh orthu mar nach dtugtar aitheantas dá gcultúr nó dá gcearta traidisiúnta, agus déanann siad iarracht iad féin a dhealú amach ón stát atá á rialú, le féinriail nó neamhspleáchas iomlán, ionas nach mbeidh deireadh ar fad leo mar phobal ar leith. Spreagtar dreamanna áirithe chun aon duine atá de chine nó de náisiún eile sa limistéir a dhíbirt nó a chur faoi chois. Nuair a dhéanann stát leatrom ar dhaoine, spreagtar daoine chun imeaglú a dhéanamh orthu siúd a thacaíonn leis an stát sin. == Náisiúnachas, Creideamh, Polaitíocht == Bíonn féiniúlacht an duine fite fuaite le teanga, cultúr agus creideamh chomh maith le mórán nithe eile, agus is minic nach ndearna idirdhealú eatarthu. Ceanglaítear go minic náisiúnachas na h[[Éire]]ann, mar shampla, leis an gcreideamh [[Caitliceach]] cé gur iomaí duine d'aicmí [[Críostaí]] eile, agus daoine nach raibh creideamh ar bith acu, a sheinn port an náisiúnachais in Éirinn. Luaitear poblachtánachas le náisiúnachas na hÉireann freisin, ach i dtíortha eile is monarcaigh iad na náisiúnaithe. Ní bhaineann an coincheap le haon teoiric pholaitiúil mar sin. Bhain [[faisistigh]] agus cumannaigh, [[poblachtánaigh]] agus [[monarcaigh]], agus gach dream eatarthu, úsáid as an náisiúnachas chun daoine a spreagadh chun troda nó chun oibre. Mar shampla, bhí náisiúnachas na [[An Fhrainc|Fraince]] luaite le dílseacht do [[Rí]], [[poblacht|phoblacht]], agus [[impireacht]] taobh isigh de thréimhse ní ba lú ná leathchéad bliain. Cruthaíodh na náisiúin atá inniu ann d'aonghnó go minic, le dream lárnach amháin a raibh teanga agus creideamh agus córas polaitiúil dá gcuid féin acu ag cur dreamanna eile faoi chois. Rinneadh géarleanúint chreidimh ar dhaoine ar fud na hEorpa agus in áiteanna eile, ionas go mbeadh an creideamh céanna á chleachtadh ag gach duine a chónaigh sa stát, agus cuireadh teangacha faoi chois ar mhaithe leis an aontas. Is iomaí teanga a chuaigh i léig go hiomlán, agus níl ach iarsmaí fánacha díobh i gceantair bheaga bhochta anois i dtíortha ar nós na [[An Bhreatain|An Bhreatain Mhór]] agus na Fraince. Déanann stáit lárnacha gach iarracht chun a náisiúnachas féin a bhrú chun cinn, agus gluaiseachtaí a éilíonn cearta náisiúnta do dhreamanna eile laistigh den stát a chur faoi chois. Tugtar "náisiúnachas" ar na tréithe i dtíortha eile, nó i réigiúin, atá ag iomaíocht le forlámhas an stáit áirithe sin. Chuir An Bhreatain agus An Fhrainc a mbratacha náisiúnta ar foluain i gcoilíneachtaí ar fud an domhain, agus bhrúigh siad a dteangacha féin ar na céadta milliún thar lear, ach is annamh a admhaítear gur náisiúnachas a bhí ansin. Is amhlaidh a mheas lucht an impiriúlachais gur leas an chine daonna a bhí á dhéanamh acu, agus cháin siad an "náisiúnachas" a d'éiligh cearta agus neamhspleáchas do dhaoine eile. Maireann an meon impiriúlach i ngluaiseachtaí polaitiúla chomh maith, agus bhí [[Karl Marx]], príomhsmaointeoir an [[Cummanachas|Chumannachais]], an-chriticiúil faoi na gluaiseachtaí náisiúnacha a bhí san Eoraip lena linn féin. Teagasc uilíoch atá sa chumannachas, agus dá réir sin creideann cumannaigh go mbeidh lucht oibre an domhain aontaithe le chéile i bparthas sóisialach nuair a bheidh deireadh le gach córas polaitiúil eile. Mar sin féin, ní raibh [[Sóisialachas|sóisialaigh]] ná cumannaigh ábalta lucht oibre na hEorpa a stopadh ó dhul chun cogaidh in aghaidh a chéile "ar son an náisiúin" sa [[Chéad Chogadh Domhanda]], agus b'éigean do rialtas cumannach [[Aontas na Sóivéide]] sean-náisiúnachas na [[Rúis]]e a mhúscailt sa [[Dara Cogadh Domhanda]] chun fórsaí na Gearmáine a chloí. [[Catagóir:Polaitíocht]] [[Catagóir:Náisiúntacht]] [[Catagóir:Náisiúnachas]] o0li4n4npxad6uxyekww0ym2l1cldgn 0 11796 1269413 1256703 2025-06-11T04:03:15Z 223.24.191.138 /* Teanga */ 1269413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Glanadh}} {{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil}} [[Íomhá:Anfiteatro de Pula, Croacia, 2017-04-16, DD 07-11 PAN.jpg|mion|[[Amfaitéatar]] Rómhánach in [[Pula]], sa [[An Chróit|Chróit]] ]] Is gnách '''Impireacht na Róimhe''' a thabhairt ar thréimhse an rialtais uathlathaigh i stair na sibhialtachta sean-Rómhánaí. Tháinig ré na hImpireachta i ndiaidh na [[Poblacht Rómhánach|Poblachta Rómhánaí]], a mhair an leathmhílaois ón mbliain 510 r. Chr. go dtí an aois dheireanach r. Chr. Ba é ba chúis le deireadh na Poblachta ná an lagú a tháinig ar fhorais agus ar thraidisiúin na Poblachta de dheasca na coimhlinte idir [[Gaius Marius]] agus [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla]], agus, ina dhiaidh sin, de dheasca an [[Cogadh Cathartha na Róimhe|chogaidh chathartha]] idir [[Iúil Caesar]] agus [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompeius]]. Is féidir tús na hImpireachta a dhátáil go héagsúil. Deir daoine áirithe gur tháinig deireadh leis an bPoblacht nuair a bhain Iúil Caesar amach an bhuandeachtóireacht (44 r.Chr.), ach is féidir a mhaíomh freisin gurbh é an lá ceart an lá ar chloígh Octavianus, oidhre Chaesar, a chuid naimhde i gCath Actium ar an 2 Meán Fómhair 31 r.Chr., nó an lá ar bhronn [[Seanad na Róimhe]] an t-ainm úd [[Ágastas]] air. Go bunúsach, is é is brí leis an nath Laidine ''Imperium Romanum'' ná "na tailte atá faoi smacht ag an Róimh" - is é sin, tá an focal úd ''imperium'' (cumhacht, údarás pearsanta) ag tagairt do na críocha féin atá i gceist. Sroicheann an impireacht a fhad is a thugtar aird ar ''imperium'' an Impire. Ó ré Ágastais go dtí an lá ar thit an leath Iartharach den Impireacht as a chéile faoi thionchar Imirce Mhór na Náisiún, ba í an Róimh an ríocht ba mhó cumhachta, daonra agus achair in Iarthar na hEoráise agus i dTuaisceart na hAfraice. Thosaigh an Róimh ag dul i bhfairsinge i bhfad sular tháinig an mhonarcacht i leaba na poblachta, agus shroich sí barr a fairsinge i ré an Impire Traianus, nuair a cloíodh an Dáicia (i [[An Rómáin|Rómáin]] an lae inniu) sa bhliain 106. San am sin, bhí timpeall is 5,900,000 ciliméadar cearnacha de thailte faoi smacht na Róimhe. D'fhág an Róimh a sliocht ar chultúr, ar dhlí, ar theicneolaíocht, ar ealaíne, ar theangacha, ar reiligiún, ar rialtas, ar fhórsaí armtha, agus ar ailtireacht na sibhialtachtaí a tháinig i gcomharbas uirthi, agus is féidir a rá go gcaitheann an Róimh a scáth orainn inniu féin. Scar dhá leath na hImpireachta - leath na Róimhe agus leath Chathair [[Constantinople|Chonstaintín]] - as a chéile, agus an bheirt acu ag tabhairt "Impireacht na Róimhe" orthu féin. Go traidisiúnta, glactar leis gur tháinig deireadh le hImpireacht na Róimhe ar an 4 Meán Fómhair 476, nuair a cuireadh Impire deireanach Iarthar na Róimhe, Romulus Augustus nó "Augustulus", as cumhacht, gan aon duine a ghlacfadh an ríchathaoir ina dhiaidh. Mar sin, chuaigh Impireacht Iarthar na Róimhe in éag i rith na cúigiú haoise, ach mhair an leath Oirthearach - an [[Impireacht Bhiosántach]], mar is gnách a thabhairt uirthi inniu - go dtí an bhliain 1453, nuair a chuir na Turcaigh Otamánacha de dhroim an tsaoil í. Choinnigh na Biosántaigh cultúr agus dlí na sibhialtachta Gréagaí agus Rómhánaí beo ina measc, chomh maith leis an gCríostaíocht Heilléineach agus Cheartchreidmheach, ach níor mhair an Laidin ina mbéal, nó b'fhearr leo an Ghréigis, a bhí á labhairt go fairsing mar chineál [[francbhéarla]] in Oirthear na hImpireachta le fada. == Forbairt na hImpireachta == Go traidisiúnta, aithníonn na staraithe dhá thréimhse i stair na hImpireachta, is é sin, an Phrionsacht (nó ''principatus'', ón bhfocal ''princeps'', is é sin, "an chéad saoránach"), a mhair ó ré Ágastais go dtí Géarchéim na Tríú hAoise, agus an Tiarnacht (bunaithe ar an bhfocal ''dominatus'', a thagann ó ''dominus'', tiarna), a thosaigh nuair a tháinig Diocletianus i gcumhacht agus a chuaigh in éag le hImpireacht na Róimhe Iartharaí. I mblianta na Prionsachta, coinníodh cuma na poblachta ar an impireacht, agus na forais phoblachtacha i bhfeidhm i gcónaí. Nuair a tháinig an Tiarnacht ar an bhfód, áfach, níor spáráladh ar thaispeántas feiceálach na cumhachta, ar chorónacha óir ná ar dheasghnáthaí impiriúla. Níos deireanaí, shocraigh na staraithe nach raibh an scéal chomh simplí sin: fágadh foirmeacha stairiúla áirithe ó laethanta na poblachta Rómhánaí beo thar na haoiseanna go dtí an Impireacht Bhiosántach féin, agus chuirtí an mhórgacht impiriúil ar taispeántas go galánta i dtús ré na himpireachta féin. == An Chéad Impire: Ágastas == Ba é [[Ágastas]] (Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus roimh an bhliain 27 r. Chr) an chéad [[Impire Rómhánach]]. Bhí sé i réim ó 16 Eanáir 27 RC go dtí 19 Lúnasa AC 14. Tháinig Ágastas i gcomharbas ar [[Iúil Caesar]]. Chuir Ágastas deireadh leis na cogaí cathartha a bhí á gcur sa Róimh ó laethanta Iúil Caesar anuas, agus bhunaigh sé rítheaghlach na [[Séasar]]. Thug sé le tuiscint nach raibh sé ach ag iarraidh Poblacht na Róimhe a thabhairt ar ais agus a atógáil, ach le fírinne, is é an rud a rinne sé ná an phoblacht sin a iompú ina himpireacht oidhreachtúil. Bhí sé an-mhaith i mbun riaracháin, agus tháinig rath ar an Róimh. Bhunaigh sé an [[Garda Praetóireach.|Garda Praetóireach]] mar ghardaí pearsanta an impire. Fuair sé bás ar [[19 Lúnasa]] [[14|AD 14]]. == Rítheaghlach Iúil agus Claudius == === Tibir === Ba é [[Tibir]] (Tiberius) an dara himpire. Tháinig Tibir i gcomharbacht ar Ágastas (leanbh uchtaithe de chuid Ágastais ab ea Tibir). Rialaigh sé ó 17 Lúnasa 14 go dtí 16 Márta 37. === Caligula === Tháinig [[Caligula]] i gcomharbacht ar Tiberius ar 16 Márta 37. Nuair a bhí an chéad bhliain dá thréimhse ina Impire ag druidim chun deireanais, tháinig tinneas air, agus deir na staraithe go raibh sé as a mheabhar ina dhiaidh sin. Bhí ráflaí ann ag an am go raibh sé ag bualadh craicinn lena chuid deirfiúracha agus gaireadh bandia dá dheirfiúr Drusilla nuair a fuair sí bás go tobann sa bhliain [[38]]. D'ordaigh Caligula go dtógfaí dealbha di ar fud na hImpireachta, rud a chuir olc ar na Giúdaigh nuair a d'ordaigh sé go dtógfaí ceann díobh i lár an teampaill in [[Iarúsailéim]], de réir scríbhneoireacht Fhíoló Chathair Alastair. Fuair Caligula bás sula bhféadfaí an dealbh sin a thógáil, áfach. Bhí achrann ann idir é féin agus an [[Seanad na Róimhe|Seanad]], agus tháinig rudaí go cnámh na huillinne nuair a d'fhógair Caligula go bhfágfadh sé an Róimh agus go gcuirfeadh sé faoi go buan i [[Cathair Alastair|gCathair Alastair]] san Éigipt, áit ina raibh súil aige go ndéanfaí adhradh dó mar dhia beo. Géarchéim pholaitiúil a bhí ann don Seanad, toisc go gcuirfeadh a leithéid seo a gcuid cumhachtaí, cumhacht [[Garda Praetóireach|an Gharda Phraetóirigh]] agus cumhacht pholaitiúil na Róimhe féin i mbaol lagaithe. Níor bhain Caligula Cathair Alastair amach. Cuireadh deireadh lena réimeas ar 24 Eanáir AC 41, nuair a feallmharaíodh é ag an nGarda Praetóireach, a bhí faoi cheannas [[Cassius Chaerea]]. === Cláidias === Ba uncail le Caligula agus garmhac dheirfiúr Ágastais é [[Cláidias]] (Claudius). Cuireadh i réim é ag an nGarda Praetóireach, seachas an [[Seanad na Róimhe|Seanad]], ar an 24 Eanáir 41, an lá céanna a maraíodh Caligula. Bhí sé an-mhaith i mbun riaracháin. Ba é lena linn féin mar Impire a tosaíodh gabháltas rathúil na Rómhánach ar an mBreatain. Fuair sé bás ar 13 Deireadh Fómhair 54. === Nearó === Ba é [[Nearó]], nó Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, a saolaíodh faoin ainm ''Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus'', ar a dtugtaí Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus freisin, ([[15 Nollaig]] [[37]] - [[9 Meitheamh]] [[68]]) an cúigiú hImpire ar Impireacht na Róimhe. Tá clú air mar gheall ar an bhfinscéal gur sheinn sé ar an bhfidil agus [[an Róimh]] ag dul trí thine. Thairis sin, bhí sé ar dhuine de na hImpirí ba mhó a rinne géarleanúint ar na Críostaithe i stair na hImpireachta. Bhí sé i réim ó 13 Deireadh Fómhair 54 go dtí 9 Meitheamh 68. == Ceannaircí agus Bliain an Cheathrair Impirí == Thosaigh cogadh cathartha san impireacht. Chuir Nearó lámh ina bhás féin sa bhliain 68. Sa bhliain 69, bhí an Impireacht faoi smacht ag [[Galba]], [[Otho]], [[Vitellius]] agus [[Vespasian|Veaspáisian]] i ndiaidh a chéile. Mar sin, tugtar ''Bliain an Cheathrair Impirí'' ar 69. == Rítheaghlach Flavius == === Veaspáisian === Nuair a tháinig deireadh le Bliain an Cheathrair Impiri, bhí an Impireacht faoi smacht ag [[Vespasian]]us, agus d'éirigh leis deireadh a chur leis an gcogadh cathartha. === Titus === Ba mhac le Vespasianus é [[Titus]]. Chuir sé deireadh le héirí amach na nGiúdach sa bhliain 70. Nuair a cailleadh Vespasianus sa bhliain 79, tháinig Titus i gcomharbacht air. Ar an 24 Lúnasa sa bhliain sin, bhrúcht Sliabh ''Vesuvius'' agus cailleadh a lán daoine sa cheantar máguaird. Tháinig tinneas ar Titus sa bhliain 81, agus fuair sé bás. === Domitianus === Ba dheartháir le Titus é [[Domitianus]]. Ba rialtóir tiarnúil é. Feallmharaíodh Domitianus sa bhliain 96. == Rítheaghlach Antoninus == === Nerva === Nuair a maraíodh Domitianus, gaireadh Impire de Nerva. Comhairleoir de chuid Domitianus a bhí ann. Bhí sé 65 bliana d'aois nuair a tháinig sé i gcoróin sa bhliain 96, agus fuair sé bás i mí Eanáir 98. === Traianus === Rugadh Traianus sa Spáinn. Ginearál den scoth a bhí ann, agus cheap Nerva Traianus mar chomharba sular cailleadh é. Gaireadh "Optimus Princeps" (an rialtóir is fearr) de. === Hadrianus === Spáinneach ba ea [[Hadrianus]], agus bhí gaol aige le Traianus. Phós sé Vibia Sabina, garneacht de chuid Traianus, agus tháinig sé i gcomharbacht ar Traianus. Riarthóir maith a bhí ann. === Antoninus Pius === Roghnaigh Hadrianus Antoninus Pius mar chomharba, agus tháinig sé i gcoróin sa bhliain 138 Bhí an Róimh faoi shíocháin le linn a ré. Cailleadh Antoninus Pius sa bhliain 161. === Marcus Aurelius agus Lucius Verus === Bhí gaol ag Marcus Aurelius agus Lucius Verus le Hadrianus agus Antoninus Pius, agus d'uchtaigh Antoninus iad. Tháinig siad i gcomharbacht air, ach tháinig tinneas ar Verus sa bhliain 169 agus fuair sé bás. Fealsamh Stóch ab ea Marcus Aurelius. Bhí cogaí á gcur ar theorainn na himpireachta le linn a ré, mar bhíodh na "barbaraigh" ag sárú teorainneacha. === Commodus === Ba mhac le Marcus Aurelius é Commodus. Dar leis na staraithe, tháinig deireadh le ré órga an ''Pax Romana'' le linn a ré. Feallmharaíodh Commodus sa bhliain 192. == Rítheaghlach Severus == Gaireadh impire de Septimus Severus sa bhliain 193. Bhí a lán iarrthóirí ann, agus bhí cogaí cathartha á gcur san impireacht ó 193 go 197, ach nuair a tháinig deireadh leis na cogaí, bhí an impireacht faoi smacht ag Septimus Severus. Bhunaigh sé rítheaghlach nua, a mhair ó 193 go 235, cé go raibh a lán géarchéimeanna polaitiúla ar siúl. == Géarchéim na Tríú hAoise == Ar éigean nár tháinig deireadh leis an Impireacht le linn na tréimhse seo (idir 235 agus 284). Bhí cogaí, géarchéimeanna eacnamaíochta, plánna agus galair ar siúl. == Críochdheighilt na hImpireachta == === Dióicléitiánas === D'éirigh le Dióicléitiánas (Diocletianus) deireadh a chur le Géarchéim na Tríú hAoise. Tháinig sé i gcoróin sa bhliain 284. Cheap sé go raibh an impireacht rómhór, agus mar sin chuir sé tús le críochdheighilt na himpireachta. Tharraing sé siar ó chúrsaí an rialtais sa bhliain 305, agus fuair sé bás sa bhliain 311. === Clann Chonstaintín === Chuir Constaintín I (Constaintín Mór, a saolaíoch faoin ainm ''Flavius Valerius Constantinus'') deireadh leis na cogaí cathartha a bhí á gcur san impireacht. Ba é Constaintín I an chéad impire a d'iompaigh ina Chríostaí, agus bhí líon na gCríostaithe ag dul i méid as sin amach. Bhunaigh sé príomhchathair nua in impireacht an Oirthir, Cathair Chonstaintín. As sin amach, ba í an Róimh príomhchathair an Iarthair agus ba í Cathair Chonstaintín príomhchathair an Oirthir. Cailleadh Constaintín sa bhliain 337. === Rítheaghlach Valentinianus === Tháinig Valentinianus Mór i gcoróin sa bhliain 364, agus bhunaigh sé ríshliocht nua. Cailleadh Valentinianus sa bhliain 375. Tháinig meath ar an impireacht arís i ndiaidh a lae, agus brú ar theoireannacha na himpireachta. Ba é ríshliocht Valentinianus a bhí ag rialú an Iarthair ó 364 go 392 agus ag ríalú an Oirthir ó 364 go 378. === Athaontú faoi Theodosius === Ba é Theodosius Mór an t-impire deireanach a bhí ag rialú na hImpireachta uile, idir oirthear agus iarthar. Fuair sé bás sa bhliain 395, agus tháinig meath ar an iarthar arís i ndiaidh a lae. Chreach Alaric, rí na nGotach, cathair na Róimhe sa bhliain 410. == Deireadh na Róimhe Iartharaí == Go traidisiúnta, glactar leis gur tháinig deireadh le hImpireacht na Róimhe ar an 4 Meán Fómhair 476, nuair a cuireadh Impire deireanach Iarthar na Róimhe, Romulus Augustus nó "Augustulus", as cumhacht, gan aon duine a ghlacfadh an ríchathaoir ina dhiaidh. Gaireadh Rí na hIodáile de shaighdiúir barbarach, Odoacer. == Impireacht an Oirthir - an Impireacht Bhiosántach == Chuaigh Impireacht Iarthar na Róimhe in éag i rith na cúigiú haoise, ach mhair an leath Oirthearach - an Impireacht Bhiosántach, mar is gnách a thabhairt uirthi inniu - go dtí an bhliain 1453, nuair a chuir na Turcaigh Otamánacha de dhroim an tsaoil í. Choinnigh na Biosántaigh cultúr agus dlí na sibhialtachta Gréagaí agus Rómhánaí beo ina measc, chomh maith leis an gCríostaíocht Heilléineach agus Cheartchreidmheach. Ach níor mhair an Laidin ina mbéal, nó b'fhearr leo an Ghréigis, a bhí á labhairt go fairsing mar chineál francbhéarla in Oirthear na hImpireachta le fada. == Teanga == Ba í an Laidin príomhtheanga na Róimhe féin, agus ar fud an iarthair, ach bhí an Ghréigis tábhachtach san Impireacht freisin. Bhí an-mheas ag na Rómhánaigh ar stair agus cultúr na nGréagach cé go raibh an Ghréig faoi chois acu, agus bhí an Ghréigis á labhairt go fairsing mar chineál francbhéarla in Oirthear na hImpireachta. Ba í an Ghréigis príomhtheanga na mBiosántach. == Oidhreacht == Bhí tionchar ollmhór ag Impireacht na Róimhe ar stair an domhain, mar shampla teanga, litríocht, rialtas, dlíthe, ailtireacht, innealtóireacht, leigheas, spórt, ealaíona, eolaíocht. == Féach freisin == * [[Poblacht na Róimhe]] * [[An tSean-Róimh]] * [[An tSean-Ghréig]] == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} * [https://slideplayer.com/slide/14717667/90/images/19/Aml%C3%ADne+RCh.+AD.jpg/ Amlíne] [[Catagóir:Impireacht na Róimhe| ]] [[Catagóir:An tSean-Róimh|*]] [[Catagóir:Stair na hIodáile]] [[Catagóir:Iar-thíortha na hEorpa]] [[cs:Starověký Řím#Císařství]] [[Catagóir:Impireachtaí]] qvncblh5be9tchbdzqxbd3akmh1930u 0 12190 1269415 1244437 2025-06-11T04:42:06Z 223.24.191.138 1269415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil}} I staireolaíocht na linne seo, is éard atá i gceist leis [[an tSean-Róimh]] ná an sibhialtacht Rómhánach ó bunaíodh [[An Róimh|na Róimhe]] ársa san 8ú haois RC suas go dtí cliseadh [[Impireacht na Róimhe Thiar]] sa 5ú haois. Cuimsítear [[Ríocht na Róimhe]] (753 BC–509 RC), [[Poblacht na Róimhe]] (509 RC–27 RC) agus [[Impireacht na Róimhe]] (27 RC–476 AD). {{Síol-stair}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sean-Róimh, An t}} [[Catagóir:An tSean-Róimh| ]] [[Catagóir:Sibhialtachtaí|Róimh]] [[Catagóir:Stair na hIodáile]] 6nteupwjeb4zsiagw1rpu4cl9l6ewxw 0 19821 1269403 1061572 2025-06-11T01:05:36Z 223.24.191.138 /* Stór focal na Laidine i gcomparáid leis na teangacha Rómánsacha */ 1269403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Teanga}} [[Íomhá:Map-Romance Language World.png|thumb|280px|Teangacha Rómánsacha: {{legend|#060|'''Spáinnis''' }} {{legend|#f93|'''Portaingéilis''' }} {{legend|#39f|'''Fraincis''' }} {{legend|#ff3|'''Iodáilis''' }} {{legend|#c00|'''Rómáinis''' }} ]] Foghrúpa de na [[teangacha Ind-Eorpacha]] iad na '''teangacha Rómánsacha''' a tháinig ar an bhfód nuair a thit na leaganacha éagsúla den [[An Laidin|Laidin]] as a chéile ar fud iarsmaí Impireacht na Róimhe. Labhraíonn seacht gcéad milliún duine teangacha den chineál seo ar fud an domhain - san Eoraip chomh maith leis na hiar-choilíneachtaí Eorpacha sna hilchríocha eile. Níl na teangacha Rómánsacha bunaithe ar an Laidin Chlasaiceach, an teanga a bhí á saothrú ag leithéidí Iúil Caesar agus Marcus Tullius Cicero, ach ar an ngnáthchaint i mbéal na saighdiúirí sna léigiúin Rómhánacha. Mar sin, is iomaí focal Clasaiceach nár mhair ar aon nós sna teangacha Rómánsacha. Bhí córas na ndíochlaonta an-simplithe sa Laidin Choitianta i gcomparáid le teanga ghalánta na litríochta freisin. Níl na teangacha Rómánsacha cosúil leis an Laidin Chlasaiceach ó thaobh ord na bhfocal de ach an oiread. Is é an t-ord focal atá sna teangacha seo ná SVO (ainmní - briathar - cuspóir), ach is é ord focal na Laidine Clasaicí ná SOV (ainmní - cuspóir - briathar): ''Marcus Tulliam amat'' "tá Marcus i ngrá le Tullia", a deirtear as Laidin, ach is é an leagan Spáinnise ná ''Marco ama a Tulia'' (nó ''Marco quiere a Tulia''). Is iad na teangacha Rómánsacha is tábhachtaí ná an [[Spáinnis]], an [[Portaingéilis|Phortaingéilis]], an [[Fraincis|Fhraincis]], an [[Iodáilis]], an [[Rómáinis]] agus an [[Catalóinis|Chatalóinis]]. Tá cuid mhaith teangacha agus canúintí gaolmhara á labhairt ar fud dheisceart na hEorpa agus iad ar beagán cainteoirí i gcomparáid leis na mórtheangacha seo, mar shampla [[An Rómainis]] s[[an Eilvéis]] agus an [[Laidinis]] atá labhartha i dtuaisceart na hIodáile. == Stór focal na Laidine i gcomparáid leis na teangacha Rómánsacha == * ''Edere'' an focal Laidine ar "ithe", agus chuaigh sé in éag sa ghnáthchaint. Ba é an briathar ''manducare'' - "mungailt" - a tháinig ina áit san Fhraincis (''manger''), sa Chatalóinis (''menjar'') agus san Iodáilis (''mangiare''), ach tá an briathar Spáinnise ''comer'' bunaithe ar an bhfocal comhshuite ''comedere'' "craosaireacht a dhéanamh" (= ''com-'' + ''edere''). * ''Emere'' an focal Laidine ar "ceannach". Tháinig focail eile ina áit sna teangacha Rómánsacha, ar nós ''comprar'' sa Spáinnis (atá gaolmhar le ''comparare'' na Laidine, cf. ''compare'' an Bhéarla agus ''comparáid'' na Gaeilge) agus ''acheter'' (< ''adcaptare'', focal comhshuite: ''ad'' = "chuig", + ''captare'', "dréim le rud, bheith ag iarraidh rud a shealbhú") san Fhraincis. * ''Equus'' an focal Clasaiceach Laidine ar "each" nó "stéad". Is é focal na gnáthchainte a mhaireann sna teangacha Rómánsacha, áfach, ''caballus,'' agus ''ba "''chapall" nó "láir" an bhrí dó ar dtús: ''cheval'' san Fhraincis, ''caballo'' sa Spáinnis. (Tabhair faoi deara, áfach, go bhfuil an focal Spáinnise ar "láir, capall baineann" gaolmhar le h''equus'' na Laidine: ''yegua''.) * ''Ignis'' an focal Laidine ar "tine", agus sinn ábalta an tamhan céanna a aithint san fhocal Béarla ''ignition''. Chuaigh an focal in éag sna teangacha Rómánsacha, agus tháinig ''focus'' ("áit na tine, tinteán") ina áit sa chuid is mó acu (''fuego'' as Spáinnis, ''feu'' as Fraincis). * ''Vetus'' an focal Laidine ar "sean, aosta", agus is é an ginideach atá aige ná ''veteris''. Mar sin, is é tamhan an fhocail ná ''veter-''. Níl an -r- sin le feiceáil sna foirmeacha Rómánsacha den aidiacht seo (''viejo'' as Spáinnis, ''vieux, vieille'' as Fraincis). Is amhlaidh go bhfuil na leaganacha seo bunaithe ar fhoirm dhíspeagúil na haidiachta seo, ''vetulus''. Rinneadh ''veclus'' de sa ghnáthchaint, nuair a thit an t-''u'' gearr gan bhéim ar lár. Ní cheadaíonn foghraíocht na Laidine an -tl-, agus mar sin, tháinig an -cl- ina áit. Tá a leithéid ann agus ''Appendix Probi'', liosta focal ón tríú haois i ndiaidh bhreith Chríost a mholann d'fhoghlaimeoirí na Laidine scríofa focail mhíchearta áirithe a sheachaint agus ceartfhoirmeacha a úsáid ina n-áit. Ceann de na moltaí sa liosta is ea "VETULUS NON VECLUS", is é sin "[scríobh] ''vetulus'' seachas ''veclus''". Díol suntais é go raibh an tseanaidiacht úd ''vetus'' imithe as úsáid ar fad san am seo, de réir dealraimh. {{síol-teanga}} [[Catagóir:Teangacha Ind-Eorpacha|Romansacha, Teangacha]] lyn724dleh9jhmq2wgstf0dmdluuo0r 1269404 1269403 2025-06-11T01:24:57Z 223.24.191.138 /* Stór focal na Laidine i gcomparáid leis na teangacha Rómánsacha */ 1269404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Teanga}} [[Íomhá:Map-Romance Language World.png|thumb|280px|Teangacha Rómánsacha: {{legend|#060|'''Spáinnis''' }} {{legend|#f93|'''Portaingéilis''' }} {{legend|#39f|'''Fraincis''' }} {{legend|#ff3|'''Iodáilis''' }} {{legend|#c00|'''Rómáinis''' }} ]] Foghrúpa de na [[teangacha Ind-Eorpacha]] iad na '''teangacha Rómánsacha''' a tháinig ar an bhfód nuair a thit na leaganacha éagsúla den [[An Laidin|Laidin]] as a chéile ar fud iarsmaí Impireacht na Róimhe. Labhraíonn seacht gcéad milliún duine teangacha den chineál seo ar fud an domhain - san Eoraip chomh maith leis na hiar-choilíneachtaí Eorpacha sna hilchríocha eile. Níl na teangacha Rómánsacha bunaithe ar an Laidin Chlasaiceach, an teanga a bhí á saothrú ag leithéidí Iúil Caesar agus Marcus Tullius Cicero, ach ar an ngnáthchaint i mbéal na saighdiúirí sna léigiúin Rómhánacha. Mar sin, is iomaí focal Clasaiceach nár mhair ar aon nós sna teangacha Rómánsacha. Bhí córas na ndíochlaonta an-simplithe sa Laidin Choitianta i gcomparáid le teanga ghalánta na litríochta freisin. Níl na teangacha Rómánsacha cosúil leis an Laidin Chlasaiceach ó thaobh ord na bhfocal de ach an oiread. Is é an t-ord focal atá sna teangacha seo ná SVO (ainmní - briathar - cuspóir), ach is é ord focal na Laidine Clasaicí ná SOV (ainmní - cuspóir - briathar): ''Marcus Tulliam amat'' "tá Marcus i ngrá le Tullia", a deirtear as Laidin, ach is é an leagan Spáinnise ná ''Marco ama a Tulia'' (nó ''Marco quiere a Tulia''). Is iad na teangacha Rómánsacha is tábhachtaí ná an [[Spáinnis]], an [[Portaingéilis|Phortaingéilis]], an [[Fraincis|Fhraincis]], an [[Iodáilis]], an [[Rómáinis]] agus an [[Catalóinis|Chatalóinis]]. Tá cuid mhaith teangacha agus canúintí gaolmhara á labhairt ar fud iarthair na hEorpa agus iad ar beagán cainteoirí i gcomparáid leis na mórtheangacha seo, mar shampla [[An Rómainis]] s[[an Eilvéis]] agus an [[Laidinis]] atá labhartha i dtuaisceart na hIodáile. == Stór focal na Laidine i gcomparáid leis na teangacha Rómánsacha == * ''Edere'' an focal Laidine ar "ithe", agus chuaigh sé in éag sa ghnáthchaint. Ba é an briathar ''manducare'' - "mungailt" - a tháinig ina áit san Fhraincis (''manger''), sa Chatalóinis (''menjar'') agus san Iodáilis (''mangiare''), ach tá an briathar Spáinnise ''comer'' bunaithe ar an bhfocal comhshuite ''comedere'' "craosaireacht a dhéanamh" (= ''com-'' + ''edere''). * ''Emere'' an focal Laidine ar "ceannach". Tháinig focail eile ina áit sna teangacha Rómánsacha, ar nós ''comprar'' sa Spáinnis (atá gaolmhar le ''comparare'' na Laidine, cf. ''compare'' an Bhéarla agus ''comparáid'' na Gaeilge) agus ''acheter'' (< ''adcaptare'', focal comhshuite: ''ad'' = "chuig", + ''captare'', "dréim le rud, bheith ag iarraidh rud a shealbhú") san Fhraincis. * ''Equus'' an focal Clasaiceach Laidine ar "each" nó "stéad". Is é focal eile, ''caballus'', a mhaireann sna teangacha Rómánsacha, áfach, agus ba ''"''chapall" nó "láir" an bhrí dó ar dtús: as an bhfocal seo a dtáinig ''cheval'' san Fhraincis, ''caballo'' sa Spáinnis, agus ''cavallo'' in Iodáilis. (Tabhair faoi deara, áfach, go bhfuil an focal Spáinnise ar "láir, capall baineann" gaolmhar le h''equus'' na Laidine: ''yegua''.) * ''Ignis'' an focal Laidine ar "tine", agus sinn ábalta an tamhan céanna a aithint san fhocal Béarla ''ignition''. Chuaigh an focal in éag sna teangacha Rómánsacha, agus tháinig ''focus'' ("áit na tine, tinteán") ina áit sa chuid is mó acu (''fuego'' as Spáinnis, ''feu'' as Fraincis). * ''Vetus'' an focal Laidine ar "sean, aosta", agus is é an ginideach atá aige ná ''veteris''. Mar sin, is é tamhan an fhocail ná ''veter-''. Níl an -r- sin le feiceáil sna foirmeacha Rómánsacha den aidiacht seo (''viejo'' as Spáinnis, ''vieux, vieille'' as Fraincis). Is amhlaidh go bhfuil na leaganacha seo bunaithe ar fhoirm dhíspeagúil na haidiachta seo, ''vetulus''. Rinneadh ''veclus'' de sa ghnáthchaint, nuair a thit an t-''u'' gearr gan bhéim ar lár. Ní cheadaíonn foghraíocht na Laidine an -tl-, agus mar sin, tháinig an -cl- ina áit. Tá a leithéid ann agus ''Appendix Probi'', liosta focal ón tríú haois i ndiaidh bhreith Chríost a mholann d'fhoghlaimeoirí na Laidine scríofa focail mhíchearta áirithe a sheachaint agus ceartfhoirmeacha a úsáid ina n-áit. Ceann de na moltaí sa liosta is ea "VETULUS NON VECLUS", is é sin "[scríobh] ''vetulus'' seachas ''veclus''". Díol suntais é go raibh an tseanaidiacht úd ''vetus'' imithe as úsáid ar fad san am seo, de réir dealraimh. {{síol-teanga}} [[Catagóir:Teangacha Ind-Eorpacha|Romansacha, Teangacha]] to5on7k0218sv9vswo2qyoltyrkbwmz 0 23606 1269417 1237523 2025-06-11T05:02:52Z 223.24.191.138 1269417 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Íomhá:Wristwatch on hand.JPG|thumb|Uaireadóir]] Is gléas beag a chaitear ar chorp daoine a insíonn an t-[[am]] dóibh é '''uaireadóir'''.<ref name='FGB'>{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.teanglann.ie/ga/fgb/uairead%F3ir|title=Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla (Ó Dónaill): uaireadóir|editor=[[Niall Ó Dónaill]], eag.|year=1977|publisher=[[An Gúm]]|location=[[Baile Átha Cliath]]|isbn=978-1857910384|access-date=2024-04-30|language=ga|work=Teanglann.ie}}</ref> De ghnáth, caitear ar chaol na láimhe, go formhór ar an gciotóg, é, cé gur nós é le daoine uaireadóir a chaitheamh ar an ndeasóg freisin. Bíonn aghaidh ar an uaireadóir agus is ansin a insítear an t-am. Déantar le ábhair éagsúla comhpháirteanna na huaireadóirí amhail [[ór]], [[Airgead (dúil)|airgead]], [[leathar]], [[Diamant|diamaint]] agus seoda eile. Tá cáil mhór ar an [[Eilvéis]] mar thír ina dhéantar uaireadóirí den scoth. Tá uaireadóirí agus [[clog|cloig]] á ndéanamh acu leis na céadta. {{commons|Category:Watches|Uaireadóir}} == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Am]] 8hw6wjxuvzpgdgdwgxzext2695nwhem 0 26404 1269423 1187101 2025-06-11T08:54:26Z 212.129.78.170 1269423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo}} Is grúpa éan eitleach gan eitilt iad '''na piongainí''' ([[Ord (bitheolaíocht)|ord]]: Sphenisciformes). Cónaíonn siad beagnach go heisiach sa [[An leathsféar theas|Leathsféar Theas]]: níl ach speiceas amháin, an piongain Galápagos (''Spheniscus mendiculus''), le fáil ó thuaidh ón [[Meánchiorcal]]. Tá piongainí curtha in oiriúint go mór don saol san uisce, agus tá cluimhrí dorcha agus bána cuntrascáthacha acu agus lapaí chun snámha. Beathaíonn formhór na bpiongainí ar [[Crill|chrilleanna]], [[Iasc|éisc]], [[Scuid|scuideanna]] agus cineálacha eile beatha mara a ghabhann siad lena gcuid gob agus sloigeann siad ina iomláine iad agus iad ag cacanach. Tá teanga spíonach agus gialla cumhachtacha acu chun greim a fháil ar chreacha sleamhna.<ref>{{Cite web |teideal=Diet and Eating Habits |url=https://seaworld.org/animals/all-about/penguins/diet-and-eating-habits/#:~:text=Penguins%20catch%20prey%20with%20their,jaws%20to%20grip%20slippery%20prey. |website=Sea World Parks and Entertainment}}</ref> Caitheann siad a bheag nó a mhór dá saol ar thalamh agus an leath eile san fharraige. Is í an phiongain impireach (''Aptenodytes forsteri'') an speiceas beo is mó:<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TQjLDAAAQBAJ&q=largest+living+species+of+penguin+is+the+emperor+penguin&pg=PA124|teideal=Animal!|last=DK|year=2016|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9781465459008|language=en|access-date=November 18, 2020|archive-date=June 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214442/https://books.google.com/books?id=TQjLDAAAQBAJ&q=largest+living+species+of+penguin+is+the+emperor+penguin&pg=PA124|url-status=live}}</ref> ar an meán, bíonn an t-éan fásta thart ar 1.1 m ar airde agus 35 kg mheáchain. Is í an phiongain bheag (Eudyptula minor) an speiceas is lú, a sheasann timpeall 30 -33 cm ar airde agus 1.2-1.3 kg mheáchain.<ref name="pengsent">{{cite web|url=http://mesh.biology.washington.edu/penguinProject/Little|title=Little Penguin – Penguin Project|last=Grabski|first=Valerie|year=2009|publisher=Penguin Sentinels/University of Washington|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216162812/http://mesh.biology.washington.edu/penguinProject/Little|archive-date=16 December 2011|access-date=24 September 2022|teideal=Cóip cartlainne|dátarochtana=4 Feabhra 2023|archivedate=16 Nollaig 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216162812/http://mesh.biology.washington.edu/penguinProject/Little}}</ref> Sa lá atá inniu ann, cónaíonn na caca níos mó go ginearálta i réigiúin níos fuaire, agus cónaíonn na piongainí níos lú i réigiúin le haeráidí measartha nó trópaiceacha. Bhí roinnt speiceas réamhstairiúil ollmhór: chomh hard nó trom le duine fásta. Bhí éagsúlacht mhór speiceas i réigiúin fho-Antartach, agus speiceas ollmhór amháin ar a laghad i réigiún timpeall 2,000 km ó dheas ón meánchiorcal 35 mhilliún bliain ó shin, le linn an tSealaid Eoicéinigh Dhéanaigh, nuair a bhí caca cinnte níos teo ná mar atá inniu ann.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Caballero |first1=Rodrigo |last2=Huber |first2=Matthew |date=2013-08-27 |title=State-dependent climate sensitivity in past warm climates and its implications for future climate projections |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=110 |issue=35 |pages=14162–14167 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1303365110 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=3761583 |pmid=23918397|bibcode=2013PNAS..11014162C |doi-access=free}}</ref><!-- the distance is accurate for 35 million years ago; it is closer to the Equator today --> ==Sanasaíocht== Feictear an focal piongain den chéad uair sa litríocht ag deireadh an 16ú haois.<ref name="CNRTL" >{{cite web |url=http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/pingouin |teideal=PINGOUIN : Etymologie de PINGOUIN |publisher=Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales |access-date=January 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026163135/http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/Pingouin |archive-date=October 26, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nuair a d'aimsigh taiscéalaithe Eorpacha an rud ar a dtugtar piongainí sa lá atá inniu ann sa Leathsféar Theas, thug siad faoi deara go raibh a gcuma cosúil leis an fhalcóg mhór (''Pinguinus impennis'') ón leathsféar thuaidh, agus ainmníodh iad i ndiaidh an éin seo, cé nach bhfuil dlúthbhaint acu leis.<ref>[Crofford, Emily (1989). Gone Forever: The Great Auk. New York: Crestwood House. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-89686-459-7.]</ref> {{Síol ainmhí}} =='''Tagairtí'''== {{reflist}}<ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=Oo}}</ref> [[Catagóir:Éin]] [[Catagóir:Flightless Birds]] ieg5fflln4nkrzvok2x1rtlzoxvpoko 1269438 1269423 2025-06-11T11:44:30Z Alison 570 Cealaíodh athruithe [[Special:Contributions/212.129.78.170|212.129.78.170]] ([[User talk:212.129.78.170|Plé]]); ar ais chuig leagan le [[User:Alison|Alison]] 1167247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo}} Is grúpa éan uisceach gan eitilt iad '''na piongainí''' ([[Ord (bitheolaíocht)|ord]]: Sphenisciformes). Cónaíonn siad beagnach go heisiach sa [[An leathsféar theas|Leathsféar Theas]]: níl ach speiceas amháin, an piongain Galápagos (''Spheniscus mendiculus''), le fáil ó thuaidh ón [[Meánchiorcal]]. Tá piongainí curtha in oiriúint go mór don saol san uisce, agus tá cluimhrí dorcha agus bána cuntrascáthacha acu agus lapaí chun snámha. Beathaíonn formhór na bpiongainí ar [[Crill|chrilleanna]], [[Iasc|éisc]], [[Scuid|scuideanna]] agus cineálacha eile beatha mara a ghabhann siad lena gcuid gob agus sloigeann siad ina iomláine iad agus iad ag snámh. Tá teanga spíonach agus gialla cumhachtacha acu chun greim a fháil ar chreacha sleamhna.<ref>{{Cite web |teideal=Diet and Eating Habits |url=https://seaworld.org/animals/all-about/penguins/diet-and-eating-habits/#:~:text=Penguins%20catch%20prey%20with%20their,jaws%20to%20grip%20slippery%20prey. |website=Sea World Parks and Entertainment}}</ref> Caitheann siad a bheag nó a mhór dá saol ar thalamh agus an leath eile san fharraige. Is í an phiongain impireach (''Aptenodytes forsteri'') an speiceas beo is mó:<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TQjLDAAAQBAJ&q=largest+living+species+of+penguin+is+the+emperor+penguin&pg=PA124|teideal=Animal!|last=DK|year=2016|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9781465459008|language=en|access-date=November 18, 2020|archive-date=June 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214442/https://books.google.com/books?id=TQjLDAAAQBAJ&q=largest+living+species+of+penguin+is+the+emperor+penguin&pg=PA124|url-status=live}}</ref> ar an meán, bíonn an t-éan fásta thart ar 1.1 m ar airde agus 35 kg mheáchain. Is í an phiongain bheag (Eudyptula minor) an speiceas is lú, a sheasann timpeall 30 -33 cm ar airde agus 1.2-1.3 kg mheáchain.<ref name="pengsent">{{cite web|url=http://mesh.biology.washington.edu/penguinProject/Little|title=Little Penguin – Penguin Project|last=Grabski|first=Valerie|year=2009|publisher=Penguin Sentinels/University of Washington|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216162812/http://mesh.biology.washington.edu/penguinProject/Little|archive-date=16 December 2011|access-date=24 September 2022|teideal=Cóip cartlainne|dátarochtana=4 Feabhra 2023|archivedate=16 Nollaig 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216162812/http://mesh.biology.washington.edu/penguinProject/Little}}</ref> Sa lá atá inniu ann, cónaíonn na piongainí níos mó go ginearálta i réigiúin níos fuaire, agus cónaíonn na piongainí níos lú i réigiúin le haeráidí measartha nó trópaiceacha. Bhí roinnt speiceas réamhstairiúil ollmhór: chomh hard nó trom le duine fásta. Bhí éagsúlacht mhór speiceas i réigiúin fho-Antartach, agus speiceas ollmhór amháin ar a laghad i réigiún timpeall 2,000 km ó dheas ón meánchiorcal 35 mhilliún bliain ó shin, le linn an tSealaid Eoicéinigh Dhéanaigh, nuair a bhí aeráid cinnte níos teo ná mar atá inniu ann.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Caballero |first1=Rodrigo |last2=Huber |first2=Matthew |date=2013-08-27 |title=State-dependent climate sensitivity in past warm climates and its implications for future climate projections |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=110 |issue=35 |pages=14162–14167 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1303365110 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=3761583 |pmid=23918397|bibcode=2013PNAS..11014162C |doi-access=free}}</ref><!-- the distance is accurate for 35 million years ago; it is closer to the Equator today --> ==Sanasaíocht== Feictear an focal piongain den chéad uair sa litríocht ag deireadh an 16ú haois.<ref name="CNRTL" >{{cite web |url=http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/pingouin |teideal=PINGOUIN : Etymologie de PINGOUIN |publisher=Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales |access-date=January 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026163135/http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/Pingouin |archive-date=October 26, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nuair a d'aimsigh taiscéalaithe Eorpacha an rud ar a dtugtar piongainí sa lá atá inniu ann sa Leathsféar Theas, thug siad faoi deara go raibh a gcuma cosúil leis an fhalcóg mhór (''Pinguinus impennis'') ón leathsféar thuaidh, agus ainmníodh iad i ndiaidh an éin seo, cé nach bhfuil dlúthbhaint acu leis.<ref>[Crofford, Emily (1989). Gone Forever: The Great Auk. New York: Crestwood House. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-89686-459-7.]</ref> {{Síol ainmhí}} ==Tagairtí== {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Éin]] [[Catagóir:Flightless Birds]] 8htutrn5yxo23xk8dv5ybuy3rhu659v 0 28648 1269397 1045815 2025-06-10T23:36:45Z Taghdtaighde 60452 Mionathruithe 1269397 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Íomhá:Co ellipse.png|mion]] Is teoiric bhunúsach í an '''mheicnic chandamach''' (nó '''fisic chandamach''', '''teoiric an chandaim''' agus '''meicnic mhaitríseach'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics</ref>) a chuireann síos ar iompar [[fuinneamh|fuinnimh]] agus [[damhna]] ag leibhéal [[Adamh|adamhach]] agus [[fo-adamh|fo-adamhach]]. Tagann an focal ón slí nach féidir athrú a dhéanamh ar chainníochtaí fisiciúla — mar shampla [[móiminteam uilleach]] [[leictreon]] — ach amháin méid áirithe, nó ''quanta'', gach uair agus gan bheith in ann athrú a dhéanamh ar an méid sin ar chor ar bith. [[Íomhá:Hydrogen Density Plots.png|deas|mion]] == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} [[Catagóir:Meicnic chandamach| ]] [[Catagóir:Fisic núicléach]] {{síol-fisic}} g0c2x10424uaovb1ru1tm2z7ny7t6k5 0 36683 1269418 1256383 2025-06-11T07:04:14Z 49.237.36.180 /* Saintréithe ginearálta */ 1269418 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Íomhá:ENC 1-NA5 600px.jpeg|mion|Leathanach teidil de chéad imleabhar na ciclipéide ar chuir [[Denis Diderot|Diderot]] agus [[Jean le Rond d'Alembert|d'Alembert]] in eagar idir 1751 agus 1772 í: ''L'Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers'' (Gaeilge: 'An Ciclipéid, nó Foclóir Réasúnta na nEalaíon agus na gCeard'). Tá an Chiclipéid seo ar cheann de mhór-shaothair na hEagnaíochta''.'']] Is éard atá i gceist leis '''an Eagnaíocht''', nó '''Ré na hEagnaíochta''', ná [[gluaiseacht chultúrtha]] a tháinig ar an bhfód i measc aos eagna na h[[An Eoraip|Eorpa]] san [[18ú haois]] (1715-1789), agus a leathnaigh amach ina dhiaidh sin go dtí na háiteanna a bhí faoi anáil na hEorpa ag an am ([[Meiriceá Thuaidh|Meiriceá]], srl.). Chuir smaointeoirí na hEagnaíochta béim nua ar fhorbairt [[eolaíocht]]a agus intinne agus é mar sprioc acu sochaí agus eolas a fheabhsú agus a chur chun cinn. Ag an am céanna, dhéanfaidís iarracht fáil réidh le piseoga agus le héadulaingt na heaglaise agus le héagóir an stáit. D'imir aireagán an chlóphreasa tionchar nach beag ar leathadh amach luachanna nua na hEagnaíochta ar fud an domhain. == Sainmhíniú== I roinnt tíortha in Iarthar na hEorpa, bhí an ghluaiseacht chomh leathan agus chomh chumhachtach gur chreid fiú a lucht comhaimsire go raibh Ré na hEagnaíochta tugtha in áit “an Ré Dhorcha”. I dteangacha eile na hEorpa, rinneadh ceangal idir smaointe nua na hEagnaíochta agus an 'soilsiú' - .i. an léargas nua - a tharraingíodar: ''The Enlightenment'' a tugadh ar an dtréimhse seo i mBéarla, agus ''Die Aufklärung'' i nGearmáinis (Gaeilge: 'An Soilsiú') agus ''Siècle des Lumières'' (Gaeilge: 'Céad na Soilse') i bhFraincis. Amanta, tugtar An Soilsiú nó Ré an tSoilsithe uirthi i nGaeilge leis. Tá téarmaí don ré a thagann ón soilsiú le fáil i scríbhinní Voltaire agus J. G. von Herder, agus bunaíodh a leitheid de tearmaí go cinntitheach tar éis fhoilsiú alt Kant “Was ist Aufklärung?” ('Cad í eagnaíocht?') i 1784. == Comhthéacs == D’fhorbair an Eagnaíocht le linn athrú sóisialta ón [[feodachas]] go [[Caipitleachas|gcaipitleachas]], agus an chumhacht ag athrú ón uaisle na talún go dtí an mheánaicme. Bhí go leor ceangail agus cosúlachtaí idir Eagnaíocht Iarthar na hEorpa agus an [[An Renaissance|Athbheochan]]. Fuair ​​an Eagnaíocht oidhreacht ón Athbheochan ó thaobh a chuid idéil daonnaíochta, a hardmheas ar an tseandacht chlasaiceach, muinín i ndul chun cinn, agus saorsmaointeoireacht. Rinne an Athbheochan agus an Eagnaíocht araon athbhreithniú ar sheanluachanna agus chaith siad amhras ar dogmaí feodacha agus eaglasta, traidisiúin agus údaráis. Mar sin féin, tháinig idé-eolaíocht na heagnaíochta chun cinn ag céim níos aibí d’fhoirmiú an struchtúir chaipitlíoch agus dá bhrí sin, bhí a critíc ar an bhfeodachas níos géire agus níos doimhne ná san Athbheochan. Mar gheall gur bhreathnaigh siad ar an tsaoirse pholaitiúil agus ar an gcomhionannas sibhialta mar bhunchloch na sochaí ​atá struchtúrtha go maith, dhírigh siad a gcáineadh i gcoinne forlámhas na monarcachta absalóidí, chomh maith leis an eaglais. Bhí an Eagnaíocht tábhachtach chun an bonn a bhaint ó na cumhachtaí a bhuanaigh an córas feodach. Go háirithe sa [[An Fhrainc|Fhrainc]], is féidir breathnú ar an Eagnaíocht mar ullmhúchán díreach idé-eolaíoch don [[Réabhlóid na Fraince|réabhlóid bourgeois 1788]]. [[Íomhá:Frans Hals - Portret van René Descartes.jpg|mion|Fealsamh, matamaiticeoir, agus fisiceoir Francach [[René Descartes]] (1596-1650)]] In Iarthar na hEorpa, tháinig tréimhse dul chun cinn ginearálta, go háirithe sa [[17ú haois]], maidir le heolas praiticiúil a bheadh ​​riachtanach do táirgeachta ábhair, trádála agus loingseoireachta. Chuir Hobbes, [[René Descartes|Descartes]], [[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]], [[Isaac Newton|Newton]], Spinoza, agus [[René Descartes|Cartesigh]] ​na [[An Ísiltír|hÍsiltíre]] go mór le saoradh na heolaíochta ó údarás na heaglaise. Spreag a gcuid oibre fás tapa na n-eolaíochtaí nádúrtha - [[fisic]], [[matamaitic]], [[meicnic]], agus [[réalteolaíocht]] - agus bunú ábharachas nua-aimseartha, dul chun cinn eolaíoch agus teicneolaíochta a chuaigh in éineacht le agus cuir le foirmiú na hidé-eolaíochta frithfheodach. == Saintréithe ginearálta == D’fhorbair go leor smaointeoirí na hEagnaíochta teagasca ábharaíocha bunaithe ar an smaoineamh gurb é an t-ábhar an t-aon réaltacht amháin, agus éagsúlacht gan teorainn airíonna ann. Ina gcuid poileimicí i gcoinne an teagaisc dhiachúil gur chruthaigh Dia an domhan agus go mbraitheann oibrithe an tsaoil seo ar an Cruthaitheoir, mheas smaointeoirí na hEagnaíochta (faoi thionchar eolaíochta Newton) ​nádúr a bheith mar inneall ollmhór a thionscnamh ​an Cruthaitheoir agus a oibríonn de réir dlíthe an nádúir, ach gan idirghabháil leanúnach. [[:en:Deism|Dias]] a thugtar ar an chineál creidimh seo. I dteoiric an eolais acu, d’fhorbair fealsúna na hEagnaíochta cur chuige bunaithe ar chéadfaíochas a dhiúltaigh smaointe dúchasacha a bheith ann (smaointe faoi Dia mar shampla) agus dhearbhaigh siad gurb iad braistintí agus aireachtáil ón domhain seachtrach an t-aon fhoinse eolais an duine.[[Íomhá:Rousseau.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] (1712 - 1778), duine de mhór-smaointeoirí na hEagnaíochta.|clé]] Chuireadh teoiricí réasúnachais na sochaí agus an stáit, eitice, agus fiú reiligiúin i gcoinne na dogmaí reiligiúnacha agus feodacha, m.sh. ceart diaga ríthe. Bhí baint láidir idir cultúr na hEagnaíochta agus iarrachtaí an struchtúr sóisialta agus institiúidí stáit a chur faoi réir córais réasúin. De réir na smaointeoirí seo, bhí dualgas ar institiúidí dá leithéid oibriú ar son leas an phobail. Bhí teoiricí na ré bunaithe ar choincheapa teibí de nádúr an duine gan athrú a bhí neamhstairiúla agus meitifisiciúla, agus tá siad caite i gcártaí anois den chuid is mó. Ina ainneoin sin, chuir cuid de na smaointe seo (go háirithe teoiric an dlí nádúrtha), díorthaithe ó choincheap an chomhionannas dhúchasaigh dhaonna, bunús idé-eolaíoch ar fáil d’éilimh ar shaoirsí daonlathacha. De réir theoiric an chonartha shóisialta, ní hinstitiúid diaga é an stát, ach institiúid a thagann in áit nuair a dhéantar conradh idir na daoine agus a gceannasaithe. Aithnítear sa teoiric seo an ceart do dhaoine a rialtóirí a bhaint d'oifig má sháraíonn siad coinníollacha an chonartha nó má theip orthu cearta nádúrtha na saoránach a chosaint. [[Íomhá:AdamSmith.jpg|mion|305x305px|Adam Smith]] Chuir cuid de smaointeoirí a muinín i "bhforlámhas eagnaí" agus chreid siad go raibh réimeas absalóideach faoi thionchar smaointe forásacha de dhíth ​chun na hathchóirithe riachtanacha buirgéiseacha a chur i bhfeidhm, toisc go raibh neamhspleáchas polaitiúil na dtiarnaí feodacha díothaithe acu cheana féin agus go raibh leasuithe déanta acu a bhí deartha chun deireadh a chur le ilroinnt cúige agus aontacht pholaitiúil an náisiúin a neartú. Chuaigh smaointeoirí áirithe eile i bhfad ní b' fhaide ná lucht an "forlámhas eagnaí", ag tacú le flaitheas an phobail agus na poblachta daonlathaí. I gceisteanna eacnamaíochta, mheas formhór na smaointeoirí na hEagnaíochta go raibh iomaíocht agus saormhargaí le leas na sochaí, agus bhí siad ar son saorthrádála agus ​cosanta dlí do réadmhaoin phríobháideach. Tá baint ag teoiricí eacnamaíocha na bhfiseacratach agus sruthanna eile in eacnamaíocht pholaitiúil bhuirgéiseach (m.sh. Adam Smith) leis an Eagnaíocht. Bhí tuairimí na staire mar thréith ag tús eisiamh diagachta ón míniú den phróiseas stairiúil agus dearcadh an-diúltach i leith na Meánaoiseanna, a dearbhaíodh mar ré aineolais, fanaiceachta, claontachta reiligiúnaí agus tíorántachta. Ba shaintréith den Eagnaíocht adhradh ársaíochta freisin, ré inar lorg na fealsúna deimhniú ar a n-idéalacha féin. Rud eile a bhí tipiciúil i dtuairimí ar stair ná an creideamh i bhforás, go raibh cúrsaí cultúrtha, trádála agus teicneolaíochta ag dul chun cinn go seasta. Tháinig cur chuige stairiúil domhanda chun cinn, is é sin le rá, coincheap an chine dhaonna mar aonán aontaithe, agus an creideamh go raibh forbairt stairiúil faoi réir ​“dhlíthe nádúrtha” áirithe. == Tagairtí == <references />https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/enlightenment {{DEFAULTSORT:Eagnaíocht}} [[Catagóir:An Eagnaíocht| ]] [[Catagóir:18ú haois]] [[Catagóir:Stair na fealsúnachta]] [[Catagóir:Stair na hEorpa]] [[Catagóir:Cultúr an iarthair]] [[Catagóir:Eolaíocht]] rq0u3jehixi0xihzptswe2nppfjgzlc 1269421 1269418 2025-06-11T07:32:40Z 49.237.36.180 1269421 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Íomhá:ENC 1-NA5 600px.jpeg|mion|Leathanach teidil de chéad imleabhar na ciclipéide ar chuir [[Denis Diderot|Diderot]] agus [[Jean le Rond d'Alembert|d'Alembert]] in eagar idir 1751 agus 1772 í: ''L'Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers'' (Gaeilge: 'An Ciclipéid, nó Foclóir Réasúnta na nEalaíon agus na gCeard'). Tá an Chiclipéid seo ar cheann de mhór-shaothair na hEagnaíochta''.'']] Is éard atá i gceist leis '''an Eagnaíocht''', nó '''Ré na hEagnaíochta''', ná [[gluaiseacht chultúrtha]] a tháinig ar an bhfód i measc aos eagna na h[[An Eoraip|Eorpa]] san [[18ú haois]] (1715-1789), agus a leathnaigh amach ina dhiaidh sin go dtí na háiteanna a bhí faoi anáil na hEorpa ag an am ([[Meiriceá Thuaidh|Meiriceá]], srl.). Chuir smaointeoirí na hEagnaíochta béim nua ar fhorbairt [[eolaíocht]]a agus intinne agus é mar sprioc acu sochaí agus eolas a fheabhsú agus a chur chun cinn. Ag an am céanna, dhéanfaidís iarracht fáil réidh le piseoga agus le héadulaingt na heaglaise agus le héagóir an stáit. D'imir aireagán an chlóphreasa tionchar nach beag ar leathadh amach luachanna nua na hEagnaíochta ar fud an domhain. == Sainmhíniú== I roinnt tíortha in Iarthar na hEorpa, bhí an ghluaiseacht chomh leathan agus chomh chumhachtach gur chreid fiú a lucht comhaimsire go raibh Ré na hEagnaíochta tugtha in áit “an Ré Dhorcha”. I dteangacha eile na hEorpa, rinneadh ceangal idir smaointe nua na hEagnaíochta agus an 'soilsiú' - .i. an léargas nua - a tharraingíodar: ''The Enlightenment'' a tugadh ar an dtréimhse seo i mBéarla, agus ''Die Aufklärung'' i nGearmáinis (Gaeilge: 'An Soilsiú') agus ''Siècle des Lumières'' (Gaeilge: 'Céad na Soilse') i bhFraincis. Amanta, tugtar An Soilsiú nó Ré an tSoilsithe uirthi i nGaeilge leis. Tá téarmaí don ré a thagann ón soilsiú le fáil i scríbhinní Voltaire agus J. G. von Herder, agus bunaíodh a leitheid de tearmaí go cinntitheach tar éis fhoilsiú alt Kant “Was ist Aufklärung?” ('Cad í eagnaíocht?') i 1784. == Comhthéacs == D’fhorbair an Eagnaíocht le linn athrú sóisialta ón [[feodachas]] go [[Caipitleachas|gcaipitleachas]], agus an chumhacht ag athrú ón uaisle na talún go dtí an mheánaicme. Bhí go leor ceangail agus cosúlachtaí idir Eagnaíocht Iarthar na hEorpa agus an [[An Renaissance|Athbheochan]]. Fuair ​​an Eagnaíocht oidhreacht ón Athbheochan ó thaobh a chuid idéil daonnaíochta, a hardmheas ar an tseandacht chlasaiceach, muinín i ndul chun cinn, agus saorsmaointeoireacht. Rinne an Athbheochan agus an Eagnaíocht araon athbhreithniú ar sheanluachanna agus chaith siad amhras ar dogmaí feodacha agus eaglasta, traidisiúin agus údaráis. Mar sin féin, tháinig idé-eolaíocht na heagnaíochta chun cinn ag céim níos aibí d’fhoirmiú an struchtúir chaipitlíoch agus dá bhrí sin, bhí a critíc ar an bhfeodachas níos géire agus níos doimhne ná san Athbheochan. Mar gheall gur bhreathnaigh siad ar an tsaoirse pholaitiúil agus ar an gcomhionannas sibhialta mar bhunchloch na sochaí ​atá struchtúrtha go maith, dhírigh siad a gcáineadh i gcoinne forlámhas na monarcachta absalóidí, chomh maith leis an eaglais. Bhí an Eagnaíocht tábhachtach chun an bonn a bhaint ó na cumhachtaí a bhuanaigh an córas feodach. Go háirithe sa [[An Fhrainc|Fhrainc]], is féidir breathnú ar an Eagnaíocht mar ullmhúchán díreach idé-eolaíoch don [[Réabhlóid na Fraince|réabhlóid bourgeois 1788]]. [[Íomhá:Frans Hals - Portret van René Descartes.jpg|mion|Fealsamh, matamaiticeoir, agus fisiceoir Francach [[René Descartes]] (1596-1650)]] In Iarthar na hEorpa, tháinig tréimhse dul chun cinn ginearálta, go háirithe sa [[17ú haois]], maidir le heolas praiticiúil a bheadh ​​riachtanach do táirgeachta ábhair, trádála agus loingseoireachta. Chuir Hobbes, [[René Descartes|Descartes]], [[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]], [[Isaac Newton|Newton]], Spinoza, agus [[René Descartes|Cartesigh]] ​na [[An Ísiltír|hÍsiltíre]] go mór le saoradh na heolaíochta ó údarás na heaglaise. Spreag a gcuid oibre fás tapa na n-eolaíochtaí nádúrtha - [[fisic]], [[matamaitic]], [[meicnic]], agus [[réalteolaíocht]] - agus bunú ábharachas nua-aimseartha, dul chun cinn eolaíoch agus teicneolaíochta a chuaigh in éineacht le agus cuir le foirmiú na hidé-eolaíochta frithfheodach. == Saintréithe ginearálta == D’fhorbair go leor smaointeoirí na hEagnaíochta teagasca ábharaíocha bunaithe ar an smaoineamh gurb é an t-ábhar an t-aon réaltacht amháin, agus éagsúlacht gan teorainn airíonna ann. Ina gcuid poileimicí i gcoinne an teagaisc dhiachúil gur chruthaigh Dia an domhan, agus go mbraitheann oibrithe an tsaoil seo ar an Chruthaitheoir, mheas smaointeoirí na hEagnaíochta (faoi thionchar eolaíochta Newton) ​nádúr a bheith mar inneall ollmhór a thionscnamh ​an Cruthaitheoir agus a oibríonn de réir dlíthe an nádúir, ach gan idirghabháil leanúnach. [[:en:Deism|Dias]] a thugtar ar an chineál creidimh seo. I dteoiric an eolais acu, d’fhorbair fealsúna na hEagnaíochta cur chuige bunaithe ar chéadfaíochas a dhiúltaigh smaointe dúchasacha a bheith ann (smaointe faoi Dia mar shampla) agus dhearbhaigh siad gurb iad braistintí agus aireachtáil ón domhan seachtrach an t-aon fhoinse eolais an duine.[[Íomhá:Rousseau.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] (1712 - 1778), duine de mhór-smaointeoirí na hEagnaíochta.|clé]] Chuireadh teoiricí réasúnachais na sochaí agus an stáit, eitice, agus fiú reiligiúin i gcoinne na dogmaí reiligiúnacha agus feodacha, m.sh. ceart diaga ríthe. Bhí baint láidir idir cultúr na hEagnaíochta agus iarrachtaí an struchtúr sóisialta agus institiúidí stáit a chur faoi réir córais réasúin. De réir na smaointeoirí seo, bhí dualgas ar institiúidí dá leithéid oibriú ar son leas an phobail. Bhí teoiricí na ré bunaithe ar choincheapa teibí de nádúr an duine gan athrú a bhí neamhstairiúla agus meitifisiciúla, agus tá siad caite i gcártaí anois den chuid is mó. Ina ainneoin sin, chuir cuid de na smaointe seo (go háirithe teoiric an dlí nádúrtha), díorthaithe ó choincheap an chomhionannas dhúchasaigh dhaonna, bunús idé-eolaíoch ar fáil d’éilimh ar shaoirsí daonlathacha. De réir theoiric an chonartha shóisialta, ní hinstitiúid diaga é an stát, ach institiúid a thagann in áit nuair a dhéantar conradh idir na daoine agus a gceannasaithe. Aithnítear sa teoiric seo an ceart do dhaoine a rialtóirí a bhaint d'oifig má sháraíonn siad coinníollacha an chonartha nó má theip orthu cearta nádúrtha na saoránach a chosaint. [[Íomhá:AdamSmith.jpg|mion|305x305px|Adam Smith]] Chuir cuid de smaointeoirí a muinín i "bhforlámhas eagnaí" agus chreid siad go raibh réimeas absalóideach faoi thionchar smaointe forásacha de dhíth ​chun na hathchóirithe riachtanacha buirgéiseacha a chur i bhfeidhm, toisc go raibh neamhspleáchas polaitiúil na dtiarnaí feodacha díothaithe acu cheana féin agus go raibh leasuithe déanta acu a bhí deartha chun deireadh a chur le ilroinnt cúige agus aontacht pholaitiúil an náisiúin a neartú. Chuaigh smaointeoirí áirithe eile i bhfad ní b' fhaide ná lucht an "forlámhas eagnaí", ag tacú le flaitheas an phobail agus na poblachta daonlathaí. I gceisteanna eacnamaíochta, mheas formhór na smaointeoirí na hEagnaíochta go raibh iomaíocht agus saormhargaí le leas na sochaí, agus bhí siad ar son saorthrádála agus ​cosanta dlí do réadmhaoin phríobháideach. Tá baint ag teoiricí eacnamaíocha na bhfiseacratach agus sruthanna eile in eacnamaíocht pholaitiúil bhuirgéiseach (m.sh. Adam Smith) leis an Eagnaíocht. Bhí tuairimí na staire mar thréith ag tús eisiamh diagachta ón míniú den phróiseas stairiúil agus dearcadh an-diúltach i leith na Meánaoiseanna, a dearbhaíodh mar ré aineolais, fanaiceachta, claontachta reiligiúnaí agus tíorántachta. Ba shaintréith den Eagnaíocht adhradh ársaíochta freisin, ré inar lorg na fealsúna deimhniú ar a n-idéalacha féin. Rud eile a bhí tipiciúil i dtuairimí ar stair ná an creideamh i bhforás, go raibh cúrsaí cultúrtha, trádála agus teicneolaíochta ag dul chun cinn go seasta. Tháinig cur chuige stairiúil domhanda chun cinn, is é sin le rá, coincheap an chine dhaonna mar aonán aontaithe, agus an creideamh go raibh forbairt stairiúil faoi réir ​“dhlíthe nádúrtha” áirithe. == Tagairtí == <references />https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/enlightenment {{DEFAULTSORT:Eagnaíocht}} [[Catagóir:An Eagnaíocht| ]] [[Catagóir:18ú haois]] [[Catagóir:Stair na fealsúnachta]] [[Catagóir:Stair na hEorpa]] [[Catagóir:Cultúr an iarthair]] [[Catagóir:Eolaíocht]] b3vh0nigd1ngk71lvuv8xtsgdd15cgl 0 44360 1269419 1147539 2025-06-11T07:25:45Z 49.237.36.180 1269419 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Íomhá:Parthenon-2008 entzerrt.jpg|300px|mionsamhail|deas|[[An Partanón]] san [[An Aithin|Aithin]] sa lá inniu]] [[Ailtireacht]] a shaothraigh [[cathairstáit]] [[An Ghréig|na Gréige]] sna tréimhsí Ársa is Clasaiceacha (8ú-4ú céad RC) agus a d'fhorbair na ríochtaí Heilléanacha (4ú-2ú céad RC). Sainítear í le húsáid cloiche nó [[Marmar|marmair]] i dtógáil poist agus lindéir ar nós a chloígh le prionsabail agus foirmeacha na [[Foirgneamh|bhfoirgneamh]] adhmaid a bhíodh ann roimhe sin. Is iad seo na bunghnéithe: an colún, an [[taibhléadan]] is an díon claonta, le mionsonraí feabhsaithe thar na blianta go raibh aontacht dhána shimplí sa dearadh. Baineadh úsáid as maisiúchán chun cur leis an dearadh, ach ní chun an dearadh a cheilt. Threoraítí an dearadh de réir ord amháin den 3 ord ailtireachta, Dórach, Iónach, nó [[Corainteach]] (ní raibh an t-ord [[Tuscánach]] ná an t-ord cumaisc ag na Gréagaigh). Ba í [[an Partanón]] san [[An Aithin|Aithin]] (447-438 RC) an buaicphointe. Tionchar thar na bearta aici ar chuid mhór d'ailtireacht an iarthair síos go dtí an lá inniu.<ref name="FreamhanEolais">{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Hussey|first=Matt|author-link=Matthew Hussey|title=Ailtireacht na Gréige|encyclopedia=[[Fréamh an Eolais]]|language=ga|date=2011|publisher=[[Coiscéim]]|page=20}}</ref> == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} {{Fréamh an Eolais}} {{síol}} [[Catagóir:Stíleanna ailtireachta|G]] [[Catagóir:An tSean-Ghréig]] 49cg3w5aesot568qj6mnm0q4cc8bj4n 1269420 1269419 2025-06-11T07:27:16Z 49.237.36.180 1269420 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Íomhá:Parthenon-2008 entzerrt.jpg|300px|mionsamhail|deas|[[An Partanón]] san [[An Aithin|Aithin]] sa lá inniu]] [[Ailtireacht]] a shaothraigh [[cathairstáit]] [[An Ghréig|na Gréige]] sna tréimhsí Ársa is Clasaiceacha (8ú-4ú céad RC) agus a d'fhorbair na ríochtaí Heilléanacha (4ú-2ú céad RC). Sainítear í le húsáid cloiche nó [[Marmar|marmair]] i dtógáil poist agus lindéir i modh a chloígh le prionsabail agus foirmeacha na [[Foirgneamh|bhfoirgneamh]] adhmaid a bhíodh ann roimhe sin. Is iad seo na bunghnéithe: an colún, an [[taibhléadan]] is an díon claonta, le mionsonraí feabhsaithe thar na blianta go raibh aontacht dhána shimplí sa dearadh. Baineadh úsáid as maisiúchán chun cur leis an dearadh, ach ní chun an dearadh a cheilt. Threoraítí an dearadh de réir ord amháin den 3 ord ailtireachta, Dórach, Iónach, nó [[Corainteach]] (ní raibh an t-ord [[Tuscánach]] ná an t-ord cumaisc ag na Gréagaigh). Ba í [[an Partanón]] san [[An Aithin|Aithin]] (447-438 RC) an buaicphointe. Tionchar thar na bearta aici ar chuid mhór d'ailtireacht an iarthair síos go dtí an lá inniu.<ref name="FreamhanEolais">{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Hussey|first=Matt|author-link=Matthew Hussey|title=Ailtireacht na Gréige|encyclopedia=[[Fréamh an Eolais]]|language=ga|date=2011|publisher=[[Coiscéim]]|page=20}}</ref> == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} {{Fréamh an Eolais}} {{síol}} [[Catagóir:Stíleanna ailtireachta|G]] [[Catagóir:An tSean-Ghréig]] h8y7adxvnava7rt7jh422u9ju9s5ge0 0 44374 1269395 1150063 2025-06-10T23:33:41Z Taghdtaighde 60452 Catagóir curtha leis agus mionathruithe eile 1269395 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Íomhá:SPDC_figure.png|deas|250px|thumb|Fostú candamach]] Airí bunúsach córais [[chandamaigh]], ar chuir [[Erwin Schrödinger]] síos air den chéad uair, inar féidir le dhá chóras chandamacha idirghníomhú ar bhealach nach féidir sa [[Fisic|bhfisic]] chlasaiceach. Coinníonn an dá chóras an comhghaol seo, faoi chúinsí áirithe, ionas gur féidir go mbeidh impleachtaí ag gníomhú ina dhiaidh sin ar chóras amháin díobh ar thoradh tomhais sa chóras eile. Léirfhíoraíodh é seo i dturgnaimh, agus cuimsíonn a fheidhmeanna [[ríomhaireacht chandamach]] is [[teileachumarsáid]] trí [[Cripteagrafaíocht|chripteagrafaíocht]] chandamach. Tugann an aimhréidh míniú ar mhilleadh an phatrún trasnaíochta i [[Turgnamh|dturgnamh]] na scoiltíní dúbailte nuair a dhéantar monatóireacht ar cheann den dá rian, iarmhairt a mheastaí go hearráideach a bheith mínithe le [[prionsabal éiginnteachta Heisenberg]]. Deirtear go bhfuil dhá chóras scoite in aimhréidh nuair nach féidir an [[tonnfheidhm]] a chuireann síos ar chuingriú an dá chóras a fhachtóiriú in dhá thonnfheidhm scoite, ceann le haghaidh gach ceann den dá chóras scoite.<ref name="FreamhanEolais">{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Hussey|first=Matt|author-link=Matthew Hussey|title=Aimhréidh chandamach|encyclopedia=[[Fréamh an Eolais]]|language=ga|date=2011|publisher=[[Coiscéim]]|page=22}}</ref> == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} {{Fréamh an Eolais}} {{síol-fisic}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fostu candamach}} [[Catagóir:Meicnic chandamach]] fsbtk4cfuidho3rukh8wkbll3s6lct5 0 46549 1269399 1149034 2025-06-10T23:39:07Z Taghdtaighde 60452 Catagóir curtha leis agus mionathruithe eile 1269399 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:US-UK strip cipher.jpg|thumb|Gléas Rúnscríobh ([[An Dara Cogadh Domhanda]])]] Is éard atá i gceist leis an '''Cripteagrafaíocht''' ná athrú i bhfoirm teachtaireachta trí [[Cód|chóid]] is rúnscríbhinní chun a brí a cheilt. Seasann códfhocail — i gcódleabhar, de ghnáth, a bhíonn ag an duine a chumann an teachtaireacht agus an duine a bhfuil sí dírithe air — d'fhocail nó frásaí sa bhunteachtaireacht i ngnáth-théacs. I rúnscríbhinn déantar ionadú nó aistriú ar gach litir ar leith de réir rialacha rúnda.<ref name="FreamhanEolais">{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Hussey|first=Matt|author-link=Matthew Hussey|title=Cripteagrafaíocht|encyclopedia=[[Fréamh an Eolais]]|language=ga|date=2011|publisher=[[Coiscéim]]|page=182}}</ref> == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} {{Fréamh an Eolais}} {{Síol-mata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cripteagrafaiocht}} [[catagóir:An cripteagrafaíocht| ]] [[catagóir:Rúndacht]] [[catagóir:Cóid]] b79mr9v9z8ghe941zu0xr0il6qwxb0k 0 50037 1269394 1152708 2025-06-10T23:32:51Z Taghdtaighde 60452 Catagóir curtha leis agus mionathruithe eile 1269394 wikitext text/x-wiki Leathnú ar an [[meicnic staitistiúil]] chun na cúinsí [[Candamach|candamacha]] ar an [[Cáithnín|cáithníní]] aonaracha a chur san áireamh, na teorainneacha a chuireann prionsabal na héiginnteachta go háirithe leo.<ref name="FreamhanEolais">{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Hussey|first=Matt|author-link=Matthew Hussey|title=Meicnic chandamach staitistiúil|encyclopedia=[[Fréamh an Eolais]]|language=ga|date=2011|publisher=[[Coiscéim]]|page=447}}</ref> == Féach freisin == * [[Meicnic chandamach]] * [[Meicnic staitistiúil]] * [[Fostú candamach]] == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Meicnic chandamach staitistiuil}} [[Catagóir:Meicnic chandamach|*]] [[Catagóir:Meicnic staitistiúil]] [[Catagóir:Staidreamh]] {{Fréamh an Eolais}} {{Síol-mata}} 6gnrs5e5fzehpwz0jxae5bwkcm16m5j 0 52287 1269398 1238714 2025-06-10T23:38:10Z Taghdtaighde 60452 Catagóir curtha leis agus mionathruithe eile 1269398 wikitext text/x-wiki Tugtar '''teoiric na faisnéise''' ar theoiric [[Matamaitic|mhatamaiticiúil]] a díorthaíodh ó bhunsaothar na matamaiticeoirí ó na [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Stáit Aontaithe]], [[Claude Shannon]] ([[1916]]-[[2001]]) is Warren Weaver ([[1894]]-[[1978]]), cuimsithe sa leabhar ''The Mathematical Theory of Communication'' (Teoiric Mhatamaiticiúil na Cumarsáide, 1949), agus ó [[Teoiric na dóchúlachta|theoiric na dóchúlachta]]. Baineann sí le sainmhíniú is tomhas an oiread eolais is atá i dteachtaireacht, le [[Cód|códú]] is díchódú eolais, agus le toilleadh tarchur cainéal cumarsáide. Is bunchoincheap gur mó an t-eolas atá i rud inréamhinste. Mar shampla is mó an t-eolas, sa [[An Béarla|Bhéarla]], an z ná an e, agus níl eolas ar bith sa u i ndiaidh q atá lánréamhinste. Pléann an teoiric freisin le fadhb an torainn ([[trasnaíocht]] randamach) ar chainéal, a chuireann isteach ar ghlacadh is díchódú comhartha. Chun baol earráide a laghdú agus éifeacht an chórais a fheabhsú, ba cheart go mbeadh oiread éigin barraíochta sa chomhartha. Mar shampla, san uimhir a úsáidtear chun leabhar a ionannú, an [[Leabharuimhir Chaighdeánach Idirnáisiúnta|ISBN]], tugann an giotán deiridh eolas a ligeann do dhuine seiceáil an bhfuil an chuid eile den uimhir bailí. Bhí, agus tá, an teoiric seo tábhachtach i dtuiscint na gcórais cumarsáide a chur chun cinn agus dearadh na gcód i gcomhair tarchur eolais i ríomhairí. Ní bhaineann brí nó tábhacht an eolais i dteachtaireacht ar bith le hábhar in aon chor.<ref name="FreamhanEolais">{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Hussey|first=Matt|author-link=Matthew Hussey|title=Teoiric na faisnéise|encyclopedia=[[Fréamh an Eolais]]|language=ga|date=2011|publisher=[[Coiscéim]]|page=659}}</ref> == Féach freisin == * [[Ríomhaireacht]] * [[Prionsabal Landauer]] * [[Dlí Zipf]] == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} {{Fréamh an Eolais}} {{Síol-mata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Teoiric na faisneise}} [[Catagóir:Teoiric na faisnéise| ]] [[Catagóir:Cibirnitic]] [[Catagóir:Teoiricí|Faisneis]] [[Catagóir:Faisnéis|*]] 9zpg38biliggh3uuzg9n6ejcafb9p1e 0 54227 1269371 1227855 2025-06-10T16:12:38Z 49.237.203.182 1269371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}} Scríbhneoir Gael-Mheiriceánach is ea '''Séamas Ó Neachtain'''. Tá ficsean, filíocht agus ailt foilsithe aige i nGaeilge. Tá a mhuintir ina gcónaí i Meiriceá le breis is cúig ghlúin. Ní bhfuair sé amach go raibh an Ghaeilge ann mar theanga go dtí go raibh sé ina mhac léinn. D’fhreastail sé ar ranganna Gaeilge san Oileán Fada i [[Nua-Eabhrac (stát)|Nua-Eabhrac]] ar feadh na mblianta agus i gceann tamaill thug sé faoin teanga a mhúineadh. Sa bhliain 2005 ceapadh é mar uachtarán ar [[Cumann Carad na Gaeilge|Chumann Carad na Gaeilge]], ceann de na heagraíochtaí Gaeilge is sine i Meiriceá. Tá sé ina cheannaire ar Scoil Ghaeilge Ghearóid Tóibín agus ina mhúinteoir ann ón mbliain 2009 i leith.<ref>Scoil Ghaeilge Ghearóid Tóibín: http://www.scoilgaeilge.org.</ref> Thosaigh sé ag scríobh cholún Gaeilge don ''National Hibernian Digest'' sa bhliain 2002, agus sa bhliain 2004 d’fhoilsigh sé ''An File ar Buile'', meascán de phrós agus d’fhilíocht. Sa bhliain 2008, d’fhoilsigh sé ''Cogadh Dearg'', úrscéal stairiúil. Ina theannta sin, chuir sé ''[[An Gael]]'', ráitheachán idirnáisiúnta, ar bun. Tá ficsean agus filíocht dá chuid foilsithe in ''[[Feasta]]'' agus in ''[[Comhar]]'', agus bíonn sé ag scríobh ar an [[Idirlíon]]. Roimh dó dul i ngleic leis an nGaeilge bhí sé ina chumadóir ceoil. ==Tagairtí== {{reflist}} ==Foilseacháin== * ''18 Modern Compositions & Etudes for Electric Bass'' (Mel Bay 1984) * ''An File ar Buile'' (Ó Neachtain 2004) * ''Cogadh Dearg'' ([[Coiscéim]] 2008; aistríodh é go Béarla mar ''Red War'', 2009) * ''An File agus Araile: Another Round of Poems in Irish and English'' (Séamas Ó Neachtain 2012) ==Naisc sheachtracha== * [http://www.angaelmagazine.com Suíomh ''An Gael''] * [http://www.scoilgaeilge.org/about/seamas.htm Ábhar beathaisnéise] {{DEFAULTSORT:Neachtain, Seamas O}} [[Catagóir:Scríbhneoirí Gaeilge]] [[Catagóir:Daoine as Nua-Eabhrac]] [[Catagóir:Daoine beo]] 1ly5fl7o7tkagd3ojurm9sxxo8sc49c 0 63486 1269364 1269361 2025-06-10T11:59:08Z MathXplore 44197 Cealaíodh athruithe [[Special:Contributions/Viandelof|Viandelof]] ([[User talk:Viandelof|Plé]]); ar ais chuig leagan le [[User:91.251.196.165|91.251.196.165]] 1257898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Tíreolaíocht Fhisiceach|altres_noms=خلیج فارس (fa)|nom_original=خلیج فارس (fa)}} Is [[farraige]] in iarthar na hÁise í '''Murascaill na Peirse'''.<ref name='Tearma'>{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.tearma.ie/q/Murascaill%20na%20Peirse/|title=“Murascaill na Peirse” {{!}} téarma.ie|publisher=[[An Coiste Téarmaíochta]]|work=[[Téarma.ie]]: An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta don Ghaeilge|access-date=2024-10-20}}</ref> Tá sí suite idir an [[An Iaráin|Iaráin]] agus Leithinis na hAraibe. Tá sí nasctha leis an [[An tAigéan Indiach|Aigéan Indiach]] agus leis an [[An Mheánmhuir|Meánmhuir]]. Déantar a lán [[iascaireacht|iascaireachta]] sa mhurascaill, agus tá sceireacha [[Coiréal|coiréalacha]], agus [[Oisre|oisrí]] péarla ann.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Persian-Gulf|teideal=Persian Gulf {{!}} Definition, Location, Map, Countries, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|dáta=2024-11-15|language=en|work=www.britannica.com|dátarochtana=2024-11-16}}</ref> == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} {{síol}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Murascaill na Peirse}} [[Catagóir:Mara]] tqkq5h00v6oxkty6zc6xlojk2ldwa8c 1269374 1269364 2025-06-10T17:29:30Z Alison 570 Protected "[[Murascaill na Peirse]]": Loitiméaracht ([Cuir in eagar=Cuir cosc ar úsáideoirí neamhchláraithe/nua] (as feidhm 17:29, 17 Meitheamh 2025 (UTC)) [Move=Cuir cosc ar úsáideoirí neamhchláraithe/nua] (as feidhm 17:29, 17 Meitheamh 2025 (UTC))) 1257898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Tíreolaíocht Fhisiceach|altres_noms=خلیج فارس (fa)|nom_original=خلیج فارس (fa)}} Is [[farraige]] in iarthar na hÁise í '''Murascaill na Peirse'''.<ref name='Tearma'>{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.tearma.ie/q/Murascaill%20na%20Peirse/|title=“Murascaill na Peirse” {{!}} téarma.ie|publisher=[[An Coiste Téarmaíochta]]|work=[[Téarma.ie]]: An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta don Ghaeilge|access-date=2024-10-20}}</ref> Tá sí suite idir an [[An Iaráin|Iaráin]] agus Leithinis na hAraibe. Tá sí nasctha leis an [[An tAigéan Indiach|Aigéan Indiach]] agus leis an [[An Mheánmhuir|Meánmhuir]]. Déantar a lán [[iascaireacht|iascaireachta]] sa mhurascaill, agus tá sceireacha [[Coiréal|coiréalacha]], agus [[Oisre|oisrí]] péarla ann.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Persian-Gulf|teideal=Persian Gulf {{!}} Definition, Location, Map, Countries, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|dáta=2024-11-15|language=en|work=www.britannica.com|dátarochtana=2024-11-16}}</ref> == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} {{síol}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Murascaill na Peirse}} [[Catagóir:Mara]] tqkq5h00v6oxkty6zc6xlojk2ldwa8c 2 90902 1269365 1269363 2025-06-10T12:04:14Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Inis Bó Finne */ 1269365 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Litríocht == # [[Murúch]]- # [[Tongu do dia toinges mo thúath]]- # [[Remscéla]]=[[Réamhscéalta]] # [[Bernhard Maier]] # ''[[:en:Foraire Uladh ar Aodh|Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]]'' - [[Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]] # ''[[:en:Lebor Bretnach|Lebor Bretnach]]'' - [[Lebor Bretnach]]=[[Leabhar Breatnach]] # ''[[:en:Dominican Annals of Roscommon|Dominican Annals of Roscommon]]'' - [[Annála Doiminiceacha Ros Comáin]] # ''[[:en:Inchcleraun|Inchcleraun]]'' - [[Inis Cloithrinn]] # ''[[:en:Inchbofin|Inchbofin]]'' - [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí]] # ''[[:en:Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh|Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]]'' - [[Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]] # ''[[:en:Ranna an aeir|Ranna an aeir]]'' - [[Ranna an aeir]] # ''[[:en:Irish Astronomical Tract|Irish Astronomical Tract]]'' - [[]] == Lebor Bretnach == {{tl|teideal iodálach}} {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} '''''Lebor Bretnach''''', [[Irish orthography]] '''''Leabhar Breathnach''''' and sometimes known as the '''Irish Nennius''', is an 11th-century historical work in [[teangacha Gaelacha]], largely consisting of a translation of the ''[[Historia Brittonum]]''. It may have originated in Scotland, although it has traditionally been attributed to the Irish poet [[Gilla Cómáin mac Gilla Samthainde|Gilla Cóemáin]]. == Lámhscríbhinní ''Lebor Bretnach'' exists in five manuscripts: * '''U'''. Baile Átha Cliath, [[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann]], MS 23 E 25 (1229). A 12th-century fragment in the ''[[Lebor na hUidre|Leabhar na hUidhre]]''. * '''B'''. BÁC, ARÉ, MS 23 P 12 (536). A 14th-century manuscript known as the ''[[Leabhar Bhaile an Mhóta]]''. * '''H'''. BÁC, [[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide|Coláiste na Tríonóide]], MS H. 3. 17. Probably written in the 14th or early 15th century. * '''M'''. BÁC, ARÉ, MS Stowe D ii 1. Known as the ''[[Leabhar Ua Maine|Leabhar Uí Mhaine]]'', written before 1423. * '''L'''. BÁC, ARÉ, MS 23 P 2 (535) agus BÁC, CnaT, MS H. 2. 17, Iml. 2 (1319). Known as the ''[[Leabhar Mór Leacáin]]'', written c. 1417.{{sfn|Todd|1848|p=viii}} == Ábhair ''Lebor Bretnach'' is a translation of a 9th-century historical collection purportedly written by Nennius, the ''Historia Brittonum'', but not an entirely literal one. It only summarises the ''Historia Brittonum'' where that work deals with specifically Gaelic matters already familiar to scholars in Ireland and Scotland, and in some other passages it includes additional material taken from, for example, the ''[[Sex Aetates Mundi (Meán-Ghaeilge)|Sex Aetates Mundi]]'', [[Bede]]'s ''[[Ecclesiastical History of the English People|Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum]]'', and a [[na Cruithnigh|Pictish]] king-list.{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=13}}{{sfn|Fitzpatrick-Matthews|2007–2015}} == Údair agus dáta In two manuscripts of ''Lebor Bretnach'', '''H''' and '''M''', the translation is ascribed to the poet Gilla Cóemáin (fl. 1071/2).{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=11}}{{sfn|Fitzpatrick-Matthews|2007–2015}} This ascription is now in doubt,{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=11}} and the historian [[Thomas Owen Clancy]] has suggested that ''Lebor Bretnach'' was instead only intended to be dedicated to Gilla Cóemáin.{{sfn|Fitzpatrick-Matthews|2007–2015}} Traditionally there had been an assumption that the translation had been an Irish work, but Clancy has argued for a Scottish provenance, suggesting an origin at [[Abernethy, Perth and Kinross|Abernethy]], though probably intended for an Irish readership that had perhaps become interested in Scottish literature and history as a result of the military success and prestige of the [[Kingdom of Alba]].{{sfn|Evans|2005|p=700}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clancy |first1=Thomas Owen |year=2000 |chapter=Scotland, the "Nennian" recension of the ''Historia Brittonum'', and the ''Lebor Bretnach'' |editor1-last=Taylor |editor1-first=Simon |title=Kings, Clerics and Chronicles in Scotland 500–1297: Essays in Honour of Marjorie Ogilvie Anderson on the Occasion of her Ninetieth Birthday |location=Dublin |publisher=Four Courts Press |pages=87–107 |isbn=1851825169 }}</ref> It is generally agreed that ''Lebor Bretnach'' dates to the mid or late 11th century.{{sfn|Evans|2005|p=11}}{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=11}} == Eagráin * {{cite book |year=1848 |editor1-last=Todd |editor1-first=James Henthorn |editor1-link=James Henthorn Todd |title=Leabhar Breathnach Annso Sis: The Irish Version of the Historia Britonum of Nennius |location=Baile Átha Cliath |publisher=Irish Archaeological Society | url = https://archive.org/details/leabharbreathnac00nennuoft }}, ar CELT as: [https://celt.ucc.ie//published/G100028/index.html Gaeilge] * {{cite book |year=1937 |editor1-last=van Hamel |editor1-first=A. G. |editor1-link=A. G. van Hamel |title=Lebor Bretnach: The Irish Version of the Historia Britonum Ascribed to Nennius |series=Irish Manuscripts Commission, Volume 5 |location=Baile Átha Cliath |publisher=Oifig an tSoláthair }} == Féach freisin * [[Nennius]] — a Welsh monk of the 9th century * [[Frankish Table of Nations]] — a Latin source for the genealogies == Foinsí * {{citation |last=Dooley |first=Ann |author-link=Ann Dooley |date=2004 |title=Arthur of the Irish: A viable concept? |journal=Arthurian Literature |volume=21 |pages=9–28 }} * {{citation |last=Evans |first=Nicholas |editor-last=Duffy |editor-first=Sean |encyclopedia=Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia |title=Scottish influence |year=2005 |publisher=Routledge |location=Londain |isbn=0415940524 |pages=699–700 }} * {{citation |url=http://www.historiabrittonum.net/?page_id=20 |title=Lebor Bretnach |last1=Fitzpatrick-Matthews |first1=Keith J. |date=2007–2015 |website=Historia Brittonum }} == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Litríocht na hÉireann]] == Annales Dominicani de Roscoman == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} [[Íomhá:Roscommon_Priory_-_aerial_-_2024-12-27_01.jpg|thumb|'' Ruins of Roscommon Dominican Priory]] The '''Dominican Annals of Roscommon''' ({{Lang|la|Annales Dominicani de Roscoman}}) is an [[Annála Éireannacha]], covering events, mainly in Connacht and its neighbouring regions, from 1163 to 1314, spanning the period of the [[Ionradh na Normannach ar Éirinn]] and the early part of [[Tiarnas na hÉireann]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://groups.io/g/Educator-Gold/topic/digital_humanities_digital/334356 | teideal=CELT Project: The Corpus of Electronic Texts | suíomh=groups.io }}</ref> It also mentions some matters to do with the [[na Doiminicigh]], [[An Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach] matters in general, and political relations with [[Ríocht Shasana]].<ref name=adrcelt>{{lua idirlín |url=https://celt.ucc.ie/published/L100015A/ |teideal=Annales Dominicani de Roscoman |suíomh=celt.ucc.ie }}</ref> It was compiled in [[Laidin]] in [[Roscommon Dominican Priory]] (Blackfriars).<ref>Finn, R. (2023:10). ''The Dominicans in the British Isles and Beyond: A New History of the English Province of the Friars Preachers''. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.</ref> The abbey was founded by and supported by the [[Uí Chonchúir]] [[ríthe na gConnacht]]. Occasional examples of pro-O'Connor bias are noted: for example, the [[Blinding (punishment)|blinding]] of Muirchertach Ua Conchobair by his brother, the king [[Ruaidrí mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair|Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair]], is not mentioned, and when the 1193 [[creachadh]] of the monastery on [[Inchcleraun]] is mentioned, it is attributed to [[Gilbert de Lacy]], whereas the [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] mention that [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair]] was also responsible.<ref name=adrcelt/> The largest part of the Annals are attributed to [[Odo O'Hanmerech]] (died in 1306). The annals survive in a seventeenth-century manuscript that once belonged to [[James Ware]]. Among its notable entries are a mention of the drying-up of the River Galvia, apparently an early name for [[Abhainn na Gaillimhe]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://steemit.com/ireland/@harlotscurse/a-sova-potamoy-ekvolai | teideal=Αὐσοβα Ποταμου Εκβολαι | dáta=3ú Meán Fómhair 2018 | suíomh=Steemit }}</ref> == Féach freisin * [[Annála Éireannacha]] == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Annála Éireannacha]] {{síol-ie}} == Inis Cloithrinn == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Séadchomhartha}} 91<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=National Monuments of County Longford in State Care | url = http://www.archaeology.ie/sites/default/files/media/pdf/monuments-in-state-care-longford.pdf | page=1 | suíomh=heritageireland.ie | foilsitheoir=National Monument Service | dátarochtana=2a Iúil 2020 }}</ref> '' '''Inis Cloithrinn''', is an island situated in [[Loch Rí]] on the [[an tSionainn]], in central Ireland.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | teideal=Inchcleraun Island / Quaker Island - Longford - | ainm=Michael | Aoine=Heraghty | dáta=15ú Deireadh Fómhair 2004 | dátarochtana=22a Meitheamh 2016 | archive-date=8ú Lúnasa 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160808025929/http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/historical-features-of-co/islands/ | teideal=Islands }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/longford/inchcleraun/ | teideal=Inchcleraun (quaker island), County Longford }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordtourism.ie/see-do/attractions/lough-ree/ | teideal=Lough Ree }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> '' The island is home to the ruins of St. Diarmaid's Monastery, a [[mainistir]] founded by [[Diarmaid the Just]] in AD 560. These buildings constitute a [[Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]]. == An Inis '' Inis Cloithrinn is an island of {{Convert|57.7|ha|abbr=on}} located in the centre of [[Loch Rí]], with [[Cnoc an Chrochaire]], Contae Ros Comáin to its west and [[Baile Nua an Chaisil]], Contae Longfoirt to its east. [[Íomhá:Inchcleraun Monastery.jpg|thumb|Mainister Inis Cloithrinn]] == Stair '' The island takes its name from Irish for "[[Cloithre]]'s Island". In [[Miotaseolaíocht na nGael]], Clothru was a daughter of [[Eochaid Feidlech]], then [[ardrí na hÉireann]]. She became the Queen of Connacht after her father's death, and once owned the island. Her sister, [[Medb]], retired to Inchcleraun after Medb's husband [[Ailill mac Máta]] killed her lover [[Fergus mac Róich]]. One point is called '' Grianán Maebha '', and nearby is ''Ionad Marbhtha Meidhbhe'', where she was killed by a stone thrown from [[Elfeet Castle]], on the Longford side of the lake. In other versions of the legend, it is a lump of cheese fired from a [[slingshot]] by a nephew of Clothru.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordlibrary.ie/lib_arc_inside.aspx?id=15036 | teideal=Longford Library | ainm=Longford | sloinne=Library }}</ref> [[Íomhá:Myths and legends; the Celtic race (1910) (14596952367).jpg|thumb|'' "The Death of Maev" ([[T. W. Rolleston]], 1910); Forbay with [[sling (weapon)|sling]] in foreground, Medb bathing in the background.]] '' The name "Quaker Island" is more recent, and owes to the island being owned at one time by [[Cumann na gCarad|Caecar]]. The island is today owned by the Irish state. == Tagairtí annálacha == *'''719''' St Sionnach of Inchcleraun died on 20 April. *'''769''' Curoi, the son of Alniadh, Abbot and Sage of Inchcleraun, and of Caill Fochladha ([[Loch Dairbhreach]]) in Meath died. *'''780''' Eochaidh, the son of Focartach, Abbot of Fochladha and of Inchcleraun, died. *'''1010''' The men of [[an Mhumhain]] plundered Inchcleraun and [[Inis Bó Finne]] *'''1050''' Inchcleraun was plundered. *'''1087''' The fleet of the men of Munster, with [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], sailed on the Shannon to Lough Ree and plundered the islands of the lake (inc. Inchcleraun) *'''1136''' [[Áed Ua Finn]], the [[Bishop of Kilmore|Bishop of Bréifne]], died in Inchcleraun *'''1141''' Giolla na Naomh Mac Fearghail, chief of the people of [[an Anaíle]], the most prosperous man in Ireland, died at a great age and was buried at Inchcleraun. *'''1150''' Morogh, the son of the above, the tower of splendour and nobility in East [[Connacht]] died in Inchcleraun. *'''1160''' Gilla na Naomh Ó Duinn, [[ollamh Éireann]] of Inchcleraun, teacher of history and poetry sent his spirit to the Supreme Father amidst a choir of angels on the 17th day of December in the year of his 58th birthday. *'''1167''' Cinaeth Ua Cethearnaigh, Priest of Inchcleraun died. *'''1168''' Dubhcobhlach, the daughter of O'Quinn, wife of Mac Corgamna, died and was interred in Inchcleraun *'''1170''' Diarmaid Ó Briain, [[Coarb]] of Comman, was chief senior of the east of Connaught, died in Inchcleraun in the 95th year of his age. *'''1174''' Rory O'Carroll, Lord of [[Éile]], was slain in the middle of Inchcleraun *'''1189''' It was at Inchcleraun on Lough Ree that the [[hostage]]s of [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair]] were kept at the time. *'''1193''' Inchcleraun was plundered by the sons of Costelloe and by the sons of O'Connor Maon-Moy *'''1232''' Tiapraide O' Breen, Coarb of [[Comán mac Faelchon]], an ecclesiastic learned in History and Law, died on his pilgrimage on the island of Inchcleraun *'''1244''' Donnchad mac Fíngein Ó Conchobhair, who was the grandson of Hugh, son of Torlogh O'Connor, [[Bishop of Elphin]], died 23 April on Inchcleraun, and was interred in the [[Mainistir na Búille]]. == Foirgnimh == '' Between 800 and 1300 the island and its churches were repeatedly plundered and burned by invaders, so the buildings are in ruins today. Six of the island's churches are surrounded by an [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]] in the southeast corner of the island. === Teampall Diarmada '' Teampall Diarmada is the monastery founded by Saint [[Diarmaid the Just]] (who was a teacher of [[Ciarán of Clonmacnoise]]) in 540 AD. This church once had a stone roof.<ref name=newtowncashel>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> === Teampall Mór '' Teampall Mór stands within four metres to the north of Teampall Diarmada. It consists of a single nave. Its plain masonry walls are in relatively good condition. There are two lancet windows at the east end, which are long, narrow and recessed. The windows on the south side have the appearance of later additions and are unsymmetrical. All traces of doors have vanished, but the opes, which have been arched and protected by the Board of Works, seem to indicate the position of a west door and an entrance on the north side to the cloister. An upper chamber exists. '' The interior walls of the church were once plastered. The walls have lost their distinctive features of detail, except for the east window, which is similar in construction to that of the Teampall Clogas. The interior arch of the east window is circular, built of four stones. The exterior has only two stones forming a pointed arch. '' There is the remains of an altar, built of rubble work but without the altar slab. The door in the south wall of the nave has a circular moulding. The north door is only a gap. '' This church is situated a short distance to the south of the cluster of churches. It is more modern in appearance than any of the others. At the north-west corner is a more modern chamber with no visible entrance. Near this church, half buried with its face downward is a stone bearing incised on its surface a Celtic interlaced cross with an Irish inscription.<ref name=newtowncashel/> === Templemurry '' Templemurry is the largest church on the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> According to local lore, any woman who enters Templemurray will die within a year. === Teampall Clogas '' Teampall Clogas is one of the churches, and stands alone at the highest point of the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> It has a square [[clogas]], which is attached to the main building. Most churches of this era had [[Irish round tower|round towers]], separate from the main building. It is located on the northern part of the island and is visible from the shoreline. On the plan the church is rectangular, being {{Convert|10.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} by {{Convert|5.1|m|ft|abbr=on}}. == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]] == Inis Bó Finne == :''Gan bheith measctha le [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na Gaillimhe]] agus [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae Dhún na nGall]]. Féach [[Inis Bó Finne]] (Idirdhealán). Is oileán suite i [[Loch Rí]] ar an [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]] is ea '''Inis Bó Finne'''.<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=Inis Bó Finne | url=http://www.logainm.ie/ga/50983 | dátarochtana=2022-11-24 | suíomh=logainm.ie | teanga=ga }}</ref> == An inis '' Inis Bó Finne is an island of {{Convert|26.6|ha|abbr=on}} located in the eastern arm of [[Loch Rí]], with [[An Teanga, Contae na hIarmhí]] the nearest village. == Stair 213 '' Saint [[Ríoch]] is said to have founded a Christian monastery on Inis Bó Finne in AD 530.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/westmeath/inchbofin/ | teideal=Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí }}</ref> The [[Laidin]] [[calque]]s ''Īnsula Vaccae Albae'' or ''Īnsula Vitulae Albae'' are also used on occasion.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/lakelands-of-westmeath/lough-ree/islands-of-lough-ree/inchboffin/ | teideal=Inchboffin }}</ref> The monastery was of the [[Canons Regular of Saint Augustine]]. '' The ''Topographical Dictionary of Ireland'' (1837) said that of Inchbofin's {{convert|64|acre|abbr=on}}, there were {{CONVERT|27|acre|abbr=on}} suitable for [[arable land|arable]] use.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.johngrenham.com/records/lewis.php?civilparishid=2490&civilparish=&county=Westmeath&&search_type=full | teideal=Lewis' Topographical Dictionary | ainm=John | sloinne=Grenham }}</ref> Griffith's Valuation (mid-19th century) mentions three families on the island: Skelly, Connell and Heffernan; the island was owned by Susan Galbraith. In the 1911 census, there were 13 people living on the island, of the same 3 families.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/search/results.jsp?census_year=1911&surname=&exact=&firstname=&county19011911=Westmeath&county1821=&county1831=&county1841=&county1851=&townland=inchbofin&ded=&age=&sex=&relationToHead=&religion=&education=&occupation=&marriageStatus=&marriageYears=&childrenBorn=&childrenLiving=&birthplace=&language=&deafdumb=&search=Search&sort=&pageSize=&houseNumber=&familiesNumber=&malesNumber=&femalesNumber=&maleServNumber=&femaleServNumber=&estChurchNumber=&romanCatNumber=&presbNumberDiv=&protNumber=&parish=&barony=&yearsMarried=&causeOfDeath=&yearOfDeath=&familyId=&ageInMonths=&pager.offset=0 | teideal=National Archives: Census of Ireland 1911 }}</ref> '' In the winter of 2009, the [[Irish Air Corps]] sent a helicopter to the island to deliver cattle fodder for the last farmer on the island, John Connell, after Loch Rí froze solid.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.independent.ie/life/travel/ireland/secret-ireland-lough-ree-26692248.html | teideal=Secret Ireland: Lough Ree | foilsitheoir=Independent.ie }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2010/01/13/3993995-air-corps-comes-to-athlone-to-deliver-fodder-to-lough-ree-islands | teideal=Air Corps comes to Athlone to deliver fodder to Lough Ree islands | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref>. He was the last permanent resident of the island and died on 12 February 2018.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2018/02/13/4152121-end-of-an-era-as-last-islander-passes/ | teideal=End of an era as last islander sies | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref> == Tagairtí annálacha Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM), [[Annála Inis Faithlinn]] (AIF), [[Annála Tiarnaigh]] (AT), [[Annála Uladh]] (AU) * '''ACM 750.3''': '' Fiangalach, mac Anmchadha, mic Maoile Curaich, abb Insi Bo Finne for Loch Ribh[, d'écc]<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005A/text058.html | title=Part 58 of Annals of the Four Masters | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AU 755.5''': ..., '' Fiangalach m. Anmchada filii Maele Curaich abb Innse Bo Finne for Loch Ri ... mortui sunt<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100001A.html | title=The Annals of Ulster | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AIF 922.2''': '' Tomrair mc. Elgi, iarla do Gallaib ... luid for Loch Rí coro oirg a h-uile inse, ... * '''AIF 1016.1''': '' Sloged mór la mc. m-[[Brian Bóraimhe|Briain]] co Loch Rí coro ort<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrand]] & Inis Bó Finne * '''ACM 1089.8''': '' Cobhlach Fer Mumhan .i. im [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], do thiachtain for [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]], & for [[Loch Rí|Loch Ribh]] co ro airccset<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> cealla an locha, .i. [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrann]], Inis Bó Finne, Inis Aingginn [''Hare Island''] & Cluain Eamhain<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005B/text019.html | teideal=Annála na gCeithre Máistrí (cuid 19) | publisher=CELT }}</ref> * '''AT 1089.1''': '' Coblach mor la Muirchertach h-Úa mBriain ríg Muman for Sinaind & for Loch Ri, co ro aírgset Inis Bo Finde & Inis Clothrann... == Foirgnimh '' The remains of two churches survive on Inchbofin. One (12th century) is at the north-eastern point of the island and has an irregular [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]]. It consists of a [[nave]], [[transept]] and [[sacristy]]. To the north of the altar is a [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] window, and above a window is a carving of a bishop's head. The smaller church ruin to the south is from the 12th/13th centuries.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/site/2460/ | teideal=Inchbofin, St Rioch | suíomh=The Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain & Ireland }}</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:An tSionainn]] == Foclóireacht == # [[Foclóireacht na Gaeilge]] # [[Leabharlann an Ard Easpaig Marsh]]=[[Leabharlann Marsh]]- # [[foclóir.ie]]=[[focloir.ie]] == An Féineachas == [[An Féineachas]] (agus/nó b'fhéidir [[Seanchas]] / [[Béaloideas]]). Spreagtha ag ''[[:en:Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2025/March#8 March 2025|Recent additions, 8 March 2025]]'' ''[https://dil.ie/34117 othrus]'' ≈ fulaingt tinnis/othrais. Teimpléid; * [[Teimpléad:WD Bosca Sonraí Doiciméad]] * [[Teimpléad:efn]] Nuashonraithe (lámhscríbhinní): # [[Senchas Már]] (SM) # [[Bechbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Bechbretha agus Coibes Uisci Thairdne|SM #21]]) # [[Bretha Crólige]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #33]]) # [[Críth Gablach]] (MacA) # [[Gúbretha Caratniad]] ([[Bodleian Library]], [[Rawlinson B 502]]) As nua, iomlán: # [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici]] (CIH) # [[Sanas Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] (MacA) # [[Cethairṡlicht Athgabálae]] ([[Senchas Már#Cethairslicht Athgabálae|SM #2]]) # [[Sechtae]] ([[Senchas Már#Sechtae|SM #9]]) # [[Recholl Breth]] (SM #13) # [[Bretha Déin Chécht]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #34]]) # [[Muirbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Clár ábhar|SM #38]]) # [[Anfuigell]] (m.s., CnaT, LS 1387; MacA) # [[Berrad Airechta]] (CnaT, LS 1337) # [[Bretha Étgid]] ([[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann|ARÉ]] LS 23 P 3) # [[Cóic Conara Fugill]] (m.s., [[Uraicecht Becc]], [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Di Astud Chor]] (''via'' [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Mellbretha]] ([[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide|CnaT]], LS 1363) # [[Uí Lochlainn]] # [[Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] # [[CnaT BÁC, LS 1317]], [[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath, LS 1317]] # [[Bóaire]] # [[Coinmheadh is buannacht]] # [[Brehon Law Commission]] # [[Mac Aodhagáin]] &rightarrow; [[Mhic Aodhagáin]] # [[John Lynch (Gratianus Lucius)]] # [[Fearghas Ó Ceallaigh]] # [[Leabharlann COBÁC]] # [[Cathair Mhic Neachtain]] # [[Thom McGinty]] As nua, síolta: # [[Dlí Ceilteach]]- # [[Gabháil chine]]- # [[Cyfraith Hywel]]- # [[Galanas]]- # [[Accessus ad auctores]]- # [[Hapax legomenon]]- # [[Robert Atkinson]]- == Dlí luath na hÉireann == Fainic: sách fada, mionchúiseach agus as Béarla, mar bharr ar an donas. The particular "[https://www.teanglann.ie/ga/fgb/féineachas An] [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20Irish%20law/ Féineachas]" aside, I'm looking at the general phrase "early Irish law". My dad was a fishmonger and was always careful to say about his produce "smoked Irish salmon" and not "Irish smoked salmon", if you see the difference. Is it then "early law of ..." or "law of early ..."? Is "Irish" the language (surely not), the culture, the people or the nation, and in what period? Should "early" be translated as luath or moch? If luath, should it be "luath-" or "- luath"? Given those options, "early Irish law" could be anything from "luathdhlí Gaelach" to "dlí na hÉireann moiche" and points in between. I favour the former. Similarly, for "Celtic law" I favour "dlí Ceilteach", i.e., the culture not the people (the Celts, ... na gCeilteach). Notes: * Moch: cf. [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20modern%20irish/ Nua-Ghaeilge Mhoch] on téarma.ie * "Irish": Gaelach, na nGael, Éireannach, na hÉireann? * What about Welsh, English or Roman law? {{Dlí luath na hÉireann}} == Téamh domhanda == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir Ann cheana: * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] ''Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy 'Cúis'eanna nua: # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas # [[Astaíocht charbóin]] '' Carbon emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture ayxnv8iqrcvnvp6a8odpncm6vku6tl6 1269367 1269365 2025-06-10T15:18:15Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Tagairtí annálacha */ 1269367 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Litríocht == # [[Murúch]]- # [[Tongu do dia toinges mo thúath]]- # [[Remscéla]]=[[Réamhscéalta]] # [[Bernhard Maier]] # ''[[:en:Foraire Uladh ar Aodh|Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]]'' - [[Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]] # ''[[:en:Lebor Bretnach|Lebor Bretnach]]'' - [[Lebor Bretnach]]=[[Leabhar Breatnach]] # ''[[:en:Dominican Annals of Roscommon|Dominican Annals of Roscommon]]'' - [[Annála Doiminiceacha Ros Comáin]] # ''[[:en:Inchcleraun|Inchcleraun]]'' - [[Inis Cloithrinn]] # ''[[:en:Inchbofin|Inchbofin]]'' - [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí]] # ''[[:en:Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh|Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]]'' - [[Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]] # ''[[:en:Ranna an aeir|Ranna an aeir]]'' - [[Ranna an aeir]] # ''[[:en:Irish Astronomical Tract|Irish Astronomical Tract]]'' - [[]] == Lebor Bretnach == {{tl|teideal iodálach}} {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} '''''Lebor Bretnach''''', [[Irish orthography]] '''''Leabhar Breathnach''''' and sometimes known as the '''Irish Nennius''', is an 11th-century historical work in [[teangacha Gaelacha]], largely consisting of a translation of the ''[[Historia Brittonum]]''. It may have originated in Scotland, although it has traditionally been attributed to the Irish poet [[Gilla Cómáin mac Gilla Samthainde|Gilla Cóemáin]]. == Lámhscríbhinní ''Lebor Bretnach'' exists in five manuscripts: * '''U'''. Baile Átha Cliath, [[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann]], MS 23 E 25 (1229). A 12th-century fragment in the ''[[Lebor na hUidre|Leabhar na hUidhre]]''. * '''B'''. BÁC, ARÉ, MS 23 P 12 (536). A 14th-century manuscript known as the ''[[Leabhar Bhaile an Mhóta]]''. * '''H'''. BÁC, [[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide|Coláiste na Tríonóide]], MS H. 3. 17. Probably written in the 14th or early 15th century. * '''M'''. BÁC, ARÉ, MS Stowe D ii 1. Known as the ''[[Leabhar Ua Maine|Leabhar Uí Mhaine]]'', written before 1423. * '''L'''. BÁC, ARÉ, MS 23 P 2 (535) agus BÁC, CnaT, MS H. 2. 17, Iml. 2 (1319). Known as the ''[[Leabhar Mór Leacáin]]'', written c. 1417.{{sfn|Todd|1848|p=viii}} == Ábhair ''Lebor Bretnach'' is a translation of a 9th-century historical collection purportedly written by Nennius, the ''Historia Brittonum'', but not an entirely literal one. It only summarises the ''Historia Brittonum'' where that work deals with specifically Gaelic matters already familiar to scholars in Ireland and Scotland, and in some other passages it includes additional material taken from, for example, the ''[[Sex Aetates Mundi (Meán-Ghaeilge)|Sex Aetates Mundi]]'', [[Bede]]'s ''[[Ecclesiastical History of the English People|Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum]]'', and a [[na Cruithnigh|Pictish]] king-list.{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=13}}{{sfn|Fitzpatrick-Matthews|2007–2015}} == Údair agus dáta In two manuscripts of ''Lebor Bretnach'', '''H''' and '''M''', the translation is ascribed to the poet Gilla Cóemáin (fl. 1071/2).{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=11}}{{sfn|Fitzpatrick-Matthews|2007–2015}} This ascription is now in doubt,{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=11}} and the historian [[Thomas Owen Clancy]] has suggested that ''Lebor Bretnach'' was instead only intended to be dedicated to Gilla Cóemáin.{{sfn|Fitzpatrick-Matthews|2007–2015}} Traditionally there had been an assumption that the translation had been an Irish work, but Clancy has argued for a Scottish provenance, suggesting an origin at [[Abernethy, Perth and Kinross|Abernethy]], though probably intended for an Irish readership that had perhaps become interested in Scottish literature and history as a result of the military success and prestige of the [[Kingdom of Alba]].{{sfn|Evans|2005|p=700}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clancy |first1=Thomas Owen |year=2000 |chapter=Scotland, the "Nennian" recension of the ''Historia Brittonum'', and the ''Lebor Bretnach'' |editor1-last=Taylor |editor1-first=Simon |title=Kings, Clerics and Chronicles in Scotland 500–1297: Essays in Honour of Marjorie Ogilvie Anderson on the Occasion of her Ninetieth Birthday |location=Dublin |publisher=Four Courts Press |pages=87–107 |isbn=1851825169 }}</ref> It is generally agreed that ''Lebor Bretnach'' dates to the mid or late 11th century.{{sfn|Evans|2005|p=11}}{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=11}} == Eagráin * {{cite book |year=1848 |editor1-last=Todd |editor1-first=James Henthorn |editor1-link=James Henthorn Todd |title=Leabhar Breathnach Annso Sis: The Irish Version of the Historia Britonum of Nennius |location=Baile Átha Cliath |publisher=Irish Archaeological Society | url = https://archive.org/details/leabharbreathnac00nennuoft }}, ar CELT as: [https://celt.ucc.ie//published/G100028/index.html Gaeilge] * {{cite book |year=1937 |editor1-last=van Hamel |editor1-first=A. G. |editor1-link=A. G. van Hamel |title=Lebor Bretnach: The Irish Version of the Historia Britonum Ascribed to Nennius |series=Irish Manuscripts Commission, Volume 5 |location=Baile Átha Cliath |publisher=Oifig an tSoláthair }} == Féach freisin * [[Nennius]] — a Welsh monk of the 9th century * [[Frankish Table of Nations]] — a Latin source for the genealogies == Foinsí * {{citation |last=Dooley |first=Ann |author-link=Ann Dooley |date=2004 |title=Arthur of the Irish: A viable concept? |journal=Arthurian Literature |volume=21 |pages=9–28 }} * {{citation |last=Evans |first=Nicholas |editor-last=Duffy |editor-first=Sean |encyclopedia=Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia |title=Scottish influence |year=2005 |publisher=Routledge |location=Londain |isbn=0415940524 |pages=699–700 }} * {{citation |url=http://www.historiabrittonum.net/?page_id=20 |title=Lebor Bretnach |last1=Fitzpatrick-Matthews |first1=Keith J. |date=2007–2015 |website=Historia Brittonum }} == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Litríocht na hÉireann]] == Annales Dominicani de Roscoman == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} [[Íomhá:Roscommon_Priory_-_aerial_-_2024-12-27_01.jpg|thumb|'' Ruins of Roscommon Dominican Priory]] The '''Dominican Annals of Roscommon''' ({{Lang|la|Annales Dominicani de Roscoman}}) is an [[Annála Éireannacha]], covering events, mainly in Connacht and its neighbouring regions, from 1163 to 1314, spanning the period of the [[Ionradh na Normannach ar Éirinn]] and the early part of [[Tiarnas na hÉireann]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://groups.io/g/Educator-Gold/topic/digital_humanities_digital/334356 | teideal=CELT Project: The Corpus of Electronic Texts | suíomh=groups.io }}</ref> It also mentions some matters to do with the [[na Doiminicigh]], [[An Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach] matters in general, and political relations with [[Ríocht Shasana]].<ref name=adrcelt>{{lua idirlín |url=https://celt.ucc.ie/published/L100015A/ |teideal=Annales Dominicani de Roscoman |suíomh=celt.ucc.ie }}</ref> It was compiled in [[Laidin]] in [[Roscommon Dominican Priory]] (Blackfriars).<ref>Finn, R. (2023:10). ''The Dominicans in the British Isles and Beyond: A New History of the English Province of the Friars Preachers''. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.</ref> The abbey was founded by and supported by the [[Uí Chonchúir]] [[ríthe na gConnacht]]. Occasional examples of pro-O'Connor bias are noted: for example, the [[Blinding (punishment)|blinding]] of Muirchertach Ua Conchobair by his brother, the king [[Ruaidrí mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair|Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair]], is not mentioned, and when the 1193 [[creachadh]] of the monastery on [[Inchcleraun]] is mentioned, it is attributed to [[Gilbert de Lacy]], whereas the [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] mention that [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair]] was also responsible.<ref name=adrcelt/> The largest part of the Annals are attributed to [[Odo O'Hanmerech]] (died in 1306). The annals survive in a seventeenth-century manuscript that once belonged to [[James Ware]]. Among its notable entries are a mention of the drying-up of the River Galvia, apparently an early name for [[Abhainn na Gaillimhe]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://steemit.com/ireland/@harlotscurse/a-sova-potamoy-ekvolai | teideal=Αὐσοβα Ποταμου Εκβολαι | dáta=3ú Meán Fómhair 2018 | suíomh=Steemit }}</ref> == Féach freisin * [[Annála Éireannacha]] == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Annála Éireannacha]] {{síol-ie}} == Inis Cloithrinn == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Séadchomhartha}} 91<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=National Monuments of County Longford in State Care | url = http://www.archaeology.ie/sites/default/files/media/pdf/monuments-in-state-care-longford.pdf | page=1 | suíomh=heritageireland.ie | foilsitheoir=National Monument Service | dátarochtana=2a Iúil 2020 }}</ref> '' '''Inis Cloithrinn''', is an island situated in [[Loch Rí]] on the [[an tSionainn]], in central Ireland.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | teideal=Inchcleraun Island / Quaker Island - Longford - | ainm=Michael | Aoine=Heraghty | dáta=15ú Deireadh Fómhair 2004 | dátarochtana=22a Meitheamh 2016 | archive-date=8ú Lúnasa 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160808025929/http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/historical-features-of-co/islands/ | teideal=Islands }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/longford/inchcleraun/ | teideal=Inchcleraun (quaker island), County Longford }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordtourism.ie/see-do/attractions/lough-ree/ | teideal=Lough Ree }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> '' The island is home to the ruins of St. Diarmaid's Monastery, a [[mainistir]] founded by [[Diarmaid the Just]] in AD 560. These buildings constitute a [[Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]]. == An Inis '' Inis Cloithrinn is an island of {{Convert|57.7|ha|abbr=on}} located in the centre of [[Loch Rí]], with [[Cnoc an Chrochaire]], Contae Ros Comáin to its west and [[Baile Nua an Chaisil]], Contae Longfoirt to its east. [[Íomhá:Inchcleraun Monastery.jpg|thumb|Mainister Inis Cloithrinn]] == Stair '' The island takes its name from Irish for "[[Cloithre]]'s Island". In [[Miotaseolaíocht na nGael]], Clothru was a daughter of [[Eochaid Feidlech]], then [[ardrí na hÉireann]]. She became the Queen of Connacht after her father's death, and once owned the island. Her sister, [[Medb]], retired to Inchcleraun after Medb's husband [[Ailill mac Máta]] killed her lover [[Fergus mac Róich]]. One point is called '' Grianán Maebha '', and nearby is ''Ionad Marbhtha Meidhbhe'', where she was killed by a stone thrown from [[Elfeet Castle]], on the Longford side of the lake. In other versions of the legend, it is a lump of cheese fired from a [[slingshot]] by a nephew of Clothru.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordlibrary.ie/lib_arc_inside.aspx?id=15036 | teideal=Longford Library | ainm=Longford | sloinne=Library }}</ref> [[Íomhá:Myths and legends; the Celtic race (1910) (14596952367).jpg|thumb|'' "The Death of Maev" ([[T. W. Rolleston]], 1910); Forbay with [[sling (weapon)|sling]] in foreground, Medb bathing in the background.]] '' The name "Quaker Island" is more recent, and owes to the island being owned at one time by [[Cumann na gCarad|Caecar]]. The island is today owned by the Irish state. === Tagairtí annálacha === Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM) * '''ACM 719.2:''' '' S. Sionach Innsi Clothrann d'écc an fichetmhadh lá do mí April. *'''769''' Curoi, the son of Alniadh, Abbot and Sage of Inchcleraun, and of Caill Fochladha ([[Loch Dairbhreach]]) in Meath died. * '''ACM 780.6:''' Eochaidh mac Focartai, abb Fochladha, & Insi Clothrann, [d'ecc] *'''1010''' The men of [[an Mhumhain]] plundered Inchcleraun and [[Inis Bó Finne]] *'''1050''' Inchcleraun was plundered. *'''1087''' The fleet of the men of Munster, with [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], sailed on the Shannon to Lough Ree and plundered the islands of the lake (inc. Inchcleraun) *'''1136''' [[Áed Ua Finn]], the [[Bishop of Kilmore|Bishop of Bréifne]], died in Inchcleraun *'''1141''' Giolla na Naomh Mac Fearghail, chief of the people of [[an Anaíle]], the most prosperous man in Ireland, died at a great age and was buried at Inchcleraun. *'''1150''' Morogh, the son of the above, the tower of splendour and nobility in East [[Connacht]] died in Inchcleraun. *'''1160''' Gilla na Naomh Ó Duinn, [[ollamh Éireann]] of Inchcleraun, teacher of history and poetry sent his spirit to the Supreme Father amidst a choir of angels on the 17th day of December in the year of his 58th birthday. *'''1167''' Cinaeth Ua Cethearnaigh, Priest of Inchcleraun died. *'''1168''' Dubhcobhlach, the daughter of O'Quinn, wife of Mac Corgamna, died and was interred in Inchcleraun *'''1170''' Diarmaid Ó Briain, [[Coarb]] of Comman, was chief senior of the east of Connaught, died in Inchcleraun in the 95th year of his age. *'''1174''' Rory O'Carroll, Lord of [[Éile]], was slain in the middle of Inchcleraun *'''1189''' It was at Inchcleraun on Lough Ree that the [[hostage]]s of [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair]] were kept at the time. *'''1193''' Inchcleraun was plundered by the sons of Costelloe and by the sons of O'Connor Maon-Moy *'''1232''' Tiapraide O' Breen, Coarb of [[Comán mac Faelchon]], an ecclesiastic learned in History and Law, died on his pilgrimage on the island of Inchcleraun *'''1244''' Donnchad mac Fíngein Ó Conchobhair, who was the grandson of Hugh, son of Torlogh O'Connor, [[Bishop of Elphin]], died 23 April on Inchcleraun, and was interred in the [[Mainistir na Búille]]. == Foirgnimh == '' Between 800 and 1300 the island and its churches were repeatedly plundered and burned by invaders, so the buildings are in ruins today. Six of the island's churches are surrounded by an [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]] in the southeast corner of the island. === Teampall Diarmada '' Teampall Diarmada is the monastery founded by Saint [[Diarmaid the Just]] (who was a teacher of [[Ciarán of Clonmacnoise]]) in 540 AD. This church once had a stone roof.<ref name=newtowncashel>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> === Teampall Mór '' Teampall Mór stands within four metres to the north of Teampall Diarmada. It consists of a single nave. Its plain masonry walls are in relatively good condition. There are two lancet windows at the east end, which are long, narrow and recessed. The windows on the south side have the appearance of later additions and are unsymmetrical. All traces of doors have vanished, but the opes, which have been arched and protected by the Board of Works, seem to indicate the position of a west door and an entrance on the north side to the cloister. An upper chamber exists. '' The interior walls of the church were once plastered. The walls have lost their distinctive features of detail, except for the east window, which is similar in construction to that of the Teampall Clogas. The interior arch of the east window is circular, built of four stones. The exterior has only two stones forming a pointed arch. '' There is the remains of an altar, built of rubble work but without the altar slab. The door in the south wall of the nave has a circular moulding. The north door is only a gap. '' This church is situated a short distance to the south of the cluster of churches. It is more modern in appearance than any of the others. At the north-west corner is a more modern chamber with no visible entrance. Near this church, half buried with its face downward is a stone bearing incised on its surface a Celtic interlaced cross with an Irish inscription.<ref name=newtowncashel/> === Templemurry '' Templemurry is the largest church on the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> According to local lore, any woman who enters Templemurray will die within a year. === Teampall Clogas '' Teampall Clogas is one of the churches, and stands alone at the highest point of the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> It has a square [[clogas]], which is attached to the main building. Most churches of this era had [[Irish round tower|round towers]], separate from the main building. It is located on the northern part of the island and is visible from the shoreline. On the plan the church is rectangular, being {{Convert|10.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} by {{Convert|5.1|m|ft|abbr=on}}. == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]] == Inis Bó Finne == :''Gan bheith measctha le [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na Gaillimhe]] agus [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae Dhún na nGall]]. Féach [[Inis Bó Finne]] (Idirdhealán). Is oileán suite i [[Loch Rí]] ar an [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]] is ea '''Inis Bó Finne'''.<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=Inis Bó Finne | url=http://www.logainm.ie/ga/50983 | dátarochtana=2022-11-24 | suíomh=logainm.ie | teanga=ga }}</ref> == An inis '' Inis Bó Finne is an island of {{Convert|26.6|ha|abbr=on}} located in the eastern arm of [[Loch Rí]], with [[An Teanga, Contae na hIarmhí]] the nearest village. == Stair 213 '' Saint [[Ríoch]] is said to have founded a Christian monastery on Inis Bó Finne in AD 530.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/westmeath/inchbofin/ | teideal=Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí }}</ref> The [[Laidin]] [[calque]]s ''Īnsula Vaccae Albae'' or ''Īnsula Vitulae Albae'' are also used on occasion.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/lakelands-of-westmeath/lough-ree/islands-of-lough-ree/inchboffin/ | teideal=Inchboffin }}</ref> The monastery was of the [[Canons Regular of Saint Augustine]]. '' The ''Topographical Dictionary of Ireland'' (1837) said that of Inchbofin's {{convert|64|acre|abbr=on}}, there were {{CONVERT|27|acre|abbr=on}} suitable for [[arable land|arable]] use.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.johngrenham.com/records/lewis.php?civilparishid=2490&civilparish=&county=Westmeath&&search_type=full | teideal=Lewis' Topographical Dictionary | ainm=John | sloinne=Grenham }}</ref> Griffith's Valuation (mid-19th century) mentions three families on the island: Skelly, Connell and Heffernan; the island was owned by Susan Galbraith. In the 1911 census, there were 13 people living on the island, of the same 3 families.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/search/results.jsp?census_year=1911&surname=&exact=&firstname=&county19011911=Westmeath&county1821=&county1831=&county1841=&county1851=&townland=inchbofin&ded=&age=&sex=&relationToHead=&religion=&education=&occupation=&marriageStatus=&marriageYears=&childrenBorn=&childrenLiving=&birthplace=&language=&deafdumb=&search=Search&sort=&pageSize=&houseNumber=&familiesNumber=&malesNumber=&femalesNumber=&maleServNumber=&femaleServNumber=&estChurchNumber=&romanCatNumber=&presbNumberDiv=&protNumber=&parish=&barony=&yearsMarried=&causeOfDeath=&yearOfDeath=&familyId=&ageInMonths=&pager.offset=0 | teideal=National Archives: Census of Ireland 1911 }}</ref> '' In the winter of 2009, the [[Irish Air Corps]] sent a helicopter to the island to deliver cattle fodder for the last farmer on the island, John Connell, after Loch Rí froze solid.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.independent.ie/life/travel/ireland/secret-ireland-lough-ree-26692248.html | teideal=Secret Ireland: Lough Ree | foilsitheoir=Independent.ie }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2010/01/13/3993995-air-corps-comes-to-athlone-to-deliver-fodder-to-lough-ree-islands | teideal=Air Corps comes to Athlone to deliver fodder to Lough Ree islands | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref>. He was the last permanent resident of the island and died on 12 February 2018.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2018/02/13/4152121-end-of-an-era-as-last-islander-passes/ | teideal=End of an era as last islander sies | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref> == Tagairtí annálacha Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM), [[Annála Inis Faithlinn]] (AIF), [[Annála Tiarnaigh]] (AT), [[Annála Uladh]] (AU) * '''ACM 750.3''': '' Fiangalach, mac Anmchadha, mic Maoile Curaich, abb Insi Bo Finne for Loch Ribh[, d'écc]<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005A/text058.html | title=Part 58 of Annals of the Four Masters | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AU 755.5''': ..., '' Fiangalach m. Anmchada filii Maele Curaich abb Innse Bo Finne for Loch Ri ... mortui sunt<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100001A.html | title=The Annals of Ulster | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AIF 922.2''': '' Tomrair mc. Elgi, iarla do Gallaib ... luid for Loch Rí coro oirg a h-uile inse, ... * '''AIF 1016.1''': '' Sloged mór la mc. m-[[Brian Bóraimhe|Briain]] co Loch Rí coro ort<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrand]] & Inis Bó Finne * '''ACM 1089.8''': '' Cobhlach Fer Mumhan .i. im [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], do thiachtain for [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]], & for [[Loch Rí|Loch Ribh]] co ro airccset<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> cealla an locha, .i. [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrann]], Inis Bó Finne, Inis Aingginn [''Hare Island''] & Cluain Eamhain<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005B/text019.html | teideal=Annála na gCeithre Máistrí (cuid 19) | publisher=CELT }}</ref> * '''AT 1089.1''': '' Coblach mor la Muirchertach h-Úa mBriain ríg Muman for Sinaind & for Loch Ri, co ro aírgset Inis Bo Finde & Inis Clothrann... == Foirgnimh '' The remains of two churches survive on Inchbofin. One (12th century) is at the north-eastern point of the island and has an irregular [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]]. It consists of a [[nave]], [[transept]] and [[sacristy]]. To the north of the altar is a [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] window, and above a window is a carving of a bishop's head. The smaller church ruin to the south is from the 12th/13th centuries.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/site/2460/ | teideal=Inchbofin, St Rioch | suíomh=The Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain & Ireland }}</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:An tSionainn]] == Foclóireacht == # [[Foclóireacht na Gaeilge]] # [[Leabharlann an Ard Easpaig Marsh]]=[[Leabharlann Marsh]]- # [[foclóir.ie]]=[[focloir.ie]] == An Féineachas == [[An Féineachas]] (agus/nó b'fhéidir [[Seanchas]] / [[Béaloideas]]). Spreagtha ag ''[[:en:Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2025/March#8 March 2025|Recent additions, 8 March 2025]]'' ''[https://dil.ie/34117 othrus]'' ≈ fulaingt tinnis/othrais. Teimpléid; * [[Teimpléad:WD Bosca Sonraí Doiciméad]] * [[Teimpléad:efn]] Nuashonraithe (lámhscríbhinní): # [[Senchas Már]] (SM) # [[Bechbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Bechbretha agus Coibes Uisci Thairdne|SM #21]]) # [[Bretha Crólige]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #33]]) # [[Críth Gablach]] (MacA) # [[Gúbretha Caratniad]] ([[Bodleian Library]], [[Rawlinson B 502]]) As nua, iomlán: # [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici]] (CIH) # [[Sanas Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] (MacA) # [[Cethairṡlicht Athgabálae]] ([[Senchas Már#Cethairslicht Athgabálae|SM #2]]) # [[Sechtae]] ([[Senchas Már#Sechtae|SM #9]]) # [[Recholl Breth]] (SM #13) # [[Bretha Déin Chécht]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #34]]) # [[Muirbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Clár ábhar|SM #38]]) # [[Anfuigell]] (m.s., CnaT, LS 1387; MacA) # [[Berrad Airechta]] (CnaT, LS 1337) # [[Bretha Étgid]] ([[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann|ARÉ]] LS 23 P 3) # [[Cóic Conara Fugill]] (m.s., [[Uraicecht Becc]], [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Di Astud Chor]] (''via'' [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Mellbretha]] ([[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide|CnaT]], LS 1363) # [[Uí Lochlainn]] # [[Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] # [[CnaT BÁC, LS 1317]], [[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath, LS 1317]] # [[Bóaire]] # [[Coinmheadh is buannacht]] # [[Brehon Law Commission]] # [[Mac Aodhagáin]] &rightarrow; [[Mhic Aodhagáin]] # [[John Lynch (Gratianus Lucius)]] # [[Fearghas Ó Ceallaigh]] # [[Leabharlann COBÁC]] # [[Cathair Mhic Neachtain]] # [[Thom McGinty]] As nua, síolta: # [[Dlí Ceilteach]]- # [[Gabháil chine]]- # [[Cyfraith Hywel]]- # [[Galanas]]- # [[Accessus ad auctores]]- # [[Hapax legomenon]]- # [[Robert Atkinson]]- == Dlí luath na hÉireann == Fainic: sách fada, mionchúiseach agus as Béarla, mar bharr ar an donas. The particular "[https://www.teanglann.ie/ga/fgb/féineachas An] [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20Irish%20law/ Féineachas]" aside, I'm looking at the general phrase "early Irish law". My dad was a fishmonger and was always careful to say about his produce "smoked Irish salmon" and not "Irish smoked salmon", if you see the difference. Is it then "early law of ..." or "law of early ..."? Is "Irish" the language (surely not), the culture, the people or the nation, and in what period? Should "early" be translated as luath or moch? If luath, should it be "luath-" or "- luath"? Given those options, "early Irish law" could be anything from "luathdhlí Gaelach" to "dlí na hÉireann moiche" and points in between. I favour the former. Similarly, for "Celtic law" I favour "dlí Ceilteach", i.e., the culture not the people (the Celts, ... na gCeilteach). Notes: * Moch: cf. [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20modern%20irish/ Nua-Ghaeilge Mhoch] on téarma.ie * "Irish": Gaelach, na nGael, Éireannach, na hÉireann? * What about Welsh, English or Roman law? {{Dlí luath na hÉireann}} == Téamh domhanda == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir Ann cheana: * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] ''Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy 'Cúis'eanna nua: # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas # [[Astaíocht charbóin]] '' Carbon emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture ktrr3nnorf0arddwb99yq739iunyujg 1269368 1269367 2025-06-10T15:25:42Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Tagairtí annálacha */ 1269368 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Litríocht == # [[Murúch]]- # [[Tongu do dia toinges mo thúath]]- # [[Remscéla]]=[[Réamhscéalta]] # [[Bernhard Maier]] # ''[[:en:Foraire Uladh ar Aodh|Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]]'' - [[Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]] # ''[[:en:Lebor Bretnach|Lebor Bretnach]]'' - [[Lebor Bretnach]]=[[Leabhar Breatnach]] # ''[[:en:Dominican Annals of Roscommon|Dominican Annals of Roscommon]]'' - [[Annála Doiminiceacha Ros Comáin]] # ''[[:en:Inchcleraun|Inchcleraun]]'' - [[Inis Cloithrinn]] # ''[[:en:Inchbofin|Inchbofin]]'' - [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí]] # ''[[:en:Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh|Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]]'' - [[Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]] # ''[[:en:Ranna an aeir|Ranna an aeir]]'' - [[Ranna an aeir]] # ''[[:en:Irish Astronomical Tract|Irish Astronomical Tract]]'' - [[]] == Lebor Bretnach == {{tl|teideal iodálach}} {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} '''''Lebor Bretnach''''', [[Irish orthography]] '''''Leabhar Breathnach''''' and sometimes known as the '''Irish Nennius''', is an 11th-century historical work in [[teangacha Gaelacha]], largely consisting of a translation of the ''[[Historia Brittonum]]''. It may have originated in Scotland, although it has traditionally been attributed to the Irish poet [[Gilla Cómáin mac Gilla Samthainde|Gilla Cóemáin]]. == Lámhscríbhinní ''Lebor Bretnach'' exists in five manuscripts: * '''U'''. Baile Átha Cliath, [[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann]], MS 23 E 25 (1229). A 12th-century fragment in the ''[[Lebor na hUidre|Leabhar na hUidhre]]''. * '''B'''. BÁC, ARÉ, MS 23 P 12 (536). A 14th-century manuscript known as the ''[[Leabhar Bhaile an Mhóta]]''. * '''H'''. BÁC, [[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide|Coláiste na Tríonóide]], MS H. 3. 17. Probably written in the 14th or early 15th century. * '''M'''. BÁC, ARÉ, MS Stowe D ii 1. Known as the ''[[Leabhar Ua Maine|Leabhar Uí Mhaine]]'', written before 1423. * '''L'''. BÁC, ARÉ, MS 23 P 2 (535) agus BÁC, CnaT, MS H. 2. 17, Iml. 2 (1319). Known as the ''[[Leabhar Mór Leacáin]]'', written c. 1417.{{sfn|Todd|1848|p=viii}} == Ábhair ''Lebor Bretnach'' is a translation of a 9th-century historical collection purportedly written by Nennius, the ''Historia Brittonum'', but not an entirely literal one. It only summarises the ''Historia Brittonum'' where that work deals with specifically Gaelic matters already familiar to scholars in Ireland and Scotland, and in some other passages it includes additional material taken from, for example, the ''[[Sex Aetates Mundi (Meán-Ghaeilge)|Sex Aetates Mundi]]'', [[Bede]]'s ''[[Ecclesiastical History of the English People|Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum]]'', and a [[na Cruithnigh|Pictish]] king-list.{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=13}}{{sfn|Fitzpatrick-Matthews|2007–2015}} == Údair agus dáta In two manuscripts of ''Lebor Bretnach'', '''H''' and '''M''', the translation is ascribed to the poet Gilla Cóemáin (fl. 1071/2).{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=11}}{{sfn|Fitzpatrick-Matthews|2007–2015}} This ascription is now in doubt,{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=11}} and the historian [[Thomas Owen Clancy]] has suggested that ''Lebor Bretnach'' was instead only intended to be dedicated to Gilla Cóemáin.{{sfn|Fitzpatrick-Matthews|2007–2015}} Traditionally there had been an assumption that the translation had been an Irish work, but Clancy has argued for a Scottish provenance, suggesting an origin at [[Abernethy, Perth and Kinross|Abernethy]], though probably intended for an Irish readership that had perhaps become interested in Scottish literature and history as a result of the military success and prestige of the [[Kingdom of Alba]].{{sfn|Evans|2005|p=700}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clancy |first1=Thomas Owen |year=2000 |chapter=Scotland, the "Nennian" recension of the ''Historia Brittonum'', and the ''Lebor Bretnach'' |editor1-last=Taylor |editor1-first=Simon |title=Kings, Clerics and Chronicles in Scotland 500–1297: Essays in Honour of Marjorie Ogilvie Anderson on the Occasion of her Ninetieth Birthday |location=Dublin |publisher=Four Courts Press |pages=87–107 |isbn=1851825169 }}</ref> It is generally agreed that ''Lebor Bretnach'' dates to the mid or late 11th century.{{sfn|Evans|2005|p=11}}{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=11}} == Eagráin * {{cite book |year=1848 |editor1-last=Todd |editor1-first=James Henthorn |editor1-link=James Henthorn Todd |title=Leabhar Breathnach Annso Sis: The Irish Version of the Historia Britonum of Nennius |location=Baile Átha Cliath |publisher=Irish Archaeological Society | url = https://archive.org/details/leabharbreathnac00nennuoft }}, ar CELT as: [https://celt.ucc.ie//published/G100028/index.html Gaeilge] * {{cite book |year=1937 |editor1-last=van Hamel |editor1-first=A. G. |editor1-link=A. G. van Hamel |title=Lebor Bretnach: The Irish Version of the Historia Britonum Ascribed to Nennius |series=Irish Manuscripts Commission, Volume 5 |location=Baile Átha Cliath |publisher=Oifig an tSoláthair }} == Féach freisin * [[Nennius]] — a Welsh monk of the 9th century * [[Frankish Table of Nations]] — a Latin source for the genealogies == Foinsí * {{citation |last=Dooley |first=Ann |author-link=Ann Dooley |date=2004 |title=Arthur of the Irish: A viable concept? |journal=Arthurian Literature |volume=21 |pages=9–28 }} * {{citation |last=Evans |first=Nicholas |editor-last=Duffy |editor-first=Sean |encyclopedia=Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia |title=Scottish influence |year=2005 |publisher=Routledge |location=Londain |isbn=0415940524 |pages=699–700 }} * {{citation |url=http://www.historiabrittonum.net/?page_id=20 |title=Lebor Bretnach |last1=Fitzpatrick-Matthews |first1=Keith J. |date=2007–2015 |website=Historia Brittonum }} == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Litríocht na hÉireann]] == Annales Dominicani de Roscoman == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} [[Íomhá:Roscommon_Priory_-_aerial_-_2024-12-27_01.jpg|thumb|'' Ruins of Roscommon Dominican Priory]] The '''Dominican Annals of Roscommon''' ({{Lang|la|Annales Dominicani de Roscoman}}) is an [[Annála Éireannacha]], covering events, mainly in Connacht and its neighbouring regions, from 1163 to 1314, spanning the period of the [[Ionradh na Normannach ar Éirinn]] and the early part of [[Tiarnas na hÉireann]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://groups.io/g/Educator-Gold/topic/digital_humanities_digital/334356 | teideal=CELT Project: The Corpus of Electronic Texts | suíomh=groups.io }}</ref> It also mentions some matters to do with the [[na Doiminicigh]], [[An Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach] matters in general, and political relations with [[Ríocht Shasana]].<ref name=adrcelt>{{lua idirlín |url=https://celt.ucc.ie/published/L100015A/ |teideal=Annales Dominicani de Roscoman |suíomh=celt.ucc.ie }}</ref> It was compiled in [[Laidin]] in [[Roscommon Dominican Priory]] (Blackfriars).<ref>Finn, R. (2023:10). ''The Dominicans in the British Isles and Beyond: A New History of the English Province of the Friars Preachers''. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.</ref> The abbey was founded by and supported by the [[Uí Chonchúir]] [[ríthe na gConnacht]]. Occasional examples of pro-O'Connor bias are noted: for example, the [[Blinding (punishment)|blinding]] of Muirchertach Ua Conchobair by his brother, the king [[Ruaidrí mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair|Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair]], is not mentioned, and when the 1193 [[creachadh]] of the monastery on [[Inchcleraun]] is mentioned, it is attributed to [[Gilbert de Lacy]], whereas the [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] mention that [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair]] was also responsible.<ref name=adrcelt/> The largest part of the Annals are attributed to [[Odo O'Hanmerech]] (died in 1306). The annals survive in a seventeenth-century manuscript that once belonged to [[James Ware]]. Among its notable entries are a mention of the drying-up of the River Galvia, apparently an early name for [[Abhainn na Gaillimhe]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://steemit.com/ireland/@harlotscurse/a-sova-potamoy-ekvolai | teideal=Αὐσοβα Ποταμου Εκβολαι | dáta=3ú Meán Fómhair 2018 | suíomh=Steemit }}</ref> == Féach freisin * [[Annála Éireannacha]] == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Annála Éireannacha]] {{síol-ie}} == Inis Cloithrinn == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Séadchomhartha}} 91<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=National Monuments of County Longford in State Care | url = http://www.archaeology.ie/sites/default/files/media/pdf/monuments-in-state-care-longford.pdf | page=1 | suíomh=heritageireland.ie | foilsitheoir=National Monument Service | dátarochtana=2a Iúil 2020 }}</ref> '' '''Inis Cloithrinn''', is an island situated in [[Loch Rí]] on the [[an tSionainn]], in central Ireland.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | teideal=Inchcleraun Island / Quaker Island - Longford - | ainm=Michael | Aoine=Heraghty | dáta=15ú Deireadh Fómhair 2004 | dátarochtana=22a Meitheamh 2016 | archive-date=8ú Lúnasa 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160808025929/http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/historical-features-of-co/islands/ | teideal=Islands }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/longford/inchcleraun/ | teideal=Inchcleraun (quaker island), County Longford }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordtourism.ie/see-do/attractions/lough-ree/ | teideal=Lough Ree }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> '' The island is home to the ruins of St. Diarmaid's Monastery, a [[mainistir]] founded by [[Diarmaid the Just]] in AD 560. These buildings constitute a [[Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]]. == An Inis '' Inis Cloithrinn is an island of {{Convert|57.7|ha|abbr=on}} located in the centre of [[Loch Rí]], with [[Cnoc an Chrochaire]], Contae Ros Comáin to its west and [[Baile Nua an Chaisil]], Contae Longfoirt to its east. [[Íomhá:Inchcleraun Monastery.jpg|thumb|Mainister Inis Cloithrinn]] == Stair '' The island takes its name from Irish for "[[Cloithre]]'s Island". In [[Miotaseolaíocht na nGael]], Clothru was a daughter of [[Eochaid Feidlech]], then [[ardrí na hÉireann]]. She became the Queen of Connacht after her father's death, and once owned the island. Her sister, [[Medb]], retired to Inchcleraun after Medb's husband [[Ailill mac Máta]] killed her lover [[Fergus mac Róich]]. One point is called '' Grianán Maebha '', and nearby is ''Ionad Marbhtha Meidhbhe'', where she was killed by a stone thrown from [[Elfeet Castle]], on the Longford side of the lake. In other versions of the legend, it is a lump of cheese fired from a [[slingshot]] by a nephew of Clothru.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordlibrary.ie/lib_arc_inside.aspx?id=15036 | teideal=Longford Library | ainm=Longford | sloinne=Library }}</ref> [[Íomhá:Myths and legends; the Celtic race (1910) (14596952367).jpg|thumb|'' "The Death of Maev" ([[T. W. Rolleston]], 1910); Forbay with [[sling (weapon)|sling]] in foreground, Medb bathing in the background.]] '' The name "Quaker Island" is more recent, and owes to the island being owned at one time by [[Cumann na gCarad|Caecar]]. The island is today owned by the Irish state. === Tagairtí annálacha === Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM) * '''ACM 719.2:''' '' S. Sionach Innsi Clothrann d'écc an fichetmhadh lá do mí April. *'''769''' Curoi, the son of Alniadh, Abbot and Sage of Inchcleraun, and of Caill Fochladha ([[Loch Dairbhreach]]) in Meath died. * '''ACM 780.6:''' Eochaidh mac Focartai, abb Fochladha, & Insi Clothrann, [d'ecc] *'''1010''' The men of [[an Mhumhain]] plundered Inchcleraun and [[Inis Bó Finne]] * '''ACM 1050.22:''' Inis Clothrand do orccain.<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> *'''1087''' The fleet of the men of Munster, with [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], sailed on the Shannon to Lough Ree and plundered the islands of the lake (inc. Inchcleraun) *'''1136''' [[Áed Ua Finn]], the [[Bishop of Kilmore|Bishop of Bréifne]], died in Inchcleraun *'''1141''' Giolla na Naomh Mac Fearghail, chief of the people of [[an Anaíle]], the most prosperous man in Ireland, died at a great age and was buried at Inchcleraun. *'''1150''' Morogh, the son of the above, the tower of splendour and nobility in East [[Connacht]] died in Inchcleraun. *'''1160''' Gilla na Naomh Ó Duinn, [[ollamh Éireann]] of Inchcleraun, teacher of history and poetry sent his spirit to the Supreme Father amidst a choir of angels on the 17th day of December in the year of his 58th birthday. *'''1167''' Cinaeth Ua Cethearnaigh, Priest of Inchcleraun died. *'''1168''' Dubhcobhlach, the daughter of O'Quinn, wife of Mac Corgamna, died and was interred in Inchcleraun *'''1170''' Diarmaid Ó Briain, [[Coarb]] of Comman, was chief senior of the east of Connaught, died in Inchcleraun in the 95th year of his age. *'''1174''' Rory O'Carroll, Lord of [[Éile]], was slain in the middle of Inchcleraun *'''1189''' It was at Inchcleraun on Lough Ree that the [[hostage]]s of [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair]] were kept at the time. *'''1193''' Inchcleraun was plundered by the sons of Costelloe and by the sons of O'Connor Maon-Moy *'''1232''' Tiapraide O' Breen, Coarb of [[Comán mac Faelchon]], an ecclesiastic learned in History and Law, died on his pilgrimage on the island of Inchcleraun *'''1244''' Donnchad mac Fíngein Ó Conchobhair, who was the grandson of Hugh, son of Torlogh O'Connor, [[Bishop of Elphin]], died 23 April on Inchcleraun, and was interred in the [[Mainistir na Búille]]. == Foirgnimh == '' Between 800 and 1300 the island and its churches were repeatedly plundered and burned by invaders, so the buildings are in ruins today. Six of the island's churches are surrounded by an [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]] in the southeast corner of the island. === Teampall Diarmada '' Teampall Diarmada is the monastery founded by Saint [[Diarmaid the Just]] (who was a teacher of [[Ciarán of Clonmacnoise]]) in 540 AD. This church once had a stone roof.<ref name=newtowncashel>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> === Teampall Mór '' Teampall Mór stands within four metres to the north of Teampall Diarmada. It consists of a single nave. Its plain masonry walls are in relatively good condition. There are two lancet windows at the east end, which are long, narrow and recessed. The windows on the south side have the appearance of later additions and are unsymmetrical. All traces of doors have vanished, but the opes, which have been arched and protected by the Board of Works, seem to indicate the position of a west door and an entrance on the north side to the cloister. An upper chamber exists. '' The interior walls of the church were once plastered. The walls have lost their distinctive features of detail, except for the east window, which is similar in construction to that of the Teampall Clogas. The interior arch of the east window is circular, built of four stones. The exterior has only two stones forming a pointed arch. '' There is the remains of an altar, built of rubble work but without the altar slab. The door in the south wall of the nave has a circular moulding. The north door is only a gap. '' This church is situated a short distance to the south of the cluster of churches. It is more modern in appearance than any of the others. At the north-west corner is a more modern chamber with no visible entrance. Near this church, half buried with its face downward is a stone bearing incised on its surface a Celtic interlaced cross with an Irish inscription.<ref name=newtowncashel/> === Templemurry '' Templemurry is the largest church on the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> According to local lore, any woman who enters Templemurray will die within a year. === Teampall Clogas '' Teampall Clogas is one of the churches, and stands alone at the highest point of the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> It has a square [[clogas]], which is attached to the main building. Most churches of this era had [[Irish round tower|round towers]], separate from the main building. It is located on the northern part of the island and is visible from the shoreline. On the plan the church is rectangular, being {{Convert|10.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} by {{Convert|5.1|m|ft|abbr=on}}. == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]] == Inis Bó Finne == :''Gan bheith measctha le [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na Gaillimhe]] agus [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae Dhún na nGall]]. Féach [[Inis Bó Finne]] (Idirdhealán). Is oileán suite i [[Loch Rí]] ar an [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]] is ea '''Inis Bó Finne'''.<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=Inis Bó Finne | url=http://www.logainm.ie/ga/50983 | dátarochtana=2022-11-24 | suíomh=logainm.ie | teanga=ga }}</ref> == An inis '' Inis Bó Finne is an island of {{Convert|26.6|ha|abbr=on}} located in the eastern arm of [[Loch Rí]], with [[An Teanga, Contae na hIarmhí]] the nearest village. == Stair 213 '' Saint [[Ríoch]] is said to have founded a Christian monastery on Inis Bó Finne in AD 530.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/westmeath/inchbofin/ | teideal=Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí }}</ref> The [[Laidin]] [[calque]]s ''Īnsula Vaccae Albae'' or ''Īnsula Vitulae Albae'' are also used on occasion.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/lakelands-of-westmeath/lough-ree/islands-of-lough-ree/inchboffin/ | teideal=Inchboffin }}</ref> The monastery was of the [[Canons Regular of Saint Augustine]]. '' The ''Topographical Dictionary of Ireland'' (1837) said that of Inchbofin's {{convert|64|acre|abbr=on}}, there were {{CONVERT|27|acre|abbr=on}} suitable for [[arable land|arable]] use.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.johngrenham.com/records/lewis.php?civilparishid=2490&civilparish=&county=Westmeath&&search_type=full | teideal=Lewis' Topographical Dictionary | ainm=John | sloinne=Grenham }}</ref> Griffith's Valuation (mid-19th century) mentions three families on the island: Skelly, Connell and Heffernan; the island was owned by Susan Galbraith. In the 1911 census, there were 13 people living on the island, of the same 3 families.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/search/results.jsp?census_year=1911&surname=&exact=&firstname=&county19011911=Westmeath&county1821=&county1831=&county1841=&county1851=&townland=inchbofin&ded=&age=&sex=&relationToHead=&religion=&education=&occupation=&marriageStatus=&marriageYears=&childrenBorn=&childrenLiving=&birthplace=&language=&deafdumb=&search=Search&sort=&pageSize=&houseNumber=&familiesNumber=&malesNumber=&femalesNumber=&maleServNumber=&femaleServNumber=&estChurchNumber=&romanCatNumber=&presbNumberDiv=&protNumber=&parish=&barony=&yearsMarried=&causeOfDeath=&yearOfDeath=&familyId=&ageInMonths=&pager.offset=0 | teideal=National Archives: Census of Ireland 1911 }}</ref> '' In the winter of 2009, the [[Irish Air Corps]] sent a helicopter to the island to deliver cattle fodder for the last farmer on the island, John Connell, after Loch Rí froze solid.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.independent.ie/life/travel/ireland/secret-ireland-lough-ree-26692248.html | teideal=Secret Ireland: Lough Ree | foilsitheoir=Independent.ie }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2010/01/13/3993995-air-corps-comes-to-athlone-to-deliver-fodder-to-lough-ree-islands | teideal=Air Corps comes to Athlone to deliver fodder to Lough Ree islands | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref>. He was the last permanent resident of the island and died on 12 February 2018.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2018/02/13/4152121-end-of-an-era-as-last-islander-passes/ | teideal=End of an era as last islander sies | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref> == Tagairtí annálacha Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM), [[Annála Inis Faithlinn]] (AIF), [[Annála Tiarnaigh]] (AT), [[Annála Uladh]] (AU) * '''ACM 750.3''': '' Fiangalach, mac Anmchadha, mic Maoile Curaich, abb Insi Bo Finne for Loch Ribh[, d'écc]<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005A/text058.html | title=Part 58 of Annals of the Four Masters | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AU 755.5''': ..., '' Fiangalach m. Anmchada filii Maele Curaich abb Innse Bo Finne for Loch Ri ... mortui sunt<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100001A.html | title=The Annals of Ulster | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AIF 922.2''': '' Tomrair mc. Elgi, iarla do Gallaib ... luid for Loch Rí coro oirg a h-uile inse, ... * '''AIF 1016.1''': '' Sloged mór la mc. m-[[Brian Bóraimhe|Briain]] co Loch Rí coro ort<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrand]] & Inis Bó Finne * '''ACM 1089.8''': '' Cobhlach Fer Mumhan .i. im [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], do thiachtain for [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]], & for [[Loch Rí|Loch Ribh]] co ro airccset<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> cealla an locha, .i. [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrann]], Inis Bó Finne, Inis Aingginn [''Hare Island''] & Cluain Eamhain<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005B/text019.html | teideal=Annála na gCeithre Máistrí (cuid 19) | publisher=CELT }}</ref> * '''AT 1089.1''': '' Coblach mor la Muirchertach h-Úa mBriain ríg Muman for Sinaind & for Loch Ri, co ro aírgset Inis Bo Finde & Inis Clothrann... == Foirgnimh '' The remains of two churches survive on Inchbofin. One (12th century) is at the north-eastern point of the island and has an irregular [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]]. It consists of a [[nave]], [[transept]] and [[sacristy]]. To the north of the altar is a [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] window, and above a window is a carving of a bishop's head. The smaller church ruin to the south is from the 12th/13th centuries.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/site/2460/ | teideal=Inchbofin, St Rioch | suíomh=The Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain & Ireland }}</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:An tSionainn]] == Foclóireacht == # [[Foclóireacht na Gaeilge]] # [[Leabharlann an Ard Easpaig Marsh]]=[[Leabharlann Marsh]]- # [[foclóir.ie]]=[[focloir.ie]] == An Féineachas == [[An Féineachas]] (agus/nó b'fhéidir [[Seanchas]] / [[Béaloideas]]). Spreagtha ag ''[[:en:Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2025/March#8 March 2025|Recent additions, 8 March 2025]]'' ''[https://dil.ie/34117 othrus]'' ≈ fulaingt tinnis/othrais. Teimpléid; * [[Teimpléad:WD Bosca Sonraí Doiciméad]] * [[Teimpléad:efn]] Nuashonraithe (lámhscríbhinní): # [[Senchas Már]] (SM) # [[Bechbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Bechbretha agus Coibes Uisci Thairdne|SM #21]]) # [[Bretha Crólige]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #33]]) # [[Críth Gablach]] (MacA) # [[Gúbretha Caratniad]] ([[Bodleian Library]], [[Rawlinson B 502]]) As nua, iomlán: # [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici]] (CIH) # [[Sanas Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] (MacA) # [[Cethairṡlicht Athgabálae]] ([[Senchas Már#Cethairslicht Athgabálae|SM #2]]) # [[Sechtae]] ([[Senchas Már#Sechtae|SM #9]]) # [[Recholl Breth]] (SM #13) # [[Bretha Déin Chécht]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #34]]) # [[Muirbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Clár ábhar|SM #38]]) # [[Anfuigell]] (m.s., CnaT, LS 1387; MacA) # [[Berrad Airechta]] (CnaT, LS 1337) # [[Bretha Étgid]] ([[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann|ARÉ]] LS 23 P 3) # [[Cóic Conara Fugill]] (m.s., [[Uraicecht Becc]], [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Di Astud Chor]] (''via'' [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Mellbretha]] ([[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide|CnaT]], LS 1363) # [[Uí Lochlainn]] # [[Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] # [[CnaT BÁC, LS 1317]], [[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath, LS 1317]] # [[Bóaire]] # [[Coinmheadh is buannacht]] # [[Brehon Law Commission]] # [[Mac Aodhagáin]] &rightarrow; [[Mhic Aodhagáin]] # [[John Lynch (Gratianus Lucius)]] # [[Fearghas Ó Ceallaigh]] # [[Leabharlann COBÁC]] # [[Cathair Mhic Neachtain]] # [[Thom McGinty]] As nua, síolta: # [[Dlí Ceilteach]]- # [[Gabháil chine]]- # [[Cyfraith Hywel]]- # [[Galanas]]- # [[Accessus ad auctores]]- # [[Hapax legomenon]]- # [[Robert Atkinson]]- == Dlí luath na hÉireann == Fainic: sách fada, mionchúiseach agus as Béarla, mar bharr ar an donas. The particular "[https://www.teanglann.ie/ga/fgb/féineachas An] [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20Irish%20law/ Féineachas]" aside, I'm looking at the general phrase "early Irish law". My dad was a fishmonger and was always careful to say about his produce "smoked Irish salmon" and not "Irish smoked salmon", if you see the difference. Is it then "early law of ..." or "law of early ..."? Is "Irish" the language (surely not), the culture, the people or the nation, and in what period? Should "early" be translated as luath or moch? If luath, should it be "luath-" or "- luath"? Given those options, "early Irish law" could be anything from "luathdhlí Gaelach" to "dlí na hÉireann moiche" and points in between. I favour the former. Similarly, for "Celtic law" I favour "dlí Ceilteach", i.e., the culture not the people (the Celts, ... na gCeilteach). Notes: * Moch: cf. [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20modern%20irish/ Nua-Ghaeilge Mhoch] on téarma.ie * "Irish": Gaelach, na nGael, Éireannach, na hÉireann? * What about Welsh, English or Roman law? {{Dlí luath na hÉireann}} == Téamh domhanda == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir Ann cheana: * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] ''Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy 'Cúis'eanna nua: # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas # [[Astaíocht charbóin]] '' Carbon emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture oqd1yvak5hg3gm6x668eq733yuu4q3b 1269369 1269368 2025-06-10T15:26:26Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Foirgnimh */ 1269369 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Litríocht == # [[Murúch]]- # [[Tongu do dia toinges mo thúath]]- # [[Remscéla]]=[[Réamhscéalta]] # [[Bernhard Maier]] # ''[[:en:Foraire Uladh ar Aodh|Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]]'' - [[Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]] # ''[[:en:Lebor Bretnach|Lebor Bretnach]]'' - [[Lebor Bretnach]]=[[Leabhar Breatnach]] # ''[[:en:Dominican Annals of Roscommon|Dominican Annals of Roscommon]]'' - [[Annála Doiminiceacha Ros Comáin]] # ''[[:en:Inchcleraun|Inchcleraun]]'' - [[Inis Cloithrinn]] # ''[[:en:Inchbofin|Inchbofin]]'' - [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí]] # ''[[:en:Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh|Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]]'' - [[Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]] # ''[[:en:Ranna an aeir|Ranna an aeir]]'' - [[Ranna an aeir]] # ''[[:en:Irish Astronomical Tract|Irish Astronomical Tract]]'' - [[]] == Lebor Bretnach == {{tl|teideal iodálach}} {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} '''''Lebor Bretnach''''', [[Irish orthography]] '''''Leabhar Breathnach''''' and sometimes known as the '''Irish Nennius''', is an 11th-century historical work in [[teangacha Gaelacha]], largely consisting of a translation of the ''[[Historia Brittonum]]''. It may have originated in Scotland, although it has traditionally been attributed to the Irish poet [[Gilla Cómáin mac Gilla Samthainde|Gilla Cóemáin]]. == Lámhscríbhinní ''Lebor Bretnach'' exists in five manuscripts: * '''U'''. Baile Átha Cliath, [[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann]], MS 23 E 25 (1229). A 12th-century fragment in the ''[[Lebor na hUidre|Leabhar na hUidhre]]''. * '''B'''. BÁC, ARÉ, MS 23 P 12 (536). A 14th-century manuscript known as the ''[[Leabhar Bhaile an Mhóta]]''. * '''H'''. BÁC, [[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide|Coláiste na Tríonóide]], MS H. 3. 17. Probably written in the 14th or early 15th century. * '''M'''. BÁC, ARÉ, MS Stowe D ii 1. Known as the ''[[Leabhar Ua Maine|Leabhar Uí Mhaine]]'', written before 1423. * '''L'''. BÁC, ARÉ, MS 23 P 2 (535) agus BÁC, CnaT, MS H. 2. 17, Iml. 2 (1319). Known as the ''[[Leabhar Mór Leacáin]]'', written c. 1417.{{sfn|Todd|1848|p=viii}} == Ábhair ''Lebor Bretnach'' is a translation of a 9th-century historical collection purportedly written by Nennius, the ''Historia Brittonum'', but not an entirely literal one. It only summarises the ''Historia Brittonum'' where that work deals with specifically Gaelic matters already familiar to scholars in Ireland and Scotland, and in some other passages it includes additional material taken from, for example, the ''[[Sex Aetates Mundi (Meán-Ghaeilge)|Sex Aetates Mundi]]'', [[Bede]]'s ''[[Ecclesiastical History of the English People|Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum]]'', and a [[na Cruithnigh|Pictish]] king-list.{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=13}}{{sfn|Fitzpatrick-Matthews|2007–2015}} == Údair agus dáta In two manuscripts of ''Lebor Bretnach'', '''H''' and '''M''', the translation is ascribed to the poet Gilla Cóemáin (fl. 1071/2).{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=11}}{{sfn|Fitzpatrick-Matthews|2007–2015}} This ascription is now in doubt,{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=11}} and the historian [[Thomas Owen Clancy]] has suggested that ''Lebor Bretnach'' was instead only intended to be dedicated to Gilla Cóemáin.{{sfn|Fitzpatrick-Matthews|2007–2015}} Traditionally there had been an assumption that the translation had been an Irish work, but Clancy has argued for a Scottish provenance, suggesting an origin at [[Abernethy, Perth and Kinross|Abernethy]], though probably intended for an Irish readership that had perhaps become interested in Scottish literature and history as a result of the military success and prestige of the [[Kingdom of Alba]].{{sfn|Evans|2005|p=700}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clancy |first1=Thomas Owen |year=2000 |chapter=Scotland, the "Nennian" recension of the ''Historia Brittonum'', and the ''Lebor Bretnach'' |editor1-last=Taylor |editor1-first=Simon |title=Kings, Clerics and Chronicles in Scotland 500–1297: Essays in Honour of Marjorie Ogilvie Anderson on the Occasion of her Ninetieth Birthday |location=Dublin |publisher=Four Courts Press |pages=87–107 |isbn=1851825169 }}</ref> It is generally agreed that ''Lebor Bretnach'' dates to the mid or late 11th century.{{sfn|Evans|2005|p=11}}{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=11}} == Eagráin * {{cite book |year=1848 |editor1-last=Todd |editor1-first=James Henthorn |editor1-link=James Henthorn Todd |title=Leabhar Breathnach Annso Sis: The Irish Version of the Historia Britonum of Nennius |location=Baile Átha Cliath |publisher=Irish Archaeological Society | url = https://archive.org/details/leabharbreathnac00nennuoft }}, ar CELT as: [https://celt.ucc.ie//published/G100028/index.html Gaeilge] * {{cite book |year=1937 |editor1-last=van Hamel |editor1-first=A. G. |editor1-link=A. G. van Hamel |title=Lebor Bretnach: The Irish Version of the Historia Britonum Ascribed to Nennius |series=Irish Manuscripts Commission, Volume 5 |location=Baile Átha Cliath |publisher=Oifig an tSoláthair }} == Féach freisin * [[Nennius]] — a Welsh monk of the 9th century * [[Frankish Table of Nations]] — a Latin source for the genealogies == Foinsí * {{citation |last=Dooley |first=Ann |author-link=Ann Dooley |date=2004 |title=Arthur of the Irish: A viable concept? |journal=Arthurian Literature |volume=21 |pages=9–28 }} * {{citation |last=Evans |first=Nicholas |editor-last=Duffy |editor-first=Sean |encyclopedia=Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia |title=Scottish influence |year=2005 |publisher=Routledge |location=Londain |isbn=0415940524 |pages=699–700 }} * {{citation |url=http://www.historiabrittonum.net/?page_id=20 |title=Lebor Bretnach |last1=Fitzpatrick-Matthews |first1=Keith J. |date=2007–2015 |website=Historia Brittonum }} == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Litríocht na hÉireann]] == Annales Dominicani de Roscoman == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} [[Íomhá:Roscommon_Priory_-_aerial_-_2024-12-27_01.jpg|thumb|'' Ruins of Roscommon Dominican Priory]] The '''Dominican Annals of Roscommon''' ({{Lang|la|Annales Dominicani de Roscoman}}) is an [[Annála Éireannacha]], covering events, mainly in Connacht and its neighbouring regions, from 1163 to 1314, spanning the period of the [[Ionradh na Normannach ar Éirinn]] and the early part of [[Tiarnas na hÉireann]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://groups.io/g/Educator-Gold/topic/digital_humanities_digital/334356 | teideal=CELT Project: The Corpus of Electronic Texts | suíomh=groups.io }}</ref> It also mentions some matters to do with the [[na Doiminicigh]], [[An Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach] matters in general, and political relations with [[Ríocht Shasana]].<ref name=adrcelt>{{lua idirlín |url=https://celt.ucc.ie/published/L100015A/ |teideal=Annales Dominicani de Roscoman |suíomh=celt.ucc.ie }}</ref> It was compiled in [[Laidin]] in [[Roscommon Dominican Priory]] (Blackfriars).<ref>Finn, R. (2023:10). ''The Dominicans in the British Isles and Beyond: A New History of the English Province of the Friars Preachers''. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.</ref> The abbey was founded by and supported by the [[Uí Chonchúir]] [[ríthe na gConnacht]]. Occasional examples of pro-O'Connor bias are noted: for example, the [[Blinding (punishment)|blinding]] of Muirchertach Ua Conchobair by his brother, the king [[Ruaidrí mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair|Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair]], is not mentioned, and when the 1193 [[creachadh]] of the monastery on [[Inchcleraun]] is mentioned, it is attributed to [[Gilbert de Lacy]], whereas the [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] mention that [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair]] was also responsible.<ref name=adrcelt/> The largest part of the Annals are attributed to [[Odo O'Hanmerech]] (died in 1306). The annals survive in a seventeenth-century manuscript that once belonged to [[James Ware]]. Among its notable entries are a mention of the drying-up of the River Galvia, apparently an early name for [[Abhainn na Gaillimhe]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://steemit.com/ireland/@harlotscurse/a-sova-potamoy-ekvolai | teideal=Αὐσοβα Ποταμου Εκβολαι | dáta=3ú Meán Fómhair 2018 | suíomh=Steemit }}</ref> == Féach freisin * [[Annála Éireannacha]] == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Annála Éireannacha]] {{síol-ie}} == Inis Cloithrinn == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Séadchomhartha}} 91<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=National Monuments of County Longford in State Care | url = http://www.archaeology.ie/sites/default/files/media/pdf/monuments-in-state-care-longford.pdf | page=1 | suíomh=heritageireland.ie | foilsitheoir=National Monument Service | dátarochtana=2a Iúil 2020 }}</ref> '' '''Inis Cloithrinn''', is an island situated in [[Loch Rí]] on the [[an tSionainn]], in central Ireland.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | teideal=Inchcleraun Island / Quaker Island - Longford - | ainm=Michael | Aoine=Heraghty | dáta=15ú Deireadh Fómhair 2004 | dátarochtana=22a Meitheamh 2016 | archive-date=8ú Lúnasa 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160808025929/http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/historical-features-of-co/islands/ | teideal=Islands }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/longford/inchcleraun/ | teideal=Inchcleraun (quaker island), County Longford }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordtourism.ie/see-do/attractions/lough-ree/ | teideal=Lough Ree }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> '' The island is home to the ruins of St. Diarmaid's Monastery, a [[mainistir]] founded by [[Diarmaid the Just]] in AD 560. These buildings constitute a [[Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]]. == An Inis '' Inis Cloithrinn is an island of {{Convert|57.7|ha|abbr=on}} located in the centre of [[Loch Rí]], with [[Cnoc an Chrochaire]], Contae Ros Comáin to its west and [[Baile Nua an Chaisil]], Contae Longfoirt to its east. [[Íomhá:Inchcleraun Monastery.jpg|thumb|Mainister Inis Cloithrinn]] == Stair '' The island takes its name from Irish for "[[Cloithre]]'s Island". In [[Miotaseolaíocht na nGael]], Clothru was a daughter of [[Eochaid Feidlech]], then [[ardrí na hÉireann]]. She became the Queen of Connacht after her father's death, and once owned the island. Her sister, [[Medb]], retired to Inchcleraun after Medb's husband [[Ailill mac Máta]] killed her lover [[Fergus mac Róich]]. One point is called '' Grianán Maebha '', and nearby is ''Ionad Marbhtha Meidhbhe'', where she was killed by a stone thrown from [[Elfeet Castle]], on the Longford side of the lake. In other versions of the legend, it is a lump of cheese fired from a [[slingshot]] by a nephew of Clothru.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordlibrary.ie/lib_arc_inside.aspx?id=15036 | teideal=Longford Library | ainm=Longford | sloinne=Library }}</ref> [[Íomhá:Myths and legends; the Celtic race (1910) (14596952367).jpg|thumb|'' "The Death of Maev" ([[T. W. Rolleston]], 1910); Forbay with [[sling (weapon)|sling]] in foreground, Medb bathing in the background.]] '' The name "Quaker Island" is more recent, and owes to the island being owned at one time by [[Cumann na gCarad|Caecar]]. The island is today owned by the Irish state. === Tagairtí annálacha === Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM) * '''ACM 719.2:''' '' S. Sionach Innsi Clothrann d'écc an fichetmhadh lá do mí April. *'''769''' Curoi, the son of Alniadh, Abbot and Sage of Inchcleraun, and of Caill Fochladha ([[Loch Dairbhreach]]) in Meath died. * '''ACM 780.6:''' Eochaidh mac Focartai, abb Fochladha, & Insi Clothrann, [d'ecc] *'''1010''' The men of [[an Mhumhain]] plundered Inchcleraun and [[Inis Bó Finne]] * '''ACM 1050.22:''' Inis Clothrand do orccain.<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> *'''1087''' The fleet of the men of Munster, with [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], sailed on the Shannon to Lough Ree and plundered the islands of the lake (inc. Inchcleraun) *'''1136''' [[Áed Ua Finn]], the [[Bishop of Kilmore|Bishop of Bréifne]], died in Inchcleraun *'''1141''' Giolla na Naomh Mac Fearghail, chief of the people of [[an Anaíle]], the most prosperous man in Ireland, died at a great age and was buried at Inchcleraun. *'''1150''' Morogh, the son of the above, the tower of splendour and nobility in East [[Connacht]] died in Inchcleraun. *'''1160''' Gilla na Naomh Ó Duinn, [[ollamh Éireann]] of Inchcleraun, teacher of history and poetry sent his spirit to the Supreme Father amidst a choir of angels on the 17th day of December in the year of his 58th birthday. *'''1167''' Cinaeth Ua Cethearnaigh, Priest of Inchcleraun died. *'''1168''' Dubhcobhlach, the daughter of O'Quinn, wife of Mac Corgamna, died and was interred in Inchcleraun *'''1170''' Diarmaid Ó Briain, [[Coarb]] of Comman, was chief senior of the east of Connaught, died in Inchcleraun in the 95th year of his age. *'''1174''' Rory O'Carroll, Lord of [[Éile]], was slain in the middle of Inchcleraun *'''1189''' It was at Inchcleraun on Lough Ree that the [[hostage]]s of [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair]] were kept at the time. *'''1193''' Inchcleraun was plundered by the sons of Costelloe and by the sons of O'Connor Maon-Moy *'''1232''' Tiapraide O' Breen, Coarb of [[Comán mac Faelchon]], an ecclesiastic learned in History and Law, died on his pilgrimage on the island of Inchcleraun *'''1244''' Donnchad mac Fíngein Ó Conchobhair, who was the grandson of Hugh, son of Torlogh O'Connor, [[Bishop of Elphin]], died 23 April on Inchcleraun, and was interred in the [[Mainistir na Búille]]. === Foirgnimh === '' Between 800 and 1300 the island and its churches were repeatedly plundered and burned by invaders, so the buildings are in ruins today. Six of the island's churches are surrounded by an [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]] in the southeast corner of the island. === Teampall Diarmada '' Teampall Diarmada is the monastery founded by Saint [[Diarmaid the Just]] (who was a teacher of [[Ciarán of Clonmacnoise]]) in 540 AD. This church once had a stone roof.<ref name=newtowncashel>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> === Teampall Mór '' Teampall Mór stands within four metres to the north of Teampall Diarmada. It consists of a single nave. Its plain masonry walls are in relatively good condition. There are two lancet windows at the east end, which are long, narrow and recessed. The windows on the south side have the appearance of later additions and are unsymmetrical. All traces of doors have vanished, but the opes, which have been arched and protected by the Board of Works, seem to indicate the position of a west door and an entrance on the north side to the cloister. An upper chamber exists. '' The interior walls of the church were once plastered. The walls have lost their distinctive features of detail, except for the east window, which is similar in construction to that of the Teampall Clogas. The interior arch of the east window is circular, built of four stones. The exterior has only two stones forming a pointed arch. '' There is the remains of an altar, built of rubble work but without the altar slab. The door in the south wall of the nave has a circular moulding. The north door is only a gap. '' This church is situated a short distance to the south of the cluster of churches. It is more modern in appearance than any of the others. At the north-west corner is a more modern chamber with no visible entrance. Near this church, half buried with its face downward is a stone bearing incised on its surface a Celtic interlaced cross with an Irish inscription.<ref name=newtowncashel/> === Templemurry '' Templemurry is the largest church on the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> According to local lore, any woman who enters Templemurray will die within a year. === Teampall Clogas '' Teampall Clogas is one of the churches, and stands alone at the highest point of the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> It has a square [[clogas]], which is attached to the main building. Most churches of this era had [[Irish round tower|round towers]], separate from the main building. It is located on the northern part of the island and is visible from the shoreline. On the plan the church is rectangular, being {{Convert|10.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} by {{Convert|5.1|m|ft|abbr=on}}. == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]] == Inis Bó Finne == :''Gan bheith measctha le [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na Gaillimhe]] agus [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae Dhún na nGall]]. Féach [[Inis Bó Finne]] (Idirdhealán). Is oileán suite i [[Loch Rí]] ar an [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]] is ea '''Inis Bó Finne'''.<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=Inis Bó Finne | url=http://www.logainm.ie/ga/50983 | dátarochtana=2022-11-24 | suíomh=logainm.ie | teanga=ga }}</ref> == An inis '' Inis Bó Finne is an island of {{Convert|26.6|ha|abbr=on}} located in the eastern arm of [[Loch Rí]], with [[An Teanga, Contae na hIarmhí]] the nearest village. == Stair 213 '' Saint [[Ríoch]] is said to have founded a Christian monastery on Inis Bó Finne in AD 530.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/westmeath/inchbofin/ | teideal=Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí }}</ref> The [[Laidin]] [[calque]]s ''Īnsula Vaccae Albae'' or ''Īnsula Vitulae Albae'' are also used on occasion.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/lakelands-of-westmeath/lough-ree/islands-of-lough-ree/inchboffin/ | teideal=Inchboffin }}</ref> The monastery was of the [[Canons Regular of Saint Augustine]]. '' The ''Topographical Dictionary of Ireland'' (1837) said that of Inchbofin's {{convert|64|acre|abbr=on}}, there were {{CONVERT|27|acre|abbr=on}} suitable for [[arable land|arable]] use.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.johngrenham.com/records/lewis.php?civilparishid=2490&civilparish=&county=Westmeath&&search_type=full | teideal=Lewis' Topographical Dictionary | ainm=John | sloinne=Grenham }}</ref> Griffith's Valuation (mid-19th century) mentions three families on the island: Skelly, Connell and Heffernan; the island was owned by Susan Galbraith. In the 1911 census, there were 13 people living on the island, of the same 3 families.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/search/results.jsp?census_year=1911&surname=&exact=&firstname=&county19011911=Westmeath&county1821=&county1831=&county1841=&county1851=&townland=inchbofin&ded=&age=&sex=&relationToHead=&religion=&education=&occupation=&marriageStatus=&marriageYears=&childrenBorn=&childrenLiving=&birthplace=&language=&deafdumb=&search=Search&sort=&pageSize=&houseNumber=&familiesNumber=&malesNumber=&femalesNumber=&maleServNumber=&femaleServNumber=&estChurchNumber=&romanCatNumber=&presbNumberDiv=&protNumber=&parish=&barony=&yearsMarried=&causeOfDeath=&yearOfDeath=&familyId=&ageInMonths=&pager.offset=0 | teideal=National Archives: Census of Ireland 1911 }}</ref> '' In the winter of 2009, the [[Irish Air Corps]] sent a helicopter to the island to deliver cattle fodder for the last farmer on the island, John Connell, after Loch Rí froze solid.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.independent.ie/life/travel/ireland/secret-ireland-lough-ree-26692248.html | teideal=Secret Ireland: Lough Ree | foilsitheoir=Independent.ie }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2010/01/13/3993995-air-corps-comes-to-athlone-to-deliver-fodder-to-lough-ree-islands | teideal=Air Corps comes to Athlone to deliver fodder to Lough Ree islands | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref>. He was the last permanent resident of the island and died on 12 February 2018.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2018/02/13/4152121-end-of-an-era-as-last-islander-passes/ | teideal=End of an era as last islander sies | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref> == Tagairtí annálacha Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM), [[Annála Inis Faithlinn]] (AIF), [[Annála Tiarnaigh]] (AT), [[Annála Uladh]] (AU) * '''ACM 750.3''': '' Fiangalach, mac Anmchadha, mic Maoile Curaich, abb Insi Bo Finne for Loch Ribh[, d'écc]<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005A/text058.html | title=Part 58 of Annals of the Four Masters | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AU 755.5''': ..., '' Fiangalach m. Anmchada filii Maele Curaich abb Innse Bo Finne for Loch Ri ... mortui sunt<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100001A.html | title=The Annals of Ulster | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AIF 922.2''': '' Tomrair mc. Elgi, iarla do Gallaib ... luid for Loch Rí coro oirg a h-uile inse, ... * '''AIF 1016.1''': '' Sloged mór la mc. m-[[Brian Bóraimhe|Briain]] co Loch Rí coro ort<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrand]] & Inis Bó Finne * '''ACM 1089.8''': '' Cobhlach Fer Mumhan .i. im [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], do thiachtain for [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]], & for [[Loch Rí|Loch Ribh]] co ro airccset<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> cealla an locha, .i. [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrann]], Inis Bó Finne, Inis Aingginn [''Hare Island''] & Cluain Eamhain<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005B/text019.html | teideal=Annála na gCeithre Máistrí (cuid 19) | publisher=CELT }}</ref> * '''AT 1089.1''': '' Coblach mor la Muirchertach h-Úa mBriain ríg Muman for Sinaind & for Loch Ri, co ro aírgset Inis Bo Finde & Inis Clothrann... == Foirgnimh '' The remains of two churches survive on Inchbofin. One (12th century) is at the north-eastern point of the island and has an irregular [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]]. It consists of a [[nave]], [[transept]] and [[sacristy]]. To the north of the altar is a [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] window, and above a window is a carving of a bishop's head. The smaller church ruin to the south is from the 12th/13th centuries.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/site/2460/ | teideal=Inchbofin, St Rioch | suíomh=The Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain & Ireland }}</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:An tSionainn]] == Foclóireacht == # [[Foclóireacht na Gaeilge]] # [[Leabharlann an Ard Easpaig Marsh]]=[[Leabharlann Marsh]]- # [[foclóir.ie]]=[[focloir.ie]] == An Féineachas == [[An Féineachas]] (agus/nó b'fhéidir [[Seanchas]] / [[Béaloideas]]). Spreagtha ag ''[[:en:Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2025/March#8 March 2025|Recent additions, 8 March 2025]]'' ''[https://dil.ie/34117 othrus]'' ≈ fulaingt tinnis/othrais. Teimpléid; * [[Teimpléad:WD Bosca Sonraí Doiciméad]] * [[Teimpléad:efn]] Nuashonraithe (lámhscríbhinní): # [[Senchas Már]] (SM) # [[Bechbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Bechbretha agus Coibes Uisci Thairdne|SM #21]]) # [[Bretha Crólige]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #33]]) # [[Críth Gablach]] (MacA) # [[Gúbretha Caratniad]] ([[Bodleian Library]], [[Rawlinson B 502]]) As nua, iomlán: # [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici]] (CIH) # [[Sanas Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] (MacA) # [[Cethairṡlicht Athgabálae]] ([[Senchas Már#Cethairslicht Athgabálae|SM #2]]) # [[Sechtae]] ([[Senchas Már#Sechtae|SM #9]]) # [[Recholl Breth]] (SM #13) # [[Bretha Déin Chécht]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #34]]) # [[Muirbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Clár ábhar|SM #38]]) # [[Anfuigell]] (m.s., CnaT, LS 1387; MacA) # [[Berrad Airechta]] (CnaT, LS 1337) # [[Bretha Étgid]] ([[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann|ARÉ]] LS 23 P 3) # [[Cóic Conara Fugill]] (m.s., [[Uraicecht Becc]], [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Di Astud Chor]] (''via'' [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Mellbretha]] ([[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide|CnaT]], LS 1363) # [[Uí Lochlainn]] # [[Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] # [[CnaT BÁC, LS 1317]], [[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath, LS 1317]] # [[Bóaire]] # [[Coinmheadh is buannacht]] # [[Brehon Law Commission]] # [[Mac Aodhagáin]] &rightarrow; [[Mhic Aodhagáin]] # [[John Lynch (Gratianus Lucius)]] # [[Fearghas Ó Ceallaigh]] # [[Leabharlann COBÁC]] # [[Cathair Mhic Neachtain]] # [[Thom McGinty]] As nua, síolta: # [[Dlí Ceilteach]]- # [[Gabháil chine]]- # [[Cyfraith Hywel]]- # [[Galanas]]- # [[Accessus ad auctores]]- # [[Hapax legomenon]]- # [[Robert Atkinson]]- == Dlí luath na hÉireann == Fainic: sách fada, mionchúiseach agus as Béarla, mar bharr ar an donas. The particular "[https://www.teanglann.ie/ga/fgb/féineachas An] [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20Irish%20law/ Féineachas]" aside, I'm looking at the general phrase "early Irish law". My dad was a fishmonger and was always careful to say about his produce "smoked Irish salmon" and not "Irish smoked salmon", if you see the difference. Is it then "early law of ..." or "law of early ..."? Is "Irish" the language (surely not), the culture, the people or the nation, and in what period? Should "early" be translated as luath or moch? If luath, should it be "luath-" or "- luath"? Given those options, "early Irish law" could be anything from "luathdhlí Gaelach" to "dlí na hÉireann moiche" and points in between. I favour the former. Similarly, for "Celtic law" I favour "dlí Ceilteach", i.e., the culture not the people (the Celts, ... na gCeilteach). Notes: * Moch: cf. [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20modern%20irish/ Nua-Ghaeilge Mhoch] on téarma.ie * "Irish": Gaelach, na nGael, Éireannach, na hÉireann? * What about Welsh, English or Roman law? {{Dlí luath na hÉireann}} == Téamh domhanda == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir Ann cheana: * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] ''Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy 'Cúis'eanna nua: # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas # [[Astaíocht charbóin]] '' Carbon emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture k1l7bkrm60krpstcvfcr6xy0jd8yhxb 1269372 1269369 2025-06-10T16:46:02Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Tagairtí annálacha */ 1269372 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Litríocht == # [[Murúch]]- # [[Tongu do dia toinges mo thúath]]- # [[Remscéla]]=[[Réamhscéalta]] # [[Bernhard Maier]] # ''[[:en:Foraire Uladh ar Aodh|Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]]'' - [[Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]] # ''[[:en:Lebor Bretnach|Lebor Bretnach]]'' - [[Lebor Bretnach]]=[[Leabhar Breatnach]] # ''[[:en:Dominican Annals of Roscommon|Dominican Annals of Roscommon]]'' - [[Annála Doiminiceacha Ros Comáin]] # ''[[:en:Inchcleraun|Inchcleraun]]'' - [[Inis Cloithrinn]] # ''[[:en:Inchbofin|Inchbofin]]'' - [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí]] # ''[[:en:Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh|Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]]'' - [[Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]] # ''[[:en:Ranna an aeir|Ranna an aeir]]'' - [[Ranna an aeir]] # ''[[:en:Irish Astronomical Tract|Irish Astronomical Tract]]'' - [[]] == Lebor Bretnach == {{tl|teideal iodálach}} {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} '''''Lebor Bretnach''''', [[Irish orthography]] '''''Leabhar Breathnach''''' and sometimes known as the '''Irish Nennius''', is an 11th-century historical work in [[teangacha Gaelacha]], largely consisting of a translation of the ''[[Historia Brittonum]]''. It may have originated in Scotland, although it has traditionally been attributed to the Irish poet [[Gilla Cómáin mac Gilla Samthainde|Gilla Cóemáin]]. == Lámhscríbhinní ''Lebor Bretnach'' exists in five manuscripts: * '''U'''. Baile Átha Cliath, [[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann]], MS 23 E 25 (1229). A 12th-century fragment in the ''[[Lebor na hUidre|Leabhar na hUidhre]]''. * '''B'''. BÁC, ARÉ, MS 23 P 12 (536). A 14th-century manuscript known as the ''[[Leabhar Bhaile an Mhóta]]''. * '''H'''. BÁC, [[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide|Coláiste na Tríonóide]], MS H. 3. 17. Probably written in the 14th or early 15th century. * '''M'''. BÁC, ARÉ, MS Stowe D ii 1. Known as the ''[[Leabhar Ua Maine|Leabhar Uí Mhaine]]'', written before 1423. * '''L'''. BÁC, ARÉ, MS 23 P 2 (535) agus BÁC, CnaT, MS H. 2. 17, Iml. 2 (1319). Known as the ''[[Leabhar Mór Leacáin]]'', written c. 1417.{{sfn|Todd|1848|p=viii}} == Ábhair ''Lebor Bretnach'' is a translation of a 9th-century historical collection purportedly written by Nennius, the ''Historia Brittonum'', but not an entirely literal one. It only summarises the ''Historia Brittonum'' where that work deals with specifically Gaelic matters already familiar to scholars in Ireland and Scotland, and in some other passages it includes additional material taken from, for example, the ''[[Sex Aetates Mundi (Meán-Ghaeilge)|Sex Aetates Mundi]]'', [[Bede]]'s ''[[Ecclesiastical History of the English People|Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum]]'', and a [[na Cruithnigh|Pictish]] king-list.{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=13}}{{sfn|Fitzpatrick-Matthews|2007–2015}} == Údair agus dáta In two manuscripts of ''Lebor Bretnach'', '''H''' and '''M''', the translation is ascribed to the poet Gilla Cóemáin (fl. 1071/2).{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=11}}{{sfn|Fitzpatrick-Matthews|2007–2015}} This ascription is now in doubt,{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=11}} and the historian [[Thomas Owen Clancy]] has suggested that ''Lebor Bretnach'' was instead only intended to be dedicated to Gilla Cóemáin.{{sfn|Fitzpatrick-Matthews|2007–2015}} Traditionally there had been an assumption that the translation had been an Irish work, but Clancy has argued for a Scottish provenance, suggesting an origin at [[Abernethy, Perth and Kinross|Abernethy]], though probably intended for an Irish readership that had perhaps become interested in Scottish literature and history as a result of the military success and prestige of the [[Kingdom of Alba]].{{sfn|Evans|2005|p=700}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clancy |first1=Thomas Owen |year=2000 |chapter=Scotland, the "Nennian" recension of the ''Historia Brittonum'', and the ''Lebor Bretnach'' |editor1-last=Taylor |editor1-first=Simon |title=Kings, Clerics and Chronicles in Scotland 500–1297: Essays in Honour of Marjorie Ogilvie Anderson on the Occasion of her Ninetieth Birthday |location=Dublin |publisher=Four Courts Press |pages=87–107 |isbn=1851825169 }}</ref> It is generally agreed that ''Lebor Bretnach'' dates to the mid or late 11th century.{{sfn|Evans|2005|p=11}}{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=11}} == Eagráin * {{cite book |year=1848 |editor1-last=Todd |editor1-first=James Henthorn |editor1-link=James Henthorn Todd |title=Leabhar Breathnach Annso Sis: The Irish Version of the Historia Britonum of Nennius |location=Baile Átha Cliath |publisher=Irish Archaeological Society | url = https://archive.org/details/leabharbreathnac00nennuoft }}, ar CELT as: [https://celt.ucc.ie//published/G100028/index.html Gaeilge] * {{cite book |year=1937 |editor1-last=van Hamel |editor1-first=A. G. |editor1-link=A. G. van Hamel |title=Lebor Bretnach: The Irish Version of the Historia Britonum Ascribed to Nennius |series=Irish Manuscripts Commission, Volume 5 |location=Baile Átha Cliath |publisher=Oifig an tSoláthair }} == Féach freisin * [[Nennius]] — a Welsh monk of the 9th century * [[Frankish Table of Nations]] — a Latin source for the genealogies == Foinsí * {{citation |last=Dooley |first=Ann |author-link=Ann Dooley |date=2004 |title=Arthur of the Irish: A viable concept? |journal=Arthurian Literature |volume=21 |pages=9–28 }} * {{citation |last=Evans |first=Nicholas |editor-last=Duffy |editor-first=Sean |encyclopedia=Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia |title=Scottish influence |year=2005 |publisher=Routledge |location=Londain |isbn=0415940524 |pages=699–700 }} * {{citation |url=http://www.historiabrittonum.net/?page_id=20 |title=Lebor Bretnach |last1=Fitzpatrick-Matthews |first1=Keith J. |date=2007–2015 |website=Historia Brittonum }} == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Litríocht na hÉireann]] == Annales Dominicani de Roscoman == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} [[Íomhá:Roscommon_Priory_-_aerial_-_2024-12-27_01.jpg|thumb|'' Ruins of Roscommon Dominican Priory]] The '''Dominican Annals of Roscommon''' ({{Lang|la|Annales Dominicani de Roscoman}}) is an [[Annála Éireannacha]], covering events, mainly in Connacht and its neighbouring regions, from 1163 to 1314, spanning the period of the [[Ionradh na Normannach ar Éirinn]] and the early part of [[Tiarnas na hÉireann]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://groups.io/g/Educator-Gold/topic/digital_humanities_digital/334356 | teideal=CELT Project: The Corpus of Electronic Texts | suíomh=groups.io }}</ref> It also mentions some matters to do with the [[na Doiminicigh]], [[An Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach] matters in general, and political relations with [[Ríocht Shasana]].<ref name=adrcelt>{{lua idirlín |url=https://celt.ucc.ie/published/L100015A/ |teideal=Annales Dominicani de Roscoman |suíomh=celt.ucc.ie }}</ref> It was compiled in [[Laidin]] in [[Roscommon Dominican Priory]] (Blackfriars).<ref>Finn, R. (2023:10). ''The Dominicans in the British Isles and Beyond: A New History of the English Province of the Friars Preachers''. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.</ref> The abbey was founded by and supported by the [[Uí Chonchúir]] [[ríthe na gConnacht]]. Occasional examples of pro-O'Connor bias are noted: for example, the [[Blinding (punishment)|blinding]] of Muirchertach Ua Conchobair by his brother, the king [[Ruaidrí mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair|Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair]], is not mentioned, and when the 1193 [[creachadh]] of the monastery on [[Inchcleraun]] is mentioned, it is attributed to [[Gilbert de Lacy]], whereas the [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] mention that [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair]] was also responsible.<ref name=adrcelt/> The largest part of the Annals are attributed to [[Odo O'Hanmerech]] (died in 1306). The annals survive in a seventeenth-century manuscript that once belonged to [[James Ware]]. Among its notable entries are a mention of the drying-up of the River Galvia, apparently an early name for [[Abhainn na Gaillimhe]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://steemit.com/ireland/@harlotscurse/a-sova-potamoy-ekvolai | teideal=Αὐσοβα Ποταμου Εκβολαι | dáta=3ú Meán Fómhair 2018 | suíomh=Steemit }}</ref> == Féach freisin * [[Annála Éireannacha]] == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Annála Éireannacha]] {{síol-ie}} == Inis Cloithrinn == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Séadchomhartha}} 91<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=National Monuments of County Longford in State Care | url = http://www.archaeology.ie/sites/default/files/media/pdf/monuments-in-state-care-longford.pdf | page=1 | suíomh=heritageireland.ie | foilsitheoir=National Monument Service | dátarochtana=2a Iúil 2020 }}</ref> '' '''Inis Cloithrinn''', is an island situated in [[Loch Rí]] on the [[an tSionainn]], in central Ireland.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | teideal=Inchcleraun Island / Quaker Island - Longford - | ainm=Michael | Aoine=Heraghty | dáta=15ú Deireadh Fómhair 2004 | dátarochtana=22a Meitheamh 2016 | archive-date=8ú Lúnasa 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160808025929/http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/historical-features-of-co/islands/ | teideal=Islands }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/longford/inchcleraun/ | teideal=Inchcleraun (quaker island), County Longford }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordtourism.ie/see-do/attractions/lough-ree/ | teideal=Lough Ree }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> '' The island is home to the ruins of St. Diarmaid's Monastery, a [[mainistir]] founded by [[Diarmaid the Just]] in AD 560. These buildings constitute a [[Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]]. == An Inis '' Inis Cloithrinn is an island of {{Convert|57.7|ha|abbr=on}} located in the centre of [[Loch Rí]], with [[Cnoc an Chrochaire]], Contae Ros Comáin to its west and [[Baile Nua an Chaisil]], Contae Longfoirt to its east. [[Íomhá:Inchcleraun Monastery.jpg|thumb|Mainister Inis Cloithrinn]] == Stair '' The island takes its name from Irish for "[[Cloithre]]'s Island". In [[Miotaseolaíocht na nGael]], Clothru was a daughter of [[Eochaid Feidlech]], then [[ardrí na hÉireann]]. She became the Queen of Connacht after her father's death, and once owned the island. Her sister, [[Medb]], retired to Inchcleraun after Medb's husband [[Ailill mac Máta]] killed her lover [[Fergus mac Róich]]. One point is called '' Grianán Maebha '', and nearby is ''Ionad Marbhtha Meidhbhe'', where she was killed by a stone thrown from [[Elfeet Castle]], on the Longford side of the lake. In other versions of the legend, it is a lump of cheese fired from a [[slingshot]] by a nephew of Clothru.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordlibrary.ie/lib_arc_inside.aspx?id=15036 | teideal=Longford Library | ainm=Longford | sloinne=Library }}</ref> [[Íomhá:Myths and legends; the Celtic race (1910) (14596952367).jpg|thumb|'' "The Death of Maev" ([[T. W. Rolleston]], 1910); Forbay with [[sling (weapon)|sling]] in foreground, Medb bathing in the background.]] '' The name "Quaker Island" is more recent, and owes to the island being owned at one time by [[Cumann na gCarad|Caecar]]. The island is today owned by the Irish state. === Tagairtí annálacha === Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM) * '''ACM 719.2:''' '' S. Sionach Innsi Clothrann d'écc an fichetmhadh lá do mí April. *'''769''' Curoi, the son of Alniadh, Abbot and Sage of Inchcleraun, and of Caill Fochladha ([[Loch Dairbhreach]]) in Meath died. * '''ACM 780.6:''' Eochaidh mac Focartai, abb Fochladha, & Insi Clothrann, [d'ecc] *'''1010''' The men of [[an Mhumhain]] plundered Inchcleraun and [[Inis Bó Finne]] * '''ACM 1050.22:''' Inis Clothrand do orccain.<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> *'''1087''' The fleet of the men of Munster, with [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], sailed on the Shannon to Lough Ree and plundered the islands of the lake (inc. Inchcleraun) * '''ACM 1136.1:''' Aodh Ua Finn, epscop na [[Bréifne]], do écc i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1141.7:''' '' Giolla na Naomh Ua Ferghaile, toiseach Muintire [[an Anaíle|h-Anghaile]] fer ard-raith Ereann d'ég, iar c-cian-aois, & a adhnacal a n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1150.10:''' '' Murchadh, mac Giolla na Naemh Uí Fherghail, tuir ordáin, & airechais Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrand. * '''ACM 1160.3:''' '' Giolla na Naemh Ua Duinn [[ollamh Éireann|fer léighinn]] Insi Clothrann, saoi senchusa, & dána, & degh-fher labhra, ro fhaidh-sein [''sent''] a spirat co a athardha etir coraidh aingel an 17 do December iarsan ochtmhadh bliadhain ar chaogad a aoise. * '''ACM 1167.3:''' '' Cionaeth Ua Cethernaigh, sagart Insi Clothrann [d'écc] * '''ACM 1168.16:''' '' Dubhcobhlach, the daughter of O'Quinn, wife of Mac Corgamna, died and was interred in Inchcleraun. Dubh Chobhlaigh, inghen Uí Chuinn, ben Mic Carrgamhna, d'écc iar buaidh ongtha & aithrighe, & a h-adhnacal i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1170.5:''' '' Diarmaid Ua Braoin, comharba Commáin, & áird-shenóir Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann iarsan cúicceadh bliadhain nochad a aoisi. * '''ACM 1174.6:''' '' Ruaidhri Ua Cearbhaill tighearna [[Ele|Éile]] do mharbhadh ar lár Innsi Clothrann. * '''ACM 1189.8:''' '' ... ar as ann ro bátar geill [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair|Conchobhair Maonmuighe] i n-Inis Clothrann for Loch Ribh an tan-sin. * '''ACM 1193.10:''' '' Inis Clothrann do orgain la macaibh Oisdealb, & la macaibh Conchobhair Maonmaighe. * '''ACM 1232.3:''' '' Tiopraitte Ua Braoin comhorba Commáin saoí cléircechta, sencusa, & breithemhnassa d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann i n-a ailithre. * '''ACM 1244.1:''' '' Donnchadh mac Finghin mic Maoil Seachlainn mic Aodha mic Toirrdhealbaigh Uí Conchobhair epscop Oile Finn d'écc an 23. April i n-Inis Clothrand, & a adhncacal i [[Mainistir na Búille|Mainistir na Buille]]. === Foirgnimh === '' Between 800 and 1300 the island and its churches were repeatedly plundered and burned by invaders, so the buildings are in ruins today. Six of the island's churches are surrounded by an [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]] in the southeast corner of the island. === Teampall Diarmada '' Teampall Diarmada is the monastery founded by Saint [[Diarmaid the Just]] (who was a teacher of [[Ciarán of Clonmacnoise]]) in 540 AD. This church once had a stone roof.<ref name=newtowncashel>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> === Teampall Mór '' Teampall Mór stands within four metres to the north of Teampall Diarmada. It consists of a single nave. Its plain masonry walls are in relatively good condition. There are two lancet windows at the east end, which are long, narrow and recessed. The windows on the south side have the appearance of later additions and are unsymmetrical. All traces of doors have vanished, but the opes, which have been arched and protected by the Board of Works, seem to indicate the position of a west door and an entrance on the north side to the cloister. An upper chamber exists. '' The interior walls of the church were once plastered. The walls have lost their distinctive features of detail, except for the east window, which is similar in construction to that of the Teampall Clogas. The interior arch of the east window is circular, built of four stones. The exterior has only two stones forming a pointed arch. '' There is the remains of an altar, built of rubble work but without the altar slab. The door in the south wall of the nave has a circular moulding. The north door is only a gap. '' This church is situated a short distance to the south of the cluster of churches. It is more modern in appearance than any of the others. At the north-west corner is a more modern chamber with no visible entrance. Near this church, half buried with its face downward is a stone bearing incised on its surface a Celtic interlaced cross with an Irish inscription.<ref name=newtowncashel/> === Templemurry '' Templemurry is the largest church on the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> According to local lore, any woman who enters Templemurray will die within a year. === Teampall Clogas '' Teampall Clogas is one of the churches, and stands alone at the highest point of the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> It has a square [[clogas]], which is attached to the main building. Most churches of this era had [[Irish round tower|round towers]], separate from the main building. It is located on the northern part of the island and is visible from the shoreline. On the plan the church is rectangular, being {{Convert|10.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} by {{Convert|5.1|m|ft|abbr=on}}. == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]] == Inis Bó Finne == :''Gan bheith measctha le [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na Gaillimhe]] agus [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae Dhún na nGall]]. Féach [[Inis Bó Finne]] (Idirdhealán). Is oileán suite i [[Loch Rí]] ar an [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]] is ea '''Inis Bó Finne'''.<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=Inis Bó Finne | url=http://www.logainm.ie/ga/50983 | dátarochtana=2022-11-24 | suíomh=logainm.ie | teanga=ga }}</ref> == An inis '' Inis Bó Finne is an island of {{Convert|26.6|ha|abbr=on}} located in the eastern arm of [[Loch Rí]], with [[An Teanga, Contae na hIarmhí]] the nearest village. == Stair 213 '' Saint [[Ríoch]] is said to have founded a Christian monastery on Inis Bó Finne in AD 530.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/westmeath/inchbofin/ | teideal=Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí }}</ref> The [[Laidin]] [[calque]]s ''Īnsula Vaccae Albae'' or ''Īnsula Vitulae Albae'' are also used on occasion.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/lakelands-of-westmeath/lough-ree/islands-of-lough-ree/inchboffin/ | teideal=Inchboffin }}</ref> The monastery was of the [[Canons Regular of Saint Augustine]]. '' The ''Topographical Dictionary of Ireland'' (1837) said that of Inchbofin's {{convert|64|acre|abbr=on}}, there were {{CONVERT|27|acre|abbr=on}} suitable for [[arable land|arable]] use.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.johngrenham.com/records/lewis.php?civilparishid=2490&civilparish=&county=Westmeath&&search_type=full | teideal=Lewis' Topographical Dictionary | ainm=John | sloinne=Grenham }}</ref> Griffith's Valuation (mid-19th century) mentions three families on the island: Skelly, Connell and Heffernan; the island was owned by Susan Galbraith. In the 1911 census, there were 13 people living on the island, of the same 3 families.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/search/results.jsp?census_year=1911&surname=&exact=&firstname=&county19011911=Westmeath&county1821=&county1831=&county1841=&county1851=&townland=inchbofin&ded=&age=&sex=&relationToHead=&religion=&education=&occupation=&marriageStatus=&marriageYears=&childrenBorn=&childrenLiving=&birthplace=&language=&deafdumb=&search=Search&sort=&pageSize=&houseNumber=&familiesNumber=&malesNumber=&femalesNumber=&maleServNumber=&femaleServNumber=&estChurchNumber=&romanCatNumber=&presbNumberDiv=&protNumber=&parish=&barony=&yearsMarried=&causeOfDeath=&yearOfDeath=&familyId=&ageInMonths=&pager.offset=0 | teideal=National Archives: Census of Ireland 1911 }}</ref> '' In the winter of 2009, the [[Irish Air Corps]] sent a helicopter to the island to deliver cattle fodder for the last farmer on the island, John Connell, after Loch Rí froze solid.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.independent.ie/life/travel/ireland/secret-ireland-lough-ree-26692248.html | teideal=Secret Ireland: Lough Ree | foilsitheoir=Independent.ie }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2010/01/13/3993995-air-corps-comes-to-athlone-to-deliver-fodder-to-lough-ree-islands | teideal=Air Corps comes to Athlone to deliver fodder to Lough Ree islands | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref>. He was the last permanent resident of the island and died on 12 February 2018.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2018/02/13/4152121-end-of-an-era-as-last-islander-passes/ | teideal=End of an era as last islander sies | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref> == Tagairtí annálacha Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM), [[Annála Inis Faithlinn]] (AIF), [[Annála Tiarnaigh]] (AT), [[Annála Uladh]] (AU) * '''ACM 750.3''': '' Fiangalach, mac Anmchadha, mic Maoile Curaich, abb Insi Bo Finne for Loch Ribh[, d'écc]<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005A/text058.html | title=Part 58 of Annals of the Four Masters | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AU 755.5''': ..., '' Fiangalach m. Anmchada filii Maele Curaich abb Innse Bo Finne for Loch Ri ... mortui sunt<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100001A.html | title=The Annals of Ulster | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AIF 922.2''': '' Tomrair mc. Elgi, iarla do Gallaib ... luid for Loch Rí coro oirg a h-uile inse, ... * '''AIF 1016.1''': '' Sloged mór la mc. m-[[Brian Bóraimhe|Briain]] co Loch Rí coro ort<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrand]] & Inis Bó Finne * '''ACM 1089.8''': '' Cobhlach Fer Mumhan .i. im [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], do thiachtain for [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]], & for [[Loch Rí|Loch Ribh]] co ro airccset<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> cealla an locha, .i. [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrann]], Inis Bó Finne, Inis Aingginn [''Hare Island''] & Cluain Eamhain<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005B/text019.html | teideal=Annála na gCeithre Máistrí (cuid 19) | publisher=CELT }}</ref> * '''AT 1089.1''': '' Coblach mor la Muirchertach h-Úa mBriain ríg Muman for Sinaind & for Loch Ri, co ro aírgset Inis Bo Finde & Inis Clothrann... == Foirgnimh '' The remains of two churches survive on Inchbofin. One (12th century) is at the north-eastern point of the island and has an irregular [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]]. It consists of a [[nave]], [[transept]] and [[sacristy]]. To the north of the altar is a [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] window, and above a window is a carving of a bishop's head. The smaller church ruin to the south is from the 12th/13th centuries.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/site/2460/ | teideal=Inchbofin, St Rioch | suíomh=The Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain & Ireland }}</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:An tSionainn]] == Foclóireacht == # [[Foclóireacht na Gaeilge]] # [[Leabharlann an Ard Easpaig Marsh]]=[[Leabharlann Marsh]]- # [[foclóir.ie]]=[[focloir.ie]] == An Féineachas == [[An Féineachas]] (agus/nó b'fhéidir [[Seanchas]] / [[Béaloideas]]). Spreagtha ag ''[[:en:Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2025/March#8 March 2025|Recent additions, 8 March 2025]]'' ''[https://dil.ie/34117 othrus]'' ≈ fulaingt tinnis/othrais. Teimpléid; * [[Teimpléad:WD Bosca Sonraí Doiciméad]] * [[Teimpléad:efn]] Nuashonraithe (lámhscríbhinní): # [[Senchas Már]] (SM) # [[Bechbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Bechbretha agus Coibes Uisci Thairdne|SM #21]]) # [[Bretha Crólige]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #33]]) # [[Críth Gablach]] (MacA) # [[Gúbretha Caratniad]] ([[Bodleian Library]], [[Rawlinson B 502]]) As nua, iomlán: # [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici]] (CIH) # [[Sanas Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] (MacA) # [[Cethairṡlicht Athgabálae]] ([[Senchas Már#Cethairslicht Athgabálae|SM #2]]) # [[Sechtae]] ([[Senchas Már#Sechtae|SM #9]]) # [[Recholl Breth]] (SM #13) # [[Bretha Déin Chécht]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #34]]) # [[Muirbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Clár ábhar|SM #38]]) # [[Anfuigell]] (m.s., CnaT, LS 1387; MacA) # [[Berrad Airechta]] (CnaT, LS 1337) # [[Bretha Étgid]] ([[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann|ARÉ]] LS 23 P 3) # [[Cóic Conara Fugill]] (m.s., [[Uraicecht Becc]], [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Di Astud Chor]] (''via'' [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Mellbretha]] ([[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide|CnaT]], LS 1363) # [[Uí Lochlainn]] # [[Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] # [[CnaT BÁC, LS 1317]], [[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath, LS 1317]] # [[Bóaire]] # [[Coinmheadh is buannacht]] # [[Brehon Law Commission]] # [[Mac Aodhagáin]] &rightarrow; [[Mhic Aodhagáin]] # [[John Lynch (Gratianus Lucius)]] # [[Fearghas Ó Ceallaigh]] # [[Leabharlann COBÁC]] # [[Cathair Mhic Neachtain]] # [[Thom McGinty]] As nua, síolta: # [[Dlí Ceilteach]]- # [[Gabháil chine]]- # [[Cyfraith Hywel]]- # [[Galanas]]- # [[Accessus ad auctores]]- # [[Hapax legomenon]]- # [[Robert Atkinson]]- == Dlí luath na hÉireann == Fainic: sách fada, mionchúiseach agus as Béarla, mar bharr ar an donas. The particular "[https://www.teanglann.ie/ga/fgb/féineachas An] [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20Irish%20law/ Féineachas]" aside, I'm looking at the general phrase "early Irish law". My dad was a fishmonger and was always careful to say about his produce "smoked Irish salmon" and not "Irish smoked salmon", if you see the difference. Is it then "early law of ..." or "law of early ..."? Is "Irish" the language (surely not), the culture, the people or the nation, and in what period? Should "early" be translated as luath or moch? If luath, should it be "luath-" or "- luath"? Given those options, "early Irish law" could be anything from "luathdhlí Gaelach" to "dlí na hÉireann moiche" and points in between. I favour the former. Similarly, for "Celtic law" I favour "dlí Ceilteach", i.e., the culture not the people (the Celts, ... na gCeilteach). Notes: * Moch: cf. [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20modern%20irish/ Nua-Ghaeilge Mhoch] on téarma.ie * "Irish": Gaelach, na nGael, Éireannach, na hÉireann? * What about Welsh, English or Roman law? {{Dlí luath na hÉireann}} == Téamh domhanda == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir Ann cheana: * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] ''Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy 'Cúis'eanna nua: # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas # [[Astaíocht charbóin]] '' Carbon emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture ocj5wl777v2cug67ncycgj95hgydt93 1269373 1269372 2025-06-10T16:46:56Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Tagairtí annálacha */ 1269373 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Litríocht == # [[Murúch]]- # [[Tongu do dia toinges mo thúath]]- # [[Remscéla]]=[[Réamhscéalta]] # [[Bernhard Maier]] # ''[[:en:Foraire Uladh ar Aodh|Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]]'' - [[Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]] # ''[[:en:Lebor Bretnach|Lebor Bretnach]]'' - [[Lebor Bretnach]]=[[Leabhar Breatnach]] # ''[[:en:Dominican Annals of Roscommon|Dominican Annals of Roscommon]]'' - [[Annála Doiminiceacha Ros Comáin]] # ''[[:en:Inchcleraun|Inchcleraun]]'' - [[Inis Cloithrinn]] # ''[[:en:Inchbofin|Inchbofin]]'' - [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí]] # ''[[:en:Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh|Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]]'' - [[Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]] # ''[[:en:Ranna an aeir|Ranna an aeir]]'' - [[Ranna an aeir]] # ''[[:en:Irish Astronomical Tract|Irish Astronomical Tract]]'' - [[]] == Lebor Bretnach == {{tl|teideal iodálach}} {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} '''''Lebor Bretnach''''', [[Irish orthography]] '''''Leabhar Breathnach''''' and sometimes known as the '''Irish Nennius''', is an 11th-century historical work in [[teangacha Gaelacha]], largely consisting of a translation of the ''[[Historia Brittonum]]''. It may have originated in Scotland, although it has traditionally been attributed to the Irish poet [[Gilla Cómáin mac Gilla Samthainde|Gilla Cóemáin]]. == Lámhscríbhinní ''Lebor Bretnach'' exists in five manuscripts: * '''U'''. Baile Átha Cliath, [[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann]], MS 23 E 25 (1229). A 12th-century fragment in the ''[[Lebor na hUidre|Leabhar na hUidhre]]''. * '''B'''. BÁC, ARÉ, MS 23 P 12 (536). A 14th-century manuscript known as the ''[[Leabhar Bhaile an Mhóta]]''. * '''H'''. BÁC, [[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide|Coláiste na Tríonóide]], MS H. 3. 17. Probably written in the 14th or early 15th century. * '''M'''. BÁC, ARÉ, MS Stowe D ii 1. Known as the ''[[Leabhar Ua Maine|Leabhar Uí Mhaine]]'', written before 1423. * '''L'''. BÁC, ARÉ, MS 23 P 2 (535) agus BÁC, CnaT, MS H. 2. 17, Iml. 2 (1319). Known as the ''[[Leabhar Mór Leacáin]]'', written c. 1417.{{sfn|Todd|1848|p=viii}} == Ábhair ''Lebor Bretnach'' is a translation of a 9th-century historical collection purportedly written by Nennius, the ''Historia Brittonum'', but not an entirely literal one. It only summarises the ''Historia Brittonum'' where that work deals with specifically Gaelic matters already familiar to scholars in Ireland and Scotland, and in some other passages it includes additional material taken from, for example, the ''[[Sex Aetates Mundi (Meán-Ghaeilge)|Sex Aetates Mundi]]'', [[Bede]]'s ''[[Ecclesiastical History of the English People|Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum]]'', and a [[na Cruithnigh|Pictish]] king-list.{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=13}}{{sfn|Fitzpatrick-Matthews|2007–2015}} == Údair agus dáta In two manuscripts of ''Lebor Bretnach'', '''H''' and '''M''', the translation is ascribed to the poet Gilla Cóemáin (fl. 1071/2).{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=11}}{{sfn|Fitzpatrick-Matthews|2007–2015}} This ascription is now in doubt,{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=11}} and the historian [[Thomas Owen Clancy]] has suggested that ''Lebor Bretnach'' was instead only intended to be dedicated to Gilla Cóemáin.{{sfn|Fitzpatrick-Matthews|2007–2015}} Traditionally there had been an assumption that the translation had been an Irish work, but Clancy has argued for a Scottish provenance, suggesting an origin at [[Abernethy, Perth and Kinross|Abernethy]], though probably intended for an Irish readership that had perhaps become interested in Scottish literature and history as a result of the military success and prestige of the [[Kingdom of Alba]].{{sfn|Evans|2005|p=700}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clancy |first1=Thomas Owen |year=2000 |chapter=Scotland, the "Nennian" recension of the ''Historia Brittonum'', and the ''Lebor Bretnach'' |editor1-last=Taylor |editor1-first=Simon |title=Kings, Clerics and Chronicles in Scotland 500–1297: Essays in Honour of Marjorie Ogilvie Anderson on the Occasion of her Ninetieth Birthday |location=Dublin |publisher=Four Courts Press |pages=87–107 |isbn=1851825169 }}</ref> It is generally agreed that ''Lebor Bretnach'' dates to the mid or late 11th century.{{sfn|Evans|2005|p=11}}{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=11}} == Eagráin * {{cite book |year=1848 |editor1-last=Todd |editor1-first=James Henthorn |editor1-link=James Henthorn Todd |title=Leabhar Breathnach Annso Sis: The Irish Version of the Historia Britonum of Nennius |location=Baile Átha Cliath |publisher=Irish Archaeological Society | url = https://archive.org/details/leabharbreathnac00nennuoft }}, ar CELT as: [https://celt.ucc.ie//published/G100028/index.html Gaeilge] * {{cite book |year=1937 |editor1-last=van Hamel |editor1-first=A. G. |editor1-link=A. G. van Hamel |title=Lebor Bretnach: The Irish Version of the Historia Britonum Ascribed to Nennius |series=Irish Manuscripts Commission, Volume 5 |location=Baile Átha Cliath |publisher=Oifig an tSoláthair }} == Féach freisin * [[Nennius]] — a Welsh monk of the 9th century * [[Frankish Table of Nations]] — a Latin source for the genealogies == Foinsí * {{citation |last=Dooley |first=Ann |author-link=Ann Dooley |date=2004 |title=Arthur of the Irish: A viable concept? |journal=Arthurian Literature |volume=21 |pages=9–28 }} * {{citation |last=Evans |first=Nicholas |editor-last=Duffy |editor-first=Sean |encyclopedia=Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia |title=Scottish influence |year=2005 |publisher=Routledge |location=Londain |isbn=0415940524 |pages=699–700 }} * {{citation |url=http://www.historiabrittonum.net/?page_id=20 |title=Lebor Bretnach |last1=Fitzpatrick-Matthews |first1=Keith J. |date=2007–2015 |website=Historia Brittonum }} == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Litríocht na hÉireann]] == Annales Dominicani de Roscoman == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} [[Íomhá:Roscommon_Priory_-_aerial_-_2024-12-27_01.jpg|thumb|'' Ruins of Roscommon Dominican Priory]] The '''Dominican Annals of Roscommon''' ({{Lang|la|Annales Dominicani de Roscoman}}) is an [[Annála Éireannacha]], covering events, mainly in Connacht and its neighbouring regions, from 1163 to 1314, spanning the period of the [[Ionradh na Normannach ar Éirinn]] and the early part of [[Tiarnas na hÉireann]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://groups.io/g/Educator-Gold/topic/digital_humanities_digital/334356 | teideal=CELT Project: The Corpus of Electronic Texts | suíomh=groups.io }}</ref> It also mentions some matters to do with the [[na Doiminicigh]], [[An Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach] matters in general, and political relations with [[Ríocht Shasana]].<ref name=adrcelt>{{lua idirlín |url=https://celt.ucc.ie/published/L100015A/ |teideal=Annales Dominicani de Roscoman |suíomh=celt.ucc.ie }}</ref> It was compiled in [[Laidin]] in [[Roscommon Dominican Priory]] (Blackfriars).<ref>Finn, R. (2023:10). ''The Dominicans in the British Isles and Beyond: A New History of the English Province of the Friars Preachers''. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.</ref> The abbey was founded by and supported by the [[Uí Chonchúir]] [[ríthe na gConnacht]]. Occasional examples of pro-O'Connor bias are noted: for example, the [[Blinding (punishment)|blinding]] of Muirchertach Ua Conchobair by his brother, the king [[Ruaidrí mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair|Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair]], is not mentioned, and when the 1193 [[creachadh]] of the monastery on [[Inchcleraun]] is mentioned, it is attributed to [[Gilbert de Lacy]], whereas the [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] mention that [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair]] was also responsible.<ref name=adrcelt/> The largest part of the Annals are attributed to [[Odo O'Hanmerech]] (died in 1306). The annals survive in a seventeenth-century manuscript that once belonged to [[James Ware]]. Among its notable entries are a mention of the drying-up of the River Galvia, apparently an early name for [[Abhainn na Gaillimhe]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://steemit.com/ireland/@harlotscurse/a-sova-potamoy-ekvolai | teideal=Αὐσοβα Ποταμου Εκβολαι | dáta=3ú Meán Fómhair 2018 | suíomh=Steemit }}</ref> == Féach freisin * [[Annála Éireannacha]] == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Annála Éireannacha]] {{síol-ie}} == Inis Cloithrinn == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Séadchomhartha}} 91<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=National Monuments of County Longford in State Care | url = http://www.archaeology.ie/sites/default/files/media/pdf/monuments-in-state-care-longford.pdf | page=1 | suíomh=heritageireland.ie | foilsitheoir=National Monument Service | dátarochtana=2a Iúil 2020 }}</ref> '' '''Inis Cloithrinn''', is an island situated in [[Loch Rí]] on the [[an tSionainn]], in central Ireland.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | teideal=Inchcleraun Island / Quaker Island - Longford - | ainm=Michael | Aoine=Heraghty | dáta=15ú Deireadh Fómhair 2004 | dátarochtana=22a Meitheamh 2016 | archive-date=8ú Lúnasa 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160808025929/http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/historical-features-of-co/islands/ | teideal=Islands }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/longford/inchcleraun/ | teideal=Inchcleraun (quaker island), County Longford }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordtourism.ie/see-do/attractions/lough-ree/ | teideal=Lough Ree }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> '' The island is home to the ruins of St. Diarmaid's Monastery, a [[mainistir]] founded by [[Diarmaid the Just]] in AD 560. These buildings constitute a [[Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]]. == An Inis '' Inis Cloithrinn is an island of {{Convert|57.7|ha|abbr=on}} located in the centre of [[Loch Rí]], with [[Cnoc an Chrochaire]], Contae Ros Comáin to its west and [[Baile Nua an Chaisil]], Contae Longfoirt to its east. [[Íomhá:Inchcleraun Monastery.jpg|thumb|Mainister Inis Cloithrinn]] == Stair '' The island takes its name from Irish for "[[Cloithre]]'s Island". In [[Miotaseolaíocht na nGael]], Clothru was a daughter of [[Eochaid Feidlech]], then [[ardrí na hÉireann]]. She became the Queen of Connacht after her father's death, and once owned the island. Her sister, [[Medb]], retired to Inchcleraun after Medb's husband [[Ailill mac Máta]] killed her lover [[Fergus mac Róich]]. One point is called '' Grianán Maebha '', and nearby is ''Ionad Marbhtha Meidhbhe'', where she was killed by a stone thrown from [[Elfeet Castle]], on the Longford side of the lake. In other versions of the legend, it is a lump of cheese fired from a [[slingshot]] by a nephew of Clothru.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordlibrary.ie/lib_arc_inside.aspx?id=15036 | teideal=Longford Library | ainm=Longford | sloinne=Library }}</ref> [[Íomhá:Myths and legends; the Celtic race (1910) (14596952367).jpg|thumb|'' "The Death of Maev" ([[T. W. Rolleston]], 1910); Forbay with [[sling (weapon)|sling]] in foreground, Medb bathing in the background.]] '' The name "Quaker Island" is more recent, and owes to the island being owned at one time by [[Cumann na gCarad|Caecar]]. The island is today owned by the Irish state. === Tagairtí annálacha === Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM) * '''ACM 719.2:''' '' S. Sionach Innsi Clothrann d'écc an fichetmhadh lá do mí April. *'''769''' Curoi, the son of Alniadh, Abbot and Sage of Inchcleraun, and of Caill Fochladha ([[Loch Dairbhreach]]) in Meath died. * '''ACM 780.6:''' '' Eochaidh mac Focartai, abb Fochladha, & Insi Clothrann, [d'ecc] *'''1010''' The men of [[an Mhumhain]] plundered Inchcleraun and [[Inis Bó Finne]] * '''ACM 1050.22:''' '' Inis Clothrand do orccain.<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> *'''1087''' The fleet of the men of Munster, with [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], sailed on the Shannon to Lough Ree and plundered the islands of the lake (inc. Inchcleraun) * '''ACM 1136.1:''' '' Aodh Ua Finn, epscop na [[Bréifne]], do écc i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1141.7:''' '' Giolla na Naomh Ua Ferghaile, toiseach Muintire [[an Anaíle|h-Anghaile]] fer ard-raith Ereann d'ég, iar c-cian-aois, & a adhnacal a n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1150.10:''' '' Murchadh, mac Giolla na Naemh Uí Fherghail, tuir ordáin, & airechais Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrand. * '''ACM 1160.3:''' '' Giolla na Naemh Ua Duinn [[ollamh Éireann|fer léighinn]] Insi Clothrann, saoi senchusa, & dána, & degh-fher labhra, ro fhaidh-sein [''sent''] a spirat co a athardha etir coraidh aingel an 17 do December iarsan ochtmhadh bliadhain ar chaogad a aoise. * '''ACM 1167.3:''' '' Cionaeth Ua Cethernaigh, sagart Insi Clothrann [d'écc] * '''ACM 1168.16:''' '' Dubhcobhlach, the daughter of O'Quinn, wife of Mac Corgamna, died and was interred in Inchcleraun. Dubh Chobhlaigh, inghen Uí Chuinn, ben Mic Carrgamhna, d'écc iar buaidh ongtha & aithrighe, & a h-adhnacal i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1170.5:''' '' Diarmaid Ua Braoin, comharba Commáin, & áird-shenóir Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann iarsan cúicceadh bliadhain nochad a aoisi. * '''ACM 1174.6:''' '' Ruaidhri Ua Cearbhaill tighearna [[Ele|Éile]] do mharbhadh ar lár Innsi Clothrann. * '''ACM 1189.8:''' '' ... ar as ann ro bátar geill [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair|Conchobhair Maonmuighe] i n-Inis Clothrann for Loch Ribh an tan-sin. * '''ACM 1193.10:''' '' Inis Clothrann do orgain la macaibh Oisdealb, & la macaibh Conchobhair Maonmaighe. * '''ACM 1232.3:''' '' Tiopraitte Ua Braoin comhorba Commáin saoí cléircechta, sencusa, & breithemhnassa d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann i n-a ailithre. * '''ACM 1244.1:''' '' Donnchadh mac Finghin mic Maoil Seachlainn mic Aodha mic Toirrdhealbaigh Uí Conchobhair epscop Oile Finn d'écc an 23. April i n-Inis Clothrand, & a adhncacal i [[Mainistir na Búille|Mainistir na Buille]]. === Foirgnimh === '' Between 800 and 1300 the island and its churches were repeatedly plundered and burned by invaders, so the buildings are in ruins today. Six of the island's churches are surrounded by an [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]] in the southeast corner of the island. === Teampall Diarmada '' Teampall Diarmada is the monastery founded by Saint [[Diarmaid the Just]] (who was a teacher of [[Ciarán of Clonmacnoise]]) in 540 AD. This church once had a stone roof.<ref name=newtowncashel>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> === Teampall Mór '' Teampall Mór stands within four metres to the north of Teampall Diarmada. It consists of a single nave. Its plain masonry walls are in relatively good condition. There are two lancet windows at the east end, which are long, narrow and recessed. The windows on the south side have the appearance of later additions and are unsymmetrical. All traces of doors have vanished, but the opes, which have been arched and protected by the Board of Works, seem to indicate the position of a west door and an entrance on the north side to the cloister. An upper chamber exists. '' The interior walls of the church were once plastered. The walls have lost their distinctive features of detail, except for the east window, which is similar in construction to that of the Teampall Clogas. The interior arch of the east window is circular, built of four stones. The exterior has only two stones forming a pointed arch. '' There is the remains of an altar, built of rubble work but without the altar slab. The door in the south wall of the nave has a circular moulding. The north door is only a gap. '' This church is situated a short distance to the south of the cluster of churches. It is more modern in appearance than any of the others. At the north-west corner is a more modern chamber with no visible entrance. Near this church, half buried with its face downward is a stone bearing incised on its surface a Celtic interlaced cross with an Irish inscription.<ref name=newtowncashel/> === Templemurry '' Templemurry is the largest church on the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> According to local lore, any woman who enters Templemurray will die within a year. === Teampall Clogas '' Teampall Clogas is one of the churches, and stands alone at the highest point of the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> It has a square [[clogas]], which is attached to the main building. Most churches of this era had [[Irish round tower|round towers]], separate from the main building. It is located on the northern part of the island and is visible from the shoreline. On the plan the church is rectangular, being {{Convert|10.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} by {{Convert|5.1|m|ft|abbr=on}}. == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]] == Inis Bó Finne == :''Gan bheith measctha le [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na Gaillimhe]] agus [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae Dhún na nGall]]. Féach [[Inis Bó Finne]] (Idirdhealán). Is oileán suite i [[Loch Rí]] ar an [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]] is ea '''Inis Bó Finne'''.<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=Inis Bó Finne | url=http://www.logainm.ie/ga/50983 | dátarochtana=2022-11-24 | suíomh=logainm.ie | teanga=ga }}</ref> == An inis '' Inis Bó Finne is an island of {{Convert|26.6|ha|abbr=on}} located in the eastern arm of [[Loch Rí]], with [[An Teanga, Contae na hIarmhí]] the nearest village. == Stair 213 '' Saint [[Ríoch]] is said to have founded a Christian monastery on Inis Bó Finne in AD 530.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/westmeath/inchbofin/ | teideal=Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí }}</ref> The [[Laidin]] [[calque]]s ''Īnsula Vaccae Albae'' or ''Īnsula Vitulae Albae'' are also used on occasion.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/lakelands-of-westmeath/lough-ree/islands-of-lough-ree/inchboffin/ | teideal=Inchboffin }}</ref> The monastery was of the [[Canons Regular of Saint Augustine]]. '' The ''Topographical Dictionary of Ireland'' (1837) said that of Inchbofin's {{convert|64|acre|abbr=on}}, there were {{CONVERT|27|acre|abbr=on}} suitable for [[arable land|arable]] use.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.johngrenham.com/records/lewis.php?civilparishid=2490&civilparish=&county=Westmeath&&search_type=full | teideal=Lewis' Topographical Dictionary | ainm=John | sloinne=Grenham }}</ref> Griffith's Valuation (mid-19th century) mentions three families on the island: Skelly, Connell and Heffernan; the island was owned by Susan Galbraith. In the 1911 census, there were 13 people living on the island, of the same 3 families.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/search/results.jsp?census_year=1911&surname=&exact=&firstname=&county19011911=Westmeath&county1821=&county1831=&county1841=&county1851=&townland=inchbofin&ded=&age=&sex=&relationToHead=&religion=&education=&occupation=&marriageStatus=&marriageYears=&childrenBorn=&childrenLiving=&birthplace=&language=&deafdumb=&search=Search&sort=&pageSize=&houseNumber=&familiesNumber=&malesNumber=&femalesNumber=&maleServNumber=&femaleServNumber=&estChurchNumber=&romanCatNumber=&presbNumberDiv=&protNumber=&parish=&barony=&yearsMarried=&causeOfDeath=&yearOfDeath=&familyId=&ageInMonths=&pager.offset=0 | teideal=National Archives: Census of Ireland 1911 }}</ref> '' In the winter of 2009, the [[Irish Air Corps]] sent a helicopter to the island to deliver cattle fodder for the last farmer on the island, John Connell, after Loch Rí froze solid.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.independent.ie/life/travel/ireland/secret-ireland-lough-ree-26692248.html | teideal=Secret Ireland: Lough Ree | foilsitheoir=Independent.ie }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2010/01/13/3993995-air-corps-comes-to-athlone-to-deliver-fodder-to-lough-ree-islands | teideal=Air Corps comes to Athlone to deliver fodder to Lough Ree islands | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref>. He was the last permanent resident of the island and died on 12 February 2018.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2018/02/13/4152121-end-of-an-era-as-last-islander-passes/ | teideal=End of an era as last islander sies | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref> == Tagairtí annálacha Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM), [[Annála Inis Faithlinn]] (AIF), [[Annála Tiarnaigh]] (AT), [[Annála Uladh]] (AU) * '''ACM 750.3''': '' Fiangalach, mac Anmchadha, mic Maoile Curaich, abb Insi Bo Finne for Loch Ribh[, d'écc]<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005A/text058.html | title=Part 58 of Annals of the Four Masters | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AU 755.5''': ..., '' Fiangalach m. Anmchada filii Maele Curaich abb Innse Bo Finne for Loch Ri ... mortui sunt<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100001A.html | title=The Annals of Ulster | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AIF 922.2''': '' Tomrair mc. Elgi, iarla do Gallaib ... luid for Loch Rí coro oirg a h-uile inse, ... * '''AIF 1016.1''': '' Sloged mór la mc. m-[[Brian Bóraimhe|Briain]] co Loch Rí coro ort<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrand]] & Inis Bó Finne * '''ACM 1089.8''': '' Cobhlach Fer Mumhan .i. im [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], do thiachtain for [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]], & for [[Loch Rí|Loch Ribh]] co ro airccset<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> cealla an locha, .i. [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrann]], Inis Bó Finne, Inis Aingginn [''Hare Island''] & Cluain Eamhain<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005B/text019.html | teideal=Annála na gCeithre Máistrí (cuid 19) | publisher=CELT }}</ref> * '''AT 1089.1''': '' Coblach mor la Muirchertach h-Úa mBriain ríg Muman for Sinaind & for Loch Ri, co ro aírgset Inis Bo Finde & Inis Clothrann... == Foirgnimh '' The remains of two churches survive on Inchbofin. One (12th century) is at the north-eastern point of the island and has an irregular [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]]. It consists of a [[nave]], [[transept]] and [[sacristy]]. To the north of the altar is a [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] window, and above a window is a carving of a bishop's head. The smaller church ruin to the south is from the 12th/13th centuries.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/site/2460/ | teideal=Inchbofin, St Rioch | suíomh=The Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain & Ireland }}</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:An tSionainn]] == Foclóireacht == # [[Foclóireacht na Gaeilge]] # [[Leabharlann an Ard Easpaig Marsh]]=[[Leabharlann Marsh]]- # [[foclóir.ie]]=[[focloir.ie]] == An Féineachas == [[An Féineachas]] (agus/nó b'fhéidir [[Seanchas]] / [[Béaloideas]]). Spreagtha ag ''[[:en:Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2025/March#8 March 2025|Recent additions, 8 March 2025]]'' ''[https://dil.ie/34117 othrus]'' ≈ fulaingt tinnis/othrais. Teimpléid; * [[Teimpléad:WD Bosca Sonraí Doiciméad]] * [[Teimpléad:efn]] Nuashonraithe (lámhscríbhinní): # [[Senchas Már]] (SM) # [[Bechbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Bechbretha agus Coibes Uisci Thairdne|SM #21]]) # [[Bretha Crólige]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #33]]) # [[Críth Gablach]] (MacA) # [[Gúbretha Caratniad]] ([[Bodleian Library]], [[Rawlinson B 502]]) As nua, iomlán: # [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici]] (CIH) # [[Sanas Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] (MacA) # [[Cethairṡlicht Athgabálae]] ([[Senchas Már#Cethairslicht Athgabálae|SM #2]]) # [[Sechtae]] ([[Senchas Már#Sechtae|SM #9]]) # [[Recholl Breth]] (SM #13) # [[Bretha Déin Chécht]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #34]]) # [[Muirbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Clár ábhar|SM #38]]) # [[Anfuigell]] (m.s., CnaT, LS 1387; MacA) # [[Berrad Airechta]] (CnaT, LS 1337) # [[Bretha Étgid]] ([[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann|ARÉ]] LS 23 P 3) # [[Cóic Conara Fugill]] (m.s., [[Uraicecht Becc]], [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Di Astud Chor]] (''via'' [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Mellbretha]] ([[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide|CnaT]], LS 1363) # [[Uí Lochlainn]] # [[Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] # [[CnaT BÁC, LS 1317]], [[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath, LS 1317]] # [[Bóaire]] # [[Coinmheadh is buannacht]] # [[Brehon Law Commission]] # [[Mac Aodhagáin]] &rightarrow; [[Mhic Aodhagáin]] # [[John Lynch (Gratianus Lucius)]] # [[Fearghas Ó Ceallaigh]] # [[Leabharlann COBÁC]] # [[Cathair Mhic Neachtain]] # [[Thom McGinty]] As nua, síolta: # [[Dlí Ceilteach]]- # [[Gabháil chine]]- # [[Cyfraith Hywel]]- # [[Galanas]]- # [[Accessus ad auctores]]- # [[Hapax legomenon]]- # [[Robert Atkinson]]- == Dlí luath na hÉireann == Fainic: sách fada, mionchúiseach agus as Béarla, mar bharr ar an donas. The particular "[https://www.teanglann.ie/ga/fgb/féineachas An] [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20Irish%20law/ Féineachas]" aside, I'm looking at the general phrase "early Irish law". My dad was a fishmonger and was always careful to say about his produce "smoked Irish salmon" and not "Irish smoked salmon", if you see the difference. Is it then "early law of ..." or "law of early ..."? Is "Irish" the language (surely not), the culture, the people or the nation, and in what period? Should "early" be translated as luath or moch? If luath, should it be "luath-" or "- luath"? Given those options, "early Irish law" could be anything from "luathdhlí Gaelach" to "dlí na hÉireann moiche" and points in between. I favour the former. Similarly, for "Celtic law" I favour "dlí Ceilteach", i.e., the culture not the people (the Celts, ... na gCeilteach). Notes: * Moch: cf. [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20modern%20irish/ Nua-Ghaeilge Mhoch] on téarma.ie * "Irish": Gaelach, na nGael, Éireannach, na hÉireann? * What about Welsh, English or Roman law? {{Dlí luath na hÉireann}} == Téamh domhanda == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir Ann cheana: * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] ''Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy 'Cúis'eanna nua: # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas # [[Astaíocht charbóin]] '' Carbon emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture ji1ca7z5k3gowlk42fxe1k1kd1k8pgd 1269375 1269373 2025-06-10T17:46:48Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 1269375 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Litríocht == # [[Murúch]]- # [[Tongu do dia toinges mo thúath]]- # [[Remscéla]]=[[Réamhscéalta]] # [[Bernhard Maier]] # ''[[:en:Foraire Uladh ar Aodh|Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]]'' - [[Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]] # ''[[:en:Lebor Bretnach|Lebor Bretnach]]'' - [[Lebor Bretnach]]=[[Leabhar Breatnach]] # ''[[:en:Dominican Annals of Roscommon|Dominican Annals of Roscommon]]'' - [[Annála Doiminiceacha Ros Comáin]] # ''[[:en:Inchcleraun|Inchcleraun]]'' - [[Inis Cloithrinn]] # ''[[:en:Inchbofin|Inchbofin]]'' - [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí]] # ''[[:en:Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh|Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]]'' - [[Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]] # ''[[:en:Ranna an aeir|Ranna an aeir]]'' - [[Ranna an aeir]] # ''[[:en:Irish Astronomical Tract|Irish Astronomical Tract]]'' - [[]] == Lebor Bretnach == {{tl|teideal iodálach}} {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} Saothar staire den 11ú haois scríofa as [[teangacha Gaelacha]] is ea an '''''Leabhar Breathnach''''' ([[Meán-Ghaeilge]] '''''Lebor Bretnach'''''), aitheanta uaireanta mar an '''Irish Nennius''', aistriúchán go hiondúil den ''[[Historia Brittonum]]''. It may have originated in Scotland, although it has traditionally been attributed to the Irish poet [[Gilla Cómáin mac Gilla Samthainde|Gilla Cóemáin]]. == Lámhscríbhinní ''Lebor Bretnach'' exists in five manuscripts: * '''U'''. Baile Átha Cliath, [[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann]], MS 23 E 25 (1229). A 12th-century fragment in the ''[[Lebor na hUidre|Leabhar na hUidhre]]''. * '''B'''. BÁC, ARÉ, MS 23 P 12 (536). A 14th-century manuscript known as the ''[[Leabhar Bhaile an Mhóta]]''. * '''H'''. BÁC, [[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide|Coláiste na Tríonóide]], MS H. 3. 17. Probably written in the 14th or early 15th century. * '''M'''. BÁC, ARÉ, MS Stowe D ii 1. Known as the ''[[Leabhar Ua Maine|Leabhar Uí Mhaine]]'', written before 1423. * '''L'''. BÁC, ARÉ, MS 23 P 2 (535) agus BÁC, CnaT, MS H. 2. 17, Iml. 2 (1319). Known as the ''[[Leabhar Mór Leacáin]]'', written c. 1417.{{sfn|Todd|1848|p=viii}} == Ábhair ''Lebor Bretnach'' is a translation of a 9th-century historical collection purportedly written by Nennius, the ''Historia Brittonum'', but not an entirely literal one. It only summarises the ''Historia Brittonum'' where that work deals with specifically Gaelic matters already familiar to scholars in Ireland and Scotland, and in some other passages it includes additional material taken from, for example, the ''[[Sex Aetates Mundi (Meán-Ghaeilge)|Sex Aetates Mundi]]'', [[Bede]]'s ''[[Ecclesiastical History of the English People|Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum]]'', and a [[na Cruithnigh|Pictish]] king-list.{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=13}}{{sfn|Fitzpatrick-Matthews|2007–2015}} == Údair agus dáta In two manuscripts of ''Lebor Bretnach'', '''H''' and '''M''', the translation is ascribed to the poet Gilla Cóemáin (fl. 1071/2).{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=11}}{{sfn|Fitzpatrick-Matthews|2007–2015}} This ascription is now in doubt,{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=11}} and the historian [[Thomas Owen Clancy]] has suggested that ''Lebor Bretnach'' was instead only intended to be dedicated to Gilla Cóemáin.{{sfn|Fitzpatrick-Matthews|2007–2015}} Traditionally there had been an assumption that the translation had been an Irish work, but Clancy has argued for a Scottish provenance, suggesting an origin at [[Abernethy, Perth and Kinross|Abernethy]], though probably intended for an Irish readership that had perhaps become interested in Scottish literature and history as a result of the military success and prestige of the [[Kingdom of Alba]].{{sfn|Evans|2005|p=700}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clancy |first1=Thomas Owen |year=2000 |chapter=Scotland, the "Nennian" recension of the ''Historia Brittonum'', and the ''Lebor Bretnach'' |editor1-last=Taylor |editor1-first=Simon |title=Kings, Clerics and Chronicles in Scotland 500–1297: Essays in Honour of Marjorie Ogilvie Anderson on the Occasion of her Ninetieth Birthday |location=Dublin |publisher=Four Courts Press |pages=87–107 |isbn=1851825169 }}</ref> It is generally agreed that ''Lebor Bretnach'' dates to the mid or late 11th century.{{sfn|Evans|2005|p=11}}{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=11}} == Eagráin * {{cite book |year=1848 |editor1-last=Todd |editor1-first=James Henthorn |editor1-link=James Henthorn Todd |title=Leabhar Breathnach Annso Sis: The Irish Version of the Historia Britonum of Nennius |location=Baile Átha Cliath |publisher=Irish Archaeological Society | url = https://archive.org/details/leabharbreathnac00nennuoft }}, ar CELT as: [https://celt.ucc.ie//published/G100028/index.html Gaeilge] * {{cite book |year=1937 |editor1-last=van Hamel |editor1-first=A. G. |editor1-link=A. G. van Hamel |title=Lebor Bretnach: The Irish Version of the Historia Britonum Ascribed to Nennius |series=Irish Manuscripts Commission, Volume 5 |location=Baile Átha Cliath |publisher=Oifig an tSoláthair }} == Féach freisin * [[Nennius]] — a Welsh monk of the 9th century * [[Frankish Table of Nations]] — a Latin source for the genealogies == Foinsí * {{citation |last=Dooley |first=Ann |author-link=Ann Dooley |date=2004 |title=Arthur of the Irish: A viable concept? |journal=Arthurian Literature |volume=21 |pages=9–28 }} * {{citation |last=Evans |first=Nicholas |editor-last=Duffy |editor-first=Sean |encyclopedia=Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia |title=Scottish influence |year=2005 |publisher=Routledge |location=Londain |isbn=0415940524 |pages=699–700 }} * {{citation |url=http://www.historiabrittonum.net/?page_id=20 |title=Lebor Bretnach |last1=Fitzpatrick-Matthews |first1=Keith J. |date=2007–2015 |website=Historia Brittonum }} == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Litríocht na hÉireann]] == Annales Dominicani de Roscoman == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} [[Íomhá:Roscommon_Priory_-_aerial_-_2024-12-27_01.jpg|thumb|'' Ruins of Roscommon Dominican Priory]] The '''Dominican Annals of Roscommon''' ({{Lang|la|Annales Dominicani de Roscoman}}) is an [[Annála Éireannacha]], covering events, mainly in Connacht and its neighbouring regions, from 1163 to 1314, spanning the period of the [[Ionradh na Normannach ar Éirinn]] and the early part of [[Tiarnas na hÉireann]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://groups.io/g/Educator-Gold/topic/digital_humanities_digital/334356 | teideal=CELT Project: The Corpus of Electronic Texts | suíomh=groups.io }}</ref> It also mentions some matters to do with the [[na Doiminicigh]], [[An Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach] matters in general, and political relations with [[Ríocht Shasana]].<ref name=adrcelt>{{lua idirlín |url=https://celt.ucc.ie/published/L100015A/ |teideal=Annales Dominicani de Roscoman |suíomh=celt.ucc.ie }}</ref> It was compiled in [[Laidin]] in [[Roscommon Dominican Priory]] (Blackfriars).<ref>Finn, R. (2023:10). ''The Dominicans in the British Isles and Beyond: A New History of the English Province of the Friars Preachers''. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.</ref> The abbey was founded by and supported by the [[Uí Chonchúir]] [[ríthe na gConnacht]]. Occasional examples of pro-O'Connor bias are noted: for example, the [[Blinding (punishment)|blinding]] of Muirchertach Ua Conchobair by his brother, the king [[Ruaidrí mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair|Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair]], is not mentioned, and when the 1193 [[creachadh]] of the monastery on [[Inchcleraun]] is mentioned, it is attributed to [[Gilbert de Lacy]], whereas the [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] mention that [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair]] was also responsible.<ref name=adrcelt/> The largest part of the Annals are attributed to [[Odo O'Hanmerech]] (died in 1306). The annals survive in a seventeenth-century manuscript that once belonged to [[James Ware]]. Among its notable entries are a mention of the drying-up of the River Galvia, apparently an early name for [[Abhainn na Gaillimhe]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://steemit.com/ireland/@harlotscurse/a-sova-potamoy-ekvolai | teideal=Αὐσοβα Ποταμου Εκβολαι | dáta=3ú Meán Fómhair 2018 | suíomh=Steemit }}</ref> == Féach freisin * [[Annála Éireannacha]] == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Annála Éireannacha]] {{síol-ie}} == Inis Cloithrinn == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Séadchomhartha}} 91<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=National Monuments of County Longford in State Care | url = http://www.archaeology.ie/sites/default/files/media/pdf/monuments-in-state-care-longford.pdf | page=1 | suíomh=heritageireland.ie | foilsitheoir=National Monument Service | dátarochtana=2a Iúil 2020 }}</ref> '' '''Inis Cloithrinn''', is an island situated in [[Loch Rí]] on the [[an tSionainn]], in central Ireland.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | teideal=Inchcleraun Island / Quaker Island - Longford - | ainm=Michael | Aoine=Heraghty | dáta=15ú Deireadh Fómhair 2004 | dátarochtana=22a Meitheamh 2016 | archive-date=8ú Lúnasa 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160808025929/http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/historical-features-of-co/islands/ | teideal=Islands }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/longford/inchcleraun/ | teideal=Inchcleraun (quaker island), County Longford }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordtourism.ie/see-do/attractions/lough-ree/ | teideal=Lough Ree }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> '' The island is home to the ruins of St. Diarmaid's Monastery, a [[mainistir]] founded by [[Diarmaid the Just]] in AD 560. These buildings constitute a [[Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]]. == An Inis '' Inis Cloithrinn is an island of {{Convert|57.7|ha|abbr=on}} located in the centre of [[Loch Rí]], with [[Cnoc an Chrochaire]], Contae Ros Comáin to its west and [[Baile Nua an Chaisil]], Contae Longfoirt to its east. [[Íomhá:Inchcleraun Monastery.jpg|thumb|Mainister Inis Cloithrinn]] == Stair '' The island takes its name from Irish for "[[Cloithre]]'s Island". In [[Miotaseolaíocht na nGael]], Clothru was a daughter of [[Eochaid Feidlech]], then [[ardrí na hÉireann]]. She became the Queen of Connacht after her father's death, and once owned the island. Her sister, [[Medb]], retired to Inchcleraun after Medb's husband [[Ailill mac Máta]] killed her lover [[Fergus mac Róich]]. One point is called '' Grianán Maebha '', and nearby is ''Ionad Marbhtha Meidhbhe'', where she was killed by a stone thrown from [[Elfeet Castle]], on the Longford side of the lake. In other versions of the legend, it is a lump of cheese fired from a [[slingshot]] by a nephew of Clothru.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordlibrary.ie/lib_arc_inside.aspx?id=15036 | teideal=Longford Library | ainm=Longford | sloinne=Library }}</ref> [[Íomhá:Myths and legends; the Celtic race (1910) (14596952367).jpg|thumb|'' "The Death of Maev" ([[T. W. Rolleston]], 1910); Forbay with [[sling (weapon)|sling]] in foreground, Medb bathing in the background.]] '' The name "Quaker Island" is more recent, and owes to the island being owned at one time by [[Cumann na gCarad|Caecar]]. The island is today owned by the Irish state. === Tagairtí annálacha === Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM) * '''ACM 719.2:''' '' S. Sionach Innsi Clothrann d'écc an fichetmhadh lá do mí April. *'''769''' Curoi, the son of Alniadh, Abbot and Sage of Inchcleraun, and of Caill Fochladha ([[Loch Dairbhreach]]) in Meath died. * '''ACM 780.6:''' '' Eochaidh mac Focartai, abb Fochladha, & Insi Clothrann, [d'ecc] *'''1010''' The men of [[an Mhumhain]] plundered Inchcleraun and [[Inis Bó Finne]] * '''ACM 1050.22:''' '' Inis Clothrand do orccain.<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> *'''1087''' The fleet of the men of Munster, with [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], sailed on the Shannon to Lough Ree and plundered the islands of the lake (inc. Inchcleraun) * '''ACM 1136.1:''' '' Aodh Ua Finn, epscop na [[Bréifne]], do écc i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1141.7:''' '' Giolla na Naomh Ua Ferghaile, toiseach Muintire [[an Anaíle|h-Anghaile]] fer ard-raith Ereann d'ég, iar c-cian-aois, & a adhnacal a n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1150.10:''' '' Murchadh, mac Giolla na Naemh Uí Fherghail, tuir ordáin, & airechais Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrand. * '''ACM 1160.3:''' '' Giolla na Naemh Ua Duinn [[ollamh Éireann|fer léighinn]] Insi Clothrann, saoi senchusa, & dána, & degh-fher labhra, ro fhaidh-sein [''sent''] a spirat co a athardha etir coraidh aingel an 17 do December iarsan ochtmhadh bliadhain ar chaogad a aoise. * '''ACM 1167.3:''' '' Cionaeth Ua Cethernaigh, sagart Insi Clothrann [d'écc] * '''ACM 1168.16:''' '' Dubhcobhlach, the daughter of O'Quinn, wife of Mac Corgamna, died and was interred in Inchcleraun. Dubh Chobhlaigh, inghen Uí Chuinn, ben Mic Carrgamhna, d'écc iar buaidh ongtha & aithrighe, & a h-adhnacal i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1170.5:''' '' Diarmaid Ua Braoin, comharba Commáin, & áird-shenóir Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann iarsan cúicceadh bliadhain nochad a aoisi. * '''ACM 1174.6:''' '' Ruaidhri Ua Cearbhaill tighearna [[Ele|Éile]] do mharbhadh ar lár Innsi Clothrann. * '''ACM 1189.8:''' '' ... ar as ann ro bátar geill [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair|Conchobhair Maonmuighe] i n-Inis Clothrann for Loch Ribh an tan-sin. * '''ACM 1193.10:''' '' Inis Clothrann do orgain la macaibh Oisdealb, & la macaibh Conchobhair Maonmaighe. * '''ACM 1232.3:''' '' Tiopraitte Ua Braoin comhorba Commáin saoí cléircechta, sencusa, & breithemhnassa d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann i n-a ailithre. * '''ACM 1244.1:''' '' Donnchadh mac Finghin mic Maoil Seachlainn mic Aodha mic Toirrdhealbaigh Uí Conchobhair epscop Oile Finn d'écc an 23. April i n-Inis Clothrand, & a adhncacal i [[Mainistir na Búille|Mainistir na Buille]]. === Foirgnimh === '' Between 800 and 1300 the island and its churches were repeatedly plundered and burned by invaders, so the buildings are in ruins today. Six of the island's churches are surrounded by an [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]] in the southeast corner of the island. === Teampall Diarmada '' Teampall Diarmada is the monastery founded by Saint [[Diarmaid the Just]] (who was a teacher of [[Ciarán of Clonmacnoise]]) in 540 AD. This church once had a stone roof.<ref name=newtowncashel>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> === Teampall Mór '' Teampall Mór stands within four metres to the north of Teampall Diarmada. It consists of a single nave. Its plain masonry walls are in relatively good condition. There are two lancet windows at the east end, which are long, narrow and recessed. The windows on the south side have the appearance of later additions and are unsymmetrical. All traces of doors have vanished, but the opes, which have been arched and protected by the Board of Works, seem to indicate the position of a west door and an entrance on the north side to the cloister. An upper chamber exists. '' The interior walls of the church were once plastered. The walls have lost their distinctive features of detail, except for the east window, which is similar in construction to that of the Teampall Clogas. The interior arch of the east window is circular, built of four stones. The exterior has only two stones forming a pointed arch. '' There is the remains of an altar, built of rubble work but without the altar slab. The door in the south wall of the nave has a circular moulding. The north door is only a gap. '' This church is situated a short distance to the south of the cluster of churches. It is more modern in appearance than any of the others. At the north-west corner is a more modern chamber with no visible entrance. Near this church, half buried with its face downward is a stone bearing incised on its surface a Celtic interlaced cross with an Irish inscription.<ref name=newtowncashel/> === Templemurry '' Templemurry is the largest church on the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> According to local lore, any woman who enters Templemurray will die within a year. === Teampall Clogas '' Teampall Clogas is one of the churches, and stands alone at the highest point of the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> It has a square [[clogas]], which is attached to the main building. Most churches of this era had [[Irish round tower|round towers]], separate from the main building. It is located on the northern part of the island and is visible from the shoreline. On the plan the church is rectangular, being {{Convert|10.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} by {{Convert|5.1|m|ft|abbr=on}}. == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]] == Inis Bó Finne == :''Gan bheith measctha le [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na Gaillimhe]] agus [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae Dhún na nGall]]. Féach [[Inis Bó Finne]] (Idirdhealán). Is oileán suite i [[Loch Rí]] ar an [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]] is ea '''Inis Bó Finne'''.<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=Inis Bó Finne | url=http://www.logainm.ie/ga/50983 | dátarochtana=2022-11-24 | suíomh=logainm.ie | teanga=ga }}</ref> == An inis '' Inis Bó Finne is an island of {{Convert|26.6|ha|abbr=on}} located in the eastern arm of [[Loch Rí]], with [[An Teanga, Contae na hIarmhí]] the nearest village. == Stair 213 '' Saint [[Ríoch]] is said to have founded a Christian monastery on Inis Bó Finne in AD 530.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/westmeath/inchbofin/ | teideal=Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí }}</ref> The [[Laidin]] [[calque]]s ''Īnsula Vaccae Albae'' or ''Īnsula Vitulae Albae'' are also used on occasion.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/lakelands-of-westmeath/lough-ree/islands-of-lough-ree/inchboffin/ | teideal=Inchboffin }}</ref> The monastery was of the [[Canons Regular of Saint Augustine]]. '' The ''Topographical Dictionary of Ireland'' (1837) said that of Inchbofin's {{convert|64|acre|abbr=on}}, there were {{CONVERT|27|acre|abbr=on}} suitable for [[arable land|arable]] use.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.johngrenham.com/records/lewis.php?civilparishid=2490&civilparish=&county=Westmeath&&search_type=full | teideal=Lewis' Topographical Dictionary | ainm=John | sloinne=Grenham }}</ref> Griffith's Valuation (mid-19th century) mentions three families on the island: Skelly, Connell and Heffernan; the island was owned by Susan Galbraith. In the 1911 census, there were 13 people living on the island, of the same 3 families.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/search/results.jsp?census_year=1911&surname=&exact=&firstname=&county19011911=Westmeath&county1821=&county1831=&county1841=&county1851=&townland=inchbofin&ded=&age=&sex=&relationToHead=&religion=&education=&occupation=&marriageStatus=&marriageYears=&childrenBorn=&childrenLiving=&birthplace=&language=&deafdumb=&search=Search&sort=&pageSize=&houseNumber=&familiesNumber=&malesNumber=&femalesNumber=&maleServNumber=&femaleServNumber=&estChurchNumber=&romanCatNumber=&presbNumberDiv=&protNumber=&parish=&barony=&yearsMarried=&causeOfDeath=&yearOfDeath=&familyId=&ageInMonths=&pager.offset=0 | teideal=National Archives: Census of Ireland 1911 }}</ref> '' In the winter of 2009, the [[Irish Air Corps]] sent a helicopter to the island to deliver cattle fodder for the last farmer on the island, John Connell, after Loch Rí froze solid.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.independent.ie/life/travel/ireland/secret-ireland-lough-ree-26692248.html | teideal=Secret Ireland: Lough Ree | foilsitheoir=Independent.ie }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2010/01/13/3993995-air-corps-comes-to-athlone-to-deliver-fodder-to-lough-ree-islands | teideal=Air Corps comes to Athlone to deliver fodder to Lough Ree islands | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref>. He was the last permanent resident of the island and died on 12 February 2018.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2018/02/13/4152121-end-of-an-era-as-last-islander-passes/ | teideal=End of an era as last islander sies | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref> == Tagairtí annálacha Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM), [[Annála Inis Faithlinn]] (AIF), [[Annála Tiarnaigh]] (AT), [[Annála Uladh]] (AU) * '''ACM 750.3''': '' Fiangalach, mac Anmchadha, mic Maoile Curaich, abb Insi Bo Finne for Loch Ribh[, d'écc]<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005A/text058.html | title=Part 58 of Annals of the Four Masters | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AU 755.5''': ..., '' Fiangalach m. Anmchada filii Maele Curaich abb Innse Bo Finne for Loch Ri ... mortui sunt<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100001A.html | title=The Annals of Ulster | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AIF 922.2''': '' Tomrair mc. Elgi, iarla do Gallaib ... luid for Loch Rí coro oirg a h-uile inse, ... * '''AIF 1016.1''': '' Sloged mór la mc. m-[[Brian Bóraimhe|Briain]] co Loch Rí coro ort<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrand]] & Inis Bó Finne * '''ACM 1089.8''': '' Cobhlach Fer Mumhan .i. im [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], do thiachtain for [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]], & for [[Loch Rí|Loch Ribh]] co ro airccset<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> cealla an locha, .i. [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrann]], Inis Bó Finne, Inis Aingginn [''Hare Island''] & Cluain Eamhain<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005B/text019.html | teideal=Annála na gCeithre Máistrí (cuid 19) | publisher=CELT }}</ref> * '''AT 1089.1''': '' Coblach mor la Muirchertach h-Úa mBriain ríg Muman for Sinaind & for Loch Ri, co ro aírgset Inis Bo Finde & Inis Clothrann... == Foirgnimh '' The remains of two churches survive on Inchbofin. One (12th century) is at the north-eastern point of the island and has an irregular [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]]. It consists of a [[nave]], [[transept]] and [[sacristy]]. To the north of the altar is a [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] window, and above a window is a carving of a bishop's head. The smaller church ruin to the south is from the 12th/13th centuries.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/site/2460/ | teideal=Inchbofin, St Rioch | suíomh=The Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain & Ireland }}</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:An tSionainn]] == Foclóireacht == # [[Foclóireacht na Gaeilge]] # [[Leabharlann an Ard Easpaig Marsh]]=[[Leabharlann Marsh]]- # [[foclóir.ie]]=[[focloir.ie]] == An Féineachas == [[An Féineachas]] (agus/nó b'fhéidir [[Seanchas]] / [[Béaloideas]]). Spreagtha ag ''[[:en:Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2025/March#8 March 2025|Recent additions, 8 March 2025]]'' ''[https://dil.ie/34117 othrus]'' ≈ fulaingt tinnis/othrais. Teimpléid; * [[Teimpléad:WD Bosca Sonraí Doiciméad]] * [[Teimpléad:efn]] Nuashonraithe (lámhscríbhinní): # [[Senchas Már]] (SM) # [[Bechbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Bechbretha agus Coibes Uisci Thairdne|SM #21]]) # [[Bretha Crólige]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #33]]) # [[Críth Gablach]] (MacA) # [[Gúbretha Caratniad]] ([[Bodleian Library]], [[Rawlinson B 502]]) As nua, iomlán: # [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici]] (CIH) # [[Sanas Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] (MacA) # [[Cethairṡlicht Athgabálae]] ([[Senchas Már#Cethairslicht Athgabálae|SM #2]]) # [[Sechtae]] ([[Senchas Már#Sechtae|SM #9]]) # [[Recholl Breth]] (SM #13) # [[Bretha Déin Chécht]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #34]]) # [[Muirbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Clár ábhar|SM #38]]) # [[Anfuigell]] (m.s., CnaT, LS 1387; MacA) # [[Berrad Airechta]] (CnaT, LS 1337) # [[Bretha Étgid]] ([[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann|ARÉ]] LS 23 P 3) # [[Cóic Conara Fugill]] (m.s., [[Uraicecht Becc]], [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Di Astud Chor]] (''via'' [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Mellbretha]] ([[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide|CnaT]], LS 1363) # [[Uí Lochlainn]] # [[Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] # [[CnaT BÁC, LS 1317]], [[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath, LS 1317]] # [[Bóaire]] # [[Coinmheadh is buannacht]] # [[Brehon Law Commission]] # [[Mac Aodhagáin]] &rightarrow; [[Mhic Aodhagáin]] # [[John Lynch (Gratianus Lucius)]] # [[Fearghas Ó Ceallaigh]] # [[Leabharlann COBÁC]] # [[Cathair Mhic Neachtain]] # [[Thom McGinty]] As nua, síolta: # [[Dlí Ceilteach]]- # [[Gabháil chine]]- # [[Cyfraith Hywel]]- # [[Galanas]]- # [[Accessus ad auctores]]- # [[Hapax legomenon]]- # [[Robert Atkinson]]- == Dlí luath na hÉireann == Fainic: sách fada, mionchúiseach agus as Béarla, mar bharr ar an donas. The particular "[https://www.teanglann.ie/ga/fgb/féineachas An] [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20Irish%20law/ Féineachas]" aside, I'm looking at the general phrase "early Irish law". My dad was a fishmonger and was always careful to say about his produce "smoked Irish salmon" and not "Irish smoked salmon", if you see the difference. Is it then "early law of ..." or "law of early ..."? Is "Irish" the language (surely not), the culture, the people or the nation, and in what period? Should "early" be translated as luath or moch? If luath, should it be "luath-" or "- luath"? Given those options, "early Irish law" could be anything from "luathdhlí Gaelach" to "dlí na hÉireann moiche" and points in between. I favour the former. Similarly, for "Celtic law" I favour "dlí Ceilteach", i.e., the culture not the people (the Celts, ... na gCeilteach). Notes: * Moch: cf. [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20modern%20irish/ Nua-Ghaeilge Mhoch] on téarma.ie * "Irish": Gaelach, na nGael, Éireannach, na hÉireann? * What about Welsh, English or Roman law? {{Dlí luath na hÉireann}} == Téamh domhanda == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir Ann cheana: * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] ''Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy 'Cúis'eanna nua: # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas # [[Astaíocht charbóin]] '' Carbon emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture 6w2smuy6j0rzroglbgfclybema2p7hl 1269380 1269375 2025-06-10T21:00:07Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 1269380 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Litríocht == # [[Murúch]]- # [[Tongu do dia toinges mo thúath]]- # [[Remscéla]]=[[Réamhscéalta]] # [[Bernhard Maier]] # ''[[:en:Foraire Uladh ar Aodh|Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]]'' - [[Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]] # ''[[:en:Lebor Bretnach|Lebor Bretnach]]'' - [[Lebor Bretnach]]=[[Leabhar Breatnach]] # ''[[:en:Dominican Annals of Roscommon|Dominican Annals of Roscommon]]'' - [[Annála Doiminiceacha Ros Comáin]] # ''[[:en:Inchcleraun|Inchcleraun]]'' - [[Inis Cloithrinn]] # ''[[:en:Inchbofin|Inchbofin]]'' - [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí]] # ''[[:en:Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh|Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]]'' - [[Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]] # ''[[:en:Ranna an aeir|Ranna an aeir]]'' - [[Ranna an aeir]] # ''[[:en:Irish Astronomical Tract|Irish Astronomical Tract]]'' - [[]] == Lebor Bretnach == {{tl|teideal iodálach}} {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} Saothar staire den 11ú haois scríofa as [[teangacha Gaelacha]] is ea an '''''Leabhar Breathnach''''' ([[Meán-Ghaeilge]] ''Lebor Bretnach''), aitheanta uaireanta mar an '''Irish Nennius'''. Is aistriúchán é go hiondúil den saothar ''[[Historia Brittonum]]''. D'fhéadfadh é gur tháinig sé as an Alban, ach de ghnáth deirtear gurb é an file Éireannach [[Gilla Cómáin mac Gilla Samthainde|Giolla Cómáin]] é an t-údar. == Lámhscríbhinní Caomhnaítear an Leabhar Breatnach i gcúig lámhach: * '''U'''. Baile Átha Cliath, [[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann]], MS 23 E 25 (1229). Blúire den 12ú haois as ''[[Lebor na hUidre|Leabhar na hUidhre]]''. * '''B'''. BÁC, ARÉ, MS 23 P 12 (536). Scríbhinn den 14ú haois aitheanta mar ''[[Leabhar Bhaile an Mhóta]]''. * '''H'''. BÁC, [[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide|Coláiste na Tríonóide]], MS H. 3. 17. Scríofa is dócha written sa 14ú nó luath-15ú haois. * '''M'''. BÁC, ARÉ, MS Stowe D ii 1. Known as the ''[[Leabhar Ua Maine|Leabhar Uí Mhaine]]'', written before 1423. * '''L'''. BÁC, ARÉ, MS 23 P 2 (535) agus BÁC, CnaT, MS H. 2. 17, Iml. 2 (1319). Known as the ''[[Leabhar Mór Leacáin]]'', written c. 1417.{{sfn|Todd|1848|p=viii}} == Ábhair ''Lebor Bretnach'' is a translation of a 9th-century historical collection purportedly written by Nennius, the ''Historia Brittonum'', but not an entirely literal one. It only summarises the ''Historia Brittonum'' where that work deals with specifically Gaelic matters already familiar to scholars in Ireland and Scotland, and in some other passages it includes additional material taken from, for example, the ''[[Sex Aetates Mundi (Meán-Ghaeilge)|Sex Aetates Mundi]]'', [[Bede]]'s ''[[Ecclesiastical History of the English People|Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum]]'', and a [[na Cruithnigh|Pictish]] king-list.{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=13}}{{sfn|Fitzpatrick-Matthews|2007–2015}} == Údair agus dáta In two manuscripts of ''Lebor Bretnach'', '''H''' and '''M''', the translation is ascribed to the poet Gilla Cóemáin (fl. 1071/2).{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=11}}{{sfn|Fitzpatrick-Matthews|2007–2015}} This ascription is now in doubt,{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=11}} and the historian [[Thomas Owen Clancy]] has suggested that ''Lebor Bretnach'' was instead only intended to be dedicated to Gilla Cóemáin.{{sfn|Fitzpatrick-Matthews|2007–2015}} Traditionally there had been an assumption that the translation had been an Irish work, but Clancy has argued for a Scottish provenance, suggesting an origin at [[Abernethy, Perth and Kinross|Abernethy]], though probably intended for an Irish readership that had perhaps become interested in Scottish literature and history as a result of the military success and prestige of the [[Kingdom of Alba]].{{sfn|Evans|2005|p=700}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clancy |first1=Thomas Owen |year=2000 |chapter=Scotland, the "Nennian" recension of the ''Historia Brittonum'', and the ''Lebor Bretnach'' |editor1-last=Taylor |editor1-first=Simon |title=Kings, Clerics and Chronicles in Scotland 500–1297: Essays in Honour of Marjorie Ogilvie Anderson on the Occasion of her Ninetieth Birthday |location=Dublin |publisher=Four Courts Press |pages=87–107 |isbn=1851825169 }}</ref> It is generally agreed that ''Lebor Bretnach'' dates to the mid or late 11th century.{{sfn|Evans|2005|p=11}}{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=11}} == Eagráin * {{cite book |year=1848 |editor1-last=Todd |editor1-first=James Henthorn |editor1-link=James Henthorn Todd |title=Leabhar Breathnach Annso Sis: The Irish Version of the Historia Britonum of Nennius |location=Baile Átha Cliath |publisher=Irish Archaeological Society | url = https://archive.org/details/leabharbreathnac00nennuoft }}, ar CELT as: [https://celt.ucc.ie//published/G100028/index.html Gaeilge] * {{cite book |year=1937 |editor1-last=van Hamel |editor1-first=A. G. |editor1-link=A. G. van Hamel |title=Lebor Bretnach: The Irish Version of the Historia Britonum Ascribed to Nennius |series=Irish Manuscripts Commission, Volume 5 |location=Baile Átha Cliath |publisher=Oifig an tSoláthair }} == Féach freisin * [[Nennius]] — a Welsh monk of the 9th century * [[Frankish Table of Nations]] — a Latin source for the genealogies == Foinsí * {{citation |last=Dooley |first=Ann |author-link=Ann Dooley |date=2004 |title=Arthur of the Irish: A viable concept? |journal=Arthurian Literature |volume=21 |pages=9–28 }} * {{citation |last=Evans |first=Nicholas |editor-last=Duffy |editor-first=Sean |encyclopedia=Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia |title=Scottish influence |year=2005 |publisher=Routledge |location=Londain |isbn=0415940524 |pages=699–700 }} * {{citation |url=http://www.historiabrittonum.net/?page_id=20 |title=Lebor Bretnach |last1=Fitzpatrick-Matthews |first1=Keith J. |date=2007–2015 |website=Historia Brittonum }} == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Litríocht na hÉireann]] == Annales Dominicani de Roscoman == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} [[Íomhá:Roscommon_Priory_-_aerial_-_2024-12-27_01.jpg|thumb|'' Ruins of Roscommon Dominican Priory]] The '''Dominican Annals of Roscommon''' ({{Lang|la|Annales Dominicani de Roscoman}}) is an [[Annála Éireannacha]], covering events, mainly in Connacht and its neighbouring regions, from 1163 to 1314, spanning the period of the [[Ionradh na Normannach ar Éirinn]] and the early part of [[Tiarnas na hÉireann]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://groups.io/g/Educator-Gold/topic/digital_humanities_digital/334356 | teideal=CELT Project: The Corpus of Electronic Texts | suíomh=groups.io }}</ref> It also mentions some matters to do with the [[na Doiminicigh]], [[An Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach] matters in general, and political relations with [[Ríocht Shasana]].<ref name=adrcelt>{{lua idirlín |url=https://celt.ucc.ie/published/L100015A/ |teideal=Annales Dominicani de Roscoman |suíomh=celt.ucc.ie }}</ref> It was compiled in [[Laidin]] in [[Roscommon Dominican Priory]] (Blackfriars).<ref>Finn, R. (2023:10). ''The Dominicans in the British Isles and Beyond: A New History of the English Province of the Friars Preachers''. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.</ref> The abbey was founded by and supported by the [[Uí Chonchúir]] [[ríthe na gConnacht]]. Occasional examples of pro-O'Connor bias are noted: for example, the [[Blinding (punishment)|blinding]] of Muirchertach Ua Conchobair by his brother, the king [[Ruaidrí mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair|Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair]], is not mentioned, and when the 1193 [[creachadh]] of the monastery on [[Inchcleraun]] is mentioned, it is attributed to [[Gilbert de Lacy]], whereas the [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] mention that [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair]] was also responsible.<ref name=adrcelt/> The largest part of the Annals are attributed to [[Odo O'Hanmerech]] (died in 1306). The annals survive in a seventeenth-century manuscript that once belonged to [[James Ware]]. Among its notable entries are a mention of the drying-up of the River Galvia, apparently an early name for [[Abhainn na Gaillimhe]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://steemit.com/ireland/@harlotscurse/a-sova-potamoy-ekvolai | teideal=Αὐσοβα Ποταμου Εκβολαι | dáta=3ú Meán Fómhair 2018 | suíomh=Steemit }}</ref> == Féach freisin * [[Annála Éireannacha]] == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Annála Éireannacha]] {{síol-ie}} == Inis Cloithrinn == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Séadchomhartha}} 91<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=National Monuments of County Longford in State Care | url = http://www.archaeology.ie/sites/default/files/media/pdf/monuments-in-state-care-longford.pdf | page=1 | suíomh=heritageireland.ie | foilsitheoir=National Monument Service | dátarochtana=2a Iúil 2020 }}</ref> '' '''Inis Cloithrinn''', is an island situated in [[Loch Rí]] on the [[an tSionainn]], in central Ireland.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | teideal=Inchcleraun Island / Quaker Island - Longford - | ainm=Michael | Aoine=Heraghty | dáta=15ú Deireadh Fómhair 2004 | dátarochtana=22a Meitheamh 2016 | archive-date=8ú Lúnasa 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160808025929/http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/historical-features-of-co/islands/ | teideal=Islands }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/longford/inchcleraun/ | teideal=Inchcleraun (quaker island), County Longford }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordtourism.ie/see-do/attractions/lough-ree/ | teideal=Lough Ree }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> '' The island is home to the ruins of St. Diarmaid's Monastery, a [[mainistir]] founded by [[Diarmaid the Just]] in AD 560. These buildings constitute a [[Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]]. == An Inis '' Inis Cloithrinn is an island of {{Convert|57.7|ha|abbr=on}} located in the centre of [[Loch Rí]], with [[Cnoc an Chrochaire]], Contae Ros Comáin to its west and [[Baile Nua an Chaisil]], Contae Longfoirt to its east. [[Íomhá:Inchcleraun Monastery.jpg|thumb|Mainister Inis Cloithrinn]] == Stair '' The island takes its name from Irish for "[[Cloithre]]'s Island". In [[Miotaseolaíocht na nGael]], Clothru was a daughter of [[Eochaid Feidlech]], then [[ardrí na hÉireann]]. She became the Queen of Connacht after her father's death, and once owned the island. Her sister, [[Medb]], retired to Inchcleraun after Medb's husband [[Ailill mac Máta]] killed her lover [[Fergus mac Róich]]. One point is called '' Grianán Maebha '', and nearby is ''Ionad Marbhtha Meidhbhe'', where she was killed by a stone thrown from [[Elfeet Castle]], on the Longford side of the lake. In other versions of the legend, it is a lump of cheese fired from a [[slingshot]] by a nephew of Clothru.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordlibrary.ie/lib_arc_inside.aspx?id=15036 | teideal=Longford Library | ainm=Longford | sloinne=Library }}</ref> [[Íomhá:Myths and legends; the Celtic race (1910) (14596952367).jpg|thumb|'' "The Death of Maev" ([[T. W. Rolleston]], 1910); Forbay with [[sling (weapon)|sling]] in foreground, Medb bathing in the background.]] '' The name "Quaker Island" is more recent, and owes to the island being owned at one time by [[Cumann na gCarad|Caecar]]. The island is today owned by the Irish state. === Tagairtí annálacha === Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM) * '''ACM 719.2:''' '' S. Sionach Innsi Clothrann d'écc an fichetmhadh lá do mí April. *'''769''' Curoi, the son of Alniadh, Abbot and Sage of Inchcleraun, and of Caill Fochladha ([[Loch Dairbhreach]]) in Meath died. * '''ACM 780.6:''' '' Eochaidh mac Focartai, abb Fochladha, & Insi Clothrann, [d'ecc] *'''1010''' The men of [[an Mhumhain]] plundered Inchcleraun and [[Inis Bó Finne]] * '''ACM 1050.22:''' '' Inis Clothrand do orccain.<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> *'''1087''' The fleet of the men of Munster, with [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], sailed on the Shannon to Lough Ree and plundered the islands of the lake (inc. Inchcleraun) * '''ACM 1136.1:''' '' Aodh Ua Finn, epscop na [[Bréifne]], do écc i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1141.7:''' '' Giolla na Naomh Ua Ferghaile, toiseach Muintire [[an Anaíle|h-Anghaile]] fer ard-raith Ereann d'ég, iar c-cian-aois, & a adhnacal a n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1150.10:''' '' Murchadh, mac Giolla na Naemh Uí Fherghail, tuir ordáin, & airechais Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrand. * '''ACM 1160.3:''' '' Giolla na Naemh Ua Duinn [[ollamh Éireann|fer léighinn]] Insi Clothrann, saoi senchusa, & dána, & degh-fher labhra, ro fhaidh-sein [''sent''] a spirat co a athardha etir coraidh aingel an 17 do December iarsan ochtmhadh bliadhain ar chaogad a aoise. * '''ACM 1167.3:''' '' Cionaeth Ua Cethernaigh, sagart Insi Clothrann [d'écc] * '''ACM 1168.16:''' '' Dubhcobhlach, the daughter of O'Quinn, wife of Mac Corgamna, died and was interred in Inchcleraun. Dubh Chobhlaigh, inghen Uí Chuinn, ben Mic Carrgamhna, d'écc iar buaidh ongtha & aithrighe, & a h-adhnacal i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1170.5:''' '' Diarmaid Ua Braoin, comharba Commáin, & áird-shenóir Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann iarsan cúicceadh bliadhain nochad a aoisi. * '''ACM 1174.6:''' '' Ruaidhri Ua Cearbhaill tighearna [[Ele|Éile]] do mharbhadh ar lár Innsi Clothrann. * '''ACM 1189.8:''' '' ... ar as ann ro bátar geill [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair|Conchobhair Maonmuighe] i n-Inis Clothrann for Loch Ribh an tan-sin. * '''ACM 1193.10:''' '' Inis Clothrann do orgain la macaibh Oisdealb, & la macaibh Conchobhair Maonmaighe. * '''ACM 1232.3:''' '' Tiopraitte Ua Braoin comhorba Commáin saoí cléircechta, sencusa, & breithemhnassa d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann i n-a ailithre. * '''ACM 1244.1:''' '' Donnchadh mac Finghin mic Maoil Seachlainn mic Aodha mic Toirrdhealbaigh Uí Conchobhair epscop Oile Finn d'écc an 23. April i n-Inis Clothrand, & a adhncacal i [[Mainistir na Búille|Mainistir na Buille]]. === Foirgnimh === '' Between 800 and 1300 the island and its churches were repeatedly plundered and burned by invaders, so the buildings are in ruins today. Six of the island's churches are surrounded by an [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]] in the southeast corner of the island. === Teampall Diarmada '' Teampall Diarmada is the monastery founded by Saint [[Diarmaid the Just]] (who was a teacher of [[Ciarán of Clonmacnoise]]) in 540 AD. This church once had a stone roof.<ref name=newtowncashel>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> === Teampall Mór '' Teampall Mór stands within four metres to the north of Teampall Diarmada. It consists of a single nave. Its plain masonry walls are in relatively good condition. There are two lancet windows at the east end, which are long, narrow and recessed. The windows on the south side have the appearance of later additions and are unsymmetrical. All traces of doors have vanished, but the opes, which have been arched and protected by the Board of Works, seem to indicate the position of a west door and an entrance on the north side to the cloister. An upper chamber exists. '' The interior walls of the church were once plastered. The walls have lost their distinctive features of detail, except for the east window, which is similar in construction to that of the Teampall Clogas. The interior arch of the east window is circular, built of four stones. The exterior has only two stones forming a pointed arch. '' There is the remains of an altar, built of rubble work but without the altar slab. The door in the south wall of the nave has a circular moulding. The north door is only a gap. '' This church is situated a short distance to the south of the cluster of churches. It is more modern in appearance than any of the others. At the north-west corner is a more modern chamber with no visible entrance. Near this church, half buried with its face downward is a stone bearing incised on its surface a Celtic interlaced cross with an Irish inscription.<ref name=newtowncashel/> === Templemurry '' Templemurry is the largest church on the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> According to local lore, any woman who enters Templemurray will die within a year. === Teampall Clogas '' Teampall Clogas is one of the churches, and stands alone at the highest point of the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> It has a square [[clogas]], which is attached to the main building. Most churches of this era had [[Irish round tower|round towers]], separate from the main building. It is located on the northern part of the island and is visible from the shoreline. On the plan the church is rectangular, being {{Convert|10.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} by {{Convert|5.1|m|ft|abbr=on}}. == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]] == Inis Bó Finne == :''Gan bheith measctha le [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na Gaillimhe]] agus [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae Dhún na nGall]]. Féach [[Inis Bó Finne]] (Idirdhealán). Is oileán suite i [[Loch Rí]] ar an [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]] is ea '''Inis Bó Finne'''.<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=Inis Bó Finne | url=http://www.logainm.ie/ga/50983 | dátarochtana=2022-11-24 | suíomh=logainm.ie | teanga=ga }}</ref> == An inis '' Inis Bó Finne is an island of {{Convert|26.6|ha|abbr=on}} located in the eastern arm of [[Loch Rí]], with [[An Teanga, Contae na hIarmhí]] the nearest village. == Stair 213 '' Saint [[Ríoch]] is said to have founded a Christian monastery on Inis Bó Finne in AD 530.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/westmeath/inchbofin/ | teideal=Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí }}</ref> The [[Laidin]] [[calque]]s ''Īnsula Vaccae Albae'' or ''Īnsula Vitulae Albae'' are also used on occasion.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/lakelands-of-westmeath/lough-ree/islands-of-lough-ree/inchboffin/ | teideal=Inchboffin }}</ref> The monastery was of the [[Canons Regular of Saint Augustine]]. '' The ''Topographical Dictionary of Ireland'' (1837) said that of Inchbofin's {{convert|64|acre|abbr=on}}, there were {{CONVERT|27|acre|abbr=on}} suitable for [[arable land|arable]] use.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.johngrenham.com/records/lewis.php?civilparishid=2490&civilparish=&county=Westmeath&&search_type=full | teideal=Lewis' Topographical Dictionary | ainm=John | sloinne=Grenham }}</ref> Griffith's Valuation (mid-19th century) mentions three families on the island: Skelly, Connell and Heffernan; the island was owned by Susan Galbraith. In the 1911 census, there were 13 people living on the island, of the same 3 families.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/search/results.jsp?census_year=1911&surname=&exact=&firstname=&county19011911=Westmeath&county1821=&county1831=&county1841=&county1851=&townland=inchbofin&ded=&age=&sex=&relationToHead=&religion=&education=&occupation=&marriageStatus=&marriageYears=&childrenBorn=&childrenLiving=&birthplace=&language=&deafdumb=&search=Search&sort=&pageSize=&houseNumber=&familiesNumber=&malesNumber=&femalesNumber=&maleServNumber=&femaleServNumber=&estChurchNumber=&romanCatNumber=&presbNumberDiv=&protNumber=&parish=&barony=&yearsMarried=&causeOfDeath=&yearOfDeath=&familyId=&ageInMonths=&pager.offset=0 | teideal=National Archives: Census of Ireland 1911 }}</ref> '' In the winter of 2009, the [[Irish Air Corps]] sent a helicopter to the island to deliver cattle fodder for the last farmer on the island, John Connell, after Loch Rí froze solid.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.independent.ie/life/travel/ireland/secret-ireland-lough-ree-26692248.html | teideal=Secret Ireland: Lough Ree | foilsitheoir=Independent.ie }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2010/01/13/3993995-air-corps-comes-to-athlone-to-deliver-fodder-to-lough-ree-islands | teideal=Air Corps comes to Athlone to deliver fodder to Lough Ree islands | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref>. He was the last permanent resident of the island and died on 12 February 2018.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2018/02/13/4152121-end-of-an-era-as-last-islander-passes/ | teideal=End of an era as last islander sies | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref> == Tagairtí annálacha Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM), [[Annála Inis Faithlinn]] (AIF), [[Annála Tiarnaigh]] (AT), [[Annála Uladh]] (AU) * '''ACM 750.3''': '' Fiangalach, mac Anmchadha, mic Maoile Curaich, abb Insi Bo Finne for Loch Ribh[, d'écc]<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005A/text058.html | title=Part 58 of Annals of the Four Masters | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AU 755.5''': ..., '' Fiangalach m. Anmchada filii Maele Curaich abb Innse Bo Finne for Loch Ri ... mortui sunt<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100001A.html | title=The Annals of Ulster | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AIF 922.2''': '' Tomrair mc. Elgi, iarla do Gallaib ... luid for Loch Rí coro oirg a h-uile inse, ... * '''AIF 1016.1''': '' Sloged mór la mc. m-[[Brian Bóraimhe|Briain]] co Loch Rí coro ort<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrand]] & Inis Bó Finne * '''ACM 1089.8''': '' Cobhlach Fer Mumhan .i. im [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], do thiachtain for [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]], & for [[Loch Rí|Loch Ribh]] co ro airccset<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> cealla an locha, .i. [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrann]], Inis Bó Finne, Inis Aingginn [''Hare Island''] & Cluain Eamhain<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005B/text019.html | teideal=Annála na gCeithre Máistrí (cuid 19) | publisher=CELT }}</ref> * '''AT 1089.1''': '' Coblach mor la Muirchertach h-Úa mBriain ríg Muman for Sinaind & for Loch Ri, co ro aírgset Inis Bo Finde & Inis Clothrann... == Foirgnimh '' The remains of two churches survive on Inchbofin. One (12th century) is at the north-eastern point of the island and has an irregular [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]]. It consists of a [[nave]], [[transept]] and [[sacristy]]. To the north of the altar is a [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] window, and above a window is a carving of a bishop's head. The smaller church ruin to the south is from the 12th/13th centuries.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/site/2460/ | teideal=Inchbofin, St Rioch | suíomh=The Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain & Ireland }}</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:An tSionainn]] == Foclóireacht == # [[Foclóireacht na Gaeilge]] # [[Leabharlann an Ard Easpaig Marsh]]=[[Leabharlann Marsh]]- # [[foclóir.ie]]=[[focloir.ie]] == An Féineachas == [[An Féineachas]] (agus/nó b'fhéidir [[Seanchas]] / [[Béaloideas]]). Spreagtha ag ''[[:en:Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2025/March#8 March 2025|Recent additions, 8 March 2025]]'' ''[https://dil.ie/34117 othrus]'' ≈ fulaingt tinnis/othrais. Teimpléid; * [[Teimpléad:WD Bosca Sonraí Doiciméad]] * [[Teimpléad:efn]] Nuashonraithe (lámhscríbhinní): # [[Senchas Már]] (SM) # [[Bechbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Bechbretha agus Coibes Uisci Thairdne|SM #21]]) # [[Bretha Crólige]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #33]]) # [[Críth Gablach]] (MacA) # [[Gúbretha Caratniad]] ([[Bodleian Library]], [[Rawlinson B 502]]) As nua, iomlán: # [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici]] (CIH) # [[Sanas Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] (MacA) # [[Cethairṡlicht Athgabálae]] ([[Senchas Már#Cethairslicht Athgabálae|SM #2]]) # [[Sechtae]] ([[Senchas Már#Sechtae|SM #9]]) # [[Recholl Breth]] (SM #13) # [[Bretha Déin Chécht]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #34]]) # [[Muirbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Clár ábhar|SM #38]]) # [[Anfuigell]] (m.s., CnaT, LS 1387; MacA) # [[Berrad Airechta]] (CnaT, LS 1337) # [[Bretha Étgid]] ([[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann|ARÉ]] LS 23 P 3) # [[Cóic Conara Fugill]] (m.s., [[Uraicecht Becc]], [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Di Astud Chor]] (''via'' [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Mellbretha]] ([[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide|CnaT]], LS 1363) # [[Uí Lochlainn]] # [[Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] # [[CnaT BÁC, LS 1317]], [[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath, LS 1317]] # [[Bóaire]] # [[Coinmheadh is buannacht]] # [[Brehon Law Commission]] # [[Mac Aodhagáin]] &rightarrow; [[Mhic Aodhagáin]] # [[John Lynch (Gratianus Lucius)]] # [[Fearghas Ó Ceallaigh]] # [[Leabharlann COBÁC]] # [[Cathair Mhic Neachtain]] # [[Thom McGinty]] As nua, síolta: # [[Dlí Ceilteach]]- # [[Gabháil chine]]- # [[Cyfraith Hywel]]- # [[Galanas]]- # [[Accessus ad auctores]]- # [[Hapax legomenon]]- # [[Robert Atkinson]]- == Dlí luath na hÉireann == Fainic: sách fada, mionchúiseach agus as Béarla, mar bharr ar an donas. The particular "[https://www.teanglann.ie/ga/fgb/féineachas An] [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20Irish%20law/ Féineachas]" aside, I'm looking at the general phrase "early Irish law". My dad was a fishmonger and was always careful to say about his produce "smoked Irish salmon" and not "Irish smoked salmon", if you see the difference. Is it then "early law of ..." or "law of early ..."? Is "Irish" the language (surely not), the culture, the people or the nation, and in what period? Should "early" be translated as luath or moch? If luath, should it be "luath-" or "- luath"? Given those options, "early Irish law" could be anything from "luathdhlí Gaelach" to "dlí na hÉireann moiche" and points in between. I favour the former. Similarly, for "Celtic law" I favour "dlí Ceilteach", i.e., the culture not the people (the Celts, ... na gCeilteach). Notes: * Moch: cf. [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20modern%20irish/ Nua-Ghaeilge Mhoch] on téarma.ie * "Irish": Gaelach, na nGael, Éireannach, na hÉireann? * What about Welsh, English or Roman law? {{Dlí luath na hÉireann}} == Téamh domhanda == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir Ann cheana: * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] ''Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy 'Cúis'eanna nua: # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas # [[Astaíocht charbóin]] '' Carbon emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture 9r9t3xcg6zf7oe4xf0fn0d68itrnvrv 1269382 1269380 2025-06-10T22:02:26Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Lebor Bretnach */ 1269382 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Litríocht == # [[Murúch]]- # [[Tongu do dia toinges mo thúath]]- # [[Remscéla]]=[[Réamhscéalta]] # [[Bernhard Maier]] # ''[[:en:Foraire Uladh ar Aodh|Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]]'' - [[Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]] # ''[[:en:Lebor Bretnach|Lebor Bretnach]]'' - [[Lebor Bretnach]]=[[Leabhar Breatnach]] # ''[[:en:Dominican Annals of Roscommon|Dominican Annals of Roscommon]]'' - [[Annála Doiminiceacha Ros Comáin]] # ''[[:en:Inchcleraun|Inchcleraun]]'' - [[Inis Cloithrinn]] # ''[[:en:Inchbofin|Inchbofin]]'' - [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí]] # ''[[:en:Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh|Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]]'' - [[Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]] # ''[[:en:Ranna an aeir|Ranna an aeir]]'' - [[Ranna an aeir]] # ''[[:en:Irish Astronomical Tract|Irish Astronomical Tract]]'' - [[]] == Lebor Bretnach == {{tl|teideal iodálach}} {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} Saothar staire den 11ú haois scríofa as [[teangacha Gaelacha]] is ea an '''''Leabhar Breathnach''''' ([[Meán-Ghaeilge]] ''Lebor Bretnach''), aitheanta uaireanta mar an '''Irish Nennius'''. Is aistriúchán é go hiondúil den saothar ''[[Historia Brittonum]]''. D'fhéadfadh é gur tháinig an leabhar as an Alban, ach de ghnáth deirtear gurb é an file Éireannach [[Gilla Cómáin mac Gilla Samthainde|Giolla Comáin]] é an t-údar. == Lámhscríbhinní Caomhnaítear an Leabhar Breatnach i gcúig lámhach: * '''U'''. Baile Átha Cliath, [[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann]], MS 23 E 25 (1229). Blúire den 12ú haois as ''[[Lebor na hUidre|Leabhar na hUidhre]]''. * '''B'''. BÁC, ARÉ, MS 23 P 12 (536). Scríbhinn den 14ú haois aitheanta mar ''[[Leabhar Bhaile an Mhóta]]''. * '''H'''. BÁC, [[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide|Coláiste na Tríonóide]], MS H. 3. 17. Scríofa is dócha sa 14ú nó luath-15ú haois. * '''M'''. BÁC, ARÉ, MS Stowe D ii 1. Aitheanta mar ''[[Leabhar Ua Maine|Leabhar Uí Mhaine]]'', scríofa roimh an mbliain 1423. * '''L'''. BÁC, ARÉ, MS 23 P 2 (535) agus BÁC, CnaT, MS H. 2. 17, Iml. 2 (1319). Aitheanta mar ''[[Leabhar Mór Leacáin]]'', scríofa c. 1417.{{sfn|Todd|1848|p=viii}} == Ábhair Is aistriúchán é Leabhar Breatnach den bailiúchán stairiúil as an 9ú haois, scríofa a deirtear ag Nennius, darb ainm ''Historia Brittonum'', ach ní go iomlán litriúil. Níor tógadh ach ábhair Ghaelacha aitheanta cheana féin ag scoláirí as Éirinn agus as an Alban. I sleachta eile, tógadh ábhair ó shaothair amhail is ''[[Sex Aetates Mundi (Meán-Ghaeilge)|Sex Aetates Mundi]]'', ''[[Ecclesiastical History of the English People|Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum]]'' le [[Bede]], agus rí liosta [[na Cruithnigh|Cruithneach]].{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=13}}{{sfn|Fitzpatrick-Matthews|2007–2015}} == Údair agus dáta '' I ndá lámhscríbhinn, '''H''' agus '''M''', deirtear go ndearna translation is ascribed to the poet Giolla Comáin, file, (fl. 1071/2) an t-aistriúchán.{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=11}}{{sfn|Fitzpatrick-Matthews|2007–2015}} Séantar an smaoineamh seo anois, ámh.{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=11}} Deir an staraí [[Thomas Owen Clancy]] '' that ''Lebor Bretnach'' was instead only intended to be dedicated to '' Giolla Comáin.{{sfn|Fitzpatrick-Matthews|2007–2015}} Mhol sé freisin nach saothar Éireannach atá ann, ach ina ionad sin Albanach as [[Abernethy, Perth and Kinross|Abernethy]], ''though probably intended for an Irish readership that had perhaps become interested in Scottish literature and history as a result of the military success and prestige of '' [[ríocht na hAlban]].{{sfn|Evans|2005|p=700}}<ref>{{cite book | sloinne=Clancy | ainm=Thomas Owen | year=2000 | chapter=Scotland, the "Nennian" recension of the ''Historia Brittonum'', and the ''Lebor Bretnach'' | editor1-last=Taylor | editor1-first=Simon | title=Kings, Clerics and Chronicles in Scotland 500–1297: Essays in Honour of Marjorie Ogilvie Anderson on the Occasion of her Ninetieth Birthday | location=Baile Átha Cliath | publisher=Four Courts Press | pages=87–107 | isbn=1851825169 }}</ref> Creidtear gur scríobhadh Leabhair Breatnach i lár na 11ú haoise.{{sfn|Evans|2005|p=11}}{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=11}} == Eagráin * {{cite book | year=1848 | editor1-last=Todd | editor1-first=James Henthorn | editor1-link=James Henthorn Todd | title=Leabhar Breathnach Annso Sis: The Irish Version of the Historia Britonum of Nennius | location=Baile Átha Cliath | publisher=Irish Archaeological Society | url = https://archive.org/details/leabharbreathnac00nennuoft }}, ar CELT [https://celt.ucc.ie//published/G100028/index.html as Gaeilge] * {{cite book | year=1937 | editor1-last=van Hamel | editor1-first=A. G. | editor1-link=A. G. van Hamel | title=Lebor Bretnach: The Irish Version of the Historia Britonum Ascribed to Nennius | series=Irish Manuscripts Commission, Volume 5 | location=Baile Átha Cliath | publisher=Oifig an tSoláthair }} == Féach freisin * [[Nennius]], manach Breatnach den 9ú haois * [[Frankish Table of Nations]], foinse Laidine dosna ginealaigh == Foinsí * {{citation | last=Dooley | first=Ann | author-link=Ann Dooley | date=2004 | title=Arthur of the Irish: A viable concept? | journal=Arthurian Literature | volume=21 | pages=9–28 }} * {{citation | last=Evans | first=Nicholas | editor-last=Duffy | editor-first=Sean | encyclopedia=Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia | title=Scottish influence | year=2005 | publisher=Routledge | location=Londain | isbn=0415940524 | pages=699–700 }} * {{citation | url = http://www.historiabrittonum.net/?page_id=20 | title=Lebor Bretnach | sloinne=Fitzpatrick-Matthews | ainm=Keith J. | date=2007–2015 | website=Historia Brittonum }} == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Litríocht na hÉireann]] == Annales Dominicani de Roscoman == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} [[Íomhá:Roscommon_Priory_-_aerial_-_2024-12-27_01.jpg|thumb|'' Ruins of Roscommon Dominican Priory]] The '''Dominican Annals of Roscommon''' ({{Lang|la|Annales Dominicani de Roscoman}}) is an [[Annála Éireannacha]], covering events, mainly in Connacht and its neighbouring regions, from 1163 to 1314, spanning the period of the [[Ionradh na Normannach ar Éirinn]] and the early part of [[Tiarnas na hÉireann]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://groups.io/g/Educator-Gold/topic/digital_humanities_digital/334356 | teideal=CELT Project: The Corpus of Electronic Texts | suíomh=groups.io }}</ref> It also mentions some matters to do with the [[na Doiminicigh]], [[An Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach] matters in general, and political relations with [[Ríocht Shasana]].<ref name=adrcelt>{{lua idirlín |url=https://celt.ucc.ie/published/L100015A/ |teideal=Annales Dominicani de Roscoman |suíomh=celt.ucc.ie }}</ref> It was compiled in [[Laidin]] in [[Roscommon Dominican Priory]] (Blackfriars).<ref>Finn, R. (2023:10). ''The Dominicans in the British Isles and Beyond: A New History of the English Province of the Friars Preachers''. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.</ref> The abbey was founded by and supported by the [[Uí Chonchúir]] [[ríthe na gConnacht]]. Occasional examples of pro-O'Connor bias are noted: for example, the [[Blinding (punishment)|blinding]] of Muirchertach Ua Conchobair by his brother, the king [[Ruaidrí mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair|Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair]], is not mentioned, and when the 1193 [[creachadh]] of the monastery on [[Inchcleraun]] is mentioned, it is attributed to [[Gilbert de Lacy]], whereas the [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] mention that [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair]] was also responsible.<ref name=adrcelt/> The largest part of the Annals are attributed to [[Odo O'Hanmerech]] (died in 1306). The annals survive in a seventeenth-century manuscript that once belonged to [[James Ware]]. Among its notable entries are a mention of the drying-up of the River Galvia, apparently an early name for [[Abhainn na Gaillimhe]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://steemit.com/ireland/@harlotscurse/a-sova-potamoy-ekvolai | teideal=Αὐσοβα Ποταμου Εκβολαι | dáta=3ú Meán Fómhair 2018 | suíomh=Steemit }}</ref> == Féach freisin * [[Annála Éireannacha]] == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Annála Éireannacha]] {{síol-ie}} == Inis Cloithrinn == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Séadchomhartha}} 91<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=National Monuments of County Longford in State Care | url = http://www.archaeology.ie/sites/default/files/media/pdf/monuments-in-state-care-longford.pdf | page=1 | suíomh=heritageireland.ie | foilsitheoir=National Monument Service | dátarochtana=2a Iúil 2020 }}</ref> '' '''Inis Cloithrinn''', is an island situated in [[Loch Rí]] on the [[an tSionainn]], in central Ireland.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | teideal=Inchcleraun Island / Quaker Island - Longford - | ainm=Michael | Aoine=Heraghty | dáta=15ú Deireadh Fómhair 2004 | dátarochtana=22a Meitheamh 2016 | archive-date=8ú Lúnasa 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160808025929/http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/historical-features-of-co/islands/ | teideal=Islands }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/longford/inchcleraun/ | teideal=Inchcleraun (quaker island), County Longford }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordtourism.ie/see-do/attractions/lough-ree/ | teideal=Lough Ree }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> '' The island is home to the ruins of St. Diarmaid's Monastery, a [[mainistir]] founded by [[Diarmaid the Just]] in AD 560. These buildings constitute a [[Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]]. == An Inis '' Inis Cloithrinn is an island of {{Convert|57.7|ha|abbr=on}} located in the centre of [[Loch Rí]], with [[Cnoc an Chrochaire]], Contae Ros Comáin to its west and [[Baile Nua an Chaisil]], Contae Longfoirt to its east. [[Íomhá:Inchcleraun Monastery.jpg|thumb|Mainister Inis Cloithrinn]] == Stair '' The island takes its name from Irish for "[[Cloithre]]'s Island". In [[Miotaseolaíocht na nGael]], Clothru was a daughter of [[Eochaid Feidlech]], then [[ardrí na hÉireann]]. She became the Queen of Connacht after her father's death, and once owned the island. Her sister, [[Medb]], retired to Inchcleraun after Medb's husband [[Ailill mac Máta]] killed her lover [[Fergus mac Róich]]. One point is called '' Grianán Maebha '', and nearby is ''Ionad Marbhtha Meidhbhe'', where she was killed by a stone thrown from [[Elfeet Castle]], on the Longford side of the lake. In other versions of the legend, it is a lump of cheese fired from a [[slingshot]] by a nephew of Clothru.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordlibrary.ie/lib_arc_inside.aspx?id=15036 | teideal=Longford Library | ainm=Longford | sloinne=Library }}</ref> [[Íomhá:Myths and legends; the Celtic race (1910) (14596952367).jpg|thumb|'' "The Death of Maev" ([[T. W. Rolleston]], 1910); Forbay with [[sling (weapon)|sling]] in foreground, Medb bathing in the background.]] '' The name "Quaker Island" is more recent, and owes to the island being owned at one time by [[Cumann na gCarad|Caecar]]. The island is today owned by the Irish state. === Tagairtí annálacha === Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM) * '''ACM 719.2:''' '' S. Sionach Innsi Clothrann d'écc an fichetmhadh lá do mí April. *'''769''' Curoi, the son of Alniadh, Abbot and Sage of Inchcleraun, and of Caill Fochladha ([[Loch Dairbhreach]]) in Meath died. * '''ACM 780.6:''' '' Eochaidh mac Focartai, abb Fochladha, & Insi Clothrann, [d'ecc] *'''1010''' The men of [[an Mhumhain]] plundered Inchcleraun and [[Inis Bó Finne]] * '''ACM 1050.22:''' '' Inis Clothrand do orccain.<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> *'''1087''' The fleet of the men of Munster, with [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], sailed on the Shannon to Lough Ree and plundered the islands of the lake (inc. Inchcleraun) * '''ACM 1136.1:''' '' Aodh Ua Finn, epscop na [[Bréifne]], do écc i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1141.7:''' '' Giolla na Naomh Ua Ferghaile, toiseach Muintire [[an Anaíle|h-Anghaile]] fer ard-raith Ereann d'ég, iar c-cian-aois, & a adhnacal a n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1150.10:''' '' Murchadh, mac Giolla na Naemh Uí Fherghail, tuir ordáin, & airechais Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrand. * '''ACM 1160.3:''' '' Giolla na Naemh Ua Duinn [[ollamh Éireann|fer léighinn]] Insi Clothrann, saoi senchusa, & dána, & degh-fher labhra, ro fhaidh-sein [''sent''] a spirat co a athardha etir coraidh aingel an 17 do December iarsan ochtmhadh bliadhain ar chaogad a aoise. * '''ACM 1167.3:''' '' Cionaeth Ua Cethernaigh, sagart Insi Clothrann [d'écc] * '''ACM 1168.16:''' '' Dubhcobhlach, the daughter of O'Quinn, wife of Mac Corgamna, died and was interred in Inchcleraun. Dubh Chobhlaigh, inghen Uí Chuinn, ben Mic Carrgamhna, d'écc iar buaidh ongtha & aithrighe, & a h-adhnacal i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1170.5:''' '' Diarmaid Ua Braoin, comharba Commáin, & áird-shenóir Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann iarsan cúicceadh bliadhain nochad a aoisi. * '''ACM 1174.6:''' '' Ruaidhri Ua Cearbhaill tighearna [[Ele|Éile]] do mharbhadh ar lár Innsi Clothrann. * '''ACM 1189.8:''' '' ... ar as ann ro bátar geill [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair|Conchobhair Maonmuighe] i n-Inis Clothrann for Loch Ribh an tan-sin. * '''ACM 1193.10:''' '' Inis Clothrann do orgain la macaibh Oisdealb, & la macaibh Conchobhair Maonmaighe. * '''ACM 1232.3:''' '' Tiopraitte Ua Braoin comhorba Commáin saoí cléircechta, sencusa, & breithemhnassa d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann i n-a ailithre. * '''ACM 1244.1:''' '' Donnchadh mac Finghin mic Maoil Seachlainn mic Aodha mic Toirrdhealbaigh Uí Conchobhair epscop Oile Finn d'écc an 23. April i n-Inis Clothrand, & a adhncacal i [[Mainistir na Búille|Mainistir na Buille]]. === Foirgnimh === '' Between 800 and 1300 the island and its churches were repeatedly plundered and burned by invaders, so the buildings are in ruins today. Six of the island's churches are surrounded by an [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]] in the southeast corner of the island. === Teampall Diarmada '' Teampall Diarmada is the monastery founded by Saint [[Diarmaid the Just]] (who was a teacher of [[Ciarán of Clonmacnoise]]) in 540 AD. This church once had a stone roof.<ref name=newtowncashel>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> === Teampall Mór '' Teampall Mór stands within four metres to the north of Teampall Diarmada. It consists of a single nave. Its plain masonry walls are in relatively good condition. There are two lancet windows at the east end, which are long, narrow and recessed. The windows on the south side have the appearance of later additions and are unsymmetrical. All traces of doors have vanished, but the opes, which have been arched and protected by the Board of Works, seem to indicate the position of a west door and an entrance on the north side to the cloister. An upper chamber exists. '' The interior walls of the church were once plastered. The walls have lost their distinctive features of detail, except for the east window, which is similar in construction to that of the Teampall Clogas. The interior arch of the east window is circular, built of four stones. The exterior has only two stones forming a pointed arch. '' There is the remains of an altar, built of rubble work but without the altar slab. The door in the south wall of the nave has a circular moulding. The north door is only a gap. '' This church is situated a short distance to the south of the cluster of churches. It is more modern in appearance than any of the others. At the north-west corner is a more modern chamber with no visible entrance. Near this church, half buried with its face downward is a stone bearing incised on its surface a Celtic interlaced cross with an Irish inscription.<ref name=newtowncashel/> === Templemurry '' Templemurry is the largest church on the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> According to local lore, any woman who enters Templemurray will die within a year. === Teampall Clogas '' Teampall Clogas is one of the churches, and stands alone at the highest point of the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> It has a square [[clogas]], which is attached to the main building. Most churches of this era had [[Irish round tower|round towers]], separate from the main building. It is located on the northern part of the island and is visible from the shoreline. On the plan the church is rectangular, being {{Convert|10.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} by {{Convert|5.1|m|ft|abbr=on}}. == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]] == Inis Bó Finne == :''Gan bheith measctha le [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na Gaillimhe]] agus [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae Dhún na nGall]]. Féach [[Inis Bó Finne]] (Idirdhealán). Is oileán suite i [[Loch Rí]] ar an [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]] is ea '''Inis Bó Finne'''.<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=Inis Bó Finne | url=http://www.logainm.ie/ga/50983 | dátarochtana=2022-11-24 | suíomh=logainm.ie | teanga=ga }}</ref> == An inis '' Inis Bó Finne is an island of {{Convert|26.6|ha|abbr=on}} located in the eastern arm of [[Loch Rí]], with [[An Teanga, Contae na hIarmhí]] the nearest village. == Stair 213 '' Saint [[Ríoch]] is said to have founded a Christian monastery on Inis Bó Finne in AD 530.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/westmeath/inchbofin/ | teideal=Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí }}</ref> The [[Laidin]] [[calque]]s ''Īnsula Vaccae Albae'' or ''Īnsula Vitulae Albae'' are also used on occasion.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/lakelands-of-westmeath/lough-ree/islands-of-lough-ree/inchboffin/ | teideal=Inchboffin }}</ref> The monastery was of the [[Canons Regular of Saint Augustine]]. '' The ''Topographical Dictionary of Ireland'' (1837) said that of Inchbofin's {{convert|64|acre|abbr=on}}, there were {{CONVERT|27|acre|abbr=on}} suitable for [[arable land|arable]] use.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.johngrenham.com/records/lewis.php?civilparishid=2490&civilparish=&county=Westmeath&&search_type=full | teideal=Lewis' Topographical Dictionary | ainm=John | sloinne=Grenham }}</ref> Griffith's Valuation (mid-19th century) mentions three families on the island: Skelly, Connell and Heffernan; the island was owned by Susan Galbraith. In the 1911 census, there were 13 people living on the island, of the same 3 families.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/search/results.jsp?census_year=1911&surname=&exact=&firstname=&county19011911=Westmeath&county1821=&county1831=&county1841=&county1851=&townland=inchbofin&ded=&age=&sex=&relationToHead=&religion=&education=&occupation=&marriageStatus=&marriageYears=&childrenBorn=&childrenLiving=&birthplace=&language=&deafdumb=&search=Search&sort=&pageSize=&houseNumber=&familiesNumber=&malesNumber=&femalesNumber=&maleServNumber=&femaleServNumber=&estChurchNumber=&romanCatNumber=&presbNumberDiv=&protNumber=&parish=&barony=&yearsMarried=&causeOfDeath=&yearOfDeath=&familyId=&ageInMonths=&pager.offset=0 | teideal=National Archives: Census of Ireland 1911 }}</ref> '' In the winter of 2009, the [[Irish Air Corps]] sent a helicopter to the island to deliver cattle fodder for the last farmer on the island, John Connell, after Loch Rí froze solid.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.independent.ie/life/travel/ireland/secret-ireland-lough-ree-26692248.html | teideal=Secret Ireland: Lough Ree | foilsitheoir=Independent.ie }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2010/01/13/3993995-air-corps-comes-to-athlone-to-deliver-fodder-to-lough-ree-islands | teideal=Air Corps comes to Athlone to deliver fodder to Lough Ree islands | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref>. He was the last permanent resident of the island and died on 12 February 2018.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2018/02/13/4152121-end-of-an-era-as-last-islander-passes/ | teideal=End of an era as last islander sies | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref> == Tagairtí annálacha Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM), [[Annála Inis Faithlinn]] (AIF), [[Annála Tiarnaigh]] (AT), [[Annála Uladh]] (AU) * '''ACM 750.3''': '' Fiangalach, mac Anmchadha, mic Maoile Curaich, abb Insi Bo Finne for Loch Ribh[, d'écc]<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005A/text058.html | title=Part 58 of Annals of the Four Masters | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AU 755.5''': ..., '' Fiangalach m. Anmchada filii Maele Curaich abb Innse Bo Finne for Loch Ri ... mortui sunt<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100001A.html | title=The Annals of Ulster | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AIF 922.2''': '' Tomrair mc. Elgi, iarla do Gallaib ... luid for Loch Rí coro oirg a h-uile inse, ... * '''AIF 1016.1''': '' Sloged mór la mc. m-[[Brian Bóraimhe|Briain]] co Loch Rí coro ort<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrand]] & Inis Bó Finne * '''ACM 1089.8''': '' Cobhlach Fer Mumhan .i. im [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], do thiachtain for [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]], & for [[Loch Rí|Loch Ribh]] co ro airccset<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> cealla an locha, .i. [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrann]], Inis Bó Finne, Inis Aingginn [''Hare Island''] & Cluain Eamhain<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005B/text019.html | teideal=Annála na gCeithre Máistrí (cuid 19) | publisher=CELT }}</ref> * '''AT 1089.1''': '' Coblach mor la Muirchertach h-Úa mBriain ríg Muman for Sinaind & for Loch Ri, co ro aírgset Inis Bo Finde & Inis Clothrann... == Foirgnimh '' The remains of two churches survive on Inchbofin. One (12th century) is at the north-eastern point of the island and has an irregular [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]]. It consists of a [[nave]], [[transept]] and [[sacristy]]. To the north of the altar is a [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] window, and above a window is a carving of a bishop's head. The smaller church ruin to the south is from the 12th/13th centuries.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/site/2460/ | teideal=Inchbofin, St Rioch | suíomh=The Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain & Ireland }}</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:An tSionainn]] == Foclóireacht == # [[Foclóireacht na Gaeilge]] # [[Leabharlann an Ard Easpaig Marsh]]=[[Leabharlann Marsh]]- # [[foclóir.ie]]=[[focloir.ie]] == An Féineachas == [[An Féineachas]] (agus/nó b'fhéidir [[Seanchas]] / [[Béaloideas]]). Spreagtha ag ''[[:en:Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2025/March#8 March 2025|Recent additions, 8 March 2025]]'' ''[https://dil.ie/34117 othrus]'' ≈ fulaingt tinnis/othrais. Teimpléid; * [[Teimpléad:WD Bosca Sonraí Doiciméad]] * [[Teimpléad:efn]] Nuashonraithe (lámhscríbhinní): # [[Senchas Már]] (SM) # [[Bechbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Bechbretha agus Coibes Uisci Thairdne|SM #21]]) # [[Bretha Crólige]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #33]]) # [[Críth Gablach]] (MacA) # [[Gúbretha Caratniad]] ([[Bodleian Library]], [[Rawlinson B 502]]) As nua, iomlán: # [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici]] (CIH) # [[Sanas Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] (MacA) # [[Cethairṡlicht Athgabálae]] ([[Senchas Már#Cethairslicht Athgabálae|SM #2]]) # [[Sechtae]] ([[Senchas Már#Sechtae|SM #9]]) # [[Recholl Breth]] (SM #13) # [[Bretha Déin Chécht]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #34]]) # [[Muirbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Clár ábhar|SM #38]]) # [[Anfuigell]] (m.s., CnaT, LS 1387; MacA) # [[Berrad Airechta]] (CnaT, LS 1337) # [[Bretha Étgid]] ([[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann|ARÉ]] LS 23 P 3) # [[Cóic Conara Fugill]] (m.s., [[Uraicecht Becc]], [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Di Astud Chor]] (''via'' [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Mellbretha]] ([[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide|CnaT]], LS 1363) # [[Uí Lochlainn]] # [[Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] # [[CnaT BÁC, LS 1317]], [[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath, LS 1317]] # [[Bóaire]] # [[Coinmheadh is buannacht]] # [[Brehon Law Commission]] # [[Mac Aodhagáin]] &rightarrow; [[Mhic Aodhagáin]] # [[John Lynch (Gratianus Lucius)]] # [[Fearghas Ó Ceallaigh]] # [[Leabharlann COBÁC]] # [[Cathair Mhic Neachtain]] # [[Thom McGinty]] As nua, síolta: # [[Dlí Ceilteach]]- # [[Gabháil chine]]- # [[Cyfraith Hywel]]- # [[Galanas]]- # [[Accessus ad auctores]]- # [[Hapax legomenon]]- # [[Robert Atkinson]]- == Dlí luath na hÉireann == Fainic: sách fada, mionchúiseach agus as Béarla, mar bharr ar an donas. The particular "[https://www.teanglann.ie/ga/fgb/féineachas An] [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20Irish%20law/ Féineachas]" aside, I'm looking at the general phrase "early Irish law". My dad was a fishmonger and was always careful to say about his produce "smoked Irish salmon" and not "Irish smoked salmon", if you see the difference. Is it then "early law of ..." or "law of early ..."? Is "Irish" the language (surely not), the culture, the people or the nation, and in what period? Should "early" be translated as luath or moch? If luath, should it be "luath-" or "- luath"? Given those options, "early Irish law" could be anything from "luathdhlí Gaelach" to "dlí na hÉireann moiche" and points in between. I favour the former. Similarly, for "Celtic law" I favour "dlí Ceilteach", i.e., the culture not the people (the Celts, ... na gCeilteach). Notes: * Moch: cf. [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20modern%20irish/ Nua-Ghaeilge Mhoch] on téarma.ie * "Irish": Gaelach, na nGael, Éireannach, na hÉireann? * What about Welsh, English or Roman law? {{Dlí luath na hÉireann}} == Téamh domhanda == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir Ann cheana: * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] ''Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy 'Cúis'eanna nua: # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas # [[Astaíocht charbóin]] '' Carbon emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture cyzpdmo6jsdhm9lk7ysfm9l7o6xete3 1269383 1269382 2025-06-10T22:27:36Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Lebor Bretnach */ 1269383 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Litríocht == # [[Murúch]]- # [[Tongu do dia toinges mo thúath]]- # [[Remscéla]]=[[Réamhscéalta]] # [[Bernhard Maier]] # ''[[:en:Foraire Uladh ar Aodh|Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]]'' - [[Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]] # ''[[:en:Lebor Bretnach|Lebor Bretnach]]'' - [[Lebor Bretnach]]=[[Leabhar Breatnach]] # ''[[:en:Dominican Annals of Roscommon|Dominican Annals of Roscommon]]'' - [[Annála Doiminiceacha Ros Comáin]] # ''[[:en:Inchcleraun|Inchcleraun]]'' - [[Inis Cloithrinn]] # ''[[:en:Inchbofin|Inchbofin]]'' - [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí]] # ''[[:en:Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh|Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]]'' - [[Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]] # ''[[:en:Ranna an aeir|Ranna an aeir]]'' - [[Ranna an aeir]] # ''[[:en:Irish Astronomical Tract|Irish Astronomical Tract]]'' - [[]] == Lebor Bretnach == {{tl|teideal iodálach}} {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} Saothar staire den 11ú haois scríofa as [[teangacha Gaelacha]] is ea an '''''Leabhar Breathnach''''' ([[Meán-Ghaeilge]] ''Lebor Bretnach''), aitheanta uaireanta mar an '''Irish Nennius'''. Is aistriúchán é go hiondúil den saothar ''[[Historia Brittonum]]''. D'fhéadfadh é gur tháinig an leabhar as an Alban, ach de ghnáth deirtear gurb é an file Éireannach [[Gilla Cómáin mac Gilla Samthainde|Giolla Comáin]] é an t-údar. == Lámhscríbhinní Caomhnaítear an Leabhar Breatnach i gcúig lámhach: * '''U'''. Baile Átha Cliath, [[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann]], MS 23 E 25 (1229). Blúire den 12ú haois as ''[[Lebor na hUidre|Leabhar na hUidhre]]''. * '''B'''. BÁC, ARÉ, MS 23 P 12 (536). Scríbhinn den 14ú haois aitheanta mar ''[[Leabhar Bhaile an Mhóta]]''. * '''H'''. BÁC, [[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide|Coláiste na Tríonóide]], MS H. 3. 17. Scríofa is dócha sa 14ú nó luath-15ú haois. * '''M'''. BÁC, ARÉ, MS Stowe D ii 1. Aitheanta mar ''[[Leabhar Ua Maine|Leabhar Uí Mhaine]]'', scríofa roimh an mbliain 1423. * '''L'''. BÁC, ARÉ, MS 23 P 2 (535) agus BÁC, CnaT, MS H. 2. 17, Iml. 2 (1319). Aitheanta mar ''[[Leabhar Mór Leacáin]]'', scríofa c. 1417.{{sfn|Todd|1848|p=viii}} == Ábhair Is aistriúchán é Leabhar Breatnach den bailiúchán stairiúil as an 9ú haois, scríofa a deirtear ag Nennius, darb ainm ''Historia Brittonum'', ach ní go iomlán litriúil. Níor tógadh ach ábhair Ghaelacha aitheanta cheana féin ag scoláirí as Éirinn agus as an Alban. I sleachta eile, tógadh ábhair ó shaothair amhail is ''[[Sex Aetates Mundi (Meán-Ghaeilge)|Sex Aetates Mundi]]'', ''[[Ecclesiastical History of the English People|Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum]]'' le [[Bede]], agus rí liosta [[na Cruithnigh|Cruithneach]].{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=13}}{{sfn|Fitzpatrick-Matthews|2007–2015}} == Údair agus dáta I ndá lámhscríbhinn, '''H''' agus '''M''', deirtear go ndearna translation is ascribed to the poet Giolla Comáin, file, (fl. 1071/2) an t-aistriúchán.{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=11}}{{sfn|Fitzpatrick-Matthews|2007–2015}} Séantar an smaoineamh seo anois, ámh.{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=11}} Deir an staraí [[Thomas Owen Clancy]] nach raibh de rún ann ach tíolacadh a thabairt do Gjiolla Comáin.{{sfn|Fitzpatrick-Matthews|2007–2015}} Mhol Clancy freisin nach saothar Éireannach atá ann, ach ina ionad sin Albanach as [[Obar Neithich (Am Monadh Ruadh)|Obar Neithich]], cé gur scríobhadh é ar son lucht léitheoireachta Éireannach a raibh suim acu i stair na hAlban de bharr an ratha a bhain [[ríocht na hAlban]] amach.{{sfn|Evans|2005|p=700}}<ref>{{cite book | sloinne=Clancy | ainm=Thomas Owen | year=2000 | chapter=Scotland, the "Nennian" recension of the ''Historia Brittonum'', and the ''Lebor Bretnach'' | editor1-last=Taylor | editor1-first=Simon | title=Kings, Clerics and Chronicles in Scotland 500–1297: Essays in Honour of Marjorie Ogilvie Anderson on the Occasion of her Ninetieth Birthday | location=Baile Átha Cliath | publisher=Four Courts Press | pages=87–107 | isbn=1851825169 }}</ref> Creidtear gur scríobhadh Leabhair Breatnach i lár na 11ú haoise.{{sfn|Evans|2005|p=11}}{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=11}} == Eagráin * {{cite book | year=1848 | editor1-last=Todd | editor1-first=James Henthorn | editor1-link=James Henthorn Todd | title=Leabhar Breathnach Annso Sis: The Irish Version of the Historia Britonum of Nennius | location=Baile Átha Cliath | publisher=Irish Archaeological Society | url = https://archive.org/details/leabharbreathnac00nennuoft }}, ar CELT [https://celt.ucc.ie//published/G100028/index.html as Gaeilge] * {{cite book | year=1937 | editor1-last=van Hamel | editor1-first=A. G. | editor1-link=A. G. van Hamel | title=Lebor Bretnach: The Irish Version of the Historia Britonum Ascribed to Nennius | series=Irish Manuscripts Commission, Volume 5 | location=Baile Átha Cliath | publisher=Oifig an tSoláthair }} == Féach freisin * [[Nennius]], manach Breatnach den 9ú haois * [[Frankish Table of Nations]], foinse Laidine dosna ginealaigh == Foinsí * {{citation | last=Dooley | first=Ann | author-link=Ann Dooley | date=2004 | title=Arthur of the Irish: A viable concept? | journal=Arthurian Literature | volume=21 | pages=9–28 }} * {{citation | last=Evans | first=Nicholas | editor-last=Duffy | editor-first=Sean | encyclopedia=Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia | title=Scottish influence | year=2005 | publisher=Routledge | location=Londain | isbn=0415940524 | pages=699–700 }} * {{citation | url = http://www.historiabrittonum.net/?page_id=20 | title=Lebor Bretnach | last=Fitzpatrick-Matthews | first=Keith J. | date=2007–2015 | website=Historia Brittonum }} == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Litríocht na hÉireann]] == Annales Dominicani de Roscoman == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} [[Íomhá:Roscommon_Priory_-_aerial_-_2024-12-27_01.jpg|thumb|'' Ruins of Roscommon Dominican Priory]] The '''Dominican Annals of Roscommon''' ({{Lang|la|Annales Dominicani de Roscoman}}) is an [[Annála Éireannacha]], covering events, mainly in Connacht and its neighbouring regions, from 1163 to 1314, spanning the period of the [[Ionradh na Normannach ar Éirinn]] and the early part of [[Tiarnas na hÉireann]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://groups.io/g/Educator-Gold/topic/digital_humanities_digital/334356 | teideal=CELT Project: The Corpus of Electronic Texts | suíomh=groups.io }}</ref> It also mentions some matters to do with the [[na Doiminicigh]], [[An Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach] matters in general, and political relations with [[Ríocht Shasana]].<ref name=adrcelt>{{lua idirlín |url=https://celt.ucc.ie/published/L100015A/ |teideal=Annales Dominicani de Roscoman |suíomh=celt.ucc.ie }}</ref> It was compiled in [[Laidin]] in [[Roscommon Dominican Priory]] (Blackfriars).<ref>Finn, R. (2023:10). ''The Dominicans in the British Isles and Beyond: A New History of the English Province of the Friars Preachers''. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.</ref> The abbey was founded by and supported by the [[Uí Chonchúir]] [[ríthe na gConnacht]]. Occasional examples of pro-O'Connor bias are noted: for example, the [[Blinding (punishment)|blinding]] of Muirchertach Ua Conchobair by his brother, the king [[Ruaidrí mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair|Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair]], is not mentioned, and when the 1193 [[creachadh]] of the monastery on [[Inchcleraun]] is mentioned, it is attributed to [[Gilbert de Lacy]], whereas the [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] mention that [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair]] was also responsible.<ref name=adrcelt/> The largest part of the Annals are attributed to [[Odo O'Hanmerech]] (died in 1306). The annals survive in a seventeenth-century manuscript that once belonged to [[James Ware]]. Among its notable entries are a mention of the drying-up of the River Galvia, apparently an early name for [[Abhainn na Gaillimhe]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://steemit.com/ireland/@harlotscurse/a-sova-potamoy-ekvolai | teideal=Αὐσοβα Ποταμου Εκβολαι | dáta=3ú Meán Fómhair 2018 | suíomh=Steemit }}</ref> == Féach freisin * [[Annála Éireannacha]] == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Annála Éireannacha]] {{síol-ie}} == Inis Cloithrinn == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Séadchomhartha}} 91<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=National Monuments of County Longford in State Care | url = http://www.archaeology.ie/sites/default/files/media/pdf/monuments-in-state-care-longford.pdf | page=1 | suíomh=heritageireland.ie | foilsitheoir=National Monument Service | dátarochtana=2a Iúil 2020 }}</ref> '' '''Inis Cloithrinn''', is an island situated in [[Loch Rí]] on the [[an tSionainn]], in central Ireland.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | teideal=Inchcleraun Island / Quaker Island - Longford - | ainm=Michael | Aoine=Heraghty | dáta=15ú Deireadh Fómhair 2004 | dátarochtana=22a Meitheamh 2016 | archive-date=8ú Lúnasa 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160808025929/http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/historical-features-of-co/islands/ | teideal=Islands }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/longford/inchcleraun/ | teideal=Inchcleraun (quaker island), County Longford }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordtourism.ie/see-do/attractions/lough-ree/ | teideal=Lough Ree }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> '' The island is home to the ruins of St. Diarmaid's Monastery, a [[mainistir]] founded by [[Diarmaid the Just]] in AD 560. These buildings constitute a [[Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]]. == An Inis '' Inis Cloithrinn is an island of {{Convert|57.7|ha|abbr=on}} located in the centre of [[Loch Rí]], with [[Cnoc an Chrochaire]], Contae Ros Comáin to its west and [[Baile Nua an Chaisil]], Contae Longfoirt to its east. [[Íomhá:Inchcleraun Monastery.jpg|thumb|Mainister Inis Cloithrinn]] == Stair '' The island takes its name from Irish for "[[Cloithre]]'s Island". In [[Miotaseolaíocht na nGael]], Clothru was a daughter of [[Eochaid Feidlech]], then [[ardrí na hÉireann]]. She became the Queen of Connacht after her father's death, and once owned the island. Her sister, [[Medb]], retired to Inchcleraun after Medb's husband [[Ailill mac Máta]] killed her lover [[Fergus mac Róich]]. One point is called '' Grianán Maebha '', and nearby is ''Ionad Marbhtha Meidhbhe'', where she was killed by a stone thrown from [[Elfeet Castle]], on the Longford side of the lake. In other versions of the legend, it is a lump of cheese fired from a [[slingshot]] by a nephew of Clothru.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordlibrary.ie/lib_arc_inside.aspx?id=15036 | teideal=Longford Library | ainm=Longford | sloinne=Library }}</ref> [[Íomhá:Myths and legends; the Celtic race (1910) (14596952367).jpg|thumb|'' "The Death of Maev" ([[T. W. Rolleston]], 1910); Forbay with [[sling (weapon)|sling]] in foreground, Medb bathing in the background.]] '' The name "Quaker Island" is more recent, and owes to the island being owned at one time by [[Cumann na gCarad|Caecar]]. The island is today owned by the Irish state. === Tagairtí annálacha === Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM) * '''ACM 719.2:''' '' S. Sionach Innsi Clothrann d'écc an fichetmhadh lá do mí April. *'''769''' Curoi, the son of Alniadh, Abbot and Sage of Inchcleraun, and of Caill Fochladha ([[Loch Dairbhreach]]) in Meath died. * '''ACM 780.6:''' '' Eochaidh mac Focartai, abb Fochladha, & Insi Clothrann, [d'ecc] *'''1010''' The men of [[an Mhumhain]] plundered Inchcleraun and [[Inis Bó Finne]] * '''ACM 1050.22:''' '' Inis Clothrand do orccain.<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> *'''1087''' The fleet of the men of Munster, with [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], sailed on the Shannon to Lough Ree and plundered the islands of the lake (inc. Inchcleraun) * '''ACM 1136.1:''' '' Aodh Ua Finn, epscop na [[Bréifne]], do écc i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1141.7:''' '' Giolla na Naomh Ua Ferghaile, toiseach Muintire [[an Anaíle|h-Anghaile]] fer ard-raith Ereann d'ég, iar c-cian-aois, & a adhnacal a n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1150.10:''' '' Murchadh, mac Giolla na Naemh Uí Fherghail, tuir ordáin, & airechais Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrand. * '''ACM 1160.3:''' '' Giolla na Naemh Ua Duinn [[ollamh Éireann|fer léighinn]] Insi Clothrann, saoi senchusa, & dána, & degh-fher labhra, ro fhaidh-sein [''sent''] a spirat co a athardha etir coraidh aingel an 17 do December iarsan ochtmhadh bliadhain ar chaogad a aoise. * '''ACM 1167.3:''' '' Cionaeth Ua Cethernaigh, sagart Insi Clothrann [d'écc] * '''ACM 1168.16:''' '' Dubhcobhlach, the daughter of O'Quinn, wife of Mac Corgamna, died and was interred in Inchcleraun. Dubh Chobhlaigh, inghen Uí Chuinn, ben Mic Carrgamhna, d'écc iar buaidh ongtha & aithrighe, & a h-adhnacal i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1170.5:''' '' Diarmaid Ua Braoin, comharba Commáin, & áird-shenóir Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann iarsan cúicceadh bliadhain nochad a aoisi. * '''ACM 1174.6:''' '' Ruaidhri Ua Cearbhaill tighearna [[Ele|Éile]] do mharbhadh ar lár Innsi Clothrann. * '''ACM 1189.8:''' '' ... ar as ann ro bátar geill [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair|Conchobhair Maonmuighe] i n-Inis Clothrann for Loch Ribh an tan-sin. * '''ACM 1193.10:''' '' Inis Clothrann do orgain la macaibh Oisdealb, & la macaibh Conchobhair Maonmaighe. * '''ACM 1232.3:''' '' Tiopraitte Ua Braoin comhorba Commáin saoí cléircechta, sencusa, & breithemhnassa d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann i n-a ailithre. * '''ACM 1244.1:''' '' Donnchadh mac Finghin mic Maoil Seachlainn mic Aodha mic Toirrdhealbaigh Uí Conchobhair epscop Oile Finn d'écc an 23. April i n-Inis Clothrand, & a adhncacal i [[Mainistir na Búille|Mainistir na Buille]]. === Foirgnimh === '' Between 800 and 1300 the island and its churches were repeatedly plundered and burned by invaders, so the buildings are in ruins today. Six of the island's churches are surrounded by an [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]] in the southeast corner of the island. === Teampall Diarmada '' Teampall Diarmada is the monastery founded by Saint [[Diarmaid the Just]] (who was a teacher of [[Ciarán of Clonmacnoise]]) in 540 AD. This church once had a stone roof.<ref name=newtowncashel>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> === Teampall Mór '' Teampall Mór stands within four metres to the north of Teampall Diarmada. It consists of a single nave. Its plain masonry walls are in relatively good condition. There are two lancet windows at the east end, which are long, narrow and recessed. The windows on the south side have the appearance of later additions and are unsymmetrical. All traces of doors have vanished, but the opes, which have been arched and protected by the Board of Works, seem to indicate the position of a west door and an entrance on the north side to the cloister. An upper chamber exists. '' The interior walls of the church were once plastered. The walls have lost their distinctive features of detail, except for the east window, which is similar in construction to that of the Teampall Clogas. The interior arch of the east window is circular, built of four stones. The exterior has only two stones forming a pointed arch. '' There is the remains of an altar, built of rubble work but without the altar slab. The door in the south wall of the nave has a circular moulding. The north door is only a gap. '' This church is situated a short distance to the south of the cluster of churches. It is more modern in appearance than any of the others. At the north-west corner is a more modern chamber with no visible entrance. Near this church, half buried with its face downward is a stone bearing incised on its surface a Celtic interlaced cross with an Irish inscription.<ref name=newtowncashel/> === Templemurry '' Templemurry is the largest church on the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> According to local lore, any woman who enters Templemurray will die within a year. === Teampall Clogas '' Teampall Clogas is one of the churches, and stands alone at the highest point of the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> It has a square [[clogas]], which is attached to the main building. Most churches of this era had [[Irish round tower|round towers]], separate from the main building. It is located on the northern part of the island and is visible from the shoreline. On the plan the church is rectangular, being {{Convert|10.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} by {{Convert|5.1|m|ft|abbr=on}}. == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]] == Inis Bó Finne == :''Gan bheith measctha le [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na Gaillimhe]] agus [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae Dhún na nGall]]. Féach [[Inis Bó Finne]] (Idirdhealán). Is oileán suite i [[Loch Rí]] ar an [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]] is ea '''Inis Bó Finne'''.<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=Inis Bó Finne | url=http://www.logainm.ie/ga/50983 | dátarochtana=2022-11-24 | suíomh=logainm.ie | teanga=ga }}</ref> == An inis '' Inis Bó Finne is an island of {{Convert|26.6|ha|abbr=on}} located in the eastern arm of [[Loch Rí]], with [[An Teanga, Contae na hIarmhí]] the nearest village. == Stair 213 '' Saint [[Ríoch]] is said to have founded a Christian monastery on Inis Bó Finne in AD 530.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/westmeath/inchbofin/ | teideal=Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí }}</ref> The [[Laidin]] [[calque]]s ''Īnsula Vaccae Albae'' or ''Īnsula Vitulae Albae'' are also used on occasion.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/lakelands-of-westmeath/lough-ree/islands-of-lough-ree/inchboffin/ | teideal=Inchboffin }}</ref> The monastery was of the [[Canons Regular of Saint Augustine]]. '' The ''Topographical Dictionary of Ireland'' (1837) said that of Inchbofin's {{convert|64|acre|abbr=on}}, there were {{CONVERT|27|acre|abbr=on}} suitable for [[arable land|arable]] use.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.johngrenham.com/records/lewis.php?civilparishid=2490&civilparish=&county=Westmeath&&search_type=full | teideal=Lewis' Topographical Dictionary | ainm=John | sloinne=Grenham }}</ref> Griffith's Valuation (mid-19th century) mentions three families on the island: Skelly, Connell and Heffernan; the island was owned by Susan Galbraith. In the 1911 census, there were 13 people living on the island, of the same 3 families.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/search/results.jsp?census_year=1911&surname=&exact=&firstname=&county19011911=Westmeath&county1821=&county1831=&county1841=&county1851=&townland=inchbofin&ded=&age=&sex=&relationToHead=&religion=&education=&occupation=&marriageStatus=&marriageYears=&childrenBorn=&childrenLiving=&birthplace=&language=&deafdumb=&search=Search&sort=&pageSize=&houseNumber=&familiesNumber=&malesNumber=&femalesNumber=&maleServNumber=&femaleServNumber=&estChurchNumber=&romanCatNumber=&presbNumberDiv=&protNumber=&parish=&barony=&yearsMarried=&causeOfDeath=&yearOfDeath=&familyId=&ageInMonths=&pager.offset=0 | teideal=National Archives: Census of Ireland 1911 }}</ref> '' In the winter of 2009, the [[Irish Air Corps]] sent a helicopter to the island to deliver cattle fodder for the last farmer on the island, John Connell, after Loch Rí froze solid.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.independent.ie/life/travel/ireland/secret-ireland-lough-ree-26692248.html | teideal=Secret Ireland: Lough Ree | foilsitheoir=Independent.ie }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2010/01/13/3993995-air-corps-comes-to-athlone-to-deliver-fodder-to-lough-ree-islands | teideal=Air Corps comes to Athlone to deliver fodder to Lough Ree islands | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref>. He was the last permanent resident of the island and died on 12 February 2018.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2018/02/13/4152121-end-of-an-era-as-last-islander-passes/ | teideal=End of an era as last islander sies | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref> == Tagairtí annálacha Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM), [[Annála Inis Faithlinn]] (AIF), [[Annála Tiarnaigh]] (AT), [[Annála Uladh]] (AU) * '''ACM 750.3''': '' Fiangalach, mac Anmchadha, mic Maoile Curaich, abb Insi Bo Finne for Loch Ribh[, d'écc]<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005A/text058.html | title=Part 58 of Annals of the Four Masters | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AU 755.5''': ..., '' Fiangalach m. Anmchada filii Maele Curaich abb Innse Bo Finne for Loch Ri ... mortui sunt<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100001A.html | title=The Annals of Ulster | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AIF 922.2''': '' Tomrair mc. Elgi, iarla do Gallaib ... luid for Loch Rí coro oirg a h-uile inse, ... * '''AIF 1016.1''': '' Sloged mór la mc. m-[[Brian Bóraimhe|Briain]] co Loch Rí coro ort<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrand]] & Inis Bó Finne * '''ACM 1089.8''': '' Cobhlach Fer Mumhan .i. im [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], do thiachtain for [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]], & for [[Loch Rí|Loch Ribh]] co ro airccset<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> cealla an locha, .i. [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrann]], Inis Bó Finne, Inis Aingginn [''Hare Island''] & Cluain Eamhain<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005B/text019.html | teideal=Annála na gCeithre Máistrí (cuid 19) | publisher=CELT }}</ref> * '''AT 1089.1''': '' Coblach mor la Muirchertach h-Úa mBriain ríg Muman for Sinaind & for Loch Ri, co ro aírgset Inis Bo Finde & Inis Clothrann... == Foirgnimh '' The remains of two churches survive on Inchbofin. One (12th century) is at the north-eastern point of the island and has an irregular [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]]. It consists of a [[nave]], [[transept]] and [[sacristy]]. To the north of the altar is a [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] window, and above a window is a carving of a bishop's head. The smaller church ruin to the south is from the 12th/13th centuries.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/site/2460/ | teideal=Inchbofin, St Rioch | suíomh=The Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain & Ireland }}</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:An tSionainn]] == Foclóireacht == # [[Foclóireacht na Gaeilge]] # [[Leabharlann an Ard Easpaig Marsh]]=[[Leabharlann Marsh]]- # [[foclóir.ie]]=[[focloir.ie]] == An Féineachas == [[An Féineachas]] (agus/nó b'fhéidir [[Seanchas]] / [[Béaloideas]]). Spreagtha ag ''[[:en:Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2025/March#8 March 2025|Recent additions, 8 March 2025]]'' ''[https://dil.ie/34117 othrus]'' ≈ fulaingt tinnis/othrais. Teimpléid; * [[Teimpléad:WD Bosca Sonraí Doiciméad]] * [[Teimpléad:efn]] Nuashonraithe (lámhscríbhinní): # [[Senchas Már]] (SM) # [[Bechbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Bechbretha agus Coibes Uisci Thairdne|SM #21]]) # [[Bretha Crólige]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #33]]) # [[Críth Gablach]] (MacA) # [[Gúbretha Caratniad]] ([[Bodleian Library]], [[Rawlinson B 502]]) As nua, iomlán: # [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici]] (CIH) # [[Sanas Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] (MacA) # [[Cethairṡlicht Athgabálae]] ([[Senchas Már#Cethairslicht Athgabálae|SM #2]]) # [[Sechtae]] ([[Senchas Már#Sechtae|SM #9]]) # [[Recholl Breth]] (SM #13) # [[Bretha Déin Chécht]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #34]]) # [[Muirbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Clár ábhar|SM #38]]) # [[Anfuigell]] (m.s., CnaT, LS 1387; MacA) # [[Berrad Airechta]] (CnaT, LS 1337) # [[Bretha Étgid]] ([[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann|ARÉ]] LS 23 P 3) # [[Cóic Conara Fugill]] (m.s., [[Uraicecht Becc]], [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Di Astud Chor]] (''via'' [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Mellbretha]] ([[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide|CnaT]], LS 1363) # [[Uí Lochlainn]] # [[Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] # [[CnaT BÁC, LS 1317]], [[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath, LS 1317]] # [[Bóaire]] # [[Coinmheadh is buannacht]] # [[Brehon Law Commission]] # [[Mac Aodhagáin]] &rightarrow; [[Mhic Aodhagáin]] # [[John Lynch (Gratianus Lucius)]] # [[Fearghas Ó Ceallaigh]] # [[Leabharlann COBÁC]] # [[Cathair Mhic Neachtain]] # [[Thom McGinty]] As nua, síolta: # [[Dlí Ceilteach]]- # [[Gabháil chine]]- # [[Cyfraith Hywel]]- # [[Galanas]]- # [[Accessus ad auctores]]- # [[Hapax legomenon]]- # [[Robert Atkinson]]- == Dlí luath na hÉireann == Fainic: sách fada, mionchúiseach agus as Béarla, mar bharr ar an donas. The particular "[https://www.teanglann.ie/ga/fgb/féineachas An] [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20Irish%20law/ Féineachas]" aside, I'm looking at the general phrase "early Irish law". My dad was a fishmonger and was always careful to say about his produce "smoked Irish salmon" and not "Irish smoked salmon", if you see the difference. Is it then "early law of ..." or "law of early ..."? Is "Irish" the language (surely not), the culture, the people or the nation, and in what period? Should "early" be translated as luath or moch? If luath, should it be "luath-" or "- luath"? Given those options, "early Irish law" could be anything from "luathdhlí Gaelach" to "dlí na hÉireann moiche" and points in between. I favour the former. Similarly, for "Celtic law" I favour "dlí Ceilteach", i.e., the culture not the people (the Celts, ... na gCeilteach). Notes: * Moch: cf. [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20modern%20irish/ Nua-Ghaeilge Mhoch] on téarma.ie * "Irish": Gaelach, na nGael, Éireannach, na hÉireann? * What about Welsh, English or Roman law? {{Dlí luath na hÉireann}} == Téamh domhanda == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir Ann cheana: * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] ''Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy 'Cúis'eanna nua: # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas # [[Astaíocht charbóin]] '' Carbon emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture jkkfqq00hp8d9fxvz8011n2xfcbvyyc 1269384 1269383 2025-06-10T22:28:04Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 1269384 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Litríocht == # [[Murúch]]- # [[Tongu do dia toinges mo thúath]]- # [[Remscéla]]=[[Réamhscéalta]] # [[Bernhard Maier]] # ''[[:en:Foraire Uladh ar Aodh|Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]]'' - [[Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]] # ''[[:en:Lebor Bretnach|Lebor Bretnach]]'' - [[Lebor Bretnach]]=[[Leabhar Breatnach]] # ''[[:en:Dominican Annals of Roscommon|Dominican Annals of Roscommon]]'' - [[Annála Doiminiceacha Ros Comáin]] # ''[[:en:Inchcleraun|Inchcleraun]]'' - [[Inis Cloithrinn]] # ''[[:en:Inchbofin|Inchbofin]]'' - [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí]] # ''[[:en:Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh|Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]]'' - [[Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]] # ''[[:en:Ranna an aeir|Ranna an aeir]]'' - [[Ranna an aeir]] # ''[[:en:Irish Astronomical Tract|Irish Astronomical Tract]]'' - [[]] == Annales Dominicani de Roscoman == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} [[Íomhá:Roscommon_Priory_-_aerial_-_2024-12-27_01.jpg|thumb|'' Ruins of Roscommon Dominican Priory]] The '''Dominican Annals of Roscommon''' ({{Lang|la|Annales Dominicani de Roscoman}}) is an [[Annála Éireannacha]], covering events, mainly in Connacht and its neighbouring regions, from 1163 to 1314, spanning the period of the [[Ionradh na Normannach ar Éirinn]] and the early part of [[Tiarnas na hÉireann]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://groups.io/g/Educator-Gold/topic/digital_humanities_digital/334356 | teideal=CELT Project: The Corpus of Electronic Texts | suíomh=groups.io }}</ref> It also mentions some matters to do with the [[na Doiminicigh]], [[An Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach] matters in general, and political relations with [[Ríocht Shasana]].<ref name=adrcelt>{{lua idirlín |url=https://celt.ucc.ie/published/L100015A/ |teideal=Annales Dominicani de Roscoman |suíomh=celt.ucc.ie }}</ref> It was compiled in [[Laidin]] in [[Roscommon Dominican Priory]] (Blackfriars).<ref>Finn, R. (2023:10). ''The Dominicans in the British Isles and Beyond: A New History of the English Province of the Friars Preachers''. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.</ref> The abbey was founded by and supported by the [[Uí Chonchúir]] [[ríthe na gConnacht]]. Occasional examples of pro-O'Connor bias are noted: for example, the [[Blinding (punishment)|blinding]] of Muirchertach Ua Conchobair by his brother, the king [[Ruaidrí mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair|Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair]], is not mentioned, and when the 1193 [[creachadh]] of the monastery on [[Inchcleraun]] is mentioned, it is attributed to [[Gilbert de Lacy]], whereas the [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] mention that [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair]] was also responsible.<ref name=adrcelt/> The largest part of the Annals are attributed to [[Odo O'Hanmerech]] (died in 1306). The annals survive in a seventeenth-century manuscript that once belonged to [[James Ware]]. Among its notable entries are a mention of the drying-up of the River Galvia, apparently an early name for [[Abhainn na Gaillimhe]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://steemit.com/ireland/@harlotscurse/a-sova-potamoy-ekvolai | teideal=Αὐσοβα Ποταμου Εκβολαι | dáta=3ú Meán Fómhair 2018 | suíomh=Steemit }}</ref> == Féach freisin * [[Annála Éireannacha]] == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Annála Éireannacha]] {{síol-ie}} == Inis Cloithrinn == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Séadchomhartha}} 91<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=National Monuments of County Longford in State Care | url = http://www.archaeology.ie/sites/default/files/media/pdf/monuments-in-state-care-longford.pdf | page=1 | suíomh=heritageireland.ie | foilsitheoir=National Monument Service | dátarochtana=2a Iúil 2020 }}</ref> '' '''Inis Cloithrinn''', is an island situated in [[Loch Rí]] on the [[an tSionainn]], in central Ireland.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | teideal=Inchcleraun Island / Quaker Island - Longford - | ainm=Michael | Aoine=Heraghty | dáta=15ú Deireadh Fómhair 2004 | dátarochtana=22a Meitheamh 2016 | archive-date=8ú Lúnasa 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160808025929/http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/historical-features-of-co/islands/ | teideal=Islands }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/longford/inchcleraun/ | teideal=Inchcleraun (quaker island), County Longford }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordtourism.ie/see-do/attractions/lough-ree/ | teideal=Lough Ree }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> '' The island is home to the ruins of St. Diarmaid's Monastery, a [[mainistir]] founded by [[Diarmaid the Just]] in AD 560. These buildings constitute a [[Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]]. == An Inis '' Inis Cloithrinn is an island of {{Convert|57.7|ha|abbr=on}} located in the centre of [[Loch Rí]], with [[Cnoc an Chrochaire]], Contae Ros Comáin to its west and [[Baile Nua an Chaisil]], Contae Longfoirt to its east. [[Íomhá:Inchcleraun Monastery.jpg|thumb|Mainister Inis Cloithrinn]] == Stair '' The island takes its name from Irish for "[[Cloithre]]'s Island". In [[Miotaseolaíocht na nGael]], Clothru was a daughter of [[Eochaid Feidlech]], then [[ardrí na hÉireann]]. She became the Queen of Connacht after her father's death, and once owned the island. Her sister, [[Medb]], retired to Inchcleraun after Medb's husband [[Ailill mac Máta]] killed her lover [[Fergus mac Róich]]. One point is called '' Grianán Maebha '', and nearby is ''Ionad Marbhtha Meidhbhe'', where she was killed by a stone thrown from [[Elfeet Castle]], on the Longford side of the lake. In other versions of the legend, it is a lump of cheese fired from a [[slingshot]] by a nephew of Clothru.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordlibrary.ie/lib_arc_inside.aspx?id=15036 | teideal=Longford Library | ainm=Longford | sloinne=Library }}</ref> [[Íomhá:Myths and legends; the Celtic race (1910) (14596952367).jpg|thumb|'' "The Death of Maev" ([[T. W. Rolleston]], 1910); Forbay with [[sling (weapon)|sling]] in foreground, Medb bathing in the background.]] '' The name "Quaker Island" is more recent, and owes to the island being owned at one time by [[Cumann na gCarad|Caecar]]. The island is today owned by the Irish state. === Tagairtí annálacha === Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM) * '''ACM 719.2:''' '' S. Sionach Innsi Clothrann d'écc an fichetmhadh lá do mí April. *'''769''' Curoi, the son of Alniadh, Abbot and Sage of Inchcleraun, and of Caill Fochladha ([[Loch Dairbhreach]]) in Meath died. * '''ACM 780.6:''' '' Eochaidh mac Focartai, abb Fochladha, & Insi Clothrann, [d'ecc] *'''1010''' The men of [[an Mhumhain]] plundered Inchcleraun and [[Inis Bó Finne]] * '''ACM 1050.22:''' '' Inis Clothrand do orccain.<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> *'''1087''' The fleet of the men of Munster, with [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], sailed on the Shannon to Lough Ree and plundered the islands of the lake (inc. Inchcleraun) * '''ACM 1136.1:''' '' Aodh Ua Finn, epscop na [[Bréifne]], do écc i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1141.7:''' '' Giolla na Naomh Ua Ferghaile, toiseach Muintire [[an Anaíle|h-Anghaile]] fer ard-raith Ereann d'ég, iar c-cian-aois, & a adhnacal a n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1150.10:''' '' Murchadh, mac Giolla na Naemh Uí Fherghail, tuir ordáin, & airechais Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrand. * '''ACM 1160.3:''' '' Giolla na Naemh Ua Duinn [[ollamh Éireann|fer léighinn]] Insi Clothrann, saoi senchusa, & dána, & degh-fher labhra, ro fhaidh-sein [''sent''] a spirat co a athardha etir coraidh aingel an 17 do December iarsan ochtmhadh bliadhain ar chaogad a aoise. * '''ACM 1167.3:''' '' Cionaeth Ua Cethernaigh, sagart Insi Clothrann [d'écc] * '''ACM 1168.16:''' '' Dubhcobhlach, the daughter of O'Quinn, wife of Mac Corgamna, died and was interred in Inchcleraun. Dubh Chobhlaigh, inghen Uí Chuinn, ben Mic Carrgamhna, d'écc iar buaidh ongtha & aithrighe, & a h-adhnacal i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1170.5:''' '' Diarmaid Ua Braoin, comharba Commáin, & áird-shenóir Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann iarsan cúicceadh bliadhain nochad a aoisi. * '''ACM 1174.6:''' '' Ruaidhri Ua Cearbhaill tighearna [[Ele|Éile]] do mharbhadh ar lár Innsi Clothrann. * '''ACM 1189.8:''' '' ... ar as ann ro bátar geill [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair|Conchobhair Maonmuighe] i n-Inis Clothrann for Loch Ribh an tan-sin. * '''ACM 1193.10:''' '' Inis Clothrann do orgain la macaibh Oisdealb, & la macaibh Conchobhair Maonmaighe. * '''ACM 1232.3:''' '' Tiopraitte Ua Braoin comhorba Commáin saoí cléircechta, sencusa, & breithemhnassa d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann i n-a ailithre. * '''ACM 1244.1:''' '' Donnchadh mac Finghin mic Maoil Seachlainn mic Aodha mic Toirrdhealbaigh Uí Conchobhair epscop Oile Finn d'écc an 23. April i n-Inis Clothrand, & a adhncacal i [[Mainistir na Búille|Mainistir na Buille]]. === Foirgnimh === '' Between 800 and 1300 the island and its churches were repeatedly plundered and burned by invaders, so the buildings are in ruins today. Six of the island's churches are surrounded by an [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]] in the southeast corner of the island. === Teampall Diarmada '' Teampall Diarmada is the monastery founded by Saint [[Diarmaid the Just]] (who was a teacher of [[Ciarán of Clonmacnoise]]) in 540 AD. This church once had a stone roof.<ref name=newtowncashel>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> === Teampall Mór '' Teampall Mór stands within four metres to the north of Teampall Diarmada. It consists of a single nave. Its plain masonry walls are in relatively good condition. There are two lancet windows at the east end, which are long, narrow and recessed. The windows on the south side have the appearance of later additions and are unsymmetrical. All traces of doors have vanished, but the opes, which have been arched and protected by the Board of Works, seem to indicate the position of a west door and an entrance on the north side to the cloister. An upper chamber exists. '' The interior walls of the church were once plastered. The walls have lost their distinctive features of detail, except for the east window, which is similar in construction to that of the Teampall Clogas. The interior arch of the east window is circular, built of four stones. The exterior has only two stones forming a pointed arch. '' There is the remains of an altar, built of rubble work but without the altar slab. The door in the south wall of the nave has a circular moulding. The north door is only a gap. '' This church is situated a short distance to the south of the cluster of churches. It is more modern in appearance than any of the others. At the north-west corner is a more modern chamber with no visible entrance. Near this church, half buried with its face downward is a stone bearing incised on its surface a Celtic interlaced cross with an Irish inscription.<ref name=newtowncashel/> === Templemurry '' Templemurry is the largest church on the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> According to local lore, any woman who enters Templemurray will die within a year. === Teampall Clogas '' Teampall Clogas is one of the churches, and stands alone at the highest point of the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> It has a square [[clogas]], which is attached to the main building. Most churches of this era had [[Irish round tower|round towers]], separate from the main building. It is located on the northern part of the island and is visible from the shoreline. On the plan the church is rectangular, being {{Convert|10.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} by {{Convert|5.1|m|ft|abbr=on}}. == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]] == Inis Bó Finne == :''Gan bheith measctha le [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na Gaillimhe]] agus [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae Dhún na nGall]]. Féach [[Inis Bó Finne]] (Idirdhealán). Is oileán suite i [[Loch Rí]] ar an [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]] is ea '''Inis Bó Finne'''.<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=Inis Bó Finne | url=http://www.logainm.ie/ga/50983 | dátarochtana=2022-11-24 | suíomh=logainm.ie | teanga=ga }}</ref> == An inis '' Inis Bó Finne is an island of {{Convert|26.6|ha|abbr=on}} located in the eastern arm of [[Loch Rí]], with [[An Teanga, Contae na hIarmhí]] the nearest village. == Stair 213 '' Saint [[Ríoch]] is said to have founded a Christian monastery on Inis Bó Finne in AD 530.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/westmeath/inchbofin/ | teideal=Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí }}</ref> The [[Laidin]] [[calque]]s ''Īnsula Vaccae Albae'' or ''Īnsula Vitulae Albae'' are also used on occasion.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/lakelands-of-westmeath/lough-ree/islands-of-lough-ree/inchboffin/ | teideal=Inchboffin }}</ref> The monastery was of the [[Canons Regular of Saint Augustine]]. '' The ''Topographical Dictionary of Ireland'' (1837) said that of Inchbofin's {{convert|64|acre|abbr=on}}, there were {{CONVERT|27|acre|abbr=on}} suitable for [[arable land|arable]] use.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.johngrenham.com/records/lewis.php?civilparishid=2490&civilparish=&county=Westmeath&&search_type=full | teideal=Lewis' Topographical Dictionary | ainm=John | sloinne=Grenham }}</ref> Griffith's Valuation (mid-19th century) mentions three families on the island: Skelly, Connell and Heffernan; the island was owned by Susan Galbraith. In the 1911 census, there were 13 people living on the island, of the same 3 families.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/search/results.jsp?census_year=1911&surname=&exact=&firstname=&county19011911=Westmeath&county1821=&county1831=&county1841=&county1851=&townland=inchbofin&ded=&age=&sex=&relationToHead=&religion=&education=&occupation=&marriageStatus=&marriageYears=&childrenBorn=&childrenLiving=&birthplace=&language=&deafdumb=&search=Search&sort=&pageSize=&houseNumber=&familiesNumber=&malesNumber=&femalesNumber=&maleServNumber=&femaleServNumber=&estChurchNumber=&romanCatNumber=&presbNumberDiv=&protNumber=&parish=&barony=&yearsMarried=&causeOfDeath=&yearOfDeath=&familyId=&ageInMonths=&pager.offset=0 | teideal=National Archives: Census of Ireland 1911 }}</ref> '' In the winter of 2009, the [[Irish Air Corps]] sent a helicopter to the island to deliver cattle fodder for the last farmer on the island, John Connell, after Loch Rí froze solid.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.independent.ie/life/travel/ireland/secret-ireland-lough-ree-26692248.html | teideal=Secret Ireland: Lough Ree | foilsitheoir=Independent.ie }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2010/01/13/3993995-air-corps-comes-to-athlone-to-deliver-fodder-to-lough-ree-islands | teideal=Air Corps comes to Athlone to deliver fodder to Lough Ree islands | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref>. He was the last permanent resident of the island and died on 12 February 2018.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2018/02/13/4152121-end-of-an-era-as-last-islander-passes/ | teideal=End of an era as last islander sies | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref> == Tagairtí annálacha Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM), [[Annála Inis Faithlinn]] (AIF), [[Annála Tiarnaigh]] (AT), [[Annála Uladh]] (AU) * '''ACM 750.3''': '' Fiangalach, mac Anmchadha, mic Maoile Curaich, abb Insi Bo Finne for Loch Ribh[, d'écc]<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005A/text058.html | title=Part 58 of Annals of the Four Masters | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AU 755.5''': ..., '' Fiangalach m. Anmchada filii Maele Curaich abb Innse Bo Finne for Loch Ri ... mortui sunt<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100001A.html | title=The Annals of Ulster | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AIF 922.2''': '' Tomrair mc. Elgi, iarla do Gallaib ... luid for Loch Rí coro oirg a h-uile inse, ... * '''AIF 1016.1''': '' Sloged mór la mc. m-[[Brian Bóraimhe|Briain]] co Loch Rí coro ort<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrand]] & Inis Bó Finne * '''ACM 1089.8''': '' Cobhlach Fer Mumhan .i. im [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], do thiachtain for [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]], & for [[Loch Rí|Loch Ribh]] co ro airccset<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> cealla an locha, .i. [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrann]], Inis Bó Finne, Inis Aingginn [''Hare Island''] & Cluain Eamhain<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005B/text019.html | teideal=Annála na gCeithre Máistrí (cuid 19) | publisher=CELT }}</ref> * '''AT 1089.1''': '' Coblach mor la Muirchertach h-Úa mBriain ríg Muman for Sinaind & for Loch Ri, co ro aírgset Inis Bo Finde & Inis Clothrann... == Foirgnimh '' The remains of two churches survive on Inchbofin. One (12th century) is at the north-eastern point of the island and has an irregular [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]]. It consists of a [[nave]], [[transept]] and [[sacristy]]. To the north of the altar is a [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] window, and above a window is a carving of a bishop's head. The smaller church ruin to the south is from the 12th/13th centuries.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/site/2460/ | teideal=Inchbofin, St Rioch | suíomh=The Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain & Ireland }}</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:An tSionainn]] == Foclóireacht == # [[Foclóireacht na Gaeilge]] # [[Leabharlann an Ard Easpaig Marsh]]=[[Leabharlann Marsh]]- # [[foclóir.ie]]=[[focloir.ie]] == An Féineachas == [[An Féineachas]] (agus/nó b'fhéidir [[Seanchas]] / [[Béaloideas]]). Spreagtha ag ''[[:en:Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2025/March#8 March 2025|Recent additions, 8 March 2025]]'' ''[https://dil.ie/34117 othrus]'' ≈ fulaingt tinnis/othrais. Teimpléid; * [[Teimpléad:WD Bosca Sonraí Doiciméad]] * [[Teimpléad:efn]] Nuashonraithe (lámhscríbhinní): # [[Senchas Már]] (SM) # [[Bechbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Bechbretha agus Coibes Uisci Thairdne|SM #21]]) # [[Bretha Crólige]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #33]]) # [[Críth Gablach]] (MacA) # [[Gúbretha Caratniad]] ([[Bodleian Library]], [[Rawlinson B 502]]) As nua, iomlán: # [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici]] (CIH) # [[Sanas Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] (MacA) # [[Cethairṡlicht Athgabálae]] ([[Senchas Már#Cethairslicht Athgabálae|SM #2]]) # [[Sechtae]] ([[Senchas Már#Sechtae|SM #9]]) # [[Recholl Breth]] (SM #13) # [[Bretha Déin Chécht]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #34]]) # [[Muirbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Clár ábhar|SM #38]]) # [[Anfuigell]] (m.s., CnaT, LS 1387; MacA) # [[Berrad Airechta]] (CnaT, LS 1337) # [[Bretha Étgid]] ([[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann|ARÉ]] LS 23 P 3) # [[Cóic Conara Fugill]] (m.s., [[Uraicecht Becc]], [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Di Astud Chor]] (''via'' [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Mellbretha]] ([[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide|CnaT]], LS 1363) # [[Uí Lochlainn]] # [[Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] # [[CnaT BÁC, LS 1317]], [[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath, LS 1317]] # [[Bóaire]] # [[Coinmheadh is buannacht]] # [[Brehon Law Commission]] # [[Mac Aodhagáin]] &rightarrow; [[Mhic Aodhagáin]] # [[John Lynch (Gratianus Lucius)]] # [[Fearghas Ó Ceallaigh]] # [[Leabharlann COBÁC]] # [[Cathair Mhic Neachtain]] # [[Thom McGinty]] As nua, síolta: # [[Dlí Ceilteach]]- # [[Gabháil chine]]- # [[Cyfraith Hywel]]- # [[Galanas]]- # [[Accessus ad auctores]]- # [[Hapax legomenon]]- # [[Robert Atkinson]]- == Dlí luath na hÉireann == Fainic: sách fada, mionchúiseach agus as Béarla, mar bharr ar an donas. The particular "[https://www.teanglann.ie/ga/fgb/féineachas An] [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20Irish%20law/ Féineachas]" aside, I'm looking at the general phrase "early Irish law". My dad was a fishmonger and was always careful to say about his produce "smoked Irish salmon" and not "Irish smoked salmon", if you see the difference. Is it then "early law of ..." or "law of early ..."? Is "Irish" the language (surely not), the culture, the people or the nation, and in what period? Should "early" be translated as luath or moch? If luath, should it be "luath-" or "- luath"? Given those options, "early Irish law" could be anything from "luathdhlí Gaelach" to "dlí na hÉireann moiche" and points in between. I favour the former. Similarly, for "Celtic law" I favour "dlí Ceilteach", i.e., the culture not the people (the Celts, ... na gCeilteach). Notes: * Moch: cf. [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20modern%20irish/ Nua-Ghaeilge Mhoch] on téarma.ie * "Irish": Gaelach, na nGael, Éireannach, na hÉireann? * What about Welsh, English or Roman law? {{Dlí luath na hÉireann}} == Téamh domhanda == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir Ann cheana: * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] ''Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy 'Cúis'eanna nua: # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas # [[Astaíocht charbóin]] '' Carbon emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture 1k2q85v5t7tk7uynggjpvgc06t725zg 1269425 1269384 2025-06-11T09:29:06Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Irish Astronomical Tract */ 1269425 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Litríocht == # [[Murúch]]- # [[Tongu do dia toinges mo thúath]]- # [[Remscéla]]=[[Réamhscéalta]] # [[Bernhard Maier]] # ''[[:en:Foraire Uladh ar Aodh|Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]]'' - [[Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]] # ''[[:en:Lebor Bretnach|Lebor Bretnach]]'' - [[Lebor Bretnach]]=[[Leabhar Breatnach]] # ''[[:en:Dominican Annals of Roscommon|Dominican Annals of Roscommon]]'' - [[Annála Doiminiceacha Ros Comáin]] # ''[[:en:Inchcleraun|Inchcleraun]]'' - [[Inis Cloithrinn]] # ''[[:en:Inchbofin|Inchbofin]]'' - [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí]] # ''[[:en:Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh|Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]]'' - [[Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]] # ''[[:en:Ranna an aeir|Ranna an aeir]]'' - [[Ranna an aeir]] # ''[[:en:Irish Astronomical Tract|Irish Astronomical Tract]]'' - [[]] == Annales Dominicani de Roscoman == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} [[Íomhá:Roscommon_Priory_-_aerial_-_2024-12-27_01.jpg|thumb|'' Ruins of Roscommon Dominican Priory]] The '''Dominican Annals of Roscommon''' ({{Lang|la|Annales Dominicani de Roscoman}}) is an [[Annála Éireannacha]], covering events, mainly in Connacht and its neighbouring regions, from 1163 to 1314, spanning the period of the [[Ionradh na Normannach ar Éirinn]] and the early part of [[Tiarnas na hÉireann]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://groups.io/g/Educator-Gold/topic/digital_humanities_digital/334356 | teideal=CELT Project: The Corpus of Electronic Texts | suíomh=groups.io }}</ref> It also mentions some matters to do with the [[na Doiminicigh]], [[An Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach] matters in general, and political relations with [[Ríocht Shasana]].<ref name=adrcelt>{{lua idirlín |url=https://celt.ucc.ie/published/L100015A/ |teideal=Annales Dominicani de Roscoman |suíomh=celt.ucc.ie }}</ref> It was compiled in [[Laidin]] in [[Roscommon Dominican Priory]] (Blackfriars).<ref>Finn, R. (2023:10). ''The Dominicans in the British Isles and Beyond: A New History of the English Province of the Friars Preachers''. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.</ref> The abbey was founded by and supported by the [[Uí Chonchúir]] [[ríthe na gConnacht]]. Occasional examples of pro-O'Connor bias are noted: for example, the [[Blinding (punishment)|blinding]] of Muirchertach Ua Conchobair by his brother, the king [[Ruaidrí mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair|Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair]], is not mentioned, and when the 1193 [[creachadh]] of the monastery on [[Inchcleraun]] is mentioned, it is attributed to [[Gilbert de Lacy]], whereas the [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] mention that [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair]] was also responsible.<ref name=adrcelt/> The largest part of the Annals are attributed to [[Odo O'Hanmerech]] (died in 1306). The annals survive in a seventeenth-century manuscript that once belonged to [[James Ware]]. Among its notable entries are a mention of the drying-up of the River Galvia, apparently an early name for [[Abhainn na Gaillimhe]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://steemit.com/ireland/@harlotscurse/a-sova-potamoy-ekvolai | teideal=Αὐσοβα Ποταμου Εκβολαι | dáta=3ú Meán Fómhair 2018 | suíomh=Steemit }}</ref> == Féach freisin * [[Annála Éireannacha]] == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Annála Éireannacha]] {{síol-ie}} == Inis Cloithrinn == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Séadchomhartha}} 91<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=National Monuments of County Longford in State Care | url = http://www.archaeology.ie/sites/default/files/media/pdf/monuments-in-state-care-longford.pdf | page=1 | suíomh=heritageireland.ie | foilsitheoir=National Monument Service | dátarochtana=2a Iúil 2020 }}</ref> '' '''Inis Cloithrinn''', is an island situated in [[Loch Rí]] on the [[an tSionainn]], in central Ireland.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | teideal=Inchcleraun Island / Quaker Island - Longford - | ainm=Michael | Aoine=Heraghty | dáta=15ú Deireadh Fómhair 2004 | dátarochtana=22a Meitheamh 2016 | archive-date=8ú Lúnasa 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160808025929/http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/historical-features-of-co/islands/ | teideal=Islands }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/longford/inchcleraun/ | teideal=Inchcleraun (quaker island), County Longford }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordtourism.ie/see-do/attractions/lough-ree/ | teideal=Lough Ree }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> '' The island is home to the ruins of St. Diarmaid's Monastery, a [[mainistir]] founded by [[Diarmaid the Just]] in AD 560. These buildings constitute a [[Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]]. == An Inis '' Inis Cloithrinn is an island of {{Convert|57.7|ha|abbr=on}} located in the centre of [[Loch Rí]], with [[Cnoc an Chrochaire]], Contae Ros Comáin to its west and [[Baile Nua an Chaisil]], Contae Longfoirt to its east. [[Íomhá:Inchcleraun Monastery.jpg|thumb|Mainister Inis Cloithrinn]] == Stair '' The island takes its name from Irish for "[[Cloithre]]'s Island". In [[Miotaseolaíocht na nGael]], Clothru was a daughter of [[Eochaid Feidlech]], then [[ardrí na hÉireann]]. She became the Queen of Connacht after her father's death, and once owned the island. Her sister, [[Medb]], retired to Inchcleraun after Medb's husband [[Ailill mac Máta]] killed her lover [[Fergus mac Róich]]. One point is called '' Grianán Maebha '', and nearby is ''Ionad Marbhtha Meidhbhe'', where she was killed by a stone thrown from [[Elfeet Castle]], on the Longford side of the lake. In other versions of the legend, it is a lump of cheese fired from a [[slingshot]] by a nephew of Clothru.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordlibrary.ie/lib_arc_inside.aspx?id=15036 | teideal=Longford Library | ainm=Longford | sloinne=Library }}</ref> [[Íomhá:Myths and legends; the Celtic race (1910) (14596952367).jpg|thumb|'' "The Death of Maev" ([[T. W. Rolleston]], 1910); Forbay with [[sling (weapon)|sling]] in foreground, Medb bathing in the background.]] '' The name "Quaker Island" is more recent, and owes to the island being owned at one time by [[Cumann na gCarad|Caecar]]. The island is today owned by the Irish state. === Tagairtí annálacha === Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM) * '''ACM 719.2:''' '' S. Sionach Innsi Clothrann d'écc an fichetmhadh lá do mí April. *'''769''' Curoi, the son of Alniadh, Abbot and Sage of Inchcleraun, and of Caill Fochladha ([[Loch Dairbhreach]]) in Meath died. * '''ACM 780.6:''' '' Eochaidh mac Focartai, abb Fochladha, & Insi Clothrann, [d'ecc] *'''1010''' The men of [[an Mhumhain]] plundered Inchcleraun and [[Inis Bó Finne]] * '''ACM 1050.22:''' '' Inis Clothrand do orccain.<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> *'''1087''' The fleet of the men of Munster, with [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], sailed on the Shannon to Lough Ree and plundered the islands of the lake (inc. Inchcleraun) * '''ACM 1136.1:''' '' Aodh Ua Finn, epscop na [[Bréifne]], do écc i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1141.7:''' '' Giolla na Naomh Ua Ferghaile, toiseach Muintire [[an Anaíle|h-Anghaile]] fer ard-raith Ereann d'ég, iar c-cian-aois, & a adhnacal a n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1150.10:''' '' Murchadh, mac Giolla na Naemh Uí Fherghail, tuir ordáin, & airechais Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrand. * '''ACM 1160.3:''' '' Giolla na Naemh Ua Duinn [[ollamh Éireann|fer léighinn]] Insi Clothrann, saoi senchusa, & dána, & degh-fher labhra, ro fhaidh-sein [''sent''] a spirat co a athardha etir coraidh aingel an 17 do December iarsan ochtmhadh bliadhain ar chaogad a aoise. * '''ACM 1167.3:''' '' Cionaeth Ua Cethernaigh, sagart Insi Clothrann [d'écc] * '''ACM 1168.16:''' '' Dubhcobhlach, the daughter of O'Quinn, wife of Mac Corgamna, died and was interred in Inchcleraun. Dubh Chobhlaigh, inghen Uí Chuinn, ben Mic Carrgamhna, d'écc iar buaidh ongtha & aithrighe, & a h-adhnacal i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1170.5:''' '' Diarmaid Ua Braoin, comharba Commáin, & áird-shenóir Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann iarsan cúicceadh bliadhain nochad a aoisi. * '''ACM 1174.6:''' '' Ruaidhri Ua Cearbhaill tighearna [[Ele|Éile]] do mharbhadh ar lár Innsi Clothrann. * '''ACM 1189.8:''' '' ... ar as ann ro bátar geill [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair|Conchobhair Maonmuighe] i n-Inis Clothrann for Loch Ribh an tan-sin. * '''ACM 1193.10:''' '' Inis Clothrann do orgain la macaibh Oisdealb, & la macaibh Conchobhair Maonmaighe. * '''ACM 1232.3:''' '' Tiopraitte Ua Braoin comhorba Commáin saoí cléircechta, sencusa, & breithemhnassa d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann i n-a ailithre. * '''ACM 1244.1:''' '' Donnchadh mac Finghin mic Maoil Seachlainn mic Aodha mic Toirrdhealbaigh Uí Conchobhair epscop Oile Finn d'écc an 23. April i n-Inis Clothrand, & a adhncacal i [[Mainistir na Búille|Mainistir na Buille]]. === Foirgnimh === '' Between 800 and 1300 the island and its churches were repeatedly plundered and burned by invaders, so the buildings are in ruins today. Six of the island's churches are surrounded by an [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]] in the southeast corner of the island. === Teampall Diarmada '' Teampall Diarmada is the monastery founded by Saint [[Diarmaid the Just]] (who was a teacher of [[Ciarán of Clonmacnoise]]) in 540 AD. This church once had a stone roof.<ref name=newtowncashel>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> === Teampall Mór '' Teampall Mór stands within four metres to the north of Teampall Diarmada. It consists of a single nave. Its plain masonry walls are in relatively good condition. There are two lancet windows at the east end, which are long, narrow and recessed. The windows on the south side have the appearance of later additions and are unsymmetrical. All traces of doors have vanished, but the opes, which have been arched and protected by the Board of Works, seem to indicate the position of a west door and an entrance on the north side to the cloister. An upper chamber exists. '' The interior walls of the church were once plastered. The walls have lost their distinctive features of detail, except for the east window, which is similar in construction to that of the Teampall Clogas. The interior arch of the east window is circular, built of four stones. The exterior has only two stones forming a pointed arch. '' There is the remains of an altar, built of rubble work but without the altar slab. The door in the south wall of the nave has a circular moulding. The north door is only a gap. '' This church is situated a short distance to the south of the cluster of churches. It is more modern in appearance than any of the others. At the north-west corner is a more modern chamber with no visible entrance. Near this church, half buried with its face downward is a stone bearing incised on its surface a Celtic interlaced cross with an Irish inscription.<ref name=newtowncashel/> === Templemurry '' Templemurry is the largest church on the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> According to local lore, any woman who enters Templemurray will die within a year. === Teampall Clogas '' Teampall Clogas is one of the churches, and stands alone at the highest point of the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> It has a square [[clogas]], which is attached to the main building. Most churches of this era had [[Irish round tower|round towers]], separate from the main building. It is located on the northern part of the island and is visible from the shoreline. On the plan the church is rectangular, being {{Convert|10.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} by {{Convert|5.1|m|ft|abbr=on}}. == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]] == Inis Bó Finne == :''Gan bheith measctha le [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na Gaillimhe]] agus [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae Dhún na nGall]]. Féach [[Inis Bó Finne]] (Idirdhealán). Is oileán suite i [[Loch Rí]] ar an [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]] is ea '''Inis Bó Finne'''.<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=Inis Bó Finne | url=http://www.logainm.ie/ga/50983 | dátarochtana=2022-11-24 | suíomh=logainm.ie | teanga=ga }}</ref> == An inis '' Inis Bó Finne is an island of {{Convert|26.6|ha|abbr=on}} located in the eastern arm of [[Loch Rí]], with [[An Teanga, Contae na hIarmhí]] the nearest village. == Stair 213 '' Saint [[Ríoch]] is said to have founded a Christian monastery on Inis Bó Finne in AD 530.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/westmeath/inchbofin/ | teideal=Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí }}</ref> The [[Laidin]] [[calque]]s ''Īnsula Vaccae Albae'' or ''Īnsula Vitulae Albae'' are also used on occasion.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/lakelands-of-westmeath/lough-ree/islands-of-lough-ree/inchboffin/ | teideal=Inchboffin }}</ref> The monastery was of the [[Canons Regular of Saint Augustine]]. '' The ''Topographical Dictionary of Ireland'' (1837) said that of Inchbofin's {{convert|64|acre|abbr=on}}, there were {{CONVERT|27|acre|abbr=on}} suitable for [[arable land|arable]] use.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.johngrenham.com/records/lewis.php?civilparishid=2490&civilparish=&county=Westmeath&&search_type=full | teideal=Lewis' Topographical Dictionary | ainm=John | sloinne=Grenham }}</ref> Griffith's Valuation (mid-19th century) mentions three families on the island: Skelly, Connell and Heffernan; the island was owned by Susan Galbraith. In the 1911 census, there were 13 people living on the island, of the same 3 families.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/search/results.jsp?census_year=1911&surname=&exact=&firstname=&county19011911=Westmeath&county1821=&county1831=&county1841=&county1851=&townland=inchbofin&ded=&age=&sex=&relationToHead=&religion=&education=&occupation=&marriageStatus=&marriageYears=&childrenBorn=&childrenLiving=&birthplace=&language=&deafdumb=&search=Search&sort=&pageSize=&houseNumber=&familiesNumber=&malesNumber=&femalesNumber=&maleServNumber=&femaleServNumber=&estChurchNumber=&romanCatNumber=&presbNumberDiv=&protNumber=&parish=&barony=&yearsMarried=&causeOfDeath=&yearOfDeath=&familyId=&ageInMonths=&pager.offset=0 | teideal=National Archives: Census of Ireland 1911 }}</ref> '' In the winter of 2009, the [[Irish Air Corps]] sent a helicopter to the island to deliver cattle fodder for the last farmer on the island, John Connell, after Loch Rí froze solid.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.independent.ie/life/travel/ireland/secret-ireland-lough-ree-26692248.html | teideal=Secret Ireland: Lough Ree | foilsitheoir=Independent.ie }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2010/01/13/3993995-air-corps-comes-to-athlone-to-deliver-fodder-to-lough-ree-islands | teideal=Air Corps comes to Athlone to deliver fodder to Lough Ree islands | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref>. He was the last permanent resident of the island and died on 12 February 2018.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2018/02/13/4152121-end-of-an-era-as-last-islander-passes/ | teideal=End of an era as last islander sies | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref> == Tagairtí annálacha Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM), [[Annála Inis Faithlinn]] (AIF), [[Annála Tiarnaigh]] (AT), [[Annála Uladh]] (AU) * '''ACM 750.3''': '' Fiangalach, mac Anmchadha, mic Maoile Curaich, abb Insi Bo Finne for Loch Ribh[, d'écc]<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005A/text058.html | title=Part 58 of Annals of the Four Masters | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AU 755.5''': ..., '' Fiangalach m. Anmchada filii Maele Curaich abb Innse Bo Finne for Loch Ri ... mortui sunt<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100001A.html | title=The Annals of Ulster | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AIF 922.2''': '' Tomrair mc. Elgi, iarla do Gallaib ... luid for Loch Rí coro oirg a h-uile inse, ... * '''AIF 1016.1''': '' Sloged mór la mc. m-[[Brian Bóraimhe|Briain]] co Loch Rí coro ort<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrand]] & Inis Bó Finne * '''ACM 1089.8''': '' Cobhlach Fer Mumhan .i. im [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], do thiachtain for [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]], & for [[Loch Rí|Loch Ribh]] co ro airccset<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> cealla an locha, .i. [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrann]], Inis Bó Finne, Inis Aingginn [''Hare Island''] & Cluain Eamhain<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005B/text019.html | teideal=Annála na gCeithre Máistrí (cuid 19) | publisher=CELT }}</ref> * '''AT 1089.1''': '' Coblach mor la Muirchertach h-Úa mBriain ríg Muman for Sinaind & for Loch Ri, co ro aírgset Inis Bo Finde & Inis Clothrann... == Foirgnimh '' The remains of two churches survive on Inchbofin. One (12th century) is at the north-eastern point of the island and has an irregular [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]]. It consists of a [[nave]], [[transept]] and [[sacristy]]. To the north of the altar is a [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] window, and above a window is a carving of a bishop's head. The smaller church ruin to the south is from the 12th/13th centuries.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/site/2460/ | teideal=Inchbofin, St Rioch | suíomh=The Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain & Ireland }}</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:An tSionainn]] == Irish Astronomical Tract == __NOTOC__ {{tl|teideal iodálach}} {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} '' The '''''Irish Astronomical Tract''''' is [[Ireland|Irish]] [[Text (literary theory)|text]] created in the first half of the 14th century. '' Scríobhadh é as [[Nua-Ghaeilge]] moch, bunaithe ar aistriúchán Laidine de shaothar Araibis ''De Scientia Motus Orbis'' le [[Masha'allah ibn Atharī]] (c.740–815 AD). As 40 caibidil ar fad, tá 27 dóibh as ''De Scientia'' agus na cinn eile as saothair le húdair chlaisiceacha éagsúla. Ní fios údar an dréachta nó áit a cumadh é, ach is féidir dáta a chur leis '' by its reference to the use of spectacles. == Lámhscríbhinní * [[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann]], Stowe, B II 1, ar fáil ar [[ISOS]] * ARÉ 23 F 13 * [[Leabharlann Marsh]], Z 2. 2. 1 (olim V. 3. 1. 38) * [[British Library]] L 3. B. 32 (cóip de 'De Scientia Motus Orbis'). == Eagráin * J. J. O'Farrelly, ''Irish Cosmographical Tract: Transcription of the Irish Text with contractions retained'' [From Stowe B II 1]. Unpublished handwritten manuscript, MS 3A7, 852, Royal Irish Academy Library, 1893. * &mdash;, ''Irish Cosmographical Tract'' Transcription of the Irish Text, with contractions in Irish extended with reference to Marsh copy and to RIA copy 2. Unpublished handwritten manuscript, MS 3A10, 855, Royal Irish Academy Library, 1893. * J. E. Gore, 'An Irish Astronomical Tract', in: 'Knowledge & Scientific News'; February, 1909. * Maura Power, Chapters 8, 39, and a portion of chapter 9, with another small fragment of the text, were published with the same English translation of the 1914 edition in Celtia, a pan-Celtic monthly magazine, 11 (London, The Celtic Association) 54–6; 90–92; 101–03. * Tomás Ó Concheanainn, ''The Scribe of the Irish Astronomical Tract in the Royal Irish Academy, B II 1'', [[Celtica (journal)|Celtica]] 11 (1976) 158–67. * Bartholomei Anglici, ''De proprietatibus rerum liber octavus'', Leagan Gaeilge ó thús na 15ú aoise. Ed. by [[Gearóid Mac Niocaill]], Celtica 8 (1968) 201–42; 9 (1971) 266–315. * ''An Irish Corpus Astronomiae (being Manus O'Donnell's seventeenth century version of the Lunario of Geronymo Cortès)'', ed. by F. W. O'Connell and R. M. Henry, London 1915. * John A. Williams, ''The Irish Astronomical Tract: a case study of scientific terminology in 14th century Irish'', M.Phil. Thesis, University of Sydney, 2002. Ar fáil [http://hdl.handle.net/2123/515 ar líne] == Féach freisin * [[Ranna an aeir]] == Naisc sheachtracha * ''[An Irish Astronomical Tract http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G600030/index.html]'' ar [[Corpus of Electronic Texts|CELT]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Irish Astronomical Tract}} [[Category:Litríocht na hÉireann]] == Foclóireacht == # [[Foclóireacht na Gaeilge]] # [[Leabharlann an Ard Easpaig Marsh]]=[[Leabharlann Marsh]]- # [[foclóir.ie]]=[[focloir.ie]] == An Féineachas == [[An Féineachas]] (agus/nó b'fhéidir [[Seanchas]] / [[Béaloideas]]). Spreagtha ag ''[[:en:Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2025/March#8 March 2025|Recent additions, 8 March 2025]]'' ''[https://dil.ie/34117 othrus]'' ≈ fulaingt tinnis/othrais. Teimpléid; * [[Teimpléad:WD Bosca Sonraí Doiciméad]] * [[Teimpléad:efn]] Nuashonraithe (lámhscríbhinní): # [[Senchas Már]] (SM) # [[Bechbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Bechbretha agus Coibes Uisci Thairdne|SM #21]]) # [[Bretha Crólige]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #33]]) # [[Críth Gablach]] (MacA) # [[Gúbretha Caratniad]] ([[Bodleian Library]], [[Rawlinson B 502]]) As nua, iomlán: # [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici]] (CIH) # [[Sanas Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] (MacA) # [[Cethairṡlicht Athgabálae]] ([[Senchas Már#Cethairslicht Athgabálae|SM #2]]) # [[Sechtae]] ([[Senchas Már#Sechtae|SM #9]]) # [[Recholl Breth]] (SM #13) # [[Bretha Déin Chécht]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #34]]) # [[Muirbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Clár ábhar|SM #38]]) # [[Anfuigell]] (m.s., CnaT, LS 1387; MacA) # [[Berrad Airechta]] (CnaT, LS 1337) # [[Bretha Étgid]] ([[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann|ARÉ]] LS 23 P 3) # [[Cóic Conara Fugill]] (m.s., [[Uraicecht Becc]], [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Di Astud Chor]] (''via'' [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Mellbretha]] ([[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide|CnaT]], LS 1363) # [[Uí Lochlainn]] # [[Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] # [[CnaT BÁC, LS 1317]], [[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath, LS 1317]] # [[Bóaire]] # [[Coinmheadh is buannacht]] # [[Brehon Law Commission]] # [[Mac Aodhagáin]] &rightarrow; [[Mhic Aodhagáin]] # [[John Lynch (Gratianus Lucius)]] # [[Fearghas Ó Ceallaigh]] # [[Leabharlann COBÁC]] # [[Cathair Mhic Neachtain]] # [[Thom McGinty]] As nua, síolta: # [[Dlí Ceilteach]]- # [[Gabháil chine]]- # [[Cyfraith Hywel]]- # [[Galanas]]- # [[Accessus ad auctores]]- # [[Hapax legomenon]]- # [[Robert Atkinson]]- == Dlí luath na hÉireann == Fainic: sách fada, mionchúiseach agus as Béarla, mar bharr ar an donas. The particular "[https://www.teanglann.ie/ga/fgb/féineachas An] [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20Irish%20law/ Féineachas]" aside, I'm looking at the general phrase "early Irish law". My dad was a fishmonger and was always careful to say about his produce "smoked Irish salmon" and not "Irish smoked salmon", if you see the difference. Is it then "early law of ..." or "law of early ..."? Is "Irish" the language (surely not), the culture, the people or the nation, and in what period? Should "early" be translated as luath or moch? If luath, should it be "luath-" or "- luath"? Given those options, "early Irish law" could be anything from "luathdhlí Gaelach" to "dlí na hÉireann moiche" and points in between. I favour the former. Similarly, for "Celtic law" I favour "dlí Ceilteach", i.e., the culture not the people (the Celts, ... na gCeilteach). Notes: * Moch: cf. [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20modern%20irish/ Nua-Ghaeilge Mhoch] on téarma.ie * "Irish": Gaelach, na nGael, Éireannach, na hÉireann? * What about Welsh, English or Roman law? {{Dlí luath na hÉireann}} == Téamh domhanda == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir Ann cheana: * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] ''Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy 'Cúis'eanna nua: # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas # [[Astaíocht charbóin]] '' Carbon emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture 4fiwzeq2adtpggbbn3mdqfmjpvr3pgu 1269426 1269425 2025-06-11T09:45:24Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 1269426 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Litríocht == # [[Murúch]]- # [[Tongu do dia toinges mo thúath]]- # [[Remscéla]]=[[Réamhscéalta]] # [[Bernhard Maier]] # ''[[:en:Foraire Uladh ar Aodh|Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]]'' - [[Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]] # ''[[:en:Lebor Bretnach|Lebor Bretnach]]'' - [[Lebor Bretnach]]=[[Leabhar Breatnach]] # ''[[:en:Dominican Annals of Roscommon|Dominican Annals of Roscommon]]'' - [[Annála Doiminiceacha Ros Comáin]] # ''[[:en:Inchcleraun|Inchcleraun]]'' - [[Inis Cloithrinn]] # ''[[:en:Inchbofin|Inchbofin]]'' - [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí]] # ''[[:en:Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh|Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]]'' - [[Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]] # ''[[:en:Ranna an aeir|Ranna an aeir]]'' - [[Ranna an aeir]] # ''[[:en:Irish Astronomical Tract|Irish Astronomical Tract]]'' - [[]] == Annales Dominicani de Roscoman == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} [[Íomhá:Roscommon_Priory_-_aerial_-_2024-12-27_01.jpg|thumb|'' Ruins of Roscommon Dominican Priory]] The '''Dominican Annals of Roscommon''' ({{Lang|la|Annales Dominicani de Roscoman}}) is an [[Annála Éireannacha]], covering events, mainly in Connacht and its neighbouring regions, from 1163 to 1314, spanning the period of the [[Ionradh na Normannach ar Éirinn]] and the early part of [[Tiarnas na hÉireann]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://groups.io/g/Educator-Gold/topic/digital_humanities_digital/334356 | teideal=CELT Project: The Corpus of Electronic Texts | suíomh=groups.io }}</ref> It also mentions some matters to do with the [[na Doiminicigh]], [[An Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach] matters in general, and political relations with [[Ríocht Shasana]].<ref name=adrcelt>{{lua idirlín |url=https://celt.ucc.ie/published/L100015A/ |teideal=Annales Dominicani de Roscoman |suíomh=celt.ucc.ie }}</ref> It was compiled in [[Laidin]] in [[Roscommon Dominican Priory]] (Blackfriars).<ref>Finn, R. (2023:10). ''The Dominicans in the British Isles and Beyond: A New History of the English Province of the Friars Preachers''. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.</ref> The abbey was founded by and supported by the [[Uí Chonchúir]] [[ríthe na gConnacht]]. Occasional examples of pro-O'Connor bias are noted: for example, the [[Blinding (punishment)|blinding]] of Muirchertach Ua Conchobair by his brother, the king [[Ruaidrí mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair|Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair]], is not mentioned, and when the 1193 [[creachadh]] of the monastery on [[Inchcleraun]] is mentioned, it is attributed to [[Gilbert de Lacy]], whereas the [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] mention that [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair]] was also responsible.<ref name=adrcelt/> The largest part of the Annals are attributed to [[Odo O'Hanmerech]] (died in 1306). The annals survive in a seventeenth-century manuscript that once belonged to [[James Ware]]. Among its notable entries are a mention of the drying-up of the River Galvia, apparently an early name for [[Abhainn na Gaillimhe]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://steemit.com/ireland/@harlotscurse/a-sova-potamoy-ekvolai | teideal=Αὐσοβα Ποταμου Εκβολαι | dáta=3ú Meán Fómhair 2018 | suíomh=Steemit }}</ref> == Féach freisin * [[Annála Éireannacha]] == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Annála Éireannacha]] {{síol-ie}} == Inis Cloithrinn == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Séadchomhartha}} 91<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=National Monuments of County Longford in State Care | url = http://www.archaeology.ie/sites/default/files/media/pdf/monuments-in-state-care-longford.pdf | page=1 | suíomh=heritageireland.ie | foilsitheoir=National Monument Service | dátarochtana=2a Iúil 2020 }}</ref> '' '''Inis Cloithrinn''', is an island situated in [[Loch Rí]] on the [[an tSionainn]], in central Ireland.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | teideal=Inchcleraun Island / Quaker Island - Longford - | ainm=Michael | Aoine=Heraghty | dáta=15ú Deireadh Fómhair 2004 | dátarochtana=22a Meitheamh 2016 | archive-date=8ú Lúnasa 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160808025929/http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/historical-features-of-co/islands/ | teideal=Islands }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/longford/inchcleraun/ | teideal=Inchcleraun (quaker island), County Longford }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordtourism.ie/see-do/attractions/lough-ree/ | teideal=Lough Ree }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> '' The island is home to the ruins of St. Diarmaid's Monastery, a [[mainistir]] founded by [[Diarmaid the Just]] in AD 560. These buildings constitute a [[Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]]. == An Inis '' Inis Cloithrinn is an island of {{Convert|57.7|ha|abbr=on}} located in the centre of [[Loch Rí]], with [[Cnoc an Chrochaire]], Contae Ros Comáin to its west and [[Baile Nua an Chaisil]], Contae Longfoirt to its east. [[Íomhá:Inchcleraun Monastery.jpg|thumb|Mainister Inis Cloithrinn]] == Stair '' The island takes its name from Irish for "[[Cloithre]]'s Island". In [[Miotaseolaíocht na nGael]], Clothru was a daughter of [[Eochaid Feidlech]], then [[ardrí na hÉireann]]. She became the Queen of Connacht after her father's death, and once owned the island. Her sister, [[Medb]], retired to Inchcleraun after Medb's husband [[Ailill mac Máta]] killed her lover [[Fergus mac Róich]]. One point is called '' Grianán Maebha '', and nearby is ''Ionad Marbhtha Meidhbhe'', where she was killed by a stone thrown from [[Elfeet Castle]], on the Longford side of the lake. In other versions of the legend, it is a lump of cheese fired from a [[slingshot]] by a nephew of Clothru.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordlibrary.ie/lib_arc_inside.aspx?id=15036 | teideal=Longford Library | ainm=Longford | sloinne=Library }}</ref> [[Íomhá:Myths and legends; the Celtic race (1910) (14596952367).jpg|thumb|'' "The Death of Maev" ([[T. W. Rolleston]], 1910); Forbay with [[sling (weapon)|sling]] in foreground, Medb bathing in the background.]] '' The name "Quaker Island" is more recent, and owes to the island being owned at one time by [[Cumann na gCarad|Caecar]]. The island is today owned by the Irish state. === Tagairtí annálacha === Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM) * '''ACM 719.2:''' '' S. Sionach Innsi Clothrann d'écc an fichetmhadh lá do mí April. *'''769''' Curoi, the son of Alniadh, Abbot and Sage of Inchcleraun, and of Caill Fochladha ([[Loch Dairbhreach]]) in Meath died. * '''ACM 780.6:''' '' Eochaidh mac Focartai, abb Fochladha, & Insi Clothrann, [d'ecc] *'''1010''' The men of [[an Mhumhain]] plundered Inchcleraun and [[Inis Bó Finne]] * '''ACM 1050.22:''' '' Inis Clothrand do orccain.<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> *'''1087''' The fleet of the men of Munster, with [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], sailed on the Shannon to Lough Ree and plundered the islands of the lake (inc. Inchcleraun) * '''ACM 1136.1:''' '' Aodh Ua Finn, epscop na [[Bréifne]], do écc i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1141.7:''' '' Giolla na Naomh Ua Ferghaile, toiseach Muintire [[an Anaíle|h-Anghaile]] fer ard-raith Ereann d'ég, iar c-cian-aois, & a adhnacal a n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1150.10:''' '' Murchadh, mac Giolla na Naemh Uí Fherghail, tuir ordáin, & airechais Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrand. * '''ACM 1160.3:''' '' Giolla na Naemh Ua Duinn [[ollamh Éireann|fer léighinn]] Insi Clothrann, saoi senchusa, & dána, & degh-fher labhra, ro fhaidh-sein [''sent''] a spirat co a athardha etir coraidh aingel an 17 do December iarsan ochtmhadh bliadhain ar chaogad a aoise. * '''ACM 1167.3:''' '' Cionaeth Ua Cethernaigh, sagart Insi Clothrann [d'écc] * '''ACM 1168.16:''' '' Dubhcobhlach, the daughter of O'Quinn, wife of Mac Corgamna, died and was interred in Inchcleraun. Dubh Chobhlaigh, inghen Uí Chuinn, ben Mic Carrgamhna, d'écc iar buaidh ongtha & aithrighe, & a h-adhnacal i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1170.5:''' '' Diarmaid Ua Braoin, comharba Commáin, & áird-shenóir Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann iarsan cúicceadh bliadhain nochad a aoisi. * '''ACM 1174.6:''' '' Ruaidhri Ua Cearbhaill tighearna [[Ele|Éile]] do mharbhadh ar lár Innsi Clothrann. * '''ACM 1189.8:''' '' ... ar as ann ro bátar geill [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair|Conchobhair Maonmuighe] i n-Inis Clothrann for Loch Ribh an tan-sin. * '''ACM 1193.10:''' '' Inis Clothrann do orgain la macaibh Oisdealb, & la macaibh Conchobhair Maonmaighe. * '''ACM 1232.3:''' '' Tiopraitte Ua Braoin comhorba Commáin saoí cléircechta, sencusa, & breithemhnassa d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann i n-a ailithre. * '''ACM 1244.1:''' '' Donnchadh mac Finghin mic Maoil Seachlainn mic Aodha mic Toirrdhealbaigh Uí Conchobhair epscop Oile Finn d'écc an 23. April i n-Inis Clothrand, & a adhncacal i [[Mainistir na Búille|Mainistir na Buille]]. === Foirgnimh === '' Between 800 and 1300 the island and its churches were repeatedly plundered and burned by invaders, so the buildings are in ruins today. Six of the island's churches are surrounded by an [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]] in the southeast corner of the island. === Teampall Diarmada '' Teampall Diarmada is the monastery founded by Saint [[Diarmaid the Just]] (who was a teacher of [[Ciarán of Clonmacnoise]]) in 540 AD. This church once had a stone roof.<ref name=newtowncashel>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> === Teampall Mór '' Teampall Mór stands within four metres to the north of Teampall Diarmada. It consists of a single nave. Its plain masonry walls are in relatively good condition. There are two lancet windows at the east end, which are long, narrow and recessed. The windows on the south side have the appearance of later additions and are unsymmetrical. All traces of doors have vanished, but the opes, which have been arched and protected by the Board of Works, seem to indicate the position of a west door and an entrance on the north side to the cloister. An upper chamber exists. '' The interior walls of the church were once plastered. The walls have lost their distinctive features of detail, except for the east window, which is similar in construction to that of the Teampall Clogas. The interior arch of the east window is circular, built of four stones. The exterior has only two stones forming a pointed arch. '' There is the remains of an altar, built of rubble work but without the altar slab. The door in the south wall of the nave has a circular moulding. The north door is only a gap. '' This church is situated a short distance to the south of the cluster of churches. It is more modern in appearance than any of the others. At the north-west corner is a more modern chamber with no visible entrance. Near this church, half buried with its face downward is a stone bearing incised on its surface a Celtic interlaced cross with an Irish inscription.<ref name=newtowncashel/> === Templemurry '' Templemurry is the largest church on the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> According to local lore, any woman who enters Templemurray will die within a year. === Teampall Clogas '' Teampall Clogas is one of the churches, and stands alone at the highest point of the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> It has a square [[clogas]], which is attached to the main building. Most churches of this era had [[Irish round tower|round towers]], separate from the main building. It is located on the northern part of the island and is visible from the shoreline. On the plan the church is rectangular, being {{Convert|10.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} by {{Convert|5.1|m|ft|abbr=on}}. == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]] == Inis Bó Finne == :''Gan bheith measctha le [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na Gaillimhe]] agus [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae Dhún na nGall]]. Féach [[Inis Bó Finne]] (Idirdhealán). Is oileán suite i [[Loch Rí]] ar an [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]] is ea '''Inis Bó Finne'''.<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=Inis Bó Finne | url=http://www.logainm.ie/ga/50983 | dátarochtana=2022-11-24 | suíomh=logainm.ie | teanga=ga }}</ref> == An inis '' Inis Bó Finne is an island of {{Convert|26.6|ha|abbr=on}} located in the eastern arm of [[Loch Rí]], with [[An Teanga, Contae na hIarmhí]] the nearest village. == Stair 213 '' Saint [[Ríoch]] is said to have founded a Christian monastery on Inis Bó Finne in AD 530.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/westmeath/inchbofin/ | teideal=Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí }}</ref> The [[Laidin]] [[calque]]s ''Īnsula Vaccae Albae'' or ''Īnsula Vitulae Albae'' are also used on occasion.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/lakelands-of-westmeath/lough-ree/islands-of-lough-ree/inchboffin/ | teideal=Inchboffin }}</ref> The monastery was of the [[Canons Regular of Saint Augustine]]. '' The ''Topographical Dictionary of Ireland'' (1837) said that of Inchbofin's {{convert|64|acre|abbr=on}}, there were {{CONVERT|27|acre|abbr=on}} suitable for [[arable land|arable]] use.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.johngrenham.com/records/lewis.php?civilparishid=2490&civilparish=&county=Westmeath&&search_type=full | teideal=Lewis' Topographical Dictionary | ainm=John | sloinne=Grenham }}</ref> Griffith's Valuation (mid-19th century) mentions three families on the island: Skelly, Connell and Heffernan; the island was owned by Susan Galbraith. In the 1911 census, there were 13 people living on the island, of the same 3 families.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/search/results.jsp?census_year=1911&surname=&exact=&firstname=&county19011911=Westmeath&county1821=&county1831=&county1841=&county1851=&townland=inchbofin&ded=&age=&sex=&relationToHead=&religion=&education=&occupation=&marriageStatus=&marriageYears=&childrenBorn=&childrenLiving=&birthplace=&language=&deafdumb=&search=Search&sort=&pageSize=&houseNumber=&familiesNumber=&malesNumber=&femalesNumber=&maleServNumber=&femaleServNumber=&estChurchNumber=&romanCatNumber=&presbNumberDiv=&protNumber=&parish=&barony=&yearsMarried=&causeOfDeath=&yearOfDeath=&familyId=&ageInMonths=&pager.offset=0 | teideal=National Archives: Census of Ireland 1911 }}</ref> '' In the winter of 2009, the [[Irish Air Corps]] sent a helicopter to the island to deliver cattle fodder for the last farmer on the island, John Connell, after Loch Rí froze solid.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.independent.ie/life/travel/ireland/secret-ireland-lough-ree-26692248.html | teideal=Secret Ireland: Lough Ree | foilsitheoir=Independent.ie }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2010/01/13/3993995-air-corps-comes-to-athlone-to-deliver-fodder-to-lough-ree-islands | teideal=Air Corps comes to Athlone to deliver fodder to Lough Ree islands | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref>. He was the last permanent resident of the island and died on 12 February 2018.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2018/02/13/4152121-end-of-an-era-as-last-islander-passes/ | teideal=End of an era as last islander sies | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref> == Tagairtí annálacha Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM), [[Annála Inis Faithlinn]] (AIF), [[Annála Tiarnaigh]] (AT), [[Annála Uladh]] (AU) * '''ACM 750.3''': '' Fiangalach, mac Anmchadha, mic Maoile Curaich, abb Insi Bo Finne for Loch Ribh[, d'écc]<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005A/text058.html | title=Part 58 of Annals of the Four Masters | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AU 755.5''': ..., '' Fiangalach m. Anmchada filii Maele Curaich abb Innse Bo Finne for Loch Ri ... mortui sunt<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100001A.html | title=The Annals of Ulster | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AIF 922.2''': '' Tomrair mc. Elgi, iarla do Gallaib ... luid for Loch Rí coro oirg a h-uile inse, ... * '''AIF 1016.1''': '' Sloged mór la mc. m-[[Brian Bóraimhe|Briain]] co Loch Rí coro ort<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrand]] & Inis Bó Finne * '''ACM 1089.8''': '' Cobhlach Fer Mumhan .i. im [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], do thiachtain for [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]], & for [[Loch Rí|Loch Ribh]] co ro airccset<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> cealla an locha, .i. [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrann]], Inis Bó Finne, Inis Aingginn [''Hare Island''] & Cluain Eamhain<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005B/text019.html | teideal=Annála na gCeithre Máistrí (cuid 19) | publisher=CELT }}</ref> * '''AT 1089.1''': '' Coblach mor la Muirchertach h-Úa mBriain ríg Muman for Sinaind & for Loch Ri, co ro aírgset Inis Bo Finde & Inis Clothrann... == Foirgnimh '' The remains of two churches survive on Inchbofin. One (12th century) is at the north-eastern point of the island and has an irregular [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]]. It consists of a [[nave]], [[transept]] and [[sacristy]]. To the north of the altar is a [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] window, and above a window is a carving of a bishop's head. The smaller church ruin to the south is from the 12th/13th centuries.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/site/2460/ | teideal=Inchbofin, St Rioch | suíomh=The Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain & Ireland }}</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:An tSionainn]] == Irish Astronomical Tract == __NOTOC__ {{tl|teideal iodálach}} {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} Is lámhscríbhinn Éireannach é an ''''' Irish Astronomical Tract ''''' déanta sa chéad chuid den 14ú haois. Scríobhadh as [[Nua-Ghaeilge]] moch é, bunaithe ar aistriúchán Laidine de shaothar Araibis ''De Scientia Motus Orbis'' le [[Masha'allah ibn Atharī]] (c.740–815 AD). As 40 caibidil ar fad, tá 27 dóibh as ''De Scientia'' agus na cinn eile as saothair le húdair chlaisiceacha éagsúla. Ní fios údar an dréachta nó áit a cumadh é, ach is féidir dáta a chur leis óir an tagairt ann do spéaclaí. == Lámhscríbhinní * [[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann]], Stowe, B II 1, ar fáil ar [[ISOS]] * ARÉ 23 F 13 * [[Leabharlann Marsh]], Z 2. 2. 1 (olim V. 3. 1. 38) * [[British Library]] L 3. B. 32 (cóip de 'De Scientia Motus Orbis'). == Eagráin * J. J. O'Farrelly, ''Irish Cosmographical Tract: Transcription of the Irish Text with contractions retained'' [as Stowe B II 1]. Lámhscríbhinn neamhfhoilsithe, ARÉ MS 3A7, 852 (1893). * &mdash;, ''Irish Cosmographical Tract''. Athscríbhinn, le tagairtí dosna cóipeanna Marsh agus ARÉ #2. Lámhscríbhinn neamhfhoilsithe, ARÉ MS 3A10, 855 (1893). * J. E. Gore, 'An Irish Astronomical Tract', in: 'Knowledge & Scientific News'; Feabhra, 1909. * Maura Power, Caibidilí 8, 39 agus cuid de 9, agus blúire beag eile, [[Celtica (iriseán)|Celtica]] 11 (Londain, The Celtic Association) 54–6; 90–92; 101–03. * Tomás Ó Concheanainn, ''The Scribe of the Irish Astronomical Tract in the Royal Irish Academy, B II 1'', [[Celtica (iriseán)|Celtica]] 11 (1976) 158–67. * John A. Williams, ''The Irish Astronomical Tract: a case study of scientific terminology in 14th century Irish'', M.Phil. Thesis, University of Sydney, 2002. Ar fáil [http://hdl.handle.net/2123/515 ar líne] == Féach freisin * [[Ranna an aeir]] == Naisc sheachtracha * ''[http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G600030/index.html An Irish Astronomical Tract]'' ar [[Corpus of Electronic Texts|CELT]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Irish Astronomical Tract}} [[Category:Litríocht na hÉireann]] == Foclóireacht == # [[Foclóireacht na Gaeilge]] # [[Leabharlann an Ard Easpaig Marsh]]=[[Leabharlann Marsh]]- # [[foclóir.ie]]=[[focloir.ie]] == An Féineachas == [[An Féineachas]] (agus/nó b'fhéidir [[Seanchas]] / [[Béaloideas]]). Spreagtha ag ''[[:en:Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2025/March#8 March 2025|Recent additions, 8 March 2025]]'' ''[https://dil.ie/34117 othrus]'' ≈ fulaingt tinnis/othrais. Teimpléid; * [[Teimpléad:WD Bosca Sonraí Doiciméad]] * [[Teimpléad:efn]] Nuashonraithe (lámhscríbhinní): # [[Senchas Már]] (SM) # [[Bechbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Bechbretha agus Coibes Uisci Thairdne|SM #21]]) # [[Bretha Crólige]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #33]]) # [[Críth Gablach]] (MacA) # [[Gúbretha Caratniad]] ([[Bodleian Library]], [[Rawlinson B 502]]) As nua, iomlán: # [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici]] (CIH) # [[Sanas Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] (MacA) # [[Cethairṡlicht Athgabálae]] ([[Senchas Már#Cethairslicht Athgabálae|SM #2]]) # [[Sechtae]] ([[Senchas Már#Sechtae|SM #9]]) # [[Recholl Breth]] (SM #13) # [[Bretha Déin Chécht]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #34]]) # [[Muirbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Clár ábhar|SM #38]]) # [[Anfuigell]] (m.s., CnaT, LS 1387; MacA) # [[Berrad Airechta]] (CnaT, LS 1337) # [[Bretha Étgid]] ([[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann|ARÉ]] LS 23 P 3) # [[Cóic Conara Fugill]] (m.s., [[Uraicecht Becc]], [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Di Astud Chor]] (''via'' [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Mellbretha]] ([[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide|CnaT]], LS 1363) # [[Uí Lochlainn]] # [[Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] # [[CnaT BÁC, LS 1317]], [[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath, LS 1317]] # [[Bóaire]] # [[Coinmheadh is buannacht]] # [[Brehon Law Commission]] # [[Mac Aodhagáin]] &rightarrow; [[Mhic Aodhagáin]] # [[John Lynch (Gratianus Lucius)]] # [[Fearghas Ó Ceallaigh]] # [[Leabharlann COBÁC]] # [[Cathair Mhic Neachtain]] # [[Thom McGinty]] As nua, síolta: # [[Dlí Ceilteach]]- # [[Gabháil chine]]- # [[Cyfraith Hywel]]- # [[Galanas]]- # [[Accessus ad auctores]]- # [[Hapax legomenon]]- # [[Robert Atkinson]]- == Dlí luath na hÉireann == Fainic: sách fada, mionchúiseach agus as Béarla, mar bharr ar an donas. The particular "[https://www.teanglann.ie/ga/fgb/féineachas An] [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20Irish%20law/ Féineachas]" aside, I'm looking at the general phrase "early Irish law". My dad was a fishmonger and was always careful to say about his produce "smoked Irish salmon" and not "Irish smoked salmon", if you see the difference. Is it then "early law of ..." or "law of early ..."? Is "Irish" the language (surely not), the culture, the people or the nation, and in what period? Should "early" be translated as luath or moch? If luath, should it be "luath-" or "- luath"? Given those options, "early Irish law" could be anything from "luathdhlí Gaelach" to "dlí na hÉireann moiche" and points in between. I favour the former. Similarly, for "Celtic law" I favour "dlí Ceilteach", i.e., the culture not the people (the Celts, ... na gCeilteach). Notes: * Moch: cf. [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20modern%20irish/ Nua-Ghaeilge Mhoch] on téarma.ie * "Irish": Gaelach, na nGael, Éireannach, na hÉireann? * What about Welsh, English or Roman law? {{Dlí luath na hÉireann}} == Téamh domhanda == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir Ann cheana: * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] ''Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy 'Cúis'eanna nua: # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas # [[Astaíocht charbóin]] '' Carbon emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture n5odme9rjakqf5l2cln115a7zck57zk 1269429 1269426 2025-06-11T09:50:32Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Litríocht */ 1269429 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Litríocht == # ''[[:en:Foraire Uladh ar Aodh|Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]]'' - [[Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]] # ''[[:en:Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh|Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]]'' - [[Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]] # ''[[:en:Dominican Annals of Roscommon|Dominican Annals of Roscommon]]'' - [[Annála Doiminiceacha Ros Comáin]] # ''[[:en:Inchcleraun|Inchcleraun]]'' - [[Inis Cloithrinn]] # ''[[:en:Inchbofin|Inchbofin]]'' - [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí]] # ''[[:en:Irish Astronomical Tract|Irish Astronomical Tract]]'' - [[Irish Astronomical Tract]] # ''[[:en:Ranna an aeir|Ranna an aeir]]'' - [[Ranna an aeir]] Déanta: # [[Murúch]]- # [[Tongu do dia toinges mo thúath]]- # [[Remscéla]]=[[Réamhscéalta]] # [[Bernhard Maier]] # [[Lebor Bretnach]]=[[Leabhar Breatnach]] == Annales Dominicani de Roscoman == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} [[Íomhá:Roscommon_Priory_-_aerial_-_2024-12-27_01.jpg|thumb|'' Ruins of Roscommon Dominican Priory]] The '''Dominican Annals of Roscommon''' ({{Lang|la|Annales Dominicani de Roscoman}}) is an [[Annála Éireannacha]], covering events, mainly in Connacht and its neighbouring regions, from 1163 to 1314, spanning the period of the [[Ionradh na Normannach ar Éirinn]] and the early part of [[Tiarnas na hÉireann]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://groups.io/g/Educator-Gold/topic/digital_humanities_digital/334356 | teideal=CELT Project: The Corpus of Electronic Texts | suíomh=groups.io }}</ref> It also mentions some matters to do with the [[na Doiminicigh]], [[An Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach] matters in general, and political relations with [[Ríocht Shasana]].<ref name=adrcelt>{{lua idirlín |url=https://celt.ucc.ie/published/L100015A/ |teideal=Annales Dominicani de Roscoman |suíomh=celt.ucc.ie }}</ref> It was compiled in [[Laidin]] in [[Roscommon Dominican Priory]] (Blackfriars).<ref>Finn, R. (2023:10). ''The Dominicans in the British Isles and Beyond: A New History of the English Province of the Friars Preachers''. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.</ref> The abbey was founded by and supported by the [[Uí Chonchúir]] [[ríthe na gConnacht]]. Occasional examples of pro-O'Connor bias are noted: for example, the [[Blinding (punishment)|blinding]] of Muirchertach Ua Conchobair by his brother, the king [[Ruaidrí mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair|Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair]], is not mentioned, and when the 1193 [[creachadh]] of the monastery on [[Inchcleraun]] is mentioned, it is attributed to [[Gilbert de Lacy]], whereas the [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] mention that [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair]] was also responsible.<ref name=adrcelt/> The largest part of the Annals are attributed to [[Odo O'Hanmerech]] (died in 1306). The annals survive in a seventeenth-century manuscript that once belonged to [[James Ware]]. Among its notable entries are a mention of the drying-up of the River Galvia, apparently an early name for [[Abhainn na Gaillimhe]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://steemit.com/ireland/@harlotscurse/a-sova-potamoy-ekvolai | teideal=Αὐσοβα Ποταμου Εκβολαι | dáta=3ú Meán Fómhair 2018 | suíomh=Steemit }}</ref> == Féach freisin * [[Annála Éireannacha]] == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Annála Éireannacha]] {{síol-ie}} == Inis Cloithrinn == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Séadchomhartha}} 91<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=National Monuments of County Longford in State Care | url = http://www.archaeology.ie/sites/default/files/media/pdf/monuments-in-state-care-longford.pdf | page=1 | suíomh=heritageireland.ie | foilsitheoir=National Monument Service | dátarochtana=2a Iúil 2020 }}</ref> '' '''Inis Cloithrinn''', is an island situated in [[Loch Rí]] on the [[an tSionainn]], in central Ireland.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | teideal=Inchcleraun Island / Quaker Island - Longford - | ainm=Michael | Aoine=Heraghty | dáta=15ú Deireadh Fómhair 2004 | dátarochtana=22a Meitheamh 2016 | archive-date=8ú Lúnasa 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160808025929/http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/historical-features-of-co/islands/ | teideal=Islands }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/longford/inchcleraun/ | teideal=Inchcleraun (quaker island), County Longford }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordtourism.ie/see-do/attractions/lough-ree/ | teideal=Lough Ree }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> '' The island is home to the ruins of St. Diarmaid's Monastery, a [[mainistir]] founded by [[Diarmaid the Just]] in AD 560. These buildings constitute a [[Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]]. == An Inis '' Inis Cloithrinn is an island of {{Convert|57.7|ha|abbr=on}} located in the centre of [[Loch Rí]], with [[Cnoc an Chrochaire]], Contae Ros Comáin to its west and [[Baile Nua an Chaisil]], Contae Longfoirt to its east. [[Íomhá:Inchcleraun Monastery.jpg|thumb|Mainister Inis Cloithrinn]] == Stair '' The island takes its name from Irish for "[[Cloithre]]'s Island". In [[Miotaseolaíocht na nGael]], Clothru was a daughter of [[Eochaid Feidlech]], then [[ardrí na hÉireann]]. She became the Queen of Connacht after her father's death, and once owned the island. Her sister, [[Medb]], retired to Inchcleraun after Medb's husband [[Ailill mac Máta]] killed her lover [[Fergus mac Róich]]. One point is called '' Grianán Maebha '', and nearby is ''Ionad Marbhtha Meidhbhe'', where she was killed by a stone thrown from [[Elfeet Castle]], on the Longford side of the lake. In other versions of the legend, it is a lump of cheese fired from a [[slingshot]] by a nephew of Clothru.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordlibrary.ie/lib_arc_inside.aspx?id=15036 | teideal=Longford Library | ainm=Longford | sloinne=Library }}</ref> [[Íomhá:Myths and legends; the Celtic race (1910) (14596952367).jpg|thumb|'' "The Death of Maev" ([[T. W. Rolleston]], 1910); Forbay with [[sling (weapon)|sling]] in foreground, Medb bathing in the background.]] '' The name "Quaker Island" is more recent, and owes to the island being owned at one time by [[Cumann na gCarad|Caecar]]. The island is today owned by the Irish state. === Tagairtí annálacha === Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM) * '''ACM 719.2:''' '' S. Sionach Innsi Clothrann d'écc an fichetmhadh lá do mí April. *'''769''' Curoi, the son of Alniadh, Abbot and Sage of Inchcleraun, and of Caill Fochladha ([[Loch Dairbhreach]]) in Meath died. * '''ACM 780.6:''' '' Eochaidh mac Focartai, abb Fochladha, & Insi Clothrann, [d'ecc] *'''1010''' The men of [[an Mhumhain]] plundered Inchcleraun and [[Inis Bó Finne]] * '''ACM 1050.22:''' '' Inis Clothrand do orccain.<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> *'''1087''' The fleet of the men of Munster, with [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], sailed on the Shannon to Lough Ree and plundered the islands of the lake (inc. Inchcleraun) * '''ACM 1136.1:''' '' Aodh Ua Finn, epscop na [[Bréifne]], do écc i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1141.7:''' '' Giolla na Naomh Ua Ferghaile, toiseach Muintire [[an Anaíle|h-Anghaile]] fer ard-raith Ereann d'ég, iar c-cian-aois, & a adhnacal a n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1150.10:''' '' Murchadh, mac Giolla na Naemh Uí Fherghail, tuir ordáin, & airechais Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrand. * '''ACM 1160.3:''' '' Giolla na Naemh Ua Duinn [[ollamh Éireann|fer léighinn]] Insi Clothrann, saoi senchusa, & dána, & degh-fher labhra, ro fhaidh-sein [''sent''] a spirat co a athardha etir coraidh aingel an 17 do December iarsan ochtmhadh bliadhain ar chaogad a aoise. * '''ACM 1167.3:''' '' Cionaeth Ua Cethernaigh, sagart Insi Clothrann [d'écc] * '''ACM 1168.16:''' '' Dubhcobhlach, the daughter of O'Quinn, wife of Mac Corgamna, died and was interred in Inchcleraun. Dubh Chobhlaigh, inghen Uí Chuinn, ben Mic Carrgamhna, d'écc iar buaidh ongtha & aithrighe, & a h-adhnacal i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1170.5:''' '' Diarmaid Ua Braoin, comharba Commáin, & áird-shenóir Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann iarsan cúicceadh bliadhain nochad a aoisi. * '''ACM 1174.6:''' '' Ruaidhri Ua Cearbhaill tighearna [[Ele|Éile]] do mharbhadh ar lár Innsi Clothrann. * '''ACM 1189.8:''' '' ... ar as ann ro bátar geill [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair|Conchobhair Maonmuighe] i n-Inis Clothrann for Loch Ribh an tan-sin. * '''ACM 1193.10:''' '' Inis Clothrann do orgain la macaibh Oisdealb, & la macaibh Conchobhair Maonmaighe. * '''ACM 1232.3:''' '' Tiopraitte Ua Braoin comhorba Commáin saoí cléircechta, sencusa, & breithemhnassa d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann i n-a ailithre. * '''ACM 1244.1:''' '' Donnchadh mac Finghin mic Maoil Seachlainn mic Aodha mic Toirrdhealbaigh Uí Conchobhair epscop Oile Finn d'écc an 23. April i n-Inis Clothrand, & a adhncacal i [[Mainistir na Búille|Mainistir na Buille]]. === Foirgnimh === '' Between 800 and 1300 the island and its churches were repeatedly plundered and burned by invaders, so the buildings are in ruins today. Six of the island's churches are surrounded by an [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]] in the southeast corner of the island. === Teampall Diarmada '' Teampall Diarmada is the monastery founded by Saint [[Diarmaid the Just]] (who was a teacher of [[Ciarán of Clonmacnoise]]) in 540 AD. This church once had a stone roof.<ref name=newtowncashel>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> === Teampall Mór '' Teampall Mór stands within four metres to the north of Teampall Diarmada. It consists of a single nave. Its plain masonry walls are in relatively good condition. There are two lancet windows at the east end, which are long, narrow and recessed. The windows on the south side have the appearance of later additions and are unsymmetrical. All traces of doors have vanished, but the opes, which have been arched and protected by the Board of Works, seem to indicate the position of a west door and an entrance on the north side to the cloister. An upper chamber exists. '' The interior walls of the church were once plastered. The walls have lost their distinctive features of detail, except for the east window, which is similar in construction to that of the Teampall Clogas. The interior arch of the east window is circular, built of four stones. The exterior has only two stones forming a pointed arch. '' There is the remains of an altar, built of rubble work but without the altar slab. The door in the south wall of the nave has a circular moulding. The north door is only a gap. '' This church is situated a short distance to the south of the cluster of churches. It is more modern in appearance than any of the others. At the north-west corner is a more modern chamber with no visible entrance. Near this church, half buried with its face downward is a stone bearing incised on its surface a Celtic interlaced cross with an Irish inscription.<ref name=newtowncashel/> === Templemurry '' Templemurry is the largest church on the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> According to local lore, any woman who enters Templemurray will die within a year. === Teampall Clogas '' Teampall Clogas is one of the churches, and stands alone at the highest point of the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> It has a square [[clogas]], which is attached to the main building. Most churches of this era had [[Irish round tower|round towers]], separate from the main building. It is located on the northern part of the island and is visible from the shoreline. On the plan the church is rectangular, being {{Convert|10.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} by {{Convert|5.1|m|ft|abbr=on}}. == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]] == Inis Bó Finne == :''Gan bheith measctha le [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na Gaillimhe]] agus [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae Dhún na nGall]]. Féach [[Inis Bó Finne]] (Idirdhealán). Is oileán suite i [[Loch Rí]] ar an [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]] is ea '''Inis Bó Finne'''.<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=Inis Bó Finne | url=http://www.logainm.ie/ga/50983 | dátarochtana=2022-11-24 | suíomh=logainm.ie | teanga=ga }}</ref> == An inis '' Inis Bó Finne is an island of {{Convert|26.6|ha|abbr=on}} located in the eastern arm of [[Loch Rí]], with [[An Teanga, Contae na hIarmhí]] the nearest village. == Stair 213 '' Saint [[Ríoch]] is said to have founded a Christian monastery on Inis Bó Finne in AD 530.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/westmeath/inchbofin/ | teideal=Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí }}</ref> The [[Laidin]] [[calque]]s ''Īnsula Vaccae Albae'' or ''Īnsula Vitulae Albae'' are also used on occasion.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/lakelands-of-westmeath/lough-ree/islands-of-lough-ree/inchboffin/ | teideal=Inchboffin }}</ref> The monastery was of the [[Canons Regular of Saint Augustine]]. '' The ''Topographical Dictionary of Ireland'' (1837) said that of Inchbofin's {{convert|64|acre|abbr=on}}, there were {{CONVERT|27|acre|abbr=on}} suitable for [[arable land|arable]] use.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.johngrenham.com/records/lewis.php?civilparishid=2490&civilparish=&county=Westmeath&&search_type=full | teideal=Lewis' Topographical Dictionary | ainm=John | sloinne=Grenham }}</ref> Griffith's Valuation (mid-19th century) mentions three families on the island: Skelly, Connell and Heffernan; the island was owned by Susan Galbraith. In the 1911 census, there were 13 people living on the island, of the same 3 families.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/search/results.jsp?census_year=1911&surname=&exact=&firstname=&county19011911=Westmeath&county1821=&county1831=&county1841=&county1851=&townland=inchbofin&ded=&age=&sex=&relationToHead=&religion=&education=&occupation=&marriageStatus=&marriageYears=&childrenBorn=&childrenLiving=&birthplace=&language=&deafdumb=&search=Search&sort=&pageSize=&houseNumber=&familiesNumber=&malesNumber=&femalesNumber=&maleServNumber=&femaleServNumber=&estChurchNumber=&romanCatNumber=&presbNumberDiv=&protNumber=&parish=&barony=&yearsMarried=&causeOfDeath=&yearOfDeath=&familyId=&ageInMonths=&pager.offset=0 | teideal=National Archives: Census of Ireland 1911 }}</ref> '' In the winter of 2009, the [[Irish Air Corps]] sent a helicopter to the island to deliver cattle fodder for the last farmer on the island, John Connell, after Loch Rí froze solid.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.independent.ie/life/travel/ireland/secret-ireland-lough-ree-26692248.html | teideal=Secret Ireland: Lough Ree | foilsitheoir=Independent.ie }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2010/01/13/3993995-air-corps-comes-to-athlone-to-deliver-fodder-to-lough-ree-islands | teideal=Air Corps comes to Athlone to deliver fodder to Lough Ree islands | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref>. He was the last permanent resident of the island and died on 12 February 2018.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2018/02/13/4152121-end-of-an-era-as-last-islander-passes/ | teideal=End of an era as last islander sies | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref> == Tagairtí annálacha Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM), [[Annála Inis Faithlinn]] (AIF), [[Annála Tiarnaigh]] (AT), [[Annála Uladh]] (AU) * '''ACM 750.3''': '' Fiangalach, mac Anmchadha, mic Maoile Curaich, abb Insi Bo Finne for Loch Ribh[, d'écc]<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005A/text058.html | title=Part 58 of Annals of the Four Masters | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AU 755.5''': ..., '' Fiangalach m. Anmchada filii Maele Curaich abb Innse Bo Finne for Loch Ri ... mortui sunt<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100001A.html | title=The Annals of Ulster | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AIF 922.2''': '' Tomrair mc. Elgi, iarla do Gallaib ... luid for Loch Rí coro oirg a h-uile inse, ... * '''AIF 1016.1''': '' Sloged mór la mc. m-[[Brian Bóraimhe|Briain]] co Loch Rí coro ort<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrand]] & Inis Bó Finne * '''ACM 1089.8''': '' Cobhlach Fer Mumhan .i. im [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], do thiachtain for [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]], & for [[Loch Rí|Loch Ribh]] co ro airccset<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> cealla an locha, .i. [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrann]], Inis Bó Finne, Inis Aingginn [''Hare Island''] & Cluain Eamhain<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005B/text019.html | teideal=Annála na gCeithre Máistrí (cuid 19) | publisher=CELT }}</ref> * '''AT 1089.1''': '' Coblach mor la Muirchertach h-Úa mBriain ríg Muman for Sinaind & for Loch Ri, co ro aírgset Inis Bo Finde & Inis Clothrann... == Foirgnimh '' The remains of two churches survive on Inchbofin. One (12th century) is at the north-eastern point of the island and has an irregular [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]]. It consists of a [[nave]], [[transept]] and [[sacristy]]. To the north of the altar is a [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] window, and above a window is a carving of a bishop's head. The smaller church ruin to the south is from the 12th/13th centuries.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/site/2460/ | teideal=Inchbofin, St Rioch | suíomh=The Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain & Ireland }}</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:An tSionainn]] == Irish Astronomical Tract == __NOTOC__ {{tl|teideal iodálach}} {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} Is lámhscríbhinn Éireannach é an ''''' Irish Astronomical Tract ''''' déanta sa chéad chuid den 14ú haois. Scríobhadh as [[Nua-Ghaeilge]] moch é, bunaithe ar aistriúchán Laidine de shaothar Araibis ''De Scientia Motus Orbis'' le [[Masha'allah ibn Atharī]] (c.740–815 AD). As 40 caibidil ar fad, tá 27 dóibh as ''De Scientia'' agus na cinn eile as saothair le húdair chlaisiceacha éagsúla. Ní fios údar an dréachta nó áit a cumadh é, ach is féidir dáta a chur leis óir an tagairt ann do spéaclaí. == Lámhscríbhinní * [[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann]], Stowe, B II 1, ar fáil ar [[ISOS]] * ARÉ 23 F 13 * [[Leabharlann Marsh]], Z 2. 2. 1 (olim V. 3. 1. 38) * [[British Library]] L 3. B. 32 (cóip de 'De Scientia Motus Orbis'). == Eagráin * J. J. O'Farrelly, ''Irish Cosmographical Tract: Transcription of the Irish Text with contractions retained'' [as Stowe B II 1]. Lámhscríbhinn neamhfhoilsithe, ARÉ MS 3A7, 852 (1893). * &mdash;, ''Irish Cosmographical Tract''. Athscríbhinn, le tagairtí dosna cóipeanna Marsh agus ARÉ #2. Lámhscríbhinn neamhfhoilsithe, ARÉ MS 3A10, 855 (1893). * J. E. Gore, 'An Irish Astronomical Tract', in: 'Knowledge & Scientific News'; Feabhra, 1909. * Maura Power, Caibidilí 8, 39 agus cuid de 9, agus blúire beag eile, [[Celtica (iriseán)|Celtica]] 11 (Londain, The Celtic Association) 54–6; 90–92; 101–03. * Tomás Ó Concheanainn, ''The Scribe of the Irish Astronomical Tract in the Royal Irish Academy, B II 1'', [[Celtica (iriseán)|Celtica]] 11 (1976) 158–67. * John A. Williams, ''The Irish Astronomical Tract: a case study of scientific terminology in 14th century Irish'', M.Phil. Thesis, University of Sydney, 2002. Ar fáil [http://hdl.handle.net/2123/515 ar líne] == Féach freisin * [[Ranna an aeir]] == Naisc sheachtracha * ''[http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G600030/index.html An Irish Astronomical Tract]'' ar [[Corpus of Electronic Texts|CELT]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Irish Astronomical Tract}} [[Category:Litríocht na hÉireann]] == Foclóireacht == # [[Foclóireacht na Gaeilge]] # [[Leabharlann an Ard Easpaig Marsh]]=[[Leabharlann Marsh]]- # [[foclóir.ie]]=[[focloir.ie]] == An Féineachas == [[An Féineachas]] (agus/nó b'fhéidir [[Seanchas]] / [[Béaloideas]]). Spreagtha ag ''[[:en:Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2025/March#8 March 2025|Recent additions, 8 March 2025]]'' ''[https://dil.ie/34117 othrus]'' ≈ fulaingt tinnis/othrais. Teimpléid; * [[Teimpléad:WD Bosca Sonraí Doiciméad]] * [[Teimpléad:efn]] Nuashonraithe (lámhscríbhinní): # [[Senchas Már]] (SM) # [[Bechbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Bechbretha agus Coibes Uisci Thairdne|SM #21]]) # [[Bretha Crólige]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #33]]) # [[Críth Gablach]] (MacA) # [[Gúbretha Caratniad]] ([[Bodleian Library]], [[Rawlinson B 502]]) As nua, iomlán: # [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici]] (CIH) # [[Sanas Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] (MacA) # [[Cethairṡlicht Athgabálae]] ([[Senchas Már#Cethairslicht Athgabálae|SM #2]]) # [[Sechtae]] ([[Senchas Már#Sechtae|SM #9]]) # [[Recholl Breth]] (SM #13) # [[Bretha Déin Chécht]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #34]]) # [[Muirbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Clár ábhar|SM #38]]) # [[Anfuigell]] (m.s., CnaT, LS 1387; MacA) # [[Berrad Airechta]] (CnaT, LS 1337) # [[Bretha Étgid]] ([[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann|ARÉ]] LS 23 P 3) # [[Cóic Conara Fugill]] (m.s., [[Uraicecht Becc]], [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Di Astud Chor]] (''via'' [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Mellbretha]] ([[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide|CnaT]], LS 1363) # [[Uí Lochlainn]] # [[Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] # [[CnaT BÁC, LS 1317]], [[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath, LS 1317]] # [[Bóaire]] # [[Coinmheadh is buannacht]] # [[Brehon Law Commission]] # [[Mac Aodhagáin]] &rightarrow; [[Mhic Aodhagáin]] # [[John Lynch (Gratianus Lucius)]] # [[Fearghas Ó Ceallaigh]] # [[Leabharlann COBÁC]] # [[Cathair Mhic Neachtain]] # [[Thom McGinty]] As nua, síolta: # [[Dlí Ceilteach]]- # [[Gabháil chine]]- # [[Cyfraith Hywel]]- # [[Galanas]]- # [[Accessus ad auctores]]- # [[Hapax legomenon]]- # [[Robert Atkinson]]- == Dlí luath na hÉireann == Fainic: sách fada, mionchúiseach agus as Béarla, mar bharr ar an donas. The particular "[https://www.teanglann.ie/ga/fgb/féineachas An] [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20Irish%20law/ Féineachas]" aside, I'm looking at the general phrase "early Irish law". My dad was a fishmonger and was always careful to say about his produce "smoked Irish salmon" and not "Irish smoked salmon", if you see the difference. Is it then "early law of ..." or "law of early ..."? Is "Irish" the language (surely not), the culture, the people or the nation, and in what period? Should "early" be translated as luath or moch? If luath, should it be "luath-" or "- luath"? Given those options, "early Irish law" could be anything from "luathdhlí Gaelach" to "dlí na hÉireann moiche" and points in between. I favour the former. Similarly, for "Celtic law" I favour "dlí Ceilteach", i.e., the culture not the people (the Celts, ... na gCeilteach). Notes: * Moch: cf. [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20modern%20irish/ Nua-Ghaeilge Mhoch] on téarma.ie * "Irish": Gaelach, na nGael, Éireannach, na hÉireann? * What about Welsh, English or Roman law? {{Dlí luath na hÉireann}} == Téamh domhanda == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir Ann cheana: * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] ''Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy 'Cúis'eanna nua: # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas # [[Astaíocht charbóin]] '' Carbon emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture mom3ilg2t1tl9z2xnex9q7isob536f7 1269430 1269429 2025-06-11T09:50:55Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 1269430 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Litríocht == # ''[[:en:Foraire Uladh ar Aodh|Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]]'' - [[Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]] # ''[[:en:Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh|Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]]'' - [[Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]] # ''[[:en:Dominican Annals of Roscommon|Dominican Annals of Roscommon]]'' - [[Annála Doiminiceacha Ros Comáin]] # ''[[:en:Inchcleraun|Inchcleraun]]'' - [[Inis Cloithrinn]] # ''[[:en:Inchbofin|Inchbofin]]'' - [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí]] # ''[[:en:Irish Astronomical Tract|Irish Astronomical Tract]]'' - [[Irish Astronomical Tract]] # ''[[:en:Ranna an aeir|Ranna an aeir]]'' - [[Ranna an aeir]] Déanta: # [[Murúch]]- # [[Tongu do dia toinges mo thúath]]- # [[Remscéla]]=[[Réamhscéalta]] # [[Bernhard Maier]] # [[Lebor Bretnach]]=[[Leabhar Breatnach]] == Annales Dominicani de Roscoman == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} [[Íomhá:Roscommon_Priory_-_aerial_-_2024-12-27_01.jpg|thumb|'' Ruins of Roscommon Dominican Priory]] The '''Dominican Annals of Roscommon''' ({{Lang|la|Annales Dominicani de Roscoman}}) is an [[Annála Éireannacha]], covering events, mainly in Connacht and its neighbouring regions, from 1163 to 1314, spanning the period of the [[Ionradh na Normannach ar Éirinn]] and the early part of [[Tiarnas na hÉireann]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://groups.io/g/Educator-Gold/topic/digital_humanities_digital/334356 | teideal=CELT Project: The Corpus of Electronic Texts | suíomh=groups.io }}</ref> It also mentions some matters to do with the [[na Doiminicigh]], [[An Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach] matters in general, and political relations with [[Ríocht Shasana]].<ref name=adrcelt>{{lua idirlín |url=https://celt.ucc.ie/published/L100015A/ |teideal=Annales Dominicani de Roscoman |suíomh=celt.ucc.ie }}</ref> It was compiled in [[Laidin]] in [[Roscommon Dominican Priory]] (Blackfriars).<ref>Finn, R. (2023:10). ''The Dominicans in the British Isles and Beyond: A New History of the English Province of the Friars Preachers''. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.</ref> The abbey was founded by and supported by the [[Uí Chonchúir]] [[ríthe na gConnacht]]. Occasional examples of pro-O'Connor bias are noted: for example, the [[Blinding (punishment)|blinding]] of Muirchertach Ua Conchobair by his brother, the king [[Ruaidrí mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair|Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair]], is not mentioned, and when the 1193 [[creachadh]] of the monastery on [[Inchcleraun]] is mentioned, it is attributed to [[Gilbert de Lacy]], whereas the [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] mention that [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair]] was also responsible.<ref name=adrcelt/> The largest part of the Annals are attributed to [[Odo O'Hanmerech]] (died in 1306). The annals survive in a seventeenth-century manuscript that once belonged to [[James Ware]]. Among its notable entries are a mention of the drying-up of the River Galvia, apparently an early name for [[Abhainn na Gaillimhe]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://steemit.com/ireland/@harlotscurse/a-sova-potamoy-ekvolai | teideal=Αὐσοβα Ποταμου Εκβολαι | dáta=3ú Meán Fómhair 2018 | suíomh=Steemit }}</ref> == Féach freisin * [[Annála Éireannacha]] == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Annála Éireannacha]] {{síol-ie}} == Inis Cloithrinn == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Séadchomhartha}} 91<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=National Monuments of County Longford in State Care | url = http://www.archaeology.ie/sites/default/files/media/pdf/monuments-in-state-care-longford.pdf | page=1 | suíomh=heritageireland.ie | foilsitheoir=National Monument Service | dátarochtana=2a Iúil 2020 }}</ref> '' '''Inis Cloithrinn''', is an island situated in [[Loch Rí]] on the [[an tSionainn]], in central Ireland.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | teideal=Inchcleraun Island / Quaker Island - Longford - | ainm=Michael | Aoine=Heraghty | dáta=15ú Deireadh Fómhair 2004 | dátarochtana=22a Meitheamh 2016 | archive-date=8ú Lúnasa 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160808025929/http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/historical-features-of-co/islands/ | teideal=Islands }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/longford/inchcleraun/ | teideal=Inchcleraun (quaker island), County Longford }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordtourism.ie/see-do/attractions/lough-ree/ | teideal=Lough Ree }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> '' The island is home to the ruins of St. Diarmaid's Monastery, a [[mainistir]] founded by [[Diarmaid the Just]] in AD 560. These buildings constitute a [[Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]]. == An Inis '' Inis Cloithrinn is an island of {{Convert|57.7|ha|abbr=on}} located in the centre of [[Loch Rí]], with [[Cnoc an Chrochaire]], Contae Ros Comáin to its west and [[Baile Nua an Chaisil]], Contae Longfoirt to its east. [[Íomhá:Inchcleraun Monastery.jpg|thumb|Mainister Inis Cloithrinn]] == Stair '' The island takes its name from Irish for "[[Cloithre]]'s Island". In [[Miotaseolaíocht na nGael]], Clothru was a daughter of [[Eochaid Feidlech]], then [[ardrí na hÉireann]]. She became the Queen of Connacht after her father's death, and once owned the island. Her sister, [[Medb]], retired to Inchcleraun after Medb's husband [[Ailill mac Máta]] killed her lover [[Fergus mac Róich]]. One point is called '' Grianán Maebha '', and nearby is ''Ionad Marbhtha Meidhbhe'', where she was killed by a stone thrown from [[Elfeet Castle]], on the Longford side of the lake. In other versions of the legend, it is a lump of cheese fired from a [[slingshot]] by a nephew of Clothru.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordlibrary.ie/lib_arc_inside.aspx?id=15036 | teideal=Longford Library | ainm=Longford | sloinne=Library }}</ref> [[Íomhá:Myths and legends; the Celtic race (1910) (14596952367).jpg|thumb|'' "The Death of Maev" ([[T. W. Rolleston]], 1910); Forbay with [[sling (weapon)|sling]] in foreground, Medb bathing in the background.]] '' The name "Quaker Island" is more recent, and owes to the island being owned at one time by [[Cumann na gCarad|Caecar]]. The island is today owned by the Irish state. === Tagairtí annálacha === Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM) * '''ACM 719.2:''' '' S. Sionach Innsi Clothrann d'écc an fichetmhadh lá do mí April. *'''769''' Curoi, the son of Alniadh, Abbot and Sage of Inchcleraun, and of Caill Fochladha ([[Loch Dairbhreach]]) in Meath died. * '''ACM 780.6:''' '' Eochaidh mac Focartai, abb Fochladha, & Insi Clothrann, [d'ecc] *'''1010''' The men of [[an Mhumhain]] plundered Inchcleraun and [[Inis Bó Finne]] * '''ACM 1050.22:''' '' Inis Clothrand do orccain.<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> *'''1087''' The fleet of the men of Munster, with [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], sailed on the Shannon to Lough Ree and plundered the islands of the lake (inc. Inchcleraun) * '''ACM 1136.1:''' '' Aodh Ua Finn, epscop na [[Bréifne]], do écc i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1141.7:''' '' Giolla na Naomh Ua Ferghaile, toiseach Muintire [[an Anaíle|h-Anghaile]] fer ard-raith Ereann d'ég, iar c-cian-aois, & a adhnacal a n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1150.10:''' '' Murchadh, mac Giolla na Naemh Uí Fherghail, tuir ordáin, & airechais Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrand. * '''ACM 1160.3:''' '' Giolla na Naemh Ua Duinn [[ollamh Éireann|fer léighinn]] Insi Clothrann, saoi senchusa, & dána, & degh-fher labhra, ro fhaidh-sein [''sent''] a spirat co a athardha etir coraidh aingel an 17 do December iarsan ochtmhadh bliadhain ar chaogad a aoise. * '''ACM 1167.3:''' '' Cionaeth Ua Cethernaigh, sagart Insi Clothrann [d'écc] * '''ACM 1168.16:''' '' Dubhcobhlach, the daughter of O'Quinn, wife of Mac Corgamna, died and was interred in Inchcleraun. Dubh Chobhlaigh, inghen Uí Chuinn, ben Mic Carrgamhna, d'écc iar buaidh ongtha & aithrighe, & a h-adhnacal i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1170.5:''' '' Diarmaid Ua Braoin, comharba Commáin, & áird-shenóir Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann iarsan cúicceadh bliadhain nochad a aoisi. * '''ACM 1174.6:''' '' Ruaidhri Ua Cearbhaill tighearna [[Ele|Éile]] do mharbhadh ar lár Innsi Clothrann. * '''ACM 1189.8:''' '' ... ar as ann ro bátar geill [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair|Conchobhair Maonmuighe] i n-Inis Clothrann for Loch Ribh an tan-sin. * '''ACM 1193.10:''' '' Inis Clothrann do orgain la macaibh Oisdealb, & la macaibh Conchobhair Maonmaighe. * '''ACM 1232.3:''' '' Tiopraitte Ua Braoin comhorba Commáin saoí cléircechta, sencusa, & breithemhnassa d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann i n-a ailithre. * '''ACM 1244.1:''' '' Donnchadh mac Finghin mic Maoil Seachlainn mic Aodha mic Toirrdhealbaigh Uí Conchobhair epscop Oile Finn d'écc an 23. April i n-Inis Clothrand, & a adhncacal i [[Mainistir na Búille|Mainistir na Buille]]. === Foirgnimh === '' Between 800 and 1300 the island and its churches were repeatedly plundered and burned by invaders, so the buildings are in ruins today. Six of the island's churches are surrounded by an [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]] in the southeast corner of the island. === Teampall Diarmada '' Teampall Diarmada is the monastery founded by Saint [[Diarmaid the Just]] (who was a teacher of [[Ciarán of Clonmacnoise]]) in 540 AD. This church once had a stone roof.<ref name=newtowncashel>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> === Teampall Mór '' Teampall Mór stands within four metres to the north of Teampall Diarmada. It consists of a single nave. Its plain masonry walls are in relatively good condition. There are two lancet windows at the east end, which are long, narrow and recessed. The windows on the south side have the appearance of later additions and are unsymmetrical. All traces of doors have vanished, but the opes, which have been arched and protected by the Board of Works, seem to indicate the position of a west door and an entrance on the north side to the cloister. An upper chamber exists. '' The interior walls of the church were once plastered. The walls have lost their distinctive features of detail, except for the east window, which is similar in construction to that of the Teampall Clogas. The interior arch of the east window is circular, built of four stones. The exterior has only two stones forming a pointed arch. '' There is the remains of an altar, built of rubble work but without the altar slab. The door in the south wall of the nave has a circular moulding. The north door is only a gap. '' This church is situated a short distance to the south of the cluster of churches. It is more modern in appearance than any of the others. At the north-west corner is a more modern chamber with no visible entrance. Near this church, half buried with its face downward is a stone bearing incised on its surface a Celtic interlaced cross with an Irish inscription.<ref name=newtowncashel/> === Templemurry '' Templemurry is the largest church on the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> According to local lore, any woman who enters Templemurray will die within a year. === Teampall Clogas '' Teampall Clogas is one of the churches, and stands alone at the highest point of the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> It has a square [[clogas]], which is attached to the main building. Most churches of this era had [[Irish round tower|round towers]], separate from the main building. It is located on the northern part of the island and is visible from the shoreline. On the plan the church is rectangular, being {{Convert|10.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} by {{Convert|5.1|m|ft|abbr=on}}. == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]] == Inis Bó Finne == :''Gan bheith measctha le [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na Gaillimhe]] agus [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae Dhún na nGall]]. Féach [[Inis Bó Finne]] (Idirdhealán). Is oileán suite i [[Loch Rí]] ar an [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]] is ea '''Inis Bó Finne'''.<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=Inis Bó Finne | url=http://www.logainm.ie/ga/50983 | dátarochtana=2022-11-24 | suíomh=logainm.ie | teanga=ga }}</ref> == An inis '' Inis Bó Finne is an island of {{Convert|26.6|ha|abbr=on}} located in the eastern arm of [[Loch Rí]], with [[An Teanga, Contae na hIarmhí]] the nearest village. == Stair 213 '' Saint [[Ríoch]] is said to have founded a Christian monastery on Inis Bó Finne in AD 530.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/westmeath/inchbofin/ | teideal=Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí }}</ref> The [[Laidin]] [[calque]]s ''Īnsula Vaccae Albae'' or ''Īnsula Vitulae Albae'' are also used on occasion.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/lakelands-of-westmeath/lough-ree/islands-of-lough-ree/inchboffin/ | teideal=Inchboffin }}</ref> The monastery was of the [[Canons Regular of Saint Augustine]]. '' The ''Topographical Dictionary of Ireland'' (1837) said that of Inchbofin's {{convert|64|acre|abbr=on}}, there were {{CONVERT|27|acre|abbr=on}} suitable for [[arable land|arable]] use.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.johngrenham.com/records/lewis.php?civilparishid=2490&civilparish=&county=Westmeath&&search_type=full | teideal=Lewis' Topographical Dictionary | ainm=John | sloinne=Grenham }}</ref> Griffith's Valuation (mid-19th century) mentions three families on the island: Skelly, Connell and Heffernan; the island was owned by Susan Galbraith. In the 1911 census, there were 13 people living on the island, of the same 3 families.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/search/results.jsp?census_year=1911&surname=&exact=&firstname=&county19011911=Westmeath&county1821=&county1831=&county1841=&county1851=&townland=inchbofin&ded=&age=&sex=&relationToHead=&religion=&education=&occupation=&marriageStatus=&marriageYears=&childrenBorn=&childrenLiving=&birthplace=&language=&deafdumb=&search=Search&sort=&pageSize=&houseNumber=&familiesNumber=&malesNumber=&femalesNumber=&maleServNumber=&femaleServNumber=&estChurchNumber=&romanCatNumber=&presbNumberDiv=&protNumber=&parish=&barony=&yearsMarried=&causeOfDeath=&yearOfDeath=&familyId=&ageInMonths=&pager.offset=0 | teideal=National Archives: Census of Ireland 1911 }}</ref> '' In the winter of 2009, the [[Irish Air Corps]] sent a helicopter to the island to deliver cattle fodder for the last farmer on the island, John Connell, after Loch Rí froze solid.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.independent.ie/life/travel/ireland/secret-ireland-lough-ree-26692248.html | teideal=Secret Ireland: Lough Ree | foilsitheoir=Independent.ie }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2010/01/13/3993995-air-corps-comes-to-athlone-to-deliver-fodder-to-lough-ree-islands | teideal=Air Corps comes to Athlone to deliver fodder to Lough Ree islands | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref>. He was the last permanent resident of the island and died on 12 February 2018.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2018/02/13/4152121-end-of-an-era-as-last-islander-passes/ | teideal=End of an era as last islander sies | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref> == Tagairtí annálacha Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM), [[Annála Inis Faithlinn]] (AIF), [[Annála Tiarnaigh]] (AT), [[Annála Uladh]] (AU) * '''ACM 750.3''': '' Fiangalach, mac Anmchadha, mic Maoile Curaich, abb Insi Bo Finne for Loch Ribh[, d'écc]<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005A/text058.html | title=Part 58 of Annals of the Four Masters | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AU 755.5''': ..., '' Fiangalach m. Anmchada filii Maele Curaich abb Innse Bo Finne for Loch Ri ... mortui sunt<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100001A.html | title=The Annals of Ulster | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AIF 922.2''': '' Tomrair mc. Elgi, iarla do Gallaib ... luid for Loch Rí coro oirg a h-uile inse, ... * '''AIF 1016.1''': '' Sloged mór la mc. m-[[Brian Bóraimhe|Briain]] co Loch Rí coro ort<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrand]] & Inis Bó Finne * '''ACM 1089.8''': '' Cobhlach Fer Mumhan .i. im [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], do thiachtain for [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]], & for [[Loch Rí|Loch Ribh]] co ro airccset<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> cealla an locha, .i. [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrann]], Inis Bó Finne, Inis Aingginn [''Hare Island''] & Cluain Eamhain<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005B/text019.html | teideal=Annála na gCeithre Máistrí (cuid 19) | publisher=CELT }}</ref> * '''AT 1089.1''': '' Coblach mor la Muirchertach h-Úa mBriain ríg Muman for Sinaind & for Loch Ri, co ro aírgset Inis Bo Finde & Inis Clothrann... == Foirgnimh '' The remains of two churches survive on Inchbofin. One (12th century) is at the north-eastern point of the island and has an irregular [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]]. It consists of a [[nave]], [[transept]] and [[sacristy]]. To the north of the altar is a [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] window, and above a window is a carving of a bishop's head. The smaller church ruin to the south is from the 12th/13th centuries.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/site/2460/ | teideal=Inchbofin, St Rioch | suíomh=The Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain & Ireland }}</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:An tSionainn]] == Foclóireacht == # [[Foclóireacht na Gaeilge]] # [[Leabharlann an Ard Easpaig Marsh]]=[[Leabharlann Marsh]]- # [[foclóir.ie]]=[[focloir.ie]] == An Féineachas == [[An Féineachas]] (agus/nó b'fhéidir [[Seanchas]] / [[Béaloideas]]). Spreagtha ag ''[[:en:Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2025/March#8 March 2025|Recent additions, 8 March 2025]]'' ''[https://dil.ie/34117 othrus]'' ≈ fulaingt tinnis/othrais. Teimpléid; * [[Teimpléad:WD Bosca Sonraí Doiciméad]] * [[Teimpléad:efn]] Nuashonraithe (lámhscríbhinní): # [[Senchas Már]] (SM) # [[Bechbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Bechbretha agus Coibes Uisci Thairdne|SM #21]]) # [[Bretha Crólige]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #33]]) # [[Críth Gablach]] (MacA) # [[Gúbretha Caratniad]] ([[Bodleian Library]], [[Rawlinson B 502]]) As nua, iomlán: # [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici]] (CIH) # [[Sanas Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] (MacA) # [[Cethairṡlicht Athgabálae]] ([[Senchas Már#Cethairslicht Athgabálae|SM #2]]) # [[Sechtae]] ([[Senchas Már#Sechtae|SM #9]]) # [[Recholl Breth]] (SM #13) # [[Bretha Déin Chécht]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #34]]) # [[Muirbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Clár ábhar|SM #38]]) # [[Anfuigell]] (m.s., CnaT, LS 1387; MacA) # [[Berrad Airechta]] (CnaT, LS 1337) # [[Bretha Étgid]] ([[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann|ARÉ]] LS 23 P 3) # [[Cóic Conara Fugill]] (m.s., [[Uraicecht Becc]], [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Di Astud Chor]] (''via'' [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Mellbretha]] ([[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide|CnaT]], LS 1363) # [[Uí Lochlainn]] # [[Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] # [[CnaT BÁC, LS 1317]], [[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath, LS 1317]] # [[Bóaire]] # [[Coinmheadh is buannacht]] # [[Brehon Law Commission]] # [[Mac Aodhagáin]] &rightarrow; [[Mhic Aodhagáin]] # [[John Lynch (Gratianus Lucius)]] # [[Fearghas Ó Ceallaigh]] # [[Leabharlann COBÁC]] # [[Cathair Mhic Neachtain]] # [[Thom McGinty]] As nua, síolta: # [[Dlí Ceilteach]]- # [[Gabháil chine]]- # [[Cyfraith Hywel]]- # [[Galanas]]- # [[Accessus ad auctores]]- # [[Hapax legomenon]]- # [[Robert Atkinson]]- == Dlí luath na hÉireann == Fainic: sách fada, mionchúiseach agus as Béarla, mar bharr ar an donas. The particular "[https://www.teanglann.ie/ga/fgb/féineachas An] [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20Irish%20law/ Féineachas]" aside, I'm looking at the general phrase "early Irish law". My dad was a fishmonger and was always careful to say about his produce "smoked Irish salmon" and not "Irish smoked salmon", if you see the difference. Is it then "early law of ..." or "law of early ..."? Is "Irish" the language (surely not), the culture, the people or the nation, and in what period? Should "early" be translated as luath or moch? If luath, should it be "luath-" or "- luath"? Given those options, "early Irish law" could be anything from "luathdhlí Gaelach" to "dlí na hÉireann moiche" and points in between. I favour the former. Similarly, for "Celtic law" I favour "dlí Ceilteach", i.e., the culture not the people (the Celts, ... na gCeilteach). Notes: * Moch: cf. [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20modern%20irish/ Nua-Ghaeilge Mhoch] on téarma.ie * "Irish": Gaelach, na nGael, Éireannach, na hÉireann? * What about Welsh, English or Roman law? {{Dlí luath na hÉireann}} == Téamh domhanda == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir Ann cheana: * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] ''Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy 'Cúis'eanna nua: # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas # [[Astaíocht charbóin]] '' Carbon emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture 7upyyjgwlcd39gn73wrgkrt3axsoj24 1269432 1269430 2025-06-11T09:55:42Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Litríocht */ 1269432 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Litríocht == # ''[[:en:Foraire Uladh ar Aodh|Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]]'' - [[Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]] # ''[[:en:Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh|Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]]'' - [[Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]] # ''[[:en:Dominican Annals of Roscommon|Dominican Annals of Roscommon]]'' - [[Annála Doiminiceacha Ros Comáin]] # ''[[:en:Inchcleraun|Inchcleraun]]'' - [[Inis Cloithrinn]] # ''[[:en:Inchbofin|Inchbofin]]'' - [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí]] # ''[[:en:Ranna an aeir|Ranna an aeir]]'' - [[Ranna an aeir]] Déanta: # [[Murúch]]- # [[Tongu do dia toinges mo thúath]]- # [[Remscéla]]=[[Réamhscéalta]] # [[Bernhard Maier]] # [[Lebor Bretnach]]=[[Leabhar Breatnach]] # [[Irish Astronomical Tract]]=[[]] == Annales Dominicani de Roscoman == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} [[Íomhá:Roscommon_Priory_-_aerial_-_2024-12-27_01.jpg|thumb|'' Ruins of Roscommon Dominican Priory]] The '''Dominican Annals of Roscommon''' ({{Lang|la|Annales Dominicani de Roscoman}}) is an [[Annála Éireannacha]], covering events, mainly in Connacht and its neighbouring regions, from 1163 to 1314, spanning the period of the [[Ionradh na Normannach ar Éirinn]] and the early part of [[Tiarnas na hÉireann]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://groups.io/g/Educator-Gold/topic/digital_humanities_digital/334356 | teideal=CELT Project: The Corpus of Electronic Texts | suíomh=groups.io }}</ref> It also mentions some matters to do with the [[na Doiminicigh]], [[An Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach] matters in general, and political relations with [[Ríocht Shasana]].<ref name=adrcelt>{{lua idirlín |url=https://celt.ucc.ie/published/L100015A/ |teideal=Annales Dominicani de Roscoman |suíomh=celt.ucc.ie }}</ref> It was compiled in [[Laidin]] in [[Roscommon Dominican Priory]] (Blackfriars).<ref>Finn, R. (2023:10). ''The Dominicans in the British Isles and Beyond: A New History of the English Province of the Friars Preachers''. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.</ref> The abbey was founded by and supported by the [[Uí Chonchúir]] [[ríthe na gConnacht]]. Occasional examples of pro-O'Connor bias are noted: for example, the [[Blinding (punishment)|blinding]] of Muirchertach Ua Conchobair by his brother, the king [[Ruaidrí mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair|Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair]], is not mentioned, and when the 1193 [[creachadh]] of the monastery on [[Inchcleraun]] is mentioned, it is attributed to [[Gilbert de Lacy]], whereas the [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] mention that [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair]] was also responsible.<ref name=adrcelt/> The largest part of the Annals are attributed to [[Odo O'Hanmerech]] (died in 1306). The annals survive in a seventeenth-century manuscript that once belonged to [[James Ware]]. Among its notable entries are a mention of the drying-up of the River Galvia, apparently an early name for [[Abhainn na Gaillimhe]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://steemit.com/ireland/@harlotscurse/a-sova-potamoy-ekvolai | teideal=Αὐσοβα Ποταμου Εκβολαι | dáta=3ú Meán Fómhair 2018 | suíomh=Steemit }}</ref> == Féach freisin * [[Annála Éireannacha]] == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Annála Éireannacha]] {{síol-ie}} == Inis Cloithrinn == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Séadchomhartha}} 91<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=National Monuments of County Longford in State Care | url = http://www.archaeology.ie/sites/default/files/media/pdf/monuments-in-state-care-longford.pdf | page=1 | suíomh=heritageireland.ie | foilsitheoir=National Monument Service | dátarochtana=2a Iúil 2020 }}</ref> '' '''Inis Cloithrinn''', is an island situated in [[Loch Rí]] on the [[an tSionainn]], in central Ireland.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | teideal=Inchcleraun Island / Quaker Island - Longford - | ainm=Michael | Aoine=Heraghty | dáta=15ú Deireadh Fómhair 2004 | dátarochtana=22a Meitheamh 2016 | archive-date=8ú Lúnasa 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160808025929/http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/historical-features-of-co/islands/ | teideal=Islands }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/longford/inchcleraun/ | teideal=Inchcleraun (quaker island), County Longford }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordtourism.ie/see-do/attractions/lough-ree/ | teideal=Lough Ree }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> '' The island is home to the ruins of St. Diarmaid's Monastery, a [[mainistir]] founded by [[Diarmaid the Just]] in AD 560. These buildings constitute a [[Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]]. == An Inis '' Inis Cloithrinn is an island of {{Convert|57.7|ha|abbr=on}} located in the centre of [[Loch Rí]], with [[Cnoc an Chrochaire]], Contae Ros Comáin to its west and [[Baile Nua an Chaisil]], Contae Longfoirt to its east. [[Íomhá:Inchcleraun Monastery.jpg|thumb|Mainister Inis Cloithrinn]] == Stair '' The island takes its name from Irish for "[[Cloithre]]'s Island". In [[Miotaseolaíocht na nGael]], Clothru was a daughter of [[Eochaid Feidlech]], then [[ardrí na hÉireann]]. She became the Queen of Connacht after her father's death, and once owned the island. Her sister, [[Medb]], retired to Inchcleraun after Medb's husband [[Ailill mac Máta]] killed her lover [[Fergus mac Róich]]. One point is called '' Grianán Maebha '', and nearby is ''Ionad Marbhtha Meidhbhe'', where she was killed by a stone thrown from [[Elfeet Castle]], on the Longford side of the lake. In other versions of the legend, it is a lump of cheese fired from a [[slingshot]] by a nephew of Clothru.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordlibrary.ie/lib_arc_inside.aspx?id=15036 | teideal=Longford Library | ainm=Longford | sloinne=Library }}</ref> [[Íomhá:Myths and legends; the Celtic race (1910) (14596952367).jpg|thumb|'' "The Death of Maev" ([[T. W. Rolleston]], 1910); Forbay with [[sling (weapon)|sling]] in foreground, Medb bathing in the background.]] '' The name "Quaker Island" is more recent, and owes to the island being owned at one time by [[Cumann na gCarad|Caecar]]. The island is today owned by the Irish state. === Tagairtí annálacha === Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM) * '''ACM 719.2:''' '' S. Sionach Innsi Clothrann d'écc an fichetmhadh lá do mí April. *'''769''' Curoi, the son of Alniadh, Abbot and Sage of Inchcleraun, and of Caill Fochladha ([[Loch Dairbhreach]]) in Meath died. * '''ACM 780.6:''' '' Eochaidh mac Focartai, abb Fochladha, & Insi Clothrann, [d'ecc] *'''1010''' The men of [[an Mhumhain]] plundered Inchcleraun and [[Inis Bó Finne]] * '''ACM 1050.22:''' '' Inis Clothrand do orccain.<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> *'''1087''' The fleet of the men of Munster, with [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], sailed on the Shannon to Lough Ree and plundered the islands of the lake (inc. Inchcleraun) * '''ACM 1136.1:''' '' Aodh Ua Finn, epscop na [[Bréifne]], do écc i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1141.7:''' '' Giolla na Naomh Ua Ferghaile, toiseach Muintire [[an Anaíle|h-Anghaile]] fer ard-raith Ereann d'ég, iar c-cian-aois, & a adhnacal a n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1150.10:''' '' Murchadh, mac Giolla na Naemh Uí Fherghail, tuir ordáin, & airechais Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrand. * '''ACM 1160.3:''' '' Giolla na Naemh Ua Duinn [[ollamh Éireann|fer léighinn]] Insi Clothrann, saoi senchusa, & dána, & degh-fher labhra, ro fhaidh-sein [''sent''] a spirat co a athardha etir coraidh aingel an 17 do December iarsan ochtmhadh bliadhain ar chaogad a aoise. * '''ACM 1167.3:''' '' Cionaeth Ua Cethernaigh, sagart Insi Clothrann [d'écc] * '''ACM 1168.16:''' '' Dubhcobhlach, the daughter of O'Quinn, wife of Mac Corgamna, died and was interred in Inchcleraun. Dubh Chobhlaigh, inghen Uí Chuinn, ben Mic Carrgamhna, d'écc iar buaidh ongtha & aithrighe, & a h-adhnacal i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1170.5:''' '' Diarmaid Ua Braoin, comharba Commáin, & áird-shenóir Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann iarsan cúicceadh bliadhain nochad a aoisi. * '''ACM 1174.6:''' '' Ruaidhri Ua Cearbhaill tighearna [[Ele|Éile]] do mharbhadh ar lár Innsi Clothrann. * '''ACM 1189.8:''' '' ... ar as ann ro bátar geill [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair|Conchobhair Maonmuighe] i n-Inis Clothrann for Loch Ribh an tan-sin. * '''ACM 1193.10:''' '' Inis Clothrann do orgain la macaibh Oisdealb, & la macaibh Conchobhair Maonmaighe. * '''ACM 1232.3:''' '' Tiopraitte Ua Braoin comhorba Commáin saoí cléircechta, sencusa, & breithemhnassa d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann i n-a ailithre. * '''ACM 1244.1:''' '' Donnchadh mac Finghin mic Maoil Seachlainn mic Aodha mic Toirrdhealbaigh Uí Conchobhair epscop Oile Finn d'écc an 23. April i n-Inis Clothrand, & a adhncacal i [[Mainistir na Búille|Mainistir na Buille]]. === Foirgnimh === '' Between 800 and 1300 the island and its churches were repeatedly plundered and burned by invaders, so the buildings are in ruins today. Six of the island's churches are surrounded by an [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]] in the southeast corner of the island. === Teampall Diarmada '' Teampall Diarmada is the monastery founded by Saint [[Diarmaid the Just]] (who was a teacher of [[Ciarán of Clonmacnoise]]) in 540 AD. This church once had a stone roof.<ref name=newtowncashel>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> === Teampall Mór '' Teampall Mór stands within four metres to the north of Teampall Diarmada. It consists of a single nave. Its plain masonry walls are in relatively good condition. There are two lancet windows at the east end, which are long, narrow and recessed. The windows on the south side have the appearance of later additions and are unsymmetrical. All traces of doors have vanished, but the opes, which have been arched and protected by the Board of Works, seem to indicate the position of a west door and an entrance on the north side to the cloister. An upper chamber exists. '' The interior walls of the church were once plastered. The walls have lost their distinctive features of detail, except for the east window, which is similar in construction to that of the Teampall Clogas. The interior arch of the east window is circular, built of four stones. The exterior has only two stones forming a pointed arch. '' There is the remains of an altar, built of rubble work but without the altar slab. The door in the south wall of the nave has a circular moulding. The north door is only a gap. '' This church is situated a short distance to the south of the cluster of churches. It is more modern in appearance than any of the others. At the north-west corner is a more modern chamber with no visible entrance. Near this church, half buried with its face downward is a stone bearing incised on its surface a Celtic interlaced cross with an Irish inscription.<ref name=newtowncashel/> === Templemurry '' Templemurry is the largest church on the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> According to local lore, any woman who enters Templemurray will die within a year. === Teampall Clogas '' Teampall Clogas is one of the churches, and stands alone at the highest point of the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> It has a square [[clogas]], which is attached to the main building. Most churches of this era had [[Irish round tower|round towers]], separate from the main building. It is located on the northern part of the island and is visible from the shoreline. On the plan the church is rectangular, being {{Convert|10.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} by {{Convert|5.1|m|ft|abbr=on}}. == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]] == Inis Bó Finne == :''Gan bheith measctha le [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na Gaillimhe]] agus [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae Dhún na nGall]]. Féach [[Inis Bó Finne]] (Idirdhealán). Is oileán suite i [[Loch Rí]] ar an [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]] is ea '''Inis Bó Finne'''.<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=Inis Bó Finne | url=http://www.logainm.ie/ga/50983 | dátarochtana=2022-11-24 | suíomh=logainm.ie | teanga=ga }}</ref> == An inis '' Inis Bó Finne is an island of {{Convert|26.6|ha|abbr=on}} located in the eastern arm of [[Loch Rí]], with [[An Teanga, Contae na hIarmhí]] the nearest village. == Stair 213 '' Saint [[Ríoch]] is said to have founded a Christian monastery on Inis Bó Finne in AD 530.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/westmeath/inchbofin/ | teideal=Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí }}</ref> The [[Laidin]] [[calque]]s ''Īnsula Vaccae Albae'' or ''Īnsula Vitulae Albae'' are also used on occasion.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/lakelands-of-westmeath/lough-ree/islands-of-lough-ree/inchboffin/ | teideal=Inchboffin }}</ref> The monastery was of the [[Canons Regular of Saint Augustine]]. '' The ''Topographical Dictionary of Ireland'' (1837) said that of Inchbofin's {{convert|64|acre|abbr=on}}, there were {{CONVERT|27|acre|abbr=on}} suitable for [[arable land|arable]] use.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.johngrenham.com/records/lewis.php?civilparishid=2490&civilparish=&county=Westmeath&&search_type=full | teideal=Lewis' Topographical Dictionary | ainm=John | sloinne=Grenham }}</ref> Griffith's Valuation (mid-19th century) mentions three families on the island: Skelly, Connell and Heffernan; the island was owned by Susan Galbraith. In the 1911 census, there were 13 people living on the island, of the same 3 families.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/search/results.jsp?census_year=1911&surname=&exact=&firstname=&county19011911=Westmeath&county1821=&county1831=&county1841=&county1851=&townland=inchbofin&ded=&age=&sex=&relationToHead=&religion=&education=&occupation=&marriageStatus=&marriageYears=&childrenBorn=&childrenLiving=&birthplace=&language=&deafdumb=&search=Search&sort=&pageSize=&houseNumber=&familiesNumber=&malesNumber=&femalesNumber=&maleServNumber=&femaleServNumber=&estChurchNumber=&romanCatNumber=&presbNumberDiv=&protNumber=&parish=&barony=&yearsMarried=&causeOfDeath=&yearOfDeath=&familyId=&ageInMonths=&pager.offset=0 | teideal=National Archives: Census of Ireland 1911 }}</ref> '' In the winter of 2009, the [[Irish Air Corps]] sent a helicopter to the island to deliver cattle fodder for the last farmer on the island, John Connell, after Loch Rí froze solid.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.independent.ie/life/travel/ireland/secret-ireland-lough-ree-26692248.html | teideal=Secret Ireland: Lough Ree | foilsitheoir=Independent.ie }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2010/01/13/3993995-air-corps-comes-to-athlone-to-deliver-fodder-to-lough-ree-islands | teideal=Air Corps comes to Athlone to deliver fodder to Lough Ree islands | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref>. He was the last permanent resident of the island and died on 12 February 2018.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2018/02/13/4152121-end-of-an-era-as-last-islander-passes/ | teideal=End of an era as last islander sies | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref> == Tagairtí annálacha Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM), [[Annála Inis Faithlinn]] (AIF), [[Annála Tiarnaigh]] (AT), [[Annála Uladh]] (AU) * '''ACM 750.3''': '' Fiangalach, mac Anmchadha, mic Maoile Curaich, abb Insi Bo Finne for Loch Ribh[, d'écc]<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005A/text058.html | title=Part 58 of Annals of the Four Masters | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AU 755.5''': ..., '' Fiangalach m. Anmchada filii Maele Curaich abb Innse Bo Finne for Loch Ri ... mortui sunt<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100001A.html | title=The Annals of Ulster | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AIF 922.2''': '' Tomrair mc. Elgi, iarla do Gallaib ... luid for Loch Rí coro oirg a h-uile inse, ... * '''AIF 1016.1''': '' Sloged mór la mc. m-[[Brian Bóraimhe|Briain]] co Loch Rí coro ort<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrand]] & Inis Bó Finne * '''ACM 1089.8''': '' Cobhlach Fer Mumhan .i. im [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], do thiachtain for [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]], & for [[Loch Rí|Loch Ribh]] co ro airccset<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> cealla an locha, .i. [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrann]], Inis Bó Finne, Inis Aingginn [''Hare Island''] & Cluain Eamhain<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005B/text019.html | teideal=Annála na gCeithre Máistrí (cuid 19) | publisher=CELT }}</ref> * '''AT 1089.1''': '' Coblach mor la Muirchertach h-Úa mBriain ríg Muman for Sinaind & for Loch Ri, co ro aírgset Inis Bo Finde & Inis Clothrann... == Foirgnimh '' The remains of two churches survive on Inchbofin. One (12th century) is at the north-eastern point of the island and has an irregular [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]]. It consists of a [[nave]], [[transept]] and [[sacristy]]. To the north of the altar is a [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] window, and above a window is a carving of a bishop's head. The smaller church ruin to the south is from the 12th/13th centuries.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/site/2460/ | teideal=Inchbofin, St Rioch | suíomh=The Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain & Ireland }}</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:An tSionainn]] == Foclóireacht == # [[Foclóireacht na Gaeilge]] # [[Leabharlann an Ard Easpaig Marsh]]=[[Leabharlann Marsh]]- # [[foclóir.ie]]=[[focloir.ie]] == An Féineachas == [[An Féineachas]] (agus/nó b'fhéidir [[Seanchas]] / [[Béaloideas]]). Spreagtha ag ''[[:en:Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2025/March#8 March 2025|Recent additions, 8 March 2025]]'' ''[https://dil.ie/34117 othrus]'' ≈ fulaingt tinnis/othrais. Teimpléid; * [[Teimpléad:WD Bosca Sonraí Doiciméad]] * [[Teimpléad:efn]] Nuashonraithe (lámhscríbhinní): # [[Senchas Már]] (SM) # [[Bechbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Bechbretha agus Coibes Uisci Thairdne|SM #21]]) # [[Bretha Crólige]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #33]]) # [[Críth Gablach]] (MacA) # [[Gúbretha Caratniad]] ([[Bodleian Library]], [[Rawlinson B 502]]) As nua, iomlán: # [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici]] (CIH) # [[Sanas Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] (MacA) # [[Cethairṡlicht Athgabálae]] ([[Senchas Már#Cethairslicht Athgabálae|SM #2]]) # [[Sechtae]] ([[Senchas Már#Sechtae|SM #9]]) # [[Recholl Breth]] (SM #13) # [[Bretha Déin Chécht]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #34]]) # [[Muirbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Clár ábhar|SM #38]]) # [[Anfuigell]] (m.s., CnaT, LS 1387; MacA) # [[Berrad Airechta]] (CnaT, LS 1337) # [[Bretha Étgid]] ([[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann|ARÉ]] LS 23 P 3) # [[Cóic Conara Fugill]] (m.s., [[Uraicecht Becc]], [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Di Astud Chor]] (''via'' [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Mellbretha]] ([[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide|CnaT]], LS 1363) # [[Uí Lochlainn]] # [[Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] # [[CnaT BÁC, LS 1317]], [[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath, LS 1317]] # [[Bóaire]] # [[Coinmheadh is buannacht]] # [[Brehon Law Commission]] # [[Mac Aodhagáin]] &rightarrow; [[Mhic Aodhagáin]] # [[John Lynch (Gratianus Lucius)]] # [[Fearghas Ó Ceallaigh]] # [[Leabharlann COBÁC]] # [[Cathair Mhic Neachtain]] # [[Thom McGinty]] As nua, síolta: # [[Dlí Ceilteach]]- # [[Gabháil chine]]- # [[Cyfraith Hywel]]- # [[Galanas]]- # [[Accessus ad auctores]]- # [[Hapax legomenon]]- # [[Robert Atkinson]]- == Dlí luath na hÉireann == Fainic: sách fada, mionchúiseach agus as Béarla, mar bharr ar an donas. The particular "[https://www.teanglann.ie/ga/fgb/féineachas An] [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20Irish%20law/ Féineachas]" aside, I'm looking at the general phrase "early Irish law". My dad was a fishmonger and was always careful to say about his produce "smoked Irish salmon" and not "Irish smoked salmon", if you see the difference. Is it then "early law of ..." or "law of early ..."? Is "Irish" the language (surely not), the culture, the people or the nation, and in what period? Should "early" be translated as luath or moch? If luath, should it be "luath-" or "- luath"? Given those options, "early Irish law" could be anything from "luathdhlí Gaelach" to "dlí na hÉireann moiche" and points in between. I favour the former. Similarly, for "Celtic law" I favour "dlí Ceilteach", i.e., the culture not the people (the Celts, ... na gCeilteach). Notes: * Moch: cf. [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20modern%20irish/ Nua-Ghaeilge Mhoch] on téarma.ie * "Irish": Gaelach, na nGael, Éireannach, na hÉireann? * What about Welsh, English or Roman law? {{Dlí luath na hÉireann}} == Téamh domhanda == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir Ann cheana: * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] ''Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy 'Cúis'eanna nua: # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas # [[Astaíocht charbóin]] '' Carbon emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture tk4vujv1kv0x3fh1x19wdplm9pakmpm 1269434 1269432 2025-06-11T09:56:27Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Foclóireacht */ 1269434 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Litríocht == # ''[[:en:Foraire Uladh ar Aodh|Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]]'' - [[Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]] # ''[[:en:Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh|Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]]'' - [[Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]] # ''[[:en:Dominican Annals of Roscommon|Dominican Annals of Roscommon]]'' - [[Annála Doiminiceacha Ros Comáin]] # ''[[:en:Inchcleraun|Inchcleraun]]'' - [[Inis Cloithrinn]] # ''[[:en:Inchbofin|Inchbofin]]'' - [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí]] # ''[[:en:Ranna an aeir|Ranna an aeir]]'' - [[Ranna an aeir]] Déanta: # [[Murúch]]- # [[Tongu do dia toinges mo thúath]]- # [[Remscéla]]=[[Réamhscéalta]] # [[Bernhard Maier]] # [[Lebor Bretnach]]=[[Leabhar Breatnach]] # [[Irish Astronomical Tract]]=[[]] == Annales Dominicani de Roscoman == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} [[Íomhá:Roscommon_Priory_-_aerial_-_2024-12-27_01.jpg|thumb|'' Ruins of Roscommon Dominican Priory]] The '''Dominican Annals of Roscommon''' ({{Lang|la|Annales Dominicani de Roscoman}}) is an [[Annála Éireannacha]], covering events, mainly in Connacht and its neighbouring regions, from 1163 to 1314, spanning the period of the [[Ionradh na Normannach ar Éirinn]] and the early part of [[Tiarnas na hÉireann]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://groups.io/g/Educator-Gold/topic/digital_humanities_digital/334356 | teideal=CELT Project: The Corpus of Electronic Texts | suíomh=groups.io }}</ref> It also mentions some matters to do with the [[na Doiminicigh]], [[An Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach] matters in general, and political relations with [[Ríocht Shasana]].<ref name=adrcelt>{{lua idirlín |url=https://celt.ucc.ie/published/L100015A/ |teideal=Annales Dominicani de Roscoman |suíomh=celt.ucc.ie }}</ref> It was compiled in [[Laidin]] in [[Roscommon Dominican Priory]] (Blackfriars).<ref>Finn, R. (2023:10). ''The Dominicans in the British Isles and Beyond: A New History of the English Province of the Friars Preachers''. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.</ref> The abbey was founded by and supported by the [[Uí Chonchúir]] [[ríthe na gConnacht]]. Occasional examples of pro-O'Connor bias are noted: for example, the [[Blinding (punishment)|blinding]] of Muirchertach Ua Conchobair by his brother, the king [[Ruaidrí mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair|Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair]], is not mentioned, and when the 1193 [[creachadh]] of the monastery on [[Inchcleraun]] is mentioned, it is attributed to [[Gilbert de Lacy]], whereas the [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] mention that [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair]] was also responsible.<ref name=adrcelt/> The largest part of the Annals are attributed to [[Odo O'Hanmerech]] (died in 1306). The annals survive in a seventeenth-century manuscript that once belonged to [[James Ware]]. Among its notable entries are a mention of the drying-up of the River Galvia, apparently an early name for [[Abhainn na Gaillimhe]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://steemit.com/ireland/@harlotscurse/a-sova-potamoy-ekvolai | teideal=Αὐσοβα Ποταμου Εκβολαι | dáta=3ú Meán Fómhair 2018 | suíomh=Steemit }}</ref> == Féach freisin * [[Annála Éireannacha]] == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Annála Éireannacha]] {{síol-ie}} == Inis Cloithrinn == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Séadchomhartha}} 91<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=National Monuments of County Longford in State Care | url = http://www.archaeology.ie/sites/default/files/media/pdf/monuments-in-state-care-longford.pdf | page=1 | suíomh=heritageireland.ie | foilsitheoir=National Monument Service | dátarochtana=2a Iúil 2020 }}</ref> '' '''Inis Cloithrinn''', is an island situated in [[Loch Rí]] on the [[an tSionainn]], in central Ireland.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | teideal=Inchcleraun Island / Quaker Island - Longford - | ainm=Michael | Aoine=Heraghty | dáta=15ú Deireadh Fómhair 2004 | dátarochtana=22a Meitheamh 2016 | archive-date=8ú Lúnasa 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160808025929/http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/historical-features-of-co/islands/ | teideal=Islands }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/longford/inchcleraun/ | teideal=Inchcleraun (quaker island), County Longford }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordtourism.ie/see-do/attractions/lough-ree/ | teideal=Lough Ree }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> '' The island is home to the ruins of St. Diarmaid's Monastery, a [[mainistir]] founded by [[Diarmaid the Just]] in AD 560. These buildings constitute a [[Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]]. == An Inis '' Inis Cloithrinn is an island of {{Convert|57.7|ha|abbr=on}} located in the centre of [[Loch Rí]], with [[Cnoc an Chrochaire]], Contae Ros Comáin to its west and [[Baile Nua an Chaisil]], Contae Longfoirt to its east. [[Íomhá:Inchcleraun Monastery.jpg|thumb|Mainister Inis Cloithrinn]] == Stair '' The island takes its name from Irish for "[[Cloithre]]'s Island". In [[Miotaseolaíocht na nGael]], Clothru was a daughter of [[Eochaid Feidlech]], then [[ardrí na hÉireann]]. She became the Queen of Connacht after her father's death, and once owned the island. Her sister, [[Medb]], retired to Inchcleraun after Medb's husband [[Ailill mac Máta]] killed her lover [[Fergus mac Róich]]. One point is called '' Grianán Maebha '', and nearby is ''Ionad Marbhtha Meidhbhe'', where she was killed by a stone thrown from [[Elfeet Castle]], on the Longford side of the lake. In other versions of the legend, it is a lump of cheese fired from a [[slingshot]] by a nephew of Clothru.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordlibrary.ie/lib_arc_inside.aspx?id=15036 | teideal=Longford Library | ainm=Longford | sloinne=Library }}</ref> [[Íomhá:Myths and legends; the Celtic race (1910) (14596952367).jpg|thumb|'' "The Death of Maev" ([[T. W. Rolleston]], 1910); Forbay with [[sling (weapon)|sling]] in foreground, Medb bathing in the background.]] '' The name "Quaker Island" is more recent, and owes to the island being owned at one time by [[Cumann na gCarad|Caecar]]. The island is today owned by the Irish state. === Tagairtí annálacha === Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM) * '''ACM 719.2:''' '' S. Sionach Innsi Clothrann d'écc an fichetmhadh lá do mí April. *'''769''' Curoi, the son of Alniadh, Abbot and Sage of Inchcleraun, and of Caill Fochladha ([[Loch Dairbhreach]]) in Meath died. * '''ACM 780.6:''' '' Eochaidh mac Focartai, abb Fochladha, & Insi Clothrann, [d'ecc] *'''1010''' The men of [[an Mhumhain]] plundered Inchcleraun and [[Inis Bó Finne]] * '''ACM 1050.22:''' '' Inis Clothrand do orccain.<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> *'''1087''' The fleet of the men of Munster, with [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], sailed on the Shannon to Lough Ree and plundered the islands of the lake (inc. Inchcleraun) * '''ACM 1136.1:''' '' Aodh Ua Finn, epscop na [[Bréifne]], do écc i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1141.7:''' '' Giolla na Naomh Ua Ferghaile, toiseach Muintire [[an Anaíle|h-Anghaile]] fer ard-raith Ereann d'ég, iar c-cian-aois, & a adhnacal a n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1150.10:''' '' Murchadh, mac Giolla na Naemh Uí Fherghail, tuir ordáin, & airechais Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrand. * '''ACM 1160.3:''' '' Giolla na Naemh Ua Duinn [[ollamh Éireann|fer léighinn]] Insi Clothrann, saoi senchusa, & dána, & degh-fher labhra, ro fhaidh-sein [''sent''] a spirat co a athardha etir coraidh aingel an 17 do December iarsan ochtmhadh bliadhain ar chaogad a aoise. * '''ACM 1167.3:''' '' Cionaeth Ua Cethernaigh, sagart Insi Clothrann [d'écc] * '''ACM 1168.16:''' '' Dubhcobhlach, the daughter of O'Quinn, wife of Mac Corgamna, died and was interred in Inchcleraun. Dubh Chobhlaigh, inghen Uí Chuinn, ben Mic Carrgamhna, d'écc iar buaidh ongtha & aithrighe, & a h-adhnacal i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1170.5:''' '' Diarmaid Ua Braoin, comharba Commáin, & áird-shenóir Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann iarsan cúicceadh bliadhain nochad a aoisi. * '''ACM 1174.6:''' '' Ruaidhri Ua Cearbhaill tighearna [[Ele|Éile]] do mharbhadh ar lár Innsi Clothrann. * '''ACM 1189.8:''' '' ... ar as ann ro bátar geill [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair|Conchobhair Maonmuighe] i n-Inis Clothrann for Loch Ribh an tan-sin. * '''ACM 1193.10:''' '' Inis Clothrann do orgain la macaibh Oisdealb, & la macaibh Conchobhair Maonmaighe. * '''ACM 1232.3:''' '' Tiopraitte Ua Braoin comhorba Commáin saoí cléircechta, sencusa, & breithemhnassa d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann i n-a ailithre. * '''ACM 1244.1:''' '' Donnchadh mac Finghin mic Maoil Seachlainn mic Aodha mic Toirrdhealbaigh Uí Conchobhair epscop Oile Finn d'écc an 23. April i n-Inis Clothrand, & a adhncacal i [[Mainistir na Búille|Mainistir na Buille]]. === Foirgnimh === '' Between 800 and 1300 the island and its churches were repeatedly plundered and burned by invaders, so the buildings are in ruins today. Six of the island's churches are surrounded by an [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]] in the southeast corner of the island. === Teampall Diarmada '' Teampall Diarmada is the monastery founded by Saint [[Diarmaid the Just]] (who was a teacher of [[Ciarán of Clonmacnoise]]) in 540 AD. This church once had a stone roof.<ref name=newtowncashel>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> === Teampall Mór '' Teampall Mór stands within four metres to the north of Teampall Diarmada. It consists of a single nave. Its plain masonry walls are in relatively good condition. There are two lancet windows at the east end, which are long, narrow and recessed. The windows on the south side have the appearance of later additions and are unsymmetrical. All traces of doors have vanished, but the opes, which have been arched and protected by the Board of Works, seem to indicate the position of a west door and an entrance on the north side to the cloister. An upper chamber exists. '' The interior walls of the church were once plastered. The walls have lost their distinctive features of detail, except for the east window, which is similar in construction to that of the Teampall Clogas. The interior arch of the east window is circular, built of four stones. The exterior has only two stones forming a pointed arch. '' There is the remains of an altar, built of rubble work but without the altar slab. The door in the south wall of the nave has a circular moulding. The north door is only a gap. '' This church is situated a short distance to the south of the cluster of churches. It is more modern in appearance than any of the others. At the north-west corner is a more modern chamber with no visible entrance. Near this church, half buried with its face downward is a stone bearing incised on its surface a Celtic interlaced cross with an Irish inscription.<ref name=newtowncashel/> === Templemurry '' Templemurry is the largest church on the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> According to local lore, any woman who enters Templemurray will die within a year. === Teampall Clogas '' Teampall Clogas is one of the churches, and stands alone at the highest point of the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> It has a square [[clogas]], which is attached to the main building. Most churches of this era had [[Irish round tower|round towers]], separate from the main building. It is located on the northern part of the island and is visible from the shoreline. On the plan the church is rectangular, being {{Convert|10.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} by {{Convert|5.1|m|ft|abbr=on}}. == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]] == Inis Bó Finne == :''Gan bheith measctha le [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na Gaillimhe]] agus [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae Dhún na nGall]]. Féach [[Inis Bó Finne]] (Idirdhealán). Is oileán suite i [[Loch Rí]] ar an [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]] is ea '''Inis Bó Finne'''.<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=Inis Bó Finne | url=http://www.logainm.ie/ga/50983 | dátarochtana=2022-11-24 | suíomh=logainm.ie | teanga=ga }}</ref> == An inis '' Inis Bó Finne is an island of {{Convert|26.6|ha|abbr=on}} located in the eastern arm of [[Loch Rí]], with [[An Teanga, Contae na hIarmhí]] the nearest village. == Stair 213 '' Saint [[Ríoch]] is said to have founded a Christian monastery on Inis Bó Finne in AD 530.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/westmeath/inchbofin/ | teideal=Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí }}</ref> The [[Laidin]] [[calque]]s ''Īnsula Vaccae Albae'' or ''Īnsula Vitulae Albae'' are also used on occasion.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/lakelands-of-westmeath/lough-ree/islands-of-lough-ree/inchboffin/ | teideal=Inchboffin }}</ref> The monastery was of the [[Canons Regular of Saint Augustine]]. '' The ''Topographical Dictionary of Ireland'' (1837) said that of Inchbofin's {{convert|64|acre|abbr=on}}, there were {{CONVERT|27|acre|abbr=on}} suitable for [[arable land|arable]] use.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.johngrenham.com/records/lewis.php?civilparishid=2490&civilparish=&county=Westmeath&&search_type=full | teideal=Lewis' Topographical Dictionary | ainm=John | sloinne=Grenham }}</ref> Griffith's Valuation (mid-19th century) mentions three families on the island: Skelly, Connell and Heffernan; the island was owned by Susan Galbraith. In the 1911 census, there were 13 people living on the island, of the same 3 families.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/search/results.jsp?census_year=1911&surname=&exact=&firstname=&county19011911=Westmeath&county1821=&county1831=&county1841=&county1851=&townland=inchbofin&ded=&age=&sex=&relationToHead=&religion=&education=&occupation=&marriageStatus=&marriageYears=&childrenBorn=&childrenLiving=&birthplace=&language=&deafdumb=&search=Search&sort=&pageSize=&houseNumber=&familiesNumber=&malesNumber=&femalesNumber=&maleServNumber=&femaleServNumber=&estChurchNumber=&romanCatNumber=&presbNumberDiv=&protNumber=&parish=&barony=&yearsMarried=&causeOfDeath=&yearOfDeath=&familyId=&ageInMonths=&pager.offset=0 | teideal=National Archives: Census of Ireland 1911 }}</ref> '' In the winter of 2009, the [[Irish Air Corps]] sent a helicopter to the island to deliver cattle fodder for the last farmer on the island, John Connell, after Loch Rí froze solid.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.independent.ie/life/travel/ireland/secret-ireland-lough-ree-26692248.html | teideal=Secret Ireland: Lough Ree | foilsitheoir=Independent.ie }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2010/01/13/3993995-air-corps-comes-to-athlone-to-deliver-fodder-to-lough-ree-islands | teideal=Air Corps comes to Athlone to deliver fodder to Lough Ree islands | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref>. He was the last permanent resident of the island and died on 12 February 2018.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2018/02/13/4152121-end-of-an-era-as-last-islander-passes/ | teideal=End of an era as last islander sies | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref> == Tagairtí annálacha Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM), [[Annála Inis Faithlinn]] (AIF), [[Annála Tiarnaigh]] (AT), [[Annála Uladh]] (AU) * '''ACM 750.3''': '' Fiangalach, mac Anmchadha, mic Maoile Curaich, abb Insi Bo Finne for Loch Ribh[, d'écc]<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005A/text058.html | title=Part 58 of Annals of the Four Masters | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AU 755.5''': ..., '' Fiangalach m. Anmchada filii Maele Curaich abb Innse Bo Finne for Loch Ri ... mortui sunt<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100001A.html | title=The Annals of Ulster | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AIF 922.2''': '' Tomrair mc. Elgi, iarla do Gallaib ... luid for Loch Rí coro oirg a h-uile inse, ... * '''AIF 1016.1''': '' Sloged mór la mc. m-[[Brian Bóraimhe|Briain]] co Loch Rí coro ort<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrand]] & Inis Bó Finne * '''ACM 1089.8''': '' Cobhlach Fer Mumhan .i. im [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], do thiachtain for [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]], & for [[Loch Rí|Loch Ribh]] co ro airccset<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> cealla an locha, .i. [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrann]], Inis Bó Finne, Inis Aingginn [''Hare Island''] & Cluain Eamhain<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005B/text019.html | teideal=Annála na gCeithre Máistrí (cuid 19) | publisher=CELT }}</ref> * '''AT 1089.1''': '' Coblach mor la Muirchertach h-Úa mBriain ríg Muman for Sinaind & for Loch Ri, co ro aírgset Inis Bo Finde & Inis Clothrann... == Foirgnimh '' The remains of two churches survive on Inchbofin. One (12th century) is at the north-eastern point of the island and has an irregular [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]]. It consists of a [[nave]], [[transept]] and [[sacristy]]. To the north of the altar is a [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] window, and above a window is a carving of a bishop's head. The smaller church ruin to the south is from the 12th/13th centuries.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/site/2460/ | teideal=Inchbofin, St Rioch | suíomh=The Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain & Ireland }}</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:An tSionainn]] == Foclóireacht == Déanta: # [[Foclóireacht na Gaeilge]] # [[Leabharlann an Ard Easpaig Marsh]]=[[Leabharlann Marsh]]- # [[foclóir.ie]]=[[focloir.ie]] == An Féineachas == [[An Féineachas]] (agus/nó b'fhéidir [[Seanchas]] / [[Béaloideas]]). Spreagtha ag ''[[:en:Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2025/March#8 March 2025|Recent additions, 8 March 2025]]'' ''[https://dil.ie/34117 othrus]'' ≈ fulaingt tinnis/othrais. Teimpléid; * [[Teimpléad:WD Bosca Sonraí Doiciméad]] * [[Teimpléad:efn]] Nuashonraithe (lámhscríbhinní): # [[Senchas Már]] (SM) # [[Bechbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Bechbretha agus Coibes Uisci Thairdne|SM #21]]) # [[Bretha Crólige]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #33]]) # [[Críth Gablach]] (MacA) # [[Gúbretha Caratniad]] ([[Bodleian Library]], [[Rawlinson B 502]]) As nua, iomlán: # [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici]] (CIH) # [[Sanas Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] (MacA) # [[Cethairṡlicht Athgabálae]] ([[Senchas Már#Cethairslicht Athgabálae|SM #2]]) # [[Sechtae]] ([[Senchas Már#Sechtae|SM #9]]) # [[Recholl Breth]] (SM #13) # [[Bretha Déin Chécht]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #34]]) # [[Muirbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Clár ábhar|SM #38]]) # [[Anfuigell]] (m.s., CnaT, LS 1387; MacA) # [[Berrad Airechta]] (CnaT, LS 1337) # [[Bretha Étgid]] ([[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann|ARÉ]] LS 23 P 3) # [[Cóic Conara Fugill]] (m.s., [[Uraicecht Becc]], [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Di Astud Chor]] (''via'' [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Mellbretha]] ([[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide|CnaT]], LS 1363) # [[Uí Lochlainn]] # [[Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] # [[CnaT BÁC, LS 1317]], [[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath, LS 1317]] # [[Bóaire]] # [[Coinmheadh is buannacht]] # [[Brehon Law Commission]] # [[Mac Aodhagáin]] &rightarrow; [[Mhic Aodhagáin]] # [[John Lynch (Gratianus Lucius)]] # [[Fearghas Ó Ceallaigh]] # [[Leabharlann COBÁC]] # [[Cathair Mhic Neachtain]] # [[Thom McGinty]] As nua, síolta: # [[Dlí Ceilteach]]- # [[Gabháil chine]]- # [[Cyfraith Hywel]]- # [[Galanas]]- # [[Accessus ad auctores]]- # [[Hapax legomenon]]- # [[Robert Atkinson]]- == Dlí luath na hÉireann == Fainic: sách fada, mionchúiseach agus as Béarla, mar bharr ar an donas. The particular "[https://www.teanglann.ie/ga/fgb/féineachas An] [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20Irish%20law/ Féineachas]" aside, I'm looking at the general phrase "early Irish law". My dad was a fishmonger and was always careful to say about his produce "smoked Irish salmon" and not "Irish smoked salmon", if you see the difference. Is it then "early law of ..." or "law of early ..."? Is "Irish" the language (surely not), the culture, the people or the nation, and in what period? Should "early" be translated as luath or moch? If luath, should it be "luath-" or "- luath"? Given those options, "early Irish law" could be anything from "luathdhlí Gaelach" to "dlí na hÉireann moiche" and points in between. I favour the former. Similarly, for "Celtic law" I favour "dlí Ceilteach", i.e., the culture not the people (the Celts, ... na gCeilteach). Notes: * Moch: cf. [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20modern%20irish/ Nua-Ghaeilge Mhoch] on téarma.ie * "Irish": Gaelach, na nGael, Éireannach, na hÉireann? * What about Welsh, English or Roman law? {{Dlí luath na hÉireann}} == Téamh domhanda == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir Ann cheana: * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] ''Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy 'Cúis'eanna nua: # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas # [[Astaíocht charbóin]] '' Carbon emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture 43geh29r8v6oksbezo0hm2l2io1mzah 1269436 1269434 2025-06-11T10:03:29Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 1269436 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Litríocht == # ''[[:en:Foraire Uladh ar Aodh|Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]]'' - [[Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]] # ''[[:en:Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh|Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]]'' - [[Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]] # ''[[:en:Dominican Annals of Roscommon|Dominican Annals of Roscommon]]'' - [[Annála Doiminiceacha Ros Comáin]] # ''[[:en:Inchcleraun|Inchcleraun]]'' - [[Inis Cloithrinn]] # ''[[:en:Inchbofin|Inchbofin]]'' - [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí]] # ''[[:en:Ranna an aeir|Ranna an aeir]]'' - [[Ranna an aeir]] Déanta: # [[Murúch]]- # [[Tongu do dia toinges mo thúath]]- # [[Remscéla]]=[[Réamhscéalta]] # [[Bernhard Maier]] # [[Lebor Bretnach]]=[[Leabhar Breatnach]] # [[Irish Astronomical Tract]]=[[]] == Annales Dominicani de Roscoman == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} [[Íomhá:Roscommon_Priory_-_aerial_-_2024-12-27_01.jpg|thumb|'' Ruins of Roscommon Dominican Priory]] The '''Dominican Annals of Roscommon''' ({{Lang|la|Annales Dominicani de Roscoman}}) is an [[Annála Éireannacha]], covering events, mainly in Connacht and its neighbouring regions, from 1163 to 1314, spanning the period of the [[Ionradh na Normannach ar Éirinn]] and the early part of [[Tiarnas na hÉireann]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://groups.io/g/Educator-Gold/topic/digital_humanities_digital/334356 | teideal=CELT Project: The Corpus of Electronic Texts | suíomh=groups.io }}</ref> It also mentions some matters to do with the [[na Doiminicigh]], [[An Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach] matters in general, and political relations with [[Ríocht Shasana]].<ref name=adrcelt>{{lua idirlín |url=https://celt.ucc.ie/published/L100015A/ |teideal=Annales Dominicani de Roscoman |suíomh=celt.ucc.ie }}</ref> It was compiled in [[Laidin]] in [[Roscommon Dominican Priory]] (Blackfriars).<ref>Finn, R. (2023:10). ''The Dominicans in the British Isles and Beyond: A New History of the English Province of the Friars Preachers''. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.</ref> The abbey was founded by and supported by the [[Uí Chonchúir]] [[ríthe na gConnacht]]. Occasional examples of pro-O'Connor bias are noted: for example, the [[Blinding (punishment)|blinding]] of Muirchertach Ua Conchobair by his brother, the king [[Ruaidrí mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair|Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair]], is not mentioned, and when the 1193 [[creachadh]] of the monastery on [[Inchcleraun]] is mentioned, it is attributed to [[Gilbert de Lacy]], whereas the [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] mention that [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair]] was also responsible.<ref name=adrcelt/> The largest part of the Annals are attributed to [[Odo O'Hanmerech]] (died in 1306). The annals survive in a seventeenth-century manuscript that once belonged to [[James Ware]]. Among its notable entries are a mention of the drying-up of the River Galvia, apparently an early name for [[Abhainn na Gaillimhe]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://steemit.com/ireland/@harlotscurse/a-sova-potamoy-ekvolai | teideal=Αὐσοβα Ποταμου Εκβολαι | dáta=3ú Meán Fómhair 2018 | suíomh=Steemit }}</ref> == Féach freisin * [[Annála Éireannacha]] == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Annála Éireannacha]] {{síol-ie}} == Inis Cloithrinn == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Séadchomhartha}} 91<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=National Monuments of County Longford in State Care | url = http://www.archaeology.ie/sites/default/files/media/pdf/monuments-in-state-care-longford.pdf | page=1 | suíomh=heritageireland.ie | foilsitheoir=National Monument Service | dátarochtana=2a Iúil 2020 }}</ref> '' '''Inis Cloithrinn''', is an island situated in [[Loch Rí]] on the [[an tSionainn]], in central Ireland.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | teideal=Inchcleraun Island / Quaker Island - Longford - | ainm=Michael | Aoine=Heraghty | dáta=15ú Deireadh Fómhair 2004 | dátarochtana=22a Meitheamh 2016 | archive-date=8ú Lúnasa 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160808025929/http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/historical-features-of-co/islands/ | teideal=Islands }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/longford/inchcleraun/ | teideal=Inchcleraun (quaker island), County Longford }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordtourism.ie/see-do/attractions/lough-ree/ | teideal=Lough Ree }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> '' The island is home to the ruins of St. Diarmaid's Monastery, a [[mainistir]] founded by [[Diarmaid the Just]] in AD 560. These buildings constitute a [[Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]]. == An Inis '' Inis Cloithrinn is an island of {{Convert|57.7|ha|abbr=on}} located in the centre of [[Loch Rí]], with [[Cnoc an Chrochaire]], Contae Ros Comáin to its west and [[Baile Nua an Chaisil]], Contae Longfoirt to its east. [[Íomhá:Inchcleraun Monastery.jpg|thumb|Mainister Inis Cloithrinn]] == Stair '' The island takes its name from Irish for "[[Cloithre]]'s Island". In [[Miotaseolaíocht na nGael]], Clothru was a daughter of [[Eochaid Feidlech]], then [[ardrí na hÉireann]]. She became the Queen of Connacht after her father's death, and once owned the island. Her sister, [[Medb]], retired to Inchcleraun after Medb's husband [[Ailill mac Máta]] killed her lover [[Fergus mac Róich]]. One point is called '' Grianán Maebha '', and nearby is ''Ionad Marbhtha Meidhbhe'', where she was killed by a stone thrown from [[Elfeet Castle]], on the Longford side of the lake. In other versions of the legend, it is a lump of cheese fired from a [[slingshot]] by a nephew of Clothru.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordlibrary.ie/lib_arc_inside.aspx?id=15036 | teideal=Longford Library | ainm=Longford | sloinne=Library }}</ref> [[Íomhá:Myths and legends; the Celtic race (1910) (14596952367).jpg|thumb|'' "The Death of Maev" ([[T. W. Rolleston]], 1910); Forbay with [[sling (weapon)|sling]] in foreground, Medb bathing in the background.]] '' The name "Quaker Island" is more recent, and owes to the island being owned at one time by [[Cumann na gCarad|Caecar]]. The island is today owned by the Irish state. === Tagairtí annálacha === Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM) * '''ACM 719.2:''' '' S. Sionach Innsi Clothrann d'écc an fichetmhadh lá do mí April. *'''769''' Curoi, the son of Alniadh, Abbot and Sage of Inchcleraun, and of Caill Fochladha ([[Loch Dairbhreach]]) in Meath died. * '''ACM 780.6:''' '' Eochaidh mac Focartai, abb Fochladha, & Insi Clothrann, [d'ecc] *'''1010''' The men of [[an Mhumhain]] plundered Inchcleraun and [[Inis Bó Finne]] * '''ACM 1050.22:''' '' Inis Clothrand do orccain.<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> *'''1087''' The fleet of the men of Munster, with [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], sailed on the Shannon to Lough Ree and plundered the islands of the lake (inc. Inchcleraun) * '''ACM 1136.1:''' '' Aodh Ua Finn, epscop na [[Bréifne]], do écc i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1141.7:''' '' Giolla na Naomh Ua Ferghaile, toiseach Muintire [[an Anaíle|h-Anghaile]] fer ard-raith Ereann d'ég, iar c-cian-aois, & a adhnacal a n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1150.10:''' '' Murchadh, mac Giolla na Naemh Uí Fherghail, tuir ordáin, & airechais Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrand. * '''ACM 1160.3:''' '' Giolla na Naemh Ua Duinn [[ollamh Éireann|fer léighinn]] Insi Clothrann, saoi senchusa, & dána, & degh-fher labhra, ro fhaidh-sein [''sent''] a spirat co a athardha etir coraidh aingel an 17 do December iarsan ochtmhadh bliadhain ar chaogad a aoise. * '''ACM 1167.3:''' '' Cionaeth Ua Cethernaigh, sagart Insi Clothrann [d'écc] * '''ACM 1168.16:''' '' Dubhcobhlach, the daughter of O'Quinn, wife of Mac Corgamna, died and was interred in Inchcleraun. Dubh Chobhlaigh, inghen Uí Chuinn, ben Mic Carrgamhna, d'écc iar buaidh ongtha & aithrighe, & a h-adhnacal i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1170.5:''' '' Diarmaid Ua Braoin, comharba Commáin, & áird-shenóir Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann iarsan cúicceadh bliadhain nochad a aoisi. * '''ACM 1174.6:''' '' Ruaidhri Ua Cearbhaill tighearna [[Ele|Éile]] do mharbhadh ar lár Innsi Clothrann. * '''ACM 1189.8:''' '' ... ar as ann ro bátar geill [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair|Conchobhair Maonmuighe] i n-Inis Clothrann for Loch Ribh an tan-sin. * '''ACM 1193.10:''' '' Inis Clothrann do orgain la macaibh Oisdealb, & la macaibh Conchobhair Maonmaighe. * '''ACM 1232.3:''' '' Tiopraitte Ua Braoin comhorba Commáin saoí cléircechta, sencusa, & breithemhnassa d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann i n-a ailithre. * '''ACM 1244.1:''' '' Donnchadh mac Finghin mic Maoil Seachlainn mic Aodha mic Toirrdhealbaigh Uí Conchobhair epscop Oile Finn d'écc an 23. April i n-Inis Clothrand, & a adhncacal i [[Mainistir na Búille|Mainistir na Buille]]. === Foirgnimh === '' Between 800 and 1300 the island and its churches were repeatedly plundered and burned by invaders, so the buildings are in ruins today. Six of the island's churches are surrounded by an [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]] in the southeast corner of the island. === Teampall Diarmada '' Teampall Diarmada is the monastery founded by Saint [[Diarmaid the Just]] (who was a teacher of [[Ciarán of Clonmacnoise]]) in 540 AD. This church once had a stone roof.<ref name=newtowncashel>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> === Teampall Mór '' Teampall Mór stands within four metres to the north of Teampall Diarmada. It consists of a single nave. Its plain masonry walls are in relatively good condition. There are two lancet windows at the east end, which are long, narrow and recessed. The windows on the south side have the appearance of later additions and are unsymmetrical. All traces of doors have vanished, but the opes, which have been arched and protected by the Board of Works, seem to indicate the position of a west door and an entrance on the north side to the cloister. An upper chamber exists. '' The interior walls of the church were once plastered. The walls have lost their distinctive features of detail, except for the east window, which is similar in construction to that of the Teampall Clogas. The interior arch of the east window is circular, built of four stones. The exterior has only two stones forming a pointed arch. '' There is the remains of an altar, built of rubble work but without the altar slab. The door in the south wall of the nave has a circular moulding. The north door is only a gap. '' This church is situated a short distance to the south of the cluster of churches. It is more modern in appearance than any of the others. At the north-west corner is a more modern chamber with no visible entrance. Near this church, half buried with its face downward is a stone bearing incised on its surface a Celtic interlaced cross with an Irish inscription.<ref name=newtowncashel/> === Templemurry '' Templemurry is the largest church on the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> According to local lore, any woman who enters Templemurray will die within a year. === Teampall Clogas '' Teampall Clogas is one of the churches, and stands alone at the highest point of the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> It has a square [[clogas]], which is attached to the main building. Most churches of this era had [[Irish round tower|round towers]], separate from the main building. It is located on the northern part of the island and is visible from the shoreline. On the plan the church is rectangular, being {{Convert|10.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} by {{Convert|5.1|m|ft|abbr=on}}. == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]] == Inis Bó Finne == :''Gan bheith measctha le [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na Gaillimhe]] agus [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae Dhún na nGall]]. Féach [[Inis Bó Finne]] (Idirdhealán). Is oileán suite i [[Loch Rí]] ar an [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]] is ea '''Inis Bó Finne'''.<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=Inis Bó Finne | url=http://www.logainm.ie/ga/50983 | dátarochtana=2022-11-24 | suíomh=logainm.ie | teanga=ga }}</ref> == An inis '' Inis Bó Finne is an island of {{Convert|26.6|ha|abbr=on}} located in the eastern arm of [[Loch Rí]], with [[An Teanga, Contae na hIarmhí]] the nearest village. == Stair 213 '' Saint [[Ríoch]] is said to have founded a Christian monastery on Inis Bó Finne in AD 530.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/westmeath/inchbofin/ | teideal=Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí }}</ref> The [[Laidin]] [[calque]]s ''Īnsula Vaccae Albae'' or ''Īnsula Vitulae Albae'' are also used on occasion.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/lakelands-of-westmeath/lough-ree/islands-of-lough-ree/inchboffin/ | teideal=Inchboffin }}</ref> The monastery was of the [[Canons Regular of Saint Augustine]]. '' The ''Topographical Dictionary of Ireland'' (1837) said that of Inchbofin's {{convert|64|acre|abbr=on}}, there were {{CONVERT|27|acre|abbr=on}} suitable for [[arable land|arable]] use.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.johngrenham.com/records/lewis.php?civilparishid=2490&civilparish=&county=Westmeath&&search_type=full | teideal=Lewis' Topographical Dictionary | ainm=John | sloinne=Grenham }}</ref> Griffith's Valuation (mid-19th century) mentions three families on the island: Skelly, Connell and Heffernan; the island was owned by Susan Galbraith. In the 1911 census, there were 13 people living on the island, of the same 3 families.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/search/results.jsp?census_year=1911&surname=&exact=&firstname=&county19011911=Westmeath&county1821=&county1831=&county1841=&county1851=&townland=inchbofin&ded=&age=&sex=&relationToHead=&religion=&education=&occupation=&marriageStatus=&marriageYears=&childrenBorn=&childrenLiving=&birthplace=&language=&deafdumb=&search=Search&sort=&pageSize=&houseNumber=&familiesNumber=&malesNumber=&femalesNumber=&maleServNumber=&femaleServNumber=&estChurchNumber=&romanCatNumber=&presbNumberDiv=&protNumber=&parish=&barony=&yearsMarried=&causeOfDeath=&yearOfDeath=&familyId=&ageInMonths=&pager.offset=0 | teideal=National Archives: Census of Ireland 1911 }}</ref> '' In the winter of 2009, the [[Irish Air Corps]] sent a helicopter to the island to deliver cattle fodder for the last farmer on the island, John Connell, after Loch Rí froze solid.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.independent.ie/life/travel/ireland/secret-ireland-lough-ree-26692248.html | teideal=Secret Ireland: Lough Ree | foilsitheoir=Independent.ie }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2010/01/13/3993995-air-corps-comes-to-athlone-to-deliver-fodder-to-lough-ree-islands | teideal=Air Corps comes to Athlone to deliver fodder to Lough Ree islands | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref>. He was the last permanent resident of the island and died on 12 February 2018.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2018/02/13/4152121-end-of-an-era-as-last-islander-passes/ | teideal=End of an era as last islander sies | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref> == Tagairtí annálacha Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM), [[Annála Inis Faithlinn]] (AIF), [[Annála Tiarnaigh]] (AT), [[Annála Uladh]] (AU) * '''ACM 750.3''': '' Fiangalach, mac Anmchadha, mic Maoile Curaich, abb Insi Bo Finne for Loch Ribh[, d'écc]<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005A/text058.html | title=Part 58 of Annals of the Four Masters | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AU 755.5''': ..., '' Fiangalach m. Anmchada filii Maele Curaich abb Innse Bo Finne for Loch Ri ... mortui sunt<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100001A.html | title=The Annals of Ulster | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AIF 922.2''': '' Tomrair mc. Elgi, iarla do Gallaib ... luid for Loch Rí coro oirg a h-uile inse, ... * '''AIF 1016.1''': '' Sloged mór la mc. m-[[Brian Bóraimhe|Briain]] co Loch Rí coro ort<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrand]] & Inis Bó Finne * '''ACM 1089.8''': '' Cobhlach Fer Mumhan .i. im [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], do thiachtain for [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]], & for [[Loch Rí|Loch Ribh]] co ro airccset<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> cealla an locha, .i. [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrann]], Inis Bó Finne, Inis Aingginn [''Hare Island''] & Cluain Eamhain<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005B/text019.html | teideal=Annála na gCeithre Máistrí (cuid 19) | publisher=CELT }}</ref> * '''AT 1089.1''': '' Coblach mor la Muirchertach h-Úa mBriain ríg Muman for Sinaind & for Loch Ri, co ro aírgset Inis Bo Finde & Inis Clothrann... == Foirgnimh '' The remains of two churches survive on Inchbofin. One (12th century) is at the north-eastern point of the island and has an irregular [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]]. It consists of a [[nave]], [[transept]] and [[sacristy]]. To the north of the altar is a [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] window, and above a window is a carving of a bishop's head. The smaller church ruin to the south is from the 12th/13th centuries.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/site/2460/ | teideal=Inchbofin, St Rioch | suíomh=The Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain & Ireland }}</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:An tSionainn]] == Ranna an aeir == {{tl|teideal iodálach}} __NOTOC__ '' ''''' Ranna an aeir ''''' ("The Constellations") is the title of a medieval Irish astronomical tract, thought to date from c.1500–1550. '' Scríobhadh é as [[Nua-Ghaeilge]] moch, le cúpla focal as [[Béarla]] agus [[Laidin]]. == Lámhscríbhinní * [[National Library of Scotland]]; Advocates 72.1.2 olim Gaelic II (The [[National Library of Ireland]] holds a microfilm copy (n. 307, p.&nbsp;452)). == Eagráin * A. O. Anderson, ''Ranna an aeir [The Constellations]'' in ''[[Revue Celtique]]'', Ed. [[Henri d'Arbois de Jubainville]], Volume 30, Paris, F. Vieweg (1909) page 404–417 == Féach freisin * [[An Irish Astronomical Tract]] == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} [[Category:Astronomy in Ireland]] [[Category:Litríocht na hÉireann]] {{síol-ie}} == Foclóireacht == Déanta: # [[Foclóireacht na Gaeilge]] # [[Leabharlann an Ard Easpaig Marsh]]=[[Leabharlann Marsh]]- # [[foclóir.ie]]=[[focloir.ie]] == An Féineachas == [[An Féineachas]] (agus/nó b'fhéidir [[Seanchas]] / [[Béaloideas]]). Spreagtha ag ''[[:en:Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2025/March#8 March 2025|Recent additions, 8 March 2025]]'' ''[https://dil.ie/34117 othrus]'' ≈ fulaingt tinnis/othrais. Teimpléid; * [[Teimpléad:WD Bosca Sonraí Doiciméad]] * [[Teimpléad:efn]] Nuashonraithe (lámhscríbhinní): # [[Senchas Már]] (SM) # [[Bechbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Bechbretha agus Coibes Uisci Thairdne|SM #21]]) # [[Bretha Crólige]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #33]]) # [[Críth Gablach]] (MacA) # [[Gúbretha Caratniad]] ([[Bodleian Library]], [[Rawlinson B 502]]) As nua, iomlán: # [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici]] (CIH) # [[Sanas Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] (MacA) # [[Cethairṡlicht Athgabálae]] ([[Senchas Már#Cethairslicht Athgabálae|SM #2]]) # [[Sechtae]] ([[Senchas Már#Sechtae|SM #9]]) # [[Recholl Breth]] (SM #13) # [[Bretha Déin Chécht]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #34]]) # [[Muirbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Clár ábhar|SM #38]]) # [[Anfuigell]] (m.s., CnaT, LS 1387; MacA) # [[Berrad Airechta]] (CnaT, LS 1337) # [[Bretha Étgid]] ([[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann|ARÉ]] LS 23 P 3) # [[Cóic Conara Fugill]] (m.s., [[Uraicecht Becc]], [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Di Astud Chor]] (''via'' [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Mellbretha]] ([[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide|CnaT]], LS 1363) # [[Uí Lochlainn]] # [[Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] # [[CnaT BÁC, LS 1317]], [[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath, LS 1317]] # [[Bóaire]] # [[Coinmheadh is buannacht]] # [[Brehon Law Commission]] # [[Mac Aodhagáin]] &rightarrow; [[Mhic Aodhagáin]] # [[John Lynch (Gratianus Lucius)]] # [[Fearghas Ó Ceallaigh]] # [[Leabharlann COBÁC]] # [[Cathair Mhic Neachtain]] # [[Thom McGinty]] As nua, síolta: # [[Dlí Ceilteach]]- # [[Gabháil chine]]- # [[Cyfraith Hywel]]- # [[Galanas]]- # [[Accessus ad auctores]]- # [[Hapax legomenon]]- # [[Robert Atkinson]]- == Dlí luath na hÉireann == Fainic: sách fada, mionchúiseach agus as Béarla, mar bharr ar an donas. The particular "[https://www.teanglann.ie/ga/fgb/féineachas An] [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20Irish%20law/ Féineachas]" aside, I'm looking at the general phrase "early Irish law". My dad was a fishmonger and was always careful to say about his produce "smoked Irish salmon" and not "Irish smoked salmon", if you see the difference. Is it then "early law of ..." or "law of early ..."? Is "Irish" the language (surely not), the culture, the people or the nation, and in what period? Should "early" be translated as luath or moch? If luath, should it be "luath-" or "- luath"? Given those options, "early Irish law" could be anything from "luathdhlí Gaelach" to "dlí na hÉireann moiche" and points in between. I favour the former. Similarly, for "Celtic law" I favour "dlí Ceilteach", i.e., the culture not the people (the Celts, ... na gCeilteach). Notes: * Moch: cf. [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20modern%20irish/ Nua-Ghaeilge Mhoch] on téarma.ie * "Irish": Gaelach, na nGael, Éireannach, na hÉireann? * What about Welsh, English or Roman law? {{Dlí luath na hÉireann}} == Téamh domhanda == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir Ann cheana: * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] ''Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy 'Cúis'eanna nua: # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas # [[Astaíocht charbóin]] '' Carbon emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture km6vho0cs0805abft40hhgm5g6xozsd 1269437 1269436 2025-06-11T10:09:09Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 1269437 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Litríocht == # ''[[:en:Foraire Uladh ar Aodh|Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]]'' - [[Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]] # ''[[:en:Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh|Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]]'' - [[Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]] # ''[[:en:Dominican Annals of Roscommon|Dominican Annals of Roscommon]]'' - [[Annála Doiminiceacha Ros Comáin]] # ''[[:en:Inchcleraun|Inchcleraun]]'' - [[Inis Cloithrinn]] # ''[[:en:Inchbofin|Inchbofin]]'' - [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí]] # ''[[:en:Ranna an aeir|Ranna an aeir]]'' - [[Ranna an aeir]] Déanta: # [[Murúch]]- # [[Tongu do dia toinges mo thúath]]- # [[Remscéla]]=[[Réamhscéalta]] # [[Bernhard Maier]] # [[Lebor Bretnach]]=[[Leabhar Breatnach]] # [[Irish Astronomical Tract]]=[[]] == Annales Dominicani de Roscoman == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} [[Íomhá:Roscommon_Priory_-_aerial_-_2024-12-27_01.jpg|thumb|'' Ruins of Roscommon Dominican Priory]] The '''Dominican Annals of Roscommon''' ({{Lang|la|Annales Dominicani de Roscoman}}) is an [[Annála Éireannacha]], covering events, mainly in Connacht and its neighbouring regions, from 1163 to 1314, spanning the period of the [[Ionradh na Normannach ar Éirinn]] and the early part of [[Tiarnas na hÉireann]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://groups.io/g/Educator-Gold/topic/digital_humanities_digital/334356 | teideal=CELT Project: The Corpus of Electronic Texts | suíomh=groups.io }}</ref> It also mentions some matters to do with the [[na Doiminicigh]], [[An Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach] matters in general, and political relations with [[Ríocht Shasana]].<ref name=adrcelt>{{lua idirlín |url=https://celt.ucc.ie/published/L100015A/ |teideal=Annales Dominicani de Roscoman |suíomh=celt.ucc.ie }}</ref> It was compiled in [[Laidin]] in [[Roscommon Dominican Priory]] (Blackfriars).<ref>Finn, R. (2023:10). ''The Dominicans in the British Isles and Beyond: A New History of the English Province of the Friars Preachers''. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.</ref> The abbey was founded by and supported by the [[Uí Chonchúir]] [[ríthe na gConnacht]]. Occasional examples of pro-O'Connor bias are noted: for example, the [[Blinding (punishment)|blinding]] of Muirchertach Ua Conchobair by his brother, the king [[Ruaidrí mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair|Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair]], is not mentioned, and when the 1193 [[creachadh]] of the monastery on [[Inchcleraun]] is mentioned, it is attributed to [[Gilbert de Lacy]], whereas the [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] mention that [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair]] was also responsible.<ref name=adrcelt/> The largest part of the Annals are attributed to [[Odo O'Hanmerech]] (died in 1306). The annals survive in a seventeenth-century manuscript that once belonged to [[James Ware]]. Among its notable entries are a mention of the drying-up of the River Galvia, apparently an early name for [[Abhainn na Gaillimhe]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://steemit.com/ireland/@harlotscurse/a-sova-potamoy-ekvolai | teideal=Αὐσοβα Ποταμου Εκβολαι | dáta=3ú Meán Fómhair 2018 | suíomh=Steemit }}</ref> == Féach freisin * [[Annála Éireannacha]] == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Annála Éireannacha]] {{síol-ie}} == Inis Cloithrinn == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Séadchomhartha}} 91<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=National Monuments of County Longford in State Care | url = http://www.archaeology.ie/sites/default/files/media/pdf/monuments-in-state-care-longford.pdf | page=1 | suíomh=heritageireland.ie | foilsitheoir=National Monument Service | dátarochtana=2a Iúil 2020 }}</ref> '' '''Inis Cloithrinn''', is an island situated in [[Loch Rí]] on the [[an tSionainn]], in central Ireland.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | teideal=Inchcleraun Island / Quaker Island - Longford - | ainm=Michael | Aoine=Heraghty | dáta=15ú Deireadh Fómhair 2004 | dátarochtana=22a Meitheamh 2016 | archive-date=8ú Lúnasa 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160808025929/http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/historical-features-of-co/islands/ | teideal=Islands }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/longford/inchcleraun/ | teideal=Inchcleraun (quaker island), County Longford }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordtourism.ie/see-do/attractions/lough-ree/ | teideal=Lough Ree }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> '' The island is home to the ruins of St. Diarmaid's Monastery, a [[mainistir]] founded by [[Diarmaid the Just]] in AD 560. These buildings constitute a [[Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]]. == An Inis '' Inis Cloithrinn is an island of {{Convert|57.7|ha|abbr=on}} located in the centre of [[Loch Rí]], with [[Cnoc an Chrochaire]], Contae Ros Comáin to its west and [[Baile Nua an Chaisil]], Contae Longfoirt to its east. [[Íomhá:Inchcleraun Monastery.jpg|thumb|Mainister Inis Cloithrinn]] == Stair '' The island takes its name from Irish for "[[Cloithre]]'s Island". In [[Miotaseolaíocht na nGael]], Clothru was a daughter of [[Eochaid Feidlech]], then [[ardrí na hÉireann]]. She became the Queen of Connacht after her father's death, and once owned the island. Her sister, [[Medb]], retired to Inchcleraun after Medb's husband [[Ailill mac Máta]] killed her lover [[Fergus mac Róich]]. One point is called '' Grianán Maebha '', and nearby is ''Ionad Marbhtha Meidhbhe'', where she was killed by a stone thrown from [[Elfeet Castle]], on the Longford side of the lake. In other versions of the legend, it is a lump of cheese fired from a [[slingshot]] by a nephew of Clothru.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordlibrary.ie/lib_arc_inside.aspx?id=15036 | teideal=Longford Library | ainm=Longford | sloinne=Library }}</ref> [[Íomhá:Myths and legends; the Celtic race (1910) (14596952367).jpg|thumb|'' "The Death of Maev" ([[T. W. Rolleston]], 1910); Forbay with [[sling (weapon)|sling]] in foreground, Medb bathing in the background.]] '' The name "Quaker Island" is more recent, and owes to the island being owned at one time by [[Cumann na gCarad|Caecar]]. The island is today owned by the Irish state. === Tagairtí annálacha === Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM) * '''ACM 719.2:''' '' S. Sionach Innsi Clothrann d'écc an fichetmhadh lá do mí April. *'''769''' Curoi, the son of Alniadh, Abbot and Sage of Inchcleraun, and of Caill Fochladha ([[Loch Dairbhreach]]) in Meath died. * '''ACM 780.6:''' '' Eochaidh mac Focartai, abb Fochladha, & Insi Clothrann, [d'ecc] *'''1010''' The men of [[an Mhumhain]] plundered Inchcleraun and [[Inis Bó Finne]] * '''ACM 1050.22:''' '' Inis Clothrand do orccain.<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> *'''1087''' The fleet of the men of Munster, with [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], sailed on the Shannon to Lough Ree and plundered the islands of the lake (inc. Inchcleraun) * '''ACM 1136.1:''' '' Aodh Ua Finn, epscop na [[Bréifne]], do écc i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1141.7:''' '' Giolla na Naomh Ua Ferghaile, toiseach Muintire [[an Anaíle|h-Anghaile]] fer ard-raith Ereann d'ég, iar c-cian-aois, & a adhnacal a n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1150.10:''' '' Murchadh, mac Giolla na Naemh Uí Fherghail, tuir ordáin, & airechais Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrand. * '''ACM 1160.3:''' '' Giolla na Naemh Ua Duinn [[ollamh Éireann|fer léighinn]] Insi Clothrann, saoi senchusa, & dána, & degh-fher labhra, ro fhaidh-sein [''sent''] a spirat co a athardha etir coraidh aingel an 17 do December iarsan ochtmhadh bliadhain ar chaogad a aoise. * '''ACM 1167.3:''' '' Cionaeth Ua Cethernaigh, sagart Insi Clothrann [d'écc] * '''ACM 1168.16:''' '' Dubhcobhlach, the daughter of O'Quinn, wife of Mac Corgamna, died and was interred in Inchcleraun. Dubh Chobhlaigh, inghen Uí Chuinn, ben Mic Carrgamhna, d'écc iar buaidh ongtha & aithrighe, & a h-adhnacal i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1170.5:''' '' Diarmaid Ua Braoin, comharba Commáin, & áird-shenóir Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann iarsan cúicceadh bliadhain nochad a aoisi. * '''ACM 1174.6:''' '' Ruaidhri Ua Cearbhaill tighearna [[Ele|Éile]] do mharbhadh ar lár Innsi Clothrann. * '''ACM 1189.8:''' '' ... ar as ann ro bátar geill [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair|Conchobhair Maonmuighe] i n-Inis Clothrann for Loch Ribh an tan-sin. * '''ACM 1193.10:''' '' Inis Clothrann do orgain la macaibh Oisdealb, & la macaibh Conchobhair Maonmaighe. * '''ACM 1232.3:''' '' Tiopraitte Ua Braoin comhorba Commáin saoí cléircechta, sencusa, & breithemhnassa d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann i n-a ailithre. * '''ACM 1244.1:''' '' Donnchadh mac Finghin mic Maoil Seachlainn mic Aodha mic Toirrdhealbaigh Uí Conchobhair epscop Oile Finn d'écc an 23. April i n-Inis Clothrand, & a adhncacal i [[Mainistir na Búille|Mainistir na Buille]]. === Foirgnimh === '' Between 800 and 1300 the island and its churches were repeatedly plundered and burned by invaders, so the buildings are in ruins today. Six of the island's churches are surrounded by an [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]] in the southeast corner of the island. === Teampall Diarmada '' Teampall Diarmada is the monastery founded by Saint [[Diarmaid the Just]] (who was a teacher of [[Ciarán of Clonmacnoise]]) in 540 AD. This church once had a stone roof.<ref name=newtowncashel>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> === Teampall Mór '' Teampall Mór stands within four metres to the north of Teampall Diarmada. It consists of a single nave. Its plain masonry walls are in relatively good condition. There are two lancet windows at the east end, which are long, narrow and recessed. The windows on the south side have the appearance of later additions and are unsymmetrical. All traces of doors have vanished, but the opes, which have been arched and protected by the Board of Works, seem to indicate the position of a west door and an entrance on the north side to the cloister. An upper chamber exists. '' The interior walls of the church were once plastered. The walls have lost their distinctive features of detail, except for the east window, which is similar in construction to that of the Teampall Clogas. The interior arch of the east window is circular, built of four stones. The exterior has only two stones forming a pointed arch. '' There is the remains of an altar, built of rubble work but without the altar slab. The door in the south wall of the nave has a circular moulding. The north door is only a gap. '' This church is situated a short distance to the south of the cluster of churches. It is more modern in appearance than any of the others. At the north-west corner is a more modern chamber with no visible entrance. Near this church, half buried with its face downward is a stone bearing incised on its surface a Celtic interlaced cross with an Irish inscription.<ref name=newtowncashel/> === Templemurry '' Templemurry is the largest church on the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> According to local lore, any woman who enters Templemurray will die within a year. === Teampall Clogas '' Teampall Clogas is one of the churches, and stands alone at the highest point of the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> It has a square [[clogas]], which is attached to the main building. Most churches of this era had [[Irish round tower|round towers]], separate from the main building. It is located on the northern part of the island and is visible from the shoreline. On the plan the church is rectangular, being {{Convert|10.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} by {{Convert|5.1|m|ft|abbr=on}}. == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]] == Inis Bó Finne == :''Gan bheith measctha le [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na Gaillimhe]] agus [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae Dhún na nGall]]. Féach [[Inis Bó Finne]] (Idirdhealán). Is oileán suite i [[Loch Rí]] ar an [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]] is ea '''Inis Bó Finne'''.<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=Inis Bó Finne | url=http://www.logainm.ie/ga/50983 | dátarochtana=2022-11-24 | suíomh=logainm.ie | teanga=ga }}</ref> == An inis '' Inis Bó Finne is an island of {{Convert|26.6|ha|abbr=on}} located in the eastern arm of [[Loch Rí]], with [[An Teanga, Contae na hIarmhí]] the nearest village. == Stair 213 '' Saint [[Ríoch]] is said to have founded a Christian monastery on Inis Bó Finne in AD 530.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/westmeath/inchbofin/ | teideal=Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí }}</ref> The [[Laidin]] [[calque]]s ''Īnsula Vaccae Albae'' or ''Īnsula Vitulae Albae'' are also used on occasion.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/lakelands-of-westmeath/lough-ree/islands-of-lough-ree/inchboffin/ | teideal=Inchboffin }}</ref> The monastery was of the [[Canons Regular of Saint Augustine]]. '' The ''Topographical Dictionary of Ireland'' (1837) said that of Inchbofin's {{convert|64|acre|abbr=on}}, there were {{CONVERT|27|acre|abbr=on}} suitable for [[arable land|arable]] use.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.johngrenham.com/records/lewis.php?civilparishid=2490&civilparish=&county=Westmeath&&search_type=full | teideal=Lewis' Topographical Dictionary | ainm=John | sloinne=Grenham }}</ref> Griffith's Valuation (mid-19th century) mentions three families on the island: Skelly, Connell and Heffernan; the island was owned by Susan Galbraith. In the 1911 census, there were 13 people living on the island, of the same 3 families.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/search/results.jsp?census_year=1911&surname=&exact=&firstname=&county19011911=Westmeath&county1821=&county1831=&county1841=&county1851=&townland=inchbofin&ded=&age=&sex=&relationToHead=&religion=&education=&occupation=&marriageStatus=&marriageYears=&childrenBorn=&childrenLiving=&birthplace=&language=&deafdumb=&search=Search&sort=&pageSize=&houseNumber=&familiesNumber=&malesNumber=&femalesNumber=&maleServNumber=&femaleServNumber=&estChurchNumber=&romanCatNumber=&presbNumberDiv=&protNumber=&parish=&barony=&yearsMarried=&causeOfDeath=&yearOfDeath=&familyId=&ageInMonths=&pager.offset=0 | teideal=National Archives: Census of Ireland 1911 }}</ref> '' In the winter of 2009, the [[Irish Air Corps]] sent a helicopter to the island to deliver cattle fodder for the last farmer on the island, John Connell, after Loch Rí froze solid.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.independent.ie/life/travel/ireland/secret-ireland-lough-ree-26692248.html | teideal=Secret Ireland: Lough Ree | foilsitheoir=Independent.ie }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2010/01/13/3993995-air-corps-comes-to-athlone-to-deliver-fodder-to-lough-ree-islands | teideal=Air Corps comes to Athlone to deliver fodder to Lough Ree islands | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref>. He was the last permanent resident of the island and died on 12 February 2018.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2018/02/13/4152121-end-of-an-era-as-last-islander-passes/ | teideal=End of an era as last islander sies | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref> == Tagairtí annálacha Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM), [[Annála Inis Faithlinn]] (AIF), [[Annála Tiarnaigh]] (AT), [[Annála Uladh]] (AU) * '''ACM 750.3''': '' Fiangalach, mac Anmchadha, mic Maoile Curaich, abb Insi Bo Finne for Loch Ribh[, d'écc]<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005A/text058.html | title=Part 58 of Annals of the Four Masters | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AU 755.5''': ..., '' Fiangalach m. Anmchada filii Maele Curaich abb Innse Bo Finne for Loch Ri ... mortui sunt<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100001A.html | title=The Annals of Ulster | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AIF 922.2''': '' Tomrair mc. Elgi, iarla do Gallaib ... luid for Loch Rí coro oirg a h-uile inse, ... * '''AIF 1016.1''': '' Sloged mór la mc. m-[[Brian Bóraimhe|Briain]] co Loch Rí coro ort<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrand]] & Inis Bó Finne * '''ACM 1089.8''': '' Cobhlach Fer Mumhan .i. im [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], do thiachtain for [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]], & for [[Loch Rí|Loch Ribh]] co ro airccset<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> cealla an locha, .i. [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrann]], Inis Bó Finne, Inis Aingginn [''Hare Island''] & Cluain Eamhain<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005B/text019.html | teideal=Annála na gCeithre Máistrí (cuid 19) | publisher=CELT }}</ref> * '''AT 1089.1''': '' Coblach mor la Muirchertach h-Úa mBriain ríg Muman for Sinaind & for Loch Ri, co ro aírgset Inis Bo Finde & Inis Clothrann... == Foirgnimh '' The remains of two churches survive on Inchbofin. One (12th century) is at the north-eastern point of the island and has an irregular [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]]. It consists of a [[nave]], [[transept]] and [[sacristy]]. To the north of the altar is a [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] window, and above a window is a carving of a bishop's head. The smaller church ruin to the south is from the 12th/13th centuries.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/site/2460/ | teideal=Inchbofin, St Rioch | suíomh=The Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain & Ireland }}</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:An tSionainn]] == Ranna an aeir == {{tl|teideal iodálach}} __NOTOC__ '' ''''' Ranna an aeir ''''' ("The Constellations") is the title of a medieval Irish astronomical tract, thought to date from c.1500–1550. '' Scríobhadh é as [[Nua-Ghaeilge]] moch, le cúpla focal as [[Béarla]] agus [[Laidin]]. == Lámhscríbhinní * [[National Library of Scotland]]; Advocates 72.1.2 olim Gaelic II (The [[National Library of Ireland]] holds a microfilm copy (n. 307, p.&nbsp;452)). == Eagráin * A. O. Anderson, ''Ranna an aeir [The Constellations]'' in ''[[Revue Celtique]]'', Ed. [[Henri d'Arbois de Jubainville]], Volume 30, Paris, F. Vieweg (1909) page 404–417 == Féach freisin * [[An Irish Astronomical Tract]] == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Category:Astronomy in Ireland]] [[Category:Litríocht na hÉireann]] {{síol-ie}} == Foclóireacht == Déanta: # [[Foclóireacht na Gaeilge]] # [[Leabharlann an Ard Easpaig Marsh]]=[[Leabharlann Marsh]]- # [[foclóir.ie]]=[[focloir.ie]] == An Féineachas == [[An Féineachas]] (agus/nó b'fhéidir [[Seanchas]] / [[Béaloideas]]). Spreagtha ag ''[[:en:Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2025/March#8 March 2025|Recent additions, 8 March 2025]]'' ''[https://dil.ie/34117 othrus]'' ≈ fulaingt tinnis/othrais. Teimpléid; * [[Teimpléad:WD Bosca Sonraí Doiciméad]] * [[Teimpléad:efn]] Nuashonraithe (lámhscríbhinní): # [[Senchas Már]] (SM) # [[Bechbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Bechbretha agus Coibes Uisci Thairdne|SM #21]]) # [[Bretha Crólige]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #33]]) # [[Críth Gablach]] (MacA) # [[Gúbretha Caratniad]] ([[Bodleian Library]], [[Rawlinson B 502]]) As nua, iomlán: # [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici]] (CIH) # [[Sanas Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] (MacA) # [[Cethairṡlicht Athgabálae]] ([[Senchas Már#Cethairslicht Athgabálae|SM #2]]) # [[Sechtae]] ([[Senchas Már#Sechtae|SM #9]]) # [[Recholl Breth]] (SM #13) # [[Bretha Déin Chécht]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #34]]) # [[Muirbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Clár ábhar|SM #38]]) # [[Anfuigell]] (m.s., CnaT, LS 1387; MacA) # [[Berrad Airechta]] (CnaT, LS 1337) # [[Bretha Étgid]] ([[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann|ARÉ]] LS 23 P 3) # [[Cóic Conara Fugill]] (m.s., [[Uraicecht Becc]], [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Di Astud Chor]] (''via'' [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Mellbretha]] ([[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide|CnaT]], LS 1363) # [[Uí Lochlainn]] # [[Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] # [[CnaT BÁC, LS 1317]], [[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath, LS 1317]] # [[Bóaire]] # [[Coinmheadh is buannacht]] # [[Brehon Law Commission]] # [[Mac Aodhagáin]] &rightarrow; [[Mhic Aodhagáin]] # [[John Lynch (Gratianus Lucius)]] # [[Fearghas Ó Ceallaigh]] # [[Leabharlann COBÁC]] # [[Cathair Mhic Neachtain]] # [[Thom McGinty]] As nua, síolta: # [[Dlí Ceilteach]]- # [[Gabháil chine]]- # [[Cyfraith Hywel]]- # [[Galanas]]- # [[Accessus ad auctores]]- # [[Hapax legomenon]]- # [[Robert Atkinson]]- == Dlí luath na hÉireann == Fainic: sách fada, mionchúiseach agus as Béarla, mar bharr ar an donas. The particular "[https://www.teanglann.ie/ga/fgb/féineachas An] [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20Irish%20law/ Féineachas]" aside, I'm looking at the general phrase "early Irish law". My dad was a fishmonger and was always careful to say about his produce "smoked Irish salmon" and not "Irish smoked salmon", if you see the difference. Is it then "early law of ..." or "law of early ..."? Is "Irish" the language (surely not), the culture, the people or the nation, and in what period? Should "early" be translated as luath or moch? If luath, should it be "luath-" or "- luath"? Given those options, "early Irish law" could be anything from "luathdhlí Gaelach" to "dlí na hÉireann moiche" and points in between. I favour the former. Similarly, for "Celtic law" I favour "dlí Ceilteach", i.e., the culture not the people (the Celts, ... na gCeilteach). Notes: * Moch: cf. [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20modern%20irish/ Nua-Ghaeilge Mhoch] on téarma.ie * "Irish": Gaelach, na nGael, Éireannach, na hÉireann? * What about Welsh, English or Roman law? {{Dlí luath na hÉireann}} == Téamh domhanda == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir Ann cheana: * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] ''Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy 'Cúis'eanna nua: # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas # [[Astaíocht charbóin]] '' Carbon emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture edbwm6cfrq0j5bwhn95jf340k85j38l 1269439 1269437 2025-06-11T11:45:40Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Ranna an aeir */ 1269439 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Litríocht == # ''[[:en:Foraire Uladh ar Aodh|Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]]'' - [[Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]] # ''[[:en:Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh|Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]]'' - [[Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]] # ''[[:en:Dominican Annals of Roscommon|Dominican Annals of Roscommon]]'' - [[Annála Doiminiceacha Ros Comáin]] # ''[[:en:Inchcleraun|Inchcleraun]]'' - [[Inis Cloithrinn]] # ''[[:en:Inchbofin|Inchbofin]]'' - [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí]] # ''[[:en:Ranna an aeir|Ranna an aeir]]'' - [[Ranna an aeir]] Déanta: # [[Murúch]]- # [[Tongu do dia toinges mo thúath]]- # [[Remscéla]]=[[Réamhscéalta]] # [[Bernhard Maier]] # [[Lebor Bretnach]]=[[Leabhar Breatnach]] # [[Irish Astronomical Tract]]=[[]] == Annales Dominicani de Roscoman == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} [[Íomhá:Roscommon_Priory_-_aerial_-_2024-12-27_01.jpg|thumb|'' Ruins of Roscommon Dominican Priory]] The '''Dominican Annals of Roscommon''' ({{Lang|la|Annales Dominicani de Roscoman}}) is an [[Annála Éireannacha]], covering events, mainly in Connacht and its neighbouring regions, from 1163 to 1314, spanning the period of the [[Ionradh na Normannach ar Éirinn]] and the early part of [[Tiarnas na hÉireann]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://groups.io/g/Educator-Gold/topic/digital_humanities_digital/334356 | teideal=CELT Project: The Corpus of Electronic Texts | suíomh=groups.io }}</ref> It also mentions some matters to do with the [[na Doiminicigh]], [[An Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach] matters in general, and political relations with [[Ríocht Shasana]].<ref name=adrcelt>{{lua idirlín |url=https://celt.ucc.ie/published/L100015A/ |teideal=Annales Dominicani de Roscoman |suíomh=celt.ucc.ie }}</ref> It was compiled in [[Laidin]] in [[Roscommon Dominican Priory]] (Blackfriars).<ref>Finn, R. (2023:10). ''The Dominicans in the British Isles and Beyond: A New History of the English Province of the Friars Preachers''. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.</ref> The abbey was founded by and supported by the [[Uí Chonchúir]] [[ríthe na gConnacht]]. Occasional examples of pro-O'Connor bias are noted: for example, the [[Blinding (punishment)|blinding]] of Muirchertach Ua Conchobair by his brother, the king [[Ruaidrí mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair|Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair]], is not mentioned, and when the 1193 [[creachadh]] of the monastery on [[Inchcleraun]] is mentioned, it is attributed to [[Gilbert de Lacy]], whereas the [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] mention that [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair]] was also responsible.<ref name=adrcelt/> The largest part of the Annals are attributed to [[Odo O'Hanmerech]] (died in 1306). The annals survive in a seventeenth-century manuscript that once belonged to [[James Ware]]. Among its notable entries are a mention of the drying-up of the River Galvia, apparently an early name for [[Abhainn na Gaillimhe]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://steemit.com/ireland/@harlotscurse/a-sova-potamoy-ekvolai | teideal=Αὐσοβα Ποταμου Εκβολαι | dáta=3ú Meán Fómhair 2018 | suíomh=Steemit }}</ref> == Féach freisin * [[Annála Éireannacha]] == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Annála Éireannacha]] {{síol-ie}} == Inis Cloithrinn == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Séadchomhartha}} 91<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=National Monuments of County Longford in State Care | url = http://www.archaeology.ie/sites/default/files/media/pdf/monuments-in-state-care-longford.pdf | page=1 | suíomh=heritageireland.ie | foilsitheoir=National Monument Service | dátarochtana=2a Iúil 2020 }}</ref> '' '''Inis Cloithrinn''', is an island situated in [[Loch Rí]] on the [[an tSionainn]], in central Ireland.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | teideal=Inchcleraun Island / Quaker Island - Longford - | ainm=Michael | Aoine=Heraghty | dáta=15ú Deireadh Fómhair 2004 | dátarochtana=22a Meitheamh 2016 | archive-date=8ú Lúnasa 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160808025929/http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/historical-features-of-co/islands/ | teideal=Islands }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/longford/inchcleraun/ | teideal=Inchcleraun (quaker island), County Longford }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordtourism.ie/see-do/attractions/lough-ree/ | teideal=Lough Ree }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> '' The island is home to the ruins of St. Diarmaid's Monastery, a [[mainistir]] founded by [[Diarmaid the Just]] in AD 560. These buildings constitute a [[Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]]. == An Inis '' Inis Cloithrinn is an island of {{Convert|57.7|ha|abbr=on}} located in the centre of [[Loch Rí]], with [[Cnoc an Chrochaire]], Contae Ros Comáin to its west and [[Baile Nua an Chaisil]], Contae Longfoirt to its east. [[Íomhá:Inchcleraun Monastery.jpg|thumb|Mainister Inis Cloithrinn]] == Stair '' The island takes its name from Irish for "[[Cloithre]]'s Island". In [[Miotaseolaíocht na nGael]], Clothru was a daughter of [[Eochaid Feidlech]], then [[ardrí na hÉireann]]. She became the Queen of Connacht after her father's death, and once owned the island. Her sister, [[Medb]], retired to Inchcleraun after Medb's husband [[Ailill mac Máta]] killed her lover [[Fergus mac Róich]]. One point is called '' Grianán Maebha '', and nearby is ''Ionad Marbhtha Meidhbhe'', where she was killed by a stone thrown from [[Elfeet Castle]], on the Longford side of the lake. In other versions of the legend, it is a lump of cheese fired from a [[slingshot]] by a nephew of Clothru.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordlibrary.ie/lib_arc_inside.aspx?id=15036 | teideal=Longford Library | ainm=Longford | sloinne=Library }}</ref> [[Íomhá:Myths and legends; the Celtic race (1910) (14596952367).jpg|thumb|'' "The Death of Maev" ([[T. W. Rolleston]], 1910); Forbay with [[sling (weapon)|sling]] in foreground, Medb bathing in the background.]] '' The name "Quaker Island" is more recent, and owes to the island being owned at one time by [[Cumann na gCarad|Caecar]]. The island is today owned by the Irish state. === Tagairtí annálacha === Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM) * '''ACM 719.2:''' '' S. Sionach Innsi Clothrann d'écc an fichetmhadh lá do mí April. *'''769''' Curoi, the son of Alniadh, Abbot and Sage of Inchcleraun, and of Caill Fochladha ([[Loch Dairbhreach]]) in Meath died. * '''ACM 780.6:''' '' Eochaidh mac Focartai, abb Fochladha, & Insi Clothrann, [d'ecc] *'''1010''' The men of [[an Mhumhain]] plundered Inchcleraun and [[Inis Bó Finne]] * '''ACM 1050.22:''' '' Inis Clothrand do orccain.<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> *'''1087''' The fleet of the men of Munster, with [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], sailed on the Shannon to Lough Ree and plundered the islands of the lake (inc. Inchcleraun) * '''ACM 1136.1:''' '' Aodh Ua Finn, epscop na [[Bréifne]], do écc i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1141.7:''' '' Giolla na Naomh Ua Ferghaile, toiseach Muintire [[an Anaíle|h-Anghaile]] fer ard-raith Ereann d'ég, iar c-cian-aois, & a adhnacal a n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1150.10:''' '' Murchadh, mac Giolla na Naemh Uí Fherghail, tuir ordáin, & airechais Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrand. * '''ACM 1160.3:''' '' Giolla na Naemh Ua Duinn [[ollamh Éireann|fer léighinn]] Insi Clothrann, saoi senchusa, & dána, & degh-fher labhra, ro fhaidh-sein [''sent''] a spirat co a athardha etir coraidh aingel an 17 do December iarsan ochtmhadh bliadhain ar chaogad a aoise. * '''ACM 1167.3:''' '' Cionaeth Ua Cethernaigh, sagart Insi Clothrann [d'écc] * '''ACM 1168.16:''' '' Dubhcobhlach, the daughter of O'Quinn, wife of Mac Corgamna, died and was interred in Inchcleraun. Dubh Chobhlaigh, inghen Uí Chuinn, ben Mic Carrgamhna, d'écc iar buaidh ongtha & aithrighe, & a h-adhnacal i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1170.5:''' '' Diarmaid Ua Braoin, comharba Commáin, & áird-shenóir Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann iarsan cúicceadh bliadhain nochad a aoisi. * '''ACM 1174.6:''' '' Ruaidhri Ua Cearbhaill tighearna [[Ele|Éile]] do mharbhadh ar lár Innsi Clothrann. * '''ACM 1189.8:''' '' ... ar as ann ro bátar geill [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair|Conchobhair Maonmuighe] i n-Inis Clothrann for Loch Ribh an tan-sin. * '''ACM 1193.10:''' '' Inis Clothrann do orgain la macaibh Oisdealb, & la macaibh Conchobhair Maonmaighe. * '''ACM 1232.3:''' '' Tiopraitte Ua Braoin comhorba Commáin saoí cléircechta, sencusa, & breithemhnassa d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann i n-a ailithre. * '''ACM 1244.1:''' '' Donnchadh mac Finghin mic Maoil Seachlainn mic Aodha mic Toirrdhealbaigh Uí Conchobhair epscop Oile Finn d'écc an 23. April i n-Inis Clothrand, & a adhncacal i [[Mainistir na Búille|Mainistir na Buille]]. === Foirgnimh === '' Between 800 and 1300 the island and its churches were repeatedly plundered and burned by invaders, so the buildings are in ruins today. Six of the island's churches are surrounded by an [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]] in the southeast corner of the island. === Teampall Diarmada '' Teampall Diarmada is the monastery founded by Saint [[Diarmaid the Just]] (who was a teacher of [[Ciarán of Clonmacnoise]]) in 540 AD. This church once had a stone roof.<ref name=newtowncashel>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> === Teampall Mór '' Teampall Mór stands within four metres to the north of Teampall Diarmada. It consists of a single nave. Its plain masonry walls are in relatively good condition. There are two lancet windows at the east end, which are long, narrow and recessed. The windows on the south side have the appearance of later additions and are unsymmetrical. All traces of doors have vanished, but the opes, which have been arched and protected by the Board of Works, seem to indicate the position of a west door and an entrance on the north side to the cloister. An upper chamber exists. '' The interior walls of the church were once plastered. The walls have lost their distinctive features of detail, except for the east window, which is similar in construction to that of the Teampall Clogas. The interior arch of the east window is circular, built of four stones. The exterior has only two stones forming a pointed arch. '' There is the remains of an altar, built of rubble work but without the altar slab. The door in the south wall of the nave has a circular moulding. The north door is only a gap. '' This church is situated a short distance to the south of the cluster of churches. It is more modern in appearance than any of the others. At the north-west corner is a more modern chamber with no visible entrance. Near this church, half buried with its face downward is a stone bearing incised on its surface a Celtic interlaced cross with an Irish inscription.<ref name=newtowncashel/> === Templemurry '' Templemurry is the largest church on the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> According to local lore, any woman who enters Templemurray will die within a year. === Teampall Clogas '' Teampall Clogas is one of the churches, and stands alone at the highest point of the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> It has a square [[clogas]], which is attached to the main building. Most churches of this era had [[Irish round tower|round towers]], separate from the main building. It is located on the northern part of the island and is visible from the shoreline. On the plan the church is rectangular, being {{Convert|10.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} by {{Convert|5.1|m|ft|abbr=on}}. == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]] == Inis Bó Finne == :''Gan bheith measctha le [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na Gaillimhe]] agus [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae Dhún na nGall]]. Féach [[Inis Bó Finne]] (Idirdhealán). Is oileán suite i [[Loch Rí]] ar an [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]] is ea '''Inis Bó Finne'''.<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=Inis Bó Finne | url=http://www.logainm.ie/ga/50983 | dátarochtana=2022-11-24 | suíomh=logainm.ie | teanga=ga }}</ref> == An inis '' Inis Bó Finne is an island of {{Convert|26.6|ha|abbr=on}} located in the eastern arm of [[Loch Rí]], with [[An Teanga, Contae na hIarmhí]] the nearest village. == Stair 213 '' Saint [[Ríoch]] is said to have founded a Christian monastery on Inis Bó Finne in AD 530.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/westmeath/inchbofin/ | teideal=Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí }}</ref> The [[Laidin]] [[calque]]s ''Īnsula Vaccae Albae'' or ''Īnsula Vitulae Albae'' are also used on occasion.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/lakelands-of-westmeath/lough-ree/islands-of-lough-ree/inchboffin/ | teideal=Inchboffin }}</ref> The monastery was of the [[Canons Regular of Saint Augustine]]. '' The ''Topographical Dictionary of Ireland'' (1837) said that of Inchbofin's {{convert|64|acre|abbr=on}}, there were {{CONVERT|27|acre|abbr=on}} suitable for [[arable land|arable]] use.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.johngrenham.com/records/lewis.php?civilparishid=2490&civilparish=&county=Westmeath&&search_type=full | teideal=Lewis' Topographical Dictionary | ainm=John | sloinne=Grenham }}</ref> Griffith's Valuation (mid-19th century) mentions three families on the island: Skelly, Connell and Heffernan; the island was owned by Susan Galbraith. In the 1911 census, there were 13 people living on the island, of the same 3 families.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/search/results.jsp?census_year=1911&surname=&exact=&firstname=&county19011911=Westmeath&county1821=&county1831=&county1841=&county1851=&townland=inchbofin&ded=&age=&sex=&relationToHead=&religion=&education=&occupation=&marriageStatus=&marriageYears=&childrenBorn=&childrenLiving=&birthplace=&language=&deafdumb=&search=Search&sort=&pageSize=&houseNumber=&familiesNumber=&malesNumber=&femalesNumber=&maleServNumber=&femaleServNumber=&estChurchNumber=&romanCatNumber=&presbNumberDiv=&protNumber=&parish=&barony=&yearsMarried=&causeOfDeath=&yearOfDeath=&familyId=&ageInMonths=&pager.offset=0 | teideal=National Archives: Census of Ireland 1911 }}</ref> '' In the winter of 2009, the [[Irish Air Corps]] sent a helicopter to the island to deliver cattle fodder for the last farmer on the island, John Connell, after Loch Rí froze solid.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.independent.ie/life/travel/ireland/secret-ireland-lough-ree-26692248.html | teideal=Secret Ireland: Lough Ree | foilsitheoir=Independent.ie }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2010/01/13/3993995-air-corps-comes-to-athlone-to-deliver-fodder-to-lough-ree-islands | teideal=Air Corps comes to Athlone to deliver fodder to Lough Ree islands | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref>. He was the last permanent resident of the island and died on 12 February 2018.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2018/02/13/4152121-end-of-an-era-as-last-islander-passes/ | teideal=End of an era as last islander sies | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref> == Tagairtí annálacha Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM), [[Annála Inis Faithlinn]] (AIF), [[Annála Tiarnaigh]] (AT), [[Annála Uladh]] (AU) * '''ACM 750.3''': '' Fiangalach, mac Anmchadha, mic Maoile Curaich, abb Insi Bo Finne for Loch Ribh[, d'écc]<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005A/text058.html | title=Part 58 of Annals of the Four Masters | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AU 755.5''': ..., '' Fiangalach m. Anmchada filii Maele Curaich abb Innse Bo Finne for Loch Ri ... mortui sunt<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100001A.html | title=The Annals of Ulster | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AIF 922.2''': '' Tomrair mc. Elgi, iarla do Gallaib ... luid for Loch Rí coro oirg a h-uile inse, ... * '''AIF 1016.1''': '' Sloged mór la mc. m-[[Brian Bóraimhe|Briain]] co Loch Rí coro ort<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrand]] & Inis Bó Finne * '''ACM 1089.8''': '' Cobhlach Fer Mumhan .i. im [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], do thiachtain for [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]], & for [[Loch Rí|Loch Ribh]] co ro airccset<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> cealla an locha, .i. [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrann]], Inis Bó Finne, Inis Aingginn [''Hare Island''] & Cluain Eamhain<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005B/text019.html | teideal=Annála na gCeithre Máistrí (cuid 19) | publisher=CELT }}</ref> * '''AT 1089.1''': '' Coblach mor la Muirchertach h-Úa mBriain ríg Muman for Sinaind & for Loch Ri, co ro aírgset Inis Bo Finde & Inis Clothrann... == Foirgnimh '' The remains of two churches survive on Inchbofin. One (12th century) is at the north-eastern point of the island and has an irregular [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]]. It consists of a [[nave]], [[transept]] and [[sacristy]]. To the north of the altar is a [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] window, and above a window is a carving of a bishop's head. The smaller church ruin to the south is from the 12th/13th centuries.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/site/2460/ | teideal=Inchbofin, St Rioch | suíomh=The Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain & Ireland }}</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:An tSionainn]] == Ranna an aeir == {{tl|teideal iodálach}} __NOTOC__ Is dréacht Éireannach de chuid na meánaoise é ''''' Ranna an aeir ''''' ("Na Réaltbhuíonta"), c.&nbsp;1500–1550 a mheastar. Scríobhadh é as [[Nua-Ghaeilge]] moch, le cúpla focal as [[Béarla]] agus [[Laidin]]. == Lámhscríbhinní * [[National Library of Scotland]]; Advocates 72.1.2 , olim Gaelic II. Tá cóip ar micreascannán ag [[Leabharlann Náisiúnta na hÉireann]] (n. 307, l.&nbsp;452). == Eagráin * A. O. Anderson, ''Ranna an aeir [The Constellations]'' in ''[[Revue Celtique]]'', eag. [[Henri d'Arbois de Jubainville]], Iml. 30, Páras, F. Vieweg (1909) ll. 404–417 == Féach freisin * ''An [[Irish Astronomical Tract]]'' == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Téacsanna Gaelacha na Meánaoise]] {{síol-ie}} == Foclóireacht == Déanta: # [[Foclóireacht na Gaeilge]] # [[Leabharlann an Ard Easpaig Marsh]]=[[Leabharlann Marsh]]- # [[foclóir.ie]]=[[focloir.ie]] == An Féineachas == [[An Féineachas]] (agus/nó b'fhéidir [[Seanchas]] / [[Béaloideas]]). Spreagtha ag ''[[:en:Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2025/March#8 March 2025|Recent additions, 8 March 2025]]'' ''[https://dil.ie/34117 othrus]'' ≈ fulaingt tinnis/othrais. Teimpléid; * [[Teimpléad:WD Bosca Sonraí Doiciméad]] * [[Teimpléad:efn]] Nuashonraithe (lámhscríbhinní): # [[Senchas Már]] (SM) # [[Bechbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Bechbretha agus Coibes Uisci Thairdne|SM #21]]) # [[Bretha Crólige]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #33]]) # [[Críth Gablach]] (MacA) # [[Gúbretha Caratniad]] ([[Bodleian Library]], [[Rawlinson B 502]]) As nua, iomlán: # [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici]] (CIH) # [[Sanas Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] (MacA) # [[Cethairṡlicht Athgabálae]] ([[Senchas Már#Cethairslicht Athgabálae|SM #2]]) # [[Sechtae]] ([[Senchas Már#Sechtae|SM #9]]) # [[Recholl Breth]] (SM #13) # [[Bretha Déin Chécht]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #34]]) # [[Muirbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Clár ábhar|SM #38]]) # [[Anfuigell]] (m.s., CnaT, LS 1387; MacA) # [[Berrad Airechta]] (CnaT, LS 1337) # [[Bretha Étgid]] ([[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann|ARÉ]] LS 23 P 3) # [[Cóic Conara Fugill]] (m.s., [[Uraicecht Becc]], [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Di Astud Chor]] (''via'' [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Mellbretha]] ([[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide|CnaT]], LS 1363) # [[Uí Lochlainn]] # [[Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] # [[CnaT BÁC, LS 1317]], [[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath, LS 1317]] # [[Bóaire]] # [[Coinmheadh is buannacht]] # [[Brehon Law Commission]] # [[Mac Aodhagáin]] &rightarrow; [[Mhic Aodhagáin]] # [[John Lynch (Gratianus Lucius)]] # [[Fearghas Ó Ceallaigh]] # [[Leabharlann COBÁC]] # [[Cathair Mhic Neachtain]] # [[Thom McGinty]] As nua, síolta: # [[Dlí Ceilteach]]- # [[Gabháil chine]]- # [[Cyfraith Hywel]]- # [[Galanas]]- # [[Accessus ad auctores]]- # [[Hapax legomenon]]- # [[Robert Atkinson]]- == Dlí luath na hÉireann == Fainic: sách fada, mionchúiseach agus as Béarla, mar bharr ar an donas. The particular "[https://www.teanglann.ie/ga/fgb/féineachas An] [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20Irish%20law/ Féineachas]" aside, I'm looking at the general phrase "early Irish law". My dad was a fishmonger and was always careful to say about his produce "smoked Irish salmon" and not "Irish smoked salmon", if you see the difference. Is it then "early law of ..." or "law of early ..."? Is "Irish" the language (surely not), the culture, the people or the nation, and in what period? Should "early" be translated as luath or moch? If luath, should it be "luath-" or "- luath"? Given those options, "early Irish law" could be anything from "luathdhlí Gaelach" to "dlí na hÉireann moiche" and points in between. I favour the former. Similarly, for "Celtic law" I favour "dlí Ceilteach", i.e., the culture not the people (the Celts, ... na gCeilteach). Notes: * Moch: cf. [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20modern%20irish/ Nua-Ghaeilge Mhoch] on téarma.ie * "Irish": Gaelach, na nGael, Éireannach, na hÉireann? * What about Welsh, English or Roman law? {{Dlí luath na hÉireann}} == Téamh domhanda == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir Ann cheana: * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] ''Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy 'Cúis'eanna nua: # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas # [[Astaíocht charbóin]] '' Carbon emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture r5mg0z6ldvvekhika63dakeeurjxnwh 1269440 1269439 2025-06-11T11:46:32Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Ranna an aeir */ 1269440 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Litríocht == # ''[[:en:Foraire Uladh ar Aodh|Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]]'' - [[Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]] # ''[[:en:Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh|Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]]'' - [[Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]] # ''[[:en:Dominican Annals of Roscommon|Dominican Annals of Roscommon]]'' - [[Annála Doiminiceacha Ros Comáin]] # ''[[:en:Inchcleraun|Inchcleraun]]'' - [[Inis Cloithrinn]] # ''[[:en:Inchbofin|Inchbofin]]'' - [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí]] # ''[[:en:Ranna an aeir|Ranna an aeir]]'' - [[Ranna an aeir]] Déanta: # [[Murúch]]- # [[Tongu do dia toinges mo thúath]]- # [[Remscéla]]=[[Réamhscéalta]] # [[Bernhard Maier]] # [[Lebor Bretnach]]=[[Leabhar Breatnach]] # [[Irish Astronomical Tract]]=[[]] == Annales Dominicani de Roscoman == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} [[Íomhá:Roscommon_Priory_-_aerial_-_2024-12-27_01.jpg|thumb|'' Ruins of Roscommon Dominican Priory]] The '''Dominican Annals of Roscommon''' ({{Lang|la|Annales Dominicani de Roscoman}}) is an [[Annála Éireannacha]], covering events, mainly in Connacht and its neighbouring regions, from 1163 to 1314, spanning the period of the [[Ionradh na Normannach ar Éirinn]] and the early part of [[Tiarnas na hÉireann]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://groups.io/g/Educator-Gold/topic/digital_humanities_digital/334356 | teideal=CELT Project: The Corpus of Electronic Texts | suíomh=groups.io }}</ref> It also mentions some matters to do with the [[na Doiminicigh]], [[An Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach] matters in general, and political relations with [[Ríocht Shasana]].<ref name=adrcelt>{{lua idirlín |url=https://celt.ucc.ie/published/L100015A/ |teideal=Annales Dominicani de Roscoman |suíomh=celt.ucc.ie }}</ref> It was compiled in [[Laidin]] in [[Roscommon Dominican Priory]] (Blackfriars).<ref>Finn, R. (2023:10). ''The Dominicans in the British Isles and Beyond: A New History of the English Province of the Friars Preachers''. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.</ref> The abbey was founded by and supported by the [[Uí Chonchúir]] [[ríthe na gConnacht]]. Occasional examples of pro-O'Connor bias are noted: for example, the [[Blinding (punishment)|blinding]] of Muirchertach Ua Conchobair by his brother, the king [[Ruaidrí mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair|Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair]], is not mentioned, and when the 1193 [[creachadh]] of the monastery on [[Inchcleraun]] is mentioned, it is attributed to [[Gilbert de Lacy]], whereas the [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] mention that [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair]] was also responsible.<ref name=adrcelt/> The largest part of the Annals are attributed to [[Odo O'Hanmerech]] (died in 1306). The annals survive in a seventeenth-century manuscript that once belonged to [[James Ware]]. Among its notable entries are a mention of the drying-up of the River Galvia, apparently an early name for [[Abhainn na Gaillimhe]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://steemit.com/ireland/@harlotscurse/a-sova-potamoy-ekvolai | teideal=Αὐσοβα Ποταμου Εκβολαι | dáta=3ú Meán Fómhair 2018 | suíomh=Steemit }}</ref> == Féach freisin * [[Annála Éireannacha]] == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Annála Éireannacha]] {{síol-ie}} == Inis Cloithrinn == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Séadchomhartha}} 91<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=National Monuments of County Longford in State Care | url = http://www.archaeology.ie/sites/default/files/media/pdf/monuments-in-state-care-longford.pdf | page=1 | suíomh=heritageireland.ie | foilsitheoir=National Monument Service | dátarochtana=2a Iúil 2020 }}</ref> '' '''Inis Cloithrinn''', is an island situated in [[Loch Rí]] on the [[an tSionainn]], in central Ireland.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | teideal=Inchcleraun Island / Quaker Island - Longford - | ainm=Michael | Aoine=Heraghty | dáta=15ú Deireadh Fómhair 2004 | dátarochtana=22a Meitheamh 2016 | archive-date=8ú Lúnasa 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160808025929/http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/historical-features-of-co/islands/ | teideal=Islands }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/longford/inchcleraun/ | teideal=Inchcleraun (quaker island), County Longford }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordtourism.ie/see-do/attractions/lough-ree/ | teideal=Lough Ree }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> '' The island is home to the ruins of St. Diarmaid's Monastery, a [[mainistir]] founded by [[Diarmaid the Just]] in AD 560. These buildings constitute a [[Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]]. == An Inis '' Inis Cloithrinn is an island of {{Convert|57.7|ha|abbr=on}} located in the centre of [[Loch Rí]], with [[Cnoc an Chrochaire]], Contae Ros Comáin to its west and [[Baile Nua an Chaisil]], Contae Longfoirt to its east. [[Íomhá:Inchcleraun Monastery.jpg|thumb|Mainister Inis Cloithrinn]] == Stair '' The island takes its name from Irish for "[[Cloithre]]'s Island". In [[Miotaseolaíocht na nGael]], Clothru was a daughter of [[Eochaid Feidlech]], then [[ardrí na hÉireann]]. She became the Queen of Connacht after her father's death, and once owned the island. Her sister, [[Medb]], retired to Inchcleraun after Medb's husband [[Ailill mac Máta]] killed her lover [[Fergus mac Róich]]. One point is called '' Grianán Maebha '', and nearby is ''Ionad Marbhtha Meidhbhe'', where she was killed by a stone thrown from [[Elfeet Castle]], on the Longford side of the lake. In other versions of the legend, it is a lump of cheese fired from a [[slingshot]] by a nephew of Clothru.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordlibrary.ie/lib_arc_inside.aspx?id=15036 | teideal=Longford Library | ainm=Longford | sloinne=Library }}</ref> [[Íomhá:Myths and legends; the Celtic race (1910) (14596952367).jpg|thumb|'' "The Death of Maev" ([[T. W. Rolleston]], 1910); Forbay with [[sling (weapon)|sling]] in foreground, Medb bathing in the background.]] '' The name "Quaker Island" is more recent, and owes to the island being owned at one time by [[Cumann na gCarad|Caecar]]. The island is today owned by the Irish state. === Tagairtí annálacha === Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM) * '''ACM 719.2:''' '' S. Sionach Innsi Clothrann d'écc an fichetmhadh lá do mí April. *'''769''' Curoi, the son of Alniadh, Abbot and Sage of Inchcleraun, and of Caill Fochladha ([[Loch Dairbhreach]]) in Meath died. * '''ACM 780.6:''' '' Eochaidh mac Focartai, abb Fochladha, & Insi Clothrann, [d'ecc] *'''1010''' The men of [[an Mhumhain]] plundered Inchcleraun and [[Inis Bó Finne]] * '''ACM 1050.22:''' '' Inis Clothrand do orccain.<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> *'''1087''' The fleet of the men of Munster, with [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], sailed on the Shannon to Lough Ree and plundered the islands of the lake (inc. Inchcleraun) * '''ACM 1136.1:''' '' Aodh Ua Finn, epscop na [[Bréifne]], do écc i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1141.7:''' '' Giolla na Naomh Ua Ferghaile, toiseach Muintire [[an Anaíle|h-Anghaile]] fer ard-raith Ereann d'ég, iar c-cian-aois, & a adhnacal a n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1150.10:''' '' Murchadh, mac Giolla na Naemh Uí Fherghail, tuir ordáin, & airechais Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrand. * '''ACM 1160.3:''' '' Giolla na Naemh Ua Duinn [[ollamh Éireann|fer léighinn]] Insi Clothrann, saoi senchusa, & dána, & degh-fher labhra, ro fhaidh-sein [''sent''] a spirat co a athardha etir coraidh aingel an 17 do December iarsan ochtmhadh bliadhain ar chaogad a aoise. * '''ACM 1167.3:''' '' Cionaeth Ua Cethernaigh, sagart Insi Clothrann [d'écc] * '''ACM 1168.16:''' '' Dubhcobhlach, the daughter of O'Quinn, wife of Mac Corgamna, died and was interred in Inchcleraun. Dubh Chobhlaigh, inghen Uí Chuinn, ben Mic Carrgamhna, d'écc iar buaidh ongtha & aithrighe, & a h-adhnacal i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1170.5:''' '' Diarmaid Ua Braoin, comharba Commáin, & áird-shenóir Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann iarsan cúicceadh bliadhain nochad a aoisi. * '''ACM 1174.6:''' '' Ruaidhri Ua Cearbhaill tighearna [[Ele|Éile]] do mharbhadh ar lár Innsi Clothrann. * '''ACM 1189.8:''' '' ... ar as ann ro bátar geill [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair|Conchobhair Maonmuighe] i n-Inis Clothrann for Loch Ribh an tan-sin. * '''ACM 1193.10:''' '' Inis Clothrann do orgain la macaibh Oisdealb, & la macaibh Conchobhair Maonmaighe. * '''ACM 1232.3:''' '' Tiopraitte Ua Braoin comhorba Commáin saoí cléircechta, sencusa, & breithemhnassa d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann i n-a ailithre. * '''ACM 1244.1:''' '' Donnchadh mac Finghin mic Maoil Seachlainn mic Aodha mic Toirrdhealbaigh Uí Conchobhair epscop Oile Finn d'écc an 23. April i n-Inis Clothrand, & a adhncacal i [[Mainistir na Búille|Mainistir na Buille]]. === Foirgnimh === '' Between 800 and 1300 the island and its churches were repeatedly plundered and burned by invaders, so the buildings are in ruins today. Six of the island's churches are surrounded by an [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]] in the southeast corner of the island. === Teampall Diarmada '' Teampall Diarmada is the monastery founded by Saint [[Diarmaid the Just]] (who was a teacher of [[Ciarán of Clonmacnoise]]) in 540 AD. This church once had a stone roof.<ref name=newtowncashel>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> === Teampall Mór '' Teampall Mór stands within four metres to the north of Teampall Diarmada. It consists of a single nave. Its plain masonry walls are in relatively good condition. There are two lancet windows at the east end, which are long, narrow and recessed. The windows on the south side have the appearance of later additions and are unsymmetrical. All traces of doors have vanished, but the opes, which have been arched and protected by the Board of Works, seem to indicate the position of a west door and an entrance on the north side to the cloister. An upper chamber exists. '' The interior walls of the church were once plastered. The walls have lost their distinctive features of detail, except for the east window, which is similar in construction to that of the Teampall Clogas. The interior arch of the east window is circular, built of four stones. The exterior has only two stones forming a pointed arch. '' There is the remains of an altar, built of rubble work but without the altar slab. The door in the south wall of the nave has a circular moulding. The north door is only a gap. '' This church is situated a short distance to the south of the cluster of churches. It is more modern in appearance than any of the others. At the north-west corner is a more modern chamber with no visible entrance. Near this church, half buried with its face downward is a stone bearing incised on its surface a Celtic interlaced cross with an Irish inscription.<ref name=newtowncashel/> === Templemurry '' Templemurry is the largest church on the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> According to local lore, any woman who enters Templemurray will die within a year. === Teampall Clogas '' Teampall Clogas is one of the churches, and stands alone at the highest point of the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> It has a square [[clogas]], which is attached to the main building. Most churches of this era had [[Irish round tower|round towers]], separate from the main building. It is located on the northern part of the island and is visible from the shoreline. On the plan the church is rectangular, being {{Convert|10.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} by {{Convert|5.1|m|ft|abbr=on}}. == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]] == Inis Bó Finne == :''Gan bheith measctha le [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na Gaillimhe]] agus [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae Dhún na nGall]]. Féach [[Inis Bó Finne]] (Idirdhealán). Is oileán suite i [[Loch Rí]] ar an [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]] is ea '''Inis Bó Finne'''.<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=Inis Bó Finne | url=http://www.logainm.ie/ga/50983 | dátarochtana=2022-11-24 | suíomh=logainm.ie | teanga=ga }}</ref> == An inis '' Inis Bó Finne is an island of {{Convert|26.6|ha|abbr=on}} located in the eastern arm of [[Loch Rí]], with [[An Teanga, Contae na hIarmhí]] the nearest village. == Stair 213 '' Saint [[Ríoch]] is said to have founded a Christian monastery on Inis Bó Finne in AD 530.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/westmeath/inchbofin/ | teideal=Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí }}</ref> The [[Laidin]] [[calque]]s ''Īnsula Vaccae Albae'' or ''Īnsula Vitulae Albae'' are also used on occasion.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/lakelands-of-westmeath/lough-ree/islands-of-lough-ree/inchboffin/ | teideal=Inchboffin }}</ref> The monastery was of the [[Canons Regular of Saint Augustine]]. '' The ''Topographical Dictionary of Ireland'' (1837) said that of Inchbofin's {{convert|64|acre|abbr=on}}, there were {{CONVERT|27|acre|abbr=on}} suitable for [[arable land|arable]] use.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.johngrenham.com/records/lewis.php?civilparishid=2490&civilparish=&county=Westmeath&&search_type=full | teideal=Lewis' Topographical Dictionary | ainm=John | sloinne=Grenham }}</ref> Griffith's Valuation (mid-19th century) mentions three families on the island: Skelly, Connell and Heffernan; the island was owned by Susan Galbraith. In the 1911 census, there were 13 people living on the island, of the same 3 families.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/search/results.jsp?census_year=1911&surname=&exact=&firstname=&county19011911=Westmeath&county1821=&county1831=&county1841=&county1851=&townland=inchbofin&ded=&age=&sex=&relationToHead=&religion=&education=&occupation=&marriageStatus=&marriageYears=&childrenBorn=&childrenLiving=&birthplace=&language=&deafdumb=&search=Search&sort=&pageSize=&houseNumber=&familiesNumber=&malesNumber=&femalesNumber=&maleServNumber=&femaleServNumber=&estChurchNumber=&romanCatNumber=&presbNumberDiv=&protNumber=&parish=&barony=&yearsMarried=&causeOfDeath=&yearOfDeath=&familyId=&ageInMonths=&pager.offset=0 | teideal=National Archives: Census of Ireland 1911 }}</ref> '' In the winter of 2009, the [[Irish Air Corps]] sent a helicopter to the island to deliver cattle fodder for the last farmer on the island, John Connell, after Loch Rí froze solid.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.independent.ie/life/travel/ireland/secret-ireland-lough-ree-26692248.html | teideal=Secret Ireland: Lough Ree | foilsitheoir=Independent.ie }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2010/01/13/3993995-air-corps-comes-to-athlone-to-deliver-fodder-to-lough-ree-islands | teideal=Air Corps comes to Athlone to deliver fodder to Lough Ree islands | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref>. He was the last permanent resident of the island and died on 12 February 2018.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2018/02/13/4152121-end-of-an-era-as-last-islander-passes/ | teideal=End of an era as last islander sies | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref> == Tagairtí annálacha Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM), [[Annála Inis Faithlinn]] (AIF), [[Annála Tiarnaigh]] (AT), [[Annála Uladh]] (AU) * '''ACM 750.3''': '' Fiangalach, mac Anmchadha, mic Maoile Curaich, abb Insi Bo Finne for Loch Ribh[, d'écc]<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005A/text058.html | title=Part 58 of Annals of the Four Masters | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AU 755.5''': ..., '' Fiangalach m. Anmchada filii Maele Curaich abb Innse Bo Finne for Loch Ri ... mortui sunt<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100001A.html | title=The Annals of Ulster | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AIF 922.2''': '' Tomrair mc. Elgi, iarla do Gallaib ... luid for Loch Rí coro oirg a h-uile inse, ... * '''AIF 1016.1''': '' Sloged mór la mc. m-[[Brian Bóraimhe|Briain]] co Loch Rí coro ort<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrand]] & Inis Bó Finne * '''ACM 1089.8''': '' Cobhlach Fer Mumhan .i. im [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], do thiachtain for [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]], & for [[Loch Rí|Loch Ribh]] co ro airccset<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> cealla an locha, .i. [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrann]], Inis Bó Finne, Inis Aingginn [''Hare Island''] & Cluain Eamhain<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005B/text019.html | teideal=Annála na gCeithre Máistrí (cuid 19) | publisher=CELT }}</ref> * '''AT 1089.1''': '' Coblach mor la Muirchertach h-Úa mBriain ríg Muman for Sinaind & for Loch Ri, co ro aírgset Inis Bo Finde & Inis Clothrann... == Foirgnimh '' The remains of two churches survive on Inchbofin. One (12th century) is at the north-eastern point of the island and has an irregular [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]]. It consists of a [[nave]], [[transept]] and [[sacristy]]. To the north of the altar is a [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] window, and above a window is a carving of a bishop's head. The smaller church ruin to the south is from the 12th/13th centuries.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/site/2460/ | teideal=Inchbofin, St Rioch | suíomh=The Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain & Ireland }}</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:An tSionainn]] == Ranna an aeir == {{tl|teideal iodálach}} __NOTOC__ {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} Is dréacht Éireannach de chuid na meánaoise é ''''' Ranna an aeir ''''' ("Na Réaltbhuíonta"), c.&nbsp;1500–1550 a mheastar. Scríobhadh é as [[Nua-Ghaeilge]] moch, le cúpla focal as [[Béarla]] agus [[Laidin]]. == Lámhscríbhinní * [[National Library of Scotland]]; Advocates 72.1.2 , olim Gaelic II. Tá cóip ar micreascannán ag [[Leabharlann Náisiúnta na hÉireann]] (n. 307, l.&nbsp;452). == Eagráin * A. O. Anderson, ''Ranna an aeir [The Constellations]'' in ''[[Revue Celtique]]'', eag. [[Henri d'Arbois de Jubainville]], Iml. 30, Páras, F. Vieweg (1909) ll. 404–417 == Féach freisin * ''An [[Irish Astronomical Tract]]'' == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Téacsanna Gaelacha na Meánaoise]] {{síol-ie}} == Foclóireacht == Déanta: # [[Foclóireacht na Gaeilge]] # [[Leabharlann an Ard Easpaig Marsh]]=[[Leabharlann Marsh]]- # [[foclóir.ie]]=[[focloir.ie]] == An Féineachas == [[An Féineachas]] (agus/nó b'fhéidir [[Seanchas]] / [[Béaloideas]]). Spreagtha ag ''[[:en:Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2025/March#8 March 2025|Recent additions, 8 March 2025]]'' ''[https://dil.ie/34117 othrus]'' ≈ fulaingt tinnis/othrais. Teimpléid; * [[Teimpléad:WD Bosca Sonraí Doiciméad]] * [[Teimpléad:efn]] Nuashonraithe (lámhscríbhinní): # [[Senchas Már]] (SM) # [[Bechbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Bechbretha agus Coibes Uisci Thairdne|SM #21]]) # [[Bretha Crólige]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #33]]) # [[Críth Gablach]] (MacA) # [[Gúbretha Caratniad]] ([[Bodleian Library]], [[Rawlinson B 502]]) As nua, iomlán: # [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici]] (CIH) # [[Sanas Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] (MacA) # [[Cethairṡlicht Athgabálae]] ([[Senchas Már#Cethairslicht Athgabálae|SM #2]]) # [[Sechtae]] ([[Senchas Már#Sechtae|SM #9]]) # [[Recholl Breth]] (SM #13) # [[Bretha Déin Chécht]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #34]]) # [[Muirbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Clár ábhar|SM #38]]) # [[Anfuigell]] (m.s., CnaT, LS 1387; MacA) # [[Berrad Airechta]] (CnaT, LS 1337) # [[Bretha Étgid]] ([[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann|ARÉ]] LS 23 P 3) # [[Cóic Conara Fugill]] (m.s., [[Uraicecht Becc]], [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Di Astud Chor]] (''via'' [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Mellbretha]] ([[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide|CnaT]], LS 1363) # [[Uí Lochlainn]] # [[Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] # [[CnaT BÁC, LS 1317]], [[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath, LS 1317]] # [[Bóaire]] # [[Coinmheadh is buannacht]] # [[Brehon Law Commission]] # [[Mac Aodhagáin]] &rightarrow; [[Mhic Aodhagáin]] # [[John Lynch (Gratianus Lucius)]] # [[Fearghas Ó Ceallaigh]] # [[Leabharlann COBÁC]] # [[Cathair Mhic Neachtain]] # [[Thom McGinty]] As nua, síolta: # [[Dlí Ceilteach]]- # [[Gabháil chine]]- # [[Cyfraith Hywel]]- # [[Galanas]]- # [[Accessus ad auctores]]- # [[Hapax legomenon]]- # [[Robert Atkinson]]- == Dlí luath na hÉireann == Fainic: sách fada, mionchúiseach agus as Béarla, mar bharr ar an donas. The particular "[https://www.teanglann.ie/ga/fgb/féineachas An] [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20Irish%20law/ Féineachas]" aside, I'm looking at the general phrase "early Irish law". My dad was a fishmonger and was always careful to say about his produce "smoked Irish salmon" and not "Irish smoked salmon", if you see the difference. Is it then "early law of ..." or "law of early ..."? Is "Irish" the language (surely not), the culture, the people or the nation, and in what period? Should "early" be translated as luath or moch? If luath, should it be "luath-" or "- luath"? Given those options, "early Irish law" could be anything from "luathdhlí Gaelach" to "dlí na hÉireann moiche" and points in between. I favour the former. Similarly, for "Celtic law" I favour "dlí Ceilteach", i.e., the culture not the people (the Celts, ... na gCeilteach). Notes: * Moch: cf. [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20modern%20irish/ Nua-Ghaeilge Mhoch] on téarma.ie * "Irish": Gaelach, na nGael, Éireannach, na hÉireann? * What about Welsh, English or Roman law? {{Dlí luath na hÉireann}} == Téamh domhanda == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir Ann cheana: * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] ''Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy 'Cúis'eanna nua: # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas # [[Astaíocht charbóin]] '' Carbon emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture d2hmag6zjr0g9ogc6owgpug8x1s5yk2 1269441 1269440 2025-06-11T11:46:50Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 1269441 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Litríocht == # ''[[:en:Foraire Uladh ar Aodh|Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]]'' - [[Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]] # ''[[:en:Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh|Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]]'' - [[Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]] # ''[[:en:Dominican Annals of Roscommon|Dominican Annals of Roscommon]]'' - [[Annála Doiminiceacha Ros Comáin]] # ''[[:en:Inchcleraun|Inchcleraun]]'' - [[Inis Cloithrinn]] # ''[[:en:Inchbofin|Inchbofin]]'' - [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí]] # ''[[:en:Ranna an aeir|Ranna an aeir]]'' - [[Ranna an aeir]] Déanta: # [[Murúch]]- # [[Tongu do dia toinges mo thúath]]- # [[Remscéla]]=[[Réamhscéalta]] # [[Bernhard Maier]] # [[Lebor Bretnach]]=[[Leabhar Breatnach]] # [[Irish Astronomical Tract]]=[[]] == Annales Dominicani de Roscoman == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} [[Íomhá:Roscommon_Priory_-_aerial_-_2024-12-27_01.jpg|thumb|'' Ruins of Roscommon Dominican Priory]] The '''Dominican Annals of Roscommon''' ({{Lang|la|Annales Dominicani de Roscoman}}) is an [[Annála Éireannacha]], covering events, mainly in Connacht and its neighbouring regions, from 1163 to 1314, spanning the period of the [[Ionradh na Normannach ar Éirinn]] and the early part of [[Tiarnas na hÉireann]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://groups.io/g/Educator-Gold/topic/digital_humanities_digital/334356 | teideal=CELT Project: The Corpus of Electronic Texts | suíomh=groups.io }}</ref> It also mentions some matters to do with the [[na Doiminicigh]], [[An Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach] matters in general, and political relations with [[Ríocht Shasana]].<ref name=adrcelt>{{lua idirlín |url=https://celt.ucc.ie/published/L100015A/ |teideal=Annales Dominicani de Roscoman |suíomh=celt.ucc.ie }}</ref> It was compiled in [[Laidin]] in [[Roscommon Dominican Priory]] (Blackfriars).<ref>Finn, R. (2023:10). ''The Dominicans in the British Isles and Beyond: A New History of the English Province of the Friars Preachers''. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.</ref> The abbey was founded by and supported by the [[Uí Chonchúir]] [[ríthe na gConnacht]]. Occasional examples of pro-O'Connor bias are noted: for example, the [[Blinding (punishment)|blinding]] of Muirchertach Ua Conchobair by his brother, the king [[Ruaidrí mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair|Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair]], is not mentioned, and when the 1193 [[creachadh]] of the monastery on [[Inchcleraun]] is mentioned, it is attributed to [[Gilbert de Lacy]], whereas the [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] mention that [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair]] was also responsible.<ref name=adrcelt/> The largest part of the Annals are attributed to [[Odo O'Hanmerech]] (died in 1306). The annals survive in a seventeenth-century manuscript that once belonged to [[James Ware]]. Among its notable entries are a mention of the drying-up of the River Galvia, apparently an early name for [[Abhainn na Gaillimhe]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://steemit.com/ireland/@harlotscurse/a-sova-potamoy-ekvolai | teideal=Αὐσοβα Ποταμου Εκβολαι | dáta=3ú Meán Fómhair 2018 | suíomh=Steemit }}</ref> == Féach freisin * [[Annála Éireannacha]] == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Annála Éireannacha]] {{síol-ie}} == Inis Cloithrinn == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Séadchomhartha}} 91<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=National Monuments of County Longford in State Care | url = http://www.archaeology.ie/sites/default/files/media/pdf/monuments-in-state-care-longford.pdf | page=1 | suíomh=heritageireland.ie | foilsitheoir=National Monument Service | dátarochtana=2a Iúil 2020 }}</ref> '' '''Inis Cloithrinn''', is an island situated in [[Loch Rí]] on the [[an tSionainn]], in central Ireland.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | teideal=Inchcleraun Island / Quaker Island - Longford - | ainm=Michael | Aoine=Heraghty | dáta=15ú Deireadh Fómhair 2004 | dátarochtana=22a Meitheamh 2016 | archive-date=8ú Lúnasa 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160808025929/http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/historical-features-of-co/islands/ | teideal=Islands }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/longford/inchcleraun/ | teideal=Inchcleraun (quaker island), County Longford }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordtourism.ie/see-do/attractions/lough-ree/ | teideal=Lough Ree }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> '' The island is home to the ruins of St. Diarmaid's Monastery, a [[mainistir]] founded by [[Diarmaid the Just]] in AD 560. These buildings constitute a [[Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]]. == An Inis '' Inis Cloithrinn is an island of {{Convert|57.7|ha|abbr=on}} located in the centre of [[Loch Rí]], with [[Cnoc an Chrochaire]], Contae Ros Comáin to its west and [[Baile Nua an Chaisil]], Contae Longfoirt to its east. [[Íomhá:Inchcleraun Monastery.jpg|thumb|Mainister Inis Cloithrinn]] == Stair '' The island takes its name from Irish for "[[Cloithre]]'s Island". In [[Miotaseolaíocht na nGael]], Clothru was a daughter of [[Eochaid Feidlech]], then [[ardrí na hÉireann]]. She became the Queen of Connacht after her father's death, and once owned the island. Her sister, [[Medb]], retired to Inchcleraun after Medb's husband [[Ailill mac Máta]] killed her lover [[Fergus mac Róich]]. One point is called '' Grianán Maebha '', and nearby is ''Ionad Marbhtha Meidhbhe'', where she was killed by a stone thrown from [[Elfeet Castle]], on the Longford side of the lake. In other versions of the legend, it is a lump of cheese fired from a [[slingshot]] by a nephew of Clothru.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordlibrary.ie/lib_arc_inside.aspx?id=15036 | teideal=Longford Library | ainm=Longford | sloinne=Library }}</ref> [[Íomhá:Myths and legends; the Celtic race (1910) (14596952367).jpg|thumb|'' "The Death of Maev" ([[T. W. Rolleston]], 1910); Forbay with [[sling (weapon)|sling]] in foreground, Medb bathing in the background.]] '' The name "Quaker Island" is more recent, and owes to the island being owned at one time by [[Cumann na gCarad|Caecar]]. The island is today owned by the Irish state. === Tagairtí annálacha === Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM) * '''ACM 719.2:''' '' S. Sionach Innsi Clothrann d'écc an fichetmhadh lá do mí April. *'''769''' Curoi, the son of Alniadh, Abbot and Sage of Inchcleraun, and of Caill Fochladha ([[Loch Dairbhreach]]) in Meath died. * '''ACM 780.6:''' '' Eochaidh mac Focartai, abb Fochladha, & Insi Clothrann, [d'ecc] *'''1010''' The men of [[an Mhumhain]] plundered Inchcleraun and [[Inis Bó Finne]] * '''ACM 1050.22:''' '' Inis Clothrand do orccain.<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> *'''1087''' The fleet of the men of Munster, with [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], sailed on the Shannon to Lough Ree and plundered the islands of the lake (inc. Inchcleraun) * '''ACM 1136.1:''' '' Aodh Ua Finn, epscop na [[Bréifne]], do écc i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1141.7:''' '' Giolla na Naomh Ua Ferghaile, toiseach Muintire [[an Anaíle|h-Anghaile]] fer ard-raith Ereann d'ég, iar c-cian-aois, & a adhnacal a n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1150.10:''' '' Murchadh, mac Giolla na Naemh Uí Fherghail, tuir ordáin, & airechais Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrand. * '''ACM 1160.3:''' '' Giolla na Naemh Ua Duinn [[ollamh Éireann|fer léighinn]] Insi Clothrann, saoi senchusa, & dána, & degh-fher labhra, ro fhaidh-sein [''sent''] a spirat co a athardha etir coraidh aingel an 17 do December iarsan ochtmhadh bliadhain ar chaogad a aoise. * '''ACM 1167.3:''' '' Cionaeth Ua Cethernaigh, sagart Insi Clothrann [d'écc] * '''ACM 1168.16:''' '' Dubhcobhlach, the daughter of O'Quinn, wife of Mac Corgamna, died and was interred in Inchcleraun. Dubh Chobhlaigh, inghen Uí Chuinn, ben Mic Carrgamhna, d'écc iar buaidh ongtha & aithrighe, & a h-adhnacal i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1170.5:''' '' Diarmaid Ua Braoin, comharba Commáin, & áird-shenóir Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann iarsan cúicceadh bliadhain nochad a aoisi. * '''ACM 1174.6:''' '' Ruaidhri Ua Cearbhaill tighearna [[Ele|Éile]] do mharbhadh ar lár Innsi Clothrann. * '''ACM 1189.8:''' '' ... ar as ann ro bátar geill [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair|Conchobhair Maonmuighe] i n-Inis Clothrann for Loch Ribh an tan-sin. * '''ACM 1193.10:''' '' Inis Clothrann do orgain la macaibh Oisdealb, & la macaibh Conchobhair Maonmaighe. * '''ACM 1232.3:''' '' Tiopraitte Ua Braoin comhorba Commáin saoí cléircechta, sencusa, & breithemhnassa d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann i n-a ailithre. * '''ACM 1244.1:''' '' Donnchadh mac Finghin mic Maoil Seachlainn mic Aodha mic Toirrdhealbaigh Uí Conchobhair epscop Oile Finn d'écc an 23. April i n-Inis Clothrand, & a adhncacal i [[Mainistir na Búille|Mainistir na Buille]]. === Foirgnimh === '' Between 800 and 1300 the island and its churches were repeatedly plundered and burned by invaders, so the buildings are in ruins today. Six of the island's churches are surrounded by an [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]] in the southeast corner of the island. === Teampall Diarmada '' Teampall Diarmada is the monastery founded by Saint [[Diarmaid the Just]] (who was a teacher of [[Ciarán of Clonmacnoise]]) in 540 AD. This church once had a stone roof.<ref name=newtowncashel>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> === Teampall Mór '' Teampall Mór stands within four metres to the north of Teampall Diarmada. It consists of a single nave. Its plain masonry walls are in relatively good condition. There are two lancet windows at the east end, which are long, narrow and recessed. The windows on the south side have the appearance of later additions and are unsymmetrical. All traces of doors have vanished, but the opes, which have been arched and protected by the Board of Works, seem to indicate the position of a west door and an entrance on the north side to the cloister. An upper chamber exists. '' The interior walls of the church were once plastered. The walls have lost their distinctive features of detail, except for the east window, which is similar in construction to that of the Teampall Clogas. The interior arch of the east window is circular, built of four stones. The exterior has only two stones forming a pointed arch. '' There is the remains of an altar, built of rubble work but without the altar slab. The door in the south wall of the nave has a circular moulding. The north door is only a gap. '' This church is situated a short distance to the south of the cluster of churches. It is more modern in appearance than any of the others. At the north-west corner is a more modern chamber with no visible entrance. Near this church, half buried with its face downward is a stone bearing incised on its surface a Celtic interlaced cross with an Irish inscription.<ref name=newtowncashel/> === Templemurry '' Templemurry is the largest church on the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> According to local lore, any woman who enters Templemurray will die within a year. === Teampall Clogas '' Teampall Clogas is one of the churches, and stands alone at the highest point of the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> It has a square [[clogas]], which is attached to the main building. Most churches of this era had [[Irish round tower|round towers]], separate from the main building. It is located on the northern part of the island and is visible from the shoreline. On the plan the church is rectangular, being {{Convert|10.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} by {{Convert|5.1|m|ft|abbr=on}}. == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]] == Inis Bó Finne == :''Gan bheith measctha le [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na Gaillimhe]] agus [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae Dhún na nGall]]. Féach [[Inis Bó Finne]] (Idirdhealán). Is oileán suite i [[Loch Rí]] ar an [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]] is ea '''Inis Bó Finne'''.<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=Inis Bó Finne | url=http://www.logainm.ie/ga/50983 | dátarochtana=2022-11-24 | suíomh=logainm.ie | teanga=ga }}</ref> == An inis '' Inis Bó Finne is an island of {{Convert|26.6|ha|abbr=on}} located in the eastern arm of [[Loch Rí]], with [[An Teanga, Contae na hIarmhí]] the nearest village. == Stair 213 '' Saint [[Ríoch]] is said to have founded a Christian monastery on Inis Bó Finne in AD 530.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/westmeath/inchbofin/ | teideal=Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí }}</ref> The [[Laidin]] [[calque]]s ''Īnsula Vaccae Albae'' or ''Īnsula Vitulae Albae'' are also used on occasion.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/lakelands-of-westmeath/lough-ree/islands-of-lough-ree/inchboffin/ | teideal=Inchboffin }}</ref> The monastery was of the [[Canons Regular of Saint Augustine]]. '' The ''Topographical Dictionary of Ireland'' (1837) said that of Inchbofin's {{convert|64|acre|abbr=on}}, there were {{CONVERT|27|acre|abbr=on}} suitable for [[arable land|arable]] use.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.johngrenham.com/records/lewis.php?civilparishid=2490&civilparish=&county=Westmeath&&search_type=full | teideal=Lewis' Topographical Dictionary | ainm=John | sloinne=Grenham }}</ref> Griffith's Valuation (mid-19th century) mentions three families on the island: Skelly, Connell and Heffernan; the island was owned by Susan Galbraith. In the 1911 census, there were 13 people living on the island, of the same 3 families.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/search/results.jsp?census_year=1911&surname=&exact=&firstname=&county19011911=Westmeath&county1821=&county1831=&county1841=&county1851=&townland=inchbofin&ded=&age=&sex=&relationToHead=&religion=&education=&occupation=&marriageStatus=&marriageYears=&childrenBorn=&childrenLiving=&birthplace=&language=&deafdumb=&search=Search&sort=&pageSize=&houseNumber=&familiesNumber=&malesNumber=&femalesNumber=&maleServNumber=&femaleServNumber=&estChurchNumber=&romanCatNumber=&presbNumberDiv=&protNumber=&parish=&barony=&yearsMarried=&causeOfDeath=&yearOfDeath=&familyId=&ageInMonths=&pager.offset=0 | teideal=National Archives: Census of Ireland 1911 }}</ref> '' In the winter of 2009, the [[Irish Air Corps]] sent a helicopter to the island to deliver cattle fodder for the last farmer on the island, John Connell, after Loch Rí froze solid.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.independent.ie/life/travel/ireland/secret-ireland-lough-ree-26692248.html | teideal=Secret Ireland: Lough Ree | foilsitheoir=Independent.ie }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2010/01/13/3993995-air-corps-comes-to-athlone-to-deliver-fodder-to-lough-ree-islands | teideal=Air Corps comes to Athlone to deliver fodder to Lough Ree islands | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref>. He was the last permanent resident of the island and died on 12 February 2018.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2018/02/13/4152121-end-of-an-era-as-last-islander-passes/ | teideal=End of an era as last islander sies | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref> == Tagairtí annálacha Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM), [[Annála Inis Faithlinn]] (AIF), [[Annála Tiarnaigh]] (AT), [[Annála Uladh]] (AU) * '''ACM 750.3''': '' Fiangalach, mac Anmchadha, mic Maoile Curaich, abb Insi Bo Finne for Loch Ribh[, d'écc]<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005A/text058.html | title=Part 58 of Annals of the Four Masters | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AU 755.5''': ..., '' Fiangalach m. Anmchada filii Maele Curaich abb Innse Bo Finne for Loch Ri ... mortui sunt<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100001A.html | title=The Annals of Ulster | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AIF 922.2''': '' Tomrair mc. Elgi, iarla do Gallaib ... luid for Loch Rí coro oirg a h-uile inse, ... * '''AIF 1016.1''': '' Sloged mór la mc. m-[[Brian Bóraimhe|Briain]] co Loch Rí coro ort<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrand]] & Inis Bó Finne * '''ACM 1089.8''': '' Cobhlach Fer Mumhan .i. im [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], do thiachtain for [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]], & for [[Loch Rí|Loch Ribh]] co ro airccset<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> cealla an locha, .i. [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrann]], Inis Bó Finne, Inis Aingginn [''Hare Island''] & Cluain Eamhain<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005B/text019.html | teideal=Annála na gCeithre Máistrí (cuid 19) | publisher=CELT }}</ref> * '''AT 1089.1''': '' Coblach mor la Muirchertach h-Úa mBriain ríg Muman for Sinaind & for Loch Ri, co ro aírgset Inis Bo Finde & Inis Clothrann... == Foirgnimh '' The remains of two churches survive on Inchbofin. One (12th century) is at the north-eastern point of the island and has an irregular [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]]. It consists of a [[nave]], [[transept]] and [[sacristy]]. To the north of the altar is a [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] window, and above a window is a carving of a bishop's head. The smaller church ruin to the south is from the 12th/13th centuries.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/site/2460/ | teideal=Inchbofin, St Rioch | suíomh=The Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain & Ireland }}</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:An tSionainn]] == Foclóireacht == Déanta: # [[Foclóireacht na Gaeilge]] # [[Leabharlann an Ard Easpaig Marsh]]=[[Leabharlann Marsh]]- # [[foclóir.ie]]=[[focloir.ie]] == An Féineachas == [[An Féineachas]] (agus/nó b'fhéidir [[Seanchas]] / [[Béaloideas]]). Spreagtha ag ''[[:en:Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2025/March#8 March 2025|Recent additions, 8 March 2025]]'' ''[https://dil.ie/34117 othrus]'' ≈ fulaingt tinnis/othrais. Teimpléid; * [[Teimpléad:WD Bosca Sonraí Doiciméad]] * [[Teimpléad:efn]] Nuashonraithe (lámhscríbhinní): # [[Senchas Már]] (SM) # [[Bechbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Bechbretha agus Coibes Uisci Thairdne|SM #21]]) # [[Bretha Crólige]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #33]]) # [[Críth Gablach]] (MacA) # [[Gúbretha Caratniad]] ([[Bodleian Library]], [[Rawlinson B 502]]) As nua, iomlán: # [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici]] (CIH) # [[Sanas Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] (MacA) # [[Cethairṡlicht Athgabálae]] ([[Senchas Már#Cethairslicht Athgabálae|SM #2]]) # [[Sechtae]] ([[Senchas Már#Sechtae|SM #9]]) # [[Recholl Breth]] (SM #13) # [[Bretha Déin Chécht]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #34]]) # [[Muirbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Clár ábhar|SM #38]]) # [[Anfuigell]] (m.s., CnaT, LS 1387; MacA) # [[Berrad Airechta]] (CnaT, LS 1337) # [[Bretha Étgid]] ([[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann|ARÉ]] LS 23 P 3) # [[Cóic Conara Fugill]] (m.s., [[Uraicecht Becc]], [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Di Astud Chor]] (''via'' [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Mellbretha]] ([[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide|CnaT]], LS 1363) # [[Uí Lochlainn]] # [[Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] # [[CnaT BÁC, LS 1317]], [[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath, LS 1317]] # [[Bóaire]] # [[Coinmheadh is buannacht]] # [[Brehon Law Commission]] # [[Mac Aodhagáin]] &rightarrow; [[Mhic Aodhagáin]] # [[John Lynch (Gratianus Lucius)]] # [[Fearghas Ó Ceallaigh]] # [[Leabharlann COBÁC]] # [[Cathair Mhic Neachtain]] # [[Thom McGinty]] As nua, síolta: # [[Dlí Ceilteach]]- # [[Gabháil chine]]- # [[Cyfraith Hywel]]- # [[Galanas]]- # [[Accessus ad auctores]]- # [[Hapax legomenon]]- # [[Robert Atkinson]]- == Dlí luath na hÉireann == Fainic: sách fada, mionchúiseach agus as Béarla, mar bharr ar an donas. The particular "[https://www.teanglann.ie/ga/fgb/féineachas An] [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20Irish%20law/ Féineachas]" aside, I'm looking at the general phrase "early Irish law". My dad was a fishmonger and was always careful to say about his produce "smoked Irish salmon" and not "Irish smoked salmon", if you see the difference. Is it then "early law of ..." or "law of early ..."? Is "Irish" the language (surely not), the culture, the people or the nation, and in what period? Should "early" be translated as luath or moch? If luath, should it be "luath-" or "- luath"? Given those options, "early Irish law" could be anything from "luathdhlí Gaelach" to "dlí na hÉireann moiche" and points in between. I favour the former. Similarly, for "Celtic law" I favour "dlí Ceilteach", i.e., the culture not the people (the Celts, ... na gCeilteach). Notes: * Moch: cf. [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20modern%20irish/ Nua-Ghaeilge Mhoch] on téarma.ie * "Irish": Gaelach, na nGael, Éireannach, na hÉireann? * What about Welsh, English or Roman law? {{Dlí luath na hÉireann}} == Téamh domhanda == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir Ann cheana: * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] ''Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy 'Cúis'eanna nua: # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas # [[Astaíocht charbóin]] '' Carbon emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture 43geh29r8v6oksbezo0hm2l2io1mzah 1269444 1269441 2025-06-11T11:50:30Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Litríocht */ 1269444 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Litríocht == # ''[[:en:Foraire Uladh ar Aodh|Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]]'' - [[Foraire Uladh ar Aodh]] # ''[[:en:Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh|Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]]'' - [[Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh]] # ''[[:en:Dominican Annals of Roscommon|Dominican Annals of Roscommon]]'' - [[Annála Doiminiceacha Ros Comáin]] # ''[[:en:Inchcleraun|Inchcleraun]]'' - [[Inis Cloithrinn]] # ''[[:en:Inchbofin|Inchbofin]]'' - [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí]] Déanta: # [[Murúch]]- # [[Tongu do dia toinges mo thúath]]- # [[Remscéla]]=[[Réamhscéalta]] # [[Bernhard Maier]] # [[Lebor Bretnach]]=[[Leabhar Breatnach]] # [[Irish Astronomical Tract]]=[[]] # [[Ranna an aeir]] == Annales Dominicani de Roscoman == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} [[Íomhá:Roscommon_Priory_-_aerial_-_2024-12-27_01.jpg|thumb|'' Ruins of Roscommon Dominican Priory]] The '''Dominican Annals of Roscommon''' ({{Lang|la|Annales Dominicani de Roscoman}}) is an [[Annála Éireannacha]], covering events, mainly in Connacht and its neighbouring regions, from 1163 to 1314, spanning the period of the [[Ionradh na Normannach ar Éirinn]] and the early part of [[Tiarnas na hÉireann]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://groups.io/g/Educator-Gold/topic/digital_humanities_digital/334356 | teideal=CELT Project: The Corpus of Electronic Texts | suíomh=groups.io }}</ref> It also mentions some matters to do with the [[na Doiminicigh]], [[An Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach] matters in general, and political relations with [[Ríocht Shasana]].<ref name=adrcelt>{{lua idirlín |url=https://celt.ucc.ie/published/L100015A/ |teideal=Annales Dominicani de Roscoman |suíomh=celt.ucc.ie }}</ref> It was compiled in [[Laidin]] in [[Roscommon Dominican Priory]] (Blackfriars).<ref>Finn, R. (2023:10). ''The Dominicans in the British Isles and Beyond: A New History of the English Province of the Friars Preachers''. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.</ref> The abbey was founded by and supported by the [[Uí Chonchúir]] [[ríthe na gConnacht]]. Occasional examples of pro-O'Connor bias are noted: for example, the [[Blinding (punishment)|blinding]] of Muirchertach Ua Conchobair by his brother, the king [[Ruaidrí mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair|Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair]], is not mentioned, and when the 1193 [[creachadh]] of the monastery on [[Inchcleraun]] is mentioned, it is attributed to [[Gilbert de Lacy]], whereas the [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] mention that [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair]] was also responsible.<ref name=adrcelt/> The largest part of the Annals are attributed to [[Odo O'Hanmerech]] (died in 1306). The annals survive in a seventeenth-century manuscript that once belonged to [[James Ware]]. Among its notable entries are a mention of the drying-up of the River Galvia, apparently an early name for [[Abhainn na Gaillimhe]].<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://steemit.com/ireland/@harlotscurse/a-sova-potamoy-ekvolai | teideal=Αὐσοβα Ποταμου Εκβολαι | dáta=3ú Meán Fómhair 2018 | suíomh=Steemit }}</ref> == Féach freisin * [[Annála Éireannacha]] == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Annála Éireannacha]] {{síol-ie}} == Inis Cloithrinn == {{tl|WD Bosca Sonraí Séadchomhartha}} 91<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=National Monuments of County Longford in State Care | url = http://www.archaeology.ie/sites/default/files/media/pdf/monuments-in-state-care-longford.pdf | page=1 | suíomh=heritageireland.ie | foilsitheoir=National Monument Service | dátarochtana=2a Iúil 2020 }}</ref> '' '''Inis Cloithrinn''', is an island situated in [[Loch Rí]] on the [[an tSionainn]], in central Ireland.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | teideal=Inchcleraun Island / Quaker Island - Longford - | ainm=Michael | Aoine=Heraghty | dáta=15ú Deireadh Fómhair 2004 | dátarochtana=22a Meitheamh 2016 | archive-date=8ú Lúnasa 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160808025929/http://www.chooseireland.com/longford/inchcleraun-island/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/historical-features-of-co/islands/ | teideal=Islands }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/longford/inchcleraun/ | teideal=Inchcleraun (quaker island), County Longford }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordtourism.ie/see-do/attractions/lough-ree/ | teideal=Lough Ree }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> '' The island is home to the ruins of St. Diarmaid's Monastery, a [[mainistir]] founded by [[Diarmaid the Just]] in AD 560. These buildings constitute a [[Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]]. == An Inis '' Inis Cloithrinn is an island of {{Convert|57.7|ha|abbr=on}} located in the centre of [[Loch Rí]], with [[Cnoc an Chrochaire]], Contae Ros Comáin to its west and [[Baile Nua an Chaisil]], Contae Longfoirt to its east. [[Íomhá:Inchcleraun Monastery.jpg|thumb|Mainister Inis Cloithrinn]] == Stair '' The island takes its name from Irish for "[[Cloithre]]'s Island". In [[Miotaseolaíocht na nGael]], Clothru was a daughter of [[Eochaid Feidlech]], then [[ardrí na hÉireann]]. She became the Queen of Connacht after her father's death, and once owned the island. Her sister, [[Medb]], retired to Inchcleraun after Medb's husband [[Ailill mac Máta]] killed her lover [[Fergus mac Róich]]. One point is called '' Grianán Maebha '', and nearby is ''Ionad Marbhtha Meidhbhe'', where she was killed by a stone thrown from [[Elfeet Castle]], on the Longford side of the lake. In other versions of the legend, it is a lump of cheese fired from a [[slingshot]] by a nephew of Clothru.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.longfordlibrary.ie/lib_arc_inside.aspx?id=15036 | teideal=Longford Library | ainm=Longford | sloinne=Library }}</ref> [[Íomhá:Myths and legends; the Celtic race (1910) (14596952367).jpg|thumb|'' "The Death of Maev" ([[T. W. Rolleston]], 1910); Forbay with [[sling (weapon)|sling]] in foreground, Medb bathing in the background.]] '' The name "Quaker Island" is more recent, and owes to the island being owned at one time by [[Cumann na gCarad|Caecar]]. The island is today owned by the Irish state. === Tagairtí annálacha === Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM) * '''ACM 719.2:''' '' S. Sionach Innsi Clothrann d'écc an fichetmhadh lá do mí April. *'''769''' Curoi, the son of Alniadh, Abbot and Sage of Inchcleraun, and of Caill Fochladha ([[Loch Dairbhreach]]) in Meath died. * '''ACM 780.6:''' '' Eochaidh mac Focartai, abb Fochladha, & Insi Clothrann, [d'ecc] *'''1010''' The men of [[an Mhumhain]] plundered Inchcleraun and [[Inis Bó Finne]] * '''ACM 1050.22:''' '' Inis Clothrand do orccain.<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> *'''1087''' The fleet of the men of Munster, with [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], sailed on the Shannon to Lough Ree and plundered the islands of the lake (inc. Inchcleraun) * '''ACM 1136.1:''' '' Aodh Ua Finn, epscop na [[Bréifne]], do écc i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1141.7:''' '' Giolla na Naomh Ua Ferghaile, toiseach Muintire [[an Anaíle|h-Anghaile]] fer ard-raith Ereann d'ég, iar c-cian-aois, & a adhnacal a n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1150.10:''' '' Murchadh, mac Giolla na Naemh Uí Fherghail, tuir ordáin, & airechais Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrand. * '''ACM 1160.3:''' '' Giolla na Naemh Ua Duinn [[ollamh Éireann|fer léighinn]] Insi Clothrann, saoi senchusa, & dána, & degh-fher labhra, ro fhaidh-sein [''sent''] a spirat co a athardha etir coraidh aingel an 17 do December iarsan ochtmhadh bliadhain ar chaogad a aoise. * '''ACM 1167.3:''' '' Cionaeth Ua Cethernaigh, sagart Insi Clothrann [d'écc] * '''ACM 1168.16:''' '' Dubhcobhlach, the daughter of O'Quinn, wife of Mac Corgamna, died and was interred in Inchcleraun. Dubh Chobhlaigh, inghen Uí Chuinn, ben Mic Carrgamhna, d'écc iar buaidh ongtha & aithrighe, & a h-adhnacal i n-Inis Clothrann. * '''ACM 1170.5:''' '' Diarmaid Ua Braoin, comharba Commáin, & áird-shenóir Airthir Connacht, d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann iarsan cúicceadh bliadhain nochad a aoisi. * '''ACM 1174.6:''' '' Ruaidhri Ua Cearbhaill tighearna [[Ele|Éile]] do mharbhadh ar lár Innsi Clothrann. * '''ACM 1189.8:''' '' ... ar as ann ro bátar geill [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair|Conchobhair Maonmuighe] i n-Inis Clothrann for Loch Ribh an tan-sin. * '''ACM 1193.10:''' '' Inis Clothrann do orgain la macaibh Oisdealb, & la macaibh Conchobhair Maonmaighe. * '''ACM 1232.3:''' '' Tiopraitte Ua Braoin comhorba Commáin saoí cléircechta, sencusa, & breithemhnassa d'écc i n-Inis Clothrann i n-a ailithre. * '''ACM 1244.1:''' '' Donnchadh mac Finghin mic Maoil Seachlainn mic Aodha mic Toirrdhealbaigh Uí Conchobhair epscop Oile Finn d'écc an 23. April i n-Inis Clothrand, & a adhncacal i [[Mainistir na Búille|Mainistir na Buille]]. === Foirgnimh === '' Between 800 and 1300 the island and its churches were repeatedly plundered and burned by invaders, so the buildings are in ruins today. Six of the island's churches are surrounded by an [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]] in the southeast corner of the island. === Teampall Diarmada '' Teampall Diarmada is the monastery founded by Saint [[Diarmaid the Just]] (who was a teacher of [[Ciarán of Clonmacnoise]]) in 540 AD. This church once had a stone roof.<ref name=newtowncashel>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.newtowncashel.ie/inchclearaun-island.html | teideal=Inchclearaun Island - Newtowncashel - Co. Longford }}</ref> === Teampall Mór '' Teampall Mór stands within four metres to the north of Teampall Diarmada. It consists of a single nave. Its plain masonry walls are in relatively good condition. There are two lancet windows at the east end, which are long, narrow and recessed. The windows on the south side have the appearance of later additions and are unsymmetrical. All traces of doors have vanished, but the opes, which have been arched and protected by the Board of Works, seem to indicate the position of a west door and an entrance on the north side to the cloister. An upper chamber exists. '' The interior walls of the church were once plastered. The walls have lost their distinctive features of detail, except for the east window, which is similar in construction to that of the Teampall Clogas. The interior arch of the east window is circular, built of four stones. The exterior has only two stones forming a pointed arch. '' There is the remains of an altar, built of rubble work but without the altar slab. The door in the south wall of the nave has a circular moulding. The north door is only a gap. '' This church is situated a short distance to the south of the cluster of churches. It is more modern in appearance than any of the others. At the north-west corner is a more modern chamber with no visible entrance. Near this church, half buried with its face downward is a stone bearing incised on its surface a Celtic interlaced cross with an Irish inscription.<ref name=newtowncashel/> === Templemurry '' Templemurry is the largest church on the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> According to local lore, any woman who enters Templemurray will die within a year. === Teampall Clogas '' Teampall Clogas is one of the churches, and stands alone at the highest point of the island.<ref name=newtowncashel/> It has a square [[clogas]], which is attached to the main building. Most churches of this era had [[Irish round tower|round towers]], separate from the main building. It is located on the northern part of the island and is visible from the shoreline. On the plan the church is rectangular, being {{Convert|10.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} by {{Convert|5.1|m|ft|abbr=on}}. == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann]] == Inis Bó Finne == :''Gan bheith measctha le [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae na Gaillimhe]] agus [[Inis Bó Finne, Contae Dhún na nGall]]. Féach [[Inis Bó Finne]] (Idirdhealán). Is oileán suite i [[Loch Rí]] ar an [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]] is ea '''Inis Bó Finne'''.<ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal=Inis Bó Finne | url=http://www.logainm.ie/ga/50983 | dátarochtana=2022-11-24 | suíomh=logainm.ie | teanga=ga }}</ref> == An inis '' Inis Bó Finne is an island of {{Convert|26.6|ha|abbr=on}} located in the eastern arm of [[Loch Rí]], with [[An Teanga, Contae na hIarmhí]] the nearest village. == Stair 213 '' Saint [[Ríoch]] is said to have founded a Christian monastery on Inis Bó Finne in AD 530.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.earlychristianireland.net/Counties/westmeath/inchbofin/ | teideal=Inis Bó Finne, Contae na hIarmhí }}</ref> The [[Laidin]] [[calque]]s ''Īnsula Vaccae Albae'' or ''Īnsula Vitulae Albae'' are also used on occasion.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical-landscape/lakelands-of-westmeath/lough-ree/islands-of-lough-ree/inchboffin/ | teideal=Inchboffin }}</ref> The monastery was of the [[Canons Regular of Saint Augustine]]. '' The ''Topographical Dictionary of Ireland'' (1837) said that of Inchbofin's {{convert|64|acre|abbr=on}}, there were {{CONVERT|27|acre|abbr=on}} suitable for [[arable land|arable]] use.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.johngrenham.com/records/lewis.php?civilparishid=2490&civilparish=&county=Westmeath&&search_type=full | teideal=Lewis' Topographical Dictionary | ainm=John | sloinne=Grenham }}</ref> Griffith's Valuation (mid-19th century) mentions three families on the island: Skelly, Connell and Heffernan; the island was owned by Susan Galbraith. In the 1911 census, there were 13 people living on the island, of the same 3 families.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/search/results.jsp?census_year=1911&surname=&exact=&firstname=&county19011911=Westmeath&county1821=&county1831=&county1841=&county1851=&townland=inchbofin&ded=&age=&sex=&relationToHead=&religion=&education=&occupation=&marriageStatus=&marriageYears=&childrenBorn=&childrenLiving=&birthplace=&language=&deafdumb=&search=Search&sort=&pageSize=&houseNumber=&familiesNumber=&malesNumber=&femalesNumber=&maleServNumber=&femaleServNumber=&estChurchNumber=&romanCatNumber=&presbNumberDiv=&protNumber=&parish=&barony=&yearsMarried=&causeOfDeath=&yearOfDeath=&familyId=&ageInMonths=&pager.offset=0 | teideal=National Archives: Census of Ireland 1911 }}</ref> '' In the winter of 2009, the [[Irish Air Corps]] sent a helicopter to the island to deliver cattle fodder for the last farmer on the island, John Connell, after Loch Rí froze solid.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.independent.ie/life/travel/ireland/secret-ireland-lough-ree-26692248.html | teideal=Secret Ireland: Lough Ree | foilsitheoir=Independent.ie }}</ref><ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2010/01/13/3993995-air-corps-comes-to-athlone-to-deliver-fodder-to-lough-ree-islands | teideal=Air Corps comes to Athlone to deliver fodder to Lough Ree islands | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref>. He was the last permanent resident of the island and died on 12 February 2018.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.westmeathindependent.ie/news/roundup/articles/2018/02/13/4152121-end-of-an-era-as-last-islander-passes/ | teideal=End of an era as last islander sies | foilsitheoir=Westmeath Independent }}</ref> == Tagairtí annálacha Foinsí: [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (ACM), [[Annála Inis Faithlinn]] (AIF), [[Annála Tiarnaigh]] (AT), [[Annála Uladh]] (AU) * '''ACM 750.3''': '' Fiangalach, mac Anmchadha, mic Maoile Curaich, abb Insi Bo Finne for Loch Ribh[, d'écc]<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005A/text058.html | title=Part 58 of Annals of the Four Masters | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AU 755.5''': ..., '' Fiangalach m. Anmchada filii Maele Curaich abb Innse Bo Finne for Loch Ri ... mortui sunt<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100001A.html | title=The Annals of Ulster | foilsitheoir=CELT }}</ref> * '''AIF 922.2''': '' Tomrair mc. Elgi, iarla do Gallaib ... luid for Loch Rí coro oirg a h-uile inse, ... * '''AIF 1016.1''': '' Sloged mór la mc. m-[[Brian Bóraimhe|Briain]] co Loch Rí coro ort<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrand]] & Inis Bó Finne * '''ACM 1089.8''': '' Cobhlach Fer Mumhan .i. im [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], do thiachtain for [[an tSionainn|Sionainn]], & for [[Loch Rí|Loch Ribh]] co ro airccset<ref>eDIL s.v. [ ] ''plundered</ref> cealla an locha, .i. [[Inis Cloithrinn|Inis Clothrann]], Inis Bó Finne, Inis Aingginn [''Hare Island''] & Cluain Eamhain<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005B/text019.html | teideal=Annála na gCeithre Máistrí (cuid 19) | publisher=CELT }}</ref> * '''AT 1089.1''': '' Coblach mor la Muirchertach h-Úa mBriain ríg Muman for Sinaind & for Loch Ri, co ro aírgset Inis Bo Finde & Inis Clothrann... == Foirgnimh '' The remains of two churches survive on Inchbofin. One (12th century) is at the north-eastern point of the island and has an irregular [[Enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]]. It consists of a [[nave]], [[transept]] and [[sacristy]]. To the north of the altar is a [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] window, and above a window is a carving of a bishop's head. The smaller church ruin to the south is from the 12th/13th centuries.<ref>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/site/2460/ | teideal=Inchbofin, St Rioch | suíomh=The Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain & Ireland }}</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:An tSionainn]] == Foclóireacht == Déanta: # [[Foclóireacht na Gaeilge]] # [[Leabharlann an Ard Easpaig Marsh]]=[[Leabharlann Marsh]]- # [[foclóir.ie]]=[[focloir.ie]] == An Féineachas == [[An Féineachas]] (agus/nó b'fhéidir [[Seanchas]] / [[Béaloideas]]). Spreagtha ag ''[[:en:Wikipedia:Recent_additions/2025/March#8 March 2025|Recent additions, 8 March 2025]]'' ''[https://dil.ie/34117 othrus]'' ≈ fulaingt tinnis/othrais. Teimpléid; * [[Teimpléad:WD Bosca Sonraí Doiciméad]] * [[Teimpléad:efn]] Nuashonraithe (lámhscríbhinní): # [[Senchas Már]] (SM) # [[Bechbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Bechbretha agus Coibes Uisci Thairdne|SM #21]]) # [[Bretha Crólige]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #33]]) # [[Críth Gablach]] (MacA) # [[Gúbretha Caratniad]] ([[Bodleian Library]], [[Rawlinson B 502]]) As nua, iomlán: # [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici]] (CIH) # [[Sanas Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] (MacA) # [[Cethairṡlicht Athgabálae]] ([[Senchas Már#Cethairslicht Athgabálae|SM #2]]) # [[Sechtae]] ([[Senchas Már#Sechtae|SM #9]]) # [[Recholl Breth]] (SM #13) # [[Bretha Déin Chécht]] ([[Senchas Már#Slicht Othrusa, Bretha Crólige agus Bretha Déin Chécht|SM #34]]) # [[Muirbretha]] ([[Senchas Már#Clár ábhar|SM #38]]) # [[Anfuigell]] (m.s., CnaT, LS 1387; MacA) # [[Berrad Airechta]] (CnaT, LS 1337) # [[Bretha Étgid]] ([[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann|ARÉ]] LS 23 P 3) # [[Cóic Conara Fugill]] (m.s., [[Uraicecht Becc]], [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Di Astud Chor]] (''via'' [[Corpus Iuris Hibernici|CIH]]) # [[Mellbretha]] ([[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide|CnaT]], LS 1363) # [[Uí Lochlainn]] # [[Uí Dhuibhdábhoireann]] # [[CnaT BÁC, LS 1317]], [[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath, LS 1317]] # [[Bóaire]] # [[Coinmheadh is buannacht]] # [[Brehon Law Commission]] # [[Mac Aodhagáin]] &rightarrow; [[Mhic Aodhagáin]] # [[John Lynch (Gratianus Lucius)]] # [[Fearghas Ó Ceallaigh]] # [[Leabharlann COBÁC]] # [[Cathair Mhic Neachtain]] # [[Thom McGinty]] As nua, síolta: # [[Dlí Ceilteach]]- # [[Gabháil chine]]- # [[Cyfraith Hywel]]- # [[Galanas]]- # [[Accessus ad auctores]]- # [[Hapax legomenon]]- # [[Robert Atkinson]]- == Dlí luath na hÉireann == Fainic: sách fada, mionchúiseach agus as Béarla, mar bharr ar an donas. The particular "[https://www.teanglann.ie/ga/fgb/féineachas An] [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20Irish%20law/ Féineachas]" aside, I'm looking at the general phrase "early Irish law". My dad was a fishmonger and was always careful to say about his produce "smoked Irish salmon" and not "Irish smoked salmon", if you see the difference. Is it then "early law of ..." or "law of early ..."? Is "Irish" the language (surely not), the culture, the people or the nation, and in what period? Should "early" be translated as luath or moch? If luath, should it be "luath-" or "- luath"? Given those options, "early Irish law" could be anything from "luathdhlí Gaelach" to "dlí na hÉireann moiche" and points in between. I favour the former. Similarly, for "Celtic law" I favour "dlí Ceilteach", i.e., the culture not the people (the Celts, ... na gCeilteach). Notes: * Moch: cf. [https://www.tearma.ie/q/Early%20modern%20irish/ Nua-Ghaeilge Mhoch] on téarma.ie * "Irish": Gaelach, na nGael, Éireannach, na hÉireann? * What about Welsh, English or Roman law? {{Dlí luath na hÉireann}} == Téamh domhanda == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir Ann cheana: * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] ''Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy 'Cúis'eanna nua: # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas # [[Astaíocht charbóin]] '' Carbon emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Greenhouse gas emission # [[Astú gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture b1mftsumlpezcrxuo9i5zr0cy7tle93 0 91238 1269433 1209285 2025-06-11T09:55:43Z InternetArchiveBot 47196 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1269433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Foirgneamh}} [[Séadchomhartha Náisiúnta na hÉireann|Séadchomhartha Náisiúnta]] ([[Liosta Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta (Ciarraí)|385]]) is ea '''Clocha Oghaim Dhún Lóich''' (CIIC 197–203, 241), bailiúchán atá suite i g[[Contae Chiarraí]], [[Éire]].<ref>{{ cite web | url = https://www.tripadvisor.ie/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g186612-d215903-i144651388-Ogham_Stones-Killarney_County_Kerry.html | teideal = Dunloe Ogham Stones - Picture of Ogham Stones, Killarney - TripAdvisor | website = www.tripadvisor.ie }}</ref><ref>{{ cite web | url=https://books.google.ie/books?id=lRjFBdR3cLgC&pg=PA28&dq=COOLMAGORT+OGHAM+STONES&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiXuNaAg_bVAhWKK8AKHWpZCQoQ6AEIJTAA#v=onepage&q=COOLMAGORT+OGHAM+STONES&f=false | teideal = Early Medieval Munster: Archaeology, History and Society | first1 = Michael A. | last1 = Monk | first2 = John | last2 = Sheehan | date = 26 August 1998 | publisher = Cork University Press | via = Google Books }}</ref><ref>{{ cite web | url = https://books.google.ie/books?id=gYQhAQAAIAAJ&dq=COOLMAGORT+OGHAM+STONES&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=COOLMAGORT | teideal = The Souterrains of Ireland | first = Mark | last = Clinton | date = 26 Lúnasa 2017 | publisher = Wordwell | via = Google Books }}</ref> ==Suíomh== Tá Clocha Orgáin Dhúin Lóich suite i gCúil Má Ghort, 1&nbsp;km taobh ó dheas de [[Lios an Phúca]], ó dheas den [[an Leamhain|Leamhain]],<ref>{{ cite web | url = https://books.google.ie/books?id=mwGFAAAAIAAJ&dq=COOLMAGORT+OGHAM+STONES&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=COOLMAGORT | teideal = The Iveragh peninsula: an archaeological survey of South Kerry | first1 = Ann | last1 = O'Sullivan | first2 = John | last2 = Sheehan | first3 = South West Kerry Archaeological | last3 = Survey | date = 26ú Lúnasa 1996 | publisher = Cork University Press | via = Google Books }}</ref> ag {{coord|52.060410|N|9.634788|W|display=inline|format=dms}} Is é ''Beaufort'' an t-ainm atá ar Lios an Phúca as Béarla, agus dá bharr tá aithne ar na clocha mar ''The Beaufort Stones''.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.kerrygems.com/attraction/beaufort-ogham-stones/ | teideal = Beaufort Ogham Stones are between Beaufort Village and Gap of Dunloe | }}</ref> ==Stair== Greanadh na clocha sna 5ú agus 6ú haoiseanna mar leaca uaighe. D'aimsigh seacht díobh sa bhliain 1838, mar chuid den díon uaimh thalún gar do Chaisleán Dhúin Lóich, agus bogadh tuilleadh cloch go dtí a suíomh reatha faoin mbliain 1945.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.megalithicmonumentsofireland.com/COUNTIES/KERRY/Coolmagort_OghamStones.html | teideal = Coolmagort Ogham Stones | first = PIP | last = 2010 | website = www.megalithicmonumentsofireland.com | dátarochtana = 2019-12-06 | archivedate = 2019-12-06 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20191206232418/http://www.megalithicmonumentsofireland.com/COUNTIES/KERRY/Coolmagort_OghamStones.html }}</ref><ref>{{ cite web | url=https://www.aransweatersdirect.com/blogs/blog/122459393-dunloe-ogham-stones%7D | teideal = Dunloe Ogham Stones }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://killarney.ie/listing/dunloe-ogham-stones/ | teideal = Dunloe Ogham Stones - Killarney | dátarochtana = 2019-12-06 | archivedate = 2019-12-06 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20191206232415/https://killarney.ie/listing/dunloe-ogham-stones/ }}</ref><ref>{{ cite web | url = https://books.google.ie/books?id=N5JnAAAAMAAJ&dq=COOLMAGORT+OGHAM+STONES&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=COOLMAGORT | teideal = County Kerry past and present: a handbook to the local and family history of the county | first = Jeremiah | last = King | date = 26ú Lúnasa 1986 | publisher = Mercier Press | via=Google Books }}</ref> Bhíodh cloch eile sa seanchill Bheanáin.<ref>[http://www.megalithicireland.com/Dunloe%20Ogham%20Stones.html Dunloe Ogham Stones] ar megalithicireland.com</ref><ref>{{ cite web | url = https://books.google.ie/books?id=ofeEAAAAIAAJ&dq=COOLMAGORT+OGHAM+STONES&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=COOLMAGORT | teideal = Discovering Kerry: Its History, Heritage & Topography | first = T. J. | last = Barrington | date = 26ú Lúnasa 1999| publisher = Collins Press| via = Google Books }}</ref> ==Cur síos== Tá Cloch Chill Bheanáin (CIIC 241) suite sa lár leis na clocha eile thart thimpeall uirthi.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.silentearth.org/dunloe-ogham-stones/ | teideal = Silent Earth: Dunloe Ogham Stones | website = www.silentearth.org }}</ref> * CIIC 197: *: DEGO{S} MAQI MOCOI TOICAKI *: ''Daig'' mhic chlainne ''Toicacas'' *: creidtear go luaitear inti clann ''[[Tóecraige]]''<ref>{{ cite web | url = https://books.google.ie/books?id=ZGRiAAAAMAAJ&dq=COOLMAGORT+OGHAM+STONES&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=COOLMAGORT | teideal = Ogam Stones and the Earliest Irish Christians | first = Catherine | last = Swift | date = 26ú Lúnasa 1997 | publisher = Department of Old and Middle Irish, St. Patrick's College | via = Google Books }}</ref> * CIIC 198: *: MAQI RITEAS MAQI MAQI-DDUMILEAS/ MUCOI TOICACI *: mhic Rithe mhic mhic ''Duimle'' chlainne ''Toicacas'' *: creidtear go luaitear inti clann ''[[Tóecraige]]'' *: CUNACENA *: Cúchinn * CIIC 200: *: MAQI TTAL MAQI VORGOS MA/QI MU/COI TOICAC *: mhic Táil mhic Fhearghais mhic chlainne ''Toicac'' *: creidtear go luaitear inti clann ''[[Tóecraige]]'' [[File:Dunloe Ogham Stones, Beaufort (506431) (27478034901).jpg|mion|Dunloe Stone CIIC 241]] * CIIC 201: *: ... ṂC̣ ... G̣Ẹ?̣ ... / Ṃ[A(?)]Q̣ ... Ḍ/ ... Ẹ?̣ ... *: faded go dona * CIIC 202: *: NIOTTVRẸCC MAQỊ ...G̣NỊ *: Nia-Fhraoigh mhic ?-án * CIIC 203 *: MAQI DECEDA MAQ̣[I] *: mhic ''Deichet'' mhic *: creidtear go luaitear inti clann ''[[Tóecraige]]'' * CIIC 241: *: (ar dheis) B[AID(?)]AGNỊ ṂAQ̣I ADDỊLONA *: (ar chlé) NAGỤN[I(?)] M[U(?)]C̣[O(?)] B[AI(?)]D[A]N[I(?)] *: (aghaidh) NIR[???]MṆ[I]DAGNIESSICONIDDALA/ AMIT BAIDAGNI<ref>{{ cite web | url = https://ogham.celt.dias.ie/stone.php?lang=en&site=Coolmagort&stoneinfo=inscription&stone=241._Kilbonane | teideal = Ogham in 3D - Coolmagort / 241. Kilbonane | website=ogham.celt.dias.ie }}</ref> ==Tagairtí== {{Reflist}} [[Catagóir:Inscríbhinní Oghaim]] [[Catagóir:Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta i gContae Chiarraí]] r1qwuylmmwinxahjp0hrnkh9ht21j5c 0 93206 1269388 1173951 2025-06-10T23:30:08Z Taghdtaighde 60452 1269388 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Íomhá:Quantum-computer-Chalmers_2017.jpg|mion|deas|Próiseálaí candamach]] Is éard is '''ríomhaireacht chandamach''' ann ná feidhm a bhaint as feiniméin [[Meicnic chandamach|meicnic-chandamacha]] amhail [[forshuíomh]] agus [[Fostú candamach|fostú]] i gcóras [[Ríomhaireacht|ríomhaireachta]]. Tugtar '''ríomhaire candamach''' ar ríomhaire a dhéanann ríomhanna candamacha. Creidtear go bhfuil ríomhairí candamacha in acmhainn fadhbanna ríomhaireachtúla a réiteach i bhfad níos gasta ná ríomhairí clasaiceacha. Mar shampla, an fachtóiriú [[Slánuimhir|slánuimhreach]] atá ina chnámh droma don [[Cripteagrafaíocht|chripteachóras]] siúd [[criptiú RSA]]. Tá staidéar na ríomhaireachta candamaí ina foréimse d'eolaíocht na faisnéise candamaí. == Próiseáil faisnéise candamaí == Is é an [[candamghiotán]] (giotán candamach) an bun-aonad eolais, cosúil leis an n[[giotán]] sa ríomhaireacht clasaiceach. Murab ionann agus an ríomhaireacht chlasaiceach, ní hiad freagraí deimhneach a thugann an ríomhaireacht chandamach nó is ar an [[dóchúlacht]] atá sé bunaithe, fearacht na meicnice candamaí trí chéile.<ref name=":0">{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=[[Michael McGettrick|Dr Michael McGettrick]]|date=28 Bealtaine 2025|url=https://www.independent.ie/seachtain/riomhaire-candamach-ta-an-reabhloid-ag-teacht/a1410979729.html|title=Ríomhaire candamach: tá an réabhlóid ag teacht|journal=[[Seachtain (nuachtán)|Seachtain]]|pages=lch 7}}</ref> Trí bhíthin an [[Algartam|algartaim]] chandamach [[Grover (algartam candamach)|Grover]], is féidir cuardach éifeachtach a chur i gcrích le líon níos lú oibríochtaí, ar bhonn easpónantúil, ná mar a bhíonns ag teastáil leis an ríomhaireacht chlasaiceach.<ref name=":0" /> == Stair == Tá fréamhacha na ríomhaireachta candamaí le fáil i [[Meaisín Turing|meaisín Turing]] na bliana 1935.<ref>https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980JSP....22..563B/abstract</ref> Thóg an [[fisiceoir]] [[Paul Benioff]] an chéad chéim eile ag tús na 1980idí nuair a mhol sé leagan meicnic-chandamach de mheaisín Turing. Ina dhiaidh sin, dhearbhaigh [[Richard Feynman]] agus [[Yuri Manin]] go mbeadh sé de chumas ag ríomhaire candamach rudaí a ionsamhlú nach mbeadh indéanta ag ríomhaire clasaiceach ariamh.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190108115138/https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~christos/classics/Feynman.pdf</ref> Cé go bhfuil ríomhairí tar éis éirí níos tapúla agus níos lú le fada an lá,<ref group="nóta">Féach [[Dlí Moore]].</ref> de réir mar a dhéantar na sliseanna níos lú tá siad ag teacht salach ar rialacha na fisice candamaí. Táthar ag tuar "réabhlóid eile amach romhainn ar ball" áfach, agus le fiche bliain anuas tá ríomhairí candamacha á dhéanamh i gcúpla comhlacht mór agus sna hollscoileanna.<ref name=":0" /> == Innealtóireacht == Níl an ríomhaireacht chandamach faoi réir [[Prionsabal Landauer|Phrionsabal Landauer]] toisc go mbíonn oibríochtaí candamacha inchúlaithe. Sa chaoi sin, d'fhéadfadh an ríomhaireacht chandamach dea-thionchar a imirt ar an bh[[forthéamh domhanda]] go teoiriciúil, de bharr nach gá go dtiocfadh ardú ar oiread na teasa a ghintear i [[Ionad sonraí|lárionaid sonraí]] candamacha i gcoibhneas leis an oiread próiseála a dhéantar iontu.<ref name=":0" /> Ó thaobh na crua-earraí de áfach, tá méid íosta teoiriciúil dá cuid féin ag an ríomhaireacht chandamach. Toisc gur bunaithe ar [[Buncháithnín|bhuncháithníní]] ar nós [[leictreon]] nó [[fótón]] atá sí, ní féidir bheith ag súil le mionlaghdú síoraí a dhéanamh orthu.<ref name=":0" /> Maidir le dúshláin innealtóireachta eile, chomh maith le [[réimse leictreach|réimsí leictreacha]] agus [[Réimse maighnéadach|maighnéadacha]] ag cur isteach ar an ríomhaire candamach, ar dtús b’éigean an [[teocht]] a choinneáil gar do -270 céim [[Celsius]] ar dtús.<ref name=":0" /> == Féach freisin == * [[Ríomhaire candamach]] == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} ==Nótaí== {{reflist|group=nóta}} {{síol-fisic}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Riomhaireacht chandamach}} [[Catagóir:Ríomhaireacht chandamach| ]] [[Catagóir:Innealtóireacht ríomhaireachta]] [[Catagóir:Slándáil ríomhaireachta]] [[Catagóir:Fisic núicléach]] [[Catagóir:Fisic mhatamaiticiúil]] [[Catagóir:Meicnic chandamach]] [[Catagóir:Teoiric na faisnéise]] [[Catagóir:Matamaitic fheidhmeach]] [[Catagóir:An cripteagrafaíocht]] [[Catagóir:Ríomhaireacht|Candamach]] [[Catagóir:Ríomheolaíocht|Candamach]] 9f9rcdblggy9rqkaspbs8rj52zp8sbc 0 111384 1269377 1197119 2025-06-10T19:38:07Z 49.237.203.182 /* Conspóid */ 1269377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}} [[Íomhá:A blackboard displayed outside the hall proclaims, "Day of Mourning" (12097105666).jpg|mion|1938: Reáchtáladh cruinniú na mbundúchasach i Sydney le hagóid a dhéanamh ]] Ceiliúrtar lá náisiúnta na h[[An Astráil|Astráile]] ar 26 Eanáir gach bliain, "'''Lá na hAstráile'''" do dhaoine áirithe, nó "'''Lá Náisiúnta Mairgní'''", "'''Lá an Dobróin'''", '''"Lá an Ionraidh'''" nó fiú "'''Lá Marthanais'''" do dhaoine eile (Béarla: "Australia Day", "Day of Mourning" "Invasion Day" agus "Survival Day"). Féachann na [[Bundúchasaigh na hAstráile|Bundúchasaigh]] air mar an lá in ar cuireadh tús lena ndíshealbhú agus le léirscrios a saíochta. [[Íomhá:The Founding of Australia. By Capt. Arthur Phillip R.N. Sydney Cove, Jan. 26th 1788 (cropped).jpg|mion|"The Founding of Australia. le Capt. Arthur Phillip R.N. Sydney Cove, 18-26 Eanáir 1788", le Algernon Talmage 1937<ref name=":0">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017085028/https://www.sea.museum/2019/12/12/mythbusting-cook-fact-fiction-and-total-fallacy|teideal=Mythbusting Cook: Fact fiction and total fallacy - Australian National Maritime Museum|údar=sea.museum|dáta=2023-10-17|work=web.archive.org|dátarochtana=2024-01-26}}</ref>]] === Dearcadh coilíneach === Tháinig an [[Cabhlach Ríoga]] i dtír i g[[Cuan Sydney]] timpeall an ama seo, an 18-[[26 Eanáir]] [[1788]],<ref name=":0" /> áit a bhí sa chóilíneacht le coirpigh a chur as an gcosán. Cuireadh tús le lonnaíocht Eorpach san Astráil agus riail an choilíneachais.<ref name=":1">{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.beo.ie/alt-la-na-hastraile.aspx|teideal=Lá na hAstráile|údar=Bearnaí Ó Doibhlin|dáta=Aibreán 2009|language=ga-IE|work=Beo!|dátarochtana=2024-01-26}}</ref> Cé go raibh lá náisiúnta i gceist ar 26 Eanáir, ón gcéad lá riamh, bhí grúpa amháin sa tír nár ghlac aon pháirt sa cheiliúradh: an mhuintir dhúchais. Ní thugtaí cuireadh dóibh le bheith páirteach ann sa chéad dul síos, agus is ríléir nach raibh aon siocair acu le bheith ag cuimhneamh le háthas ar an gcéad lá a tháinig na coilínigh i dtír. [[Íomhá:Replica of James Cook's HMB Endeavour. Sydney. (21289411995).jpg|mion|29 Aibreán 1770: [[James Cook]] agus HMB Endeavour in aice le Sydney<ref name=":0" />]] Rinne bundúchasaigh na tíre neamhaird den chomóradh le fada an lá, ach thall sa bhliain 1938 bhí ceiliúradh ollmhór ar siúl le haghaidh 150 bliain lonnaíocht na n-Eorpach. Reáchtáladh cruinniú na mbundúchasach áitiúil i Sydney le hagóid a dhéanamh in éadan “the Whiteman’s seizure of our country”. ==== Conspóid ==== Tá muintir na hAstráile ag cur is ag cúiteamh faoin lá náisiúnta a athrú.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=http://theconversation.com/australia-day-wasnt-always-january-26-but-it-was-always-an-issue-198389|teideal=Australia Day wasn’t always January 26, but it was always an issue|údar=Benjamin T. Jones|dáta=2023-01-25|language=en-US|work=The Conversation|dátarochtana=2024-01-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-68014555|teideal=Australia Day: The 'quiet rebranding' of a controversial national holiday|dáta=2024-01-25|language=en-GB|dátarochtana=2024-01-26}}</ref> Tá díospóireacht ar siúl san Astráil ó shin i leith i dtaca le dáta an lae náisiúnta. === Féile na gCoilíníoch === Gach bliain ar 26 Eanáir – nó ar an Luan ina dhiaidh, má thiteann sé ar Shatharn nó ar an Domhnach – bíonn cóisirí ar fud fad na tíre le ‘Australia Day’ a chomóradh. Is deis bhliantúil í do mhuintir na hAstráile a mórtas as a dtír a léiriú, agus bíonn an brat náisiúnta le feiceáil go forleathan an lá sin. Den chuid is mó, ní fheictear é aon am eile i gcaitheamh na bliana.<ref name=":1" /> Bíonn réimse leathan siamsaíochta poiblí ar siúl san Astráil leis an lá a cheiliúradh,mar shampla ceolchoirmeacha, cluichí spóirt agus taispeántais tinte ealaíne. Agus ceiliúrann daoine go leor an lá le fulacht nó [[beárbaiciú]], sa ghairdín cúil. Reáchtáiltear searmanais gach bliain le saoránacht a bhronnadh ar inimircigh chun na tíre. Is ardonóir í a bheith ainmnithe mar "Astrálach na Bliana".<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://australianoftheyear.org.au/|teideal=Home of the Australian of the Year Awards|language=en|work=australianoftheyear.org.au|dátarochtana=2024-01-26}}</ref> Bíonn deis ag na daoine atá ainmnithe cúiseanna áirithe arbh áil leo a chur chun cinn le linn na bliana a mbíonn an teideal acu. ==== Stair ==== Cuireadh tús le ceiliúradh ar 26 Eanáir go luath i stair na nEorpach san Astráil agus tugadh ‘Anniversary Day’ air um an dtaca sin. Ní raibh ach na húdaráis páirteach sa cheiliúradh ar an chéad dul síos, mar ní raibh mórán le ceiliúradh ag na daoránaigh a tháinig chun na tíre i slabhraí, agus bhí cuid acu fós ina bpríosúnaigh. Rinneadh éabhlóid ar an lá in imeacht na mblianta agus, faoi dheireadh, dearbhaíodh gur lá saoire poiblí é.... in 1994.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2024/01/26/why-is-australia-day-controversial/|teideal=Why is Australia Day controversial?|language=en|work=1 News|dátarochtana=2024-01-26}}</ref> Ainmníodh 26 Eanáir mar ‘Lá na hAstráile’ go hoifigiúil sa bhliain 1946, agus ceithre bliana déag ní ba dhéanaí, ainmníodh an chéad duine mar ‘Astrálach na Bliana’ ar an lá. Ceapadh duine nua ag NADC leis an teideal seo gach bliain ó shin i leith. == Féach freisin == * [[Lá Mairgní na hAstráile]] * [[Bundúchasaigh na hAstráile]] == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:An Astráil]] [[Catagóir:Féilte]] [[Catagóir:Eanáir]] [[Catagóir:Coilíneachas]] [[Catagóir:Conspóidí]] 74wk2dgn7bsnxesuo8rddavkynp7lxf 0 112036 1269409 1260152 2025-06-11T03:21:51Z 223.24.191.138 1269409 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Íomhá:Virgin SIM card in Poland with the slogan of the campaign against hate speech "Words have power, use them wisely".jpg|mion|Cárta SIM sa Pholainn le mana an fheachtais i gcoinne na fuathchainte. "Tá cumhacht ag focail, bain úsáid astu go ciallmhar"]] [[Íomhá:MLB Hate Speech Prohibited (33704558804).jpg|mion|Hanover, MD, SAM]] I n[[dlí na hÉireann]], is éard is '''fuathchaint'''<ref>Caint fuath nó i mBéarla "hate speech"</ref> ann ná aon [[Cumarsáid|chumarsáid]] a dhéantar go poiblí le hintinn nó le dóchúlacht a bheith bagrach nó maslach agus ar dóigh di fuath a chothú in aghaidh daoine<ref name=":0">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.citizensinformation.ie/ga/justice/criminal-law/criminal-offences/law-on-hate-speech/|teideal=An dlí ar chaint fuath|údar=Citizensinformation.ie|language=ga|work=www.citizensinformation.ie|dátarochtana=2024-03-09}}</ref> mar gheall ar a: * Cine * Dath * Náisiúntacht * Creideamh * Bunús eitneach nó náisiúnta * Ballraíocht den lucht siúil * Claonadh gnéis Is féidir an chumarsáid a labhairt, a fhoilsiú nó a chraoladh. Ní áirítear cumarsáid a dhéantar in áit chónaithe phríobháideach nach féidir le daoine lasmuigh den áit chónaithe í a fheiceáil ná a chloisteáil.<ref name=":0" /> === Dlí in Éirinn === Ar 29 Samhain 1989, tháinig an t[[Acht um Thoirmeasc ar Ghríosú chun Fuatha]]<ref name=":1">{{Lua idirlín|url=http://achtanna.ie/ga.act.1989.0019.1.html|teideal=AN tACHT UM THOIRMEASC AR GHRÍOSÚ CHUN FUATHA, 1989|údar=Office of the Houses of the Oireachtas House Services Directorate Bills Office|language=ga|work=achtanna.ie|dátarochtana=2024-03-09|archivedate=2023-03-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325020342/http://achtanna.ie/ga.act.1989.0019.1.html}}</ref> i bhfeidhm. Achtaíodh é chun a chur ar chumas don Stát an [[Cúnant Idirnáisiúnta ar Chearta Sibhialta agus Polaitiúla]] a dhaingniú, sa mhéid is gur rinneadh coir as iompar atá beartaithe chun fuath a adhaint nó gur dóigh dó fuath a adhaint do dhaoine mar gheall ar a gcine, a ndath, a náisiúntacht, a gcreideamh, a mbunadh eitneach nó náisiúnta, toisc gur den lucht siúil iad nó mar gheall ar a gclaonadh gnéasach. Níor éiligh an Cúnant go mbainfeadh an reacht le claonadh gnéasach nó, d'fhéadfaí a rá, leis an [[lucht siúil]] ach an oiread. Sa dá chás, ba é an chéad uair a cosnaíodh na dreamanna sin go sonrach ar aon dóigh i ndlí na hÉireann.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.facebook.com/100064067557702/posts/1769637593060557/|teideal=An tAcht um Thoirmeasc ar Ghríosú chun Fuatha, 1989 Prohibition of Incitement To Hatred Act, 1989|údar=Scoil Dlí, COBÁC|dáta=2017|work=www.facebook.com|dátarochtana=2024-03-09}}</ref> Deir an tAcht gur cion é ábhar bagrach, maslach nó tarcaisneach a chur in iúl a bhfuil sé d’aidhm aige, nó ar dóigh dó, fuath a “chothú” in aghaidh grúpa daoine mar gheall ar a gcine, a ndath, a náisiúntacht, a reiligiún, a mbunús eitneach nó náisiúnta, a mballraíocht den lucht siúil nó claonadh gnéis. Is féidir an chumarsáid a bheith labhartha, i scríbhinn, a chraoladh nó mar chuid de thaifeadadh.<ref name=":0" /> Mura raibh sé ar intinn ag an duine fuath a chothú, féadfaidh sé/sí cúiseamh a chosaint trína chruthú nach raibh a fhios acu ábhar an ábhair, agus nach raibh cúis ar bith acu a bheith in amhras go raibh an t-ábhar bagrach, maslach nó tarcaisneach.<ref name=":0" /> === An tAcht um Cheartas Coiriúil (Cionta Fuatha) === [[Íomhá:Helen McEntee 2018.jpg|mion|[[Helen McEntee]]]] Ritheadh reachtaíocht eile, an An tAcht um Cheartas Coiriúil (Cionta Fuatha) in 2024;<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/ga/bills/bill/2022/105/|teideal=An tAcht um Cheartas Coiriúil (Cionta Fuatha), 2024 – Uimh. 41 de 2024 – Tithe an Oireachtais|údar=Tithe an Oireachtais|dáta=2022-11-01|language=ga|work=www.oireachtas.ie|dátarochtana=2025-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2024/act/41/enacted/en/print.html|teideal=Criminal Justice (Hate Offences) Act 2024|údar=electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB)|dáta=2024|language=en|work=www.irishstatutebook.ie|dátarochtana=2025-01-04}}</ref> tháinig an reachtaíocht i bhfeidhm ar an 1 Eanáir 2025 chun déileáil le [[Coir fuatha|coireanna áirithe ar fuath is bun leo]], fuath a léiriú do dhaoine ar bhonn cine, datha, claonadh gnéis, inscne nó míchumais.<ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=New hate crime legislation comes into effect|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/ireland/2024/1231/1488565-hate-crime-legislation/|date=2024-12-31|language=en|author=RTÉ News}}</ref> Faoin reachtaíocht seo coir ata in aon chumarsáid nó iompar baolach nó toiliúil a d’fhéadfadh foréigean nó fuath a spreagadh in aghaidh duine nó daoine toisc “tréith chosanta” a bheith á ceangal leo.<ref name=":2">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/leasu-a-mholadh-ar-bhille-nua-le-go-mbeadh-se-ina-choir-fuath-a-spreagadh-i-leith-cainteoiri-gaeilge/|teideal=Leasú á mholadh ar bhille nua le go mbeadh sé ina choir fuath a spreagadh i leith cainteoirí Gaeilge|dáta=2023-06-22|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2025-03-15}}</ref> An duine a dhéanann iarracht fuath a spreagadh in aghaidh duine nó grúpa ag a bhfuil ceann de na tréithe cosanta sin acu, tá an duine sin ciontach i gcion a bhféadfadh cúig bliana príosúin a bheith mar phionós ag dul leis. Pléadh siar in 2022 éileamh go ndéanfaí leasú le go mbeadh sé ina choir feasta fuath a spreagadh i leith lucht labhartha na Gaeilge. Dúirt an tAire Dlí agus Cirt [[Helen McEntee]] ag an am go mbeadh cás an chainteora Gaeilge clúdaithe chomh maith ag "bunús eitneach".<ref name=":2" /> == Féach freisin == * [[Coir fuatha]] * [[Mionn mór]] * [[Claontacht]] * [[Cúnant Idirnáisiúnta ar Chearta Sibhialta agus Polaitiúla]] * [[Saoirse cainte sa Ghearmáin]] == Naisc sheachtracha == * Níl dlíthe sonracha ag Éirinn faoi láthair a dhéileálann le coireanna fuatha.<ref name=":02">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.citizensinformation.ie/ga/justice/criminal-law/criminal-offences/law-on-hate-speech/|teideal=An dlí ar chaint fuath|údar=Citizensinformation.ie|language=ga|work=www.citizensinformation.ie|dátarochtana=2024-03-09}}</ref> * [https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1989/act/19/enacted/en/index.html Acht um Thoirmeasc ar Ghríosú chun Fuatha] 1989<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1989/act/19/enacted/en/index.html|teideal=electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB)|údar=electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB)|language=en|work=www.irishstatutebook.ie|dátarochtana=2024-03-09}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> *[https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2019/0515/1049587-fuathchaint-ar-line-a-phle-ag-ceannairi-domhanda-i-bparas/ Fuathchaint ar líne a phlé ag Ceannairí Domhanda i bPáras ] == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Cinsireacht]] [[Catagóir:Ciníochas]] [[Catagóir:Gnéasachas]] [[Catagóir:Fuath ban]] [[Catagóir:Claontacht gnéis]] [[Catagóir:Claontacht agus leithcheal]] [[Catagóir:Diamhasla]] [[Catagóir:Eascaine]] [[Catagóir:Coireacht fuatha]] [[Catagóir:Fuathchaint]] [[Catagóir:Ciapadh agus bulaíocht]] [[Catagóir:Oideachas Saoránach Sóisialta Polaitiúil]] ab7w5qt6m6lk9x9i1236xvsv6c3gf99 0 119644 1269424 1269129 2025-06-11T09:17:43Z InternetArchiveBot 47196 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1269424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}} Is leabharlannaí Meiriceánach í '''Carla Diane Hayden''' (rugadh 10 Lúnasa, 1952)<ref name="HistoryMakers-Hayden-2010">{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/carla-hayden-41|teideal=The History Makers: Carla Hayden|language=en|work=The HistoryMakers}}</ref><ref name="HistoryMakers-EAD-FindingAid-2010">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.thehistorymakers.org/sites/default/files/A2010_082_EAD.pdf|teideal=Finding Aid to The HistoryMakers : Video Oral History with Carla Hayden|format=pdf|work=The History Makers|language=en}}</ref> a bhí ina 14ú leabharlannaí de chuid Chomhdháil na Stát Aontaithe.<ref name="NYTimes-QandA-2017">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/19/magazine/carla-hayden-thinks-libraries-are-a-key-to-freedom.html|teideal=Carla Hayden Thinks Libraries Are a Key to Freedom|language=en|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Ba í Hayden an chéad [[Meiriceánaigh Afracacha|Meiriceánach Afracach]] agus an chéad bhean a bhí sa phost seo.<ref>{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.loc.gov/about/about-the-librarian/|title=About the Librarian|work=Library of Congress|access-date=May 24, 2020}}</ref><ref name="BaltimoreSun-LibrarianOfCongress-2016">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2016/09/06/carla-hayden-longtime-enoch-pratt-ceo-to-be-sworn-in-as-14suptsupsuphsup-librarian-of-congress-on-sept-14/|teideal=Carla Hayden, longtime Enoch Pratt CEO, to be sworn in as 14th librarian of Congress on Sept. 14|language=en|work=[[The Baltimore Sun]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517054934/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs-md-carla-hayden-swearing-in-20160902-story.html|archivedate=May 17, 2019}}</ref><ref name="NBCNews-LibrarianOfCongress-2016">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/carla-hayden-be-sworn-first-african-american-woman-head-library-n615116|teideal=Carla Hayden to be Sworn In as First African American, Woman to Head Library of Congress|language=en|work=[[NBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="rockett">{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/people/ct-carla-hayden-14th-librarian-of-congress-1231-20220103-76khacp7wbgc5l75scsqx22ida-story.html|title=6 questions with 14th Librarian of Congress Carla Hayden: 'I really want to connect with as many people as possible.'|author=Rockett|first=Darcel|date=January 3, 2022|work=Chicago Tribune|access-date=January 12, 2022}}</ref> Ceapadh í sa bhliain 2016, agus ba í an chéad leabharlannaí gairmiúil a bhí sa phost ó 1974.<ref name="ALA-Hayden-LibrarianOfCongress-2016">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.ala.org/news/2016/07/dr-carla-hayden-serve-next-librarian-congress|teideal=Dr. Carla Hayden to serve as the next Librarian of Congress|language=en|format=Press release|work=American Library Association|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230122800/http://www.ala.org/news/press-releases/2016/07/dr-carla-hayden-serve-next-librarian-congress|archivedate=December 30, 2018}}</ref> I mí na Bealtaine 2025, bhris an tUachtarán [[Donald Trump]] as a post í, gan aon mhíniú tugtha.<ref name="NBC-Hayden-LibrarianOfCongress-Fired">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-administration/trump-abruptly-fires-librarian-congress-rcna205749|teideal=Trump abruptly fires Librarian of Congress|language=en|work=NBC News|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509065400/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-administration/trump-abruptly-fires-librarian-congress-rcna205749|archivedate=May 9, 2025}}</ref> Thosaigh Hayden a gairm bheatha i Leabharlann Phoiblí Chicago, agus bhain sí [[Céim dochtúra|PhD]] amach san [[Eolaíocht leabharlainne agus faisnéise|eolaíocht leabharlainne]] ó [[Ollscoil Chicago]]. Ó 1993 go dtí 2016, bhí sí ina [[Príomhoifigeach feidhmiúcháin|POF]] ar Leabharlann Saor Enoch Pratt i [[Baltimore, Maryland|mBaltimore]], Maryland, agus ina huachtarán ar Chumann Leabharlann Mheiriceá (ALA) ó 2003 go 2004.<ref name="BaltimoreSun-EnochPratt-ActingCEO-2016">{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/arts/bal-enoch-pratt-library-names-acting-ceo-20160811-story.html|teideal=Enoch Pratt Library Names Gordon Krabbe Acting CEO|work=[[The Baltimore Sun]]}}</ref><ref name="ALA-PastPresidents-2011">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.ala.org/aboutala/history/past|teideal=ALA Past Presidents|language=en|work=American Library Association|archiveurl=|archivedate=}}</ref><ref name="Jet-ALAPresident-2002">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMMDAAAAMBAJ&q=carla+hayden||teideal=Carla Hayden Elected New American Library Association President|language=en|work=[[Jet (magazine)|Jet]]}}</ref> Le linn a huachtaránachta, ba í príomhghuth an ALA í agus í ag labhairt amach i gcoinne fhorálacha an Acht Patriot na Stát Aontaithe a ritheadh le déanaí, rud a raibh tionchar aige ar sheirbhísí faisnéise poiblí.<ref name="ALA-PatriotAct-2006">{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.ala.org/news/news/pressreleases2003/pr2003november/publicstatement|teideal=Public Statement by American Library Association President Dr. Carla Hayden Submitted to a Judicial Committee Hearing,America After 9/11: Freedom Preserved or Freedom Lost?|language=en|work=American Library Association}}</ref><ref name="WashingtonPost-PatriotAct-2014">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2014/10/03/librarians-wont-stay-quiet-about-government-surveillance/|teideal=Librarians won’t stay quiet about government surveillance |language=en|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Sa bhliain 2020, toghadh í chuig Cumann Fealsúnachta Mheiriceá .<ref>{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.amphilsoc.org/blog/american-philosophical-society-welcomes-new-members-2020|title=The American Philosophical Society Welcomes New Members for 2020|language=en|work=American Philosophical Society|access-date=May 24, 2020}}</ref> == Luathshaol == Rugadh Hayden i [[Tallahassee, Florida]], do Bruce Kennard Hayden Jr., stiúrthóir Roinn na dTéaduirlise in Ollscoil Florida A&M ag an am sin, agus Colleen Hayden ( née Dowling ), oibrí sóisialta.<ref name="HistoryMakers-EAD-FindingAid-2010" /><ref name="Tuscola-NegroHistory-1997">{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=|date=April 1997|title=The History of Tuscola's Negro* Population|url=http://tuscola.org/wp-content/uploads/22Negro-Population.pdf|journal=The Cabin Chatter|location=Tuscola|publisher=Douglas County Museum|oclc=38191450|accessdate=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402165748/http://tuscola.org/wp-content/uploads/22Negro-Population.pdf |date=2017-04-02 }}</ref> Bhuail a tuismitheoirí lena chéile agus iad ag freastal ar Ollscoil Millikin i Decatur, Illinois.<ref name="HistoryMakers-EAD-FindingAid-2010" /> Tógadh Hayden i [[Nua-Eabhrac (cathair)|gCathair Nua-Eabhrac]]. Nuair a bhí sí 10 mbliana d'aois, fuair a tuismitheoirí colscaradh agus bhog sí lena máthair go [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]].<ref name="HistoryMakers-EAD-FindingAid-2010" /><ref name="Baltimore-AtHomeWith-2015">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.baltimoremagazine.com/section/homegarden/at-home-with-carla-hayden/|teideal=Open Book : We get a read on the new Roland Park home of the Enoch Pratt Free Library’s Carla Hayden|language=en|work=[[Baltimore (magazine)|Baltimore]]}}</ref> Bhí leathdheartháir níos óige aici ó dhara pósadh a hathar, Bruce Kennard Hayden, III, a fuair bás i 1992.<ref name="WashingtonPost-RockStarLibrarian-2016">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/rock-star-baltimore-librarian-makes-history-at-library-of-congress/2016/09/13/0fd9a878-7615-11e6-b786-19d0cb1ed06c_story.html|teideal='Rock star' Baltimore librarian makes history at Library of Congress|language=en|work=The Washington Post}}</ref> Tháinig taobh máthar Hayden ó Helena, Arkansas. Bhí taobh máthar a hathar, a shocraigh sa deireadh i Du Quoin, Illinois, i ndaoirse, rud atá curtha síos sa leabhar ''It’s Good to Be Black'' le Ruby Berkley Goodwin.<ref name="HistoryMakers-EAD-FindingAid-2010" /><ref name="ItsGoodToBeBlack-Biography-2013">{{Cite book-en|author=Goodwin|first=Ruby Berkley|title=It's Good to Be Black|date=2013|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|isbn=978-0-8093-3122-2|edition=60th anniversary|location=Illinois|oclc=900954690}}</ref> Dúirt Hayden gur spreag ''Bright April'' le Marguerite de Angeli a paisean don léitheoireacht, leabhar a foilsíodh sa bhliain 1946 faoi chailín óg Afrai-Mheiriceánach a bhí sna Brownies. Agus í ag freastal ar South Shore High School i Chicago, thosaigh Hayden ag cur suime i leabhair faoi stair na Breataine agus i "Cozy mysteries".<ref name="Guardian-LibrarianOfCongress-2016">{{cite news-en|last1=Woods|first1=Baynard|title=Carla Hayden: new librarian of Congress makes history, with an eye on the future|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/sep/15/carla-hayden-librarian-congress-first-woman-african-american-post-interview|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=September 15, 2016}}</ref> D’fhreastail sí ar Choláiste MacMurray i Jacksonville, Illinois, agus ansin d'aistrigh sí go hOllscoil Roosevelt.<ref name="HistoryMakers-EAD-FindingAid-2010" /> Níor smaoinigh sí ar ghairm bheatha i leabharlanna go dtí gur bhain sí céim amach ó Ollscoil Roosevelt le céim san [[eolaíocht pholaitiúil]] agus i stair na hAfraice i 1973. Fuair Hayden a [[Céim máistreachta|céim mháistreachta]] san [[Eolaíocht leabharlainne agus faisnéise|eolaíocht leabharlainne]] i 1977, agus dochtúireacht san eolaíocht leabharlainne i 1987, an dá cheann ó Scoil Leabharlainne Iarchéime Ollscoil Chicago. == Gairmréim == [[Íomhá:Dr._Hayden_and_Ms._Lynda_Carter_in_Wonder_Women_poses.jpg|mion|300x300px| An Dr. Hayden (ar chlé) agus an t-aisteoir Lynda Carter ag glacadh páirte in imeacht "Library of Awesome" i mí an Mheithimh 2017 a cheiliúir ról na ngreannán agus na n-úrscéalta grafacha i gcur chun cinn na litearthachta, agus iad ag glacadh geáitsí tipiciúil [[Wonder Woman|Wonder Woman.]]]] == Naisc sheachtracha == * == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} {{Rialú údaráis}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hayden, Carla}} [[Catagóir:Daoine beo]] [[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1952]] [[Catagóir:Leabharlannaithe]] [[Catagóir:Meiriceánaigh Afracacha]] [[Catagóir:Mná]] mdjs31hpu7lm0djhwqww7l9w5l1u8br 0 119672 1269385 2025-06-10T22:29:46Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 Cruthaithe ó enwiki 1269385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} Saothar staire den 11ú haois scríofa as [[teangacha Gaelacha]] is ea an '''''Leabhar Breathnach''''' ([[Meán-Ghaeilge]] ''Lebor Bretnach''), aitheanta uaireanta mar an '''Irish Nennius'''. Is aistriúchán é go hiondúil den saothar ''[[Historia Brittonum]]''. D'fhéadfadh é gur tháinig an leabhar as an Alban, ach de ghnáth deirtear gurb é an file Éireannach [[Gilla Cómáin mac Gilla Samthainde|Giolla Comáin]] é an t-údar. == Lámhscríbhinní == Caomhnaítear an Leabhar Breatnach i gcúig lámhach: * '''U'''. Baile Átha Cliath, [[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann]], MS 23 E 25 (1229). Blúire den 12ú haois as ''[[Lebor na hUidre|Leabhar na hUidhre]]''. * '''B'''. BÁC, ARÉ, MS 23 P 12 (536). Scríbhinn den 14ú haois aitheanta mar ''[[Leabhar Bhaile an Mhóta]]''. * '''H'''. BÁC, [[Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide|Coláiste na Tríonóide]], MS H. 3. 17. Scríofa is dócha sa 14ú nó luath-15ú haois. * '''M'''. BÁC, ARÉ, MS Stowe D ii 1. Aitheanta mar ''[[Leabhar Ua Maine|Leabhar Uí Mhaine]]'', scríofa roimh an mbliain 1423. * '''L'''. BÁC, ARÉ, MS 23 P 2 (535) agus BÁC, CnaT, MS H. 2. 17, Iml. 2 (1319). Aitheanta mar ''[[Leabhar Mór Leacáin]]'', scríofa c. 1417.{{sfn|Todd|1848|p=viii}} == Ábhair == Is aistriúchán é Leabhar Breatnach den bailiúchán stairiúil as an 9ú haois, scríofa a deirtear ag Nennius, darb ainm ''Historia Brittonum'', ach ní go iomlán litriúil. Níor tógadh ach ábhair Ghaelacha aitheanta cheana féin ag scoláirí as Éirinn agus as an Alban. I sleachta eile, tógadh ábhair ó shaothair amhail is ''[[Sex Aetates Mundi (Meán-Ghaeilge)|Sex Aetates Mundi]]'', ''[[Ecclesiastical History of the English People|Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum]]'' le [[Bede]], agus rí liosta [[na Cruithnigh|Cruithneach]].{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=13}}{{sfn|Fitzpatrick-Matthews|2007–2015}} == Údair agus dáta == I ndá lámhscríbhinn, '''H''' agus '''M''', deirtear go ndearna translation is ascribed to the poet Giolla Comáin, file, (fl. 1071/2) an t-aistriúchán.{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=11}}{{sfn|Fitzpatrick-Matthews|2007–2015}} Séantar an smaoineamh seo anois, ámh.{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=11}} Deir an staraí [[Thomas Owen Clancy]] nach raibh de rún ann ach tíolacadh a thabairt do Gjiolla Comáin.{{sfn|Fitzpatrick-Matthews|2007–2015}} Mhol Clancy freisin nach saothar Éireannach atá ann, ach ina ionad sin Albanach as [[Obar Neithich (Am Monadh Ruadh)|Obar Neithich]], cé gur scríobhadh é ar son lucht léitheoireachta Éireannach a raibh suim acu i stair na hAlban de bharr an ratha a bhain [[ríocht na hAlban]] amach.{{sfn|Evans|2005|p=700}}<ref>{{cite book | sloinne=Clancy | ainm=Thomas Owen | year=2000 | chapter=Scotland, the "Nennian" recension of the ''Historia Brittonum'', and the ''Lebor Bretnach'' | editor1-last=Taylor | editor1-first=Simon | title=Kings, Clerics and Chronicles in Scotland 500–1297: Essays in Honour of Marjorie Ogilvie Anderson on the Occasion of her Ninetieth Birthday | location=Baile Átha Cliath | publisher=Four Courts Press | pages=87–107 | isbn=1851825169 }}</ref> Creidtear gur scríobhadh Leabhair Breatnach i lár na 11ú haoise.{{sfn|Evans|2005|p=11}}{{sfn|Dooley|2004|p=11}} == Eagráin == * {{cite book | year=1848 | editor1-last=Todd | editor1-first=James Henthorn | editor1-link=James Henthorn Todd | title=Leabhar Breathnach Annso Sis: The Irish Version of the Historia Britonum of Nennius | location=Baile Átha Cliath | publisher=Irish Archaeological Society | url = https://archive.org/details/leabharbreathnac00nennuoft }}, ar CELT [https://celt.ucc.ie//published/G100028/index.html as Gaeilge] * {{cite book | year=1937 | editor1-last=van Hamel | editor1-first=A. G. | editor1-link=A. G. van Hamel | title=Lebor Bretnach: The Irish Version of the Historia Britonum Ascribed to Nennius | series=Irish Manuscripts Commission, Volume 5 | location=Baile Átha Cliath | publisher=Oifig an tSoláthair }} == Féach freisin == * [[Nennius]], manach Breatnach den 9ú haois * [[Frankish Table of Nations]], foinse Laidine dosna ginealaigh == Foinsí == * {{citation | last=Dooley | first=Ann | author-link=Ann Dooley | date=2004 | title=Arthur of the Irish: A viable concept? | journal=Arthurian Literature | volume=21 | pages=9–28 }} * {{citation | last=Evans | first=Nicholas | editor-last=Duffy | editor-first=Sean | encyclopedia=Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia | title=Scottish influence | year=2005 | publisher=Routledge | location=Londain | isbn=0415940524 | pages=699–700 }} * {{citation | url = http://www.historiabrittonum.net/?page_id=20 | title=Lebor Bretnach | last=Fitzpatrick-Matthews | first=Keith J. | date=2007–2015 | website=Historia Brittonum }} == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Litríocht na hÉireann]] ofoedgsb0floagmfru5ykoed7wdt458 0 119673 1269386 2025-06-10T22:33:03Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 Ag athdhíriú go [[Leabhar Breatnach]] 1269386 wikitext text/x-wiki #athsheoladh [[Leabhar Breatnach]] 7b5geetc68v1cfa94oxpa3g5r9n9bzb 0 119674 1269387 2025-06-10T22:42:34Z TGcoa 21229 Leathanach cruthaithe le '{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}} Cuireadh tús le '''agóidí na n-inimirceach sna Stáit Aontaithe le linn réimeas Trump''' i mí an Mheithimh 2025, i Los Angeles ar dtús agus i gcathracha eile timpeall na tíre níos déanaí. Bhain an chorraíl le hiarrachtaí a bhí déanta ag oifigigh inimirce sa chathair le ordú díbeartha a chur i bhfeidhm ar inimircigh nach raibh na cáipéisí cuí acu le fanacht sna Stáit Aontaithe.<ref name=":0">{{Luaigh foilseachán|...' 1269387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}} Cuireadh tús le '''agóidí na n-inimirceach sna Stáit Aontaithe le linn réimeas Trump''' i mí an Mheithimh 2025, i Los Angeles ar dtús agus i gcathracha eile timpeall na tíre níos déanaí. Bhain an chorraíl le hiarrachtaí a bhí déanta ag oifigigh inimirce sa chathair le ordú díbeartha a chur i bhfeidhm ar inimircigh nach raibh na cáipéisí cuí acu le fanacht sna Stáit Aontaithe.<ref name=":0">{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Garda Náisiúnta tagtha go Los Angeles ar ordú Trump|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2025/0609/1517444-garda-naisiunta-tagtha-go-los-angeles-ar-ordu-trump/|date=2025-06-09|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}</ref> Ar an 9 Meitheamh, tháinig thart ar 2,000 comhalta de Gharda Náisiúnta na Stát Aontaithe go Los Angeles ar ordú Donald Trump le súil smacht a fháil, a dúirt sé, ar an gclampar a bhí tarraingthe ag léirsithe sa chathair sin. I ráiteas ón Teach Bán, dúradh go bhfaca cách an chíor thuathail, an foréigean agus an aindleathacht in Los Angeles, agus nach raibh aon rogha ag an Uachtarán ach an Garda Náisiúnta a chur ann. Tháinig 4,000 eile ar an 11 Meitheamh. Go hiondúil, ní chuirtear amach saighdiúirí ná an Garda Náisiúnta ach nuair nach bhfuil sé d'acmhainn ag na húdaráis shibhialta dul i ngleic le corraíl shibhialta. Dúirt Gobharnóir California [[Gavin Newsom]] go raibh ordú Trump mídhleathach agus gur in olcas a rachas an scéal sa chathair dá bharr. D'iarr Gavin Newsom ar Trump a ordú a chur ar neamhní agus an Garda Náisiúnta a tharraingt siar; gníomh deachtóra a bhí ann seachas gníomh Uachtaráin, a mhaígh Newsom. Chuir an Gobharnóir i leith Trump freisin gur ag iarraidh géarchéim a chruthú a bhí sé. Ní raibh aon ghlacadh ag an rialtas in Washington le maíomh Newsom, dar ndóigh.<ref name=":0" /> Ar an 9 Meitheamh, bhí agóidí i naoi gcathair eile ar a laghad ar fud na Stát Aontaithe, lena n-áirítear Nua-Eabhrac, Filideilfia agus San Francisco. caoil póilíní "airm neamh-mharfacha" le léirsitheoirí in Austin, Texas.<ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Muirshaighdiúirí curtha go Los Angeles ag Rialtas Mheiriceá|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2025/0610/1517628-muirshaighdiuiri-curtha-go-los-angeles-ag-rialtas-mheiricea/|date=2025-06-10|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}</ref> Thug Rúnaí Cosanta Mheiriceá, [[Pete Hegseth]], le fios go bhféadfaí an t-arm a chur i Los Angeles mura gcuirfí deireadh leis an "bhforéigean". An lá dár gcionn, ar an 10 Meitheamh, bhí cathlán muirshaighdiúirí curtha go Los Angeles ag Hegseth chun dul i ngleic, a deir sé, leis na caismirtí sa chathair sin. 700 saighdiúir a bhí i gceist agus bhí siad ar dualgas in Los Angeles. == Féach freisin == * [[Dara téarma Donald Trump]] == Tagairtí == {{reflist}}{{síol}} [[Catagóir:2025]] [[Catagóir:Dara téarma Donald Trump]] [[Catagóir:Inimirce go dtí na Stáit Aontaithe]] [[Catagóir:Inimircigh]] [[Catagóir:Stair na Stát Aontaithe]] iiyvw0oms7x38oz7h6zyomej2zoelif 0 119675 1269389 2025-06-10T23:30:20Z Taghdtaighde 60452 Leathanach cruthaithe le 'De réir '''[[Prionsabal Landauer]]''', tá an oiread is lú [[Fuinneamh|fuinnimh]] go mbíonn ag teastáil le hoibríocht ríomhaireachta a chur i gcrích i gcoibhneas le líon na n[[giotán]] a scriostar san oibríocht chéanna. Cúpla zepto[[Giúl|joule]] [[Fuinneamh|fuinneamh]] in aghaidh an ghiotáin ar a laghad a scoiltear.<ref name=":0">{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=[[Michael McGettrick|Dr Michael McGettrick]]|date=28 Bealtaine 2025|url=https://www.independe...' 1269389 wikitext text/x-wiki De réir '''[[Prionsabal Landauer]]''', tá an oiread is lú [[Fuinneamh|fuinnimh]] go mbíonn ag teastáil le hoibríocht ríomhaireachta a chur i gcrích i gcoibhneas le líon na n[[giotán]] a scriostar san oibríocht chéanna. Cúpla zepto[[Giúl|joule]] [[Fuinneamh|fuinneamh]] in aghaidh an ghiotáin ar a laghad a scoiltear.<ref name=":0">{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=[[Michael McGettrick|Dr Michael McGettrick]]|date=28 Bealtaine 2025|url=https://www.independent.ie/seachtain/riomhaire-candamach-ta-an-reabhloid-ag-teacht/a1410979729.html|title=Ríomhaire candamach: tá an réabhlóid ag teacht|journal=[[Seachtain (nuachtán)|Seachtain]]|pages=lch 7}}</ref> Ní hamhlaidh an scéal sa [[ríomhaireacht chandamach]] áfach, go teoiriciúil, nó bíonn na hoibríochtaí sin inchúlaithe.<ref name=":0" /> == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} [[Catagóir:Teoiric na faisnéise]] [[Catagóir:Ríomhaireacht]] [[Catagóir:Matamaitic fheidhmeach]] {{Síol-mata}} swmvldn27a7ahl9lq2xh6gr5nlkgx9o 0 119676 1269390 2025-06-10T23:30:45Z Taghdtaighde 60452 Leathanach cruthaithe le '{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}} Tá an [[Michael McGettrick|'''Dr Michael McGettrick''']] ina [[Léachtóir]] le [[Matamaitic fheidhmeach|Matamaitic Fheidhmeach]] in [[Ollscoil na Gaillimhe]].<ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=[[Michael McGettrick|Dr Michael McGettrick]]|date=28 Bealtaine 2025|url=https://www.independent.ie/seachtain/riomhaire-candamach-ta-an-reabhloid-ag-teacht/a1410979729.html|title=Ríomhaire candamach: tá an réabhlóid ag teacht|journal=Seachta...' 1269390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}} Tá an [[Michael McGettrick|'''Dr Michael McGettrick''']] ina [[Léachtóir]] le [[Matamaitic fheidhmeach|Matamaitic Fheidhmeach]] in [[Ollscoil na Gaillimhe]].<ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=[[Michael McGettrick|Dr Michael McGettrick]]|date=28 Bealtaine 2025|url=https://www.independent.ie/seachtain/riomhaire-candamach-ta-an-reabhloid-ag-teacht/a1410979729.html|title=Ríomhaire candamach: tá an réabhlóid ag teacht|journal=[[Seachtain (nuachtán)|Seachtain]]|pages=lch 7}}</ref> ==Naisc sheachtracha== * [https://research.universityofgalway.ie/en/persons/michael-mc-gettrick Próifíl in Ollscoil na Gaillimhe] ==Tagairtí== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:McGettrick, Michael}} [[Catagóir:Matamaiticeoirí Éireannacha]] [[Catagóir:Matamaiticeoirí]] [[Catagóir:Lucht Ollscoil na Gaillimhe]] [[Catagóir:Taighdeoirí Éireannacha]] [[Catagóir:Scoláirí]] [[Catagóir:Acadóirí Éireannacha]] [[Catagóir:Léachtóirí Éireannacha]] [[Catagóir:Alumni Choláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath]] [[Catagóir:Daoine beo]] {{síol-beath-ie}} kjxp9bs6su837hoe14v5jxyiumuhdgt 0 119677 1269391 2025-06-10T23:31:44Z Taghdtaighde 60452 Ag athdhíriú go [[Meicnic chandamach]] 1269391 wikitext text/x-wiki #athsheoladh [[Meicnic chandamach]] 48g5zv9pvfq6m5z89x9pc9f6xfjvuxj 0 119678 1269392 2025-06-10T23:31:56Z Taghdtaighde 60452 Ag athdhíriú go [[Fuinneamh]] 1269392 wikitext text/x-wiki #athsheoladh [[Fuinneamh]] odj7oxjhzv7td76gbir2tb2zjd030rm 0 119679 1269393 2025-06-10T23:32:02Z Taghdtaighde 60452 Ag athdhíriú go [[Scála teochta Celsius]] 1269393 wikitext text/x-wiki #athsheoladh [[Scála teochta Celsius]] 0mzth5h75adpupixjrcgd1qhy3x6njy 14 119680 1269400 2025-06-10T23:43:24Z Taghdtaighde 60452 Leathanach cruthaithe le '{{DEFAULTSORT:Cripteagrafaiocht}} [[Catagóir:Matamaitic fheidhmeach]] [[Catagóir:Ríomhaireacht]] [[Catagóir:Baincéireacht]] [[Catagóir:Rúndacht]] [[Catagóir:Cóid]]' 1269400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DEFAULTSORT:Cripteagrafaiocht}} [[Catagóir:Matamaitic fheidhmeach]] [[Catagóir:Ríomhaireacht]] [[Catagóir:Baincéireacht]] [[Catagóir:Rúndacht]] [[Catagóir:Cóid]] jmqs1t20wajf73aqywr19rebtkl0uqk 14 119681 1269401 2025-06-10T23:50:48Z Taghdtaighde 60452 Leathanach cruthaithe le '{{DEFAULTSORT:Teoiric na faisneise}} [[Catagóir:Teoiricí|Faisneis]] [[Catagóir:Matamaitic fheidhmeach]] [[Catagóir:Faisnéis]] [[Catagóir:Teileachumarsáid]] [[Catagóir:Staidreamh]] [[Catagóir:Ríomhaireacht]]' 1269401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DEFAULTSORT:Teoiric na faisneise}} [[Catagóir:Teoiricí|Faisneis]] [[Catagóir:Matamaitic fheidhmeach]] [[Catagóir:Faisnéis]] [[Catagóir:Teileachumarsáid]] [[Catagóir:Staidreamh]] [[Catagóir:Ríomhaireacht]] j7etn1nqzpvzier6ui6buwwwukcv4m6 14 119682 1269402 2025-06-11T00:01:44Z Alison 570 Nua 1269402 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Catagóir:Doiléiriú]] [[Catagóir:Príobháideachas]] [[Catagóir:Slándáil]] [[Catagóir:Sochaí]] e8i08skjpdt8p2giak1nyl1xnwcs2un 0 119683 1269431 2025-06-11T09:52:40Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 Cruthaithe ó enwiki 1269431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{teideal iodálach}} __NOTOC__ {{WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} Is lámhscríbhinn Éireannach é an ''''' Irish Astronomical Tract ''''' déanta sa chéad chuid den 14ú haois. Scríobhadh as [[Nua-Ghaeilge]] moch é, bunaithe ar aistriúchán Laidine de shaothar Araibis ''De Scientia Motus Orbis'' le [[Masha'allah ibn Atharī]] (c.740–815 AD). As 40 caibidil ar fad, tá 27 dóibh as ''De Scientia'' agus na cinn eile as saothair le húdair chlaisiceacha éagsúla. Ní fios údar an dréachta nó áit a cumadh é, ach is féidir dáta a chur leis óir an tagairt ann do spéaclaí. == Lámhscríbhinní == * [[Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann]], Stowe, B II 1, ar fáil ar [[ISOS]] * ARÉ 23 F 13 * [[Leabharlann Marsh]], Z 2. 2. 1 (olim V. 3. 1. 38) * [[British Library]] L 3. B. 32 (cóip de 'De Scientia Motus Orbis'). == Eagráin == * J. J. O'Farrelly, ''Irish Cosmographical Tract: Transcription of the Irish Text with contractions retained'' [as Stowe B II 1]. Lámhscríbhinn neamhfhoilsithe, ARÉ MS 3A7, 852 (1893). * &mdash;, ''Irish Cosmographical Tract''. Athscríbhinn, le tagairtí dosna cóipeanna Marsh agus ARÉ #2. Lámhscríbhinn neamhfhoilsithe, ARÉ MS 3A10, 855 (1893). * J. E. Gore, 'An Irish Astronomical Tract', in: 'Knowledge & Scientific News'; Feabhra, 1909. * Maura Power, Caibidilí 8, 39 agus cuid de 9, agus blúire beag eile, [[Celtica (iriseán)|Celtica]] 11 (Londain, The Celtic Association) 54–6; 90–92; 101–03. * Tomás Ó Concheanainn, ''The Scribe of the Irish Astronomical Tract in the Royal Irish Academy, B II 1'', [[Celtica (iriseán)|Celtica]] 11 (1976) 158–67. * John A. Williams, ''The Irish Astronomical Tract: a case study of scientific terminology in 14th century Irish'', M.Phil. Thesis, University of Sydney, 2002. Ar fáil [http://hdl.handle.net/2123/515 ar líne] == Féach freisin == * [[Ranna an aeir]] == Naisc sheachtracha == * ''[http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G600030/index.html An Irish Astronomical Tract]'' ar [[Corpus of Electronic Texts|CELT]] == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Irish Astronomical Tract}} [[Category:Litríocht na hÉireann]] 55t0ojhjy2f2kz1al9sj04w50nd2e30 0 119684 1269442 2025-06-11T11:47:50Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 Cruthaithe ó enwiki (síol) 1269442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{teideal iodálach}} __NOTOC__ {{WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} Is dréacht Éireannach de chuid na meánaoise é ''''' Ranna an aeir ''''' ("Na Réaltbhuíonta"), c.&nbsp;1500–1550 a mheastar. Scríobhadh é as [[Nua-Ghaeilge]] moch, le cúpla focal as [[Béarla]] agus [[Laidin]]. == Lámhscríbhinní * [[National Library of Scotland]]; Advocates 72.1.2 , olim Gaelic II. Tá cóip ar micreascannán ag [[Leabharlann Náisiúnta na hÉireann]] (n. 307, l.&nbsp;452). == Eagráin * A. O. Anderson, ''Ranna an aeir [The Constellations]'' in ''[[Revue Celtique]]'', eag. [[Henri d'Arbois de Jubainville]], Iml. 30, Páras, F. Vieweg (1909) ll. 404–417 == Féach freisin * ''An [[Irish Astronomical Tract]]'' == Tagairtí {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Téacsanna Gaelacha na Meánaoise]] {{síol-ie}} ke7xw3s3jgtyo9j3vj1hgss5qs2y0en 1269443 1269442 2025-06-11T11:48:13Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 Ceannteidil 1269443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{teideal iodálach}} __NOTOC__ {{WD Bosca Sonraí Leabhar}} Is dréacht Éireannach de chuid na meánaoise é ''''' Ranna an aeir ''''' ("Na Réaltbhuíonta"), c.&nbsp;1500–1550 a mheastar. Scríobhadh é as [[Nua-Ghaeilge]] moch, le cúpla focal as [[Béarla]] agus [[Laidin]]. == Lámhscríbhinní == * [[National Library of Scotland]]; Advocates 72.1.2 , olim Gaelic II. Tá cóip ar micreascannán ag [[Leabharlann Náisiúnta na hÉireann]] (n. 307, l.&nbsp;452). == Eagráin == * A. O. Anderson, ''Ranna an aeir [The Constellations]'' in ''[[Revue Celtique]]'', eag. [[Henri d'Arbois de Jubainville]], Iml. 30, Páras, F. Vieweg (1909) ll. 404–417 == Féach freisin == * ''An [[Irish Astronomical Tract]]'' == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Téacsanna Gaelacha na Meánaoise]] {{síol-ie}} 018wvb8i1ny0gr3gd1app7jowlae0t3