14 Meitheamh

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    <title>14 Meitheamh</title>
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      <text bytes="4882" sha1="rbshgde04xxdgcd4w7wfr3gqsgyqvnv" xml:space="preserve">{{Meitheamh}}
Is é an '''14 Meitheamh''' an 165ú lá den bhliain de réir fhéilire Ghréagóra nó an 166ú lá i mbliain bhisigh. Tá 200 lá fágtha sa bhliain.

== Féilte ==
* [[Oileáin Fháclainne]] - Lá na Saoirse
* [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá]] - Lá na mBratach

== Daoine a rugadh ar an lá seo ==
* [[1644]] — [[Godert de Ginkell, Céad Iarla Átha Luain]], ginearál Dúitseach (b. [[1703]])
* [[1726]] — [[James Hutton]], geolaí Albanach (b. [[1797]])
* [[1736]] — [[Charles Augustin de Coulomb]], fisiceoir Francach (b. [[1806]])
* [[1780]] — [[Henry Salt]], Éigipteolaí (b.[[1827]])
* [[1811]] — [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]], scríbhneoir Meiriceánach (b. [[1896]])
* [[1832]] — [[Nikolaus Otto]], cumadóir Gearmánach (b.[[1891]]) 
* [[1856]] — [[Andrey Markov]], matamaiticeoir Rúiseach (b. [[1922]])
* [[1864]] — [[Alois Alzheimer]], síciatraí (b.[[1915]])
* [[1868]] — [[Karl Landsteiner]], paiteolaí  (b. [[1943]])
* [[1884]] — [[John McCormack]], teanór (b.[[1945]])
* [[1893]] — [[Sydney Minch]], polaiteoir Éireannach (b. [[1970]])
* [[1893]] — [[Séamus Burke|Séamus Búrc]], polaiteoir Éireannach (b. [[1967]])
* [[1899]] — [[Yasunari Kawabata]], scríbhneoir (b.[[1973]])
* [[1906]] — [[John Joe Doyle]], iománaí Éireannach (b. [[2000]])
* [[1924]] — [[James Whyte Black]], Cógaseolaí (b. [[2010]])
* [[1928]] — [[Che Guevara]], réabhlóidí sóisialach (b.[[1967]])
* [[1946]] — [[Donald Trump]], 45ú Uachtarán na Stáit Aontaithe
* [[1948]] — [[Seán Ó Conghaile]], iománaí
* [[1955]] — [[Paul O’Grady|Paul O'Grady]], fuirseoir agus aisteoir Sasanach (b. [[2023]])
* [[1960]] — [[Imran Farooq]], polaiteoir Pacastánach (b. [[2010]]
* [[1961]] — [[Boy George]], Amhránaí Sasanach
* [[1968]] — [[Faizon Love]], aisteoir agus fuirseoir Meiriceánach
* [[1969]] — [[Steffi Graf]], imreoir leadóige
* [[1971]] — [[Alfred Freddy Krupa]], ealaíontóir Crótach
* [[1974]] — [[Guðmundur Þór Kárason]], puipéadóir Íoslannach
* [[1976]] — [[Lavínia Vlasak]], ban-aisteoir Brasaíleach
* [[1986]] — [[Vitali Kozmin]], damhsóir agus cóiréagrafaí Eastónach
* [[1989]] — [[Alison Spittle]], fuirseoir, scríbhneoir, agus aisteoir Éireannach
* [[1989]] — [[Donnchadh Ó Laoghaire (polaiteoir)|Donnchadh Ó Laoghaire]], polaiteoir Éireannach
* [[1989]] — [[John Millman]], imreoir leadóige Astrálach
* [[1992]] — [[Daryl Sabara]], aisteoir Meiriceánach

== Daoine a fuair bás ar an lá seo ==
* [[1893]] — [[Thomas Antisell]], dochtúir agus múinteoir Gael-Mheiriceánach (r. [[1817]])
* [[1926]] — [[Mary Cassatt]], péintéir agus déantóir priontaí Meiriceánach (r. [[1844]])
* [[1928]] — [[Emmeline Pankhurst]], sufragóir Sasanach (r. [[1858]])
* [[1936]] — [[G. K. Chesterton]], scríbhneoir Caitliceach Sasanach (r. [[1874]])
* [[1940]] — [[Séamus Moore]], polaiteoir Éireannach 
* [[1946]] — [[John Logie Baird]], innealtóir is ceannródaí teilifíse Albanach (r. [[1888]])
* [[1968]] — [[Salvatore Quasimodo]], scríbhneoir Iodálach (r. [[1901]])
* [[1986]] — [[Jorge Luis Borges]], scríbhneoir (r.[[1899]])
* [[1991]] — [[Peggy Ashcroft]], ban-aisteoir Briotanach (r. [[1907]])
* [[1995]] — [[Rory Gallagher]], 41, giotáraí Éireannach (r.[[1948]])

== Tarluithe eile ==
* [[1158]] - Bunaíodh [[München]]
* [[1404]] - Chuaigh an ceannairceach Breatnach, [[Owain Glyn Dŵr]], i gcomhghuaillíocht leis [[an Fhrainc]], in éadan [[Anraí IV Shasana]]
* [[1690]] - Tháinig [[Uilliam Oráiste]] in [[Éirinn]] le h aghaidh a thabhairt ar [[Séamas II agus VII|Séamas]] 
* [[1777]] - Glac [[Na Stáit Aontaithe]] leis &quot;Na Réaltaí agus Stríoca&quot; mar a [[Bratach Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|bhratach náisiúnta]]
* [[1800]] - Bhuaigh [[Napoléon]] ar an [[Monarcacht Hapsburgach|Mhonarcacht Hapsburgach]] in aice le [[Alessandria]], [[an Iodáil]], i g[[Cath Mharengo]].
* [[1872]] - D'éirigh [[Ceardchumann|ceardchumainn]] dlíthiúil i g[[Ceanada]]
* [[1926]] - D'fhág [[An Bhrasaíl]] [[Conradh na Náisiún]]
* [[1940]] - [[Dara Cogadh Domhanda]]: thosaigh an fhorghabháil [[Páras|Pháras]]
* [[1940]] - Tháinig na chéad phríosúnaigh ag [[Campa Géibhinn Auschwitz]]
* [[1982]] - Fógraíodh sos cogaidh idir [[an Bhreatain]] agus [[Oileáin Fháclainne|na hOileán Fháclainne]]
* [[1985]] - Shínigh cúig thír de chuid [[Comhphobal Eorpach|Comhphobail Eorpaigh]] an [[Comhaontú Schengen]]
* [[1991]] - Rinne na mílte Coirdínigh léigear ar thrúgaí [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Mheiriceá]] i gcathair [[Dohuk]] san [[An Iaráic|Iaráic]] agus impíodar orthu gan an tír a fhágáil
* [[2017]] - [[Loscadh Thúr Grenfell]]: Maraíodh 72 duine, agus gortaíodh 70 duine, nuair a chuaigh an túr árasáintré thine i [[Londain]]

[[Catagóir:Dátaí|0614]]
[[Catagóir:Míonna|Meitheamh, 14]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>15 Meitheamh</title>
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      <text bytes="3953" sha1="2sverjn7dpurft3xo12a12hlztq1xih" xml:space="preserve">{{Meitheamh}}
Is é an '''15 Meitheamh''' an 165ú lá den bhliain de réir fhéilire Ghréagóra nó an 166ú lá i mbliain bhisigh. Tá 200 lá fágtha sa bhliain.

== Féilte ==
* [[An Danmhairg]] - Lá na mBratach

== Daoine a rugadh ar an lá seo ==
* [[1397]] — [[Paolo Uccello]], péintéir Iodálach (b. [[1475]])
* [[1436]] — [[Regiomontanus]], matamaiticeoir, astralaí, agus réalteolaí Gearmánach (B. [[1476]])
* [[1594]] — [[Nicolas Poussin]], péintéir Francach (b. [[1665]])
* [[1698]] — [[Seoirse de Brún]], ceannfort Arm na Rúise (b.[[1792]])
* [[1843]] — [[Edvard Grieg]], cumadóir ceoil agus pianódóir Ioruach (b. [[1907]])
* [[1881]] — [[Paul Cornu]], innealtóir Francach (b. [[1944]])
* [[1904]] — [[Tormod MacLeòid (Am Bàrd Bochd)|Tormod MacLeòid]], file Albanach (b. [[1968]])
* [[1914]] — [[Yuri Andropov]], polaiteoir Rúiseach (b.[[1984]])
* [[1915]] — [[Thomas Huckle Weller]], víreolaí (b. [[2008]])
* [[1917]] — [[John Bennett Fenn]], ceimicí Meiriceánach (b. [[2010]])
* [[1920]] — [[Alberto Sordi]], aisteoir Iodálach (b. [[2003]])
* [[1927]] — [[Hugo Pratt]], úrscéalaí grafach Iodálach (b. [[1995]])
* [[1931]] — [[Gerard Lynch]], polaiteoir Éireannach (b. [[2025]])
* [[1937]] — [[Curtis Cokes]], dornálaí Meiriceánach (b. [[2020]])
* [[1937]] — [[Waylon Jennings]], ceoltóir Meiriceánach (b. [[2002]])
* [[1943]] — [[Johnny Hallyday]], ceoltóir agus aisteoir Francach (b. [[2017]])
* [[1947]] — [[Stephen Mallatratt]], aisteoir agus scríbhneoir (b.[[2004]])
* [[1949]] — [[Jim Varney]], aisteoir agus fuirseoir Meiriceánach (b. [[2000]])
* [[1951]] — [[John Redwood]], polaiteoir Briotanach
* [[1953]] — [[Xi Jinping]], Ceannaire ar Dhaon-Phoblacht na Síne
* [[1954]] — [[Jim Belushi]], aisteoir Meiriceánach 
* [[1961]] — [[Jim Hanks]], aisteoir Meiriceánach
* [[1963]] — [[Helen Hunt]], aisteoir agus stiúrthóir Meiriceánach
* [[1964]] — [[Courteney Cox]], ban-aisteoir Meiriceánach
* [[1964]] — [[Michael Laudrup]], imreoir sacair Danmhargach
* [[1969]] — [[Ice Cube]], aisteoir agus rapcheoltóir Meiriceánach
* [[1970]] — [[Leah Remini]], ban-aisteoir Meiriceánach
* [[1973]] — [[Neil Patrick Harris]], aisteoir Meiriceánach
* [[1977]] — [[P.S. Ó Riain]], iománaí
* [[1980]] — [[Mike Denver]], amhránaí
* [[1985]] — [[Nadine Coyle]], amhránaí popcheoil
* [[1987]] — [[Scott Cuthbert]], imreoir sacair Albanach
* [[1988]] — [[Patrick McKee]], polaiteoir Éireannach
* [[1992]] — [[Mohamed Salah]], Imreoir sacair Éigipteach
* [[1994]] — [[Seán Ó Dónaill]], iománaí Éireannach
* [[1995]] — [[Maximilian Marterer]], imreoir leadóige Gearmánach

== Daoine a fuair bás ar an lá seo ==
* [[1329]] — [[Raibeart I na hAlban]], Rí na hAlban ó 1306 go dtí a bhás sa bhliain 1329 (r. [[1274]])
* [[1849]] — [[James Knox Polk]], 53, 11ú Uachtarán na Stát Aontaithe (r.[[1795]])
* [[1982]] — [[Johnny Callanan]], polaiteoir Éireannach (r. [[1910]])
* [[1989]] — [[Ray McAnally]],  aisteoir Éireannach (r. [[1926]])
* [[1993]] — [[James Hunt]], Tiománaí Foirmle a hAon (r. [[1947]])
* [[1994]] — [[Seán Ó Ceallaigh (polaiteoir Cláiríneach)|Seán Ó Ceallaigh]], polaiteoir as Contae an Chláir (r. [[1896]])
* [[1996]] — [[Ella Fitzgerald]], Snag-amhránaí Meiriceánach (r. [[1917]])
* [[1999]] — [[Victoria Coffey]], péidiatraí Éireannach (r. [[1911]])
* [[2007]] — [[Hugo Pastor Corro]], dornálaí Airgintíneach (r. [[1953]])
* [[2014]] — [[Casey Kasem]], aisteoir Meiriceánach (r. [[1932]])
* [[2018]] — [[Leslie Grantham]], aisteoir Sasanach (r. [[1947]])
* [[2023]] — [[Glenda Jackson]], aisteoir agus polaiteoir (r. [[1936]])

== Tarluithe eile ==
* [[1996]] - Déanadh go leor damáiste i gCathair [[Manchain|Mhanchain]] nuair a [[Buamáil Mhanchain (1996)|phléasc buama]] ansin

[[Catagóir:Dátaí|0615]]
[[Catagóir:Míonna|Meitheamh, 15]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4990" sha1="ot4mrpl0oax4quov62qz9ngody1afuv" xml:space="preserve">{{Meitheamh}}
Is é an '''15 Meitheamh''' an 165ú lá den bhliain de réir fhéilire Ghréagóra nó an 166ú lá i mbliain bhisigh. Tá 200 lá fágtha sa bhliain.

== Féilte ==
* [[An Danmhairg]] - Lá na mBratach

== Daoine a rugadh ar an lá seo ==
* [[1397]] — [[Paolo Uccello]], péintéir Iodálach (b. [[1475]])
* [[1436]] — [[Regiomontanus]], matamaiticeoir, astralaí, agus réalteolaí Gearmánach (B. [[1476]])
* [[1594]] — [[Nicolas Poussin]], péintéir Francach (b. [[1665]])
* [[1698]] — [[Seoirse de Brún]], ceannfort Arm na Rúise (b.[[1792]])
* [[1843]] — [[Edvard Grieg]], cumadóir ceoil agus pianódóir Ioruach (b. [[1907]])
* [[1881]] — [[Paul Cornu]], innealtóir Francach (b. [[1944]])
* [[1904]] — [[Tormod MacLeòid (Am Bàrd Bochd)|Tormod MacLeòid]], file Albanach (b. [[1968]])
* [[1914]] — [[Yuri Andropov]], polaiteoir Rúiseach (b.[[1984]])
* [[1915]] — [[Thomas Huckle Weller]], víreolaí (b. [[2008]])
* [[1917]] — [[John Bennett Fenn]], ceimicí Meiriceánach (b. [[2010]])
* [[1920]] — [[Alberto Sordi]], aisteoir Iodálach (b. [[2003]])
* [[1927]] — [[Hugo Pratt]], úrscéalaí grafach Iodálach (b. [[1995]])
* [[1931]] — [[Gerard Lynch]], polaiteoir Éireannach (b. [[2025]])
* [[1937]] — [[Curtis Cokes]], dornálaí Meiriceánach (b. [[2020]])
* [[1937]] — [[Waylon Jennings]], ceoltóir Meiriceánach (b. [[2002]])
* [[1943]] — [[Johnny Hallyday]], ceoltóir agus aisteoir Francach (b. [[2017]])
* [[1947]] — [[Stephen Mallatratt]], aisteoir agus scríbhneoir (b.[[2004]])
* [[1949]] — [[Jim Varney]], aisteoir agus fuirseoir Meiriceánach (b. [[2000]])
* [[1951]] — [[John Redwood]], polaiteoir Briotanach
* [[1953]] — [[Xi Jinping]], Ceannaire ar Dhaon-Phoblacht na Síne
* [[1954]] — [[Jim Belushi]], aisteoir Meiriceánach 
* [[1961]] — [[Jim Hanks]], aisteoir Meiriceánach
* [[1963]] — [[Helen Hunt]], aisteoir agus stiúrthóir Meiriceánach
* [[1964]] — [[Courteney Cox]], ban-aisteoir Meiriceánach
* [[1964]] — [[Michael Laudrup]], imreoir sacair Danmhargach
* [[1969]] — [[Ice Cube]], aisteoir agus rapcheoltóir Meiriceánach
* [[1970]] — [[Leah Remini]], ban-aisteoir Meiriceánach
* [[1973]] — [[Neil Patrick Harris]], aisteoir Meiriceánach
* [[1977]] — [[P.S. Ó Riain]], iománaí
* [[1980]] — [[Mike Denver]], amhránaí
* [[1985]] — [[Nadine Coyle]], amhránaí popcheoil
* [[1987]] — [[Scott Cuthbert]], imreoir sacair Albanach
* [[1988]] — [[Patrick McKee]], polaiteoir Éireannach
* [[1992]] — [[Mohamed Salah]], Imreoir sacair Éigipteach
* [[1994]] — [[Seán Ó Dónaill]], iománaí Éireannach
* [[1995]] — [[Maximilian Marterer]], imreoir leadóige Gearmánach

== Daoine a fuair bás ar an lá seo ==
* [[1329]] — [[Raibeart I na hAlban]], Rí na hAlban ó 1306 go dtí a bhás sa bhliain 1329 (r. [[1274]])
* [[1849]] — [[James Knox Polk]], 53, 11ú Uachtarán na Stát Aontaithe (r.[[1795]])
* [[1982]] — [[Johnny Callanan]], polaiteoir Éireannach (r. [[1910]])
* [[1989]] — [[Ray McAnally]],  aisteoir Éireannach (r. [[1926]])
* [[1993]] — [[James Hunt]], Tiománaí Foirmle a hAon (r. [[1947]])
* [[1994]] — [[Seán Ó Ceallaigh (polaiteoir Cláiríneach)|Seán Ó Ceallaigh]], polaiteoir as Contae an Chláir (r. [[1896]])
* [[1996]] — [[Ella Fitzgerald]], Snag-amhránaí Meiriceánach (r. [[1917]])
* [[1999]] — [[Victoria Coffey]], péidiatraí Éireannach (r. [[1911]])
* [[2007]] — [[Hugo Pastor Corro]], dornálaí Airgintíneach (r. [[1953]])
* [[2014]] — [[Casey Kasem]], aisteoir Meiriceánach (r. [[1932]])
* [[2018]] — [[Leslie Grantham]], aisteoir Sasanach (r. [[1947]])
* [[2023]] — [[Glenda Jackson]], aisteoir agus polaiteoir (r. [[1936]])

== Tarluithe eile ==
* [[1215]] - Chuir [[Seon, Rí Shasana]] a shéala ar ''[[Magna Carta]]''
* [[1520]] - Bhagair [[Pápa Leon X]] coinnealbhá ar [[Máirtín Liútar|Mháirtín Liútar]]
* [[1567]] - Thug uaisle míshásta aghaidh ar [[Máire I, Banríon na nAlbanach|Mháire na nAlbanach]] agus a fear céile nua, [[James Hepburn, 4ú hIarla Bothwell|Bothwell]]. Chríochnaigh an choimhlint leis an ghéill de Mháire.
* [[1919]] - Chríochnaigh [[John William Alcock|John Alcock]] agus [[Arthur Whitten Brown|Arthur Brown]] an [[Eitilt thrasatlantach Alcock agus Brown|chéad eitilt trasatlantach gan stad]] nuair a tháinig siad sa [[An Clochán (Contae na Gaillimhe)|Chlochán, Contae na Gaillimhe]]
* [[1940]] - [[Dara Cogadh Domhanda]]: thosaigh trúpaí [[Na Comhghuaillithe (An Dara Cogadh Domhanda)|comhghuaillí]] bog amach as [[An Fhrainc]] i ndiaidh don [[An Ghearmáin Naitsíoch|Ghearmáin Naitsíoch]] [[Páras]] a ghabháil
* [[1977]] - Reáchtáladh an chéad toghchán daonlathach sa [[Spáinn]] i ndiaidh an bháis [[Francisco Franco]]
* [[1996]] - Déanadh go leor damáiste i gCathair [[Manchain|Mhanchain]] nuair a [[Buamáil Mhanchain (1996)|phléasc buama]] ansin

[[Catagóir:Dátaí|0615]]
[[Catagóir:Míonna|Meitheamh, 15]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Caisleán Cnucha</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Darren J. Prior</username>
        <id>877</id>
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      <comment>Ag bogadh grianghraf</comment>
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      <text bytes="4994" sha1="dyqg6q610lldckq0h9ctade834zzp5g" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil}}

Is [[bruachbhaile]] [[Éire]]annach é '''Caisleán Cnucha'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Logainm&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.logainm.ie/ga/835|title=Caisleán Cnucha/Castleknock {{!}} logainm.ie|publisher=[[An Coimisiún Logainmneacha]]|access-date=2023-06-22|language=ga|work=[[Logainm.ie|Bunachar Logainmneacha na hÉireann]] (Logainm.ie)}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Castleknock'' a thugtar air i m[[Béarla]]. 

[[File:Castleknock train station bilingual sign (2022).jpg|thumb|250px|Stáisiún traenach Chaisleán Cnucha|clé]]

[[File:Castleknock Village - geograph.org.uk - 493593.jpg|thumb|Sráidbhaile Chaisleán Cnucha]]

Tá Caisleán Cnucha suite ocht gciliméadar ó [[Baile Átha Cliath|Chathair Átha Cliath]], idir an [[M50]] agus [[Páirc an Fhionnuisce]], agus cónaíonn timpeall 30,000 duine ann. In aice léi tá [[Baile Bhlainséir]], baile mór a bhfuil ''Lárionad Siopadóireachta Bhaile Bhlainséir'' ann. Tá [[Teach agus Eastáit Farmleigh]] lonnaithe idir í agus Páirc an Fhionnuisce.

== Áiseanna ==
Tá neart áiseanna i gCaisleán Cnucha- mar shampla  siopaí, [[oifig an phoist]], dhá [[séipéal|séipéil]] [[Caitliceach]] agus teampall [[Protastúnach]] agus stáisiún traenach san áireamh. Tá roinnt mhaith scoileanna ann- ''Scoil Náisiúnta Chaisleán Cnucha'', scoil ''Castleknock Educate Together National School'', ''Scoil Naomh Bhríde'', ''Scoil Thomáis'' agus ''Scoil Náisiúnta Naomh Pádraig'' ag an mbunleibhéal agus [[Coláiste Pobail Caisleán Crucha|Coláiste Pobail Chaisleán Cnucha]] agus [[Coláiste Chaisleán Cnucha]] ag an dara leibhéal. Tá scoil dara leibhéal do chailíní ''Mount Sackville'' lonnaithe gar do Chaisleán Cnucha agus téann líon mór cailíní ó Chaisleán Cnucha chuig an scoil freisin. 

[[File:Community Centre Ditch Border.jpg|thumb|Ionad Pobail Chaisleán Cnucha- Lóiste an Labhrais]]

[[File:Castleknock Community College.jpg|thumb|Coláiste Pobail Chaisleán Cnucha]]

[[File:Castleknock College 2020 b.jpg|thumb|Coláiste Chaisleán Cnucha]]

[[File:Castleknock Post Office Oifig an Phoist, Caisleán Cnucha (2022).jpg|thumb|Oifig an Phoist, Sráidhbhaile Chaisleán Cnucha]]

Is í [[Naomh Bríd]] éarlamh cheantair Sráidbhaile Chaisleán Cnucha. Baineann club [[Cumann Lúthchleas Gael|CLG]] áitiúil ''Naomh Bríd CLG'' úsáid as an ainm céanna. Tá club CLG mhór eile [[CLG Chaisleán Cnucha]] lonnaithe i gCaisleán Cnucha agus tá club sacair [[Castleknock Celtic]] lonnaithe ann freisin. Tá Óstán agus Galfchúrsa Chaisleán Cnucha lonnaithe ann freisin. Tá ''Grúpa Gasóga Chaisleán Cnucha'' lonnaithe i gceantar [[Lóiste an Labhrais]]/[[Baile an Chairpintéaraigh]].

Freastalaíonn busanna [[Bus Átha Cliath]] an 37 agus 38 ar an gceantar.

==Rialú agus ionadaíocht==

Tá Caisleán Cnucha mar chuid de &quot;Toghlimistéar Áitiúil Chaisleán Cnucha&quot; i [[Comhairle Contae Fhine Gall|gComhairle Contae Fhine Gall]]. Is iad na comhairleoirí don gceantar idir 2024-2029 ná: Siobhán Shovlin ([[Fine Gael]]), Eimear Carbone-Mangan ([[Fianna Fáil]]), Ted Leddy (Fine Gael), John Walsh ([[Páirtí an Lucht Oibre (Éire)|Páirtí an Lucht Oibre]]), Ellen Troy ([[Aontú]]) agus Helen Redwood ([[Dlúthpháirtíocht (páirtí polaitíochta)|Dlúthpháirtíocht]]).

Tá Caisleán Cnucha suite i [[Baile Átha Cliath Thiar (Dáilcheantar) | ndáilcheantar Bhaile Átha Cliath Thiar]] le haghaidh toghcháin do [[Dáil Éireann|Dháil Éireann]] agus i [[Baile Átha Cliath (toghcheantar na hEorpa)|toghcheantar Bhaile Átha Cliath]] le haghaidh toghcháin do [[Parlaimint na hEorpa|Pharlaimint na hEorpa]] san [[AE]].

== Daoine aitheanta ==
* [[Leo Varadkar]] Iar-Thaoiseach; Iar-Thánaiste, Iar-Aire agus Iar-Teachta Dála d'Fhine Gael
* [[Brian Pádraig Ó Luineacháin]] Iar-Teachta Dála, Iar-Aire agus Iar-Thánaiste d'Fhianna Fáil
* [[Brian Seosamh Ó Luineacháin|Brian Óg Ó Luineacháin]], Iar-Teachta Dála agus Iar-Aire d'Fhianna Fáil
* [[Jack Chambers]] Teacha Dála d'Fhianna Fáil
* [[Frances Fitzgerald]] Iar-Feisire Eorpach agus iar-Teachta Dála d'Fhine Gael d'Bhaile Átha Cliath Lár-Iarthar, Iar-Aire agus Iar-Thánaiste.
* [[Colin Farrell]], Aisteoir
* [[Alan Brogan]], Iariimreoir peil CLG Bhaile Átha Cliath
* [[Bernard Brogan]], Iar-mreoir peil CLG Bhaile Átha Cliath
* [[Ciarán Mac Giolla Chainnigh]], Imreoir peil CLG Bhaile Átha Cliath
* [[Eamonn Coghlan]], Lúthchleasaí agus Iar-Sheanadóir d'Fhine Gael
* [[Amanda Byram]], Láithreoir teilifíse
* [[James McGee]] Imreoir leadóige
* [[Glenda Gilson]] Iar-maincín agus láithreoir teilifíse
* [[Michelle Rocca]], Iar-Miss Ireland
* [[Aoife Cogan]], Iar-Miss Ireland

== Féach Freisin ==

* [[Lóiste an Labhrais]]
* [[Baile an Chairpintéaraigh]]
* [[Stáisiún Chaisleán Cnucha]]
* Logainm na háite https://www.logainm.ie/ga/s?txt=caisle%C3%A1n+cnucha&amp;str=on

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

{{Ceantracha i mBaile Átha Cliath}}
=

[[Catagóir:Bailte i gContae Átha Cliath]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Baile Bhlainséir</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Darren J. Prior</username>
        <id>877</id>
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      <comment>/* Grianghraif eile */ Ag atlonnú grianghraf</comment>
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      <text bytes="2486" sha1="i8tok2w25pilsbjdovuy1uamko5jfix" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil}}


Is [[bruachbhaile]] [[Bhaile Átha Cliath|Átha Cliath]] é '''Baile Bhlainséir'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Logainm&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.logainm.ie/ga/17225|title=Baile Bhlainséir/Blanchardstown {{!}} logainm.ie|publisher=[[An Coimisiún Logainmneacha]]|access-date=2023-06-22|language=ga|work=[[Logainm.ie|Bunachar Logainmneacha na hÉireann]] (Logainm.ie)}}&lt;/ref&gt; (''Blanchardstown'' as Béarla) in Iar-Thuaisceart [[Contae Átha Cliath|Chontae Átha Cliath]]. 

Tá campas de chuid [[Ollscoil Teicneolaíochta Bhaile Atha Cliath |Ollscoil Teicneolaíochta Bhaile Átha Cliath]]; [[Ionad siopadóireachta Bhaile Bhlainséir|Lárionad Siopadóireachta Bhaile Bhlainséir]] (an ceann is mó in [[Éire|Éirinn]] a bunaíodh i [[1996]]);  an [[Campas Náisiúnta Spóirt, BÁC|Campas Náisiúnta Spóirt]], agus [[Ospidéal Uí Chonghaile]] suite ann.

Chomh maith le sin tá[[An Garda Síochána | Stáisiún Gardaí]]; leabharlann mhór; an t-ionad ealaíne [[Draíocht]] agus an stáisiún raidió pobail do Bhaile Átha Cliath 15, [[Phoenix 92.5FM]] suite ann.

== Grianghraif eile ==

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Blanchardstown Shopping Centre - geograph.org.uk - 624414.jpg|Lárionad Siopadóireachta Bhaile Bhlainséir
File:Blanchardstown library (2019).jpg|Leabharlann Bhaile Bhlainséir
File:Draíocht Arts Centre Blanchardstown (2019).jpg|Ionad Ealaíne Draíocht
File:TU Dublin Blanchardstown.jpg|Ollscoil Teicneolaíochta Bhaile Átha Cliath, Baile Bhlainséir
File:Main entrance to Connolly Hospital (2022).jpg|Príomhshlí isteach go hOspidéal Uí Chonghaile
File:Connolly Hospital bilingual signs and Childrens Hospital Satellite centre in background (2019).jpg|Ionad Satailíte de chuid Ospidéal Náisiúnta
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
* [http://www.itb.ie Institiúid Teicneolaíochta] - Suíomh Ollscoil Teicneolaíochta Bhaile Bhlainséir
* [http://www.blanchardstowncentre.ie/ Lárionad Siopadóireachta Bhaile Bhlainséir - Suíomh Oifigiúil]
* [https://phoenixfm.ie/ Phoenix 92.5FM]
* [https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/list/3/acutehospitals/hospitals/connolly/ Ospidéal Uí Chonghaile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407235106/https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/list/3/acutehospitals/hospitals/connolly/ |date=2019-04-07 }}

== Tagairtí ==

{{Reflist}}
{{Síol-tír-ie}}
&lt;!---Idirvicí---&gt;
{{Ceantracha i mBaile Átha Cliath}}

[[Catagóir:Bailte i gContae Átha Cliath]]
[[Catagóir:Baile Bhlainséir, BÁC]]</text>
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        <id>877</id>
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      <comment>/* Grianghraif eile */ Ag bogadh grianghraf</comment>
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Is [[bruachbhaile]] [[Bhaile Átha Cliath|Átha Cliath]] é '''Baile Bhlainséir'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Logainm&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.logainm.ie/ga/17225|title=Baile Bhlainséir/Blanchardstown {{!}} logainm.ie|publisher=[[An Coimisiún Logainmneacha]]|access-date=2023-06-22|language=ga|work=[[Logainm.ie|Bunachar Logainmneacha na hÉireann]] (Logainm.ie)}}&lt;/ref&gt; (''Blanchardstown'' as Béarla) in Iar-Thuaisceart [[Contae Átha Cliath|Chontae Átha Cliath]]. 

Tá campas de chuid [[Ollscoil Teicneolaíochta Bhaile Atha Cliath |Ollscoil Teicneolaíochta Bhaile Átha Cliath]]; [[Ionad siopadóireachta Bhaile Bhlainséir|Lárionad Siopadóireachta Bhaile Bhlainséir]] (an ceann is mó in [[Éire|Éirinn]] a bunaíodh i [[1996]]);  an [[Campas Náisiúnta Spóirt, BÁC|Campas Náisiúnta Spóirt]], agus [[Ospidéal Uí Chonghaile]] suite ann.

Chomh maith le sin tá[[An Garda Síochána | Stáisiún Gardaí]]; leabharlann mhór; an t-ionad ealaíne [[Draíocht]] agus an stáisiún raidió pobail do Bhaile Átha Cliath 15, [[Phoenix 92.5FM]] suite ann.

== Grianghraif eile ==

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Blanchardstown Shopping Centre - geograph.org.uk - 624414.jpg|Lárionad Siopadóireachta Bhaile Bhlainséir
File:Blanchardstown library (2019).jpg|Leabharlann Bhaile Bhlainséir
File:TU Dublin Blanchardstown.jpg|Ollscoil Teicneolaíochta Bhaile Átha Cliath, Baile Bhlainséir
File:Draíocht Arts Centre Blanchardstown (2019).jpg|Ionad Ealaíne Draíocht
File:Main entrance to Connolly Hospital (2022).jpg|Príomhshlí isteach go hOspidéal Uí Chonghaile
File:Connolly Hospital bilingual signs and Childrens Hospital Satellite centre in background (2019).jpg|Ionad Satailíte de chuid Ospidéal Náisiúnta
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
* [http://www.itb.ie Institiúid Teicneolaíochta] - Suíomh Ollscoil Teicneolaíochta Bhaile Bhlainséir
* [http://www.blanchardstowncentre.ie/ Lárionad Siopadóireachta Bhaile Bhlainséir - Suíomh Oifigiúil]
* [https://phoenixfm.ie/ Phoenix 92.5FM]
* [https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/list/3/acutehospitals/hospitals/connolly/ Ospidéal Uí Chonghaile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407235106/https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/list/3/acutehospitals/hospitals/connolly/ |date=2019-04-07 }}

== Tagairtí ==

{{Reflist}}
{{Síol-tír-ie}}
&lt;!---Idirvicí---&gt;
{{Ceantracha i mBaile Átha Cliath}}

[[Catagóir:Bailte i gContae Átha Cliath]]
[[Catagóir:Baile Bhlainséir, BÁC]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Baile Munna</title>
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        <id>877</id>
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      <comment>/* Grianghraif eile */  Ag athlonnú grianghraf</comment>
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{{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil}}
Is bruachbhaile i dtuaisceart [[Baile Átha Cliath|Bhaile Átha Cliath]] in Éirinn é '''Baile Munna'''.&lt;ref name='Logainm'&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.logainm.ie/ga/1165461|title=Baile Munna/Ballymun {{!}} logainm.ie|publisher=[[An Coimisiún Logainmneacha]]|access-date=2023-07-10|language=ga|work=[[Logainm.ie|Bunachar Logainmneacha na hÉireann]] (Logainm.ie)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thosaigh an forbairt de Baile Munna i 1960 nuair a bhí géarchéim tithíochta i lár na cathrach. Tar éis é seo, bhí eolas maith ar Baile Munna mar gheall ar ná árasáin a bhí curtha suas. Tá Baile Munna suite in aice leis an aerfort chomh maith.  

Bhí plean athghiniúna déanta suas i 1997, de réir é sin scartáladh na hárasáin go léir agus cuireadh tithe agus taitneamhachtaí nua ina n-áit. Áfach, cailleadh an chuid is mó de na siopaí áitiúla mar gheall air an plean seo. Bhí costas thart ar 1 billiún don plean athghiiúna seo ó 2016.

Tá Baile Munna suite in aice le Glas Naíon, Seantrabh agus Fionnghlas.

==Stair==
In sna 1960 bhí go leor fadhbanna leis na tithe a bhí suas. Bhí a lán brú ar stoc tithíochta Baile Átha Cliath chun tithe a thógáil ar feadh an daonra a bhí ag ardú. I 1963, thit tithe I Sraid Bolton agus Sraid Fenian agus mharaigh ceithre daoine. Bhí ar corparáid Baile Átha Cliath bearta éigeandála a dhéanamh ar feadh an géarchéim. I 1966 thosaigh tógála ar na tithe éigeandála agus bhí siad críochnaithe I 1967&lt;ref&gt;https://omahonypike.ie/projects/ballymun-regeneration-masterplan/&lt;/ref&gt;.

Fuair Baile Munna drochainm cúpla bliain ina dhiaidh na tithe a bheith suas. Fuair an áit ainm uafásach le fadhbanna sóisialta cosúil le mí-úsáid drugaí agus dífhostaíocht, agus bhí na meáin ag tabhairt drochchlúdaigh don cheantar. 

==Spórt==
Tá cúpla foireann spóirt suite i Baile Munna. Tá dhá fhoireann sacair – St Pats Pheonix FC agus Ballymun United FC. Chomh maith leis sin tá dhá fhoireann GAA – Setanta Hurling Club agus Ballymun Kickhams GAA&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballymun_Kickhams_GAA&lt;/ref&gt;.

Imríonn club Setanta iománaíocht amháin agus imríonn Ballymun Kickhams peil amháin. Bunaíodh club Ballymun Kickhams I 1969 nuair a tháinig dhá clubanna le chéile, Ballymun Gaels agus C.J. Kickhams. Bhuaigh siad an chéad Craobh Peile Sinsear Bhaile Átha Cliath I 1982, an dara ceann i 1985, an tríú ceann i 2012 roimh an ceathrú ceann a bhuachan I 2020. I mí na Nollag 2012, bhuaigh siad an chead Cluiche Ceannais Peile Sinsir Laighean I gcoinne Portlaoise. Tar éis é sin fuair siad tríd go dtí an cluiche ceannais club All-Ireland nuair a chaill siad i gcoinne St. Bridids ó Ros Comáin. Ní raibh aon comórtas Peile Sinsir Laighean nó All-Ireland de réir an Corona Virus.

Tá go leor imreoirí suntasach a d'imir le Baile Munna agus le foireann chontae Bhaile Átha Cliath cosúil le Dermot Deasy, Paddy Christie, John McCarthy, Gerry McCaul agus Barney Rock. Chomh maith le ná daoine sin tá go leor imreoirí suntasach a bhfuil fós ag imirt le Baile Átha Cliath a bhfuil ó Baile Munna cosúil le Evan Comerford, Philly McMahon, John Small, Paddy Small, James McCarthy agus Dean Rock.

==Taitneamhachtaí==
Tá go leor ar fáil i mBaile Munna. Bhí an ionad siopadoireachta an príomhfhoinse le haghaidh siopadóireachta ar feadh an chéad 40 bliain I mBaile Munna. Áfach, mar gheall ar athginiúint thosaigh an ionad siopadóireachta ag fholmhú – thosaigh cúpla siopa ag dúnadh agus ní raibh aon siopaí eile cuireadh ina n-áit. Tá an ionad siopadóireachta fós ann innú ach ní ach cúpla siopa fós oscailte. Tá Lidl tar éis oscailt ar an príomhbhóthar den straidbhaile i 2020. 

In áit sean-timpealláin íosbhealaigh tá coimpléasc cathartha nua tógtha. Tá An Axis, an ionad sláinte áitiúil, stáisiún garda agus go leor rudaí eile. Tá oifigí comhairle cathrach suite ann ach níl gach uile rud a bhí ann ar dtús báire fós le fáil ann. 

Tá dhá óstán ann, Travelodge agus Metro. Chomh maith leis sin tá ionad sport faoi úinéireacht na cathrach agus ionad fóillíochta. Bhí linn snamha ann ach I 2016 leagadh é toisc go raibh sé as feidhm ar feadh cúpla bliain. Leagadh siopa Bank of Ireland I 2017 agus bhí AIB cuireadh in aice leis an ionad sláinte. 

Tá go leor páirceanna agus clós súgartha tar éis a bheith cuireadh suas. Tá an t-aon IKEA in Éirinn suite díreach taobh amuigh den sráidbhaile. Agus tá cúple scoileanna suite ann chomh maith. Tá Gaelscoil bunscoile ann&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rte.ie//archives/2016/1012/823436-irish-school-in-ballymun/|teideal=Irish School In Ballymun / Gaelscoil Baile na Munna|údar=Féach|dáta=1971|language=ga-IE|work=RTÉ Archives|dátarochtana=2022-08-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus tá Trinity Comprehensive an t-aon meánscoil (Ballymun Comprehensive roimhe)&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballymun&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Leabhair==
I mí Meán Fómhair 2006, foilsigh Gill &amp; Macmillan an leabhair ‘The Mun’ ó Lynn Connolly. Is é leabhair faoi stair Baile Munna ó bunaíodh é go stí athghiniúint an bhaile. Bhain an leabhar le taobh eile de Baile Munna, a bhfuil cuimhní cinn grámhara ag Lynn Connolly air. Bhain an leabhar le taobh de Baile Munna nach raibh le feiceáil san meáin. Dúirt Lynn go raibh an leabhair slí chun an scéal a chur díreach do dhaoine Baile Munna.

Leabhair eile a foilsigh Gill &amp; Macmillan na ‘Dying to Survive’. Seo leabhair faoi scéal Rachael Keogh, cónaitheoir I mBaile Munna a bhí andúileach hearóin. Thosaigh Rachael ag úsáid drugaí nuair a bhí sí 12 agus ar feadh na 15 bliana tar éis bhí sí ag úsáid gach cineál drugaí. I 2006, tar éis iarrachtaí cabhair a fháil, chuaigh sí go dtí an meáin chun an scéal a roinnt. I 2019, rinne Rachael leagan nuashonraithe den leabhair 10 bliain tar éis an chéad ceann a fhoilsiú&lt;ref&gt;https://www.gillbooks.ie/biography/biography/dying-to-survive-10-year-anniversary-edition{{Dead link|date=Bealtaine 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Iompar==
Tá go leor bealaí Dublin Bus ann go dtí lár na cathrach mar shampla uimhir 4,&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://www.dublinbus.ie/Your-Journey1/Timetables/All-Timetables/4/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2020-12-06 |archivedate=2021-01-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119000846/https://www.dublinbus.ie/Your-Journey1/Timetables/All-Timetables/4/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; 13 &lt;ref&gt;https://www.dublinbus.ie/Your-Journey1/Timetables/All-Timetables/13/&lt;/ref&gt; agus 155 &lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://www.dublinbus.ie/Your-Journey1/Timetables/All-Timetables/181/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2020-12-06 |archivedate=2020-10-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001042225/http://www.dublinbus.ie/Your-Journey1/Timetables/All-Timetables/181/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Leis sin tá an 17a agus an 220 a théann go dtí Baile Bhlainséir. 

Bhí an Metro North chun dul tríd an straidbhaile le stad faoi thalamh le dul isteach. Áfach, bhí athbheochan cuireadh ar pleananna don MetroLink trí thionscadal rialtais na hÉireann&lt;ref&gt;https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/dublin-metro-stops-revealed-maps-show-location-of-stations-1.3400567&lt;/ref&gt;

Tógann sé thart ar 10 nóiméad i gcarr go dtí an t-aerfort ó Baile Munna agus thart ar 25 nóiméad go dtí lár na cathrach ó Baile Munna.

==Grianghraif eile==

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Ballymun sculpture.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Dealbh Cathode/Anode ar an bPríomhshráid
File:Ballymun Civic Centre bilingual signs (2019).jpg|thumb|left|150px|Comharthaí ag an ionad conláiste cathartha
File:IKEA - BALLYMUN, DUBLIN, IRELAND - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|IKEA
&lt;/gallery&gt;

{{Ceantracha i mBaile Átha Cliath}}

==Tagairtí==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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      <text bytes="8111" sha1="tmbh6pnlux2wtcqnxo6yzs1lrtr5t8k" xml:space="preserve">{{glanadh-mar|gramadach, srl}}
{{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil}}
Is bruachbhaile i dtuaisceart [[Baile Átha Cliath|Bhaile Átha Cliath]] in Éirinn é '''Baile Munna'''.&lt;ref name='Logainm'&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.logainm.ie/ga/1165461|title=Baile Munna/Ballymun {{!}} logainm.ie|publisher=[[An Coimisiún Logainmneacha]]|access-date=2023-07-10|language=ga|work=[[Logainm.ie|Bunachar Logainmneacha na hÉireann]] (Logainm.ie)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thosaigh an forbairt de Baile Munna i 1960 nuair a bhí géarchéim tithíochta i lár na cathrach. Tar éis é seo, bhí eolas maith ar Baile Munna mar gheall ar ná árasáin a bhí curtha suas. Tá Baile Munna suite in aice leis an aerfort chomh maith.  

Bhí plean athghiniúna déanta suas i 1997, de réir é sin scartáladh na hárasáin go léir agus cuireadh tithe agus taitneamhachtaí nua ina n-áit. Áfach, cailleadh an chuid is mó de na siopaí áitiúla mar gheall air an plean seo. Bhí costas thart ar 1 billiún don plean athghiiúna seo ó 2016.

Tá Baile Munna suite in aice le Glas Naíon, Seantrabh agus Fionnghlas.

==Stair==
In sna 1960 bhí go leor fadhbanna leis na tithe a bhí suas. Bhí a lán brú ar stoc tithíochta Baile Átha Cliath chun tithe a thógáil ar feadh an daonra a bhí ag ardú. I 1963, thit tithe I Sraid Bolton agus Sraid Fenian agus mharaigh ceithre daoine. Bhí ar corparáid Baile Átha Cliath bearta éigeandála a dhéanamh ar feadh an géarchéim. I 1966 thosaigh tógála ar na tithe éigeandála agus bhí siad críochnaithe I 1967&lt;ref&gt;https://omahonypike.ie/projects/ballymun-regeneration-masterplan/&lt;/ref&gt;.

Fuair Baile Munna drochainm cúpla bliain ina dhiaidh na tithe a bheith suas. Fuair an áit ainm uafásach le fadhbanna sóisialta cosúil le mí-úsáid drugaí agus dífhostaíocht, agus bhí na meáin ag tabhairt drochchlúdaigh don cheantar. 

==Spórt==
Tá cúpla foireann spóirt suite i Baile Munna. Tá dhá fhoireann sacair – St Pats Pheonix FC agus Ballymun United FC. Chomh maith leis sin tá dhá fhoireann GAA – Setanta Hurling Club agus Ballymun Kickhams GAA&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballymun_Kickhams_GAA&lt;/ref&gt;.

Imríonn club Setanta iománaíocht amháin agus imríonn Ballymun Kickhams peil amháin. Bunaíodh club Ballymun Kickhams I 1969 nuair a tháinig dhá clubanna le chéile, Ballymun Gaels agus C.J. Kickhams. Bhuaigh siad an chéad Craobh Peile Sinsear Bhaile Átha Cliath I 1982, an dara ceann i 1985, an tríú ceann i 2012 roimh an ceathrú ceann a bhuachan I 2020. I mí na Nollag 2012, bhuaigh siad an chead Cluiche Ceannais Peile Sinsir Laighean I gcoinne Portlaoise. Tar éis é sin fuair siad tríd go dtí an cluiche ceannais club All-Ireland nuair a chaill siad i gcoinne St. Bridids ó Ros Comáin. Ní raibh aon comórtas Peile Sinsir Laighean nó All-Ireland de réir an Corona Virus.

Tá go leor imreoirí suntasach a d'imir le Baile Munna agus le foireann chontae Bhaile Átha Cliath cosúil le Dermot Deasy, Paddy Christie, John McCarthy, Gerry McCaul agus Barney Rock. Chomh maith le ná daoine sin tá go leor imreoirí suntasach a bhfuil fós ag imirt le Baile Átha Cliath a bhfuil ó Baile Munna cosúil le Evan Comerford, Philly McMahon, John Small, Paddy Small, James McCarthy agus Dean Rock.

==Taitneamhachtaí==
Tá go leor ar fáil i mBaile Munna. Bhí an ionad siopadoireachta an príomhfhoinse le haghaidh siopadóireachta ar feadh an chéad 40 bliain I mBaile Munna. Áfach, mar gheall ar athginiúint thosaigh an ionad siopadóireachta ag fholmhú – thosaigh cúpla siopa ag dúnadh agus ní raibh aon siopaí eile cuireadh ina n-áit. Tá an ionad siopadóireachta fós ann innú ach ní ach cúpla siopa fós oscailte. Tá Lidl tar éis oscailt ar an príomhbhóthar den straidbhaile i 2020. 

In áit sean-timpealláin íosbhealaigh tá coimpléasc cathartha nua tógtha. Tá An Axis, an ionad sláinte áitiúil, stáisiún garda agus go leor rudaí eile. Tá oifigí comhairle cathrach suite ann ach níl gach uile rud a bhí ann ar dtús báire fós le fáil ann. 

Tá dhá óstán ann, Travelodge agus Metro. Chomh maith leis sin tá ionad sport faoi úinéireacht na cathrach agus ionad fóillíochta. Bhí linn snamha ann ach I 2016 leagadh é toisc go raibh sé as feidhm ar feadh cúpla bliain. Leagadh siopa Bank of Ireland I 2017 agus bhí AIB cuireadh in aice leis an ionad sláinte. 

Tá go leor páirceanna agus clós súgartha tar éis a bheith cuireadh suas. Tá an t-aon IKEA in Éirinn suite díreach taobh amuigh den sráidbhaile. Agus tá cúple scoileanna suite ann chomh maith. Tá Gaelscoil bunscoile ann&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rte.ie//archives/2016/1012/823436-irish-school-in-ballymun/|teideal=Irish School In Ballymun / Gaelscoil Baile na Munna|údar=Féach|dáta=1971|language=ga-IE|work=RTÉ Archives|dátarochtana=2022-08-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus tá Trinity Comprehensive an t-aon meánscoil (Ballymun Comprehensive roimhe)&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballymun&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Leabhair==
I mí Meán Fómhair 2006, foilsigh Gill &amp; Macmillan an leabhair ‘The Mun’ ó Lynn Connolly. Is é leabhair faoi stair Baile Munna ó bunaíodh é go stí athghiniúint an bhaile. Bhain an leabhar le taobh eile de Baile Munna, a bhfuil cuimhní cinn grámhara ag Lynn Connolly air. Bhain an leabhar le taobh de Baile Munna nach raibh le feiceáil san meáin. Dúirt Lynn go raibh an leabhair slí chun an scéal a chur díreach do dhaoine Baile Munna.

Leabhair eile a foilsigh Gill &amp; Macmillan na ‘Dying to Survive’. Seo leabhair faoi scéal Rachael Keogh, cónaitheoir I mBaile Munna a bhí andúileach hearóin. Thosaigh Rachael ag úsáid drugaí nuair a bhí sí 12 agus ar feadh na 15 bliana tar éis bhí sí ag úsáid gach cineál drugaí. I 2006, tar éis iarrachtaí cabhair a fháil, chuaigh sí go dtí an meáin chun an scéal a roinnt. I 2019, rinne Rachael leagan nuashonraithe den leabhair 10 bliain tar éis an chéad ceann a fhoilsiú&lt;ref&gt;https://www.gillbooks.ie/biography/biography/dying-to-survive-10-year-anniversary-edition{{Dead link|date=Bealtaine 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Iompar==
Tá go leor bealaí Dublin Bus ann go dtí lár na cathrach mar shampla uimhir 4,&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://www.dublinbus.ie/Your-Journey1/Timetables/All-Timetables/4/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2020-12-06 |archivedate=2021-01-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119000846/https://www.dublinbus.ie/Your-Journey1/Timetables/All-Timetables/4/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; 13 &lt;ref&gt;https://www.dublinbus.ie/Your-Journey1/Timetables/All-Timetables/13/&lt;/ref&gt; agus 155 &lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín |url=https://www.dublinbus.ie/Your-Journey1/Timetables/All-Timetables/181/ |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2020-12-06 |archivedate=2020-10-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001042225/http://www.dublinbus.ie/Your-Journey1/Timetables/All-Timetables/181/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Leis sin tá an 17a agus an 220 a théann go dtí Baile Bhlainséir. 

Bhí an Metro North chun dul tríd an straidbhaile le stad faoi thalamh le dul isteach. Áfach, bhí athbheochan cuireadh ar pleananna don MetroLink trí thionscadal rialtais na hÉireann&lt;ref&gt;https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/dublin-metro-stops-revealed-maps-show-location-of-stations-1.3400567&lt;/ref&gt;

Tógann sé thart ar 10 nóiméad i gcarr go dtí an t-aerfort ó Baile Munna agus thart ar 25 nóiméad go dtí lár na cathrach ó Baile Munna.

==Grianghraif eile==

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Ballymun sculpture.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Dealbh Cathode/Anode ar an bPríomhshráid
File:Ballymun Civic Centre bilingual signs (2019).jpg|thumb|left|150px|Comharthaí ag an ionad conláiste cathartha
File:Comhartha Naíonra an tSeachtar Laoch Teo. Sign Baile Munna Ballymun (2022).jpg|thumb|Comhartha Naíonra an tSeachtar Laoch Teo. 
Days Hotel, Ballymun - geograph.org.uk - 518821 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Óstán Metro Aerphort Bhaile Átha Cliath
File:IKEA - BALLYMUN, DUBLIN, IRELAND - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|IKEA
&lt;/gallery&gt;

{{Ceantracha i mBaile Átha Cliath}}

==Tagairtí==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>tmbh6pnlux2wtcqnxo6yzs1lrtr5t8k</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>An Chabrach</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>10583</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1317604</id>
      <parentid>1294323</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T00:13:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Darren J. Prior</username>
        <id>877</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ag cur grianghraf nua ar an lth</comment>
      <origin>1317604</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3566" sha1="a2p2p0vl2po7dvhi64maa19wmm582es" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil}}
[[File:Comhartha lasmuigh de Ghaelscoil Bharra sa Chabrach (2022).jpg|thumb|220x220px|Comhartha lasmuigh de Ghaelscoil Bharra|clé]]
Is [[bruachbhaile]] i dtuaisceart [[Baile Átha Cliath|Bhaile Átha Cliath]] é '''an Chabrach''' (''Cabra'' as Béarla).&lt;ref name='Logainm'&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.logainm.ie/ga/1165587|title=An Chabrach/Cabragh {{!}} logainm.ie|publisher=[[An Coimisiún Logainmneacha]]|access-date=2023-07-10|language=ga|work=[[Logainm.ie|Bunachar Logainmneacha na hÉireann]] (Logainm.ie)}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Coláiste Mhuire, An Chabrach Cabra (2020).jpg|thumb|Coláiste Mhuire, An Chabrach Cabra (2020)]]
Tá an ceantar lonnaithe timpeall 5 chiliméadar siar ó thuaidh ó lár na cathrach.
[[File:Broombridge train and Luas station and depot (2019).jpg|thumb|220x220px| Stáisiún traenach, stad Luas agus Stáisiún lasta iarnróid Broome|clé]]
[[File:Cabra Luas stop Stad Luas Chabrach í mBaile Átha Cliath Dublin (2022).jpg|thumb|Stad Luas na Cabraí|clé|220x220px]]
[[File:Cabra Luas Stop (2019).jpg|thumb|220x220px|Stad Luas na Cabraí|clé]]
[[File:McKee Barracks, Dublin 7.jpg|thumb|220x220px|Dún Mhic Aoidh|clé]]
[[File:Navan Road Primary Health Care Centre, Cabra, An Chabrach (2022).jpg|thumb|293x293px|Ionad Cúram Príomhúil Bhóthar na hUaimhe|clé]]
[[File:Old Cabra Road bilingual sign (2022).jpg|thumb|220x220px|Comhartha Sheanbhóthar na Cabraí|clé]]
==Stair==

Tógadh an chuid is mó de na tithe faoi scéim tithíochta Bhardas Átha Cliath sna [[1940idí|1940í]] chun daoine a bhogadh ó thionóntáin i lár na cathrach go tithe nua ar imeall an bhaile.

Tógadh [[Dún Mhic Aoidh]] ar Ascaill an Chiardhuibh ag Airm na Breataine sa bhliain [[1888]]. Is leis Stáit na hÉireann an dún ó [[Neamhspleách (polaitíocht)|neamhspleáchas]] i [[1922]].

Dhear an t-ailtire [[Herbert Simms]] an t-eastát sna 1930idí.

==Oideachas==

Tá neart [[bunscoileanna]] sa cheantar, Gaelscoil Bharra ina measc. Tá [[meánscoil]] ann do bhuachaillí Coláiste Déaglán (Saint Declan's) agus meánscoil do chailíní, Coláiste Dominic, agus [[gaelcholáiste]] mheasctha [[Coláiste Mhuire, An Chabrach|Coláiste Mhuire]] agus an scoil ''Holy Family School for the Deaf''.

==Polaitíocht==

Tá an chuid is mó de Chabrach sa dháilcheantar [[Baile Átha Cliath Lár]] agus an chuid eile (timpeall Bóthar na hUaimhe) sa dháilcheantar[[Baile Átha Cliath Thiar (Dáilcheantar) | Baile Átha Cliath Thiar]].

==Iompar==

* [[Iarnród Éireann]] tríd [[Stáisiún Dhroichead Broome]] 
* an Luas ar [[an Líne Uaine]]. 
* Bóthar na Cabraí: busanna an 120, 122, 38/a/b agus Nitelink (39N)
* Bóthar na hUaimhe: busanna 37, 39, 39a, 70 agus Nitelink (70N)

==Daoine==

*[[EARTHMOVER|Earthmover]] (buaiteoirí [[Cath na mBannaí (Dorn san Aer)|Cath na mBannaí]] 2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/22437519/|teideal=Cath na mBannaí, Feile Dorn San Aer.|dáta=2024-10-01|work=[[RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta]]|dátarochtana=2025-09-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Johnny Giles]]
*[[Stephen Collins]]
*[[Roddy Collins]]
* Stephen Farrelly
*[[Dickie Rock]] Ceoltóir
* Eleanor McEvoy
* Angeline Ball
*[[Michael Gambon]] Aisteoir
* Frank Grimes Aisteoir
* Wayne Henderson
* Eamonn Fagan
* Liam Whelan
*[[Gene Kerrigan]] Iriseoir
* John Toler
*[[Mary Lou McDonald]]

== Féach freisin ==
* [[Herbert Simms]], ailtire

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ceantracha i mBaile Átha Cliath}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chabrach, An}}
{{Síol-tír-ie}}

[[Catagóir:Bailte i gContae Átha Cliath]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fionnghlas</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>10585</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1317605</id>
      <parentid>1304107</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T00:19:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Darren J. Prior</username>
        <id>877</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Grianghraif eile */ Ag cur grianghrar eile ar an lth</comment>
      <origin>1317605</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3736" sha1="901683irtth4qrvaz86u1bad9381o97" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil}}[[File:The Spirit of Finglas, Dublin.jpg|thumb|280px|Dealbh &quot;Anam Fhionnghlaise&quot;, Sráidbhaile Fhionnghlaise]]

Is bruachbhaile mór i dtuaisceart [[Baile Átha Cliath|Bhaile Átha Cliath]] é '''Fionnghlas'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Logainm&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.logainm.ie/ga/1371589|title=Fionnghlas/Finglas {{!}} logainm.ie|publisher=[[An Coimisiún Logainmneacha]]|access-date=2023-06-22|language=ga|work=[[Logainm.ie|Bunachar Logainmneacha na hÉireann]] (Logainm.ie)}}&lt;/ref&gt; (''Finglas'' as Béarla). Ba shráidbhaile tuaithe é an ceantar go dtí na [[1950í]] nuair a tosaíodh ag tógáil eastáit tithíochta. 


[[File:Coláiste Íde College of Further Education (2019).jpg|thumb|280px|Coláiste FET Íde]]

==Oideachas==

Tá 13 bunscoileanna agus 6 meánscoileanna i bhFionnghlas. Tá gaelscoil amháin Gaelscoil Uí Earcáin lonnaithe i bhFionnghlas Thoir agus tá [[Coláiste FET Cathair Bhaile Átha Cliath - Campas Thiar Thuaidh|Coláiste FET Íde]] lonnaithe i bhFionnghlas Thiar. Tá an ghaelcholáiste [[Scoil Chaitríona]] agus príomhchampas [[DCU]] suite i [[Glas Naíon | nGlas Naíon]] in aice le bhFionnghlas.

==An pholaitíocht==

Tá Fionnghlas mar chuid de dháilcheantar [[Baile Átha Cliath Thiar-Thuaidh | Bhaile Átha Cliath Thiar-Thuaidh]]. Ó thaobh na toghcháin áitiúla de tá an ceantar scoilte le cuid mhór de mar chuid de i dtoghlimistéar áitiúil [[An Chabrach|Cabrach]]-Fionnghlas agus cuid mhór eile de a bheith i  dtoghlimistéar áitiúil [[Baile Munna | Bhaile Munna]].

==Spóirt==

*Club [[CLG]] Oileán na hÉireann
*Tolka Rovers FC
*Unidare RFC
*Valley Park United 
*Club sacair WFTA 
*Finglas Celtic FC
*Willows FC 
*Beneavin FC

==Iompar==

Freastalaíonn busanna [[Bus Átha Cliath]] an 40, 40d, 40e, 17a agus 140 ar an gceantar.

==Daoine==

* Gerard Byrne Ealaíontóir
* Patrick Finglas (Básaigh 1537)
* [[Risteárd Mac Aoidh]] Dick McKee. Ball sinsearach den Sean-IRA
* Martin Doherty Ball den [[IRA Sealadach]]
*[[Dessie Ellis]] TD
*[[Foireann sacair náisiúnta Phoblacht na hÉireann | Imreoirí Foireann sacair náisiúnta Phoblacht na hÉireann]]: Ronnie Whelan, Frank Stapleton, [[David O'Leary]], Mark Kinsella, [[Stephen Kelly]], [[Alan Moore]], agus imreoirí sacair John Keogh, Cliff Byrne, Derek Brazil
*[[Pat Fenlon]] Bainisteoir sacair
*Imreoirí peil [[CLG Chontae Bhaile Átha Cliath]]: Barney Rock, [[Jason Sherlock]], Charlie Redmond, Wayne McCarthy
* Mairead Farrell Láithreoir teilifíse
*[[Séamus Ennis]]
*[[Bono|Paul &quot;Bono&quot; Hewson]] U2
* Christy Dignam, Joe Jewell, Alan Downey- Ceoltóirí Aslan
*[[Niamh Kavanagh]]
* Brendan O'Carroll Fear grinn agus aisteoir
* Colm Meaney Aisteoir
* Samantha Libreri [[RTÉ]]
* Dermot Bolger Scríbhneoir agus file
* Glen Coroner / Spiral
* Tony Fenton DJ [[Today FM]]
* Patrick Clarke
* John Fogarty 
* Stephen O'Rahilly
*[[Regina Doherty]] FPE/MEP agus Iar-Teachta Dála agus Aire

== Grianghraif eile ==

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Finglas Fire Station (2021).jpg|Stáisiún Dóiteáin Fhionnghlaise
File:Conair Oidhreachta, Fionnghlas Heritage Trail, Finglas (2021).jpg|Conair Oidhreachta, Fionnghlas 
File:Bilingual signs Finglas.jpg|thumb|280px|Comharthai dátheangacha i bhFionnghlas
File:Church of the Annunciation, West Finglas - geograph.org.uk - 491625.jpg|thumb|
File:Dick McKee Memorial Finglas Village.JPG|thumb|280px|Leacht cuimhneacháin Risteárd Mac Aoidh
File:Liam Mellows memorial.jpg|thumb|280px|Dealbh cuimhneachán Liam Ó Maoilíosa
File:Bilingual bus stop sign, Mellows Road, Finglas (2021).jpg|Comhartha stad bus dátheangach, Fionnghlas
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}


{{Ceantracha i mBaile Átha Cliath}}

[[Catagóir:Bailte i gContae Átha Cliath]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nairobi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13108</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1317599</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-14T22:14:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TGcoa</username>
        <id>21229</id>
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      <origin>1317599</origin>
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      <text bytes="1807" sha1="33dxrjla1ptagmk34sig7p79m7imimk" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil}}
Is é '''Nairobi''' príomhchathair [[An Chéinia|na Céinia]], agus é ar an gcathair is mó sa tír sin freisin. Tá sé suite i gCúige Nairobi i ndeisceart na tíre, 150km slí ón [[Meánchiorcal]]: réigiún trópaiceach atá ann. Is é an chathair is mó daonra in oirthear na hAfraice é agus tuairim is 3 milliún duine ina gcónaí ann. Tá Nairobi 1795 méadar os cionn leibhéil na farraige. 150 km² achar iomlán na cathrach.

Sa bhliain 1889 a bunaíodh stáisiún lasta Nairobi ar an iarnród idir [[Mombasa]] agus [[Uganda]]. Tháinig borradh agus fás ar Nairobí agus roghnaíodh mar phríomhchathair Oir-Afraic na Breataine é sa bhliain 1907, agus mar phríomhchathair phoblacht neamhspleách na Céinia sa bhliain 1963.

Is iad an [[an Svahaílis|tSvahaílis]] agus an [[Béarla]] príomhtheangacha na cathrach, ach úsáídtear teangacha eile ar nós [[Kikuyu]], [[Luo]] agus an patois ar a dtugtar [[Sheng]].

== Leabharliosta ==
* {{en}} Raoul J. Granqvist, ''The bulldozer and the world : culture at work in postcolonial Nairobi'', Peter Lang, Frankfurt, Berlin, Berne, 2004, 198 p.{{ISBN|3-631-52357-2}}
* {{fr}} Claude Blevin et Jean Bouczo, ''Nairobi : un siècle d'histoire (1898-1997)'', Institut français de recherche en Afrique, Nairobi, 1997, 67 p. 
* {{fr}} Hélène Charton-Bigot et Deyssi Rodriguez-Torres (dir.), ''Nairobi contemporain : les paradoxes d'une ville fragmentée'', Karthala, Paris ; IFRA, Nairobi, 2006, 527 p. {{ISBN|2-84586-787-5}}

== Naisc ==
* [http://www.nairobicity.go.ke/ Comhairle cathrach Nairobi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722211625/http://www.nairobicity.go.ke/ |date=2012-07-22 }}

&lt;!--Idirvicí--&gt;

[[Catagóir:Príomhchathracha na hAfraice]]
[[Catagóir:Bailte sa Chéinia]]</text>
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    <title>Liosta tíortha de réir daonra</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T03:02:27Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="59577" sha1="jvbq9plmibwp4j8a9o2ucrpcvlt9dxi" xml:space="preserve">{{Glanadh-mar|I bhfad as dáta}}
[[File:World Population.svg|thumb|320px|]]
Is liosta é seo de thíortha an Domhain de réir daonra, idir thíortha atá neamhspleách agus iad siúd atá spleách ar thír éigin eile. Sampla de thír spleách is ea [[Vailís agus Futúna]] (féach thíos) atá faoi rialú na [[an Fhrainc|Fraince]].

Ar an tábla seo, tá cló iodálach ar ainmneacha na gcríoch spleách. Rangaítear na tíortha neamhspleácha sa chéad cholún. Tugtar in iúl an céatadán den daonra domhanda atá ag gach tír freisin, sa chúigiú colún.

Tagann na figiúirí ó fhoinsí difriúla agus ní bhíonn siad i gcónaí inchurtha lena chéile. Tá 7,963,183,000 duine nach mór ar an Domhan faoi láthair. Mar gheall ar an éagsúlacht foinsí ní hionann suim na bhfigiúirí sa tábla agus an figiúr domhanda seo.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;
|-
! Rang || Tír || Daonra || Dáta || % Daonra an Domhain || Tagairtí
|-
| — ||align=left| [[Íomhá:Newworldmap.svg|20px]] [[An Domhain]]|| '''7,963,183,000'''|| 11 Iúil 2022 || '''100%''' ||style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| réamh-mheastachán de chuid na Náisiún Aontaithe
|-
| 1 ||align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of India.svg|20px]] [[An India]] || 1,428,000,000|| 15 Iúil 2023 ||17.79%|| style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot; |[http://www.indiastat.com/popclockflash.aspx Clog Daonra, Indiastat (meas.)]
|-
| 2 ||align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|20px]] [[Daonphoblacht na Síne]] ||1,411,750,000|| 31 Nollaig 2022 ||17.59%|| style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot; |[https://data.stats.gov.cn/ Meas. náisiúnta bliantúil]
|-
| 3 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá]] || 332,873,557
|| 11 Iúil 2022 || {{#expr: 328677335 / 7963183000  * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| [http://www.census.gov/popclock/ Clog Daonra Oifigiúil SAM]
|-
| 4 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Indonesia.svg|20px]] [[An Indinéis]] || 272,248,500 || 1 Iúil 2021 || {{#expr: 272248500 / 7963183000 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil bliantúil
|-
| 5 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Pakistan.svg|20px]] [[An Phacastáin]] || 229,488,994 || 1 Iúil 2022 || {{#expr: 229488994 / 7963183000 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| [http://www.census.gov.pk/ Clog Daonra Oifigiúil na Pacastáine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225211657/http://www.census.gov.pk/%20 |date=2018-12-25 }}
|-
| 6 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Nigeria.svg|20px]] [[An Nigéir]] || 216,746,934 || 1 Iúil 2022 || {{#expr: 216746934 / 7963183000 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Fortheilgean na Náisiún Aontaithe
|-
| 7 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Brazil.svg|20px]] [[An Bhrasaíl]] || 214,890,459|| 16 Iúil 2022 || {{#expr: 214890459 / 7963183000 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot; | [http://www1.ibge.gov.br/english/ Clog oifigiúil na Brasaíle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213083914/http://www1.ibge.gov.br/english/ |date=2008-02-13 }}
|-
| 8 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Bangladesh.svg|20px]] [[An Bhangladéis]] || 165,158,616 || 15 Meitheamh 2022 || {{#expr: 165158616 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}%482 || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Réamhthorthaí ar an daonáireamh
|-
| 9 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Russia.svg|20px]] [[An Rúis]] || 145,100,000 || 1 Eanáir 2018 || {{#expr: 145100000 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Staitistic náisiúnta leathbhliantúil 
|-
| 10 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Mexico.svg|20px]] [[Meicsiceo]] || 128,271,623 || 1 Márta 2022 || {{#expr: 128271623 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Staitistic bhliantúúil oifigiúil
|-
| 11 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Japan.svg|20px]] [[An tSeapáin]] || 125,502,000 || 1 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 || {{#expr: 125502000 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán náisiúnta bliantúil
|-
| 12 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Ethiopia.svg|20px]] [[An Aetóip]] || 107,534,882 || 1 Iúil 2018 || {{#expr: 94352000 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Fortheilgean na Náisiún Aontaithe (NA)
|-
| 13 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of the Philippines.svg|20px]] [[Oileáin Fhilipíneacha]] || 106,104,000 || 2 Iúil 2018 || {{#expr: 106104000 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|
Clog daonra oifigiúil 
|-
| 14 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Egypt.svg|20px]] [[An Éigipt]] || 97,009,200 || 24 Bealtaine 2018 || {{#expr: 97009200 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| [http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/pls/fdl/tst12e?action=1&amp;lname=%201 Clog Daonra Oifigiúil na hÉigipte] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225215823/http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/pls/fdl/tst12e?action=1&amp;lname=%201 |date=2018-12-25 }}
|-
| 15 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Vietnam.svg|20px]] [[Vítneam]] || 94,660,000 || 1 Iúil 2018 || {{#expr: 94660000 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|
Fortheilgean oif. bliantúil
|-
| 16 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|20px]] [[Poblacht Dhaonlathach an Chongó]] || 84,004,989 || 1 Iúil 2018 || {{#expr: 81004989 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|Fortheilgean na NA
|-
| 17 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Germany.svg|20px]] [[An Ghearmáin]] || 82,740,900 || 30 Meán Fómhair 2017 || {{#expr: 82740900 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/press/pr/2008/01/PE08__019__12411,templateId=renderPrint.psml Meastachán Príomh-oifige Staidrimh na Cónaidhme]
|-
| 18 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Iran.svg|20px]] [[An Iaráin]] || 81,601,400 || 8 Iúil 2018 || {{#expr: 81601400 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Clog Daonra Oifigiúil na hIaráine
|-
| 19 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Turkey.svg|20px]] [[An Tuirc]] || 80,810,525 || 31 Nollaig 2017 || {{#expr: 80810525 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| [http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=3894 Lárionad Staidrimh na Tuirce]
|-
| 20 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Thailand.svg|20px]] [[An Téalainn]] || 69,183,173 || 1 Iúil 2018 || {{#expr: 69183173 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|
[http://www.dopa.go.th/dopanew/pop2549.html Meastachán Oifig Staidrimh Náisiúnta na Téalainne] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121205014130/www.dopa.go.th/dopanew/pop2549.html |date=2012-12-05 }}
|-
| 21 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of France.svg|20px]] [[An Fhrainc]] &lt;small&gt;(ag cur [[An Fhrainc Thar Lear]] san áireamh)&lt;/small&gt; || 67,247,000 || 1 Meitheamh 2018 || {{#expr: 67247000 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/pop_age4.htm Meastachán mhíosúil INSEE]
|-
| 22 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] [[An Ríocht Aontaithe]] || 66,186,444 || 1 Eanáir 2018 ||{{#expr: 66040229 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&amp;plugin=1&amp;language=en&amp;pcode=tps00001 Meastachán Eurostat]
|-
| 23 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Italy.svg|20px]] [[An Iodáil]] || 60,483,973 || 31 Nollaig 2017 || {{#expr: 60483973 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| [http://www.demo.istat.it/bilmens2007gen/index.html Meastachán oifigiúil ISTAT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808073108/http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2007gen/index.html |date=2018-08-08 }}
|-
| 24 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]] [[An Afraic Theas]] || 56,717,000 || 1 Iúil 2017 || {{#expr: 56717000 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|[http://www.statssa.gov.za/PublicationsHTML/P03022007/html/P03022007.html Statistics South Africa]{{Dead link|date=Meán Fómhair 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
|-
| 25 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Tanzania.svg|20px]] [[An Tansáin]] || 54,199,163 || 1 Iúil 2018 || {{#expr: 54199163 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 26 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Myanmar.svg|20px]] [[Maenmar]] || 53,855,735 || 1 Iúil 2018 || {{#expr: 53855735 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|
Meastachán NA
|-
| 27 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of South Korea.svg|20px]] [[An Chóiré Theas]] || 51,635,256 || 1 Iúil 2018 || {{#expr: 51635256 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Staidreamh na Cóiré, meas. bliantúil
|-
| 28 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Kenya.svg|20px]] [[An Chéinia]] || 50,950,879 || 1 Iúil 2018 || {{#expr: 50950879 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|Fortheilgean na Náisiún Aontaithe (NA)
|-
| 29 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Colombia.svg|20px]] [[An Cholóim]] || 49,847,300
 || 10 Iúil 2018 || {{#expr: 49847300 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php Clog Daonra Oifigiúil na Colóime] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114091321/http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php |date=2012-01-14 }}
|-
| 30 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Spain.svg|20px]] [[An Spáinn]] || 46,659,302 || 1 Eanáir 2018 || {{#expr: 46659302 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://www.ine.es/ Meastachán oifigiúil INE]
|-
| 31 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Argentina.svg|20px]] [[An Airgintín]] || 44,494,502
 || 1 Iúil 2018 || {{#expr: 44494502 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| [http://www.indec.mecon.ar/ Fortheilgean bliantúil INDEC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221215704/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/ |date=2016-02-21 }}
|-
| 32 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Algeria.svg|20px]] [[An Ailgéir]] || 42,545,964
 || 1 Iúil 2018 || {{#expr: 41545964 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| fortheilgean NA
|-
| 33 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Ukraine.svg|20px]] [[An Úcráin]] ([[An Chrimé|an Chrímé]] san áireamh) || 42,300,723 || 1 Bealtaine 2018 || {{#expr: 42300723 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua// Meastachán oifigiúil míosúil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103185802/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/ |date=2009-01-03 }}
|-
| 34 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Sudan.svg|20px]] [[An tSúdáin]] || 41,984,512 || 1 Iúil 2018 || {{#expr: 41984512 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Fortheilgean bliantúil oifigiúil)
|-
| 35 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Iraq.svg|20px]] [[An Iaráic]] || 39,339,753 || 1 Iúil 2018 || {{#expr: 39339753 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Fortheilgean NA
|-
| 36 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Uganda.svg|20px]] [[Uganda]] || 38,823,100 || 1 Iúil 2018 || {{#expr: 38823100 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Fortheilgean bliantúil oifigiúil
|-
| 37 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Poland.svg|20px]] [[An Pholainn]] || 37,976,687 || 1 Eanáir 2018 ||{{#expr: 38422346 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&amp;plugin=1&amp;language=en&amp;pcode=tps00001 Meastachán Eurostat]
|-
| 38 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Canada.svg|20px]] [[Ceanada]] || 37,164,800 || 15 Iúil 2018 || {{#expr: 37161900 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| [http://www.statcan.gc.ca/ig-gi/pop-ca-eng.htm Clog Staidreamh Cheanada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605075430/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/ig-gi/pop-ca-eng.htm |date=2018-06-05 }}
|-
| 39 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Morocco.svg|20px]] [[Maracó]] || 34,723,400 || 12 Iúil  2018 || {{#expr: 34723400 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Fortheilgean bliantúil oifigiúil
|-
| 40 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|20px]] [[An Araib Shádach]] || 33,413,660 || 1 Eanáir 2018 || {{#expr: 33413660 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil na hAraibe Shádaí
|-
| 41 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg|20px]] [[An Úisbéiceastáin]] || 32,653,900 || 1 Eanáir 2018 || {{#expr: 32353900 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 42 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Malaysia.svg|20px]] [[An Mhalaeisia]] || 32,592,000 || | 12  Iúil 2018 || {{#expr: 32592000 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://www.statistics.gov.my Clog Daonra Oifigiúil na Malaeisia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611041219/http://www.statistics.gov.my/ |date=2008-06-11 }}
|-
| 43 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Peru.svg|20px]] [[Peiriú]] || 32,162,184 || 1 Iúil 2018 || {{#expr: 32162184 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigúil  
|-
| 44 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Venezuela.svg|20px]] [[Veiniséala]] || 31,828,110 || 15 Meitheamh 2018 || {{#expr: 31828110 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://www.ine.gov.ve Clog Daonra Oifigiúil Veiniséala] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912233212/http://www.ine.gov.ve/ |date=2019-09-12 }}
|-
| 45 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Afghanistan.svg|20px]] [[An Afganastáin]] || 31,575,018
|| 1 Iúil 2018 || {{#expr: 31575018 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 46 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Ghana.svg|20px]] [[Gána]] || 29,614,337 || 1 Eanár 2018 || {{#expr: 29614337 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Fortheilgean oifigiúil
|-
| 47 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Angola.svg|20px]] [[Angóla]] || 29,250,009 || 1 Eanár 2018 || {{#expr: 29250009 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|Fortheilgean oifigiúil
|-
| 48 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Nepal.svg|20px]] [[Neipeal]] || 29,218,867 || 1 Iúil 2018 || {{#expr: 29218867 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Fortheilgeann oifigiúil
|-
| 49 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Yemen.svg|20px]] [[Poblacht Éimin]] || 28,915,284 || 1 Iúil 2018 || {{#expr: 28915284 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Fortheilgeann na NA
|-
| 50 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Mozambique.svg|20px]] [[Mósaimbíc]] || 28,861,863 || 1 Lúnasa 2017 || {{#expr: 28861863 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Daonra oifigiúil
|-
| 51 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Madagascar.svg|20px]] [[Madagascar]] || 26,262,810 || 1 Lúnasa 2018 || {{#expr: 26262810 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Fortheilgean na NA
|-
| 52 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of North Korea.svg|20px]] [[An Chóiré Thuaidh]] || 25,610,672 || 1 Iúil 2018 || {{#expr: 25610672 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Fortheilgean na NA
|-
| 53 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Australia.svg|20px]] [[An Astráil]] &lt;ref name=&quot;aus&quot;&gt;Ag cur [[Oileán na Nollag]] (1,508), [[Na hOileáin Cocos]] (596), agus [[Oileán Norfolk]] (1,828) san áireamh&lt;/ref&gt;|| 24,978,330 || 18 Iúil 2018 || {{#expr: 24978330 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| [http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1647509ef7e25faaca2568a900154b63?OpenDocument Clog Daonra Oifigiúil na hAstráile]
|-
| 54 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg|20px]] [[An Cósta Eabhair]]|| 24,571,044 || 1 Iúil 2017 || {{#expr: 24571044 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 55 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Cameroon.svg|20px]] [[Camarún]] || 23,794,164 || 1 Iúil 2018 || {{#expr: 23794164 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|Fortheilgean oifigiúil
|-
| - || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px]] [[Poblacht na Síne]] ([[An Téaváin]]) || 23,594,274 || 1 Eanáir 2018 || {{#expr: 23794164 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| [http://eng.stat.gov.tw/mp.asp?mp=5 Meastachán Oifigiúil míosúil an oifig ''Staidreamh Náisiúnta na Téaváine''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425183615/http://eng.stat.gov.tw/mp.asp?mp=5 |date=2009-04-25 }}
|-
| 56 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Niger.svg|20px]] [[An Nígir]] || 21,466,833 || 1 Iúil 2018 || {{#expr: 21466833 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Teilgean bliantúil oifigiúil
|-
| 57 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg|20px]] [[Srí Lanca]] || 21,444,000 || 1 Eanáir 2018 || {{#expr: 21444000 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 58 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg|20px]] [[Buircíne Fasó]] || 20,244,080 || 1 Iúil 2018 || {{#expr: 20244080 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Teilgean bliantúil oifigiúil
|-
| 59 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Romania.svg|20px]] [[An Rómáin]] || 19,523,621 || 1 Eanáir 2018 ||{{#expr: 19638000 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&amp;plugin=1&amp;language=en&amp;pcode=tps00001 Meastachán Eurostat]
|-
| 60 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Mali.svg|20px]] [[Mailí]] || 19,107,706 || 1 Iúil 2018 || {{#expr: 19107706 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Fortheilgean na NA
|-
| 61 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Syria.svg|20px]] [[An tSiria]] || 18,284,407 || 1 Iúil 2018 || {{#expr: 18284407 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Teiligean NA
|-
| 62 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg|20px]] [[An Chasacstáin]] || 18,253,300 || 1 Meitheamh 2018|| {{#expr: 18253300 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán Oifig Staidrimh Náisiúnta
|-
| 63 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Malawi.svg|20px]] [[An Mhaláiv]] || 17,931,637 || 1 Iúil 2018 || {{#expr: 17931637 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Fortheilgean oifigiúil bliantúil
|-
| 64 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Chile.svg|20px]] [[An tSile]] || 17,574,003 || 19 Aibreán 2017 || {{#expr: 17574003 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/demografia_y_vitales/proyecciones/Informes/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20InforP_T.pdf Daonra 2017]
|-
| 65 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Guatemala.svg|20px]] [[Guatamala]] || 17,245,346 || 1 Iúil 2018 || {{#expr: 17245346 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán na NA
|-
| 66 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|20px]] [[An Ísiltír]] || 17,239,100 || 20 Iúil 2018 || {{#expr: 17239100 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| [http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/cijfers/extra/bevolkingsteller.htm?languageswitch=on Clog Dhaonra Oifigiúil na hÍsiltíre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222015305/http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/cijfers/extra/bevolkingsteller.htm?languageswitch=on |date=2010-12-22 }}
|-
| 67 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Ecuador.svg|20px]] [[Eacuadór]] || 17,022,700 || 20 Iúil 2018 || {{#expr: 17036200 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Clog dhaonra Eacuadór
|-
| 68 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Zambia.svg|20px]] [[An tSaimbia]] || 16,405,229 || 1 Iúil 2017 || {{#expr: 16405229 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Fortheilgean oifigiúil bliantúil
|-
| 69 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Cambodia.svg|20px]] [[An Chambóid]] || 16,069,921 || 1 Iúil 2018 || {{#expr: 16069921 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Fortheilgean oifigiúil
|-
| 71 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg|20px]] [[An tSiombáib]] || 12,571,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 12571000 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 72 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Senegal.svg|20px]] [[An tSeineagáil]] || 12,434,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 12434000 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 73 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Chad.svg|20px]] [[Sead]] || 11,831,000 || 1 Iúil 2012 || {{#expr: 11831000 / 7473620200 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 74 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Greece.svg|20px]] [[An Ghréig]] || 11,329,618 || 1 Eanáir, 2011 || {{#expr: 11329618 / 7146100000 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán Eurostat
|-
| 75 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Cuba.svg|20px]] [[Cúba]] || 11,247,925 || 31 Nollaig, 2011 || {{#expr: 11247925 / 7146100000 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 76 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Belgium.svg|20px]] [[An Bheilg]] || 10,918,405 || 1 Eanáir, 2011 || {{#expr: 10918405 / 7146100000 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://statbel.fgov.be/figures/d21_nl.asp#2/ Meastachán Eurostat]
|-
| 82 || align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Íomhá:Flag of Portugal.svg|20px]] [[An Phortaingéil]] || 10,291,027 || 1 Eanáir, 2018 ||{{#expr: 10636000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&amp;plugin=1&amp;language=en&amp;pcode=tps00001 Meastachán Eurostat]
|-
| 77 || align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Íomhá:Flag of Tunisia.svg|20px]] [[An Túinéis]] || 10,549,000 || 1 Iúil, 2010 || {{#expr: 10549000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán Institiúid Staidrimh na Túinéise
|-
| 78 || align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Íomhá:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|20px]] [[Poblacht na Seice]] || 10,535,811 || 31 Márta, 2011 || {{#expr: 10535811 / 7146100000 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| [http://www.czso.cz/eng/csu.nsf/informace/aoby121307.doc Meastachán Oifigiúil ČSÚ]
|-
| 79 || align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Íomhá:Flag of Guinea.svg|20px]] [[An Ghuine]] || 10,481,000 || 1 Iúil 2012 || {{#expr: 10481000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 80 || align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Íomhá:Flag of Bolivia.svg|20px]] [[An Bholaiv]] || 10,426,154 || 2010 || {{#expr: 10426154 / 7146100000 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 81 || align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Íomhá:Flag of Rwanda.svg|20px]] [[Ruanda]] || 10,412,820 || 2010 || {{#expr: 10412820 / 7146100000 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 84 || align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Íomhá:Flag of Haiti.svg|20px]] [[Háití]] || 10,085,214 || 2010 || {{#expr: 10085214 / 7146100000 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 85 || align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Íomhá:Flag of Hungary.svg|20px]] [[An Ungáir]] || 9,778,371 || 1 Eanáir, 2018 ||{{#expr: 9962000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&amp;plugin=1&amp;language=en&amp;pcode=tps00001 Meastachán Eurostat]
|-
| 83 || align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Íomhá:Flag of Sweden.svg|20px]] [[An tSualainn]] || 10,120,242 || 1 Eanáir 2018 ||{{#expr: 9495113 / 7146100000 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&amp;plugin=1&amp;language=en&amp;pcode=tps00001 Meastachán Eurostat]
|-
| 86 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Belarus.svg|20px]] [[An Bhealarúis]] || 9,491,823 || 1 Eanáir 2018 ||{{#expr: 9457500 / 7146100000 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&amp;plugin=1&amp;language=en&amp;pcode=tps00001 Meastachán Eurostat]
|-
| 87 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg|20px]] [[An Phoblacht Dhoiminiceach]] || 9,378,818 || 1 Nollaig 2010 || {{#expr: 9378818 / 7146100000 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 88 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Somalia.svg|20px]] [[An tSomáil]] || 9,331,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 8699000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 89 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Benin.svg|20px]] [[Beinin]] || 9,325,032 || Mí Iúil, 2011 || {{#expr: 9325032 / 7146100000 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán CIA World Factbook
|-
| 90 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg|20px]] [[An Asarbaiseáin (tír)|An Asarbaiseáin]] || 9,235,100 || 1 Eanáir, 2012 || {{#expr: 9235100 / 7146100000 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 92 || align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Íomhá:Flag of Burundi.svg|20px]] [[An Bhurúin]] || 8,749,000 || 1 Iúil 2012 || {{#expr: 8749000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 91 || align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Íomhá:Flag of Austria.svg|20px]] [[An Ostair]] || 8,822,267 || 1 Eanáir, 2018 ||{{#expr: 8452835 / 7146100000 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&amp;plugin=1&amp;language=en&amp;pcode=tps00001 Meastachán Eurostat]
|-
| 93 || align=left| [[Hondúras]] || 8,385,072 || 1 Iúil 2012 || {{#expr: 8385072 / 7146100000 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 94 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of South Sudan.svg|20px]] [[an tSúdáin Theas]] || 8,260,490 || 2008 || {{#expr: 8260490 / 7146100000 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://southsudaninfo.net/wp-content/uploads/reference_library/reports/5th_sudan_census26_april_2009.pdf Daonáireamh 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520025735/http://southsudaninfo.net/wp-content/uploads/reference_library/reports/5th_sudan_census26_april_2009.pdf |date=2013-05-20 }}
|-
| 95 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Switzerland.svg|20px]] [[An Eilvéis]] || 8,482,152 || 1 Eanáir 2018 ||{{#expr: 7952600 / 7146100000 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&amp;plugin=1&amp;language=en&amp;pcode=tps00001 Meastachán Eurostat]
|-
| 96 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Israel.svg|20px]] [[Iosrael]] || 7,879,500 || 30 Aibreán 2012 || {{#expr: 7879500 / 7146100000 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/?MIval=cw_usr_view_Folder&amp;ID=141 Príomh-oifig Staidrimh Iosrael] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528064433/http://cbs.gov.il/reader/?MIval=cw_usr_view_Folder&amp;ID=141 |date=2009-05-28 }}
|-
| 97 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Tajikistan.svg|20px]] [[An Táidsíceastáin]] || 7,800,000 || 1 Eanáir 2012 || {{#expr: 7800000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 98 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|20px]] [[An Bhulgáir]] || 7,351,234 || Mí Feabhra, 2011 || {{#expr: 7351234 / 7146100000 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Daonáireamh
|-
| 100 || align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Íomhá:Flag of Serbia.svg|20px]] [[An tSeirbia]] (''gan [[an Chosaiv]] san áireamh'') || 7,001,444 || 1 Eanáir, 2018 ||{{#expr: 7306677 / 7146100000 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&amp;plugin=1&amp;language=en&amp;pcode=tps00001 Meastachán Eurostat]
|-
| 99 || align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Íomhá:Flag of Hong Kong.svg|20px]] ''[[Hong Cong]]'' || 7,097,600 || 31 Nollaig, 2010 || {{#expr: 7097600 / 7146100000 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Roinn Dhaonáirimh agus Staitiscí Hong Cong
|-
| 101 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg|20px]] [[Nua-Ghuine Phapua]] || 6,703,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 6703000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 102 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Libya.svg|20px]] [[An Libia]] || 6,469,000 || 1 Iúil 2012 || {{#expr: 6469000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 103 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Laos.svg|20px]] [[Laos]] || 6,465,800 || 1 Iúil 2012 || {{#expr: 6465800 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 104 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Paraguay.svg|20px]] [[Paragua]] || 6,337,127 || 1 Iúil 2010 || {{#expr: 6337127 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 105 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Jordan.svg|20px]] [[An Iordáin]] || 6,334,000 || 13 Lúnasa 2012 || {{#expr: 6334000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Clog daonra oifigiúil
|-
| 106 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of El Salvador.svg|20px]] [[An tSalvadóir]] || 6,193,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 6857000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 2}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 107 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg|20px]] [[Tóga]] || 6,028,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 6028000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 108 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg|20px]] [[Siarra Leon]] || 5,868,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 5868000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 109 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Nicaragua.svg|20px]] [[Nicearagua]] || 5,788,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 5788000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 110 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Denmark.svg|20px]] [[An Danmhairg]] || 5,564,219 || 1 Aibreán, 2011 || {{#expr: 5564219 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| [http://www.dst.dk/Statistik/seneste/Befolkning/Folketal.aspx Staidrimh Oifigiúla na Danmhairge]
|-
| 112 || align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Íomhá:Flag of Slovakia.svg|20px]] [[An tSlóvaic]] || 5,443,120 || 1 Eanáir, 2018 ||{{#expr: 5435273 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&amp;plugin=1&amp;language=en&amp;pcode=tps00001 Meastachán Eurostat]
|-
| 113 || align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Íomhá:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg|20px]] [[An Chirgeastáin]] || 5,418,300 || 2010 || {{#expr: 5418300 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 111 || align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Íomhá:Flag of Finland.svg|20px]] [[An Fhionlainn]] (''ag cur [[Oileáin Åland]] san áireamh'') || 5,526,041 || 21 Iúil, 2018 ||{{#expr: 5407870 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| [http://www.vaestorekisterikeskus.fi/vrk/home.nsf/pages/index_eng Clog Daonra Oifigiúil na Fionlainne] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415225037/http://www.vaestorekisterikeskus.fi/vrk/home.nsf/pages/index_eng |date=2009-04-15 }}
|-
| 114 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Eritrea.svg|20px]] [[An Eiritré]] || 5,254,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 5254000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 115 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|20px]] [[Aontas na nÉimíríochtaí Arabacha]] || 5,148,664 || Mí Iúil, 2011 || {{#expr: 5148664 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán as an CIA World Factbook
|-
| 116 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Singapore.svg|20px]] [[Singeapór]] || 5,612,300 || 1 Iúil 2017 || {{#expr: 5612300 / 7473620200 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| [http://www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/keyind.html#popnarea Staidrimh Singeapór] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221030353/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/keyind.html#popnarea |date=2009-02-21 }}
|-
| 117 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg|20px]] [[An Tuircméanastáin]] || 5,758,000 || 1 Iúil 2017 || {{#expr: 5758000 / 7473620200 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Fortheilgean na NA
|-
| 118 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Norway.svg|20px]] [[An Iorua]] (''ag cur [[Oileánra Svalbard]] agus [[Oileán Jan Mayen]] san áireamh'')|| 5,302,778 || 1 Aibreán 2018 || {{#expr: 5302778 / 7473620200 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| [http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/02/befolkning_en/ Clog Daonra Oifigiúil na hIorua]
|-
| 119 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Palestine.svg|20px]] ''[[An Chríoch Phailistíneach]]''|| 4,816,503 || 1 Iúil 2016 || {{#expr: 4816503 / 7473620200 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 120 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Ireland.svg|20px]] [[Poblacht na hÉireann]] || 4,792,500 || 1 Aibreán 2017 || {{#expr: 4792500 / 7473620200 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| [http://www.cso.ie/census/documents/Prelim%20complete.pdf Daonáireamh 2011]
|-
| 121 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg|20px]] [[Poblacht na hAfraice Láir]] || 4,659,080 || 1 Iúil 2017 || {{#expr: 4659080 / 7473620200 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Fortheilgean NA
|-
| 121 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Georgia.svg|20px]] [[An tSeoirsia]] || 4,469,200 || 1 Eanáir, 2011 || {{#expr: 4469200 / 7473620200 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://www.geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&amp;p_id=473&amp;lang=eng National Statistics Office of Georgia]
|-
| 122 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of New Zealand.svg|20px]] [[An Nua-Shéalainn]] || 4,882,260 || 17 Bealtaine 2018 || {{#expr: 4882260 / 7473620200 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| [http://www.stats.govt.nz/populationclock.htm Clog Daonra Oifigiúil na Nua-Shéalainne] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110232101/http://www.stats.govt.nz/populationclock.htm |date=2007-01-10 }}
|-
| 123 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Costa Rica.svg|20px]] [[Cósta Ríce]] || 4,301,712 || 3 Meitheamh, 2011 || {{#expr: 4301712 / 7473620200 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Daonáireamh
|-
| 124 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Croatia.svg|20px]] [[An Chróit]] || 4,290,612 || 3 Márta, 2011 || {{#expr: 4290612 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Daonáireamh
|-
| 125 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Lebanon.svg|20px]] [[An Liobáin]] || 4,259,000 || 1 Iúil, 2011 || {{#expr: 4259000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 127 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg|20px]] [[Poblacht an Chongó]] || 4,043,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 4043000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 128 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Liberia.svg|20px]] [[An Libéir]] || 3,994,000 || 2010|| {{#expr: 3994000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 129 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|20px]] [[An Bhoisnia-Heirseagaivéin]] || 3,843,126 || 30 Meitheamh, 2010 || {{#expr: 3843126 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 130 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Puerto Rico.svg|20px]] ''[[Pórtó Rícó]]'' || 3,725,789 || 1 Aibreán, 2010 || {{#expr: 3725789 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Daonáireamh 2010 
|-
| 131 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Moldova.svg|20px]] [[An Mholdóiv]] || 3,547,539 || 1 Eanáir, 2018 ||{{#expr: 3563800 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&amp;plugin=1&amp;language=en&amp;pcode=tps00001 Meastachán Eurostat]
|-
| 132 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Somaliland.svg|20px]] ''[[Críoch Shomáile]]'' || 3,500,000 || || {{#expr: 3500000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| [http://www.somalilandgov.com/cprofile.htm Rialtas Críche Shomáile] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20010302083933/http://www.somalilandgov.com/cprofile.htm |date=2001-03-02 }}
|-
| 133 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Mauritania.svg|20px]] [[An Mháratáin]] || 3,460,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 3460000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 134 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Panama.svg|20px]] [[Panama]] || 3,405,813 || 16 Bealtaine, 2011 || {{#expr: 3405813 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Daonáireamh 2010
|-
| 135 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Uruguay.svg|20px]] [[Uragua]] || 3,356,584 || 30 Meitheamh, 2010 || {{#expr: 3356584 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 136 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Armenia.svg|20px]] [[An Airméin]] || 2,972,732 || 1 Eanáir, 2018 ||{{#expr: 3268500 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&amp;plugin=1&amp;language=en&amp;pcode=tps00001 Meastachán Eurostat]
|-
| 137 || align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Íomhá:Flag of Albania.svg|20px]] [[An Albáin]] || 2,870,324 || 1 Eanáir, 2018 ||{{#expr: 3195000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&amp;plugin=1&amp;language=en&amp;pcode=tps00001 Meastachán Eurostat]
|-
| 138 || align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Íomhá:Flag of Lithuania.svg|20px]] [[An Liotuáin]] || 2,808,901 || 1 Bealtaine, 2012 || {{#expr: 3187700 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| [http://www.stat.gov.lt/lt/pages/view/?id=1609 Meastachán oifigiúil míosúil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925174444/http://www.stat.gov.lt/lt/pages/view/?id=1609 |date=2008-09-25 }}
|-
| 139 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Mongolia.svg|20px]] [[An Mhongóil]] || 2,844,000 || 1 Iúil, 2012 || {{#expr: 2844000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 140|| align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Kuwait.svg|20px]] [[Cuáit]] || 2,737,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 2737000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 141 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Jamaica.svg|20px]] [[Iamáice]] || 2,705,827 || 31 Nollaig, 2010 || {{#expr: 2705827 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Daonáireamh sealadach
|-
| 142 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Oman.svg|20px]] [[Óman]] || 2,694,094 || 12 Nollaig, 2010 || {{#expr: 2694094 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Daonáireamh 
|-
| 143 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Namibia.svg|20px]] [[An Namaib]] || 2,283,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 2283000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 144 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Latvia.svg|20px]] [[An Laitvia]] || 1,934,379 || 1 Eanáir, 2018 ||{{#expr: 2218000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&amp;plugin=1&amp;language=en&amp;pcode=tps00001 Meastachán Eurostat]
|-
| 145 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Lesotho.svg|20px]] [[Leosóta]] || 2,171,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 2171000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 147 || align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Íomhá:Flag of North Macedonia.svg|20px]] [[An Mhacadóin Thuaidh]] || 2,075,301 || 1 Eanáir, 2018 ||{{#expr: 2057284 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&amp;plugin=1&amp;language=en&amp;pcode=tps00001 Meastachán Eurostat]
|-
| 146 || align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Íomhá:Flag of Slovenia.svg|20px]] [[An tSlóivéin]] || 2,066,880 || 1 Eanáir 2018 ||{{#expr: 2052677 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://www.stat.si/StatWeb/en Meastachán Oifige Staidrimh na Slóivéine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225093240/http://www.stat.si/StatWeb/en |date=2021-02-25 }}
|-
| 148 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Botswana.svg|20px]] [[An Bhotsuáin]] || 1,800,098 || 2010 || {{#expr: 1800098 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 149 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of The Gambia.svg|20px]] [[An Ghaimbia]] || 1,728,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 1728000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 150 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Kosovo.svg|20px]] ''[[An Chosaiv]]'' || 1,733,872 || 2011 || {{#expr: 1733872 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Daonáireamh 2011
|-
| 151 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Qatar.svg|20px]] [[Catar]] || 1,696,563 || 20 Aibreán, 2010 || {{#expr: 1696563 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Daonáireamh 2010, chéad torthai
|-
| 152 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg|20px]] [[Guine Bhissau]] || 1,515,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 1515000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 153 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Gabon.svg|20px]] [[An Ghabúin]] || 1,505,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 1505000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 154 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Estonia.svg|20px]] [[An Eastóin]] || 1,340,122 || 1 Eanáir, 2011 || {{#expr: 1340122 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| [http://www.stat.ee Staidrimh na hEastóine ]
|-
| 155 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg|20px]] [[Oileán na Tríonóide agus Tobága]] || 1,317,714 || 1 Iúil, 2011 || {{#expr: 1317714 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 156 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Mauritius.svg|20px]] [[Oileán Mhuirís]] || 1,280,925 || 1 Iúil, 2010 || {{#expr: 1280925 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 157 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Bahrain.svg|20px]] [[Báiréin]] || 1,262,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 1262000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 158 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg|20px]] [[An Ghuine Mheánchriosach]] || 1,222,442 || 2015 || {{#expr: 1222442 / 7473620200 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Daonra 2015
|-
| 158 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Swaziland.svg|20px]] [[An tSuasalainn]] || 1,186,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 1186000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 159 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of East Timor.svg|20px]] [[An Tíomór Thoir]] || 1,124,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 1124000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 160 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Djibouti.svg|20px]] [[Djibouti]] || 889,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 889000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 161 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Fiji.svg|20px]] [[Fidsí]] || 861,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 861000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 162 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of France.svg|20px]] ''[[La Réunion|Réunion]]'' || 808,250 || 1 Eanáir, 2011 || {{#expr: 808250 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| [http://www.insee.fr/fr/recensement/nouv_recens/resultats/resultats-regionaux.htm Meastachán Oifigiúil INSEE]
|-
| 165 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of the Comoros.svg|20px]] [[Oileáin Chomóra]] || 806,153 || 1 Iúil 2016 || {{#expr: 806153 / 7473620200 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 163 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Cyprus.svg|20px]] [[An Chipir]] (''ag cur [[Poblacht Thurcach na Cipire Thuaidh]] san áireamh'')|| 804,435 || 1 Eanáir, 2011 || {{#expr: 804435 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán Eurostat
|-
| 164 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Guyana.svg|20px]] [[An Ghuáin]] || 784,894 || 2010 || {{#expr: 784894 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 167 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Bhutan.svg|20px]] [[An Bhútain]] || 695,822 || 2010 || {{#expr: 695822 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 168 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Montenegro.svg|20px]] [[Montainéagró]] || 622,359 || 1 Eanáir, 2018 ||{{#expr: 625266 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&amp;plugin=1&amp;language=en&amp;pcode=tps00001 Meastachán Eurostat]
|-
| 170 || align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Íomhá:Flag of Macau.svg|20px]] ''[[Macau]] || 556,800 || 31 Márta, 2011 || {{#expr: 556800 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Seirbhís Staidrimh agus Daonáirimh Mhacau
|-
| 171 || align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Íomhá:Flag of Western Sahara.svg|20px]] [[Poblacht Dhaonlathach Arabach an Sahára|An Sahára Thiar]] || 531,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 531000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 172 || align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Íomhá:Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg|20px]] [[Oileáin Sholaimh]] || 530,669 || 2010 || {{#expr: 530669 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 173 || align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Íomhá:Flag of Cape Verde.svg|20px]] [[Rinn Verde]] || 530,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 530000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 174 || align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Íomhá:Flag of Suriname.svg|20px]] [[Suranam]] || 534,000 || 1 Iúil, 2012 ||{{#expr: 534000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 169 || align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Íomhá:Flag of Luxembourg.svg|20px]] [[Lucsamburg]] || 602,005 || 1 Eanáir, 2018 ||{{#expr: 502100 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&amp;plugin=1&amp;language=en&amp;pcode=tps00001 Meastachán Eurostat]
|-
| 175 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Malta.svg|20px]] [[Málta]] || 475,701 || 1 Eanáir, 2018 ||{{#expr: 417608 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&amp;plugin=1&amp;language=en&amp;pcode=tps00001 Meastachán Eurostat]
|-
| 176 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of France.svg|20px]] ''[[Guadalúip]]'' || 465,000 || 2009 || {{#expr: 465000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán INSEE
|-
| 177 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of France.svg|20px]] ''[[Martinique]]'' || 402,000 || January 1, 2009 || {{#expr: 402000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| [http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=23&amp;ref_id=16671 Meastachán Oifigiúil INSEE]
|-
| 178 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Brunei.svg|20px]] [[Brúiné]] || 399,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 399000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 179 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of the Bahamas.svg|20px]] [[Na Bahámaí]] || 353,658 || 5 Márta, 2010 || {{#expr: 353658 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 180 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Iceland.svg|20px]] [[An Íoslainn]] || 348,450 || 1 Eanáir, 2018 ||{{#expr: 318452 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&amp;plugin=1&amp;language=en&amp;pcode=tps00001 Meastachán Eurostat]
|-
| 181 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Maldives.svg|20px]] [[Oileáin Mhaildíve]] || 317,180 || 2010 || {{#expr: 317180 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 182 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Belize.svg|20px]] [[An Bheilís]] || 332,200 || lár 2009 || {{#expr: 332200 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Inst. Staidrimh na Beilíse
|-
| 183 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Barbados.svg|20px]] [[Barbadós]] || 273,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 273000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 184 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of French Polynesia.svg|20px]] ''[[Polainéis na Fraince]]''|| 267,000 || 1 Eanáir, 2009 || {{#expr: 267000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| [http://www.ispf.pf/(k1aciwf4z0fyap45ghzhgm55)/stat/demo/rp2009/pdfs/poplegales2009.pdf Daonáireamh Lúnasa 2009]{{Dead link|date=Deireadh Fómhair 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
|-
| 185 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of France.svg|20px]] ''[[An Nua-Chaladóin]]'' || 245,580 || 1 Eanáir, 2009 || {{#expr: 245580 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| [http://www.isee.nc/pe/bilan2006/be-demographie.pdf Meastachán Oifigiúil INSEE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124204306/http://www.isee.nc/pe/bilan2006/be-demographie.pdf |date=2007-11-24 }}
|-
| 186 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Vanuatu.svg|20px]] [[Vanuatú]] || 240,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 240000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 187 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of France.svg|20px]] ''[[Guáin na Fraince]]'' || 229,000 ||  2010 || {{#expr: 229000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| [http://www.insee.fr/fr/regions/guyane/default.asp?page=faitsetchiffres/presentation/presentation.htm#quatre Meastachán Oifigiúil INSEE]
|-
| 188 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|20px]] ''[[Curaçao]]'' || 142,180 || 1 Eanáir, 2010 || {{#expr: 142180 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 189 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Samoa.svg|20px]] [[Samó]] || 187,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 187000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 190 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of France.svg|20px]] ''[[Mayotte]]'' || 186,452 || 31 Iúil, 2007 || {{#expr: 186452 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/reunion/zoom/mayotte/publications/inseeinfos/pdf/insee%20infos%20n32.pdf Daonáireamh 2007]
|-
| 191 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Guam.svg|20px]] ''[[Guam]]'' || 180,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 180000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 192 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Saint Lucia.svg|20px]] [[San Lúisia]] || 178,015 || 2016 || {{#expr: 178015 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán
|-
| 193 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg|20px]] [[São Tomé agus Príncipe]] || 165,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 165000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 194 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg|20px]] [[San Uinseann agus na Greanáidíní]] || 109,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 109000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 195 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of the United States Virgin Islands.svg|20px]] ''[[Oileáin Mheiriceánacha na Maighdean]]'' || 109,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 109000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 196 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Aruba.svg|20px]] ''[[Arúba]]'' || 107,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 107000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 197 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Grenada.svg|20px]] [[Grenada]] || 104,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 104000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 198 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Tonga.svg|20px]] [[Tonga]] || 104,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 104000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 199 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag_of_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg|20px]] [[Stáit Chónaidhme na Micrinéise]] || 102,624 || 2010 || {{#expr: 102624 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Réamh-dhaonáireamh 2010
|-
| 200 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Kiribati.svg|20px]] [[Cireabaití]] || 100,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 100000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 201 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Jersey.svg|20px]] ''[[Geirsí]]'' || 92,500 || 31 Nollaig, 2009 || {{#expr: 92500 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| [http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/D31B33E0-BAB7-4FAC-9D7F-743B3FDB8A50/0/JIF2006.pdf Aonad Staidrimh Stáit Gheirsí]{{Dead link|date=Deireadh Fómhair 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
|-
| 202 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg|20px]] [[Antigua agus Barbúda]] || 89,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 89000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 203 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of the Seychelles.svg|20px]] [[Na Séiséil]] || 86,525 || 1 Iúil, 2010 || {{#expr: 86525 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 204 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of the Isle of Mann.svg|20px]] ''[[Oileán Mhanainn]]'' || 84,497 || 2011 || {{#expr: 84497 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Daonáireamh
|-
| 205 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Andorra.svg|20px]] [[Andóra]] || 76,098 || 1 Iúil 2013 || {{#expr: 76098 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil bliantúil
|-
| 206 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Dominica.svg|20px]] [[Doiminice]] || 71,293 || 14 Bealtaine 2011 || {{#expr: 71293 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Daonáireamh
|-
| 207 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Bermuda.svg|20px]] ''[[Beirmiúda]]'' || 64,566 || 1 Iúil, 2010 || {{#expr: 64566 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 208 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Guernsey.svg|20px]] ''[[Geansaí (oileán)|Geansaí]]'' || 62,431 || 31 Márta, 2010 || {{#expr: 62431 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 209 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of the Northern Mariana Islands.svg|20px]] ''[[Na hOileáin Mháirianacha Thuaidh]]'' || 61,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 84000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 210 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Greenland.svg|20px]] ''[[An Ghraonlainn]]'' || 56,452 || 2010 || {{#expr: 58000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 211 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of American Samoa.svg|20px]] ''[[Samó Meiriceánach]]'' || 55,519 || 2010 || {{#expr: 55519 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Daonáireamh 2010
|-
| 212 || align=left|''[[Oileáin Cayman]]'' || 54,878 || 10 Deireadh Fómhair, 2010 || {{#expr: 54878 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Réamh-dhaonáireamh
|-
| 213 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg|20px]] [[Oileáin Marshall]] || 54,305 || 2010 || {{#expr: 54305 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 214 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg|20px]] [[San Críostóir-Nimheas]] || 50,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 50000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 215 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg|20px]] ''[[Oileáin Fharó]] || 48,285 || 1 Márta, 2012 || {{#expr: 48285 / 7146100000 * 100 round 3}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| [http://www.hagstova.fo/portal/page?_pageid=33,316936&amp;_dad=portal&amp;_schema=PORTAL Staidrimh Oifigiúla na nOileán Fharó] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011151350/http://www.hagstova.fo/portal/page?_pageid=33%2C316936&amp;_dad=portal&amp;_schema=PORTAL |date=2007-10-11 }}
|-
| 216 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of the Turks and Caicos Islands.svg|20px]] ''[[Oileáin na dTurcach agus Caicos]]'' || 40,357 || 2010 || {{#expr: 40357 / 7146100000 * 100 round 4}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 218 || align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Íomhá:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|20px]] [[Sint Maarten]] || 37,429 || 1 Eanáir, 2010 || {{#expr: 37429 / 7146100000 * 100 round 4}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 219 || align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Íomhá:Flag of France.svg|20px]] ''[[Saint-Martin]]'' || 37,163 || 2008 || {{#expr: 37163 / 7146100000 * 100 round 4}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Daonáireamh Forlíonach 2008.
|-
| 217 || align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Íomhá:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg|20px]] [[Lichtinstéin]] || 38,114 || 1 Eanáir, 2018 ||{{#expr: 36157 / 7146100000 * 100 round 4}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;|[http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&amp;plugin=1&amp;language=en&amp;pcode=tps00001 Meastachán Eurostat]
|-
| 220 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Monaco.svg|20px]] [[Monacó]] || 35,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 35000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 4}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 221 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of San Marino.svg|20px]] [[San Mairíne]]|| 32,312 || Meitheamh, 2012 || {{#expr: 32312 / 7146100000 * 100 round 4}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil míosúil
|-
| 222 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Gibraltar.svg|20px]] ''[[Giobráltar]]'' || 29,441 || 2010 || {{#expr: 29441 / 7146100000 * 100 round 4}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 223 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of the British Virgin Islands.svg|20px]] ''[[Oileáin Bhriotanacha na Maighdean]]'' || 28,213 || 2008 || {{#expr: 28213 / 7146100000 * 100 round 4}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 224 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of the Cook Islands.svg|20px]] ''[[Oileáin Cook]]'' || 24,600 || Nollaig, 2010 || {{#expr: 24600 / 6929000000 * 100 round 4}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 225 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Palau.svg|20px]] [[Palau]] || 21,000 || 1 Iúil 2012 || {{#expr: 21000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 4}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA 
|-
| 226 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of France.svg|20px]] ''[[Vailís agus Futúna]]'' || 15,000 || [[Iúil]] [[2007]] || {{#expr: 15000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 4}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 227 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Anguilla.svg|20px]] ''[[Anguilla]]'' || 15,236 || 2010 || {{#expr: 15236 / 7146100000 * 100 round 4}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 228 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Tuvalu.svg|20px]] [[Tuvalu]] || 10,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 10000 / 7146100000 * 100 round 4}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 229 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Nauru.svg|20px]] [[Nárú]] || 10,000 || 2010 || {{#expr: 10000 / 6929000000 * 100 round 4}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 230 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of France.svg|20px]] ''[[Saint-Barthélemy]]'' || 8,450 || [[1 Eanáir]], [[2007]] || {{#expr: 8450 / 7146100000 * 100 round 4}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| [http://www.insee.fr/fr/recensement/nouv_recens/resultats/repartition/comd971.htm?numdep=971&amp;x=54&amp;y=8#S Daonáireamh 2007]
|-
| 231 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of France.svg|20px]] ''[[Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon]]'' || 5,888 || 2011 || {{#expr: 5888 / 7146100000 * 100 round 4}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| CIA World Factbook, meastachán
|-
| 232 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Saint Helena.svg|20px]] ''[[San Héilin|San Héilin, Oileán na Deascabhála agus Tristan da Cunha]]'' &lt;ref name+&quot;San&quot;&gt;[[San Héilin]] 4,255; [[Oileán na Deascabhála]], 1,122; agus [[Tristan da Cunha]], 284&lt;/ref&gt; || 5,661 || 2008 || {{#expr: 5661 / 7146100000 * 100 round 4}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán NA
|-
| 233 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Montserrat.svg|20px]] ''[[Montsarat]]'' || 4,922 || 12 Bealtaine 2011 || {{#expr: 4922 / 7146100000 * 100 round 4}}% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Daonra 2011
|-
| 234 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of the Falkland Islands.svg|20px]] ''[[Oileáin Fháclainne]]'' || 2,563 || 15 Aibreán 2012 || 0.00005% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Daonra 2012
|-
| 235 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of Niue.svg|20px]] ''[[Niue]]'' || 1,611 || 1 Iúil 2011 || 0.00003% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Daonra 2011
|-
| 236 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of New Zealand.svg|20px]] ''[[Tócalá]]'' || 1,499 || 2 Feabhra 2017 || 0.00003% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Daonra 2016
|-
| 237 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of the Vatican City.svg|20px]] [[Cathair na Vatacáine]] || 800 || 1 Eanáir 2014 || 0.000011% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|-
| 238 || align=left| [[Íomhá:Flag of the Pitcairn Islands.svg|20px]] ''[[Oileáin Pitcairn]]'' || 50 || 1 Eanáir 2018 || 0.000001% || style=&quot;font-size: 75%&quot;| Meastachán oifigiúil
|}

== Nótaí ==
{{reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Tíortha]]
[[Catagóir:Liostaí|Tíortha de réir daonra]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tíogar</title>
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[[File:A walk with the Tigress.webm|thumb|right|tíogar]]
Is cat mór é an '''tíogar''' ('''''Panthera tigris''''')&lt;ref name=&quot;Tearma&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.tearma.ie/q/Panthera%20tigris/|title=“Panthera tigris” {{!}} téarma.ie|publisher=[[An Coiste Téarmaíochta]]|work=[[Téarma.ie]]: An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta don Ghaeilge|access-date=2023-06-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Linn1758&quot; /&gt; ar ball é den ghéineas ''[[Panthera]]'' a thagann ón [[An Áise|Áise]] ó dhúchas. Tá corp láidir agus matánach aige a bhfuil ceann agus lapaí móra, eireaball fada agus fionnadh flannbhuí le stríoca dubha atá ceartingearach don chuid is mó air. Rangaítear in naoi [[Fospeiceas|bhfospeiceas]] [[Holaicéineach|reatha]] é go traidisiúnta cé nach n-aithníonn roinnt daoine agus eagraíochtaí ach an dá fhospeiceas, tíogair na mórthíre Áisí agus tíogair oileáin na [[Oileáin Sunda|nOileán Sunda]].

Cuireann an tíogar faoi i bhforaoisí den chuid is mó, idir [[foraoisí leathanduilleacha agus measctha measartha]] agus [[Cónaiféar|buaircíneach]] i [[Cianoirthear na Rúise|gCianoirthear na Rúise]] agus [[Oirthuaisceart na Síne]] agus [[foraoisí leathanduilleacha taise trópaiceacha agus fothrópaiceacha]] i [[Fo-ilchríoch na hIndia|bhfo-ilchríoch na hIndia]] agus in [[Oirdheisceart na hÁise]]. Is [[buaicchreachadóir]] é an tíogar a chreachann [[Crúbach|crúbaigh]] roimh a ndéanann sé luíochán go príomha. Caitheann sé saol atá aonarach go hiondúil agus bíonn [[raon baile]] a chosnaíonn sé roimh indibhidiúil den ghnéas chéanna aige. Forluíonn raon an fhireannaigh raoin go leor baineannach lena chúplálann sé. De ghnáth, beireann an baineannach idir dhá agus trí choileán a fhanann lena máthair ar feadh dhá bhliain. Nuair a bhíonn na coileáin neamhspleách, fágann siad raon baile a máthar agus bunaíonn siad a raon féin.

Ó bhlianta luaithe na fichiú haoise, is in ísle a ndeachaigh raon baile na dtíogar agus ar a laghad 93% dá raon stairiúil caillte acu; tá siad [[Díothú áitiúil|díothaithe go háitiúil]] in [[Iarthar na hÁise|Iarthar]] agus i [[Lár na hÁise]] agus i gcodanna móra na [[An tSín|Síne]] chomh maith leis na hoileáin [[Iáva]] agus [[Bailí]]. Tá raon an tíogair scoilte go dona sa lá atá inniu ann. Liostaítear mar [[Speiceas i mbaol (Stádas AICD)|speiceas i mbaol]] é ar [[Liosta Dearg an AICD de Speicis i mBaol]] mar meastar gur laghdaigh a raon idir 53% go 68% ó bhí na 1990idí déanacha ann. Tá go leor bagairtí móra ag cur le stádas reatha na dtíogar idir [[Scriosadh gnáthóige|scriosadh]] agus [[Ilroinnt gnáthóige|ilroinnt a ngnáthóige]] mar gheall ar [[Dífhoraoisiú|dhífhoraoisiú]], [[póitseáil]] ar son a bhfionnaidh agus trádáil mhídhleathach a gcodanna coirp ar mhaithe le cúrsaí leighis. Is íospartaigh na [[An choinbhleacht daonna-fiadhúlra|coinbhleachta daonna-fiadhúlra]] iad na tíogair fosta mar ionsaíonn agus creachann siad an beostoc i gceantair nach bhfuil mórán creach nádúrtha le fáil iontu. Tá cosaint dhlíthiúil ag an tíogar in chuile thír laistigh dá raon. Cuimsíonn cuir chuige náisiúnta pleananna gníomhaíochta, [[patróil fhrith-phóitseála]] agus scéimeanna monatóireachta líon na dtíogar. Bunaíodh [[Conair fhiadhúlra|conairí fiadhúlra]] i gcuid mhaith de na tíortha laistigh dá raon agus tá athbhunú tíogar pleanáilte iontu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Panthera tigris|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15955/214862019|date=2021-12-15|doi=10.2305/iucn.uk.2022-1.rlts.t15955a214862019.en|language=en|author=Goodrich, J., Wibisono, H., Miquelle, D., Lynam, A.J., Sanderson, E., Chapman, S., Gray, T.N.E., Chanchani, P. &amp; Harihar, A.|journal=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|publisher=IUCN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tá an tíogar ar cheann de na [[Mórfhána carasmatach|mórfhánaí carasmatacha]] is mó a bhfuil tóir air ar fud an domhain. Bhíodh an tíogar i ngéibheann ón chéad lá riamh agus traenáladh é chun seónna a chur ar fáil i [[Sorcas|sorcais]] agus cláracha siamsaíochta eile. Chonacthas an tíogar go forleathan i [[miotaseolaíocht]] agus i [[Béaloideas|mbéaloideas]] ársa na gcultúr fud fad a raon stairiúil agus [[Léirithe cultúrtha an tíogair|chonacthas fós i gcultúr]] ar fud an domhain é sa lá atá inniu ann. 

== Sanasaíocht ==
Síolraíonn an [[Seanbhéarla]] ''tigras'' ón [[Seanfhraincis|tSeanfhraincis]] ''tigre'', ón [[An Laidin|Laidin]] ''tigris'', ar iasacht é de ''tigris'' ([[An tSean-Ghréigis|Sean-Ghréigis]]: τίγρις).&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=Liddell, H. G. &amp; Scott, R. (Sir Henry Stuart Jones, Roderick McKenzie eag.)|date=1940|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dti%2Fgris|title=&quot;τίγρις&quot;.|journal=A Greek-English Lexicon|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|accessdate=21 Feabhra 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ón aimsir ársa, meastar go síolraíonn an focal ''tigris'' ón fhocal [[An Airméinis|Arméiniseach]] nó [[An Pheirsis|Pheirsiseach]] ar 'saighead' ar féidir leis a bheith ina bhunús d'ainm abhainn na [[An Tígris|Tigrise]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=Varro, M. T.; Kent, R. G.|date=1938|url=https://archive.org/details/onlatinlanguage01varruoft/page/96/mode/2up|title=&quot;De lingua latina&quot; [On the Latin Language]|journal=&quot;XX. Ferarum vocabula&quot; [XX. The names of wild beasts]|pages=lgh. 94-97|publisher=W. Heinemann|location=Londain}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Naming the Tiger in the Early Modern World|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26560471|journal=Renaissance Quarterly|date=2017|issn=0034-4338|pages=977–1006|volume=70|issue=3|author=David Thorley}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sa lá atá inniu ann, áfach, glactar leis gur comhainm atá iontu agus nach bhfuil gaol ar bith ann idir ainm an ainmhí agus na habhann.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Tacsanomaíocht ==
Rinne an luibheolaí Sulannach [[Carl von Linné]] an chéad chur síos eolaíoch ar an tíogar ina shaothar ''[[Systema Naturae]]'', áit a fuair sé an [[Ainmníocht dhéthéarmach|t-ainm déthéarmach]] ''Felis tigris'', mar ba ghnách ag an am an géineas ''Felis'' a úsáid le haghaidh na cait ar fad. Bunaítear an [[cur síos eolaíoch]] ar chuir síos a rinne nádúraithe níos luaithe amhail [[Conrad Gessner]] agus [[Ulisse Aldrovandi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Linn1758&quot;&gt;{{luaigh foilseachán|author=Linnaeus, C.|year=1758|title=[https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000798865#page/41/mode/2up &quot;Felis tigris&quot;] Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis|volume=Tomus I|location=Holmiae|publisher=Laurentius Salvius|language=la|issue=decima, reformata|pages=lch. 41}}&lt;/ref&gt; Is in 1929 a chuir [[Reginald Innes Pocock]] an speiceas sa ghéineas ''[[Panthera]]'' faoin ainm dhéthéarmach ''Panthera tigris''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=Pocock, R. I.|date=1929|title=Tigers|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=33|issue=3|pages=lgh. 505–541|url=https://archive.org/details/journalofbomb33341929bomb/page/n133}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Fospeiceas ===
{{anchor|Pobail}}
Moladh naoi [[Fospeiceas|bhfospeiceas]] tíogar [[Holaicéineach|reatha]] idir luathbhlianta na 19ú hAois agus na 21ú hAois agus is iad sin an [[tíogar Bheangál]], [[Tíogar Malaech|Malaech]], [[Tíogar Ind-Síneach|Ind-Síneach]], [[Tíogar na Síne Theas|na Síne Theas]], [[Tíogar Amúrach|Amúrach]], [[Tíogar Caispeach|Caispeach]], [[Tíogar Iávach|Iávach]], [[Tíogar Bailí|Bailí]] agus [[Tíogar Sumatrach|Sumatrach]].&lt;ref name=&quot;MSW3&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=[[W. Chris Wozencraft|Wozencraft, W. C.]]|date=2005|title=Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference|issue=3|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.|pages=lch. 546|coauthors=[http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000259 &quot;Species ''Panthera tigris''&quot;] In [[Don E. Wilson|Wilson, D. E.]]; Reeder, D. M. (eag.)|url=http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&amp;pg=PA546}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Wilting2015/&gt; Ceistíodh [[Bailíocht ainmnithe (zó-eolaíocht)|bailíocht]] cuid mhaith de na fospeicis mar bhí sé de nós an tráth sin iad a idirdhealú bunaithe ar dhath agus fhaid an fhionnaidh, patrúin stríoca agus méid na n-eiseamlár i mbailiúcháin [[Iarsmalann stair an dúlra|iarsmalanna stair an dúlra]] ar féidir nach n-ionadaíonn siad an pobal ar fad. Moladh gur cheart dhá fhospeiceas bailí tíogar a aithint, is iad sin ''P. t. tigris'' ar mhórthír na hÁise agus an speiceas níos lú ''P. t. sondaica'' sna [[Na hOileáin Sunda Mór|hOileáin Sunda Mór]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kitchener1999&quot;&gt;Kitchener, A. (1999). &quot;Tiger distribution, phenotypic variation and conservation issues&quot; in {{harvnb|Seidensticker|Christie|Jackson|1999|lgh=19–39|lua=ref=Seidensticker, J.; Christie, S.; Jackson, P.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

D'athdhearbhaíodh an moladh dhá fhospeicis arís sa bhliain 2015 trí anailís chuimsitheach a dhéanamh ar thréithe moirfeolaíocha, éiceolaíocha agus ADN miteacoindreacha (mtADN) chuile fhospeiceas toimhdean tíogar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilting2015&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Planning tiger recovery: Understanding intraspecific variation for effective conservation|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4640610/|journal=Science Advances|date=Mí an Mheithimh 2015|issn=2375-2548|pmc=4640610|pmid=26601191|pages=e1400175|volume=1|issue=5|doi=10.1126/sciadv.1400175|author=Wilting, A.; Courtiol, A.; Christiansen, P.; Niedballa, J.; Scharf, A. K.; Orlando, L.; Balkenhol, N.; Hofer, H.; Kramer-Schadt, S.; Fickel, J. &amp; Kitchener, A. C.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In 2017, d'athbhreithnigh Tascfhórsa Catrangaithe Ghrúpa Sainréimse Cat an AICD tacsanomaíocht ''felid'' de réir an mholta dhá fhospeicis 2015 agus níor aithníodh ach ''P. t. tigris'' agus ''P. t. sondaica'' amháin.&lt;ref name=&quot;catsg&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O'Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z. &amp; Tobe, S.|date=(2017).|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y#page=66|title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group (PDF).|journal=Cat News (Special Issue 11)|pages=lgh. 66-68}}&lt;/ref&gt; Léirigh torthaí staidéar seicheamhaithe géinte iomláin 2018 de 32 sampla ón sé fhospeiceas toimhdean beo—an tíogar Bheangál, Malaech, Ind-Síneach, na Síne Theas, Amúrach agus Sumatrach—gur [[Clád|cláid]] shoiléire faoi leith iad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Genome-Wide Evolutionary Analysis of Natural History and Adaptation in the World’s Tigers|url=https://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(18)31214-4|journal=Current Biology|date=2018|issn=0960-9822|pmid=30482605|pages=3840–3849.e6|volume=28|issue=23|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.09.019|language=English|author=Liu, Y.-C.; Sun, X.; Driscoll, C.; Miquelle, D. G.; Xu, X.; Martelli, P.; Uphyrkina, O.; Smith, J. L. D.; O'Brien, S. J. &amp; Luo, S.-J.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chomhthacaíodh leis na torthaí arís in 2021 agus 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Recent Evolutionary History of Tigers Highlights Contrasting Roles of Genetic Drift and Selection|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8136513/|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|date=2021|issn=1537-1719|pmc=8136513|pmid=33592092|pages=2366–2379|volume=38|issue=6|doi=10.1093/molbev/msab032|author=Armstrong, E. E.; Khan, A.; Taylor, R. W.; Gouy, A.; Greenbaum, G.; Thiéry, A; Kang, J. T.; Redondo, S. A.; Prost, S.; Barsh, G.; Kaelin, C.; Phalke, S.; Chugani, A.; Gilbert, M.; Miquelle, D.; Zachariah, A.; Borthakur, U.; Reddy, A.; Louis, E.; Ryder, O. A.; Jhala, Y. V.; Petrov, D.; Excoffier, L.; Hadly, E. &amp; Ramakrishnan, U.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang2023&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Population genomic analysis provides evidence of the past success and future potential of South China tiger captive conservation|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10111772/|journal=BMC biology|date=2023|issn=1741-7007|pmc=10111772|pmid=37069598|pages=64|volume=21|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12915-023-01552-y|author=Wang, C.; Wu, D. D.; Yuan, Y. H.; Yao, M. C.; Han, J. L.; Wu, Y. J.; Shan, F.; Li, W. P.; Zhai, J. Q.; Huang, M; Peng, S. H.; Cai, Q .H.; Yu, J. Y.; Liu, Q. X.; Lui, Z. Y.; Li, L. X.; Teng, M. S.; Huang, W.; Zhou, J. Y.; Zhang, C.; Chen, W. &amp; Tu, X. L.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Léirigh staidéar sa bhliain 2023 go bhfuil bailíocht ag an naoi bhfospeiceas reatha ar fad.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Ancient DNA reveals genetic admixture in China during tiger evolution|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-023-02185-8|journal=Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution|date=2023-11|issn=2397-334X|pages=1914–1929|volume=7|issue=11|doi=10.1038/s41559-023-02185-8|language=en|author=Sun, X.; Liu, Y.-C.; Tiunov, M. P.; Gimranov, D. O.; Zhuang, Y.; Han, Y.; Driscoll, C. A.; Driscoll, C. A.; Pang, Y.; Li, C.; Pan, Y; Velasco, M. S.; Gopalakrishnan, S.; Yang, R.-Z.; Li, B.-G.; Jin, K.; Xu, X.; Uphyrkina, O.; Huang, Y.; Wu, X.-H.; Gilbert, M. T. P.; O'Brien, S. J.; Yamaguchi, N. &amp; Luo, S.-J.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Deir an Grúpa Sainréimse Cat &quot;Given the varied interpretations of data, the [subspecific] taxonomy of this species is currently under review by the IUCN SSC Cat Specialist Group.&quot; nó i nGaeilge &quot;Mar gheall ar na léirmhínithe éagsúla ar an dáta, tá Grúpa Sainréimse Cat SSC an AICD ag déanamh athbhreithnithe ar thacsanomaíocht [fospeiceasach] an speicis seo&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|teideal=CatSG: Tiger|url=http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=124|work=www.catsg.org|dátarochtana=2025-11-27|language=de|údar=Programmierung: Netboot Internet Solutions, www.netboot.ch|archivedate=2014-11-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112171012/http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=124}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tá na táblaí thíos bunaithe ar [[Tacsanomaíocht (bitheolaíocht)|rangú]] an tíogair mar a bhí in 2005&lt;ref name=MSW3/&gt; agus tugann siad rangú 2017 an Tascfhórsa Catrangaithe le fios chomh maith.&lt;ref name=catsg/&gt;{{clear}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ style=&quot;text-align: centre;&quot; | ''Panthera tigris tigris'' {{small|(Linnaeus, 1758)}}&lt;ref name=Linn1758/&gt;
! Pobal !! Cur síos !! Íomhá
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot;
| [[Tíogar Bheangál]] 
{{small|ainm déthéarmach ''P. t. tigris'' (von Linné, 1758)}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Linn1758&quot; /&gt;
| | Cuireann an pobal seo faoi ar [[fo-ilchríoch na hIndia|fho-ilchríoch na hIndia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Jackson1996&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=Nowell, K. &amp; Jackson, P.|date=1996|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1996-008.pdf#page=80|title=&quot;Tiger, Panthera tigris (Linnaeus, 1758)&quot; (PDF).|volume=|pages=lgh. 55-65|publisher=IUCN. ISBN 2-8317-0045-0|location=Gland, Switzerland|journal=Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tá fionnadh níos giorra ar an tíogar Bheangál ná mar atá orthu níos faide ó thuaidh&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=Pocock, R. I.|date=1939|url=https://archive.org/stream/PocockMammalia1/pocock1#page/n247/mode/2up|title=&quot;Panthera tigris&quot;|journal=The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Vol. Mammalia|volume=Vol. 1|pages=lgh. 197–210|publisher=T. Taylor and Francis, Ltd|location=Londain}}&lt;/ref&gt;, le dath idir [[ciarbhuí]] agus cróchdhearg air&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report|title=Indian National Studbook of the Bengal Tiger (''Panthera tigris tigris'') |publisher=Central Zoo Authority, Wildlife Institute of India |date=2011 |url=https://cza.nic.in/uploads/documents/studbooks/english/Bengal%20Tiger%20Studbook%202011.pdf |last1=Srivastav|first1=A. |last2=Malviya |first2=M. |last3=Tyagi |first3=P. C.|last4=Nigam |first4=P. |name-list-style=amp |access-date=27 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus polláirí atá measartha fada agus caol.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mazák2010&quot;/&gt;
| |[[File:Adult male Royal Bengal tiger.jpg|frameless]]
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot;
| [[Extinction|†]] [[Tíogar Caispeach]] {{small|ainm déthéarmach ''P. t. virgata'' ([[Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger|Illiger]], 1815)}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Illiger&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=Illiger, K.|date=1815|title=Überblick der Säugethiere nach ihrer Verteilung über die Welttheile|journal=Abhandlungen der Königlichen Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1804–1811|pages=lgh. 39-159|publisher=Realschul-Buchhandlung|location=Berlin|url=https://bibliothek.bbaw.de/digitalisierte-sammlungen/akademieschriften/ansicht-akademieschriften?tx_bbaw_academicpublicationshow%5Baction%5D=show&amp;tx_bbaw_academicpublicationshow%5Bcontroller%5D=AcademicPublication%5CVolume&amp;tx_bbaw_academicpublicationshow%5Bpage%5D=195&amp;tx_bbaw_academicpublicationshow%5Bvolume%5D=85&amp;cHash=f015ec3f9a13240a9559ebdcb88aafa4}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| |Bhíodh an pobal seo ag cur faoi ón Túirc go dtí an [[Muir Chaisp|Mhuir Chaisp]].&lt;ref name=Jackson1996/&gt; Bhí fionnadh geal meirgeach rua air le stríoca tanaí a bhí an-ghar dá gcéile&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Sludskii|1992}}, lch. 137.&lt;/ref&gt; agus [[cnámh cúlphlaice]] leathan.&lt;ref name=Kitchener1999/&gt; Nocht anailís ghéiniteach gur garghaol leis an tíogar Amúrach a bhí ann.&lt;ref name=&quot;Driscoll2009&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Mitochondrial Phylogeography Illuminates the Origin of the Extinct Caspian Tiger and Its Relationship to the Amur Tiger|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0004125|journal=PLOS ONE|date=14 Ean 2009|issn=1932-6203|pmc=2624500|pmid=19142238|pages=e4125|volume=4|issue=1|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0004125|language=en|author=Driscoll, C. A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Bar-Gal, G. K.; Roca, A. L.; Luo, S.; MacDonald, D. W. &amp; O'Brien, S. J.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tá pobal an tíogair seo díothaithe ó bhí na 1970idí ann.&lt;ref name=Seidensticker1999/&gt;
| |[[File:Panthera tigris virgata.jpg|frameless]]
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot;
| [[Tíogar Amúrach]] {{small|ainm déthéarmach ''P. t. altaica'' ([[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]], 1844)}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Temminck&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Aperçu général et spécifique sur les Mammifères qui habitent le Japon et les Iles qui en dépendent|url=https://archive.org/details/faunajaponicasi00sieb/page/43|publisher=Lugduni Batavorum : Apud Auctorem|date=1844|coauthors=In Siebold, P. F. v.; Temminck, C. J.; Schlegel, H. (eag.).; Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard University|author=Siebold, P. F. v.; Haan, W. de.; Temminck, C. J.; Schlegel, H.|journal=Fauna japonica, sive, Descriptio animalium, quae in itinere per Japoniam, jussu et auspiciis, superiorum, qui summum in India Batava imperium tenent, suscepto, annis 1823-1830|location=Leiden}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| |Tá cónaí ar an phobal seo tíogar i [[Cianoirthear na Rúise|gCianoirthear na Rúise]], in [[Oirthuaisceart na Síne]] agus b'fhéidir sa [[An Chóiré Thuaidh|Chóiré Thuaidh]].&lt;ref name=Jackson1996/&gt; Tá gruaig fhada agus fionnadh tiubh ar an tíogar Amúrach.&lt;ref name=Temminck/&gt; Athraíonn a dhath talún ó [[ócar]]-buí sa gheimhreadh go dath atá níos rua agus níos beoga tar éis dó a fhionnadh a chur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Sludskii|1992}}, lch. 131.&lt;/ref&gt; Tá an blaosc níos giorra agus níos leithne ná blaoscanna na dtíogar ó dheas.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mazák2010&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Craniometric variation in the tiger (Panthera tigris): Implications for patterns of diversity, taxonomy and conservation|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1616504708000621|journal=Mammalian Biology|date=2010-01-01|issn=1616-5047|pages=45–68|volume=75|issue=1|doi=10.1016/j.mambio.2008.06.003|author=Ji H. Mazák}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| |[[File:P.t.altaica Tomak Male.jpg|frameless]]
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot;
| [[Tíogar na Síne Theas]] {{small|ainm déthéarmach ''P. t. amoyensis'' ([[Max Hilzheimer|Hilzheimer]], 1905)}}&lt;ref name=Hilzheimer&gt;{{cite journal |last=Hilzheimer |first=M. |date=1905 |title=Über einige Tigerschädel aus der Straßburger zoologischen Sammlung |journal=Zoologischer Anzeiger |volume=28 |pages=594–599 |url=https://archive.org/details/zoologischeranze28deut/page/596}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| |Bhí an tíogar seo le fáil ó dheas i lár na Síne.&lt;ref name=Jackson1996/&gt; Bhí blaoscanna ag an chúig [[Eiseamláir an chineáil|eiseamláir cineáil]] a raibh fiacla [[Fiacla carnasacha|carnasacha]] agus [[cúlfhiacail]] níos giorra acu ná tíogair ón India, cráiniam níos lú, [[logall súile]] a luigh níos gaire dá gcéile le [[Starr iar-logall súile|stairr iar-logall súile]] níos mó; bhíodh a chraicinn sách buí le stríoca a bhí cosúil le [[rombas]].&lt;ref name=Hilzheimer/&gt; Tá [[haplaitíopa]] mtADN faoi leith aige de bharr a phóraithe le seanghinealaigh tíogar.&lt;ref name=catsg/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=An extinct and deeply divergent tiger lineage from northeastern China recognized through palaeogenomics|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9326283/|journal=Proceedings. Biological Sciences|date=2022-07-27|issn=1471-2954|pmc=9326283|pmid=35892215|pages=20220617|volume=289|issue=1979|doi=10.1098/rspb.2022.0617|author=Jiaming Hu, Michael V. Westbury, Junxia Yuan, Chunxue Wang, Bo Xiao, Shungang Chen, Shiwen Song, Linying Wang, Haifeng Lin, Xulong Lai, Guilian Sheng}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tá sé díothaithe san fhiántas mar nach bhfacthas go hoifigiúil ó bhí na 1970idí ann,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; agus ní mhaireann sé ach i ngéibheann anois.&lt;ref name=Wang2023/&gt;
| |[[File:2012 Suedchinesischer Tiger.JPG|frameless]]
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot;
| [[Tíogar Ind-Síneach]] {{small|ainm déthéarmach ''P. t. corbetti'' ([[Vratislav Mazák|Mazák]], 1968)}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Mazak1968&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Mazák|first=V.|date=1968|title=Nouvelle sous-espèce de tigre provenant de l'Asie du sud-est|journal=Mammalia|volume=32|issue=1|pages=104–112|doi=10.1515/mamm.1968.32.1.104}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| |Faightear pobal an tíogair seo ar an [[Leithinis Ind-Síneach]].&lt;ref name=Jackson1996/&gt; Tá cráiniam níos lú ná ceann an tíogair Bheangál ag eiseamláir an tíogair Ind-Sínigh agus is cosúil go bhfuil fionnadh níos dorcha le stríoca níos tanaí orthu.&lt;ref name=Mazak1968/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mazak06&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Mazák|first1=J. H.|last2=Groves|first2=C. P.|name-list-style=amp|date=2006|title=A taxonomic revision of the tigers (''Panthera tigris'') of Southeast Asia|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=71|issue=5|pages=268–287|doi=10.1016/j.mambio.2006.02.007|bibcode=2006MamBi..71..268M|url=http://www.dl.edi-info.ir/A%20taxonomic%20revision%20of%20the%20tigers%20of%20Southeast%20Asia.pdf|access-date=15 January 2024|archive-date=31 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531133543/http://www.dl.edi-info.ir/A%20taxonomic%20revision%20of%20the%20tigers%20of%20Southeast%20Asia.pdf|url-status=live|author=Mazák, J. H. &amp; Groves, C. P.}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531133543/http://www.dl.edi-info.ir/A%20taxonomic%20revision%20of%20the%20tigers%20of%20Southeast%20Asia.pdf |date=31 Bealtaine 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| |[[File:Panthera tigris corbetti (Tierpark Berlin) 832-714-(118).jpg|frameless]]
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot;
| [[Tíogar Malaech]] {{small|ainm déthéarmach ''P. t. jacksoni'' (Luo et al., 2004)}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Luo04&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |date=2004|title=Phylogeography and genetic ancestry of tigers (''Panthera tigris'')|journal=[[PLOS Biology]]|volume=2|issue=12|pmid=15583716|pmc=534810|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020442|author=Luo, S.-J.; Kim, J.-H.; Johnson, W. E.; van der Walt, J.; Martenson, J.; Yuhki, N.; Miquelle, D. G.; Uphyrkina, O.; Goodrich, J. M.; Quigley, H. B.; Tilson, R.; Brady, G.; Martelli, P.; Subramaniam, V.; McDougal, C.; Hean, S.; Huang, S.-Q.; Pan, W.; Karanth, U. K.; Sunquist, M.; Smith, J. L. D. &amp; O'Brien, S. J.|pages=e442}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| |Moladh an tíogar Malaech mar fhospeiceas faoi leith bunaithe ar dhifríocht idir a mtADN agus a mhionsheichimh satailíte agus iad an tíogair Ind-Sínigh.&lt;ref name=Luo04/&gt; Níl difríocht rómhór idir dath a fhionnaidh ná méid a bhlaoisc agus iad an tíogair Ind-Sínigh ach an oiread.&lt;ref name=mazak06/&gt; Níl aon teorainn shoiléir idir phobail tíogar i dtuaisceart na [[An Mhalaeis|Malaeise]] agus deisceart na [[An Téalainn|Téalainne]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
| |[[File:2012-09-15 Tierpark Berlin 26 (cropped).jpg|frameless]]
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ style=&quot;text-align: centre;&quot; | ''Panthera tigris sondaica'' {{small|(Temminck, 1844)}}&lt;ref name=catsg/&gt;
! Pobal !! Cur síos !! Íomhá
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot;
| †[[Tíogar Iávach]] {{small|ainm déthéarmach ''P. t. sondaica'' (Temminck, 1944)}}&lt;ref name=Temminck/&gt;
| |Rinneadh cur síos ar an tíogar seo bunaithe ar líon seithí anaithnid a raibh gruaig ghearr mhín orthu.&lt;ref name=Temminck/&gt; Bhí na tíogair de bhunadh [[Iáva]] measartha beag i gcomparáid le tíogair na mórthíre Áisí, bhí blaoscanna sách fada acu i gcomparáid leis an tíogar Shumatrach agus bhí stríoca níos faide, níos tanaí agus níos iomadúla acu.&lt;ref name=mazak06/&gt; Meastar go bhfuil pobal an tíogair Iávaigh díothaithe ó bhí na 1980idí ann. &lt;ref name=Seidensticker1999/&gt;
| |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een groep mannen en kinderen poseert bij een pas geschoten tijger te Malingping in Bantam West-Java TMnr 10006636.jpg|frameless]]
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot;
| †[[Tíogar Bailí]] {{small|ainm déthéarmach ''P. t. balica'' ([[Ernst Schwarz (zoologist)|Schwarz]], 1912)}}&lt;ref name=Schwarz&gt;{{cite journal |last=Schwarz |first=E. |date=1912 |title=Notes on Malay tigers, with description of a new form from Bali |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |pages=324–326 |series=8 |volume=10 |issue=57 |doi=10.1080/00222931208693243 |url=https://archive.org/stream/annalsmagazineof8101912lond#page/324/mode/2up}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| | Bhíodh an tíogar seo le fáil ar [[Bailí|Bhailí]] agus bhí fionnadh níos gile air agus blaosc níos lú aige ná mar a bhí ag an tíogar Iávach.&lt;ref name=Schwarz/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;der-tiger&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Mazak, V.|year=2004|title=''Der Tiger''|publisher=Westarp Wissenschaften Hohenwarsleben|location=Madgeburg|isbn=978-3-89432-759-0|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gné tipicúil de bhlaoisc an tíogair Bhailí ná an cnámh cúlphlaice caol atá cosúil le blaosc an tíogar Iávach.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |date=1978|title=Skin and Skull of the Bali Tiger, and a list of preserved specimens of ''Panthera tigris balica'' (Schwarz, 1912)|journal=[[Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde]]|volume=43|issue=2|pages=108–113|author=Mazák, V.; Groves, C. P. &amp; Van Bree, P.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tá an pobal seo díothaithe ó bhí na 1940idí ann.&lt;ref name=&quot;Seidensticker1999&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Riding the tiger : tiger conservation in human-dominated landscapes|url=http://archive.org/details/ridingtigertiger00unse|publisher=[London] : Zoological Society of London; Cambridge [England]; New York : Cambridge University Press|date=1999|coauthors=Better World Books|author=Seidensticker, J.; Christie, S. &amp; Jackson, P.|pages=lgh. xv-xx}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| |[[File:Bali tiger zanveld.jpg|frameless]]
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot;
| [[Tíogar Sumatrach]] {{small|ainm déthéarmach ''P. t. sumatrae'' ([[Reginald Innes Pocock|Pocock]], 1929)}}&lt;ref name=Pocock1929&gt;{{cite journal |last=Pocock |first=R. I. |date=1929 |title=Tigers |journal=[[Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society]] |volume=33 |pages=505–541 |url=https://archive.org/details/journalofbomb33341929bomb/page/n185}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Bhí fionnadh dorcha ar an chéad eiseamlár den tíogar seo arb as [[Sumatra]] dó.&lt;ref name=Pocock1929/&gt; Tá gruaig sách fada um aghaidh an tíogair Shumatraigh&lt;ref name=Jackson1996/&gt; agus tá stríoca tiubha coirp chomh maith le [[cnámh sróine]] níos leithne agus níos lú aige ná mar atá ag na tíogair oileáin eile.&lt;ref name=mazak06/&gt;
| |[[File:Panthera tigris sumatrae (Sumatran Tiger) close-up.jpg|frameless]]
|}

=== Éabhlóid ===
{{Cladogram|{{clade
|label1=''[[Panthera]]''
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Liopard sneachta]] [[File:Schneeleoparden (Panthera uncia) Zoo Salzburg 2014 f white background.jpg|70px]]
|2='''Tíogar''' [[File:Tigress in Bandhavgarh NP white background.jpg|70px]]
}}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Iaguar]] [[File:Jaguar (Panthera onca palustris) male Three Brothers River white background.JPG|70px]]
|label2=&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
                |2={{clade
                    |1=[[Liopard]] [[File:Flickr - Rainbirder - Sassy Lassy white background.jpg|70px]]
                    |2=[[Leon]] [[File:Panthera leo -Ngorongoro, Tanzania-8b white background.jpg|70px]]
                    }}
}}
}}
}}|align=right|caption=Fíligineacht an ghéinis ''Panthera'' bunaithe ar staidéar [[ADN núicléach]] ó 2016&lt;ref name=Li_al2016&gt;{{cite journal |date=2016 |title=Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae) |journal=Genome Research |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1101/gr.186668.114 |pmid=26518481 |pmc=4691742|author=Li, G.; Davis, B. W.; Eizirik, E.; Murphy, W. J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}Roinneann an tíogar an géineas ''Panthera'' leis an [[leon]], an [[liopard]], an [[iaguar]] agus an [[liopard sneachta]]. Léiríonn torthaí anailísí ginideacha gur [[comhspeiceas]] iad an tíogar agus an liopard sneachta agus gur scar a [[Ginealach|nginealaigh]] óna gcéile idir 2.70 agus 3.70 milliún bliain ó shin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats, ''Panthera'' (Carnivora: Felidae)|url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2010-07_56_1/page/68|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|year=2010|volume=56|issue=1|pages=64–76|pmid=20138224|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036|bibcode=2010MolPE..56...64D|author=Davis, B. W.; Li, G. &amp; Murphy, W. J.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Léiríonn seicheamhú géinte iomláin an tíogair [[Athsheicheamh|athsheichimh]] atá ar chomhthreomhar leo i ngéanóm na gcat eile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=The tiger genome and comparative analysis with lion and snow leopard genomes|doi=10.1038/ncomms3433|pmid=24045858|pmc=3778509|journal=Nature Communications|volume=4|year=2013|bibcode=2013NatCo...4.2433C|author=Cho, Y. S.; Hu, L.; Hou, H.; Lee, H.; Xu, J.; Kwon, S.; Oh, S.; Kim, H. M.; Jho, S.; Kim, S.; Shin, Y. A.; Kim, B. C.; Kim, H.; Kim, C. U.; Luo, S. J.; Johnson, W. E.; Koepfli, K. P.; Schmidt-Küntzel, A.; Turner, J. A.; Marker, L.; Harper, C.; Miller, S. M.; Jacobs, W.; Bertola, L. D.; Kim, T. H.; Lee, S.; Zhou, Q.; Jung, H. J.; Xu, X. &amp; Gadhvi, P.|pages=2443}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rinneadh cur síos ar an speiceas iontaiseach ''[[Panthera palaeosinensis]]'' ón [[Pléisticéineach|Phléisticéineach]] luath i dtuaisceart na Síne mar shinsear féideartha tíogair nuair a aimsíodh é in 1924 ach creideann cláidistíocht an lae inniu go [[Bonnach (fíliginiteach)|bonnspeiceas]] é i gcomparáid le ''Panthera'' na linne seo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mazák&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |year=2011|title=Oldest Known Pantherine Skull and Evolution of the Tiger|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=6|issue=10|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0025483|pmid=22016768|bibcode=2011PLoSO...625483M|pmc=3189913|author=Mazák, J. H.; Christiansen, P. &amp; Kitchener, A. C.|pages=25483}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tseng&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |date=2014|title=Himalayan fossils of the oldest known pantherine establish ancient origin of big cats|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=281|issue=1774|doi=10.1098/rspb.2013.2686|pmid=24225466|pmc=3843846|author=Tseng, Z. J.; Wang, X.; Slater, G. J.; Takeuchi, G. T.; Li, Q.; Liu, J. &amp; Xie, G.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí ''[[Panthera zdanskyi]]'' ina chónaí ann thart ar an am agus an áit chéanna agus moladh gur comhspeiceas leis an tíogar reatha a bhí ann nuair a imscrúdaíodh é sa bhliain 2014.&lt;ref name=Mazák/&gt; Ó 2023 ar aghaidh, áfach, meastar gur comhchiallach é ''P. palaeosinensis'' de ''P. zdanskyi'' in dhá staidéar a rinneadh ina dhiaidh sin nuair a thug siad faoi deara go luíonn na difríochtaí atá aige ón speiceas sin laistigh de réimse na n-éagsúlachtaí indibhidiúla.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=The identity of the &quot;lion&quot;, ''Panthera principialis'' sp. nov., from the Pliocene Tanzanian site of Laetoli and its significance for molecular dating the pantherine phylogeny, with remarks on Panthera shawi (Broom, 1948), and a revision of Puma incurva (Ewer, 1956), the Early Pleistocene Swartkrans &quot;leopard&quot; (Carnivora, Felidae)|url=|journal=Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments|year=2023|volume=103|issue=2|pages=465–487|doi=10.1007/s12549-022-00542-2|bibcode=2023PdPe..103..465H|author=Hemmer, Helmut}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/08912963.2022.2034808|title=Discovery of jaguar from northeastern China middle Pleistocene reveals an intercontinental dispersal event|date=2023|journal=Historical Biology|volume=35|issue=3|pages=293–302|bibcode=2023HBio...35..293J|author=Jiangzuo, Q.; Wang, Y.; Ge, J.; Liu, S.; Song, Y.; Jin, C.; Jiang, H. &amp; Liu, J.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Is iad blúirí géill a aimsíodh in [[Lantian County|Lantion]] na Síne an nochtadh is luaithe den tíogar reatha sa taifead iontaiseach a théann siar go dtí an Pléisticéineach luath.&lt;ref name=Mazák/&gt;

Aimsíodh iontaisí tíogair ón Mheán- go dtí an Luathphléisticéineach fud fad na Síne, Iáva agus Sumatra. I measc na bhfospeiceas réamhstairiúil tá ''[[Panthera tigris trinilensis]]'' agus ''[[Panthera tigris soloensis|P. t. soloensis]]'' de bhunadh Iáva agus Sumatra agus ''[[Panthera tigris acutidens|P. t. acutidens]]'' de bhunadh na Síne; fuarthas iontaisí tíogair ón Phléisticéineach dhéanach agus ón [[An Sealad Holaicéineach|Luathholaicéineach]] i [[Boirneo|mBoirneo]] agus [[Palawan]] na [[Na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha|nOileán Filipíneach]].&lt;ref name=Kitchener2009&gt;Kitchener, A. &amp; Yamaguchi, N. (2009). &quot;What is a Tiger? Biogeography, Morphology, and Taxonomy&quot; in {{harvnb|Tilson|Nyhus|2010|pp=53–84}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tuairiscítear go bhfuil samplaí den tíogar ón Phléisticéineach Mheán-dheánach a fuarthas sa [[An tSeapáin|tSeapáin]].&lt;ref&gt;Hasegawa, Y., Takakuwa, Y., Nenoki, K. &amp; Kimura, T. [https://www.gmnh.pref.gunma.jp/wp-content/uploads/bulletin23_1.pdf Fossil tiger from limestone mine of Tsukumi City, Oita Prefecture, Kyushu Island, &lt;abbr&gt;Japan&lt;/abbr&gt;]&lt;abbr&gt;. Bull. Gunma Museum Nat. Hist&lt;/abbr&gt;. 23, (2019) (in Japanese with English abstract)&lt;/ref&gt; Léiríonn torthaí staidéar [[fíleathíreolaíoch]] go bhfuil comhshinsear ag chuile speiceas tíogar beo a bhí beo idir 108,000 agus 72,000 bliain ó shin.&lt;ref name=Luo04/&gt; Tugann staidéar géinte le fios gur chrap pobal an tíogair thart ar 115,000 bliain ó shin de bharr oighrithe. Síolraíonn pobal reatha na dtíogar ó [[Díseart|dhíseart]] a bhí san Ind-sín agus a leath ar fud na háise tar éis na [[An uasmhéid oighrithe deireanach|huasmhéide oighrithe deireanaí]]. De réir mar a chóilínigh siad oirthuaisceart na Síne, mheasc sinsir an tíogair Ind-sínigh le pobal iarmharach tíogar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Hibridí ===
''Tuilleadh Eolais: [[Hibridí Feilideacha]] agus [[hibridí Panthera]]''

Is féidir le tíogair idirphórú le cait ''Panthera'' eile agus is amhlaidh atá déanta acu i ngéibheann. Is é an [[leogar]] toradh phóraithe an tíogair bhaininn agus an leoin fhirinn agus is é an [[tígleon]] toradh phóraithe an tíogair fhirinn agus an leoin bhaininn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gabryś&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |year=|title=Interspecific hybrids of animals-in nature, breeding and science–a review|journal=Annals of Animal Science|volume=21|issue=2|pages=403–415|doi=10.2478/aoas-2020-0082|author=Gabryś, J.; Kij, B.; Kochan, J. &amp; Bugno-Poniewierska, M.|date=2021|url=https://doi.org/10.2478%2Faoas-2020-0082}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cuireann an t-athair leoin géin chur chun cinn an fháis ar aghaidh ach tá géin chomhfhreagrach srianta an fháis ón tíogar bhaineann in easnamh sa mhéad is go bhfásann leogair i bhfad níos mó ná ceachtar de speicis na dtuismitheoirí. Ní chuireann an tíogar fireann géin chur chun cinn an fháis ar aghaidh os a choinne sin cé go gcuireann an leon baineann géin srianta an fháis ar aghaidh; mar sin, bíonn tígleoin thart ar chomh mhéid lena dtuismitheoirí.&lt;ref name=&quot;imprinting&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|teideal=Genomic Imprinting|url=https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/imprinting/|work=learn.genetics.utah.edu|dátarochtana=2025-12-01|language=en|foilsitheoir=Genetic Science Learning Center, Utah}}&lt;/ref&gt; Toisc gur minic a fhorbraíonn siad éalanga ón bhroinn a mbaineann baol báis leo, glactar le pórú na hibridí mar nós neamheiticiúil.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gabryś&quot; /&gt;

== Cur síos ==
[[File:TigerSkelLyd1.png|thumb|left|Creatlach tíogair ó Royal Natural History Volume 1 (1839)|alt=Drawing of tiger skeleton]]
Tá morfeolaíocht fheilíneach thipiciúil ag an tíogar a bhfuil corp matánach, cosa giorraithe, géaga tosaigh láidre, lapaí tosaigh leathana, ceann mór agus eireaball atá thart ar leathfhad an choirp eile i bhfad aige.&lt;ref name=Mazak1981/&gt;{{sfn|Sludskii|1992|p=98}} Tá cúig mhéar aige, [[drúchtchrobh]] ina measc sin, ar na cosa chun tosaigh agus ceithre cinn ar na cosa deiridh, a bhfuil crobha in-aistarraingthe atá fáiscthe agus cuartha ar féidir leo a bheith 10 cm i bhfad aige.&lt;ref name=Mazak1981/&gt;{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=26}} Tá a chuid cluasa cruinn agus tá mac imrisc cruinn ar na súile.&lt;ref name=Mazak1981/&gt; Críochnaíonn an smut i mbarr triantánach a bhfuil poncanna dubha beaga air dá mhéadaíonn a líon agus an tíogar ag dul in aois.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Zhao|first1=C. |last2=Dai|first2=W. |last3=Liu|first3=Q. |last4=Liu|first4=D. |last5=Roberts |first5=N. J. |last6=Liu |first6=Z. |last7=Gong |first7=M. |last8=Qiu |first8=H. |last9=Liu |first9=C. |last10=Liu |first10=D. |last11=Ma |first11=G. |last12=Jiang |first12=G. |year=2024 |title=Combination of facial and nose features of Amur tigers to determine age|journal=Integrative Zoology |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=186–198 |doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12817 |pmid=38509845 |name-list-style=amp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tá blaosc an tíogair scafánta le réigiún tosaigh teoranta le [[Logall súile|logaill súile]] éilipseacha atá beag go comhréireach, [[Cnámh sróine|cnámha sróine]] fada agus cráiniam fadaithe le [[moing saighdeach]] mór.{{sfn|Sludskii|1992|p=103}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Mazak1981&quot; /&gt; Tá sé cosúil le blaosc an leoin ach tá difríocht ann idir an dá bhlaosc de bharr íochtar cuasach nó leacaithe an ghéill íochtair agus an tsrón atá níos faide.{{sfn|Sludskii|1992|p=103}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Kitchener2009&quot; /&gt; Tá thart ar 30 fiacail atá sách scafánta ag an tíogar agus tá a [[Starrfhiacail|starrfhiacla]] cuartha ar na cinn is faide i measc na gcat agus iad 6.4-7.6 cm (2.5-3.0 or).&lt;ref name=&quot;Mazak1981&quot; /&gt;{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=25}} 

Tá fad cheann-choirp an tíogair idir 1.4-2.8 m (4 tr 7 or - 9 tr 2 or) le heireaball atá 0.6-1.1 m (2 tr 0 or - 3 tr 7 or) agus seasann sé 0.8-1.1 m (2 tr 7 or - 3 tr 7 or) ag an ghualainn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Walker&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Novak, R. M. |author2=Walker, E. P. |name-list-style=amp |year=1999 |chapter=''Panthera tigris'' (tiger) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T37sFCl43E8C&amp;pg=PA825 |title=Walker's Mammals of the World |edition=6th |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore |isbn=978-0-8018-5789-8 |pages=825–828 |access-date=17 October 2020 |archive-date=5 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505145513/https://books.google.com/books?id=T37sFCl43E8C&amp;pg=PA825#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Is mó an tíogar Bheangál agus an tíogar Sumatrach de na speicis éagsúla.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mazak1981&quot; /&gt; Meánn tíogair Bheangál fhireannacha idir 200-260 kg (440-570 lb), agus meánn na baineannaigh idir 100-160 kg (220-250 lb); is lú na tiogair oileánacha de na speicis éagsúla, is cosúil gur de bharr [[abhcacht oileánach]] atá sé.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kitchener1999&quot; /&gt; Meánn tiogair Shumatracha fhireannacha idir 100-140 kg (220-310 lb) agus meánn na baineannaigh idir 75-110 kg (165-243 lb).&lt;ref name=&quot;Sunquist2010&quot; /&gt; Meastar gurb é an tíogar an speiceas féilíneach beo is mó ar domhan; ach toisc go bhfuil difríocht mhór méide agus meáchain idir na pobail tíogar éagsúla, is féidir gur lú meánmheáchan an tíogair ná é an leoin, a fhad agus a bhíonn na tíogair is mo níos mó ná na leoin chosúla.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kitchener2009&quot; /&gt; 

== Tréithe ==

* Dúchasach do dheisceart is oirdheisceart na hÁise. 
* Scothdhearg/ donn le stríoca dubha ingearacha (tarlaíonn ainmhí aonair go hannamh atá beagnach bán le stríoca éadroma is súile gorma).
* Cónaíonn sé i ngnáthóga éagsúla, go minic gar d'uisce.
* Snámhann sé go maith, seilgeann trí radharc is fuaim, agus itheann mamaigh mhóra den chuid is mó.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=Hussey, Matt|date=2011|title=Fréamh an Eolais|volume=Coiscéim}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Caomhnú ==
{{Main|Caomhnú an Tíogair}}
''Tuilleadh Eolais: [[Tíogar na 21ú hAoise]]''
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable floatright&quot;
|+ Pobal domhanda na dtíogar fiáin
!Tír
!Bliain
!Meastachán
|-
| {{flagicon|India}} [[An India]]|| 2022 || align=&quot;right&quot; |3,167–3,682&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=Qureshi, Q.; Jhala, Y. V.; Yadav, S. P. &amp; Mallick, A.|date=2023|url=https://wii.gov.in/images//images/documents/publications/statu_tiger_copredators-2022.pdf|title=Status of tigers, co-predators and prey in India 2022 (PDF)|publisher=National Tiger Conservation Authority &amp; Wildlife Institute of India|location=Deilí Nua, Dehradun}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505145403/https://wii.gov.in/images//images/documents/publications/statu_tiger_copredators-2022.pdf |date=2024-05-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flagicon|Russia}} [[An Rúis]]|| 2022 || align=&quot;right&quot; |573–600&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|teideal=Global Tiger Recovery Program 2.0 (2023-34)|url=https://globaltigerforum.org/global-tiger-recovery-program-2-0-2023-34/|dátarochtana=01-12-2025|language=en-US|foilsitheoir=Global Tiger Forum}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Bratach|Indonesia}} [[An Indinéis]]|| 2022 || align=&quot;right&quot; |393&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{Bratach|Nepal}} [[Neipeal]]|| 2022 || align=&quot;right&quot; |316–355&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|year=2022|title=Status of Tigers and Prey in Nepal 2022|location=Kathmandu, Neipeal|publisher=Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation and Department of Forests and Soil Conservation. Ministry of Forests and Environment|url=https://dnpwc.gov.np/media/files/Status_of_Tigers_Ic2ylSC.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408104009/https://dnpwc.gov.np/media/files/Status_of_Tigers_Ic2ylSC.pdf|author=DNPWC &amp; DFSC}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408104009/https://dnpwc.gov.np/media/files/Status_of_Tigers_Ic2ylSC.pdf |date=2023-04-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Bratach|Thailand}} [[An Téalainn]]|| 2022 || align=&quot;right&quot; |148–189&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{Bratach|Malaysia}} [[An Mhalaeisia]]|| 2022 || align=&quot;right&quot; |&lt;150&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{Bratach|Bhutan}} [[An Bhútáin]]|| 2022 || align=&quot;right&quot; |131&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=Department of Forests and Park Services|date=2023|title=National Tiger Survey 2021–22|publisher=Rialtas na Bútaine|location=Thimphu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Bratach|Bangladesh}} [[An Bhanglaidéis]]|| 2022|| align=&quot;right&quot; |118–122&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=Begum, S.|date=30 Iúil 2024|title=Tiger population in Sundarban rises by 8-10pc in 2024|publisher=Daily Observer|url=https://www.observerbd.com/news.php?id=482816}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{Bratach|China}} [[An tSín]]|| 2022 || align=&quot;right&quot;|&gt;60&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{Bratach|Myanmar}} [[Maenmar]]|| 2022 || align=&quot;right&quot; |28&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|-
| '''Iomlán'''|| || align=&quot;right&quot; |'''5,638–5,899'''
|}
Tá an chuma ar an scéal nach bhfuil ach 5000-7000 tíogar fágtha ar domhan. Meastar go bhfuil níos lú na 2500 tíogar fásta sa nádúr. Timpeall na bliana 1900 bhí 100,000 tíogar ann. Bhí naoi bhfospeiceas ann tráth. Ach tá tíogar Bhailí, an tíogar Iávach agus an tíogar Caispeach imithe in éag. Níl ach sé fhospeiceas ann anois, agus iad uile i mbaol:

* An [[Tíogar Bheangál]]:&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Bengal tiger|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_tiger|journal=Wikipedia|date=2024-12-11|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; níos lú na 2000 fágtha
* An [[Tíogar Ind-Síneach]]:&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Indochinese tiger|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indochinese_tiger|journal=Wikipedia|date=2024-09-12|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1200-1800
* An [[Tíogar Malaech]]:&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Malayan tiger|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_tiger|journal=Wikipedia|date=2024-12-28|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 600-800
* An [[Tíogar Sumatrach]]: 400-500
* An [[Tíogar Amúrach]] (sa [[An tSibéir|tSibéir]]): 400-550. Sna 1940idí ní raibh ach 40 tíogar Amúrach fágtha ach tá suas le 550 ann anois mar cuireadh stop leis an sealgaireacht.
* [[Tíogar na Síne Theas]]:&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=South China tiger|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_tiger|journal=Wikipedia|date=2024-11-27|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; díobhaí sa nádúr; 59 i zúnna

Tá a ghnáthóg á chailliúint ag an tíogar. Tá an fuadach tíograch coitianta agus maraítear tíogair beagnach gach lá mar úsáidtear a bhfionnadh agus a gcoirp sa leigheas traidisiúnta.

== Féach freisin ==

* An [[Tíogar Sumatrach]] agus an [[Tíogar Amúrach]]
* [[An Tíogar Ceilteach]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Leabharliosta ==
* {{Citation |last=Thapar |first=V. |title=Tiger: The Ultimate Guide |date=2004 |url=https://archive.org/details/tigerultimategui0000thap/mode/2up |place=Deilí Nua |publisher=CDS Books |isbn=1-59315-024-5}}
* {{Citation |last=Green |first=S. |title=Tiger |date=2006 |issue=2 |place=Londain |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-86189-276-8}}
* {{Citation |title=The Encyclopedia of Mammals |date=2001 |issue=2 |editor-last=MacDonald |editor-first=D. |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-7607-1969-5}}
* {{Citation |last=Tilson |first=R. |title=Tigers of the World: The Science, Politics and Conservation of Panthera tigris |date=2010 |issue=2 |place=Londain |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-08-094751-8 |last2=Nyhus |first2=P. J.}}
* {{Citation |last=Mills |first=S. |title=Tiger |date=2004 |url=https://archive.org/details/tiger0000mill/mode/2up |archive-url= |place=Richmond Hill |publisher=Firefly Books |isbn=1-55297-949-0}}
* {{Citation |last=Schaller |first=G. B. |title=The Deer and the Tiger: A Study of Wildlife in India |date=1967 |url=https://archive.org/details/deertigerstudyof0000scha/page/n419/mode/2up |place=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-73631-8}}
* {{Citation |last=Seidensticker |first=J |title=Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes |date=1999 |url=https://archive.org/details/ridingtigertiger00unse |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-64835-6 |last2=Christie |first2=S |last3=Jackson |first3=P}}
* {{Citation |last=Sludskii |first=A. A. |title=Tiger Panthera tigris Linnaeus, 1758 |date=1992 |work=Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola [Mamaigh an Aontais Shóivéadaigh] |volume=II, Part 2. Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats) |pages=95–202 |editor-last=Heptner |editor-first=V. G. |editor-last2=Sludskii |editor-first2=A. A. |url=https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofsov221992gept#page/94/mode/2up |place=Washington DC |publisher=Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation |isbn=978-90-04-08876-4}}

{{síol ainmhí}}
[[Catagóir:Tíogair]]
[[Catagóir:Cait]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Coccinellidae</title>
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Is [[Fine (bitheolaíocht)|fine]] fhorleathan de [[Ciaróg|chiaróga]] beaga iad na '''Coccinellidae''' &lt;ref name=&quot;OED&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=coccinellid | encyclopedia=The New Oxford Dictionary of English | publisher=Clarendon Press | year=1998 | location=Oxford | isbn=0-19-861263-X | quote='''coccinellid''' /,kɒksɪ'nɛlɪd/ '''noun''' a beetle of a family (coccinelidae) that includes the ladybirds | page=351}}&lt;/ref&gt;, i raon méide idir 0.8 mm go 18 mm &lt;ref name=&quot;Seago&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Seago |first1=Ainsley E. |last2=Giorgi |first2=Jose Adriano |last3=Li |first3=Jiahui |last4=Ślipiński |first4=Adam |title=Phylogeny, classification and evolution of ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) based on simultaneous analysis of molecular and morphological data |url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2011-07_60_1/page/137 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=July 2011 |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=137–151 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.015 |pmid=21426943 }}&lt;/ref&gt; , ar a dtugtar go coitianta '''bóíní Dé''' .

Meastar go ginearálta go mbíonn an chuid is mó de na níos mó ná 6000 speiceas a thuairiscítear ina bhfeithidí tairbheach, toisc go mbíonn siad ag creachadh na [[Hemiptera]] luibhiteacha, mar shampla  [[Aifid|aifidí]] nó  feithidí gainneacha, ar lotnaidí talmhaíochta iad. Leagann go leor coccinellidae a n-uibheacha go díreach i gcoilíneachtaí aifidí agus [[Feithid ghainneach|feithidí gainneacha]] lena chinntiú go bhfuil foinse bia láithreach ag a [[Larbha|larbhaí]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/bugs/ladybug/?source=A-to-Z|teideal=Ladybugs, Ladybug Pictures, Ladybug Facts – National Geographic|first=National Geographic|last=Society|date=10 September 2010|access-date=October 4, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mar sin féin, tá iarmhairtí nach bhfuil fáilte rompu ag roinnt speiceas; ina measc, tá na cinn is suntasaí den fhothfhine Epilachninae (lena n-áirítear ''Epilachna varivestis''), ar luibhiteoirí iad féin. De ghnáth, ní bhíonn na hEpilachninae ach ina mion-lotnaidí talmhaíochta, ag ithe duilleog gráin, prátaí, pónairí, agus barraí éagsúla eile, ach is féidir a n-uimhreacha a mhéadú go heaspónantúil i mblianta nuair a bhíonn a gcuid naimhde nádúrtha, amhail [[Foiche|foichí]] seadánacha a ionsaíonn a n-uibheacha, i líon níos lú. I gcásanna den sórt sin, is féidir leo damáiste mór a dhéanamh do bharraí. Tarlaíonn siad i mbeagnach gach mór-réigiún táirgthe barr i dtíortha measartha agus trópaiceacha.

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Feithidí]]
[[Catagóir:Bóín Dé]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Piongain</title>
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Is grúpa éan uisceach gan eitilt iad '''na piongainí''' ([[Ord (bitheolaíocht)|ord]]: Sphenisciformes). Cónaíonn siad beagnach go heisiach sa [[An leathsféar theas|Leathsféar Theas]]: níl ach speiceas amháin, an piongain Galápagos (''Spheniscus mendiculus''), le fáil ó thuaidh ón [[Meánchiorcal]]. Tá piongainí curtha in oiriúint go mór don saol san uisce, agus tá cluimhrí dorcha agus bána cuntrascáthacha acu agus lapaí chun snámha. Beathaíonn formhór na bpiongainí ar [[Crill|chrilleanna]], [[Iasc|éisc]], [[Scuid|scuideanna]] agus cineálacha eile beatha mara a ghabhann siad lena gcuid gob agus sloigeann siad ina iomláine iad agus iad ag snámh. Tá teanga spíonach agus gialla cumhachtacha acu chun greim a fháil ar chreacha sleamhna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |teideal=Diet and Eating Habits |url=https://seaworld.org/animals/all-about/penguins/diet-and-eating-habits/#:~:text=Penguins%20catch%20prey%20with%20their,jaws%20to%20grip%20slippery%20prey. |website=Sea World Parks and Entertainment}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Caitheann siad a bheag nó a mhór dá saol ar thalamh agus an leath eile san fharraige. Is í an phiongain impireach (''Aptenodytes forsteri'') an speiceas beo is mó:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TQjLDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=largest+living+species+of+penguin+is+the+emperor+penguin&amp;pg=PA124|teideal=Animal!|last=DK|year=2016|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9781465459008|language=en|access-date=November 18, 2020|archive-date=June 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214442/https://books.google.com/books?id=TQjLDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=largest+living+species+of+penguin+is+the+emperor+penguin&amp;pg=PA124|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ar an meán, bíonn an t-éan fásta thart ar 1.1 m ar airde agus 35 kg mheáchain. Is í an phiongain bheag (Eudyptula minor) an speiceas is lú, a sheasann timpeall 30 -33 cm ar airde agus 1.2-1.3 kg  mheáchain.&lt;ref name=&quot;pengsent&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mesh.biology.washington.edu/penguinProject/Little|title=Little Penguin – Penguin Project|last=Grabski|first=Valerie|year=2009|publisher=Penguin Sentinels/University of Washington|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216162812/http://mesh.biology.washington.edu/penguinProject/Little|archive-date=16 December 2011|access-date=24 September 2022|teideal=Cóip cartlainne|dátarochtana=4 Feabhra 2023|archivedate=16 Nollaig 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216162812/http://mesh.biology.washington.edu/penguinProject/Little}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sa lá atá inniu ann, cónaíonn na piongainí níos mó go ginearálta i réigiúin níos fuaire, agus cónaíonn na piongainí níos lú i réigiúin le haeráidí measartha nó trópaiceacha. Bhí roinnt speiceas réamhstairiúil ollmhór: chomh hard nó trom le duine fásta. Bhí éagsúlacht mhór speiceas i réigiúin fho-Antartach, agus speiceas ollmhór amháin ar a laghad i réigiún timpeall 2,000 km ó dheas ón meánchiorcal 35 mhilliún bliain ó shin, le linn an tSealaid Eoicéinigh Dhéanaigh, nuair a bhí aeráid cinnte níos teo ná mar atá inniu ann.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Caballero |first1=Rodrigo |last2=Huber |first2=Matthew |date=2013-08-27 |title=State-dependent climate sensitivity in past warm climates and its implications for future climate projections |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2013-08-27_110_35/page/14162 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=110 |issue=35 |pages=14162–14167 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1303365110 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=3761583 |pmid=23918397|bibcode=2013PNAS..11014162C |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- the distance is accurate for 35 million years ago; it is closer to the Equator today --&gt;

==Sanasaíocht==
Feictear an focal piongain den chéad uair sa litríocht ag deireadh an 16ú haois.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNRTL&quot; &gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/pingouin |teideal=PINGOUIN : Etymologie de PINGOUIN |publisher=Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales |access-date=January 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026163135/http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/Pingouin |archive-date=October 26, 2008 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nuair a d'aimsigh taiscéalaithe Eorpacha an rud ar a dtugtar piongainí sa lá atá inniu ann sa Leathsféar Theas, thug siad faoi deara go raibh a gcuma cosúil leis an fhalcóg mhór (''Pinguinus impennis'') ón leathsféar thuaidh, agus ainmníodh iad i ndiaidh an éin seo, cé nach bhfuil dlúthbhaint acu leis.&lt;ref&gt;[Crofford, Emily (1989). Gone Forever: The Great Auk. New York: Crestwood House. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-89686-459-7.]&lt;/ref&gt;


{{Síol ainmhí}}
==Tagairtí==
{{reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Éin]]
[[Catagóir:Flightless Birds]]</text>
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    <title>Gluaiseacht na Gaeilge, Gluaiseacht ar strae (paimfléad)</title>
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Paimfléad faoi pholaitíocht theanga na [[Gaeilge]] atá in '''''Gluaiseacht na Gaeilge, Gluaiseacht ar strae''''' atá bunaithe ar léacht a thug [[Máirtín Ó Cadhain]] uaidh i [[Lúnasa]] na bliana [[1969]]. D'fhoilsigh an grúpa stocaireachta [[Misneach (grúpa)|Misneach]] é. San óráid, deir sé le Gaeilgeoirí páirt a ghlacadh in 'Athghabháil na hÉireann'. Is ón bpaimfléad seo a thagann a ráiteas cáiliúil: ''Arm cathartha Gaeilgeoirí ar son na Gaeilge agus ar son na hÉireann a theastaíos anois''. Is ann a deir sé gurb é ''dualgas lucht na Gaeilge a bheith ina sóisialaigh'' freisin.

Déanann sé cáineadh ann ar nach mór gach eagras Gaeilge a bhí suas in 1969, na Coláistí Samhraidh sa Ghaeltacht san áireamh. Shíl sé go raibh meon na méanaicme i dtreis i ngach eagras agus mar gheall air sin nach raibh siad radacach go leor. Bealach agóide a mhol sé féin.

Rinne [[Páirtí Cumannach na hÉireann]] aistriúchán go [[Béarla]] air dar teideal ''The Irish Language Movement, a Movement Astray''. Seósamh Ó Díochan a d'aistrigh.

==Féach freisin==
* Leagan scanáilte den phaimfléad https://irishcitizenarmy.tripod.com/gluaiseacht/gluaiseacht.html{{Dead link|date=Meitheamh 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Aistriúchán go [[Béarla]] https://conor-mccabe.com/2023/01/31/mairtin-o-cadhain-the-language-movement-a-movement-astray-1969-trans-1970/

[[Catagóir:Leabhair le Máirtín Ó Cadhain]]
[[Catagóir:Paimfléid]]
[[Catagóir:Paimfléid i nGaeilge]]
[[Catagóir:Gluaiseacht Athbheochana na Gaeilge]]
[[Catagóir:Léachtaí]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sáirséal Ó Marcaigh</title>
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Teach [[foilsitheoireacht]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;a [[Gaeilge]] ab ea '''Sáirséal agus Dill.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.litriocht.com/product/sairseal-agus-dill-1947-1981-sceal-foilsitheora/?lang=en|teideal=Sáirséal agus Dill 1947-1981 Scéal Foilsitheora {{!}} CIC|údar=Cian Ó hÉigeartaigh &amp; Aoileann Nic Gearailt|dáta=2014|language=ga|dátarochtana=2021-09-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Bhunaigh [[Seán Sáirséal Ó hÉigeartaigh]] agus a bhean, Bríghid Ní Mhaoileoin, an comhlacht sa bhliain 1945. D'fhoilsigh an comhlacht cuid mhaith de shaothair [[Máirtín Ó Cadhain|Mháirtín Uí Chadhain]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Cuimhní Cinn ar Sháirséal agus Dill|url=https://www.rte.ie/culture/2017/0316/860319-sairseal-agus-dill/|date=2017-03-16|language=en|author=Cliodhna Ni Anluain}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Íomhá:Máirtín Ó Cadhain.jpg|mion|D'fhoilsigh Sáirséal Ó Marcaigh cuid mhaith de scéalta [[Máirtín Ó Cadhain|Mháirtín Uí Chadhain]].]]
Bhí an comhlacht lonnaithe ar Bhóthar Chríoch Mhór, [[Baile Átha Cliath]] 11. 

D’éag Seán Ó hÉigeartaigh go tobann in oifig Sháirséal &amp; Dill ar 14 Meitheamh 1967, in aois 50 dó.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/sean-o-heigeartaigh-1917-1967-cothrom-an-lae-seo-50-bliain-o-shin-a-cailleadh-an-foilsitheoir-ceannrodaioch/|teideal=Seán Ó hÉigeartaigh (1917-1967): Cothrom an lae seo 50 bliain ó shin a cailleadh an foilsitheoir ceannródaíoch|údar=Breandán Mac Gearailt|dáta=Meitheamh 2017|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2021-09-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sa bhliain 1981, cheannaigh [[Caoimhín Ó Marcaigh]] teidil an chomhlachta ó bhaintreach [[Seán Ó hÉigeartaigh|Sheáin Uí hÉigeartaigh]] agus tugadh Sáirséal Ó Marcaigh&lt;ref&gt;nó Sáirséal agus Ó Marcaigh, nó fiú Sáirséal - Ó Marcaigh&lt;/ref&gt; air.

Níos déanaí, sa bhliain 2009, thóg [[Cló Iar-Chonnachta]] teidil an chomhlachta ar láimh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.cic.ie/en/browseby/sairseal-o-marcaigh|teideal=Sáirséal Ó Marcaigh {{!}} CIC|work=www.cic.ie|dátarochtana=2020-07-10|archivedate=2020-12-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210235643/https://www.cic.ie/en/browseby/sairseal-o-marcaigh}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Cló Iar-Chonnachta]] 
* [[Seán Sáirséal Ó hÉigeartaigh]] 

== Tagairtí ==
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[[Catagóir:Foilsitheoirí Gaeilge]]</text>
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Daonnachaí de chuid na hAthbheochana ba ea '''Laura Cereta''' (1469–1499). Tá an chuid is mó dá saothar le fáil sna litreacha a scríobh sí chun intleachtóirí eile. Ba í Cereta an chéad duine a chuir saincheisteanna na mban agus a cairdeas le mná chun tosaigh agus ina lár ina cuid oibre. Bhí Cereta i m[[Brescia]], [[Verona]], agus sa [[An Veinéis|Veinéis]] sa bhliain 1488 -92 nuair a scríobh sí, agus cáil uirthi mar gheall ar a cuid scríbhneoireachta i bhfoirm litreacha chuig intleachtóirí eile &lt;ref&gt;Cereta, Laura, and Diana Maury Robin. Collected letters of a Renaissance feminist. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), 3.&lt;/ref&gt;. Chuimsigh a cuid litreacha nithe pearsanta agus cuimhní cinn a hóige ina, agus pléadh téamaí ar nós oideachas na mban, cogadh, agus pósadh &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Cereta |first1=Laura |title=Letter to Augustinus Aemilius, Curse against the Ornamentation of Women |url=https://www.sjsu.edu/people/andrew.fleck/courses/Hum1bSpr15/Lecture_22%20Laura%20Cereta.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Cosúil leis an gcéad mhór-daonnachaí [[Francesco Petrarca]], mhaígh Cereta go lorgódh sí clú agus neamhbhásmhaireacht trína cuid scríbhneoireachta. Dhealraigh sé go raibh a cuid litreacha beartaithe do lucht éisteachta ginearálta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=King |first1=Margaret L.|author1-link=Margaret L. King |title=Petrarch, the Self-Conscious Self, and the First Women Humanists |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-medieval-and-early-modern-studies_fall-2005_35_3/page/537 |journal=Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies |date=1 September 2005 |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=537–558 |doi=10.1215/10829636-35-3-537 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== A beatha ==
Rugadh Cereta i mBrescia. Bhí sí ar an duine ba shine de sheisear, agus baint acu le muintir dhearscnaitheach. Bhí triúr deartháireacha aici, Ippolito, Daniel agus Basilio agus beirt deirfiúracha, Deodata, agus Diana. Bhí an-tóir ar a teaghlach san Iodáil mar gheall ar stádas a hathar.  Ba é Silvestro Cereta a hathair agus é ina aturnae agus ina ghiúistís, agus ba í Veronica di Leno a máthair, bean cháiliúil den lucht gnó. 
[[Íomhá:Ponte levatoio - Castello di Brescia (Foto Luca Giarelli).jpg|thumb|150px|clé|Caisleán Brescia.]]

Páiste breoite a bhí inti a d'fhulaing de bharr neamhchodlata &lt;ref&gt;Robin, p.21&lt;/ref&gt;. In aois a seacht mbliana cuireadh Laura chun clochair &lt;ref&gt;King, p. 549&lt;/ref&gt; chun oideachas a fháil, agus tugadh abhaile arís í in aois a naoi mbliana chun aire a thabhairt don chuid eile den chlann. Mhúin a hathair Laidin agus Gréigis di.

Nuair a bhí sí cúig bhliana déag d'aois phós sí Pietro Serina, ach fuair sé bás den fhiabhras i gceann ocht mí dhéag. Fágadh gan chlann í agus níor phós sí arís. Deirtear gur chrom sí ar fhealsúnacht mhorálta a mhúineadh dhá bhliain ina dhiaidh seo in Ollscoil Prada agus gur lean sí de ar feadh seacht mbliana, ach ní féidir é seo a chruthú le cáipéisí. 

Sa bhliain 1488 d'fhoilsigh sí ''Epistolae familiares'', bailiúchán litreacha. I gceann sé mhí cailleadh a hathair, agus dá bhrí sin agus de bharr a fuair sí de cháineadh ó fhir agus ó mhná as a saothar féin a fhoilsiú, níor fhan aon fhonn cumadóireachta uirthi.

Cailleadh í gan choinne sa bhliain 1499 in aois a tríocha bliain. Níor mhair aon saothar dá cuid ón tréimhse dheireanach dá saol.

== Cereta i leith na mban ==
Dúirt Cereta go raibh ceart ag mná ar oideachas agus chuir sí i gcoinne leatrom a dhéanamh ar mhná pósta. Lena chois sin chuir sí síos ar an gcogadh, ar an mbás agus ar an gcinniúint. Déanann sí tagairt i litir chun Bibolo Semproni do [[Cornificia]], banfhile de chuid an chéad aois RCh. Tagairt annamh í i litríocht a linne agus tugann sí léargas ar mheon Laura agus ar a cuid léinn.&lt;ref&gt;Adde Cornificiam Cornificii Poetae germanam, cuius natus in litteras amor tantas artes acquisiit, ut &amp; diceretur Castalio latice nutrita, &amp; epigrammata descripserit Heliconiis floribus omni loco semper amoena. [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/desbillons/cereta/seite106.html Epistulae] (''Cuir leis an gcuid eile Cornificia, deirfiúr Cornificius file, ar bhláthaigh a grá bunaidh don litríocht chomh mór sin go ndeirtí gur cothaíodh í le bainne bhéithe Chastáilia agus a scríobh eipeagraim a bhí maisithe riamh i ngach áit le bláthanna Heileacain'').&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Murab ionann is formhór na mban lena linn, bhí lucht aitheantais aici a d'éascaigh scríobh na litreacha.&lt;ref&gt;[http://duchessmcetiquette.net/lauracereta.html Laura Cereta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200119/http://duchessmcetiquette.net/lauracereta.html |date=2016-03-03 }} ag duchessmcetiquette.net&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

== Foinse ==
* ''Collected Letters of a Renaissance Feminist'', Diana Robin (eag.), University of Chicago Press (1997) ISBN 0-226-10013-8

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Alba de Céspedes y Bertini]]
* [[Cristina Comencini]]
* [[Grazia Deledda]] 
* [[Lara Cardella]]
* [[Margarita Balliana]]
* [[Margarita Bobba]]
* [[Tullia d'Aragona]]
* [[Vittoria Aganoor]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cereta, Laura}}

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    <title>Terence Flanagan</title>
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Is polaiteoir [[Éireannach]] agus [[Teachta Dála]] é ''' Terence Flanagan'''. Tá sé ina bhall de [[Renua Éireann]]. Bhíodh sé ina bhall d'[[Fine Gael|Fhine Gael]].

Sheas Flanagan in [[Olltoghchán na hÉireann, 2016|Olltoghchán 2016]] ach níor éirigh leis a shuíochán a choimeád&lt;ref&gt;http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/former-td-lucinda-creighton-says-finding-a-new-job-the-priority-1.2554716&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Tagairtí ==
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{{Teachtaí Dála an 31ú Dáil}}

{{Síol-beath-ie}}

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    <title>Joel McHale</title>
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Is [[fuirseoir]] agus [[aisteoir]] [[SAM|Meiriceánach]] é '''Joel Edward McHale''', a rugadh ar an [[20 Samhain]] [[1971]]. Rugadh sa [[An Róimh|Róimh]] é mar bhí a athair ina dhéan i gcampas Ollscoil Loyola sa chathair sin. Tógadh mar [[Caitliceach|Chaitliceach]] é in [[Seattle]], [[Washington]]. Tá sé pósta le Sarah Williams agus tá beirt mhac acu. Tá cónaí orthu in Hollywood Hills, [[California]].

==Naisc sheachtracha==
* [http://www.joelmchale.com  Suíomh oifigiúil]{{Dead link|date=Meitheamh 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{síol}}

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[[Íomhá:Chaos_carolinense.jpg|deas|mion|300x300px|&quot;Ollaiméibe&quot;, ''Chaos carolinense'']]
Orgánaigh aoncheallacha ina dtarlaíonn próisis iomlána na beatha
laistigh de chill amháin. Tá 6,000 speiceas ar domhan ó 2000 milliún bl. ó shin. Cónaíonn siad san ithir, i locháin, san fharraige. Is cineál [[Cill (bitheolaíocht)|cille]] nó orgánach í ina bhfuil an cumas aici a cruth a athrú, go príomha trí shíneadh agus tharraing a bréagphóidiamaí/bréagchosa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 3rd Edition, revised|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmicr0003sing|last=Singleton|first=Paul|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2006|isbn=978-0-470-03545-0|location=Chichester, UK|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmicr0003sing/page/32 32]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ní'' ''chruthaíonn aiméibí grúpa tacsanomaíoch amháin; ina ionad sin, tá siad ar fáil i ngach mórghinealach d'orgánaigh eocarótacha. Tarlaíonn cealla aiméabóideacha, ní hamháin i measc na [[Prótasóin|protozoa]], ach freisin i bhfungais, in [[algaí]], agus in [[Ainmhí|ainmhithe]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://tolweb.org/notes/?note_id=51|title=Amoebae: Protists Which Move and Feed Using Pseudopodia|author=David J. Patterson|publisher=Tree of Life web project|teideal=Cóip cartlainne|dátarochtana=2018-01-11|archivedate=2010-06-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615015212/http://tolweb.org/notes/?note_id=51}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bms.ed.ac.uk/research/others/smaciver/amoebae.htm|title=The Amoebae|publisher=The University of Edinburgh|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610035748/http://www.bms.ed.ac.uk/research/others/smaciver/amoebae.htm|archivedate=10 June 2009|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/wimsmall/sundr.html|title=Sun animalcules and amoebas|author=Wim van Egmond|publisher=Microscopy-UK}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Flor-Parra|first=Ignacio|last2=Bernal|first2=Manuel|last3=Zhurinsky|first3=Jacob|last4=Daga|first4=Rafael R.|date=2013-12-17|title=Cell migration and division in amoeboid-like fission yeast|journal=Biology Open|volume=3|issue=1|pages=108–115|doi=10.1242/bio.20136783|issn=2046-6390|pmc=3892166|pmid=24357230}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Friedl|first=P.|last2=Borgmann|first2=S.|last3=Bröcker|first3=E. B.|date=2001-10-01|title=Amoeboid leukocyte crawling through extracellular matrix: lessons from the Dictyostelium paradigm of cell movement|journal=Journal of Leukocyte Biology|volume=70|issue=4|pages=491–509|issn=0741-5400|pmid=11590185}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Cruth, gluaiseacht agus cothú ==
[[Íomhá:PseudopodiaFormsDavidPatterson.jpg|mion|250x250px|Foirmeacha an bhréagphóidiam, ó chlé: polaphóideach agus lóbach; monaphóideach agus  lóbach; fílosach; cónúil; mioneangach; achtanaphóidí barrchaolaithe; achtanaphóidí neamh-bharrchaolaithe.]]
Úsáideann siad bréagphóidiamaí/bréagchosa
don ghluaiseacht agus don chothú, a bhfuil ina  boilg de cíteaplasma déanta trí ghníomh comhordaithe de mhicreasnáithíní aictine ag brú amach an scannánphlasmach a timpeallaíonn na cille.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Molecular Biology of the Cell 5th Edition|last=Alberts  Eds.|publisher=Garland Science|year=2007|isbn=9780815341055|location=New York|pages=1037|display-authors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; De ghnáth, bogann an aiméibe trí  bhréagphóidiam a leathnú amach, agus é a cheangal leis an tsubstráit agus é a líonadh le cíteasol, ansin ag scaoileadh a sciar chúil ón tsubstráit,  arb é an toradh go ghluaiseann an t-orgánach ar aghaidh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://biologydictionary.net/amoeba|title=Amoeba|website=biologydictionary.net|accessdate=6 June 2017|teideal=Cóip cartlainne|dátarochtana=11 Eanáir 2018|archivedate=6 Deireadh Fómhair 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006051843/https://biologydictionary.net/amoeba/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aicmiú ===
Cuireann an t-aicmiú is déanaí géinis na na n-aiméibí éagsúla ins na grúpaí seo a leanas:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;
! Foghrúpaí
! Mórghrúpaí agus géinis
! Moirfeolaíocht
|- style=&quot;background:#FFC8A0;&quot;
| [[Amoebozoa]]
| 
* '''Lobosa''':
** ''Acanthamoeba, [[Aiméibe|Amoeba]], Balamuthia, Chaos, Clydonella, Discamoeba, Echinamoeba, Filamoeba, Flabellula, Gephyramoeba, Glaeseria, Hartmannella, Hydramoeba, Korotnevella (Dactylamoeba), Leptomyxa, Lingulamoeba, Mastigina, Mayorella, Metachaos, Neoparamoeba, Paramoeba, Polychaos, Phreatamoeba, Platyamoeba, Protoacanthamoeba, Rhizamoeba, Saccamoeba, Sappinia, Stereomyxa, Thecamoeba, Trichamoeba, Trichosphaerium, Unda, Vannella, Vexillifera''
* Conosa: ''Endamoeba'', ''Entamoeba'', ''Hyperamoeba,'' ''Mastigamoeba'', ''Mastigella'', ''Pelomyxa'', ''Dictyostelium'', ''Physarum''
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* Lobose pseudopods (Lobosa): Lobose pseudopods are blunt, and there may be one or several on a cell, which is usually divided into a layer of clear ectoplasm surrounding more granular endoplasm.
|- style=&quot;background:rgb(225,204,252);&quot;
| [[Rhizaria]]
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* Cercozoa:
** '''Filosa''':
*** '''Monadofilosa''': ''Gyromitus'', ''Paulinella''
*** '''Granofilosea'''
*** Chlorarachniophyceae
** '''Endomyxa''':
*** Proteomyxidea: ''Vampyrella''
*** Gromiidea
* Foraminifera
* Radiolaria
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* Filose pseudopods (Filosa): Filose pseudopods are narrow and tapering. The vast majority of filose amoebae, including all those that produce shells, are placed within the Cercozoa together with various flagellates that tend to have amoeboid forms. The naked filose amoebae also includes vampyrellids.
* Reticulose pseudopods (Endomyxa): Reticulose pseudopods are cytoplasmic strands that branch and merge to form a net. They are found most notably among the Foraminifera, a large group of marine protists that generally produce multi-chambered shells. There are only a few sorts of naked reticulose amoebas, notably the gymnophryids, and their relationships are not certain.
* Radiolarians are a subgroup of actinopods that are now grouped with rhizarians.
|- style=&quot;background:#F0E68C;&quot;
| Excavata
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* '''Heterolobosea''':
** Vahlkampfiidae: ''Monopylocystis'', ''Naegleria, Neovahlkampfia, Paratetramitus, Paravahlkampfia, Psalteriomonas, Sawyeria, Tetramitus, Vahlkampfia, Willaertia''
** Gruberellidae:  ''Gruberella'', ''Stachyamoeba''
* Parabasalidea: ''Dientamoeba'', ''Histomonas''
* Other: ''Rosculus'', ''Acrasis'', '' Heteramoeba'', ''Learamoeba'', ''Stygamoeba'', ''Plaesiobystra'',&lt;ref name=&quot;Park2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Park|first1=J. S.|last2=Simpson|first2=A. G. B.|last3=Brown|first3=S.|last4=Cho|first4=B. C.|title=Ultrastructure and Molecular Phylogeny of two Heterolobosean Amoebae, Euplaesiobystra hypersalinica gen. Et sp. Nov. And Tulamoeba peronaphora gen. Et sp. Nov., Isolated from an Extremely Hypersaline Habitat|url=https://archive.org/details/protist_2009-05_160_2/page/265|doi=10.1016/j.protis.2008.10.002|journal=Protist|volume=160|issue=2|pages=265–283|year=2009|pmid=19121603|pmc=}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Tulamoeba''&lt;ref name=&quot;Park2009&quot; /&gt;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* The Heterolobosea, includes protists that can transform between amoeboid and flagellate forms.
|- style=&quot;background:greenyellow;&quot;
| Heterokonta
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* Chrysophyceae: ''Chrysamoeba'', ''Rhizochrysis''
* Xanthophyceae: ''Rhizochloris''
* Labyrinthulomycetes
|
* The heterokont chrysophyte and xanthophyte algae includes some amoeboid members, the later being poorly studied.&lt;ref&gt;Ott, Donald W., Carla K. Oldham-Ott, Nataliya Rybalka, and Thomas Friedl. 2015. Xanthophyte, Eustigmatophyte, and Raphidophyte Algae. In: Wehr, J.D., Sheath, R.G., Kociolek, J.P. (Eds.) ''Freshwater Algae of North America: Ecology and Classification'', 2nd edition. Academic Press, Amsterdam, pp. 483–534, [https://books.google.com.br/books?id=yjnLAwAAQBAJ].&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:greenyellow;&quot;
| Alveolata
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* Dinoflagellata: ''Dinamoeba'', ''Pfiesteria''
|
* Parasite with amoeboid life cycle stages.
|- style=&quot;background:lightblue;&quot;
| Nucleariid
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* ''Micronuclearia, Nuclearia''
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* Nucleariids appear to be close relatives of animals and [[Fungas|fungi]].
|-
| Ungrouped/&lt;br&gt;
unknown
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* ''Adelphamoeba, Astramoeba, Cashia, Dinamoeba, Flagellipodium, Flamella, Gibbodiscus, Gocevia, Hollandella, Iodamoeba, Malamoeba, Nollandia, Oscillosignum, Paragocevia, Parvamoeba, Pernina, Pontifex, Protonaegleria, Pseudomastigamoeba, Rugipes, Striamoeba, Striolatus, Subulamoeba, Theratromyxa, Trienamoeba, Trimastigamoeba, Vampyrellium'', and about 50 other genera&lt;ref&gt;Patterson, D.J., Simpson, A.G.B. &amp; Rogerson, A., 2000. Amoebae of uncertain affinities. In: Lee, J.J., Leedale, G.F. &amp; Bradbury, P. ''An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa''. Society of Protozoologists/Allen Press: Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A, 2nd ed., vol. 2, p. 804-827, [https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incertae_sedis_Eukaryota#Patterson.2C_Simpson.2C_.26_Rogerson.2C_in_Lee_et_al._.282000.29].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
==Tagairtí==

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Naisc sheachtracha ==

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Is [[mainistir]] suite i g[[Contae na hIarmhí]] í '''Mainistir Muilte Farannáin'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://xn--anpipar-jwa8e.ie/2026/06/mainistir-mhuilte-faranain-720-bliain-ar-an-bhfod-in-ainneoin-na-ndeacrachtai/|teideal=Mainistir Mhuilte Faranáin, 720 bliain ar an bhfód, in ainneoin na ndeacrachtaí|údar=Nuala Holloway|dáta=2026-06-12|language=ga-IE|work=An Páipéar|dátarochtana=2026-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}{{síol-tír-ie}}
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[[Catagóir:Contae na hIarmhí]]
[[Catagóir:Mainistreacha na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:Frithirí Proinsiasacha na hÉireann]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Brífít</title>
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[[Íomhá:MarchantiophytaSp.NonD%C3%A9termin%C3%A9eFL3.jpg|deas|250px|thumb|Brífít]]
Is grúpa plandaí talún (''Embryophyta'') iad na '''brífítí''', a gcaitear leo uaireanta mar [[Fíleam|fhíleam]] tacsanomaíoch, a bhfuil trí ghrúpa plandaí talún neamhshoithíocha (suthfhítí) iontu: na h[[Marchantiophyta|aelusanna]], na [[Anthocerotophyta|cornlaigh]], agus na [[Bryophyta|caonaigh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid12415314&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hedges|first=S. Blair |date=November 2002 |title=The origin and evolution of model organisms |journal=[[Nature Reviews Genetics]] |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=838–849 |doi=10.1038/nrg929 |pmid=12415314 |s2cid=10956647}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sa chiall is cruinne, is éard atá san fhíleam Bryophyta ná na caonaigh amháin. Is gnách go mbíonn brífítí teoranta ó thaobh méide a agus is fearr leo gnáthóga taise. cé gur féidir le roinnt speiceas maireachtáil i dtimpeallachtaí ní ba thirime.&lt;ref name=&quot;McMahon2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Levetin |first1=Estelle |title=Plants and Society |last2=McMahon |first2=Karen |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-07-352422-1 |location=New York, NY |page=139}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Roinn [[Planda|plandaí]] neamhfheadánacha a bheireann spóir, a chuimsíonn os cionn 25,000 [[speiceas]], ina measc [[caonach]], aelus is cornlach. Cealla seoltacha acu gan aon fhíorfhíochán feadánach. Riosóidigh acu, fiafháis cosúil le snáithí, a cheanglaíonn an planda síos is a sheolann uisce don phlanda, ach nach fréamhacha iad. Má bhíonn [[Duilleog|duilleoga]] orthu ní bhíonn iontu ach tiús cille amháin, agus tiús beagán níos mó sa dual lárnach. Is í an phríomhghlúin ná an [[Gaiméitifít|ghaiméitifít]], tallas nó planda beag duilleogach. Táirgtear gaiméití fireanna (antairidiamaí) is baineanna (arcagóiniamaí), agus iompraítear iad go díreach ar dhromchla an phlanda nó strúchtúir choimpléascacha ingearacha ar ghais mhaothanacha. Is é a bhíonn sa ghlúin spóraifíteach ghearrthéarmach ná spórchochall fadghasach a fhásann díreach suas ón [[arcagóiniam]] toirchithe. Tarlaíonn [[atáirgeadh]] neamhghnéasach freisin trí gheimí, filiméid ilcheallacha a tháirgtear i gcupáin ar leith ar fhoircinn duilleog nó gais ar leith, agus is féidir leo seo fás ina phlanda nua neamhspleách, díreach mar a dhéanann bleibeanna ó phlandaí bláfara. Plandaí tíre den chuid is mó is ea na brífítí, go minic eipifíteach (ag fás ar phlanda eile, cé nach seadán é). Bíonn siad an-íogair don triomú, agus is gá uisce chun na gaiméití a chur le chéile san atáirgeadh gnéasach, agus mar sin, bíonn siad teorannaithe do ghnáthóga taise nó fliucha. Glactar leis go forleathan gur plandaí tábhachtacha táscaire iad maidir le [[truailliú]] aeir, uisce is talún.

== Aicmiú Bhriaifítí ==
Ní grúpa monaifhíliginiteach atá sna briaifítí ach tá trí grúpa ann, na 
''Marchantiophyta'', ''Anthocerotophyta'', agus ''Bryophyta''.&lt;ref name=&quot;FreamhanEolais&quot;&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Hussey|first=Matt|author-link=Matthew Hussey|title=Brífít|encyclopedia=[[Fréamh an Eolais]]|language=ga|date=2011|publisher=[[Coiscéim]]|page=90}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Íomhá:Bryo_cladogram.jpg|556px|center]]
{{-}}

==Struchtúr na gCaonach==
• Ilcheallach ach ní dhéantar difreáil i bhfíocháin.
• Tá an corp ina thallas atá difreáilte i nduilleoga ‘simplí’ (i bhfoirm bíse) agus gais.
• Tá fíocháin a neartaíonn agus a iompraíonn ar iarraidh nó lagfhorbartha.
• Níl de thacaíocht ann seachas turgar.
• Tá an cúitineach duilleoige ar iarraidh nó leochaileach mar sin bíonn sé doiligh cailliúint
uisce agus teacht isteach uisce a rialú.
• Níl fíorfhíochán soithíoch ann (xiléim nó fléam) le haghaidh iompair.
• Níl fíor-fhréamhacha ar bith acu agus ina áit sin tá siad neadaithe ag filiméid darb ainm riosóidigh
a fhásann ón ghas.
• Ionsúnn dromchla iomlán an phlanda (ní hamháin na riosóidigh) uisce agus mianraí.
• Scaipeann na spóir agus péacann siad nuair atá dálaí taise ann ach níl siad frithsheasmhach in
aghaidh triomaithe.

==== Rangú na Bryophyta ====
* Aelusanna (Marchantiophyta)
* Caonaigh  (Bryophyta)
* Cornlaigh (Anthocerotophyta)
==Naisc sheachtracha==
*[https://ccea.org.uk/downloads/docs/Support/Factfile/2019/Comhad%20F%C3%ADric%C3%AD%3A%20Bitheola%C3%ADocht%20GCE%20-%20Rang%C3%BAch%C3%A1n.pdf Bitheolaíocht GCE]
* [http://www.andrewspink.nl/mosses/ Andrew's Moss Site] Photos of bryophytes
* 27-May-2013 [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-22656239 ''Centuries-old frozen plants revived''], 400-year-old bryophyte specimens left behind by [[Retreat of glaciers since 1850|retreating glaciers]] in Canada are brought back to life in the laboratory.
* {{Cite journal |last1=Farge |first1=Catherine La |last2=Williams |first2=Krista H. |last3=England |first3=John H. |date=22 May 2013 |title=Regeneration of Little Ice Age bryophytes emerging from a polar glacier with implications of totipotency in extreme environments |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2013-06-11_110_24/page/9839 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=110 |issue=24 |pages=9839–9844 |bibcode=2013PNAS..110.9839L |doi=10.1073/pnas.1304199110 |pmc=3683725 |pmid=23716658 |doi-access=free}}
* Magill, R. E., ed. (1990). ''Glossarium polyglottum bryologiae. A multilingual glossary for bryology''. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, v. 33, 297 pp. [https://web.archive.org/web/20041209031512/http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/tropicos/most/Glossary/glosefr.html Online version: Internet Archive].

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Fréamh an Eolais}}
{{síol}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Brifit}}
[[Catagóir:Plandaí]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ciorróis</title>
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Is éard is '''ciorróis''' ann, ar a dtugtar '''ciorróis ae''', '''ciorróis heipiteach''', agus '''galar ainsealach ae deireadhchéime''', ná  [[Neamhord|neamhord]] ainsealach meathlúcháin san [[ae]], ina milltear cealla an ae, agus a dtagann [[Fíochán|fíocháin]] cholmnacha (fiobróis) ina ndiaidh. Má leanann an aicíd ar aghaidh, teipeann an t-ae le [[buíochán]], [[rith fola]], bailiú sreabháin i gcuas an pheireatóinéim sa [[Goile|bholg]], agus i ndeireadh báire cóma is [[bás]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NHS2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web |teideal=Cirrhosis |date=29 June 2020 |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cirrhosis/ |website=nhs.uk |access-date=16 July 2024|url-status=live |archive-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171005102913/http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cirrhosis/pages/introduction.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Tsochatzis EA, Bosch J, Burroughs AK|title=Liver cirrhosis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_may-17-23-2014_383_9930/page/1749|journal=The Lancet|year=2014|volume=383|issue=9930|pages=1749–1761|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60121-5|pmid=24480518}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|vauthors=Sharma B, John S|date=31 October 2022|chapter=Hepatic Cirrhosis|title=StatPearls [Internet]|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|location=Treasure Island, Florida|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482419/|via=National Library of Medicine|access-date=16 July 2024|pmid=29494026|id=Bookshelf ID NBK482419}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Comharthaí agus siomptóim ==

Is é an chúis is coitinne leis [[Alcólachas|ól]] fada leanúnach iomarcach [[alcóil]]. Ach is féidir go dtarlóidh sí mar thoradh ar neamhord uath-imdhíonachta, príomhchiorróis dhomlasach, bac sa chomhchonair dhomlasach (le [[calcalas (míochaine)|calcalais]] domlais, mar shampla), nó [[ionfhabhtú]] [[Víreas|víreasach]] (le [[heipitíteas B]] nó C, mar shampla). 

Is féidir le haemacrómatóis oidhreachtúil bheith mar chúis le fadhbanna tromchúiseacha sláinte, ciorróis mar shampla.

Taispeánann [[taighde]] go bhfuil cealla faoi leith – gaschealla ina bhfuil neart teiliméaráise – san ae agus má chailltear iad nach mbeidh an t-ae in ann é féin a athnuachan ná feidhmiú i gceart.&lt;ref name=&quot;FreamhanEolais&quot;&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Hussey|first=Matt|author-link=Matthew Hussey|title=Ciorróis|encyclopedia=[[Fréamh an Eolais]]|language=ga|date=2011|publisher=[[Coiscéim]]|page=139}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/cealla-aitheanta-a-dheanann-athnuachan-ar-an-ae/|teideal=Cealla aitheanta a dhéanann athnuachan ar an ae|údar=Liam Ó Dubhláin|dáta=|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2020-10-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Fréamh an Eolais}}
{{Síol-galar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chiorrois, an}}
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  <page>
    <title>Halaigin</title>
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[[Íomhá:Periodieksysteemmaardaneffeietsanders-kolom31.svg|thumb|
Suíomh na n-alaiginí sa tábla peiriadach - Grúpa 17]]
Grúpa dúl ar [[Tábla peiriadach|chlár peiriadach na ndúl]] le 7 bhfiúsleictreon is ea na '''Halaigíní'''. Cuimsíonn siad [[fluairín]](F), [[clóirín]] (Cl), [[bróimín]] (Br), [[Iaidín|iaidín]] (I), agus an [[Dúil cheimiceach|dúil]] shaorga [[astaitín]] (At). Féadfaidh an eilimint 117 a cruthaíodh go saorga, [[Teinisín|teinisín]] (Ts), a bheith ina halaigine freisin. San ainmníocht nua-aimseartha [[Aontas Idirnáisiúnta na Glan-Cheimice agus na Ceimice Feidhmí|AIGCF]], tugtar '''grúpa 17''' ar an ngrúpa seo.

Ciallaíonn an t-ainm &quot;halaigine&quot; &quot;salainnghinteach.&quot;  Nuair a imoibríonn halaiginí le miotail, táirgeann siad raon leathan salainn, lena n-áirítear [[fluairíd chailciam]], [[clóiríd sóidiam]] ([[Salann|salann boird]] coitianta), [[Bróimíd airgid|bróimíd airgid]] agus [[Iaidíd photaisiam|iaidíd photaisiam]].

Is é an grúpa halaiginí an t-aon ghrúpa sa [[Tábla peiriadach|tábla peiriadach]] ina bhfuil dúile i dtrí cinn de [[Staideanna an Damhna|staideanna an damhna]] ag teocht agus brú caighdeánach. Cruthaíonn na halaiginí go léir aigéid nuair atá siad nasctha le hidrigin. De ghnáth táirgtear an chuid is mó de halaiginí ó [[Mianra|mhianraí]] nó ó [[Salann (Ceimic)|shalainn]]. Is minic a úsáidtear na halaiginí ata sa lár - clóirín, bróimín, agus iaidín - mar [[Dífhabhtán|dhífhabhtáin]]. Is iad na horgánabhróimídí an aicme is tábhachtaí de na [[Lasairmhoillitheach|lasairmhoillitheacha]], cé go bhfuil halaiginí eiliminteacha contúirteach agus is féidir leo a bheith   
tocsaineach marfach.

==Stair==
Chomh luath le 1529, bhí a fhios ag ceimiceoirí go raibh an mianra fluairít Thuig ceimiceoirí luatha go bhfuil dúil nár aimsíodh i gcomhdhúile fluairín, ach nach raibh siad in ann í a haonrú. Sa bhliain 1860, sheol [[George Gore, (leictreaphoitigéir)|George Gore, poitigéir]] Sasanach, sruth leictreachais trí aigéad hidreafluarach agus is dócha go ndearna sé fluairín, ach ní raibh sé in ann a thorthaí a chruthú ag an am. Sa bhliain 1886, rinne Henri Moissan, poitigéir i bPáras, leictrealú ar dhéfhluairíd photaisiam a bhí tuaslagtha i bhfluairíd hidrigine ainhidriúil, agus d’éirigh leis fluairín a haonrú.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nature's Building Blocks&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Emsley|first=John|title=Nature's Building Blocks|url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_b1k4|year=2011|isbn= 978-0199605637}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Bhí an aigéad hidreaclórach ar eolas ag ailceimiceoirí agus luath-cheimiceoirí.  Níor táirgeadh clóirín eiliminteach, áfach, go dtí 1774, nuair a théadh Carl Wilhelm Scheele an aigéad hidreaclórach le dé-ocsaíd mhangainéise. Thug Scheele “dephlogistische Salzsäure” ([[An Ghaeilge|Gaeilge]]: ''aigéad hidreaclórach dífhlógastach'') ar an dúil, agus is é sin an chaoi a raibh clóirín ar eolas le 33 bliain. Sa bhliain 1807, rinne [[Humphry Davy]] imscrúdú ar chlóirín agus fuair sé amach gur fíordhúil é. Cuingrithe leis an aigéad hidreaclórach nó leis an aigéad sulfarach i gcásanna áirithe, chruthaigh clóirínan gás, a d'úsáideadh le linn an [[Dara Cogadh Domhanda]] toisc go raibh an [[Cogaíocht cheimiceach|gás nimhiúil]].

D'aimsigh Antoine Jérôme Balard bróimín sna 1820idí. D'aimsigh Balard bróimín trí ghás clóirín a rith trí shampla de sháile. Ar dtús, mhol sé an t-ainm ''muride''  don dúil nua, ach d’athraigh L’'''Académie française''' ainm na dúile go [[bróimín]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Nature's Building Blocks&quot; /&gt;

D'aimsigh Bernard Courtois iaidín, a bhí ag úsáid luaithreamháin feamainne mar chuid de phróiseas chun sailpítear a mhonarú. De ghnáth, bhruith Courtois an luaithreamhán feamainne le huisce chun clóiríd photaisiam a ghiniúint. Sa bhliain 1811, áfach, chuir Courtois aigéad sulfarach lena phróiseas agus fuair sé amach gur tháirg a phróiseas múichí chorcra a chomhdhlúthaigh  i g[[Criostal|criostail]] dhubha. Ag ceapadh gur dúil nua iad na criostail seo, sheol Courtois samplaí chuig poitigéirí eile lena n-imscrúdú. Chruthaigh [[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac|Joseph Gay-Lussac]] gur dúil nua í iaidín.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nature's Building Blocks&quot; /&gt;

Sa bhliain 1931, mhaígh Fred Allison gur aimsigh sé dúil 85 le meaisín maighnéadoptúil, agus d’ainmnigh sé an dúil alabamine, ach bhí sé contráilte faoi. Sa bhliain 1937, mhaígh Rajendralal De gur aimsigh sé dúil 85 i mianraí, agus ghlaoigh sé dakine uirthi, ach bhí  dul amú air freisin. Níor éirigh le hiarracht Horia Hulubei agus Yvette Cauchois teacht ar an dúil 85 sa bhliain 1939 trí  speictreascópachta, mar aon le hiarracht sa bhliain chéanna le Walter Minder, a d'aimsigh gné cosúil le iaidín mar thoradh ar bhéite-mheath pholóiniam. D'éirigh le Tháirg Dale R. Corson, K.R. Mackenzie, agus Emilio G. Segrè  an dúil  85 a tháirgeadh sa bhliain 1940, trí bhiosmat a thuairgneáil  le cáithníní alfa. .&lt;ref name=&quot;Nature's Building Blocks&quot; /&gt;

Sa bhliain 2010, d'éirigh le foireann faoi stiúir an fhisiceora núicléaigh [[Yuri Oganessian]] ina raibh eolaithe ón Chomh-Institiúid um Thaighde Núicléach  ([[An Rúisis|Rúisis]]: ''Объединённый институт ядерных исследований''), [[Saotharlann Náisiúnta Oak Ridge]], [[Saotharlann Náisiúnta Lawrence Livermore]], agus [[Ollscoil Vanderbilt]] teinisín-294 a dhéanamh, tri  adaimh bheircéiliam-249 a thuairgneáil le hadamh cailciam-48 . Ó bhí 2019 ann, is í an dúil is déanaí a thángthas ar.

=== Sanasaíocht ===
Sa bhliain 1811, mhol an poitigéir Gearmánach Johann Schweigger go gcuirfí an t-ainm &quot;halogen&quot; - a chiallaíonn &quot;salainnghinteach.&quot;, ó αλς [als] &quot;salann&quot; agus γενειν [genein] &quot;gin&quot; - in ionad an ainm &quot;clóirín&quot;, a bhí molta ag an gceimiceoir Sasanach Humphry Davy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Schweigger|first1=J.S.C.|title=Nachschreiben des Herausgebers, die neue Nomenclatur betreffend|journal=Journal für Chemie und Physik|date=1811|volume=3|issue=2|pages=249–255|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101076802287;view=1up;seq=295|trans-title=Postscript of the editor concerning the new nomenclature|language=de}}  On p. 251, Schweigger proposed the word &quot;halogen&quot;:  ''&quot;Man sage dafür lieber mit richter Wortbildung ''Halogen'' (da schon in der Mineralogie durch ''Werner's'' Halit-Geschlecht dieses Wort nicht fremd ist) von αλς ''Salz'' und dem alten γενειν (dorisch γενεν) ''zeugen''.&quot;'' (One should say instead, with proper morphology, &quot;halogen&quot; (this word is not strange since [it's] already in mineralogy via Werner's &quot;halite&quot; species) from αλς [als] &quot;salt&quot; and the old γενειν [genein] (Doric γενεν) &quot;to beget&quot;.)&lt;/ref&gt;  Bhí an lá ag an ainm &quot;clóirín&quot; ar deireadh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=J. S. C. Schweigger: His Romanticism and His Crystal Electrical Theory of Matter|journal=Isis|volume=62|issue=3 |pages=328–338|year=1971|doi=10.1086/350763|jstor=229946|last1=Snelders|first1=H. A. M.|s2cid=170337569}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Sa bhliain 1826, áfach, mhol an poitigéir Sualannach Baron Jöns Jacob Berzelius an téarma “halaigine” do na heilimintí fluairín, clóirín, agus iaidín, a tháirgeann substaint cosúil le salann sáile nuair a fhoirmíonn siad comhdhúil le miotal alcaileach.&lt;ref&gt;In 1826, Berzelius coined the terms ''Saltbildare'' (salt-formers) and ''Corpora Halogenia'' (salt-making substances) for the elements chlorine, iodine, and fluorine.  See:  {{cite book|last1=Berzelius|first1=Jacob|title=Årsberättelser om Framstegen i Physik och Chemie|trans-title=Annual Report on Progress in Physics and Chemistry|date=1826|publisher=P.A. Norstedt &amp; Söner|location=Stockholm, Sweden|volume=6|page=187|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044092556919;view=1up;seq=195|language=sv}} From p. 187: ''&quot;De förre af dessa, d. ä. ''de electronegativa'', dela sig i tre klasser: 1) den första innehåller kroppar, som förenade med de electropositiva, omedelbart frambringa salter, hvilka jag derför kallar ''Saltbildare'' (Corpora Halogenia). Desse utgöras af chlor, iod och fluor *).&quot;'' (The first of them [i.e., elements], the electronegative [ones], are divided into three classes:  1) The first includes substances which, [when] united with electropositive [elements], immediately produce salts, and which I therefore name &quot;salt-formers&quot; (salt-producing substances).  These are chlorine, iodine, and fluorine *).)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The word &quot;halogen&quot; appeared in English as early as 1832 (or earlier).  See, for example: Berzelius, J.J. with A.D. Bache, trans., (1832) [https://books.google.com/books?id=eWsWAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA248#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false &quot;An essay on chemical nomenclature, prefixed to the treatise on chemistry,&quot;] ''The American Journal of Science and Arts'', '''22''': 248–276 ; see, for example [https://books.google.com/books?id=eWsWAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA263#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false p. 263.]&lt;/ref&gt;

Tá an foirceann -ín (-ine sa Bhéarla)  ar na hainmneacha go léir. Tagan an t-ainm  fluairín  ón bhfocal Laidineach ''fluere'', rud a chiallaíonn &quot;sreabh&quot;, toisc go raibh sé díorthaithe ón mianraí fluairít, a úsáideadh mar [[Flosc (miotalóireacht)|fhlosc]] sa mhiotalóireacht. Tagann an t-ainm clóirín ón bhfocal Gréigise χλωρος  ''clóraos'', rud a chiallaíonn &quot;glasbhuí&quot;. Tagann an t-ainm bróimín ón bhfocal Gréigise βρῶμος  ''bromos'', rud a chiallaíonn &quot;bréantas &quot;. Tagann an t-ainm iaidín ón bhfocal Gréigise ἰοειδής ''iodes'', rud a chiallaíonn &quot;corcairghorm&quot;. Tagann an t-ainm astatine ón bhfocal Gréigise αστατος, ''astatos'', rud a chiallaíonn &quot;éagobhsaí&quot;.&lt;ref name = &quot;Nature's Building Blocks&quot;/&gt; Tá [[teinisín]] ainmnithe i ndiaidh stát SAM de Tennessee.

== Saintréithe==

=== Ceimiceacha ===

Taispeánann na halaiginí treochtaí i nascfhuinneamh ceimiceach ag bogadh ó bhun go barr an cholúin 7 sa tábla peiriadach, ach amháin le fluairín ag imeacht beagán ón gconair. Leanann fluairín treocht ina bhfuil an nascfhuinneamh ceimiceach is airde aige i gcomhdhúile le hadaimh eile, ach tá naisc cheimiceacha an-lag aige laistigh den mhóilín dé-adamhach F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. Ciallaíonn sé seo go laghdaíonn imoibríocht na ndúl níos faide síos i ngrúpa 17 sa tábla peiriadach mar gheall ar mhéid na n-adamh ag méadú.&lt;ref&gt;Page 43, Edexcel International GCSE chemistry revision guide, Curtis 2011&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:right; margin-top:0; margin-left:1em; text-align:center; font-size:10pt; line-height:11pt; width:25%;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5px;&quot; | Nascfhuinnimh na n-alaiginí (kJ/mol){{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1998|p=804}}
|-
! X
! X&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
! HX
! BX&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
! AlX&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
! CX&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff9;&quot;| F
| style=&quot;background:#ff9;&quot;| ''159''
| style=&quot;background:#ff9;&quot;| ''574''
| style=&quot;background:#ff9;&quot;| ''645''
| style=&quot;background:#ff9;&quot;| ''582''
| style=&quot;background:#ff9;&quot;| ''456''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Cl
|243
|428
|444
|427
|327
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Br
|193
|363
|368
|360
|272
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | I
|151
|294
|272
|285
|239
|}
Tá na halaiginí an-imoibríoch, agus dá bhrí sin is féidir leo,
i gcainníochtaí leordhóthanacha, a bheith díobhálach nó marfach d’orgánaigh bhitheolaíocha. Ard-leictridhiúltacht na n-adamh is cúis leis an imoibríocht ard seo, toisc a lucht núicléach ardéifeachtach. Ós rud é go bhfuil seacht fiúsleictreon ag na halaiginí ar a leibhéal fuinnimh is forimeallaí, is féidir leo leictreon a fháil trí imoibriú le hadaimh na ndúl eile chun [[Riail an ochtréid|riail an ochtréid]] a shásamh. Fluairín is ea an dúil is imoibríche de na dúile go léir; is é an t-aon dhúil atá níos leictridhiúltaí ná ocsaigin, ionsaíonn sé ábhair, ach ab é sin a bhéas támh, mar ghloine, agus cruthaíonn sé comhdhúile leis na triathgháis a bhíonn támh de ghnáth. Is gás creimneach agus an-tocsaineach é. Tá imoibríocht an fhluairín mór sin, sa chaoi 
má úsáidtear nó má stóráiltear é in earraí gloine saotharlainne, féadfaidh sé 
imoibriú le gloine i láthair méideanna beaga uisce chun teitreafluairíd sileacain (SiF&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) a dhéanamh.
Mar sin, caithfear fluairín a láimhseáil le substaintí mar [[Polaiteitreafluaireitiléin|Teflon]] (atá ina orgánafluairín ann féin), gloine thar a bheith tirim, nó miotail cosúil le copar nó cruach, a chruthaíonn ciseal cosanta de fluairíd ar a ndromchla.

Ligeann imoibríocht ard fluairín cuid de na nascanna is láidre is féidir a chur ar bun, go háirithe le carbón. Mar shampla, nascann fluairín le carbón agus tá sé thar a bheith frithsheasmhach in aghaidh ionsaithe teirmeacha agus ceimiceacha agus tá leáphointe ard aige.

==== Móilíní====

=====Móilíní halaigine dé-adamhacha =====

Cruthaíonn na halaiginí móilíní dé-adamhacha homanúicléacha (rud nach bhfuil cruthaithe le haghaidh an astaitín). Mar gheall ar fhórsaí idirmhóilíneacha réasúnta lag, tá clóirín agus fluairín mar chuid den ghrúpa ar a dtugtar &quot;gáis eiliminteacha&quot;.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em auto 1em auto&quot;
|-
!halaigin || móilín|| struchtúr ||samhail|| ''d''(X−X) / pm&lt;br /&gt;(pas gásach) || ''d''(X−X) / pm&lt;br /&gt;(pas soladach)
|-
| &lt;center&gt;[[fluairín ]]&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;[[Image:Difluorine-2D-dimensions.png|45px]]&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;[[Image:Fluorine-3D-vdW.png|45px]]&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;143&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;149&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| &lt;center&gt;[[clóirín]]&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;[[Image:Dichlorine-2D-dimensions.png|70px]]&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;[[Image:Chlorine-3D-vdW.png|63px]]&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;199&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;198&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| &lt;center&gt;[[bróimín]]&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;Br&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;[[Image:Dibromine-2D-dimensions.png|80px]]&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;[[Image:Bromine-3D-vdW.png|72px]]&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;228&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;227&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| &lt;center&gt;[[iaidín]]&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;I&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;[[Image:Diiodine-2D-dimensions.png|70px]]&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;[[Image:Iodine-3D-vdW.png|84px]]&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;266&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;272&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;!--don't add astatine; it's not proven to form At2 molecules--&gt;
|}

Ní bhíonn na dúile chomh imoibríoch agus bíonn leáphointí níos airde acu de réir mar a mhéadaíonn an uimhir adamhach. Fórsaí scaipthe Londain níos láidre is cúis leis na leáphointí níos airde.

==== Comhdhúile ====

===== Na hailídí hidrigine =====

Tugadh faoi deara go n-imoibríonn na halaiginí go léir le hidrigin chun [[hailídí hidrigine]] a dhéanamh. Maidir le fluairín, clóirín, agus bróimín, tá an t-imoibriú seo i bhfoirm:

: H &lt;sub&gt; 2 &lt;/sub&gt; + X &lt;sub&gt; 2 &lt;/sub&gt; → 2HX

Mar sin féin, is féidir iaidíd hidrigine agus astaitín hidrigine a dheighilt ina gcomhchodanna. &lt;Ref name = &quot;assorted&quot;&gt; {{Cite web | author = Jim Clark | url = http://www.chemguide.co.uk/inorganic/group7 /otherreactions.html|teideal = Frithghníomhartha éagsúla na halaiginí | bliain = 2011 | dáta rochtana = 27 Feabhra, 2013}} &lt;/ref&gt;

De réir a chéile ní bhíonn na frithghníomhartha hidrigine-halaigine chomh imoibríoch i dtreo na halaiginí is troime. Tá imoibriú fluairín-hidrigine pléascach fiú nuair a bhíonn sé dorcha agus fuar. Tá imoibriú clóirín-hidrigine pléascach freisin, ach i láthair solais agus teasa amháin. Níl  imoibriú bróimín-hidrigine chomh pléascach céanna; ach pléascann sé nuair a bhíonn sé nochtaithe do lasracha. Ní imoibríonn iaidín agus astaitín ach go páirteach le hidrigin, ag cruthú [[Cothromaíocht cheimiceach | cothromaíochtaí]]. &lt;Ref name = &quot;assorted&quot; /&gt;

Cruthaíonn gach halaiginí comhdhúile dénártha le hidrigin ar a dtugtar na hailídí hidrigine: [[Fluairíd hidrigine|fluairíd hidrigine]] (HF), [[Clóiríd hidrigine|clóiríd hidrigine]] (HCl), bróimíd hidrigine (HBr), iaidíd hidrigine (HI), agus astatíd hidrigine (HAt). Cruthaíonn na comhdhúile seo go léir aigéid nuair a mheasctar iad le huisce. Is é fluairíd hidrigine an t-aon hailíd hidrigine a chruthaíonn [[Nasc hidrigine|nascanna hidrigine]]. Is aigéid láidre iad an t-aigéad hidreaclórach, an t-aigéad hidreaclórach, an t-aigéad hidreafileach, agus an t-aigéad hidrastaiteach, ach is aigéad lag é an t-aigéad hidreafluarach. 
Is greannaitheoirí gach ceann de na hailídí hidrigine. Tá fluairíd hidrigine agus clóiríd hidrigine an-aigéadach. Úsáidtear fluairíd hidrigine mar cheimiceán tionsclaíoch, agus tá sé an-tocsaineach, agus is cúis leis éidéime scamhógach agus dochar do chealla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/hydrofluoricacid/basics/facts.asp|teideal = Facts about hydrogen fluoride|year = 2005|access-date = 2017-10-28|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130201152726/http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/hydrofluoricacid/basics/facts.asp|archive-date = 2013-02-01|dátarochtana = 2021-02-15|archivedate = 2013-02-01|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130201152726/http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/hydrofluoricacid/basics/facts.asp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ceimiceán contúirteach é clóiríd hidrigine freisin. Féadfaidh análú an gháis, le níos mó ná caoga cuid in aghaidh an mhilliúin de chlóiríd hidrigine, duine a mharú. Tá bróimíd hidrigine níos tocsainí fós agus níos greannmhaire ná clóiríd hidrigine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/7647010.html|teideal = Hydrogen chloride|access-date = February 24, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Is féidir le análú gáis le níos mó ná tríocha cuid in aghaidh an mhilliúin de bhróimíd hidrigine a bheith marfach do dhaoine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/10035106.html|teideal = Hydrogen bromide|access-date = February 24, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tá iaidíd hidrigine tocsaineach, cosúil le hailídí hidrigine eile.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.kumed.com/~/media/Imported/kumed/documents/kdhehydrogeniodide.ashx |teideal = Poison Facts:Low Chemicals: Hydrogen Iodid |access-date =2015-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=====Na hailídí mhiotalacha=====
Is eol go n-imoibríonn na halaiginí go léir le sóidiam chun [[fluairíd sóidiam]], [[clóiríd sóidiam]], [[bróimíd sóidiam]], [[iaidíd sóidiam]], agus astatíd sóidiam a chruthú. Táirgeann imoibriú sóidiam téite le halaiginí lasracha glefhlannbhuí. Tá imoibriú sóidiam le clóirín i bhfoirm:

:2Na + Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; → 2NaCl

Imoibríonn iarann ​​le fluairín, clóirín, agus bróimín chun hailídí Iarainn (III) a chruthú. Tá na n-imoibrithe seo i bhfoirm:

:2Fe + 3X &lt;sub&gt; 2 &lt;/sub&gt; → 2FeX &lt;sub&gt; 3 &lt;/sub&gt;

Mar sin féin, nuair a imoibríonn iarann ​​le iaidín, ní chruthaínn sé ach [[iaidíd iarainn (II)]].

: Fe + I &lt;sub&gt; 2 &lt;/sub&gt; → FeI &lt;sub&gt; 2 &lt;/sub&gt;

Is féidir le olann iarainn imoibriú go tapa le fluairín chun an  ábhair bháin fluairíd iarann ​​(III) a chruthú, fiú i dteochtaí fuara. Nuair a thagann clóirín i dteagmháil le hiarann ​​téite, imoibríonn siad chun an  iarainn dhubh Cl[Fe](Cl)Cl clóiríd iarainn (III) a chruthú. Mar sin féin, má tá na coinníollacha imoibrithe tais, beidh táirge  donnrua mar thoradh ar an imoibriú seo. Is féidir le hiarann ​​imoibriú le bróimín freisin chun bróimíd iarainn (III) a dhéanamh. Tá an chomhdhúil seo  donnrua i ndálaí tirime. Níl imoibriú iarainn le bróimín níos imoibríche ná a imoibriú le fluairín nó clóirín. Is féidir le hiarann ​​te imoibriú le iaidín freisin, ach cruthaíonn sé iaidíd iarainn (II). Féadfaidh an chomhdhúil seo a bheith liath, ach tá an t-imoibriú éillithe i gcónaí le barraíocht iaidíde. Níl imoibriú iarainn le iaidín chomh bríomhar sin ná a imoibriú leis na halaiginí níos éadroime.&lt;ref name = &quot;assorted&quot;/&gt;

===== Comhdhúile idir-halaigine =====
Tá comhdhúile idir-halaigine i bhfoirm XY &lt;sub&gt; n &lt;/sub&gt; áit a bhfuil X agus Y ina halaiginí agus is n a haon, a trí, a cúig nó a seacht. Bíonn dhá halaigin éagsúil ar a laghad i gcomhdhúile idir-halaigine. Is féidir idir-halaiginí móra, mar ClF&lt;sub&gt; 3 &lt;/sub&gt; a tháirgeadh trí imoibriú halaigine íne a bhfuil idir-halaigin níos lú aici mar ClF. Is féidir gach idir-halaigin seachas IF &lt;sub&gt; 7 &lt;/sub&gt; a tháirgeadh trí halaiginí íona a chur le chéile go díreach faoi dhálaí éagsúla.&lt;ref name = &quot;Chemistry of Interhalogens&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nvatWdX1ZWcC|title = Chemistry Of Interhalogen Compounds|year = 2007|access-date = February 27, 2013|isbn = 9788183562430|last1 = Saxena|first1 = P. B}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Is gnách go mbíonn idir-halaiginí níos imoibríche ná na móilíní halaigine dé-adamhacha go léir seachas F&lt;sub&gt; 2 &lt;/sub&gt; toisc go mbíonn nascanna idir-halaigine níos laige. Mar sin féin, bíonn na hairíonna ceimiceacha idir-halaiginí beagnach mar an gcéanna le hairíonna na halaiginí dé-adamhacha. Is éard atá i go leor idir-halaiginí ná hadamh amháin nó níos mó d'fhluairín nasca le halaigine níos troime. Is féidir le clóirín nascadh le suas le 3 adamh fluairín, is féidir le bróimín nascadh le suas le cúig adamh fluairín, agus is féidir le iaidín nascadh le suas le seacht n-adamh fluairín. Is gáis chomhfhiúsacha an chuid is mó de na chomhdhúile idir-halaigine. Mar sin féin, is leachtanna iad roinnt idir-halaiginí, mar shampla  BrF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, agus is solaid iad go leor halaiginí ina bhfuil iaidín ann. 

===== Comhdhúile orgánahalaigine=====
Tá adamh halaigine i go leor comhdhúile orgánacha sintéiseacha cosúil le polaiméirí plaisteacha, agus cúpla comhdhúile nádúrtha; tugtar comhdhúile halaiginithe nó hailídí orgánacha orthu seo. Is é clóirín an halaigin is flúirsí in uisce na farraige, agus is é an t-aon cheann atá ag teastáil i méideanna réasúnta mór (mar iain chlóiríd) ag daoine. Mar shampla, tá ról lárnach ag iain chlóiríd i bhfeidhm na hinchinne trí 
idirghabháil a dhéanamh ar ghníomh an tarchuradóra choisctheach GABA  agus úsáidtear iad freisin chun aigéid ghoile a tháirgeadh. Teastaíonn iaidín i rianmhéideanna chun hormón thíoróidigh mar tíorocsaín. Déantar organohalogens a shintéisiú freisin tríd an 
frithghníomhú teibíocht núicléifileach
=====Comhdhúile polahalaiginithe =====
Is comhdhúile monaraithe go tionsclaíoch iad comhdhúile polahalaiginithe a bhí malartaithe le halaiginí iomadúla. Tá go leor acu an-tocsaineach agus bithcharnaithe i ndaoine, agus tá raon feidhme an-leathan acu. Cuimsíonn siad [[Défheinilí pholaclóirínithe|défheinilí pholaclóirínithe]] (DFPanna), éitirí dhéfheiníle pholabróimínithe (ÉDFPanna), agus comhdhúile shárfhluairínithe (CSFanna), chomh maith le go leor comhdhúile eile.
==== Imoibrithe ====

===== Imoibrithe le huisce =====
Imoibríonn fluairín go bríomhar le huisce chun ocsaigin (O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) agus fluairíd hidrigine (HF) a tháirgeadh:&lt;ref&gt;The Oxidising Ability of the Group 7 Elements.  http://www.chemguide.co.uk/inorganic/group7/halogensasoas.html &lt;/ref&gt;

:  F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(g) + 2 H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O(l) → O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(g) + 4 HF(aq)

Tá uasintuaslagthacht ca. 7.1 g Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in aghaidh an kg d'uisce ag teocht chomhthimpeallach (21&amp;nbsp;°C) ag clóirín. Imoibríonn clóirín tuaslagtha chun aigéad hidreaclórach (HCl) agus aigéad hipeaclórúil a chruthú, tuaslagán is féidir a úsáid mar dhífhabhtán nó thuarthóir: &lt;ref&gt;The Oxidising Ability of the Group 7 Elements. http://www.chemguide.co.uk/inorganic/group7/halogensasoas.html &lt;/ref&gt;

: Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(g) + H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O(l) → HCl(aq) + HClO(aq)

Tá intuaslagthacht de 3.41 g in aghaidh an 100 g uisce ag bróimín, [20] ach imoibríonn sé go mall chun bróimíd hidrigine (HBr) agus aigéad hipobróimíúil (HBrO) a dhéanamh:&lt;ref&gt;Properties of bromine. http://www.bromaid.org/hand_chap1.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208113138/http://www.bromaid.org/hand_chap1.htm |date=2007-12-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

: Br&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(g) + H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O(l) → HBr(aq) + HBrO(aq)

Intuaslagann iaidín  ag an íosleibhéal in uisce (0.03 g / 100 g d'uisce ag 20&amp;nbsp;° C) agus ní imoibríonn sé leis.&lt;ref&gt;Iodine MSDS.http://hazard.com/msds/mf/baker/baker/files/i2680.htm &lt;/ref&gt;Mar sin féin, cruthóidh iaidín tuaslagán uiscí i láthair iain iaidíde, amhail trí [[iaidíd photaisiam]] (KI) a chur leis, toisc go ndéantar an t-ian [[trí-iaidíd]].

===Airíonna fisiciúla agus adamhacha===

Is é atá sa tábla thíos achoimre ar phríomh-airíonna fisiceacha agus adamhacha na halaiginí. Na sonraí atá marcáilte le comharthaí ceiste, tá siad 
neamhchinnte nó an is meastacháin bunaithe go páirteach ar threochtaí peiriadacha seachas ar bhreathnuithe iad.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!Halaigin
!Meáchan adamhach caighdeánach&lt;br&gt;([[unified atomic mass unit|u]]){{refn|The number given in [[bracket|parentheses]] refers to the [[Uncertainty#Measurements|measurement uncertainty]]. This uncertainty applies to the [[significant figure|least significant figure]](s) of the number prior to the parenthesized value (i.e., counting from rightmost digit to left). For instance, {{val|1.00794|(7)}} stands for {{val|1.00794|0.00007}}, while {{val|1.00794|(72)}} stands for {{val|1.00794|0.00072}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Info/Constants/definitions.html|title=Standard Uncertainty and Relative Standard Uncertainty|website=[[CODATA]] reference|publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]]|access-date=26 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;|group=n}}&lt;ref name=&quot;atomicweights2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Wieser |first1=Michael E.|last2=Coplen|first2=Tyler B. |year=2011|title=Atomic weights of the elements 2009 (IUPAC Technical Report)|journal=[[Pure and Applied Chemistry|Pure Appl. Chem.]] |volume=83|issue=2|pages=359–396|doi=10.1351/PAC-REP-10-09-14|s2cid=95898322|url=http://iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/2011/pdf/8302x0359.pdf|access-date=5 December 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
![[Leáphointe]]&lt;br&gt;([[kelvin|K]])
![[Leáphointe]]&lt;br&gt;([[Celsius|°C]])
![[Fiuchphointe]]&lt;br&gt;([[kelvin|K]])&lt;ref name=&quot;RubberBible84th&quot;&gt;{{cite book | editor = Lide, D. R. | title = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics | edition = 84th | location = Boca Raton, FL |publisher = CRC Press | year = 2003 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
![[Fiuchphointe]]&lt;br&gt;([[Celsius|°C]])&lt;ref name=&quot;RubberBible84th&quot;/&gt;
![[Dlús]]&lt;br&gt;(g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;sg 25&amp;nbsp;°C)
![[Leictridhiúltacht ]]&lt;br&gt;([[Pauling scale|Pauling]])
!An Chéad [[Fuinneamh ianúcháin|Fhuinneamh ianúcháin]]&lt;br&gt;([[Kilojoule per mole|kJ·mol&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;]]) !! [[Ga comhfhiúsach]]&lt;br&gt;([[picometre|pm]])&lt;ref name=&quot;slater64&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Slater|first=J. C.|year=1964|title=Atomic Radii in Crystals|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-chemical-physics_1964-11-15_41_10/page/3199|journal=[[Journal of Chemical Physics]]|volume=41|issue=10|pages=3199–3205|bibcode=1964JChPh..41.3199S|doi=10.1063/1.1725697}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Fluairín ]] || 18.9984032(5) || 53.53 || −219.62 || 85.03 || −188.12 || 0.0017 || 3.98 || 1681.0 || 71
|-
| [[Clóirín]] || [35.446; 35.457]{{refn|The average atomic weight of this element changes depending on the source of the chlorine, and the values in brackets are the upper and lower bounds.&lt;ref name=&quot;atomicweights2009&quot;/&gt;|group=n}} || 171.6 || −101.5 || 239.11 || −34.04 || 0.0032 || 3.16 || 1251.2 || 99
|-
| [[Bróimín]] || 79.904(1) || 265.8 || −7.3 || 332.0 || 58.8 || 3.1028 || 2.96 || 1139.9 || 114
|-
| [[Iaidín]] || 126.90447(3) || 386.85 || 113.7 || 457.4 || 184.3 || 4.933 || 2.66 || 1008.4 || 133
|-
| [[Astaitín]] || [210]{{refn|The element does not have any stable [[nuclide]]s, and the value in brackets indicates the [[mass number]] of the longest-lived [[isotope]] of the element.&lt;ref name=&quot;atomicweights2009&quot;/&gt;|group=n}} || 575 || 302 || ? 610 || ? 337 || ? 6.2–6.5&lt;ref name=Bonchev&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bonchev |first1=Danail |last2=Kamenska |first2=Verginia |year=1981 |title=Predicting the properties of the 113–120 transactinide elements |journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry |volume=85 |issue=9 |pages=1177–86 |doi=10.1021/j150609a021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; || 2.2 || ? 887.7 || ? 145&lt;ref&gt;https://www.thoughtco.com/astatine-facts-element-ar-606501&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Teinisín]] || [294]{{refn|The element does not have any stable [[nuclide]]s, and the value in brackets indicates the [[mass number]] of the longest-lived [[isotope]] of the element.&lt;ref name=&quot;atomicweights2009&quot;/&gt;|group=n}} || ? 623-823&lt;ref name=&quot;thoughtco.com&quot;&gt;https://www.thoughtco.com/element-117-facts-ununseptium-or-uus-3880071&lt;/ref&gt; || ? 350-550&lt;ref name=&quot;thoughtco.com&quot;/&gt; || ? 883&lt;ref name=&quot;thoughtco.com&quot;/&gt; || ? 610&lt;ref name=&quot;thoughtco.com&quot;/&gt; || ? 7.1-7.3&lt;ref name=&quot;thoughtco.com&quot;/&gt; || - || ? 743&lt;ref&gt;https://www.webelements.com/tennessine/atoms.html&lt;/ref&gt; || ? 157&lt;ref name=&quot;thoughtco.com&quot;/&gt;
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
![[Uimhir adamhach|Z]] !! [[Dúil cheimiceach |Dúil]] !! [[Leictreonsceall|
Líon na leictreon / na sceall]]
|-
| 9 || fluairín || 2, 7
|-
| 17 || clóirín|| 2, 8, 7
|-
| 35 || bróimín || 2, 8, 18, 7
|-
| 53 ||iaidín || 2, 8, 18, 18, 7
|-
| 85 ||astaitín|| 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 7
|-
| 117 ||teinisín || 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 7 ''(tuartha)''&lt;ref name=Haire&gt;{{Cite book |publisher= [[Springer Science+Business Media]] |year = 2006 |location=Dordrecht, The Netherlands |bibcode=2011tcot.book.....M |journal=The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements |doi =10.1007/978-94-007-0211-0 |editor1-last=Morss |editor1-first=Lester R |editor2-last=Edelstein |editor2-first=Norman M |editor3-last=Fuger| editor3-first=Jean |isbn =978-94-007-0210-3 |last1= Morss |first1= Lester R. |last2= Edelstein |first2= Norman M. |last3= Fuger |first3= Jean |title = The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== Iseatóip ====

Tá iseatóp nádúrtha cobhsaí amháin ag fluairín, fluairín-19. Mar sin féin, tá rianmhéideanna ann den iseatóip radaighníomhach fluairín-23, a tharlaíonn trí [[Braisle-mheatha|braisle-mheatha]] nó tromcháithnín-mheatha de [[prótachtainiam-231|phrótachtainiam-231]]. Thángthas ar ocht n-iseatóp déag de fluairín san iomlán, agus maiseanna adamhacha idir 14 agus 31 acu. Tá dhá iseatóp chobhsaí nádúrtha ag clóirín, clóirín-35 agus clóirín-37. Mar sin féin, tá rianmhéideanna ann sa nádúr, an iseatóp [[clóirín-36]], a tharlaíonn trí argón-36 a scilligeadh. Thángthas ar 24 iseatóp de chlóirín san iomlán, le maiseanna adamhacha idir 28 agus 51.

Tá dhá iseatóp chobhsaí nádúrtha de bhróimín ann, bróimín-79 agus bróimín-81. Thángthas ar 33 iseatóp de bhróimín san iomlán, agus maiseanna adamhacha idir 66 agus 98 acu. Tá iseatóp cobhsaí amháin d'iaidín, iaidín-127 ann. Mar sin féin, tá rianmhéideanna ann den iseatóp radaighníomhach iaidín-129, a tharlaíonn trí scilligeadh agus ó mheath radaighníomhach úráiniam i miantaí. Cruthaíodh roinnt iseatóp radaighníomhach eile iaidín go nádúrtha freisin trí mheatha úráiniam. Thángthas ar 38 iseatóp iaidín san iomlán, agus maiseanna adamhacha idir 108 agus 145 acu.

Níl aon iseatóip chobhsaí d'astaitín ann. Mar sin féin, tá ceithre iseatóp radaighníomhach d'astaitín, a tharlaíonn go nádúrtha ann, a tháirgtear trí mheatha radaighníomhaigh úráiniam, neiptunium agus plútóiniam. Is iad na hiseatóip seo na astaitín-215, astaitín-217, astaitín-218, agus astaitín-219. Thángthas ar 31 iseatóp d'astaitín san iomlán, agus maiseanna adamhacha idir 191 agus 227 acu. 

Níl ach dhá raidiseatóp sintéiseach ar eolas ag teinisín, teinisín 293 agus teinisín-294.
== Táirgeadh ==

[[Image:Halogens.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|right|Ó chlé go deas: clóirín, bróimín, agus iaidín ag teocht an tseomra. Is gás é clóirín, is leacht é bróimín, agus is solad é iaidín. Ní fhéadfaí fluairín a áireamh san íomhá mar gheall ar a imoibríocht ard, agus astaitín agus teinisín mar gheall ar a radaighníomhaíocht.]]
Táirgtear thart ar sé mhilliún tonna méadrach den mhianra fluairít [[fluairíd chailciam]], CaF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; gach bliain. Táirgtear ceithre chéad míle tonna méadrach d’aigéad hidreafluarach gach bliain. Faightear an gás fluairín as an aigéad hidreafluarach a tháirgtear mar fhotháirge i monarú an [[Aigéad fosfarach|aigéid fosfaraigh]]. Táirgtear thart ar 15,000 tonna méadrach den ghás fluairín in aghaidh na bliana.&lt;ref name = &quot;Nature's Building Blocks&quot;/&gt;.
Is é an mianra [[hailít]] an mianra is minice a úsáidtear le haghaidh clóirín a fháil, ach baintear na mianraí [[carnaillít ]] agus [[silvít ]] le haghaidh clóirín freisin. Trí an tsáile a leictrealú, tairgtear daichead milliún tonna méadrach clóirín gach bliain.&lt;ref name = &quot;Nature's Building Blocks&quot;/&gt; 
Táirgtear thart ar 450,000 tonna méadrach bróimín gach bliain. Táirgtear 50% den bhróimín sna Stáit Aontaithe, 35% in Iosrael, agus an chuid is mó den bhfuílleach sa tSín. Go stairiúil, táirgeadh bróimín trí aigéad sulfarach agus púdar tuaratha a mheascadh le sáile nádúrtha. Sa lá atá inniu ann, áfach, táirgtear bróimín trí leictrelaithe, modh a cheap Herbert Dow. Is féidir bróimín a tháirgeadh freisin trí chlóirín a chur trí uisce na farraige agus ansin aer a chur tríd an uisce farraige.

Sa bhliain 2003, táirgeadh 22,000 tonna méadrach iaidín. Táirgeann an tSile 40% den iaidín go léir a tháirgtear, táirgeann an tSeapáin 30%, agus táirgtear méideanna níos lú sa Rúis agus sna Stáit Aontaithe. Go dtí na 1950idí, baineadh iaidín as ceilp. Sa lá atá inniu ann, áfach, táirgtear iaidín ar bhealaí eile. Bealach amháin a tháirgtear iaidín is ea trí dhé-ocsaíd sulfair a mheascadh le mhianta [[Níotráit|níotráite]], ina bhfuil roinnt [[Iadáit |iadáití]]. Baintear iaidín as ceantar gáis nádúrtha freisin.&lt;ref name = &quot;Nature's Building Blocks&quot;/&gt;

Táirgtear teinisín trí bHeircéiliam-249 agus cailciam-48 a chomhleá.

==Feidhmeanna==
===Dífhabhtáin===
Úsáidtear clóirín agus bróimín araon mar fhabhtáin le haghaidh uisce inólta, linnte snámha, créachta úra, spánna, mias agus dromchlaí. Maraíonn siad [[baictéir]] agus [[Miocrorgánach|miocrorgánaigh]] eile a d’fhéadfadh a bheith díobhálach trí phróiseas ar a dtugtar [[steiriliú]]. Úsáidtear a n-imoibríocht freisin i d[[Tuarthóir|tuaradh]]. Is í hipeaclóirít sóidiam, a tháirgtear ó chlóirín, an comhábhar gníomhach i bhformhór na  dtuarthóirí fabraice, agus úsáidtear tuarthóirí díorthaithe ó chlóirín i dtáirgeadh roinnt táirgí páipéir. Imoibríonn clóirín le sóidiam freisin chun clóiríde sóidiam a chruthú, is é sin [[salann]] mín.

=== Soilsiú ===
Is cineál [[Lampa gealbhruthach|lampaí gealbhruthacha]] iad [[Lampa halaigine|lampaí halaigine]] a úsáideann filiméid [[Tungstan|tungstain]] i mbolgáin a bhfuil méideanna beaga halaigine iontu, mar iaidín nó bróimín curtha leis. Dá bharr, is féidir  lampaí a tháirgeadh atá i bhfad níos lú ná lampaí leictreacha filiméid ag an [[Vata|vatacht]] chéanna. Laghdaíonn an gás tanú an fhiliméid agus dhubhaigh an taobh istigh den bholgán agus da bharr sin, bíonn bolgán ann a bhfuil saol i bhfad níos mó aige. Breonn lampaí halaigine ag teocht níos airde (2800 go 3400 [[ceilvin]]) le dath níos gile ná bolgáin ghealbhruthacha eile. Éilíonn sé seo, áfach, bolgáin a mhonarú as grianchloch chomhleáiteseachas gloine shilice chun an bhriste a laghdú. 

=== Comhábhair druga ===
Mar thoradh ar adamh halaigine a ionchorprú sa phríomhdhruga féideartha, is féidir analógacha atá níos lipifilí de ghnáth agus níos lú intuaslagtha in uisce, a fháil,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=G.|last=Thomas|title=Medicinal Chemistry an Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/medicinalchemist0000thom_e9s2|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, West Sussex, UK|year=2000|isbn=978-0-470-02597-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;  i bhfionnachtain drugaí,  Mar thoradh air sin, úsáidtear adamh halaigine chun treá a fheabhsú tríscannán agus déchiseal lipidí.  Is dá thoradh seo,  go bhfuil claonadh ann go carnfaidh roinnt drugaí halaiginithe i bhfíochán saille.

Braitheann imoibríocht cheimiceach adamh halaigine ar a bpointe neasachta leis an bpríomhbhall agus nádúr na halaigine. Tá grúpaí halaigine aramatacha i bhfad níos imoibríche ná grúpaí halaigine [[Comhdhúil alafatach|alafatacha]], ar féidir leo imoibríocht cheimiceach nach beag a thaispeáint. Maidir le nascanna alafatacha carbóin-halaigine, is é an nasc C-F an nasc is láidre agus is lú imoibríocha go ceimiceach ná nascanna C-H alafatacha. Tá na nascanna alafatacha-halaigine eile níos laige, a n-imoibríocht ag méadú ar an tslí thíos an tabla pheiriadaigh. Is gnách go mbíonn siad níos imoibríche go ceimiceach ná na nascanna C-H alafatacha. Mar thoradh air sin, is iad na malartuithe halaigine is coitianta ná na grúpaí fluairín agus clóirín aramatacha is lú imoibríocha.

== Ról bitheolaíoch==
Faightear  ainiain fhluairíde in eabhair, cnámha, fiacla, fuil, uibheacha, fual agus gruaig orgánaigh. D’fhéadfadh go mbeadh ainiain fhluairíde i méideanna an-bheaga riachtanach do dhaoine.&lt;ref name=&quot;who.int&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/fluoride.pdf|last1=Fawell|first1=J.|title=Fluoride in Drinking-water|publisher=World Health Organisation|access-date=10 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 0.5 milleagram fluairín in aghaidh an lítir d’fhuil an duine. Tá fluairín 0.2 go 1.2% i gcnámha an duine. Tá timpeall 50 [[Codanna sa bhilliún|csb]] de fluairín i bhfíochán an duine. Tá idir 3 agus 6 gram de fluairín i ngnáthdhuine de 70 cileagram.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nature's Building Blocks&quot; /&gt;

Tá  ainiain chlóiríd riachtanach do líon mór speiceas, daoine san áireamh. Is é 10 go 20 csm tiúchan clóirín i meáchan tirim gránbharr, agus i b[[Práta|prátaí]] tá tiúchan clóiríd 0.5%. Bíonn drochthionchar ar fhás na bplandaí ag leibhéil clóiríd san [[ithir]] a thagann faoi bhun 2 csm. Tá clóirín 0.3% ar an meán i bhfuil an duine. De ghnáth bíonn 900 csm de chlóirín i gcnámh an duine. Tá timpeall 0.2 go 0.5% clóirín i bhfíochán an duine. Tá 95 gram de chlóirín san iomlán i ngnáthdhuine  a bhfuil 70 cileagram  meáchain ann.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nature's Building Blocks&quot; /&gt;

Tá roinnt bróimín i bhfoirm an ainiain bhróimíde i ngach orgánach. Níor cruthaíodh ról bitheolaíoch don bróimín i ndaoine, ach tá comhdhúile orgánabróimín i roinnt  orgánach. De ghnáth, itheann daoine 1 go 20 milleagram de bhróimín in aghaidh an lae. De ghnáth, bíonn 5 csm de bhróimín i bhfuil an duine, 7 csm  de bhróimín i gcnámha an duine, agus 7 csm de  bhróimín i bhfíochán an duine. Tá 260 milleagram de bhróimín i ngnáthdhuine  a bhfuil 70 cileagram meáchain ann .&lt;ref name=&quot;Nature's Building Blocks&quot; /&gt;

Fuarthas [[astaitín]], cé go bhfuil sé an-ghann, i micreagraim ar domhan. Is de dhéantús an duine amháin é teinisín  agus níl aon róil eile aige sa nádúr.

==Tagairtí==
{{Reflist}}
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  <page>
    <title>Iarmhairt fhótaileictreach</title>
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      <comment>Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260614sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="5292" sha1="0mzxkckw0gf1itsbpx9e977aeguvv4j" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Photoelectric effect in a solid - diagram.svg|thumbnail|Léaráid den iarmhairt fhótaileictreach: Astaítear leictreoin ó dhromchla miotail mar gheall ar radaíocht leictreamaighnéadach ar mhinicíocht ar leith.]]

Astú [[Leictreon|leictreon]] ó dhromchla miotail mar thoradh ar a ionradaíocht le solas is ea an '''iarmhairt fhótaileictreach'''. Ní astaítear solas ar bith mura bhfuil  [[Tonnfhad|tonnfhad]] an tsolais níos lú ná luach criticiúil, a bhraitheann ar an ábhar atá i gceist. Braitheann [[Fuinneamh|fuinneamh]] na leictreon astaithe ní ar dhéine an tsolais ach ar a tonnfhad. Ní bhraitheann fuinneamh na leictreon astaithe ar dhéine an tsolais ach ar a dtonnfhaid. Fuair Heinrich Hertz an iarmhairt seo amach sa bhliain [[1887]], céim bhunúsach i bhforbairt na teoirice candamaí. Sa bhliain [[1905]] mhínigh [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]] an iarmhairt mar seo: cuimsíonn solas aonaid scoite dhea-shainmhínithe (fótóin nó candaim sholais), gach ceann acu le fuinneamh a bhraitheann ar an tonnfhad, is é sin, gur feiniméan candamach é an solas.

==Turgnaimh ar an bhfóta-astú==
Ní mór don teoiric a bhaineann leis an iarmhairt fhótaileictreach teacht leis na torthaí ó thurgnaimh ar an bhfóta-astú (astú ó dhromchla miotail).

I gcás miotal ar leith, tá íosmhinicíocht an [[Radaíocht|tsolais]] ionsaithigh nach dtarlaíonn fóta-astú faoina bun. Tugtar an mhinicíocht tairsí ar an minicíocht sin. Os a chionn seo, má ardaítear minicíocht an tsolais ionsaithigh (gan déine an fhótashrutha a athrú) ionas go mbeidh méadú comhréireach i bhfuinneamh an tsolais, tiocfaidh méadú ar fhuinneamh cinéiteach an fhótasrutha. Tiocfaidh athrú ar mhéid na leictreon a astaítear freisin, de bhrí go méadaíonn an [[Dóchúlacht|dóchúlacht]] go n-astófar leictreon ó fhótón de thoradh fuinnimh an fhótóin. Ach má ardaítear déine an tsolais ionsaithigh, agus an solas sin ar mhinicíocht ar leith, ní athróidh fuinneamh cinéiteach na bhfótaileictreoin. Mar sin, os cionn na minicíochta tairsí, braitheann fuinneamh cinéiteach an leictreoin astaithe is tapa ar mhinicíocht an tsolais ionsaithigh, ach tá sé neamhspleách ar déine an tsolais ionsaithigh, ar an gcoinníoll nach bhfuil an déine ró-ard.&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite journal
 |last1=Zhang |first1=Q.
 |year=1996
 |title=Intensity dependence of the photoelectric effect induced by a circularly polarized laser beam
 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_physics-letters-a_1996-06-17_216_1-5/page/125 |journal=[[Physics Letters A]]
 |volume=216 |issue=1–5 |page=125
 |bibcode=1996PhLA..216..125Z
 |doi=10.1016/0375-9601(96)00259-9
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Do mhiotal ar leith, agus do mhinicíocht an tsolais ionsaithigh ar leith, tá na leictreoin a n-astaítear sa soicind i gcomhréir dhíreach le déine an tsolais ionsaithigh. 
Tá moill an-bheag - níos lú ná 10−9 soicind - idir an t-am a thiteann an solas ar dhromchla miotail agus an t-am a n-astaíonn fótaileictreon.

==Teoiric Fhótaileictreach Einstein==
[[File:Photoelectric effect diagram.svg|thumb|Léaráid den fhuinneamh cinéiteach an leictreoin is tapa mar fheidhm de mhinicíocht an tsolais ar sinc]]

I 1905, bunaithe ar obair [[Max Planck]], rinne [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]] ríomh bunaithe ar an tuiscint gur féidir an solas a shamhlú mar 'bheartáin fuinnimh' &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Halliday, Resnick, Krane||title=Physics|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc|isbn=0-471-54804-9||page=1031|edition=Fourth}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gribbin|first1=John|title=In Search of Schrödinger's Cat|publisher=Bantam Books|isbn=0-553-34253-3|pages=42-43}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Tugtar fuinneamh de fhótón amháin, &lt;math&gt;E&lt;/math&gt;, leis an bhfoirmle &lt;math&gt;E = h\,f&lt;/math&gt;, áit arb é &lt;math&gt;\,f&lt;/math&gt; a mhinicíocht agus arb é &lt;math&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; an tairseach Planck.

Dar le  [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]], is ionann fuinneamh cinéiteach an leictreoin astaithe is tapa, &lt;math&gt;K_\max&lt;/math&gt;, agus an difríocht idir fuinneamh an fhótóin agus feidhm oibre an mhiotail:

&lt;center&gt;&lt;math&gt;K_\max = E - \phi,&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/center&gt; nó

&lt;center&gt;&lt;math&gt;K_\max = h\,f - \phi,&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/center&gt;

áit arb é &lt;math&gt;\phi,&lt;/math&gt; feidhm oibre an mhiotail (uaireanta &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, nó &lt;math&gt;\varphi&lt;/math&gt;), an fuinneamh a bhfuil gá leis chun leictreon a bhaint de dhromchla miotail. Tugtar an fheidhm oibre leis an bhfoirmle seo a leanas:

&lt;center&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi = h\,f_0,&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/center&gt;

áit arb é &lt;math&gt;f_0&lt;/math&gt; minicíocht tairsí an mhiotail. Mar sin, is féidir an fhoirmle seo a úsáid don fhuinneamh cinéiteach an leictreoin astaithe is tapa:

&lt;center&gt;&lt;math&gt;K_\max = h \left(f - f_0\right).&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/center&gt;

Má thiteann fótón ar dhromchla miotail, agus má tá fuinneamh an fhótóin níos mó ná an fheidhm oibre, astaítear leictreon.

Bhuaigh Einstein an [[Duais Nobel]] i 1921
&lt;ref&gt;[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/index.html Duais Nobel na Fisice, foilsitheoir='Nobelprize.org']&lt;/ref&gt; bunaithe ar an obair seo.

==Tagairtí==
{{reflist}}
[[Catagóir: Meicnic chandamach]]
[[Catagóir: Feiniméin leictreacha]]
[[Catagóir: Albert Einstein]]
[[Catagóir: Heinrich Hertz]]
[[Catagóir: Tiontú fuinnimh]]
[[Catagóir: Fótavoltachas]]
[[Catagóir: Fótaiceimic]]
[[Catagóir: Leictriceimic]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Intleacht</title>
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      <comment>Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260614sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="13227" sha1="90yrzh527jpf01k28qckp4h1ftnf9h1" xml:space="preserve">{{glanadh-mar|profléitheoireacht ag teastáil go géar... b'fhéidir níos fearr filleadh ar an leagan ó Fréamh an Eolais}}
Sainmhíníodh '''intleacht''' ar go leor bealaí: an cumas [[loighic]], tuiscint, féinfheasacht, foghlaim, eolas mothúchánach, réasúnaíocht, pleanáil, cruthaitheacht, smaointeoireacht chriticiúil agus réiteach fadhbanna. Ar bhonn níos ginearálta, is féidir cur síos a dhéanamh uirthi mar an cumas faisnéis a thabhair faoi deara nó a thuiscint, agus í a choinneáil mar eolas atá le cur i bhfeidhm ar iompraíochtaí oiriúnaitheacha laistigh de thimpeallacht nó chomhthéacs. sainmhínithe i go leor bealaí: an cumas chun [[loighic]], a thuiscint, féinfheasacht, foghlaim, eolas mhothúchánach, [[Réasúnú|réasúnaíocht]], pleanáil, cruthaitheacht, smaointeoireacht chriticiúil, agus réiteach fadhbanna. Ar bhonn níos ginearálta, is féidir cur síos a dhéanamh air mar an cumas faisnéis a bhrath nó a fháil, agus í a choinneáil mar eolas atá le cur i bhfeidhm ar iompraíochtaí oiriúnaitheacha laistigh de timpeallacht nó i gcomhthéacs.

Is minic a dhéantar staidéar ar  '''intleach''' i ndaoine ach breathnaíodh uirthi freisin in ainmhithe neamh-dhaonna agus i bplandaí. Tugtar [[intleacht shaorga]] ar '''intleach''' i meaisíní, a chuirtear i bhfeidhm go coitianta i [[Ríomhaire|gcórais ríomhaireachta a]] úsáideann [[Ríomhchlár|cláir]] agus, uaireanta, [[Crua-earraí ríomhaire|crua-earraí]] speisialaithe. 

== Stair an téarma ==
Eascraíonn an focal “ ''[[wiktionary:intelligence#English|Intleacht]]'' ” ón [[ainmfhocal]] Laidineach ''[[wiktionary:intelligentia|intelligia]]'' nó ''[[wiktionary:intellectus|intellēctus]]'', a eascraíonn as an mbriathar ''[[wiktionary:intelligere|intelligere]]'', chun a thuiscint nó a bhrath. Sa [[An Mheánaois|Mheánaois]], tháinig an focal ''intellectus'' chun cinn mar théarma teicniúil léannta i gcomhair na tuisceana, agus aistriúchán don téarma fealsúnachta Gréagach ''nous''. Bhí an téarma seo, áfach, nasctha go láidir leis na teoiricí [[Meitifisic|mheitifisiciúla]]  agus [[Cosmeolaíocht|chosmeolaíocha]] teoiricí den  [[scolaíochas]] [[teileolaíoch]], lena n-áirítear teoiricí  neamhbhásmhaireachta an anam, agus  coincheap na hIntleachta Gníomhaí. Dhiúltaigh na fealsúna san nua-aois luth mar [[Francis Bacon]], Thomas Hobbes, [[John Locke]], agus [[David Hume]] an cur chuige iomlán seo i leith staidéar a dhéanamh ar an nádúr, arbh fhearr leo go léir an focal &quot;tuiscint&quot; (in ionad &quot;''intellectus'' &quot; nó &quot;Intleacht  &quot;) ina gcuid saothar fealsúnachta i mBéarla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=Maich|teideal=A Hobbes Dictionary|first=Aloysius|publisher=Blackwell|year=1995}}&lt;/ref&gt;  D'úsáid Hobbes, mar shampla, ina leabhar ''De Corpore'', (a foilsíodh sa Laidin) na focail &quot; ''intellectus intelligit'' &quot;, a aistríodh sa leagan Béarla mar  &quot;the understanding understandeth&quot;, mar shampla tipiciúil de áiféis loighciúil.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://archive.org/details/thomhobbesmalme03molegoog|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105204954/http://www.archive.org/stream/thomhobbesmalme03molegoog|archivedate=5 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mar sin d'éirigh úsáid an téarma &quot;intelligence&quot;  neamhchoitianta i bhfealsúnacht an Bhéarla, ach glacadh leis níos déanaí (leis na teoiricí scolártha a thugann sé le  fios anois) san [[síceolaíocht]] níos comhaimseartha.  

== Sainmhínithe ==
Tá an sainmhíniú ar intleacht conspóideach.  Mhol roinnt grúpaí [[Síceolaíocht|síceolaithe]] na sainmhínithe seo a leanas: 

Ó &quot; Mainstream Science on Intelligence &quot; (1994), ráiteas op-ed san Wall Street Journal arna shíniú ag 52 taighdeoir (as 131 iomlán ar tugadh cuireadh dóibh síniú):&lt;ref name=&quot;Gottfredson 1970688887 17–20&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Gottfredson|1997777|pp=17–20}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

&quot;A very general mental capability that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience. It is not merely book learning, a narrow academic skill, or test-taking smarts. Rather, it reflects a broader and deeper capability for comprehending our surroundings—&quot;catching on,&quot; &quot;making sense&quot; of things, or &quot;figuring out&quot; what to do.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gottfredson1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gottfredson|first=Linda S.|year=1997|authorlink=Linda Gottfredson|tteidealitle=Mainstream Science on Intelligence (editorial)|journal=Intelligence|issn=0160-2896|volume=24|pages=13–23|url=http://www.udel.edu/educ/gottfredson/reprints/1997mainstream.pdf|ref=harv|doi=10.1016/s0160-2896(97)90011-8|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222052006/http://www.udel.edu/educ/gottfredson/reprints/1997mainstream.pdf|archivedate=22 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;    

From ''Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns'' (1995), tuarascáil a d’fhoilsigh Bord Gnóthaí Eolaíochta Chumann Síceolaíochta Mheiriceá : 

&quot;Individuals differ from one another in their ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning, to overcome obstacles by taking thought. Although these individual differences can be substantial, they are never entirely consistent: a given person's intellectual performance will vary on different occasions, in different domains, as judged by different criteria. Concepts of &quot;intelligence&quot; are attempts to clarify and organize this complex set of phenomena. Although considerable clarity has been achieved in some areas, no such conceptualization has yet answered all the important questions, and none commands universal assent. Indeed, when two dozen prominent theorists were recently asked to define intelligence, they gave two dozen, somewhat different, definitions.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Neisser1998&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Neisser|pages=77–101|authorlink1=Ulrich Neisser|authorlink10=Robert Sternberg|titeidealtle=Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns|journal=American Psychologist|issn=0003-066X|volume=51|issue=2|year=1996|last11=Urbina|url=http://psych.colorado.edu/~carey/pdfFiles/IQ_Neisser2.pdf|accessdate=9 October 2014|ref=harv|doi=10.1037/0003-066x.51.2.77|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328064747/http://psych.colorado.edu/~carey/pdfFiles/IQ_Neisser2.pdf|archivedate=28 March 2016|first11=Susana|first10=Robert J.|first1=Ulrich|first5=Nathan|last2=Boodoo|first2=Gwyneth|last3=Bouchard|first3=Thomas J.|last4=Boykin|first4=A. Wade|last5=Brody|last6=Ceci|last10=Sternberg|first6=Stephen J.|last7=Halpern|first7=Diane F.|last8=Loehlin|first8=John C.|last9=Perloff|first9=Robert|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Chomh maith leis na sainmhínithe sin, mhol taighdeoirí [[Síceolaíocht|síceolaíochta]] agus foghlama sainmhínithe ina hntleachta mar seo a leanas:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;width:140px;&quot;| Taighdeoir
! Athfhriotal
|-
| [[Alfred Binet]]
|Judgment, otherwise called &quot;good sense&quot;, &quot;practical sense&quot;, &quot;initiative&quot;, the faculty of adapting one's self to circumstances ... auto-critique.
([[An Ghaeilge|Gaeilge]]: ''Breithiúnas, ar a dtugtar &quot;ciall mhaith&quot;, &quot;ciall phraiticiúil&quot;, &quot;tionscnaíocht&quot;, dámh an duine féin a chur in oiriúint do chúinsí ... uathchritíc'' )&lt;ref name=Binet1905&gt;{{Cite book |last=Binet |first=Alfred |chapter=New methods for the diagnosis of the intellectual level of subnormals |title=The development of intelligence in children: The Binet-Simon Scale |others=E.S. Kite (Trans.) |location=Baltimore |publisher=Williams &amp; Wilkins |year=1916 |origyear=1905 |pages=37–90 |chapterurl=http://psychclassics.asu.edu/Binet/binet1.htm |quote=originally published as Méthodes nouvelles pour le diagnostic du niveau intellectuel des anormaux. L'Année Psychologique, 11, 191–244}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[David Wechsler]]
| The aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment.
([[An Ghaeilge| Gaeilge]]:''Cumas comhiomlán nó domhanda an duine gníomhú go feidhmiúil, smaoineamh go réasúnach, agus déileáil go héifeachtach lena thimpeallacht'') .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Wechsler |first=D |authorlink=David Wechsler |title=The measurement of adult intelligence |url=https://archive.org/details/measurementofadu001469mbp |publisher=Williams &amp; Wilkins |location=Baltimore |year=1944 |isbn=978-0-19-502296-4 |oclc=219871557}} ASIN = B000UG9J7E&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Lloyd Humphreys]]
| &quot;...the resultant of the process of acquiring, storing in memory, retrieving, combining, comparing, and using in new contexts information and conceptual skills&quot;
([[An GhaeilgeGaeilge]]:
.. ''toradh an phróisis chun faisnéis agus scileanna coincheapúla a fháil, a stóráil sa chuimhne, a aisghabháil, a chomhcheangal, a chur i gcomparáid agus a úsáid i gcomhthéacsanna nua''.).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |author=Humphreys, L. G. |year=1979 |title=The construct of general intelligence |url=https://archive.org/details/intelligence_april-june-1979_3_2/page/105 |journal=Intelligence |volume=3 |pages=105–120 |doi=10.1016/0160-2896(79)90009-6 |issue=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Howard Gardner]]
|To my mind, a human intellectual competence must entail a set of skills of [[problem solving]] — enabling the individual to resolve genuine problems or difficulties that he or she encounters and, when appropriate, to create an effective product — and must also entail the potential for finding or creating problems — and thereby laying the groundwork for the acquisition of new knowledge.&lt;ref name=&quot;isbn0465025102&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-465-02510-7 |oclc=221932479 |authormask=Gardner, Howard |url=https://archive.org/details/framesofmindtheo00gard }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Linda Gottfredson]]
|The ability to deal with cognitive complexity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=The General Intelligence Factor |journal=Scientific American Presents |author=Gottfredson, L. |authorlink=Linda Gottfredson |url=http://www.udel.edu/educ/gottfredson/reprints/1998generalintelligencefactor.pdf |accessdate=2008-03-18 |year=1998 |pages=24–29 |volume=9 |issue=4 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307041812/http://www.udel.edu/educ/gottfredson/reprints/1998generalintelligencefactor.pdf |archivedate=7 March 2008  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Robert Sternberg]] &amp; William Salter
|[[Goal-oriented|Goal-directed]] adaptive behavior.&lt;ref name=&quot;isbn0521296870&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |author=Sternberg RJ |authorlink=Robert Sternberg |author2=Salter W |title=Handbook of human intelligence |publisher= Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-521-29687-8 |oclc=11226466}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Reuven Feuerstein]]
|The theory of Structural Cognitive Modifiability describes intelligence as &quot;the unique propensity of human beings to change or modify the structure of their cognitive functioning to adapt to the changing demands of a life situation&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Feuerstein, R., Feuerstein, S., Falik, L &amp; Rand, Y. (1979; 2002). Dynamic assessments of cognitive modifiability. ICELP Press, Jerusalem: Israel; Feuerstein, R. (1990). The theory of structural modifiability. In B. Presseisen (Ed.), Learning and thinking styles: Classroom interaction. Washington, DC: National Education Associations&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Shane Legg]] &amp; [[Marcus Hutter]]
| A synthesis of 70+ definitions from psychology, philosophy, and AI researchers: &quot;Intelligence measures an agent's ability to achieve goals in a wide range of environments&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;LeggHutter2007&quot;/&gt; which has been mathematically formalized.&lt;ref name=&quot;LeggHutter2007b&quot;&gt;{{cite journal
 |author1=S. Legg |author2=M. Hutter | title =        Universal Intelligence: A Definition of Machine Intelligence
 | volume =       17
 | number =       4
 | journal =      Minds and Machines
 | pages =        391–444
 | year =         2007
 | doi =          10.1007/s11023-007-9079-x
| arxiv =0712.3329|bibcode=2007arXiv0712.3329L }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Alexander Wissner-Gross]]
| F = T ∇ S&lt;math&gt;_\tau&lt;/math&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ted.com/talks/alex_wissner_gross_a_new_equation_for_intelligence |title=TED Speaker: Alex Wissner-Gross: A new equation for intelligence |publisher=TED.com |date= |accessdate=2016-09-07 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904234706/http://www.ted.com/talks/alex_wissner_gross_a_new_equation_for_intelligence |archivedate=4 September 2016  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&quot;Intelligence is a force, F, that acts so as to maximize future freedom of action. It acts to maximize future freedom of action, or keep options open, with some strength T, with the diversity of possible accessible futures, S, up to some future time horizon, τ. In short, intelligence doesn't like to get trapped&quot;.
|}
==Intleacht an duine ==
==Intleacht ainmhithe neamhdhaonna==
=== fachtóir '' g '' i measc ainmhithe 
neamhdhaonna ===
==Intleacht na bplandaí ==
==Intleacht shaorga==

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}


[[Catagóir: Intleacht | ]]
[[Catagóir: Síceolaíocht an oideachais]]
[[Catagóir: Síceolaíocht na forbartha]]
[[Catagóir: Tástáil shíceolaíoch]]</text>
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      <text bytes="38263" sha1="9gx7aa4ldg6qz7jm3zx1v08bk7z7079" xml:space="preserve">[[File:NaCl Formation Lewis.svg|thumb|Naisc ianacha de [[Clóiríd sóidiam|chlóiríd sóidiam]], áit a dtugann sóidiam a [[Fiúsleictreon|fhiúsleictreon]] do chlóirín, ionas go mbeidh 8 fiúsleictreon ag an mbeirt acu..]]
Is aomadh buan é '''nasc ceimiceach''' idir [[Adamh|adaimh]], [[ian|iain]] nó [[Móilín|móilíní]] a chuireann ar chumas déanmhaíochta [[Comhdhúil cheimiceach|comhdhúile ceimiceacha]]. D’fhéadfadh an nasc teacht as an bh[[Dlí Coulomb|fórsa leictreastatach]] idir iain atá luchtaithe go hurchomhaireach, amhail i [[Nascadh ianach|naisc ianacha]] nó trí chomhroinnt leictreon mar atá i [[Nasc comhfhiúsach|naisc chomhfhiúsacha]]. Athraíonn neart na nasc ceimiceach go mór; tá “naisc láidre” nó “naisc phríomhúla” mar naisc chomhfhiúsacha, ianacha agus mhiotalacha, agus “naisc laga” nó “naisc thánaisteacha” mar idirghníomhaíochtaí dépholach-dépholach, fórsa scaipthe Londain agus nascadh hidrigine. 

San adamh, timpeallaíonn na [[Leictreon|leictreoin]] an [[Núicléas adamhach|núicléas]] i bhfithiseáin i scealla timpeall an núicléis. Muna mbíonn an sceall seachtrach lán le leictreoin, an uasmhéid atá ceadaithe don adamh sin, bíonn an t-adamh éagobhsaí agus fonn air nasc a dhéanamh le hadamh eile. Aithnítear trí shaghas naisc phríomhúil. An nasc ianach, mar atá i gclóiríd [[sóidiam]], NaCl (salann mín), inar chaill an sóidiam leictreon agus ar ghnóthaigh an [[clóirín]] leictreon, ionas go gcoinnítear na hiain seo le chéile trí aomadh frithpháirteach idir Na&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is Cl&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt;. Sa nasc comhfhiúsach, mar atá i gclóirín, Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, bíonn cuid de na leictreoin bainteach leis an dá núicléas. Nuair a nascann dhá adamh hidrigine (H) le hadamh amháin ocsaigine (O), cruthaítear móilín uisce, H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, agus bíonn dhá nasc chomhfhiúsacha ann. Sa nasc miotalach, mar atá i sóidiam, Na, bíonn na fiúsleictreoin dílogánaithe agus bainteach le cuid mhaith núicléas, rud a thugann seoltacht leictreach don mhiotal. Tugtar ''nasc singil'' ar nasc comhfhiúsach ina bhfuil dhá leictreon i gceist, nasc dúbailte ar cheann le 4 leictreon, agus nasc triarach ar cheann le 6 leictreon. Comharthaítear na naisc seo i bhfoirmlí ceimiceacha le -, =, is ≡. Tugtar ''an nascfhuinneamh'' ar an [[Fuinneamh|bhfuinneamh]] is gá chun nasc ceimiceach a bhriseadh (mar shampla, chun móilín clóirín, Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, a athrú in dhá adamh clóirín, 2 Cl). [[File:electron dot.svg|300px|thumb|right|Samplaí de [[Struchtúr Lewis|Struchtúir Lewis]] - léiriú stíle de naisc cheimiceacha idir [[carbón]] (C), [[hidrigin]] (H), agus [[ocsaigin]] (O). Iarracht luath ab ea léaráidí Lewis chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar nascadh ceimiceach agus úsáidtear go forleathan iad inniu.]]
==Forbhreathnú ar phríomhchineálacha nasc ceimiceach==
Is aomadh idir adamh é nasc ceimiceach. Is féidir an t-aomadh seo a mheas mar thoradh ar iompraíochtaí difriúla na leictreon is forimeallaí nó na bh[[fiúsleictreon]] den adamh. Comhcheanglaíonn na hiompraíochtaí seo lena chéile gan uaim i gcúinsí  éagsúla, ionas gur deacair idirdhealú a dhéanamh eatarthu. Mar sin féin, tá sé úsáideach agus is gnách idirdhealú a dhéanamh idir cineálacha éagsúla nasc, as a dtagann airíonna difriúla [[Fisic ábhair chomhdhlúite|damhnaí comhdhlúite]].

San dearcadh is simplí ar [[nasc comhfhiúsach]], tarraingítear leictreon amháin nó níos mó (péire leictreon go minic) isteach sa spás idir an dá núicléas adamhach. Scaoiltear fuinneamh trí déanmhaíochta naisc. Níl sé seo mar thoradh ar laghdú ar fhuinneamh poitéinsiúil, toisc go ndéantar aomadh an dá leictreon chuig an dá phrótón a chealú leis na frithghníomhartha leictreon-leictreon agus prótón-prótón. Ina áit sin, eascraíonn an scaoileadh fuinnimh (agus mar sin cobhsaíocht an naisc) ón laghdú ar fhuinneamh cinéiteach toisc go bhfuil na leictreoin i bhfithiseán atá níos scaipthe ó thaobh spáis de (ie tonnta níos faide [[Louis de Broglie|de Broglie]]) i gcomparáid le gach leictreon a bheith gaibhnithe níos gaire dá núicléas faoi seach.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s00897010509a|author=Rioux, F. |title=The Covalent Bond in H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; |journal=The Chemical Educator |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=288–290 |year=2001 |s2cid=97871973 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Tá na naisc seo ann idir dhá adamh inaitheanta áirithe agus tá treo acu sa spás, rud a fhágann gur féidir iad a thaispeáint mar línte ceangailte aonair idir adamh i líníochtaí, nó iad a shamhaltú mar mhaidí idir sféir i múnlaí.

I nasc comhfhiúsach [[Polaraíocht|polarach]], roinntear leictreon amháin nó níos mó go héagothrom idir dhá núicléas. Is minic go mbíonn bailiúcháin bheaga d’adamh le nasc níos fearr ar a dtugtar [[Móilín|móilíní]], mar thoradh ar naisc chomhfiúsacha, I solaid agus i leachtanna bíonn siad ceangailte le móilíní eile ag fórsaí atá go minic i bhfad níos laige ná na naisc chomhfhiúsacha a choinníonn na móilíní go hinmheánach le chéile. Tugann naisc idirmhóilíneacha laga den sórt sin substaintí móilíneacha orgánacha, mar shampla céaracha agus olaí, lena mbulc-charachtar , agus a leáphointí ísle (i leachtanna, ní mór do mhóilíní deireadh a chur leis an teagmháil struchtúrtha nó dhírithe lena chéile). Mar sin féin, nuair a nascann naisc chomhfhiúsacha slabhraí fada adamh i móilíní móra, (mar atá i bpolaiméirí mar [[níolón]]), nó nuair a shíneann naisc chomhfhiúsacha i líonraí trí sholaid nach bhfuil comhdhéanta de mhóilíní scoite (amhail [[diamant]] nó [[grianchloch]] nó na [[mianraí sileacáite]] i go leor cineálacha carraige) ansin d’fhéadfadh na struchtúir a thig astu a bheith láidir agus diana, ar a laghad sa treo atá dírithe i gceart le líonraí de naisc chomhfhiúsacha. Chomh maith leis sin, méadaíonn leáphointí na bpolaiméirí agus líonraí comhfhiúsacha den sórt sin go mór.

I bhfianaise simplithe ar naisc ianacha, ní roinntear an leictreon nascach ar chor ar bith, ach aistrítear é. Sa chineál seo naisc, tá folúntas ag fithiseach adamhach seachtrach adamh amháin a cheadaíonn leictreon amháin nó níos mó a chur leis. D’fhéadfadh go mbeadh staid fuinnimh níos ísle ag na leictreoin nua sa bhreis seo (níos gaire i ndáiríre do lucht núicléach níos mó) ná mar a bhíonn acu in adamh difriúil. Mar sin, tairgeann núicléas amháin suíomh atá ceangailte níos doichte don leictreon ná do núicléas eile, agus mar thoradh air sin, féadfaidh adamh amháin leictreon a aistriú go dtí an ceann eile. Is cúis leis an aistriú seo go nglacann adamh amháin glanlucht dearfach, agus go nglacann an ceann eile glanlucht diúltach. Ansin bíonn an ''nasc'' mar thoradh ar aomadh leictreastatach idir na hiain dearfacha agus hiain luchtaithe go diúltach. Is féidir breathnú ar naisc ianacha mar shamplaí foircneacha de pholarú i naisc chomhfhiúsacha. Go minic, ní bhíonn aon treoshuíomh ar leith ag naisc den sórt sin sa spás, ós rud é go dtagann siad ó aomadh leictreastatach comhionann de gach ian chuig na hiain go léir timpeall orthu. Bíonn naisc ianacha láidir (agus dá bhrí sin teastaíonn teochtaí arda chun substaintí ianacha a leá) ach bíonn siad briosc freisin, ós rud é go bhfuil na fórsaí gearr-raoin idir iain, agus ní scoilteanna siad agus ní thrasnaíonn siad scoilteanna agus bristeacha go héasca. Eascraíonn tréithe fisiciúla de chriostail salainn mianraí clasaiceach, mar shampla salann boird, as an nasc seo.

Cineál nascadh nach luaitear chomh minic is ea ''nascadh miotalach''. Sa chineál seo nasctha, tugann gach adamh i miotal leictreon amháin nó níos mó do “líon” leictreon a chónaíonn idir go leor adamh miotail. San líon seo, tá gach leictreon saor (de bhua [[Déacht toinne is cáithnín|nádúr a dtonnta]]) le bheith bainteach le go leor adamh ag an am céanna. Tarlaíonn an nasc toisc go n-éiríonn na hadaimh mhiotalacha beagáinín  luchtaithe go dearfach, mar gheall ar chailliúint a leictreon, nuair a fhanann na leictreoin aomtha chuig go leor adamh, gan a bheith mar chuid d'aon adamh ar leith. Is féidir breathnú ar nascadh miotalach mar eiseamláir amach is amach de leictreon a [[Leictreon dílocáilte|dílogánú]] thar chóras mór leictreon thar chóras mór nasc comhfhiúsach, ina mbíonn gach adamh rannpháirteach. Is minic a bhíonn an cineál  nasctha seo an-láidir (bíonn [[neart teanntachta]] miotail mar thoradh air). Mar sin féin, tá nascadh miotalach níos comhchoiteann ó thaobh nádúir ná cineálacha eile, agus mar sin tugann siad deis do chriostail mhiotail dífhoirmiú níos éasca, toisc go bhfuil siad comhdhéanta d’adamh a aomann a chéile, ach nach bhfuil dírithe ar aon bhealach ar leith. Mar thoradh air seo bíonn intuargainteacht mhiotal. I Is é an scamall leictreon is cúis le seoltacht leictreach agus theirmeach miotail go maith go tréith, agus a luster lonrach a léiríonn an chuid is mó de mhinicíochtaí solais bháin.  i nascadh miotalach, is é an néal leictreon  is cúis le seoltacht leictreach agus theirmeach miotail go maith go tréith, agus a luster lonrach a léiríonn an chuid is mó de mhinicíochtaí solais bháin.  nascadh miotalach is cúis le deasheoltacht leictreach agus seoltacht theirmeach na miotal, agus a [[Loinnir (mianreolaíocht)|loinnir]]  ghil freisin, a frithchaitheann an chuid is mó de mhinicíochtaí an tsolais ghil.

==Stair==
{{Main|Stair na Ceimice|Stair na teoirice móilíneacha}}
[[File:Linus Pauling 1962.jpg|thumb|Linus Pauling 1962|Fuair ​​[[Linus Pauling]] Duais Nobel sa Cheimic i 1954, i measc rudaí eile, as a chuid oibre ar nascadh ceimiceach.]]
Chomh luath leis an 12ú haois, bhí go leor buillí faoi thuairim faoi nádúr an '''naisc cheimicigh''', agus ceapadh go raibh cineál leictreonfhiníochta bainteach le cineálacha áirithe speiceas ceimiceach. Sa bhliain 1704, thug Sir [[Isaac Newton]] a bhreac-chuntas clúiteach ar a theoiric nasctha adamhaigh, i “&quot;Query 31&quot;” dá [[Opticks]], trína nascann [[Adamh|adaimh]] lena chéile le “fórsa” éigin. Go sonrach, tar éis dó na teoiricí éagsúla a raibh tóir orthu ag an am a athaint, faoin gcaoi gur ceapadh gur cheangal adaimh lena chéile, .i. &quot;adaimh chrúcacha&quot;, &quot; ''glued together by rest''&quot;, nó &quot;''stuck together by conspiring motions''&quot;, Deir Newton go b’fhearr leis a thuiscint óna gcomhghreamú, an méid seo a leanas; &quot;''particles attract one another by some force, which in immediate contact is exceedingly strong, at small distances performs the chemical operations, and reaches not far from the particles with any sensible effect''.

Sa bhliain 1819, ar shála aireagán an [[Carn voltach|chairn voltaigh]], d’fhorbair [[Jöns Jakob Berzelius]] teoiric maidir le cuingir cheimiceach ag cur béime ar charachtair leictridhiúltacha agus leictridheimhneacha na n-adamh cuingreach. Faoi lár an 19ú haois, ag tógáil ar theoiric na [[Fréamh (ceimic)|bhfréamhacha]], teoiric an fhiúis, ar a tugadh &quot;combining power&quot; sa Bhéarla ar dtús, d’fhorbair [[Edward Frankland]], [[Friedrich Kekulé|F.A. Kekulé]], A.S. Couper, [[Alexander Butlerov]], agus [[Hermann Kolbe]], teoiric [[Fiús (ceimic)|an fhiúis]], ar a tugadh “cumhacht chomhcheangailte” ar dtús, inar cuireadh comhdhúile le chéile mar gheall ar aomadh na bpol dearfach agus diúltach. Sa bhliain 1904, mhol [[Richard Abegg]] a riail gur minic a bhíonn an difríocht idir úasfhiúsanna agus íostfhiúsanna dúile a hocht. Le linn na tréimhse seo, bhí fiús fós ina uimhir eimpíreach bunaithe ar airíonna ceimiceacha amháin.

Tháinig nádúr an adaimh níos soiléire, áfach, nuair a d'aimsigh [[Ernest Rutherford]] i 1911 [[núicléas adamhach]] timpeallaithe ag leictreoin, agus samhail [[Niels Bohr]] [[Samhail Bohr|i 1913]] d'fhithisí leictreon. Thug sé seo le tuiscint go gcinneann leictreoin iompar ceimiceach. Sa bhliain 1916, d’fhorbair an poitigéir [[Gilbert Newton Lewis|Gilbert N. Lewis]] [[Nasc comhfhiúsach|coincheap na leictreondíse]], inar féidir le dhá adamh leictreoin amháin go sé a roinnt, agus ar an gcaoi sin an nasc leictreon aonair, nasc singil, nasc dúbailte, nó triarach a chruthú; i bhfocail Lewis féin, &quot;''An electron may form a part of the shell of two different atoms and cannot be said to belong to either one exclusively''.&quot; (Gaeilge: &quot;Féadfaidh leictreon a bheith ina chuid de sceall dhá adamh éagsúil agus ní féidir a rá go mbaineann sé le ceachtar amháin go heisiach.&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Lewis|first=Gilbert N.|author-link=Gilbert N. Lewis|year=1916|title=The Atom and the Molecule|journal=[[Journal of the American Chemical Society]]|volume=38|page=772|url=http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/bond/papers/corr216.3-lewispub-19160400.html|doi=10.1021/ja02261a002|issue=4}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125222947/http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/bond/papers/corr216.3-lewispub-19160400.html |date=2013-11-25 }} [http://www.itis.arezzo.it/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=221%3Athe-atom-and-the-molecule-&amp;catid=106%3Apagine-html&amp;Itemid=98 a copy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418014936/http://www.itis.arezzo.it/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=221%3Athe-atom-and-the-molecule-&amp;catid=106%3Apagine-html&amp;Itemid=98 |date=2021-04-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sa bhliain 1916 freisin, chuir [[Walther Kossel]] teoiric chun cinn cosúil leis an tsamhail a bhí ag Lewis, ach amháin gur ghlac samhail Kossel go raibh aistrithe iomlána leictreon idir adamh, agus mar sin de [[nascadh ianach]] í. Rinne Lewis agus Kossel araon a gcuid samhlacha nasctha a struchtúrú de réir [[riail Abegg]] (1904).

Mhol [[Niels Bohr]] [[Samhail Bohr den nasc ceimiceach|samhail den nasc ceimiceach]] sa bhliain 1913. De réir a shamhail do [[Móilín dé-adamhach|mhóilín dé-adamhach]], cruthaíonn leictreoin adamh an mhóilín fáinne rothlach a bhfuil a phlána  ingearach le hais an mhóilín agus ar comhfhad ó na núicléis adamhacha. Baintear [[cothromaíocht dhinimiciúil]] an chórais mhóilíneach amach trí chothromaíocht na bhfórsaí idir fórsaí aomtha na núicléas go plána fháinne na leictreon agus fórsaí éartha na núicléas. Chuir an t-samhail Bohr den nasc ceimiceach san áireamh éaradh Coulomb - tá na leictreoin sa bhfáinne ag an bhfad is faide óna chéile.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| author = Бор Н.| title = Избранные научные труды (статьи 1909–1925) |location= М. |year= 1970 |publisher= «Наука» |volume= 1 | page = 133 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Svidzinsky|first=Anatoly A. |author2 = Marlan O. Scully |author3-link=Dudley R. Herschbach |author3=Dudley R. Herschbach|year=2005|title=Bohr's 1913 molecular model revisited|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2005-08-23_102_34/page/11985|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=102|pages=11985–11988|doi=10.1073/pnas.0505778102|pmid=16103360 |pmc=1186029 |issue=34 [http://www.pnas.org/content/102/34/11985.full.pdf]|arxiv=physics/0508161|bibcode=2005PNAS..10211985S}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sa bhliain 1927, dhíorthaigh fisiceoir Danmhargach [[Øyvind Burrau]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| author=Laidler, K. J. |year=1993|title=The World of Physical Chemistry| url=https://archive.org/details/worldofphysicalc0000laid | url-access=registration |publisher=Oxford University Press | page=[https://archive.org/details/worldofphysicalc0000laid/page/346 346]|isbn=978-0-19-855919-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; an chéad tuairisc chandamach iomlán matamaiticiúil ar nasc ceimiceach simplí, .i. an ceann a dtáirgtear le leictreon amháin san ian móilíneach hidrigine, H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;.  Léirigh an obair seo go bhféadfadh an cur chuige chandamach i leith nasc ceimiceach a bheith ceart go bunúsach agus ó thaobh na cainníochta de, ach ní fhéadfaí na modhanna matamaitice a úsáidtear a leathnú chuig móilíní a bhfuil níos mó ná leictreon amháin iontu. Chuir [[Walter Heitler]] agus [[Fritz London]] cur chuige níos praiticiúla, cé nach raibh sé chomh cainníochtúil, chun tosaigh sa bhliain chéanna. Is é an modh Heitler-London bunús [[Teoiric an Fhiúsnaisc|teoiric an fhiúsnaisc]]. I 1929, thug [[John Lennard-Jones|Sir John Lennard-Jones]] an garmheastachán ar a dtugtar [[Cuingir líneach d'fhithiseáin adamhacha|cuingir líneach d' fhithiseáin adamhacha]] (CLFA) isteach, a mhol freisin modhanna chun struchtúir leictreonacha de mhóilíní F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; ([[Fluairín|fluairín]]) agus O2 ([[Ocsaigin|ocsaigin]]) a dhíorthú, ó bhunphrionsabail chandamach. 

Léirigh teoiric na bhfithiseán móilíneach seo nasc comhfhiúsach mar fhithiseán a cruthaíodh trí na fithiseáin adamhacha meicniúla chandamach [[Cothromóid Schrödinger|Schrödinger]], a bhí tuairimithe
do leictreoin in adamh aonair. Ní fhéadfaí na cothromóidí le haghaidh leictreon nascach in adamh il-leictreoin a réiteach chun foirfeachta matamaitice (.i., go hanailíseach), ach thug garmheastacháin dóibh go leor tuartha agus torthaí cáilíochtúla maithe fós. Úsáideann an chuid is mó de na ríomhanna cainníochtúla sa [[Ceimic chandamach|cheimic chandamach]] na linne seo fiúsnaisc nó teoiric na bhfithiseán móilíneach mar túsphointe, cé go bhfuil an tríú cur chuige, [[teoiric na feidhme dlúis]], ag éirí níos coitianta le blianta beaga anuas.

Sa bhliain 1933, rinne HH James agus AS Coolidge áireamh ar an mhóilín dé-hidrigin, murab ionann agus gach áireamh roimhe seo a d'úsáid feidhmeanna amháin d'achar an leictreon ón núicléas adamhach, d'úsáid siad feidhmeanna a chuir go go follasach leis an bhfad idir an dá leictreon.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
| last = James
| first = H.H.
|author2=Coolidge, A S.
| title = The Ground State of the Hydrogen Molecule
| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-chemical-physics_1933-12_1_12/page/825
| journal = [[Journal of Chemical Physics]]
| volume = 1
| issue =12
| pages = 825–835
| year = 1933
| doi = 10.1063/1.1749252 | bibcode = 1933JChPh...1..825J
}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Le suas le 13 pharaiméadar inathraithe, fuair siad toradh an-ghar don toradh turgnamhach don fhuinneamh díthiomsaithe. D'úsáid breisithe níos déanaí suas le 54 paraiméadar agus bhí siad ag teacht leis leis na turgnaimh roimhe sin. Chuir an t-aireamh seo ina luí ar an bpobal eolaíoch go bhféadfadh teoiric chandamach dearbhú a thabhairt do na turgnamh. Mar sin féin níl aon cheann de na pictiúir fhisiciúla ag an gcur chuige seo den bhfiúsnasc agus de teoiricí na bhfithiseán móilíneach agus tá sé deacair é a leathnú go móilíní níos mó.

==Naisc i bhfoirmlí ceimiceacha==
Toisc go bhfuil adaimh agus móilíní tríthoiseach, tá sé deacair modh amháin a úsáid chun fithiseáin agus naisc a chur in iúl. I bhfoirmlí móilíneacha léirítear na naisc cheimiceacha (nascadh na bhfithiseán) idir adamh ar bhealaí éagsúla ag brath ar an gcineál díospóireachta. Uaireanta, déantar faillí ar roinnt sonraí. Mar shampla, sa [[Ceimic orgánach|cheimic orgánach]] ní bhaineann duine ach le [[Feidhmghrúpa|feidhmghrúpa]] an mhóilín. Mar sin, féadfar [[Foirmle cheimiceach|foirmle mhóilíneach]] [[Eatánól|eatánóil]] a scríobh i bhfoirm [[Conformáil|chomhfhoirmiúil]], i bhfoirm thríthoiseach, i bhfoirm iomlán dhéthoiseach (ag léiriú gach nasc gan treoracha tríthoiseacha ar bith), i bhfoirm dhéthoiseach chomhbhrúite (CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;–CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;–OH), trí an grúpa feidhmiúil a scaradh ó chuid eile den mhóilín (C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;OH), nó ag a chomhábhair adamhacha (C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;O), de réir an méid a phléitear. Uaireanta, déantar fiú na fiúsleictreoin neamhnascacha (leis na neas-threoracha déthoiseacha) a mharcáil, .i. le haghaidh carbóin eilimintigh &lt;sub&gt;.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'&lt;/sup&gt;C&lt;sup&gt;'&lt;/sup&gt;. Féadfaidh roinnt poitigéirí na fithiseáin faoi seach a mharcáil, i.e. an eitéin hipitéisí - (&lt;sub&gt;\&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;/&lt;/sup&gt;C=C&lt;sub&gt;/&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;\&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;−4&lt;/sup&gt;) a léiríonn féidearthacht fhoirmiú na nasc.
==Naisc láidre ceimiceacha==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:right; clear:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; text-align:center;&quot;
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[nascfhad|Nascfhaid]] tipiciúla i b[[Piriméadar|piciméadair]]&lt;br /&gt; agus [[Nascfhuinneamh|nascfhuinnimh]]
i kJ / mol.&lt;ref&gt; Bond Energies. https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Bond_Energies &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Is féidir nascfhaid a thiontú go Å
trí roinnte ar 100 (1 Å = 100 in). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! Nasc
! Fad&lt;br /&gt;(pm)
! Fuinneamh&lt;br /&gt;(kJ/mol)
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | H — [[Hidrigin]]
|-
| H–H || 74 || 436
|-
| H–O || 96 || 467
|-
| H–F || 92 || 568
|-
| H–Cl || 127 || 432
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | C — [[Carbón]]
|-
| C–H || 109 || 413
|-
| C–C || 154 || 347
|-
| C–C=|| 151 ||
|-
|=C–C≡|| 147 ||
|-
|=C–C=|| 148 ||
|-
| C=C || 134 || 614
|-
| C≡C || 120 || 839
|-
| C–N || 147 || 308
|-
| C–O || 143 || 358
|-
| C=O ||  || 745
|-
| C≡O ||  || 1,072
|-
| C–F || 134 || 488
|-
| C–Cl || 177 || 330
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | N — [[Nítrigin]]
|-
| N–H || 101 || 391
|-
| N–N || 145 || 170
|-
| N≡N || 110 || 945
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | O — [[Ocsaigin]]
|-
| O–O || 148 || 146
|-
| O=O || 121 || 495
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | F, Cl, Br, I — [[Halaigin|Halaiginí]]
|-
| F–F || 142 || 158
|-
| Cl–Cl || 199 || 243
|-
| Br–H || 141 || 366
|-
| Br–Br || 228 || 193
|-
| I–H || 161 || 298
|-
| I–I || 267 || 151
|}
Is éard is naisc láidre ceimiceacha ná na fórsaí ''ionmóilíneacha'' a choinníonn adaimh le chéile i [[Móilín|móilíní]]. Cruthaítear nasc láidir ceimiceach ó aistriú nó roinnt leictreon idir ionaid adamhacha agus braitheann sé ar an aomadh [[Dlí Coulomb|leictreastatach]] idir na prótóin i núicléis agus na leictreoin sna fithiseáin.

Tá difríochtaí idir na cineálacha nasc láidir mar gheall ar an difríocht i [[Leictridhiúltacht|leictridhiúltacht]] na gcomhchodanna. Mar thoradh ar dhifríocht mhór san leictridhiúltacht tá carachtar níos polaí (ianach) sa nasc.

===Nasc ianach===
{{Main|nascadh ianach}}
Is éard is nasc ianach ann ná an fórsa aomtha i gcomhdhúil idir iain le luchtanna urchomhaireacha. Níl aon luach beacht ann a dhéanann idirdhealú idir nascadh ianach agus nascadh chomhfhiúsach, ach is dóigh go mbeidh difríocht leictridhiúltachta os cionn 1.7 ianach agus is dóigh go mbeidh difríocht níos lú ná 1.7 comhfhiúsach.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Atkins
 | first = Peter
 | author-link = Peter Atkins
 |author2=Loretta Jones
 | title = Chemistry: Molecules, Matter and Change
 | url = https://archive.org/details/chemistrymolecul0000atki
 | publisher = W.H. Freeman &amp; Co.
 | year = 1997
 | location = New York
 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/chemistrymolecul0000atki/page/294 294]–295
 | isbn = 978-0-7167-3107-8 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Bíonn  [[Ian|iain]] dearfacha agus diúltacha ar leithligh mar thoradh ar nascadh ianach. Is gnách go mbíonn luchtanna ianacha idir −3e go + 3e. Is gnách go mbíonn nascadh  ianach i gceist i [[Salann (ceimic)|salainn mhiotail]] mar [[Clóiríd sóidiam|chlóiríd sóidiam]] (salann mín). Gné tipiciúil de naisc ianacha is ea go bhfoirmíonn na hábhair ina chriostail ianacha, agus sa chás sin níl aon ian péireáilte go sonrach le haon ian amháin eile i nasc treorach ar leith. Ina ionad sin, tá gach cineál iain timpeallaithe le hiain den lucht urchomhaireach, agus tá an spásáil idir é agus gach ceann de na hiain atá luchtaithe go urchomhaireach gar dó, mar an gcéanna do gach adamh mórthimpeall den chineál céanna. Ní hionann an cás seo agus cás na gcriostal comhfhiúsach, áit a bhfuil naisc chomhfhiúsacha idir adamh ar leith fós le haithint ó na hachair is giorra eatarthu, arna dtomhas trí theicnící mar [[Criostalagrafaíocht x-ghathach|díraonadh x-ghathach]].

D’fhéadfadh go mbeadh meascán de speicis chomhfhiúsacha agus ianacha i gcriostail ianacha, mar shampla salainn d'aigéid chasta mar chiainíd sóidiam, NaCN. Taispeánann díraonadh X-gha go bhfuil na naisc idir caitiain shóidiam (Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;) agus ainiain chiainíd (CN&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;) ''ianach'' i NaCN, mar shampla, agus nach bhfuil aon ian sóidiam bainteach le ciainíd ar leith. Mar sin féin, tá na naisc idir adamh C agus N i gciainíd den chineál comhfhiúsach, ionas go mbeidh gach carbón ceangailte go láidir le nítrigin amháin, a bhfuil sé i bhfad níos gaire go fisiciúil dó ná mar atá sé do charbóin nó nítriginí eile i gcriostal ciainíd sóidiam.

Nuair a leáítear criostail den sórt sin go leachtanna, bristear na naisc ianacha ar dtús toisc go bhfuil siad neamhthreorach agus tugann siad deis do na speicis luchtaithe gluaiseacht go saor. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, nuair a thuaslagann salainn den sórt sin in uisce, is gnách go ndéantar na naisc ianacha a bhriseadh tríd an idirghníomhú le huisce, ach leanann na naisc comhfhiúsacha de bheith i seilbh. Mar shampla, i dtuaslagán, bogann na hiain chiainíde, atá fós nasctha le chéile mar iain CN&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;, go neamhspleách tríd an tuaslagán, mar a dhéanann iain sóidiam, mar Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;. In uisce, bogann iain luchtaithe óna chéile toisc go mbíonn gach ceann acu aomtha níos láidre do roinnt móilíní uisce ná dá chéile. Tá an t-aomadh idir iain agus móilíní uisce, i dtuaslagáin den sórt sin, mar gheall ar chineál nasc ceimiceach lag [[fórsa idirmhóilíneach|dépholach]]. I gcomhdhúile ianacha leáite, leanann na hiain bheith aomtha dá chéile, ach ní ar bhealach ordaithe ná criostalta ar bith.

=== Nasc comhfhiúsach ===
{{Main|Nasc comhfhiúsach}} 
[[Íomhá:covalent.svg|thumb|left|160px|Naisc chomhfhiúsacha neamhpholacha i [[meatán]] (CH &lt;sub&gt; 4 &lt;/sub&gt;). Taispeánann an [[struchtúr Lewis]] leictreoin arna roinnt idir adamh C agus H.]]
Is éard is nasc comhfhiúsach ann ná nasc atá déanta de leictreoin riarthe. Is cineál nasctha coitianta é nascadh comhfhiúsach ina roinneann dhá adamh nó níos mó [[Fiúsleictreon|fiúsleictreoin]] a bheag nó a mhór go cothrom. Is é an cineál is simplí agus is coitianta ná [[nasc singil]] ina roinneann dhá adamh dhá leictreon. I measc na gcineálacha eile tá an [[nasc dúbailte]], an [[nasc triarach]], [[Nasc comhfhiúsach # Naisc aon- agus trí-leictreon | naisc aon- agus trí-leictreon]], an [[Nasc trí ionad agus dhá leictreon]] agus [[nasc ceithre-lár trí-leictreon]].

I nascanna comhfhiúsacha neamhpholacha, is beag an difríocht leictridhiúltachta idir na hadaimh nasctha, 0 go 0.3 de ghnáth. Déantar cur síos ar nascanna i bhformhór na g[[Comhdhúil orgánach|comhdhúl orgánach]] mar nascanna comhfhiúsacha. Taispeánann an íomhá an meatán (CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;), ina ina mbíonn gach ceann de na hadaimh H nasctha leis an adamh lárnach carbóin trí nasc singil comhfhiúsach sa chaoi go mbíonn na hadaimh H uile chomh fada ó chéile agus is féidir. Féach [[sigme-naisc|σ naisc]]  agus [[pí-naisc|π naisc]] le haghaidh tuairiscí faoi [[Cuingir líneach d'fhithiseáin adamhacha|chuingir líneach d'fhithiseáin adamhacha]] nó ([[Cuingir líneach d'fhithiseáin adamhacha|CLFA]]) ar an nascadh sin.

Is minic a chruthaítear móilíní go príomha ó naisc chomhfhiúsacha neamhpholacha atá [[Inmheascthacht|domheasctha]] in uisce nó i [[tuaslagóir polach]] eile, ach tá siad i bhfad níos intuaslagtha i dtuaslagóirí neamhpholacha mar [[ heacsán]].

Is nasc comhfhiúsach é [[nasc comhfhiúsach polarach]] a bhfuil carachtar  [[nascadh ianach |carachtar ianach]] suntasach aige. Ciallaíonn sé seo go bhfuil an dá leictreon comhroinnte níos gaire do cheann de na hadaimh ná an ceann eile, ag cruthú éagothroime luchtaithe. Tarlaíonn naisc den sórt sin idir dhá adamh a bhfuil leictridhiúltacht measartha difriúil acu agus is cúis le 
idirghníomhaithe déphol-déphol. Is é 0.3 go 1.7 an difríocht leictridhiúltachta idir an dá adamh sna naisc seo.
====Naisc  shingile agus iolracha ====
Fabhraítear; nasc singil nuair a riartar aon phéire leictreon, nasc dúbhailte nuair a riartar dhá phéire leictreon, agus nasc triarach nuair a riartar trí phéire leictreon.

Tá fiúsleictreon amháin ag an adamh hidrigine (H). Ansin is féidir le dhá adamh hidrigine móilín a chruthú, á gcoinneáil le chéile ag an bpéire leictreon comhroinnte. Anois tá cumraíocht an thrithgháis héiliam  ag gach adamh H anois. Cruthaíonn an dís leictreon nasc singil comhfhiúsach. Méadaíonn dlús leictreon an dá leictreon nasctha seo sa réigiún idir an dá adamh ó dhlús dhá adamh H neamh-idirghníomhach.
[[Íomhá:Pi-Bond.svg|thumb|right|Dhá phí-fhithiseán a chruthaíonn pí-nasc.]]

Tá dhá phéire leictreon comhroinnte i nasc dúbailte, ceann i sigme-naisc agus ceann i pí-naisc, le dlús leictreon dírithe ar dhá thaobh urchomhaireacha den ais idir-núicléach. Is éard atá i nasc triarach comhfhiúsach ná riaradh trí dhís leictreon, a chruthaíonn sigme-nasc amháin agus dhá phí-nasc. Sampla is ea nítrigin. Tá naisc cheathrúla  agus naisc níos airde an-annamh agus ní tharlaíonn siad ach idir adamh [[Miotal trasdultach|miotail thrasdultacha]] áirithe.
====Nasc comhfhiúsach comhordanáideach(nasc dépholach)====
[[File:NH3-BF3-adduct-bond-lengthening-2D.png|thumb|left| Aduct de thrífhluairíd amóiniam agus trífhluairíd bhóróin]]
Is éard is [[Nasc comhfhiúsach comhordanáideach]] ann ná cineál naisc chomhfhiúsaigh dé-ionad, déleictreon a dhíorthaíonn an dá leictreon ón adamh céanna. Mar shampla, cruthaíonn [[trífhluairíd bhóróin]] (BF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) agus [[amóinia]] (NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) [[aduct]] nó [[ coimpléasc comhordúcháin] ] F&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;B ← NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; le nasc B-N ina roinntear péire aonair leictreon ar N le [[fithiseán adamhach]] folamh ar B. Déantar cur síos ar BF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; le fithiseán folamh mar ghlacóir leictreondíse nó aigéad Lewis, nuair is féidir deontóir leictreondíse nó [[bonn Lewis|bun Lewis]] a thabhairt ar NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; le dís aonair gur féidir a bheith roinnte. Roinntear na leictreoin a bheag nó a mhór  go cothrom idir na hadaimh i gcodarsnacht le nascadh ianach. Taispeántar nascadh den sórt sin le saighead atá dírithe ar aigéad Lewis.

De ghnáth bíonn [[Coimpléasc comhordanáidithe|coimpléisc mhiotail trasdultach]] ceangailte ag naisc chomhfhiúsacha chomhordaithe. Mar shampla, imoibríonn an t-ian Ag&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;  mar aigéad Lewis le dhá mhóilín de bhun Lewis NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; chun an ianchoimpléasc Ag(NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; a dhéanamh, a bhfuil dhá nasc comhfhiúsach Ag ← N acu.

===Nascadh miotalach===
{{Main|Nascadh miotalach}}
[[Loinnir (mianreolaíocht)|I]] nascadh miotalach, bíonn na leictreoin nasctha dílogánaithe thar laitíse adamh. I gcodarsnacht leis sin, i gcomhdhúile ianacha, bíonn suíomhanna na leictreon nasctha agus a luchtanna statach. Mar thoradh ar shaorghluaiseacht nó dílogánú na leictreon nasctha bíonn airíonna miotalacha clasaiceacha ar nós loinnreach (frithchaiteacht solais dhromchla), seoltacht leictreach agus [[Seoltacht theirmeach|teirmeach]], [[insínteacht]], agus [[neart teanntachta]] ard.

===Nascadh idirmhóilíneach===
{{Main|Fórsa idirmhóilíneach}}
Is féidir ceithre chineál nasc bunúsach a fhoirmiú idir dhá mhóilín nó níos mó (ach ab é sin neamhcheangailte) iain nó adaimh. Is cúis le fórsaí idirmhóilíneacha ina gcúis le móilíní a bheith aomtha nó éartha óna chéile. Go minic, sainmhíníonn siad seo cuid de na tréithe fisiciúla (amhail an [[Leáphointe|leáphointe]]) na substainte.
* Cuirfidh difríocht mhór i [[leictridhiúltacht]] idir dhá adamh nasctha luchtdheighilt buan, nó dépholl, i bhfeidhm i móilín nó in ian. Is féidir le dhá mhóilín nó ian nó níos mó, a bhfuil déphoil bhuana acu idirghníomhú laistigh de idirghníomhaíocht déphol-déphol. Ar an meán, beidh na leictreoin nasctha i móilín nó in ian níos gaire don adamh níos leictridhiúltacha, níos minice ná an t-adamh is lú leictridhiúltach, rud a fhágfaidh go mbeidh luchtanna páirteacha ar gach adamh agus fórsaí leictreastatacha a chruthú idir móilíní nó iain. 
* Is sampla láidir i ndáiríre é  [[nasc hidrigine]] d'idirghníomhaíocht idir dhá bhuandhéphol. Is é an difríocht mhór i leictridhiúltachtaí idir [[hidrigin]] agus aon cheann de na hadaimh [[fluairín]], [[nítrigin]] agus [[ocsaigin]], in éineacht lena bpéirí aonair leictreon, a chruthaíonn fórsaí leictreastatacha idir móilíní. Tá nasisc hidrigine freagrach as fiuchphointí arda uisce agus [[amóinia]] maidir lena n-analógacha níos troime.
* Eascraíonn an [[fórsa easraithe Londain]] mar gheall ar dhéphoill mheandaracha in adaimh in aice láimhe. Toisc nach bhfuil lucht diúltach an leictreoin aonfhoirmeach timpeall an adaimh iomláin, bíonn éagothroime    
luchtaithe ann i gcónaí. Spreagfaidh an lucht beag seo dépholl comhfhreagrach luchta i móilín in aice láimhe, rud a fhágfaidh go mbeidh aomadh idir an dá cheann. Ansin bogann an leictreon go dtí cuid eile den [[néal leictreon]] agus bristear an aomadh.
* Tarlaíonn [[caitian pí-idirghníomhaíocht]] idir [[pí-nasc]] agus an caitian.
==Teoiricí maidir le nascadh ceimiceach==
Sa teorainn (neamhréadúil) de nascadh ianach &quot;íon&quot;, tá leictreoin locáilte go foirfe ar cheann den dá adamh sa nasc. Is féidir naisc den sórt sin a thuiscint leis an bh[[Fisic chlaisiceach|fisic chlasaiceach]]. Contanam [[iseatrópach]] de phoitéinsil leictreastatacha atá mar chomhartha sóirt ag fórsaí idir na hadaimh. Tá a gcuid méide i gcomhréir shimplí leis an difríocht an luchta.

Tuigtear fiúsnaisc níos fearr trí teoiric an fhiúsnaisc (TFN) nó trí theoiric na bhfithiseán móilíneach (TFM). Is féidir airíonna na n-adamh atá i gceist a thuiscint trí choincheapa ar nós na huimhreach ocsaídiúcháin, an luchta fhoirmiúil, agus na leictridhiúltachta a úsáid. Ní shanntar dlús leictreon laistigh de naisc d'adamh aonair, ach ina ionad sin déantar é a dhílogánú idir adaimh. I dteoiric an fhiúsnaisc, samhlaítear ar nascsadh mar phéirí a roinntear na leictreoin a riartar idir dhá adamh agus fabhraíonn dis riartha nasc idir an dá adamh agus dáiltear an lucht go cothrom eatarthu. Méadaíonn na coincheapa [[Hibridiú fithiseach|hibridithe fhithisigh]] agus athshondais an nóisean bunúsach seo den nasc leictreondíse. I dteoiric na bhfithiseán móilíneach, breathnaítear ar nascadh a bheith dílogánta agus cionroinnte i bhfithiseáin a shíneann ar fud an mhóilín agus a chuirtear in oiriúint dá airíonna siméadrachta, go hiondúil trí chuingir líneach de fhithiseáin adamhacha (CLFA) a mheas.

Tá teoiric an fhiúsnaisc iomasach go ceimiceach trí bheith logánaithe go spásúil, rud a fhágann gur féidir aird a dhíriú ar na codanna den mhóilín atá i mbun athraithe cheimicigh. I gcodarsnacht leis sin, tá fithiseáin mhóilíneacha níos “nádúrtha” ó thaobh an dearcaidh meicniúil chandamach, le fuinnimh fhithiseacha suntasach go fisiciúil agus nasctha go díreach le fuinnimh ianúcháin turgnamhacha ó [[speictreascópacht fhótaileictreonach]]. Dá bhrí sin, is minic a fhéachtar ar theoiric an fhiúsnaisc agus ar theoiric na bhfithiseán móilíneach mar go bhfuil siad in iomaíocht ar a chéile, ach mar sin féin, go bhfuil creataí comhlántacha acu a thugann léargas difriúil ar chórais cheimiceacha. Mar chur chuige maidir le teoiric an struchtúir leictreonaigh, is féidir le modhanna TFN agus TFM araon comhfhogasú a thabhairt d’aon leibhéal cruinnis atá ag teastáil, i bprionsabal ar a laghad. Ar leibhéil níos ísle, áfach, tá difríochtaí sna comhfhogasúcháin, agus d’fhéadfadh go mbeadh cur chuige amháin níos oiriúnaí do ríomhanna a bhaineann le córas nó maoin áirithe ná an ceann eile.

Murab ionann agus na fórsaí Coulomb atá siméadrach go sféarúil i naisc ianacha íona, is gnách go mbíonn naisc chomhfhiúsacha treoch agus [[Ainiseatrópacht|ainiseatrópach]]. Is minic a dhéantar iad seo a aicmiú bunaithe ar a siméadracht maidir le plána móilíneach mar sigme-naisc agus pí-naisc. Go ginearálta, cruthaíonn adaimh naisc atá idirmheánach idir ianach agus comhfhiúsach, ag brath ar [[leictridhiúltacht]] choibhneasta na n-adamh atá i gceist. Tugtar naisc chomhfhiúsacha pholacha ar naisc den chineál seo.&lt;ref name=&quot;FreamhanEolais&quot;&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Hussey|first=Matt|author-link=Matthew Hussey|title=Nasc ceimiceach|encyclopedia=[[Fréamh an Eolais]]|language=ga|date=2011|publisher=[[Coiscéim]]|page=477}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Féach freisin==
* [[Nascfhuinneamh]]
* [[Nasc comhfhiúsach]]
* [[Nasc hidrigine]]
* [[Nasc halaigine]]
* [[Nascadh ianach]]
* [[Nascadh miotalach]]
* [[Pí-nasc]]
* [[Sigme-nasc]]
* [[Nasc trí-lár agus dhá leictreon]]
* [[Nasc trí-lár ceithre-leictreon]]
* [[Fórsa van der Waals]]

==Tagairtí==
{{Reflist}}
== Naisc sheachtracha ==
* W. Locke (1997). [http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/vchemlib/course/mo_theory/main.html Introduction to Molecular Orbital Theory]. Retrieved May 18, 2005.
* Carl R. Nave (2005). [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/bond.html HyperPhysics]. Retrieved May 18, 2005.
* [http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/bond/index.html Linus Pauling and the Nature of the Chemical Bond: A Documentary History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214112705/http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/bond/index.html |date=2008-02-14 }}. Retrieved February 29, 2008.

{{Fréamh an Eolais}}
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    <title>Toirtmheascadh</title>
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      <text bytes="14878" sha1="rgla301171mxqj0l7wv7p2vr753qf4t" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Acid and Base Titration.jpg|thumb|Buiréad agus fleasc cónúil (nó fleasc Erlenmeyer) á úsáid le haghaidh toirtmheascadh aigéad-bunanna.]]

Is modh coiteann saotharlainne é '''an toirtmheascadh''' (ar a dtugtar '''tíotraiméadracht'''  agus '''anailís thoirtmheasach''' freisin) chun anailís chainníochtúil cheimiceach a dhéanamh chun tiúchan na hanailíte aitheanta (an chomhdhúil atá le hanailísiú) a thomhas. Ullmhaítear imoibrí, ar a dtugtar an toirtmheascthóir, mar [[Tuaslagán caighdeánach|thuaslagán caighdeánach]] de thiúchan agus toirt aitheanta. Imoibríonn an toirtmheascthóir le tuaslagán den anailít chun tiúchan na hanailíte a chinneadh. Tugtar toirt an thoirtmheasctha ar mhéid an thoirtmheascthóra a d'imoibrigh leis an anailít.

==Stair agus sanasaíocht==
Tagann an focal &quot;tiltre &quot;(Gaeilge: títear) ón bhfocal Fraincise (1543), rud a chiallaíonn cion an óir nó an airgid i mboinn airgid nó i saothair óir nó airgid; .i., tomhas míne nó íonachta. Níos déanaí, rinneadh &quot;titre&quot; de &quot;tiltre&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/titre Ortolang: &quot;titre&quot; (in French)]: &quot;4. a) 1543 ''tiltre « proportion d'or ou d'argent dans les monnaies, dans les ouvrages d'or et d'argent »'' &lt;/ref&gt; agus ansin chiallaigh sé &quot;míne an óir chóimhiotalaithe&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.etymonline.com/search?q=titre Etymology On Line: titrate]&lt;/ref&gt;  agus ansin &quot;tiúchan substainte i sampla ar leith&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wordreference.com/definition/titre WordReference: titre and titer]&lt;/ref&gt;   Sa bhliain 1828, d’úsáid an poitigéir Francach [[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] &quot;titre&quot; ar dtús mar bhriathar (titrer), rud a chiallaíonn “chun tiúchan substainte i sampla ar leith a chinneadh”.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gay-Lussac|title=Essai des potasses du commerce|journal=Annales de Chimie et de Physique|date=1828|volume=39|pages=337–368|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hx3dvy;view=1up;seq=339|series=2nd series|trans-title=Assays of commercial potash|language=fr}}  In footnote (1) of p. 340, Gay-Lussac first uses ''titre'' as a verb:  ''&quot;Il leur serait plus facile de titrer l'acide sulfurique normal au moyen du carbonate de soude ou de potasse pur; … &quot;'' ([Agus tiúchan aigéad sulfarach á chinneadh] bheadh sé níos éasca dóibh gnáth-aigéad sulfarach a thoirtmheascadh trí shóidiam íon nó carbónáit photaisiam;…) &lt;/ref&gt;

Ag deireadh an 18ú haois, a thosaigh anailís toirtmhéadrach sa Fhrainc. D’fhorbair François-Antoine-Henri Descroizilles an chéad buiréad (a bhí cosúil le sorcóir grádaithe) sa bhliain 1791. D’fhorbair Gay-Lussac leagan feabhsaithe den bhuiréad a chuimsigh taobhghéag, agus chum sé na téarmaí &quot;pipette&quot; (Gaeilge: pípéad) agus  &quot;burette&quot; (Gaeilge: buiréad) i bpáipéar sa bhliain 1824 ar chaighdeánú thuaslagáin  indeagó.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1= Gay-Lussac|title=Instruction sur l'essai du chlorure de chaux|journal=Annales de chimie et de physique|date=1824|volume=26|pages= 162–175 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hx3dwa;view=1up;seq=180|series=2nd series|trans-title=Instructions on the assaying of chlorinated lime|language=fr}}  On pp. 170–171, Gay-Lussac describes various figures that appear in a plate (illustration) that accompanies the article.  From p. 170:  ''&quot; ''F'', petite mesure ou pipette de 2 ½ centimètres cubes, … &quot;''  (''F'', small measure or &quot;pipette&quot; of 2 ½ cc., … )  From p. 171:  ''&quot; ''I'', burette destinée à mesurer la teinture d'épreuve: … &quot;'' (''I'', &quot;burette&quot; intended to measure the test dye: … )&lt;/ref&gt; The first true burette was invented in 1845 by the French chemist [[Étienne Ossian Henry]] (1798–1873).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Henry|first1=O.|title=Nouvelles expériences sur l'essai des potasses du commerce et appareil dit potassimètre pour l'effectuer|journal=Journale de Pharmacie et de Chimie|date=1845|volume=7|pages=214–222|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hx3kbt;view=1up;seq=216|series=3rd series|trans-title=New experiments on the assay of commercial potash and an apparatus called a &quot;potassimeter&quot; to perform it|language=fr}}  A sketch of Henry's burette appears on p. 218.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1= Szabadváry|first1=Ferenc|title=The history of chemical laboratory equipment|journal=Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering|date=1986 |volume=30|issue=1–2|pages=77–95|url=https://pp.bme.hu/ch/article/view/2829/1934}} See p. 87.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Szabadváry |first1= Ferenc|title=History of Analytical Chemistry|date=1966|publisher=Permagon Press|location=Oxford, England|page=237|isbn= 9781483157122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=icn9BAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA237|translator=Gyula Svehla}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Christophe|first1=R.|title=L'analyse volumétrique de 1790 à 1860. Caractéristiques et importance industrielle. Evolution des instruments.|url=https://archive.org/details/revue-dhistoire-des-sciences_january-march-1971_24_1/page/25|journal=Revue d'histoire des sciences|date=1971|volume=24|issue=1|pages=25–44|doi=10.3406/rhs.1971.3172|trans-title= Volumetric analysis from 1790–1860. Characteristics and industrial importance. Evolution of instruments.|language=fr}}  From p. 38:  ''&quot; … il préfigure bien ses descendants actuelles … &quot;''  ( … it [i.e., Henry's burette] foreshadows well its modern descendants … )&lt;/ref&gt;  Ba é an poitigéir Francach Étienne Ossian Henry (1798-1873) a chum an chéad fhíorbhuiréad sa bhliain 1845. Tháinig feabhas mór ar an modh agus an tóir a bhí ar anailís toirtmhéadrach de bharr Karl Friedrich Mohr, a athdhearadh an buiréad i bhfoirm shimplí agus áisiúil, agus a scríobh an chéad téacsleabhar ar an ábhar, Lehrbuch der chemisch-analysistischen Titrirmethode (Téacsleabhar de mhodhanna toirtmheasctha na ceimice anailíse.), a foilsíodh sa bhliain 1855.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Rosenfeld |first=L.|year=1999|title=Four Centuries of Clinical Chemistry|pages=72–75|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=90-5699-645-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Mohr|first1=Karl Friedrich |title=Lehrbuch der chemisch-analytischen Titrirmethode …, part 1|date=1855|publisher=Friederich Vieweg und Sohn|location= Braunschweig, (Germany)|pages=2–20|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89087461158;view=1up;seq=7|trans-title=Textbook of analytical chemistry titration methods … |language=de}}  Page 3 shows Mohr's burette; page 12 shows a burette with a glass stopcock (''Glasshahn'').&lt;/ref&gt;

==Modh oibre==
[[File:Titration for Soil.JPG|thumb|Mionanailís ar shamplaí ithreacha trí thoirtmheasctha.]]
Tosaíonn toirtmheascadh tipiciúil le h[[Eascra (trealamh saotharlainne)|eascra]] nó [[Fleascán saotharlainne|fleascán]] Erlenmeyer ina bhfuil méid an-bheacht den anailít agus méid beag [[Táscaire pH|táscaire]] (mar shampla feanóltailéin) a chuirtear faoi [[Buiréad|bhuiréad]]  calabraithe nó steallaire píopaitireacht ceimice ina bhfuil an toirtmheascthóir.&lt;ref&gt;da Nobrega Gaiao, E., Martins, V. L., da Silva Lyra, W., de Almeida, L. F., da Silva, E. C., &amp; Araújo, M. C. U. (2006). Digital image-based titrations. Analytica Chimica Acta, 570(2), 283-290.  doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.04.048. https://www.academia.edu/download/53035363/4_-_Digital_image-based_titrations_2006.pdf{{Dead link|date=Deireadh Fómhair 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ansin cuirtear méideanna beaga den toirtmheascthóir leis an anailít agus leis an táscaire go dtí go n-athraíonn dath an táscaire mar fhreagairt ar thairseach sáithithe an toirtmheascthóra, rud a léiríonn go bhfuil críochphointe an thoirtmheasctha sroichte, rud a chiallaíonn go bhfuil méid an thoirtmheascthóra agus méid na anailíte atá i láthair ar mheá chothrom, de réir an imoibrithe idir an dá cheann. Ag brath ar an gcríochphointe atá ag teastáil, is féidir le braon aonair nó níos lú ná braon amháin den thoirtmheascthóir an difríocht idir athrú buan agus sealadach sa táscaire a dhéanamh.

===Teicnící ullmhúcháin ===
Éilíonn toirtmheascadh tipiciúil go bhfuil an toirtmheascthóir  agus an anailít i bhfoirm leachtach (tuaslagán). Cé go dtuaslagtar solaid i dtuaslagán uiscí de ghnáth, úsáidtear tuaslagóirí eile mar [[Aigéad eatánóch|aigéad aicéiteach]] oighreach nó [[eatánól]] chun críocha speisialta (mar atá sa pheitriceimic) a dhéanann speisialtóireacht sa pheitriliam.&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite book
  | last = Matar
  | first = S.
  |author2=L.F. Hatch
   | title = Chemistry of Petrochemical Processes
  | url = https://archive.org/details/chemistryofpetro0000mata_s3k3
  | publisher = Gulf Professional Publishing
  | edition = 2
  | year = 2001
  | isbn = 0-88415-315-0
}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
Is minic a chaolaítear anailítí tiubhaithe chun cruinnis a fheabhsú.

Éilíonn go leor toirtmheascadh neamh-aigéad-bunanna pH seasmhach le linn an imoibrithe. Dá bhrí sin, féadfar [[tuaslagán maolánach]] a chur leis an choimeádán toirtmheasctha chun an pH a choinneáil.&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite book
  | last = Verma
  | first = Dr. N.K. |author2=S.K. Khanna |author3=Dr B. Kapila
  | title = Comprehensive Chemistry XI
  | publisher = Laxmi Publications
  | location = New Dehli
  | pages = 642–645
  | isbn = 81-7008-596-9
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

I gcásanna nuair a fhéadfaidh dhá imoibreán i sampla imoibriú leis an toirtmheascthóir agus nach bhfuil ach ceann amháin mar an anailít atá ag teastáil, féadfar [[Mascoibreán|tuaslagán masctha]] ar leithligh a chur leis an cuasán imoibrithe a chuireann deireadh le héifeacht an iain nach bhfuil ag teastáil.&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite book
  | last = Patnaik
  | first = P.
  | title = Dean's Analytical Chemistry Handbook
  | publisher = McGraw-Hill Prof Med/Tech
  | edition = 2
  | year = 2004
  | pages = 2.11–2.16
  | isbn = 0-07-141060-0
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

D’fhéadfadh sé go n-éileodh roinnt imoibrithe ocsaídiúcháin is dí-ocsaídiúcháin ([[ocsdí]]) an tuaslagán samplach a théamh agus é a thoirtmheascadh agus an tuaslagán fós te chun an [[ráta imoibrithe]] a choinneáil.&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite book
  | last = Walther
  | first = J.V.
  | title = Essentials of Geochemistry
  | url = https://archive.org/details/essentialsofgeoc0000walt
  | publisher = Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning
  | year = 2005
  | pages = [https://archive.org/details/essentialsofgeoc0000walt/page/515 515]–520
  | isbn = 0-7637-2642-7
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Cuair toirtmheasctha==
[[File:Oxalic acid titration grid.svg|thumb|Cuar toirtmheasctha tipiciúil d’aigéad déphrótónach le bun láidir. Taispeántar anseo an t-aigéad ocsalach toirtmheasctha le hiodrocsaíd sóidiam. Tá an dá phointe coibhéise le feiceáil.]]
Is éard atá i gcuar toirtmheasctha ná graf a úsáidtear le linn toirtmheascadh chun a bpointe coibhéise a chinneadh. Is ionann a x-chomhordanáid agus toirt an toirtmheascthóra a cuireadh leis ó thús an toirtmheasctha, agus arb ionann a y-chomhordanáid de thiúchan na hanailíte ag an gcéim chomhfhreagrach den toirtmheascadh (i toirtmheascadh aigéad-bunanna, is ionann an y-chomhordanáid de ghnáth agus pH an tuaslagáin)&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite book
  | last = Reger
  | first = D.L. |author2=S.R. Goode |author3=D.W. Ball
  | title = Chemistry: Principles and Practice
  | url = https://archive.org/details/chemistryprincip00rege_370
  | url-access = limited
  | publisher = Cengage Learning
  | edition = 3
  | year = 2009
  | pages = [https://archive.org/details/chemistryprincip00rege_370/page/n723 684]–693
  | isbn = 978-0-534-42012-3
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
I toirtmheascadh aigéad-bun, is ionann an cuar toirtmheasctha agus neart an aigéid agus an bhuin chomhfhreagraigh. I gcás aigéid láidir agus bun láidir, beidh an cuar réasúnta réidh agus an-ghéar in aice leis an bpointe coibhéise. Mar gheall air seo, bíonn athrú mór ar an pH mar thoradh ar athrú beag ar thoirt an thoirtmheascthóra in aice leis an bpointe coibhéise agus bheadh go leor táscairí oiriúnach (mar shampla litmeas, feanóltailéin nó brómaitíomól gorm).

Más aigéad nó bun lag é imoibrí amháin agus aigéad nó bun láidir sa cheann eile, tá an cuar toirtmheasctha neamhrialta agus aistríonn an pH níos lú le breiseanna beaga den toirtmheascthóir gar don phointe coibhéise. Mar shampla, sa chuar toirtmheasctha don toirtmheascadh idir aigéad ocsalach (aigéad lag) agus hiodrocsaíd sóidiam (bun láidir), atá sa phictiúr thuas. Tarlaíonn an pointe coibhéise idir pH 8-10, rud a léiríonn go bhfuil an tuaslagán bunata ag an bpointe coibhéise agus go mbeadh táscaire cosúil le feanóltailéin oiriúnach. Iompraíonn cuair toirtmheasctha a fhreagraíonn do bhunanna laga agus aigéid láidre ar an gcaoi chéanna, agus tá an tuaslagán aigéadach ag an bpointe coibhéise agus bíonn táscairí mar oráiste meitile agus  brómaitíomól gorm níos oiriúnaí.

Tá cuair toirtmheasctha ag toirtmheascaí idir aigéad lag agus bun lag atá an-neamhrialta. Mar gheall air seo, ní fhéadfaidh aon táscaire cinnte a bheith oiriúnach agus is minic a úsáidtear méadar pH chun monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar an imoibriú.&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite book
  | last = Bewick
  | first = S.
  |author2=J. Edge |author3=T. Forsythe |author4=R. Parsons
   | title = CK12 Chemistry
  | publisher = CK-12 Foundation
  | year = 2009
  | pages = 794–797
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Tugtar feidhm shiogmóideach ar an gcineál feidhme is féidir a úsáid chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar an gcuar.
== Cineálacha toirtmheascadh ==

Tá go leor cineálacha toirtmheasctha ann le nósanna imeachta agus spriocanna éagsúla. Is iad na cineálacha toirtmheasctha cáilíochtúla is coitianta ann ná toirtmheascadh aigéad-bun agus bon aigéad agus toirtmheascadh ocsaidí.

Toirtmheascadh aigéad-bun
[[File:Acidobazna titracija 004.jpg|thumbnail|Methyl orange]]
{|border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; class=wikitable
|-
!style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|Táscaire
!style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|Dath ar thaobh aigéadach
!style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|Raon an athraithe datha&lt;br&gt;(pH)
!style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|Dath ar an taobh bunata
|-
!style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|Vialait mheitile
| Buí || 0.0–1.6 || Vialait
|-
!style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|brómaifeanóil gorm
| Buí || 3.0–4.6 ||gorm
|-
!style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|Oráiste meitile
|  Dearg || 3.1–4.4 || Buí
|-
!style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|Dearg meitile
| Dearg || 4.4–6.3 || Buí
|-
!style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|Litmeas
|  Dearg || 5.0–8.0 || Gorm
|-
!style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|Brómaitíomól gorm
| Buí || 6.0–7.6 || Gorm
|-
!style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|Feanóltailéin
| Éadathach  || 8.3–10.0 || Bándearg
|-
!style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|Alasairín buí
| Buí || 10.1–12.0 || Dearg
|}

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Catagóir: toirtmheascadh | ]]
[[Catagóir: Ceimic anailíseach]]</text>
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  <page>
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Scríbhneoir, drámadóir, file, léachtóir agus gníomhaí teangacha ba ea '''Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o'''&lt;ref&gt;Tugadh &quot;James&quot; air tráth.  Níos déanaí, thosaigh sé ag diúltú don ainm James agus ag freagairt arís don ainm Afracach a bronnadh air nuair a rugadh é, sin Ngugi wa Thiong’o, a chiallaíonn Ngugi, mac Thiong’o.&lt;/ref&gt; (5 Eanáir 1938 i [[Kamĩriithũ]]– 28 Bealtaine 2025), duine de mhórscríbhneoirí an domhain.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/10-raiteas-o-ngugi-wa-thiongo-faoi-chursai-teanga/|teideal=10 ráiteas ó Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o faoi chúrsaí teanga|dáta=2025-05-30|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2025-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí cáil ar Ngũgĩ, arb as an g[[An Chéinia|Céinia]] dó, as an gcosaint a rinne sé ar theangacha dúchasacha. Shocraigh sé féin cúl a thabhairt leis an mBéarla agus an [[An Chiocúis|Gikuyu]] (An Chiocúis) a úsáid ina shaothar mar ghníomh agóide.  

[[Íomhá:Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o (signing autographs in London).jpg|clé|mion|220x220px|''Wizard of the Crow'', 2005&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Wizard of the Crow|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wizard_of_the_Crow&amp;oldid=1235407115|journal=Wikipedia|date=2024-07-19|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Íomhá:Ngugi wa Thiong'o - Festivaletteratura 2012.JPG|clé|mion|309x309px|2012]]
[[Íomhá:Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o Literaturhaus München 2012.jpg|clé|mion|220x220px|2012]]

== Beatha ==
Cuireadh Nguigi sa phríosún ina thír dhúchais i mí na Nollag 1977 mar gheall ar dhráma conspóideach a léirigh sé ina theanga féin, Gikuyu. Shocraigh sé cúl a thabhairt leis an mBéarla agus an Chiocúis a úsáid ina shaothar mar ghníomh agóide.  Is minic a chuirtear i gcomparáid é leis an bhfile [[Micheál Ó hAirtnéide|Mícheál Ó Hairtnéide]] a thug cúl leis an mBéarla taca an ama chéanna. 

'''Kamĩriithũ''' 

Ba é ''Ngaahika Ndeenda'' (a chiallaíonn &quot;pósfaidh mé nuair is mian liom&quot;; ''I Will Marry When I Want'' sa Bhéarla) an chéad dráma a léirigh an t-ionad. Ba iad Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o agus Ngũgĩ wa Mirii a scríobh é i gcomhar le baill an phobail, agus léiríodh sa teanga Gikuyu é. Léiríodh den chéad uair é ar an 2 Deireadh Fómhair 1977, agus mheall na léirithe na mílte duine. 

Chuir rialtas na Céinia cosc ar an dráma, áfach, agus cealaíodh ceadúnas an ionaid. Gabhadh Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o ar an 31 Nollaig 1977 agus coinníodh i bpríosún é gan triail. Tar éis dó a bheith scaoilte saor, cuireadh tús leis an dara dráma, ''Maitu Njugira'' (&quot;A Mháthair, Can Dom&quot;). Bhí sé beartaithe an dráma a léiriú in Amharclann Náisiúnta na Céinia i 1982, ach chuir na húdaráis cosc air; bhog an grúpa go hOllscoil Nairobi, áit ar léiríodh é os comhair na mílte.

Ar an 11 Márta 1982 chuir an rialtas cosc ar gach gníomhaíocht amharclannaíochta in Kamĩriithũ. An lá dár gcionn, ar an 12 Márta 1982, scrios na póilíní an amharclann faoin aer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://xn--anpipar-jwa8e.ie/2026/06/kamiriithu-amharclann-reabhloideach-na-ceinia/|teideal=Kamĩriithũ: Amharclann Réabhlóideach na Céinia|údar=Kerron Ó Luain|dáta=2026-06-12|language=ga-IE|work=An Páipéar|dátarochtana=2026-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Príomhalt:  [[Kamĩriithũ|Pobail Oideachais agus Cultúrtha Kamĩriithũ]]'' 

=== Níos déanaí ===
‘Buama cultúrtha’ an téarma a chuir sé ar an méid damáiste a rinne an coilíneachas ar theangacha dúchais agus, dá bharr sin, ar mheon mhuintir na tíre féin, fágtha gan uirlis ná cumas lena gcuid smaointe a chur in iúl ná a roinnt le chéile. ‘Is é tionchar an bhuama cultúrtha ná scrios a dhéanamh ar chreideamh nó ar mhuinín an phobail ina n-ainmneacha, ina dteangacha, ina dtimpeallacht, i stair na frithbheartaíochta, ina n-aontacht, ina streachailt féin, ina gcumais féin agus faoi dheireadh, ina gcuid féinmhuiníne.’&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.afri.ie/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Final-Afri-Lesson-Plans-as-gaeilge-2.pdf|teideal=An Gorta Mór agus an
bhithéagsúlacht|údar=Micheál McCaughan|dátarochtana=2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Níos déanaí, mhuin sé i  Northwestern University, Yale University, agus New York University agus bhí sé ina Ollamh leis an litríocht Chomparáideach in Ollscoil Chalifornia Irvine.

== Saothar ==
Bhíodh Ngũgĩ ag obair i mBéarla ar dtús ach thosaigh sé ag scríobh sa [[An Chiocúis|Chiocúis]] níos déanaí. Áirítear i measc a chuid oibre saothar úrscéalta, drámaí, gearrscéalta, agus aistí, ó chritic liteartha agus shóisialta go litríocht na bpáistí.   

Bhí Ngũgĩ ina bhunaitheoir agus eagarthóir ar an iris ''Chiocúis Mũtĩiri''. I measc na leabhar atá scríofa aige tá ''Decolonising the Mind'', leabhar a phléann leis an mbealach ar éirigh sé as scríobh i mBéarla agus polaitíocht teangacha san [[Afraic]] trí chéile.  Sa leabhar seo,  dúirt Nguigi gurbh ionann coilíniú a dhéanamh ar thír agus ‘buama cultúrtha’ a phléascadh ann a dhéanann scrios ar mhuinín na ndaoine iontu féin, ina dteangacha agus ina gcultúr dúchais.   

Chomh maith le bheith ar dhuine de na scríbhneoirí is minice a bhí luaite leis an nGradam [[Duais Nobel na Litríochta|Nobel don Litríocht]], bhí aithne ar Ngũgĩ ar fud an domhain i ngeall ar an gcosaint láidir a rinne sé ar theangacha dúchasacha agus ar litríochtaí dúchasacha na hAfraice.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/ma-ta-teangacha-uile-na-cruinne-agat-ach-gan-do-theanga-dhuchais-agat-sin-sclabhaiocht/|teideal=‘Má tá teangacha uile na cruinne agat ach gan do theanga dhúchais agat, sin sclábhaíocht…’|údar=tuairisc.ie|dáta=2018-11-08|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2025-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Éire agus Gaeilge ==
Thug Ngũgĩ cuairt ar Éirinn in 2018, chun labhairt ag LÍON, comhdháil faoi chúrsaí teanga a bhí ar siúl i gColáiste Mhuire gan Smál.

I bhfoclaibh Ngũgĩ, tá dhá thaobh le haon teanga – modh cumarsáide agus seachadóir cultúir. Labhraítear Béarla sa Bhreatain, sa tSualainn agus sa Danmhairg, mar shampla, ach is sa Bhreatain atá an teanga ina mhodh cumarsáide agus ina sheachadóir cultúir. Sin atá i gceist leis an nGaelainn in Éirinn.

Bíonn saincheisteanna féiniúlachta le sonrú go mór nuair a thagann bearna chun cinn idir dhá ghné den teanga. Is iad teanga an tsaoil mar atá agus an teanga mar iompróir an chultúir an dá ghné sin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.cogg.ie/wp-content/uploads/an-tumoideachas-bua-no-dua.pdf|teideal=An Tumoideachas:
Bua nó Dua?|údar=cogg.ie|dáta=15-16 Bealtaine 2015
Coláiste Mhuire gan Smál|dátarochtana=2025|archivedate=9 Bealtaine 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509194413/https://www.cogg.ie/wp-content/uploads/an-tumoideachas-bua-no-dua.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tráchtann Ngũgĩ ar an ‘mbuama cultúrtha’ a úsáidtear mar chuid d’arm cogaidh an impiriúlachais, agus tá a rian seo le feiscint in Éirinn fós, lastuaidh den teorann ach go háirithe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Irish Language Matters|url=https://www.rte.ie/gaeilge/2024/0623/1456172-irish-language-matters/|date=2024-06-23|language=ga-IE|author=Derek Hollingsworth / RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/to-control-a-peoples-culture-is-to-control-their-tools-of-self-definition-acht-na-gaeilge-agus-buama-culturtha-na-n-aontachtaithe/|teideal=‘To control a people’s culture is to control their tools of self-definition’ – acht na Gaeilge agus buama cultúrtha na n-aontachtaithe|údar=Daithí De Mórdha|dáta=5 Márta 2018|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2025-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Íomhá:Ngugi Wa Thiong'o's Drama and the Kamiriithu popular theater experiment.jpg|clé|mion|220x220px|Dráma de chuid Ngugi Wa Thiong'o]]

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Duais Nobel na Litríochta|Mícheál Ó Hairtnéide]]
* [[An Chiocúis]]
* [[Kamĩriithũ|Pobail Oideachais agus Cultúrtha Kamĩriithũ]]

==Tagairtí==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thiongo, Ngugi wa}}
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1938]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine Céiniacha]]
[[Catagóir:Filí]]
[[Catagóir:Scríbhneoirí]]
[[Catagóir:Básanna in 2025]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Suleiman Ollásach</title>
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      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Suleiman the Magnificent receives an Ambassador-by Matrakci Nasuh.jpg]] → [[File:Suleiman the Magnificent receives an Ambassador.jpg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · The Suleymanname was not created by Matrakci Nasuh....</comment>
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Ba [[sabhdán|shabhdán]] de chuid na h[[Impireacht Otamánach|Impireachta Otamánaí]] é '''Suleiman I'''  ([[6 Samhain]] [[1494]] go dtí [[6 Meán Fómhair]] [[1566]]). Sa [[An Tuircis|Tuircis]] is iondúil go dtugtar “'''Kanunî Sultan Süleyman'''” (Sabhdán Suleiman Reachtóir) ar an [[Rialtas|rialtóir]] [[Impireacht Otamánach|Otamánach]]. Ach tugtar '''Suleiman 'Ollásach'''' air s[[An t-Iarthar|an Iarthar]] (Béarla: The Magnificent Suleiman) agus “Kanuni” (An  Reachtóir) san oirthear.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.facebook.com/UCDSchoolofLaw/posts/3956448367712791|teideal=Kanunî Sultan Süleyman|údar=Scoil Dlí, COBÁC|dáta=|language=ga|work=www.facebook.com|dátarochtana=2020-12-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bhí Suleiman ina shabhdán idir 1520 go dí a bháis in 1566, an réimeas is faide i stair na himpireachta úd.
[[Íomhá:Suleiman the Magnificent receives an Ambassador.jpg|clé|mion|an tSüleymanname, [[16ú haois]]]]
Ba ba chor cinniúnach bás Suleiman sa bhliain 1566 i stair na h[[Impireacht Otamánach|Impireachta Otamánaí]].

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Ebussuud Efendi]]
== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

{{Síol-beath-tr}}

[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1494]]
[[Catagóir:Básanna i 1566]]
[[Catagóir:Ceannairí Otamánacha]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine na Meánaoise]]
[[Catagóir:Filí]]
[[Catagóir:Fir]]
[[Catagóir:Moslamaigh]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Radiata</title>
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Is rang tacsanomaíoch í '''Radiata''' a bhí in úsáid chun ainmhithe [[Siméadracht sa bhitheolaíocht|ga-shiméadracha]] a rangú. Ní ghlactar leis an téarma ''Radiata'' a thuilleadh, toisc gur chuir sé roinnt grúpaí ainmhithe éagsúla lena chéile, nach bhfuil ina ghrúpa monaifíléiteach faoi thuairimí reatha na fíligineachta ainmhithe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Hadzi|first=J|title=The Evolution of the Metazoa|url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionofmetaz00hadz|year=1963|publisher=The Macmillan Company|location=New York, NY, USA|isbn=0080100791|pages=[https://archive.org/details/evolutionofmetaz00hadz/page/56 56]–57}}&lt;/ref&gt; Glactar anois nach raibh i gceist leis na cosúlachtaí a cuireadh chun cinn mar fhianaise leis an rang ach míthuiscint ar na luath-thaighdeoirí, nó sampla den [[éabhlóid  choinbhéirseach]]. Dá bharr sin, ní úsáidtear an téarma de ghnáth ach i gcomhthéacs stairiúil anois.

Go luath sa 19ú céad, chuir [[Georges Cuvier]] na [[Cnidaria]] agus na [[Ctenophora]] le chéile sna Radiata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Cuvier|first=Georges|title=Le Règne Animal Distribué Selon son Organisation, pour Servir de Base à l’Histoire Naturelle des Animaux et d’Introduction à l’Anatomie Comparée|year=1817|publisher=Déterville|location=Paris}}&lt;/ref&gt;  D'ath-shainmhínigh [[Thomas Cavalier-Smith]] na Radiata, sa bhliain 1983, mar fo-ríocht comhdhéanta de [[Myxozoa]], [[Placozoa]], [[Cnidaria]] agus [[Ctenophora]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Cavalier-Smith|first=T|title=A 6-kingdom classification and a unified phylogeny. in Endocytobiology II|year=1983|publisher=Walter De Gruyter Inc|isbn=3110086603|pages=1027–1034}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ina dhiaidh sin, d'ath-shainmhínigh [[Lynn Margulis]] agus [[K.V. Schwartz]] na Riadata i n-aicmiú na [[Ríocht (bitheolaíocht)|Cúig Ríocht]], an tráth seo ag cuimsiú [[Cnidaria]] agus [[Ctenophora]] amháin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Margulis|first=Lynn|title=Five Kingdoms: An illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth|url=https://archive.org/details/fivekingdomsill00marg|year=1988|publisher=W. H. FREEMAN AND COMPANY|location=New York, NY, USA|isbn=0716730278}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cé go nglactar le ga-shiméadracht, de ghnáth, mar thréith a shainmhíníonn na hainmhithe atá aicmithe sa ghrúpa seo, tá eisceachtaí agus cáilíochtaí soiléire ann. Mar shampla, léiríonn na [[Echinoderma]] [[siméadracht dhéthaobhach]] go cinnte mar [[Larbha|larbhaí]]. Taispeánann na [[Ctenophora]] siméadracht dé-radúil  nó  rothlach, arna sainmhíniú le haiseanna craobhógacha agus  faraingeacha, ar a bhfuil dhá canálach anasach lonnaithe in dhá cheathramhán go lárlíneacht óna chéile.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Martindale|first=Mark|author2=Finnerty JR |author3=Henry JQ |title=The Radiata and the evolutionary origins of the bilaterian body plan|url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2002-09_24_3/page/358|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|date=September 2002|volume=24|issue=3|pages=358–365|doi=10.1016/s1055-7903(02)00208-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tá roinnt speiceas laistigh den aicme Cnidaria,  na h[[Anthozoa]], siméadracht dhéthaobhach (Mar shampla, ''[[Nematostella vectensis]]''). Tá sé ráite go bhféadfadh sé gur tharla siméadrac go déthaobhacha chun cinn roimh an scoilt idir Cnidaria agus [[Bilateria]], agus gur fhorbair na cnidarians, atá siméadracht dé-radúil, go tánaisteach, rud a chiallaíonn go bhfuil bunús príomhúil leis an déthaobhacht i speicis na gCnidarian, cosúil le N. vectensis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Finnerty|first=JR|author2=Pang K |author3=Burton P |author4=Paulson D |author5=Martindale MQ |title=Origins of bilateral symmetry: Hox and dpp expression in a sea anemone|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2004-05-28_304_5675/page/1335|journal=Science|date=28 May 2004|volume=304|issue=5675|pages=1335–1337|doi=10.1126/science.1091946}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tagairtí==
{{Reflist}}
[[Catagóir:Tacsón inveirteabrachaimithe i léig]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Coelacanthiformes</title>
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[[Ord (bitheolaíocht)|Ord]] neamhchoitianta d'éisc is ea '''Coelacanthiformes''' ina mbíonn dhá speiceas  atá [[neointeolaíocht|ar marthain]] sa [[Géineas|ghéineas]] ''Latimeria'':  Céalacant an Aigéin Indiaigh Iartharach a bhíonn ar fáil go príomha in aice leis na h[[Oileáin Chomóra]], amach ó chósta thoir na [[An Afraic|hAfraice]] (Latimeria chalumnae) agus an céalacant Indinéiseach (Latimeria menadoensis)..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|teideal = Coelacanths, Coelacanth Pictures, Coelacanth Facts - National Geographic|url = http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/coelacanth/|website = National Geographic|accessdate = 2015-10-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Leanann siad an ginealach beo is sine ar eolas de chuid na [[Sarcopterygii]] (éisc liopa-eiteacha agus teitreapóid), rud a chiallaíonn go mbaineann siad níos dlúithe le [[iasc scamhógach|héisc scamhógacha]], [[reiptíl]]í agus [[mamach|mamaigh]] ná le na [[Actinopterygii|héisc ga-eiteacha]]. Faightear iad ar feadh chósta an [[an tAigéan Indiach|Aigéin Indiaigh]] agus [[an tAigéan Indinéiseach| Indinéisigh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ref3&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |bibcode=1999PNAS...9612616H |title=Two Living Species of Coelacanths? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1999-10-26_96_22/page/12616 |author1=Holder |first1=Mark T. |last2=Erdmann |first2=Mark V. |last3=Wilcox |first3=Thomas P. |last4=Caldwell |first4=Roy L. |last5=Hillis |first5=David M. |volume=96 |year=1999 |pages=12616–20 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |doi=10.1073/pnas.96.22.12616 |pmid=10535971 |issue=22 |pmc=23015 |jstor=49396}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ós rud é nach bhfuil ach dhá speiceas de chéalacant agus an dá speiceas faoi bhagairt, is é an t-ord is mó d'ainmhithe atá i mbaolar fud an domhain é. Is é speiceas é céalacant an [[An tAigéan Indiach|Aigéin Indiaigh Iartharach]], atá i mbaol  go criticiúil.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Forey |first1=Peter L |year=1998 |title=History of the Coelacanth Fishes |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofcoelaca0000fore |location=London |publisher=Chapman &amp; Hall |isbn=978-0-412-78480-4}}{{Leathanach de dhíth|date=April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Baineann na céalacaint leis an fho-aicme Actinistia, ar ghrúpa d'éisc liopa-eiteacha iad a bhaineann le héisc 
scamhógacha agus héisc áirithe Deavónacha mar osteolepiforms, porolepiformes, rhizodontida, agus Panderichthys. 
== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Catagóir:Coelacanthiformes | ]]
[[Catagóir:Latimeriidae]]
[[Catagóir:Iontaisí beo]]
[[Catagóir:Éisc ubh-bheobhreitheach]]
[[Catagóir:Éisc de chuid na hOileáin Chomóra]]
[[Catagóir:Éisc na hIndinéise]]
[[Catagóir:Éisc Chéinia]]
[[Catagóir:Éisc Mhósaimbíc]]
[[Catagóir:Éisc na hAfraice Theas]]
[[Catagóir:Éisc na Tansáine]]</text>
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    <title>An Nualiobrálachas</title>
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      <text bytes="4987" sha1="3i3a1hhag7mki12jzb0z8vx15b1d983" xml:space="preserve">[[Íomhá:Stop-Neoliberalism.PNG|mion|220x220px]]
Téarma is ea an '''Nualiobrálachas''' a bhí in úsáid ó na [[1970idí]] agus na [[1980idí]] ag scoláirí i réimse leathan na n-eolaíochtaí sóisialta agus ag léirmheastóirí &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Noel Castree|title=A Dictionary of Human Geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eYWcAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA339|year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=339|quote=&quot;'Neoliberalism' is very much a critics term: it is virtually never used by those whom the critics describe as neoliberals.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; go príomha agus iad ag tagairt d'athbheochan smaointe an [[19ú haois]] a bhaineann le [[liobrálachas]] [[Eacnamaíocht|eacnamaíoch]] ''laissez-faire''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|editor1-last= Haymes|editor1-first=Stephen  |editor2-last= Vidal de Haymes|editor2-first= Maria|editor3-last= Miller|editor3-first= Reuben|title= The Routledge Handbook of Poverty in the United States |url= http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415673440|location=London |publisher= [[Routledge]]|publication-date=2015|isbn= 0415673445|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qnHfBQAAQBAJ&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;pg=PA7#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false 7]|quote= Neoliberalism represents a reassertion of the liberal political economic beliefs of the 19th century in the contemporary era.}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Bíonn lucht tacaíochta an liobrálachais eacnamaíoch i bhfabhar polasaithe forleathana liobrálaithe, a leithéid agus [[príobháidiú]], beartas déine fioscach, [[dírialáil]], an tsaorthrádáil, agus laghdú ar chaiteachas an rialtais chun feabhas a chur ar ról na hearnála príobháidí sa gheilleagar.&lt;ref name=&quot;For Business Ethics&quot;&gt;Campbell Jones, Martin Parker, Rene Ten Bos (2005). ''For Business Ethics.'' [[Routledge]]. ISBN 0415311357. p. 100:

* &quot;Neoliberalism represents a set of ideas that caught on from the mid to late 1970s, and are famously associated with the economic policies introduced by Margaret Thatcher in the United Kingdom and Ronald Reagan in the United States following their elections in 1979 and 1981.  The 'neo' part of neoliberalism indicates that there is something new about it, suggesting that it is an updated version of older ideas about 'liberal economics' which has long argued that markets should be free from intervention by the state. In its simplest version, it reads: markets good, government bad.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Bhíonn an nualiobrálachas ceangailte leis na beartais eacnamaíocha a thug [[Margaret Thatcher]] sa [[An Ríocht Aontaithe|Ríocht Aontaithe]] agus [[Ronald Reagan]] sna [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Stáit Aontaithe]] isteach. 

De réir roinnt acadóirí ba é cur i bhfeidhm na mbeartas nualiobrálaithe agus an glacadh le teoiricí eacnamaíochta nualiobrálaithe sna 1970idí bunchúis an airgeadraithe, agus leis an ngéarchéim airgeadais 2007-08 mar cheann de na torthaí deiridh. D'athraigh sainmhíniú agus úsáid an téarma&lt;ref name=&quot;Boas2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Neoliberalism: From New Liberal Philosophy to Anti-Liberal Slogan |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_studies-in-comparative-international-development_summer-2009_44_2/page/137 |author=Taylor C. Boas, Jordan Gans-Morse |journal=Studies in Comparative International Development |date=June 2009 |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=137–161 |doi=10.1007/s12116-009-9040-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; le himeacht ama. 

Ar dtús ba fhealsúnacht eacnamaíoch í tháinig chun cinn i measc scoláirí liobrálacha Eorpacha sna [[1930idí]] ar mhaithe lena n-iarracht 'An Tríú' nó 'An Meán Slí' , ar a dtugtar air, idir  na fealsúnachtaí nach raibh ag teacht le chéile; sé sin le rá idir an liobrálachas clasaiceach agus an phleanáil eacnamaíoch Shóisialach.&lt;ref&gt;[[Philip Mirowski]], Dieter Plehwe, ''The road from Mont Pèlerin: the making of the neoliberal thought collective'', Harvard University Press, 2009, ISBN 0-674-03318-3, p. 14-15: &quot;An understanding of neoliberalism needs to take into account its dynamic character in confronting both socialist planning philosophies and classical lassiez-faire liberalism, rather than searching for timeless (essentialist) content.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;  

Spreag an fonn chun teipeanna eacnamaíocha na luath 1930idí a sheachaint an fhorbairt seo. Chuir na nualiobrálaigh ach go háirithe an locht ar bheartas eacnamaíoch an liobrálachais clasaicigh i gcomhair na na dteipeanna eacnamaíochta. 

Sna blianta ina dhiaidh sin, ba ghnáth gur úsáideadh an  téarma 'nualiobrálach' chun tagairt a dhéanamh do teoiricí a bhí ag teacht salach ar teoiricí níos laissez-faire an liobrálachais clasaicigh, agus chuir sé chun tosaigh ina ionad an geilleagar margaidh faoi threoir agus rialacha stáit láidir, múnla ar a dtabharfar an  geilleagar sóisialta margaidh.

== Féach freisin ==
* [[Liobrálachas|Liobralachas]]
* [[Liobrálachas sóisialta]]

==Tagairtí==
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    <title>Smugairle róin coiteann</title>
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Is [[smugairle róin]] é an '''smugairle róin coiteann'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Tearma&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.tearma.ie/q/Aurelia%20aurita/|title=“Aurelia aurita” {{!}} téarma.ie|publisher=[[An Coiste Téarmaíochta]]|work=[[Téarma.ie]]: An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta don Ghaeilge|access-date=2023-06-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; nó '''''Aurelia aurita'''''. Ball d'ord na [[Semaeostomeae]] atá ann.  

==Dáileadh==
Tagtar ar ghéineas na n''Aurelia'' i bhfarraigí an domhain uilig nach mór, ó na [[teochreasa]] ó thuaidh go dtí domhanleithead 70° Thuaidh agus chomh fada ó dheas le domhanleithead 40 Theas.&lt;ref name=DawsonPNAS&gt;{{cite journal |last=Dawson |first=M. N. |first2=A. |last2=Sen Gupta |first3=M. H. |last3=England |year=2005 |title=Coupled biophysical global ocean model and molecular genetic analyses identify multiple introductions of cryptogenic species |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2005-08-23_102_34/page/11968 |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA]] |volume=102 |issue=34 |pages=11968–11973 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0503811102 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tá an speiceas ''Aurelia aurita'' féin le fáil feadh chósta [[Aigéan Atlantach|Atlantach na hEorpa Thuaidh]] agus feadh chósta [[Meiriceá Thuaidh|Mheiriceá Thuaidh]] i [[Sasana Nua]] agus oirthear [[Ceanada|Cheanada]].&lt;ref name=&quot;DawsonPNAS&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Dawson |first=M. N. |year=2003 |title=Macro-morphological variation among cryptic species of the moon jellyfish, ''Aurelia'' (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) |url=https://archive.org/details/marine-biology_2003-08_143_2/page/369 |journal=[[Marine Biology (journal)|Marine Biology]] |volume=143 |issue=2 |pages=369–379 |doi=10.1007/s00227-003-1070-3 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Go ginearálta, is géineas cladaigh é ''Aurelia'' ar féidir teacht air in [[Inbhear|inbhir]] agus [[Cuan|cuanta]].&lt;ref name=russ&gt;Russell, F. S. 1953. ''The Medusae of the British Isles II''. Cambridge University Press, Londain, 81-186. http://www.mba.ac.uk/nmbl/publications/medusae_2/medusae_2.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623152932/https://www.mba.ac.uk/nmbl/publications/medusae_2/medusae_2.htm |date=2016-06-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

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[[File:Mini Israel in Latrun (5933326934).jpg|mion|250px|clé|]]
Is mionsamhaltán d'Iosrael é '''Mion-Iosrael''' ([[Eabhrais]]: ''מיני ישראל'') agus é suite in aice Latrun, i nGleann Ayalon, [[Iosrael]]. Tá an pháirc leagtha amach go scaoilte i gcruth réalt Dháivi. Tá 385 samhlacha d'fhoirgnimh shuntasacha in Iosrael ann. Tá siad déanta ar scála 1:25 agus, mar sin, tá spéirthithe ann atá níos airde ná duine fásta agus teampaill níos airde ná páiste. Tá ionad siopadóireachta beag le halla taispeántais ann. D'oscail an pháirc i mí na Samhna 2002.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.jewishjournal.com/travel/article/israel_a_summer_like_youve_never_experienced_before_20100528/|teideal=Israel: A Summer Like You’ve Never Experienced Before|last=Walz|first=Steve|date=28 May 2010|work=The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles|accessdate=14 Meitheamh 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=haaretz&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/culture/travel/mini-israel-1.242614|teideal=Mini Israel|date=25 March 2008|work=Haaretz|accessdate=14 June 2010}}{{Dead link|date=Meitheamh 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tagairtí==
{{reflist}}

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
{{Commonscat|Mini Israel}}
* [http://www.minisrael.co.il/en  Suíomh oifigiúil Mion-Iosrael i mBéarla] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425003418/http://www.minisrael.co.il/en |date=2014-04-25 }}


[[Catagóir:Iosrael]]
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[[Éire]]annach ab ea '''Stephen Flynn''' ( - [[24 Samhain]] [[1960]]). Bhí sé ina bhall d'[[Fianna Fáil|Fhianna Fáil]].

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[[Éire]]annach ab ea '''Stephen Flynn''' ( - [[24 Samhain]] [[1960]]). Bhí sé ina bhall d'[[Fianna Fáil|Fhianna Fáil]].

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Teachtaí Dála an 7ú Dáil}}
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Polaiteoir [[Éire]]annach ab ea '''John Flynn''' ([[1891]] - [[22 Lúnasa]] [[1968]]). Bhí sé ina bhall d'[[Fianna Fáil|Fhianna Fáil]].

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Ciarraí (Dáilcheantar)]]
* [[:Catagóir:Ciarraí (Dáilcheantar)|Polaiteoirí i gCiarraí]]

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      <comment>Catagóiri</comment>
      <origin>1317546</origin>
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Polaiteoir [[Éire]]annach ab ea '''Gerald Fitzgibbon''' ([[8 Deireadh Fómhair]] [[1866]] - [[6 Nollaig]] [[1942]]). Bhí sé ina pholaiteoir neamhspleách.

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Teachtaí Dála an 3ú Dáil}}

{{Síol-beath-ie}}
{{Síol-dlí}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fitzgibbon, Gerald}}
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1866]]
[[Catagóir:Básanna i 1942]]
[[Catagóir:Abhcóidí Éireannacha]]
[[Catagóir:Baill den 3ú Dáil]]
[[Catagóir:Baill Eaglais na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:Breithiúna Éireannacha]]
[[Catagóir:Fir]]
[[Catagóir:Polaiteoirí as Baile Átha Cliath]]
[[Catagóir:Polaiteoirí neamhspleácha na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:Ré Victeoiriach]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>James FitzGerald-Kenney</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>74173</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1317537</id>
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        <username>Seachránaí</username>
        <id>53315</id>
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      <comment>Catagóirí</comment>
      <origin>1317537</origin>
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      <text bytes="1276" sha1="4wx8789gkhlzco18srvcknq3xga1cm4" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}} Polaiteoir [[Éire]]annach ab ea '''James FitzGerald-Kenney'''  ([[1 Eanáir]], [[1878]] - [[21 Deireadh Fómhair]], [[1956]]). Bhí sé ina bhall de [[Cumann na nGaedheal|Chumann na nGaedheal]] ar dtús agus ansin [[Fine Gael]].

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Teachtaí Dála an 5ú Dáil}}
{{Teachtaí Dála an 6ú Dáil}}
{{Teachtaí Dála an 7ú Dáil}}
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{{Síol-beath-ie}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:FitzGerald-Kenney, James}}
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1878]]
[[Catagóir:Básanna i 1956]]
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[[Catagóir:Alumni COBÁC]]
[[Catagóir:An Eite Fhíordheis in Éirinn]]
[[Catagóir:Baill Chumann na nGaedheal]]
[[Catagóir:Baill den 5ú Dáil]]
[[Catagóir:Baill den 6ú Dáil]]
[[Catagóir:Baill den 7ú Dáil]]
[[Catagóir:Baill den 8ú Dáil]]
[[Catagóir:Baill den 9ú Dáil]]
[[Catagóir:Baill den 10ú Dáil]]
[[Catagóir:Baill den 11ú Dáil]]
[[Catagóir:Baill Fhine Gael]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine i bhfad amach ar an eite dheis]]
[[Catagóir:Fir]]
[[Catagóir:Polaiteoirí as Contae Mhaigh Eo]]
[[Catagóir:Ré Victeoiriach]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Henry Finlay</title>
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Polaiteoir [[Éire]]annach ab ea '''Henry Finlay'''  ( - [[1959]]). Bhí sé ina bhall de [[Cumann na nGaedheal]].

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Teachtaí Dála an 4ú Dáil}}

{{Síol-beath-ie}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Finlay, Henry}}
[[Catagóir:Bliain bhreithe anaithnid]]
[[Catagóir:Básanna i 1959]]
[[Catagóir:Baill Chumann na nGaedheal]]
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[[Catagóir:Fir]]
[[Catagóir:Polaiteoirí as Contae Ros Comáin]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Thomas Finlay (Cumann na nGaedheal)</title>
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      <id>1317534</id>
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        <username>Seachránaí</username>
        <id>53315</id>
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      <comment>Catagóirí</comment>
      <origin>1317534</origin>
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Polaiteoir [[Éire]]annach ab ea '''Thomas Finlay''' (11 Deireadh Fómhair 1893 – 22 Samhain 1932). Bhí sé ina bhall de [[Cumann na nGaedheal|Chumann na nGaedheal]].

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Teachtaí Dála an 6ú Dáil}}
{{Teachtaí Dála an 7ú Dáil}}

{{Síol-beath-ie}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Finlay, Thomas}}
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1893]]
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[[Catagóir:Baill Chumann na nGaedheal]]
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[[Catagóir:Baill den 7ú Dáil]]
[[Catagóir:Básanna de bharr galair]]
[[Catagóir:Fir]]
[[Catagóir:Polaiteoirí as Baile Átha Cliath]]
[[Catagóir:Ré Victeoiriach]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Patrick Finucane</title>
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Polaiteoir [[Éire]]annach ab ea '''Patrick Finucane''' ([[5 Nollaig]] [[1890]] – [[10 Aibreán]] [[1984]]). Bhí sé ina bhall de [[Clann na Talmhan|Chlann na Talmhan]].

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Teachtaí Dála an 11ú Dáil}}
{{Teachtaí Dála an 12ú Dáil}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Finucane, Patrick}}
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1890]]
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[[Catagóir:Ré Victeoiriach]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jack Finlay</title>
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        <username>Seachránaí</username>
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Polaiteoir [[Éire]]annach ab ea '''Jack Finlay''' (10 Meitheamh 1889 – 30 Meán Fómhair 1942). Bhí sé ina bhall den [[Lár-Pháirtí Náisiúnta]] ar dtús agus ansin d'[[Fine Gael|Fhine Gael]].

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Teachtaí Dála an 8ú Dáil}}
{{Teachtaí Dála an 9ú Dáil}}

{{Síol-beath-ie}}
{{Síol-spórt}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Finlay, Jack}}
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1889]]
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[[Catagóir:Polaiteoirí as Contae Laoise]]
[[Catagóir:Polaiteoirí as Contae Uíbh Fhailí]]
[[Catagóir:Ré Victeoiriach]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Seán Flanagan</title>
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Polaiteoir [[Éire]]annach ab ea '''Seán Flanagan'''  ([[26 Eanáir]] [[1922]] – [[5 Feabhra]] [[1993]]). Bhí sé ina bhall d'[[Fianna Fáil|Fhianna Fáil]]. D'imir sé [[Peil Ghaelach]] do [[CLG Chontae Mhaigh Eo|Maigh Eo]].

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Teachtaí Dála an 14ú Dáil}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Flanagan, Sean}}
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[[Catagóir:Teachtaí Dála Fhianna Fáil]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gerard Lynch</title>
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Polaiteoir [[Éire]]annach ab ea '''Gerard Lynch'''  (15 Meitheamh 1931 – 20 Nollaig 2025). Bhí sé ina bhall d'[[Fine Gael|Fhine Gael]].

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Teachtaí Dála an 19ú Dáil}}
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{{stumpa}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lynch, Gerard}}
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  <page>
    <title>Martin Finn</title>
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Polaiteoir [[Éire]]annach ab ea '''Martin Finn''' (22 Lúnasa 1917 – 7 Márta 1988). Bhí sé ina bhall d'[[Fine Gael|Fhine Gael]].

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Teachtaí Dála an 19ú Dáil}}
{{Teachtaí Dála an 20ú Dáil}}

{{Síol-beath-ie}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Finn, Martin}}
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  <page>
    <title>Clóráit airgid</title>
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Cuireann '''clóráit airgid''' (AgClO3) criostail bhán theitreagánacha i gcruth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Náray-Szabó|first=St. v.|date=January 1942|title=Die Struktur des Silberchlorats AgClO3|language=German|journal=Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials|volume=104|issue=1|doi=10.1524/zkri.1942.104.1.28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Deshpande|first=Vilas|date=December 1982|title=Tetragonal to cubic phase transition in silver chlorate|url=https://archive.org/details/bulletin-of-materials-science_1982-12_4_5/page/563|journal=Bulletin of Materials Science|volume=4|issue=5|pages=563–568|doi=10.1007/BF02824963}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cosúil le gach clóráit, tá sí intuaslagtha in uisce agus ina gníomhaire ocaídiúcháin. Mar mhiotail salainn simplí, ceimiceán coitianta is ea í i dturgnaim bhunúsacha cheimiceacha neamhorgánacha. Tá sí solas-íogair, agus mar sin caithfidh sí a bheith i dtaisce i choimeádáin a bhfuil dath dorcha orthu agus atá druidte go daingean.

Léiríonn an tsubstaint foilseáin airíonna bloscacha, dá bhrí sin, tá sí in úsáid uaireanta mar phríomhphléascach.

Ciallaíonn airgid(1) airgead ina gnáth +1 staid ocsaídithe

== Táirgeadh ==
Táirgtear clóráit airgid tré níotráit airgid a himoibriú le clóráit sóidiam chun clóráit airgid agus níotráit sóidiam.a thabhairt ar aird.

De rogha air sin, d'fhéadfadh sí a bheith táirgthe tré [[clóirín]]  a tharchur trí fionraí d'ocsaíd airgid 

== Tagairtí ==
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  <page>
    <title>Natsuo Kirino</title>
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Tá '''Natsuo Kirino''' (桐野 夏生 - Kirino Natsuo) á úsáid mar ainm cleite ag Mariko Hashioka (r. 7 Deireadh Fómhair 1951 in Kanazawa i Maoracht Ishikawa),&lt;ref&gt;Scalise, Paul: http://www.japanreview.net/interview_Natsuo_Kirino.htm: JapanReview.Net, Summer 2003: https://web.archive.org/web/20130220125455/http://japanreview.net/interview_Natsuo_Kirino.htm: dáta cartlainne 20 Feabhra 2013&lt;/ref&gt; úrscéalaí [[An tSeapáin|Seapánach]] ar cuid suntais í sa slua scríbhneoirí mná atá ag scríobh scéalta bleachtaireachta sa tSeapáin.&lt;ref name=Lutz&gt;{{cite book|last=Lutz|first=R.C.|title=Critical Survey of Mystery &amp; Detective Fiction|year=2008|publisher=Salem Press|location=Pasadena, CA|edition=Revised|editor=Carl Rollyson|chapter=Natsuo Kirino}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

==Beatha==

Bhí Kirino ina cónaí ina lán cathracha sular chuir sí fúthu i d[[Tóiceo]], mar a bhfuil sí fós. Phós sí sa bhliain 1975 agus rugadh a hiníon sa bhliain 1981.&lt;ref name=Lutz /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.kirino-natsuo.com/eng/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072213/http://www.kirino-natsuo.com/eng/ |date=2016-03-04 }}: Bubblonia: Natsuo Kirino&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bhain sí céim sa dlí amach in Ollscoil Seikei sa bhliain 1974.&lt;ref name=Lutz /&gt;  Is iomaí post a bhí aici sular shocraigh sí ina tríochaidí ar dhul le scríbhneoireacht,&lt;ref name=Nagai&gt;{{cite journal|last=Nagai|first=Mariko|title=An Interview with Natsuo Kirino|journal=Chattahoochee Review|year=2008|volume=28|issue=1|pages=98–119}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus níor tháinig aoibh na léitheoirí uirthi go dtí go raibh sí ina daichidí.&lt;ref name=Davis&gt;{{cite journal|last=Davis|first=J. Madison|title=Unimaginable Things: The Feminist Noir of Natsuo Kirino|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_world-literature-today_january-february-2010_84_1/page/n10|journal=World Literature Today|date=January–February 2010|volume=84|issue=1|pages=9–11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Scríbhneoireacht==

Chuaigh Kirino i mbun oibre mar scríbhneoir sa bhliain 1984 agus í ag scríobh úrscéalta rómánsacha. Ach ní mór an glaoch a bhí ar a leithéidí agus go luath sna 1990í ghéill sí don fhonn a bhí uirthi scéinséirí a scríobh agus iniúchadh a dhéanamh ar aigne an choirpigh.&lt;ref&gt;Duncan, Andrew: Natsuo Kirino Interview: http://www.indiebound.org/author-interviews/kirinonatsuo:&lt;/ref&gt; Tá mórán úrscéalta scríofa aici anois agus a lán cnuasach gearrscéalta, agus tá sí ar na húdair is mó a bhfuil tóir orthu sa tSeapáin.&lt;ref name=Seaman&gt;{{cite journal|last=Seaman|first=Amanda C.|title=Inside OUT:  Space, Gender, and Power in Kirino Natsuo|journal=Japanese Language and Literature|year=2006|volume=40|issue=2|pages=197–217|jstor=30198010|doi=10.2307/30198010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Chuirfeadh a saothar scéalta Meiriceánacha faoi bhleachtairí crua i gcuimhne duit, ach is iomaí dearcadh agus insint atá ann agus gan aon saininsint údarásach le fáil chun an léitheoir a threorú.&lt;ref name=Lutz/&gt;. Murab ionann is an chuid is mó de scéalta faoi bhleachtairí crua-intinneacha, is minic atá príomhcharachtar mná in úrscéalta Kirino, de shaghas an bhleachtaire Miro Murano, bean a chuireann cor san ghnáthinsint agus í ina laoch agus ina híospartach araon.&lt;ref name=Copeland&gt;{{cite journal|last=Copeland|first=Rebecca|title=Woman Uncovered:  Pornography and Power in the Detective Fiction of Kirino Natsuo|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_japan-forum_2004_16_2/page/249|journal=Japan Forum|year=2004|volume=16|issue=2|pages=249–69|doi=10.1080/0955580042000222673}}
&lt;/ref&gt;  
   
Is minic an t-uaigneas le fáil ina saothar, agus é á chur in iúl freisin go bhfuil saol na Seapáine truaillithe ag an maoin, go háirithe i gcúrsaí teaghlaigh agus grá.&lt;ref name=Lutz /&gt;  

Is iondúil go dtugtar cuntas ina leabhair ar mhná a dhéanann gníomhartha uafáis, i dtreo go bhféadfaí a saothar a mheas mar “fheimineachas ''noir''”. Tá craiceann na fírinne ar a scéalta agus is féidir leis an léitheoir fíorthuiscint a fháil ar aigne na mban dá bharr.&lt;ref name=Davis/&gt;

===Leabhair faoin mBleachtaire Miro Murano===

* Úrscéalta
** ''Kao ni furikakaru ame'' (Tóiceo: Kodansha, 1993)
** ''Tenshi ni misuterareta yoru'' (Tóiceo: Kodansha, 1994)
** ''Mizu no nemuri hai no yume'' (Tóiceo: Bungei Shunju, 1998)
** ''Dāku'' (Tóiceo: Kodansha: 2002)
* Cnuasach gearrscéalta
** ''Rōzu gāden'' (Tóiceo: Kodansha, 2000)

===Fireball Blues===
* ''Faiabōru burūsu'' (Tóiceo: Shueisha, 1995)
* ''Faiabōru burūsu 2'' (Tóiceo: Bungei Shunju, 2001)

===Úrscéalta eile===
* ''Auto'' (Tóiceo: Kodansha, 1997); aistrithe go [[An Béarla|Béarla]] ag Stephen Snyder mar ''Out'' (Nua-Eabhrac: Kodansha, 2003; Nua-Eabhrac: Vintage, 2005)
* ''Yawarakana hoho'' (Tóiceo: Kodansha, 1999);
* ''Kogen'' (Tóiceo: Bungei Shunju, 2000)
* ''Gyokuran'' (Tóiceo: Asahi Shinbunsha, 2001)
* ''Riaru warudo'' (Tóiceo: Shueisha, 2003); aistrithe go Béarla ag J. Philip Gabriel mar ''Real World]]'' (Nua-Eabhrac: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008)
* ''Gurotesuku'' (Tóiceo: Bungei Shunju, 2003); aistrithe go Béarla ag Rebecca L. Copeland mar ''Grotesque'' (Nua-Eabhrac: Knopf, 2007)
* ''Zangyakuki'' (Tóiceo: Shinchosha, 2004)
* ''Aimu sōrī mama'' (Tóiceo: Shueisha, 2004)
* ''Tamamoe!'' (Tóiceo: Mainichi Shinbunsha, 2005)
* ''Bōken no kuni'' (Tóiceo: Shinchosha, 2005)
* ''Metabora'' (Tóiceo: Asahi Shinbunsha, 2007)
* ''Tōkyō-jima'' (Tóiceo: Shinchosha, 2008)
* ''Joshinki'' (Tóiceo: Kadokawa Shoten, 2008); aistrithe go Béarla ag Rebecca L. Copeland mar ''The Goddess Chronicle'' ([[Dùn Èideann|Dún Éideann]]: Canongate Books, 2013)
* ''In'' (Tóiceo: Shueisha, 2009)
* ''Nanika aru'' (Tóiceo: Shinchosha, 2010)
* ''Yasashii Otona'' (Tóiceo: Chuokoron-Shinsha, 2010)
* ''Poritikon'' (Tóiceo: Bungei Shunju, 2011)
* ''Midori no doku'' (Tóiceo: Kadokawa Shoten, 2011)
* ''Hapinesu'' (Tóiceo: Kōbunsha, 2013)

===Cnuasacha gearrscéalta===
* ''Sabiru kokoro'' (Tóiceo: Bungei Shunju, 1997)
* ''Jiorama'' (Tóiceo: Shinchosha, 1998)
* ''Ambosu mundosu'' (Tóiceo: Bungei Shunju, 2005)

== Nótaí ==
{{reflist}}

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
* Suíomh oifigiúil: http://www.kirino-natsuo.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060824211842/http://www.kirino-natsuo.com/ |date=2006-08-24 }}
*[http://media.www.columbiaspectator.com/media/storage/paper865/news/2007/04/13/ArtsEntertainment/Kirinos.DarkAdapted.Eye-2840404.shtml Agallamh le Kirino in ''Spectator'' Ollscoil Columbia (Aibreán 2007)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610054204/http://media.www.columbiaspectator.com/media/storage/paper865/news/2007/04/13/ArtsEntertainment/Kirinos.DarkAdapted.Eye-2840404.shtml |date=2007-06-10 }}
* [http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fb20030518a2.html 2003 ''Japan Times'': agallamh le Kirino] {{en icon}}
* [http://www.granta.com/Interview-Natsuo-Kirinos-Fiction Agallamh: Natsuo Kirino’s Fiction | Granta Magazine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003004138/http://www.granta.com/Interview-Natsuo-Kirinos-Fiction |date=2013-10-03 }} {{en icon}}
* [http://www.booksfromjapan.jp/authors/item/306-natsuo-kirino J'Lit | Authors : Natsuo Kirino | Books from Japan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019064903/http://www.booksfromjapan.jp/authors/item/306-natsuo-kirino |date=2018-10-19 }} {{en icon}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kirino, Natsuo}}
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    <title>Alexis FitzGerald Óg</title>
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Polaiteoir [[Éire]]annach is é '''Alexis FitzGerald'''  (7 Bealtaine 1945 – 15 Iúil 2015). Bhí sé ina bhall d'[[Fianna Fáil|Fhianna Fáil]].

== Tagairtí ==
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{{Teachtaí Dála an 23ú Dáil}}

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Luibheolaí agus rangaitheoir agus maisitheoir plandaí [[Sasana]]ch ab ea '''Sir William Jackson Hooker''' ([[6 Iúil]] [[1785]] – [[12 Lúnasa]] [[1865]]). Ollamh Regius le Luibheolaíocht ab ea é in [[Ollscoil Ghlaschú]], agus bhí sé ina stiúrthóir ar an Luibhghairdín Ríoga in [[Kew]]. Bhí sé mór le Sir [[Joseph Banks]] a chuidigh le Hooker lena chuid oibre mar thaiscéalaí agus mar chruinnitheoir agus rangaitheoir plandaí. Tháinig a mhac, [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]], i gcomharbacht air mar stiúrthóir ar Luibhghairdín Kew.
&lt;ref&gt;Allen, Mea 1967. The Hookers of Kew 1785–1911. Joseph, Londain.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Beathaisnéis==
Rugadh Hooker in [[Norwich]]. Rinne sé staidéar ar an [[stair aiceanta]] go neamhfhoirmeálta, [[éaneolaíocht]] agus  [[feithideolaíocht]] go háirithe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=The Self-Taught Botanists Who Saved the Kew Botanic Garden |url=https://archive.org/details/taxon_1965-12_14_9/page/294 |author=Stearn, William T.  |journal=Taxon |volume=14 |issue=9 |date=December 1965 |page=294 |publisher=International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) |jstor=1216740 |doi=10.2307/1216740}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chuir sé spéis sa [[luibheolaíocht]] ar moladh [[Sir James Edward Smith]], é sin i ndiaidh comhairle Smith a lorg faoi chaonach neamhchoitianta áirithe.

Rinne Hooker a chéad turas go dtí an [[An Íoslainn|Íoslainn]] sa bhliain 1809&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Review of ''Travels in the Island of Iceland, during the summer of the Year 1810'' by Sir George Steuart Mackenzie and ''Journal of a Tour in Iceland, in the Summer of 1809'' by William Jackson Hooker|journal=The Quarterly Review|volume=7|date=March 1812|pages=48–92|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b661434;view=1up;seq=60}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Scríobh sé ''Tour in Iceland'' (1809, athchló 1813) faoin turas sin.

Bhí sé ceaptha ag Hooker dul in éineacht le Sir [[Robert Brownrigg]] go dtí an [[Srí Lanca|Siolón]] sna blianta 1810–1811, ach cuireadh an turas ar ceal mar gheall ar chúinsí polaitiúla corracha na mblianta úd. Sa bhliain 1814 chaith sé 9 mí ar lorg plandaí sa [[An Fhrainc|Fhrainc]], san [[An Eilvéis|Eilvéis]] agus i dtuaisceart na h[[An Iodáil|Iodáile]]. An bhliain ina dhiaidh sin phós sé Maria Dawson Turner, iníon Dawson Turner, baincéir, agus deirfiúr chéile Francis Palgrave.

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Polaiteoir [[Éire]]annach ab ea '''Thomas James Fitzpatrick''' ([[14 Feahra]] [[1918]] – [[2 Deireadh Fómhair]] [[2006]]). Bhí sé ina bhall d'[[Fine Gael|Fhine Gael]].

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

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    <title>Boilsciú (cosmeolaíocht)</title>
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      <text bytes="12107" sha1="ov5hqqbegjuk74rjby5lfv28mysa4qr" xml:space="preserve">Is éard atá i '''mboilsciú cosmeolaíoch''' teoiric faoi bhorradh easpónantúil an spáis sa chruinne luath. Mhair an ré bhoilscithe idir 10&lt;sup&gt;−36&lt;/sup&gt; soicind i ndiaidh shingilteacht theoiriciúil na h[[Ollphléasc|Ollphléisce]] go dtí am éigin idir 10&lt;sup&gt;−33&lt;/sup&gt; agus 10&lt;sup&gt;−32&lt;/sup&gt; soicind i ndiaidh na [[singilteacht tosaigh|singilteachta]]. Ina dhiaidh sin lean an chruinne uirthi ag boilsciú, cé gur níos moille é.&lt;ref&gt;How the Universe Works#Season 3: &quot;First Second of the Big Bang,&quot; Discovery Science, 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

Cheap an fisiceoir teoiriciúil Alan Guth teoiric an bhoilscithe in 1979 ag Ollscoil Cornell agus rinneadh níos mó oibre uirthi sna hochtóidí luatha. Tugann sí éachtaint ar thús strúchtúr mórscála an chosmais. Is éard a chuir tús le fás an struchtúir sa chruinne iomlaoid chandamach sa réigiún boilscithe micreascópach, réigiún a bhorr go méid chosmach.&lt;ref&gt;Tyson, Neil deGrasse and Donald Goldsmith (2004), ''Origins: Fourteen Billion Years of Cosmic Evolution'', W. W. Norton &amp; Co., lgh 84–5.&lt;/ref&gt; Is dóigh le mórán fisiceoirí go míníonn an boilsciú cén fáth a bhfuil an chuma chéanna ar an gcruinne i ngach treo, cén fáth a bhfuil radaíocht an chúlra chosmaigh mhicreathonnaigh chomh cothrom sin, cén fáth a bhfuil an chruinne comhréidh agus cén fáth nach bhfeictear [[monaphol maighnéadach|monaphoil mhaighnéadacha]]. 

Níl eolas ag fisiceoirí ar mhion-innealra an bhoilscithe maidir le fisic cháithníní. Glacann formhór na bhfisiceoirí le teoiric an bhoilscithe, mar tá roinnt léirshamhlacha boilscithe deimhnithe ag an ngrinniú.&lt;ref&gt;Tsujikawa, Shinji. ''Introductory review of cosmic inflation'', 28 Aibreán 2003, eprint=hep-ph/0304257: &quot;In fact temperature anisotropies observed by the COBE satellite in 1992 exhibit nearly scale-invariant spectra as predicted by the inflationary paradigm. Recent observations of WMAP also show strong evidence for inflation&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tá a lán fisiceoirí ann nach n-aontaíonn leis an teoiric.&lt;ref name=Steinhardt2011/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Earman, John; Mosterin, Jesus (1999). ''A Critical Look at Inflationary Cosmology''. Philosophy of Science, 66 (1). 1 - 49. ISSN 0031-8248,&lt;/ref&gt; Is minic a cháintear í toisc nach ionann an bunréimse boilscithe agus aon réimse eile is eol dúinn agus nach bhfuil ina chuar fuinnimh phoitéinsiúil ach gléas ''ad hoc'' atá oiriúnach do shonraí ar bith beagnach. Tá an boilsciú lochtaithe ag [[Paul Steinhardt]] féin, fisiceoir a bhí orthu siúd ba thúisce a chuir teoiric an bhoilscithe chun cinn. Deir sé nach dócha go mbeadh cruinne chomhréidh ann, tríd is tríd. Luann sé [[Roger Penrose]], fisiceoir nótáilte a dúirt gur dóichí go mbeadh cruinne comhréidh ann gan bhoilsciú.&lt;ref name=Steinhardt2011&gt;{{cite journal |last=Steinhardt |first=Paul J. |year=2011 |title=The inflation debate: Is the theory at the heart of modern cosmology deeply flawed? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-american_2011-04_304_4/page/18 |journal=Scientific American |volume=304 |issue=4 |pages=18–25|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0411-36 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SteinhardtTurok2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Paul J. Steinhardt |author2=Neil Turok |title=Endless Universe: Beyond the Big Bang |url=https://archive.org/details/endlessuniverseb0000stei_m2k6 |date=2007 |publisher=Broadway Books |isbn=978-0-7679-1501-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tá argóintí i bhfabhar an bhoilscithe déanta ag na fisiceoirí Alan Guth, David Kaiser agus Yasunori Nomura,&lt;ref name=&quot;GKN&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Guth |first1= Alan H. |last2=Kaiser |first2=David I. |last3=Nomura |first3=Yasunori |title=Inflationary paradigm after Planck 2013 |journal=Physics Letters B|volume=733 |pages=112–119 |doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2014.03.020 |arxiv=1312.7619 |bibcode=2014PhLB..733..112G |year= 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; agus ag Andrei Linde.&lt;ref&gt;Linde, Andrei (2014). ''Inflationary cosmology after Planck'', eprint=1402.0526.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Teoiric ==
I gcoitinne tá léaslíne chosmeolaíoch ag cruinne atá ag méadú, rud atá ina chomhartha ar an gcuid den chruinne is féidir le breathnóir a fheiceáil. Ní thagann solas ná aon radaíocht eile a chuireann rudaí lastall den léaslíne amach chomh fada leis an mbreathnóir i gcruinne atá ag luasghéarú, toisc go bhfuil an spás idir an breathnóir agus an rud ag fairsingiú go ró-luath.

[[File:History of the Universe.svg |thumb |left |350px |Stair na Cruinne: - áirítear go dtagann tonnta imtharraingteacha ó bhoilsciú cosmach, fairsingiú ba luaithe ná an solas díreach i ndiaidh na hOllphléisce.]]

Níl sa chruinne inbhraite ach “ball cúisíoch” amháin de chruinne dhobhraite atá i bhfad níos mó. Má fheiceann breathnóir réigiún nua den chruinne den chéad uair tá sé an-chosúil le gach réigiún eile den spás: an radíocht chéanna chúlra aige beagnach, a chuaire spás-ama ag forbairt ar nós cuaire réigiún eile.  Ní furasta a dhéanamh amach conas a tharla seo, mar nach raibh na réigiúin nua i dteagmháil lenár g[[cón solais]] mar a bhí san am atá caite agus dá bhrí sin nárbh fhéidir leo comharthaí a fháil uaidh.&lt;ref name=&quot;tiny&quot;&gt;[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=102715275 Using Tiny Particles To Answer Giant Questions]. Science Friday, 3 April 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Deir teoiric an bhoilscithe gur tháinig na réigiúin go léir ó ré eile mar a raibh [[tairiseach cosmeolaíoch]] nó áit a bhfanann an léaslíne chosmeolaíoch i bhfos (gan bogadh) seachas gluaiseacht amach. Ó thaobh breathnóir ar bith de, achar tairiseach (buan) atá idir é agus an léaslíne chosmeolaíoch. I spás atá ag fairsingiú go easpónantúil, scartar dhá bhreathnóir ó chéile go luath – chomh luath sin go gearr nach féidir leo dul i dteagmháil le chéile. Leanann an fairsingiú gan stad agus éiríonn gach rud aonchineálach.  

I ndiaidh an bhoilsciú tosaíonn an gnáthfhairsingiú. Is beagnach ionann an chuaire agus an teocht atá ag na réigiúin nua is na cinn atá ag na chéad réigiúin, toisc gur as an áit chéanna dóibh. 

Tuarann teoiric an bhoilscithe freisin go n-áireofar cuaire iomlán spás-slisne ag am tairiseach uilíoch mar náid. Tugann sé seo le tuiscint go gcaithfidh [[dlús criticiúil (cosmeolaíocht)|dlús criticiúil]] a bheith ann de thoradh gnáthdhamhna, [[damhna dorcha]] agus fuinneamh folúis iarmharach san iomlán. Chomh maith leis sin, ligeann an boilsciú d’fhisicithe meastachán a dhéanamh ar na miondifríochtaí teochta idir réigiúin dhifriúla de bharr iomlaoidí candamacha i rith thréimhse an bhoilscithe, agus tá deimhniú déanta ar a lán de na fáistiní cainníochtúla se.&lt;ref name=&quot;wmap2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Spergel |first=D.N. |date=2006 |title=Three-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) observations: Implications for cosmology |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |volume=170 |issue=2 |pages=377–408 |url=http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/map/current/map_bibliography.cfm |quote=WMAP... confirms the basic tenets of the inflationary paradigm...|bibcode=2007ApJS..170..377S |arxiv=astro-ph/0603449 |doi=10.1086/513700 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.space.com/14699-universe-inflation-cosmic-expansion-theory.html |teideal=Our Baby Universe Likely Expanded Rapidly, Study Suggests |work=Space.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Teoiricí eile==

Cuireann teoiric an bhoilscithe in iúl gur fhairsingigh an chruinne go heaspónantúil, ach cuireann teoiric an [[Preab Mhór|Preibe Móire]] in iúl gur chrap cruinne phríomhordúil agus gur fhairsingigh an chruinne atá anois ann ina dhiaidh sin, go mall nó go tapa. Má bhí cruinne phríomhordúil ann, b’fhéidir a rá, de réir na tuisceana atá againn ar fhisic faoi láthair, go raibh cáithníní ollmhóra ann agus iad ag ascalú ar nós cloig. Dá bhrí na n-iomlaoidí sin bheadh mírialtachtaí an-bheaga i ndlúithe an damhna a chuirfeadh tús le struchtúir chosamacha tar éis don chruinne fairsingiú. D’fháiscfeadh imphléascadh na cruinne príomhordúla na “cloig” úd ar dhóigh a d’fhágfadh lorg ar struchtúr na cruinne atá anois ann. Ba ghá, mar sin, comharthaí áirithe a aimsiú.&lt;ref&gt;Choi, Charles Q.. “Massive Clock-Like Particles Could Reveal What Happened Before the Big Bang,” 31 Márta 2019, Space.com: https://www.space.com/revealing-universe-before-big-bang.html&lt;/ref&gt;

Cuireann fisiceoirí éigin in iúl go raibh cruinne ann cheana arbh í steille bheatha na cruinne atá anois ach amháin go raibh sí aisiompaithe. Chuaigh an t-am ar gcúl agus bhí cáithníní ina bhfrithcháithníní. Chuaigh sí siar chun singilteacht na hOllphléisce, rud a chruthaigh ár gcruinne féin. Má chuimhnítear ar an scéal ar dhóigh eile, cruthaíodh an dá chruinne ar aon uain ag an Ollphléasc agus iad ag gluaiseacht ar aghaidh agus ar gcúl. Dhéanfadh an míniú seo rud réasúnta simplí den chéad soicind den chruinne agus ní bheadh gá leis na hilchruinní agus na toisí atá á n-úsáid ag fisiceoirí chun na gnéanna is casta d’fhisic chandamach agus den Léirshamhail Chaighdeánach (cur síos ar cháithníní fo-adamhacha) a mhíniú.&lt;ref&gt;Vance, Eric. “A Mirror Image of Our Universe May Have Existed Before the Big Bang,” 22 Eanáir 2019. Space.com: https://www.space.com/43007-universe-has-mirror-image-universe.htm{{Dead link|date=Deireadh Fómhair 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Nótaí==
{{reflist}}

==Le léamh==


* {{Cite book |first=Alan |last=Guth |title=The Inflationary Universe: The Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins |isbn=978-0-201-32840-0 |publisher=Perseus |date=1997|title-link=The Inflationary Universe  }}
* {{Cite book |first=Stephen |last=Hawking |authorlink=Stephen Hawking |title=A Brief History of Time |isbn=978-0-553-38016-3 |publisher=Bantam |date=1998|title-link=A Brief History of Time }}
* {{Cite book |first=Stephen |last=Hawking |author2=Gary Gibbons |authorlink2=Gary Gibbons |title=The Very Early Universe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1983 |isbn=978-0-521-31677-4}}
* {{Cite book |first=Edward |last=Kolb |author2=Michael Turner |title=The Early Universe |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_P8-AUR-945 |publisher=Addison-Wesley |date=1988 |isbn=978-0-201-11604-5 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Linde |first=Andrei |arxiv=hep-th/0503203 |title=Particle Physics and Inflationary Cosmology |journal=&lt;!-- --&gt;|series=Contemporary Concepts in Physics |volume=5 |pages=1–362 |year=2005 |isbn=978-3-7186-0490-6 |bibcode = 2005hep.th....3203L }}
* {{Cite journal |arxiv=hep-th/0503195 |last1=Linde |first1=Andrei |title=Inflation and String Cosmology |journal=Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement |volume=163 |pages=295–322 |year=2006 |doi=10.1143/PTPS.163.295|bibcode=2006PThPS.163..295L }}
* {{Cite book |first=Andrew |last=Liddle |author2=David Lyth |title=Cosmological Inflation and Large-Scale Structure |url=https://archive.org/details/cosmologicalinfl0000lidd |publisher=Cambridge |date=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-57598-0}}
* {{Cite journal |first=David H. |last=Lyth |title=Particle physics models of inflation and the cosmological density perturbation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_physics-reports_1999-06_314_1-2/page/n10 |doi=10.1016/S0370-1573(98)00128-8 |date=1999 |journal= Physics Reports|volume=314 |issue=1–2 |pages=1&amp;ndash;146 |arxiv=hep-ph/9807278 |bibcode=1999PhR...314....1L |last2=Riotto |first2=Antonio }}
* {{Cite book |first=Viatcheslav |last=Mukhanov |title=Physical Foundations of Cosmology |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-521-56398-7 }}
* {{Cite book |first=Alex |last=Vilenkin |title= Many Worlds in One: The Search for Other Universes |url=https://archive.org/details/manyworldsinoneo00vile |publisher=Hill and Wang |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-8090-9523-0 }}
* {{Cite book |first=P. J. E. |last=Peebles |title=Principles of Physical Cosmology |url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofphys00pjep |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=1993 |isbn=978-0-691-01933-8 }}

[[Catagóir:Cosmeolaíocht]]</text>
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    <title>Neopterygii</title>
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      <text bytes="3139" sha1="8lp9zexzjwfr92li3if4uy8h8cjjbkr" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo}}
Is fo-aicme í na '''Neopterygii''' (ón n[[An tSean-Ghréigis|Gréigis]] νέος ''neos'' 'nua' agus πτέρυξ ''pteryx'' 'eite') d'iasc ga-eiteach ([[Actinopterygii]]). Áirítear le Neopterygii na Holostei agus na Teleostei, arb é atá sa dara ceann formhór mór na n-iasc atá ar marthain, agus os cionn leath de na speicis [[Veirteabrach|veirteabracha]] beo go léir.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nelson 2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book| last = Nelson| first = Joseph, S.| title = Fishes of the World| year = 2016| publisher = John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc| isbn = 978-1-118-34233-6 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Cé nach n-áirítear sna  Holostei beo ach [[Tacsón|tacsain]] [[Fionnuisce|fhionnuisce]], tá Teleostei éagsúil i dtimpeallachtaí fionnuisce agus [[Aigéan|muirí]] araon. Déantar [[Tacsanomaíocht (ginearálta)|cur síos eolaíoch]] ar a lán speiceas nua acu gach bliain.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nelson 2016&quot;/&gt;

Is é an  Neopterygii  is sine a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ar eolas ná na malartacha sochreidte   &quot;semionotiformes&quot; Acentrophorus ó Mheán-Pheirmeach (''Guadalupian'') na Rúise;&lt;ref name=&quot;Broughton2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Broughton |first1=Richard E. |last2=Betancur-R. |first2=Ricardo |last3=Li |first3=Chenhong |last4=Arratia |first4=Gloria |last5=Ortí |first5=Guillermo |date=2013-04-16 |title=Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis reveals the pattern and tempo of bony fish evolution |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |pages=ecurrents.tol.2ca8041495ffafd0c92756e75247483e |doi=10.1371/currents.tol.2ca8041495ffafd0c92756e75247483e |doi-broken-date=2024-02-27 |doi-access=free |issn=2157-3999 |pmc=3682800 |pmid=23788273}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PBDB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |teideal=PBDB |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=99748 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=paleobiodb.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; áfach, cuireann staidéar amháin a chuimsíonn sonraí moirfeolaíocha ó [[Iontaise|iontaisí]] agus sonraí [[Moirfeolaíocht (bitheolaíocht)|móilíneacha]] ó hADN núicléach agus miteacoindreach, an dáta milliún bliain ó shin dibhéirseach ar a laghad 284, le linn na céime Artainscí den Pheirmeach Luath. &lt;ref name=&quot;date&quot;&gt;{{cite journal| last1=Hurley |first1=Imogen A. |last2=Mueller |first2=Rachael Lockridge |last3=Dunn |first3=Katherine A. |date=21 November 2006 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2006.3749 |title=A new time-scale for ray-finned fish evolution |volume=274 |issue=1609 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B|pages=489–498 |pmid=17476768 |pmc=1766393 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tugann staidéar eile le fios scoilt níos luaithe fós 360 milliún bliain ó shin , in aice leis an teorainn [[Deavónach|Dheavónach]]-Charbónmhar.&lt;ref name=&quot;PNAS2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Thomas J. Near |display-authors=etal |date=2012 |title=Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2012-08-21_109_34/page/13698 |journal=PNAS |volume=109 |issue=34 |pages=13698–13703 |bibcode=2012PNAS..10913698N |doi=10.1073/pnas.1206625109 |pmc=3427055 |pmid=22869754 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Neopterygii| ]]</text>
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    <title>Sintéis cheimiceach</title>
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      <text bytes="4387" sha1="rpt04ghctha8m9f64ut5m0ldbap44md" xml:space="preserve">Is éard is '''sintéis cheimiceach''' ann ná forghníomhú saorga [[Imoibriú ceimiceach|imoibrithe ceimiceacha]] úsáideacha chun táirgí amháin nó roinnt táirgí a fháil.&lt;ref name=&quot;vogel&quot;&gt;Vogel, A.I., Tatchell, A.R., Furnis, B.S., Hannaford, A.J. and P.W.G. Smith. ''Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition''. Prentice Hall, 1996. {{ISBN|0-582-46236-3}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Tarlaíonn sé seo trí ionramháil [[Fisic|fhisiciúil]] agus cheimiceach a bhaineann le frithghníomh amháin nó níos mó de ghnáth. In úsáidí saotharlainne nua-aimseartha, tá an próiseas [[Inatáirgtheacht|in-atáirgthe]], iontaofa, agus bunaithe chun oibriú mar an gcéanna i saotharlanna iomadúla. 

Baineann sintéis cheimiceach le [[Comhdhúil|comhdhúile]] amháin nó níos mó ar a dtugtar [[Imoibrí|imoibrithe]] nó imoibreáin a rachaidh faoi chlaochlú nuair a chuirtear faoi choinníollacha áirithe iad. Is féidir [[Liosta d'imoibrithe orgánacha|cineálacha éagsúla imoibrithe]] a chur i bhfeidhm chun táirge inmhianaithe a fhoirmliú. Éilíonn sé seo na comhdhúile a mheascadh i soitheach imoibriúcháin, amhail [[imoibreoir ceimice]] nó fleasc tóinchruinn. Éilíonn go leor imoibrithe modh éigin ullmhúchán nó íonú chun an táirge deiridh a haonrú.&lt;ref name=&quot;vogel&quot;&gt;Vogel, A.I., Tatchell, A.R., Furnis, B.S., Hannaford, A.J. and P.W.G. Smith. ''Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition''. Prentice Hall, 1996. {{ISBN|0-582-46236-3}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
Is é an méid táirge a dhéantar i sintéis cheimiceach ná an [[táirgeacht (ceimic)|táirgeach imoibriúcháin]], a chuirtear in iúl de ghnáth mar thiontú céatadáin ar an [[imoibrí teorantach]]. De ghnáth, léirítear [[táirgeacht (ceimic)|táirgeachtaí ceimiceacha]] mar mheáchan i [[Gram|ngraim]] (i suíomh saotharlainne) nó mar chéatadán de chainníocht theoiriciúil iomlán an táirge a d'fhéadfaí a tháirgeadh bunaithe ar an [[imoibrí teorantach]]. 
Is éard is imoibriú tánaisteach ann ná imoibriú ceimiceach neamh-inmhianaithe a tharlaíonn agus a laghdaíonn toradh an táirge inmhianaithe. Bá é an poitigéir Hermann Kolbe a d'úsáid an téarma 'synthese' (Gaeilge:sintéis) den chéad uair.

==Sintéis orgánach==

Craobh speisialta de shintéis cheimiceach is ea [[sintéis orgánach]] a dhéileálann le sintéis [[Comhdhúil orgánach|comhdhúile orgánacha]]. I [[sintéis iomlán]] táirge chasta, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh céimeanna éagsúla de dhíth chun táirge áirithe a shintéisiú, agus méideanna neamhghnácha ama. Tá meas ar scileanna i sintéis orgánach i measc poitigéirí agus bhuaigh poitigéirí ar nós Robert Burns Woodward [[Duais Nobel don Cheimic]] mar gheall ar chomhdhúile atá thar a bheith luachmhar nó deacair a shintéisiú. Má thosaíonn sintéis cheimiceach ó chomhdhúile saotharlainne bunúsach, meastar gur próiseas sintéiseach amháin é. Má thosaítear sintéis cheimiceach le
comhdhúile saotharlainne bunúsacha, meastar gur próiseas sintéiseach amháin é. Má thosaíonn sé ó tháirge atá scoite amach ó phlandaí nó ó ainmhithe agus má théann sé ar aghaidh chuig comhdhúile nua, déantar cur síos ar shintéis mar phróiseas semisynthetic.ó tháirge atá díorthaithe ó phlandaí nó ó ainmhithe agus A lean ar aghaidh chuig comhdhúile nua, déantar cur síos ar shintéis mar phróiseas semisynthetic.má théann sé ar aghaidh chuig comhdhúile nua, déantar cur síos ar shintéis mar phróiseas [[leathshintéis|leathshintéiseach]].

==Sintéis neamhorgánach==
Úsáidtear an téarmaí [[sintéis núicléach]] agus [[sintéis orgánaimhiotalach]] i gcomhair comhdhúile a ullmhú ina bhfuil cion suntasach neamhorgánach acu. Sampla léiriúcháin is ea ullmhú an druga frithailse [[cisplatin]] ó [[theitreaclóraflatlatáit photaisiam]]


&lt;ref name=Alderden&gt;{{cite journal|title=The Discovery and Development of Cisplatin|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-chemical-education_2006-05_83_5/page/728|first1= Rebecca A. |last1=Alderden|first2= Matthew D. |last2=Hall |first3=Trevor W.|last3= Hambley |journal=[[J. Chem. Educ.]]|date= 2006|volume= 83 |issue=5 |page=728 |doi=10.1021/ed083p728|bibcode=2006JChEd..83..728A}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:[[File:Cisplatin synthesis.svg|600px]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Ceimic]]
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    <title>Cultúr Iamna</title>
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      <text bytes="18864" sha1="qx0bkmcsuhc65610uj05bajrmm4g6al" xml:space="preserve">Cultúr de chuid na Coparaoise déanaí agus na [[An Chré-umhaois|Cre-umhaoise]] luaithe ba ea an '''cultúr Iamna''' agus é suite ar an steip Phontach, idir an Bug Deisceartach, an Dniester agus an tUral, 3300-2600 RCh.{{sfn|Morgunova|Khokhlova|2013}}  Tagann an t-ainm óna nós adhlactha: aidiacht Úcráinise is ea Ямна (''yamna'') a chiallaíonn “pollach” agus dhéanadh na hIamnaigh na mairbh a chur i dtuamanna (''curgain'') a raibh seomraí simplí istigh iontu.   

Is dócha gur fáisceadh muintir an chultúir Iamna as meascán géiniteach de shliocht [[Fiagaithe/cnuasaitheoirí|shealgairí agus bhailitheoirí]] Oirthear Eorpa&lt;ref group=lower-alpha&gt;Shíolraigh an dream úd ó shean-Eoráisigh Thuaisceartacha, den chuid is mó, agus baint acu leis an gcultúr pailéiliteach [[cultúr Mal'ta–Buret'| Mal'ta–Buret']].&lt;/ref&gt; agus de dhaoine a raibh gaol acu le sealgairí agus bailitheoirí ón [[réigiún Cugais]]. B’fhánaithe iad, mórán, a raibh taoisigh os a gcionn agus truacailí a lig dóibh tréada móra a aoiriú. 

Tá dlúthbhaint acu freisin le cultuir [[Neoiliteach|Neoiliteacha]] Deiridh a scaip ar fud na hEorpa agus na hÁise Lárnaí, go háirithe an t[[Aos Eascra]] agus an tAos Earraí Cordacha, chomh maith leis na cultúir Sintashta, Andronovo agus Srubnaya.&lt;ref&gt;Ancient DNA steps into the language debate; JOHN NOVEMBRE; 164, NATURE, VOL 522, 11 JUNE 2015 [http://lithornis.nmsu.edu/~phoude/aDNA%20steps%20into%20language%20debate.pdf pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203182542/http://lithornis.nmsu.edu/~phoude/aDNA%20steps%20into%20language%20debate.pdf |date=2019-12-03 }} ; “evidence to support theories of a back-migration from Corded Ware-related populations that contributed to the origins of the Sintashta culture in the Urals and their descendants, the Andronovo”.&lt;/ref&gt; Tá gnéanna den chultúr Iamna le haithint ar na cultúir eile seo – marcaíocht, nósanna adhlactha agus roinnt tréadachais. Tá sé deimhnithe ag staidéir ghéiniteacha gur thóg na cultúir seo cuid mhaith dá sinsearacht ó na steipeanna.{{sfn|Haak|Lazaridis|Patterson|Rohland|2015}}{{sfn|Mathieson|2015}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/06/nomadic-herders-left-strong-genetic-mark-europeans-and-asians |teideal=Nomadic herders left strong genetic mark Europeans and Asians |publisher=AAAS |magazine=Science |department=News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Foinse==
D’eascair an cultúr Iamna ó limistéar an Don agus an [[Volga]] agus cuirtear dáta 3300-2600 RCh leis.{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=300}}&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Morgunova.Khokhlova.2013&quot;&gt;Nina Morgunova, Olga Khokhlova (2013), [https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/view/16087 ''Chronology and Periodization of the Pit-Grave Culture in the Area Between the Volga and Ural Rivers Based on 14C Dating and Paleopedological Research'']&lt;/ref&gt; Tugtar cultúr Mikhaylovka ar thréimhse réigiúnach luath den chultúr Iamna. Tháinig an cultúr Khvalynsk roimhe i lár abhainn an Volga, i dteannta an chultúir repin in aice leis an Don (c. 3950-3300 RCh) {{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=275}}&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Morgunova.Khokhlova.2013&quot;/&gt; agus is deacair earraí potaireachta ón dá chultúr sin a aithint thar earraí luatha an chultuir Iamna.{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=274–277, 317–320}} Tá leanúnachas le feiceáil ón gcultúr Samara de shealgairí agus de bhailitheoirí sa Choparaois agus tá lorg an chultúir Dnieper–Donets le haithint, cultúr a bhí níos talmhaíche. 

Deir Anthony (2007) gur leath an cultúr gan mhoill trasna na steipeanna Pontacha agus Caispeacha idir c. 3400 agus 3200 RCh.{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=321}}

&lt;blockquote&gt;The spread of the Yamnaya horizon was the material expression of the spread of late Proto-Indo-European across the Pontic–Caspian steppes.{{sfn|Anthony|2007|pp=301–302}}&lt;br/&gt;

[...] The Yamnaya horizon is the visible archaeological expression of a social adjustment to high mobility – the invention of the political infrastructure to manage larger herds from mobile homes based in the steppes.{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=303}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Deir Pavel Dolukhanov go teacht chun cinn chultúr na dtuamanna ina chomhartha ar fhorbairt cultúr áitiúla de chuid na Cré-umhaoise a raibh srathú sóisialta ag gabháil leo in éineacht le struchtúir shóisialta fánaíochta a raibh taoisigh os a gcionn. Dá bhrí sin bhí níos mó teagmhála idir grúpaí sóisialta a bhí ilchineálach ó bhunús.{{sfn|Dolukhanov|1996|p=94}}

Tháinig an cultúr Catacóim (2800–2200 RCh) ina dhiaidh thiar agus lean an cultúr Poltavka (2700-2100 RCh) thoir é le hais lár abhainn an Volga. Lean an cultúr Srubnaya (18ú-12ú haois RCh) iad sin. 
  
==Airíonna==
===Próta-Ind-Eorpais===
[[File:Yamna culture tomb.jpg|thumb|Uaigh de chuid an chultúir Iamna, Volgogradskaya oblast sa Rúis.]]
Mhaígh [[Marija Gimbutas]] i dteoiric na gcurgan aici gurb ionann an cultúr Iamna agus na Próta-Ind-Eorpaigh dhéanacha. Taispeánann staidéir ghéiniteacha a rinneadh ó 2015 i leith gur leath teangacha Ind-Eorpacha ar fud na hEorpa ó na steipeanna Eoráiseacha agus go raibh baill den chultúr Iamna ina nInd-Eorpaigh. De réir na staidéar sin, is cosúil gur spréigh na [[haplaghrúpa]]í R1b agus R1a amach ó na steipeanna Pontacha agus Caispeacha in éineacht leis an Ind-Eorpais: iadsan an haplaghrúpaí is coitianta san Eoraip, agus tá R1a forleathan san Áise Theas. Tá [[uathachas|uathshóim]] ag Eorpaigh an lae inniu nach raibh ag Eorpaigh Neoiliteacha agus a tháinig isteach leis na ginealaigh athartha R1b agus R1a sa Chré-umhaois, i dteannta na hInd-Eorpaise, is dócha.{{sfn|Haak|Lazaridis|Patterson|Rohland|2015}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite |title=Eight thousand years of natural selection in Europe |author=Mathieson |display-authors=etal |year=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; 


Rinne Haak ''et al.'' (2015), Wilde ''et al.'' (2014) agus Mathieson ''et al.'' staidéir ghéinteacha a léirigh airíonna fisiciúla na nIamnach: bhí siad ard (rud atá ag brath ar ghéinte agus ar an timpeallacht), bhí súile donna ag a bhformhór mór, bhí ceann dubh orthu agus bhí a gcraiceann níos dorcha ná craiceann an ghnáth-Eorpaigh inniu.&lt;ref name=Wilde&gt;{{cite journal|title=Direct evidence for positive selection of skin, hair, and eye pigmentation in Europeans during the last 5,000 years|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|PNAS]] |doi=10.1073/pnas.1316513111 |pmid=24616518 |year=2014 |volume=111 |issue=13 |author=Wilde, Sandra |pages=4832–4837 |pmc=3977302 |bibcode=2014PNAS..111.4832W}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Mathieson|2015}} D’ainneoin an tsaoil thréadaigh a bhí acu ní mór an fhianaise atá ann go raibh inchoimeádachas lactáise iontu (i.e. go bhféadfaidís bainne ainmhithe a ól seachas bainne daonna).{{sfn|Haak|Lazaridis|Patterson|Rohland|2015}}

===Iarthar Eorpa===
Rinne Haak et al. (2015) staidéar géanómach ar 69 seanchnámharlach ón Eoraip agus ón Rúis. Rinne siad amach go hfuil airíonna uathshómacha na nIamnach an ghar d’airíonna an Aosa Earraí Cordacha, agus gur tháinig timpeall 75% de DNA an Aosa Earraí Cordacha sa Ghearmáin ó na Iamnaigh. Rinneadh amach go raibh 38-50% de DNA na nIamnach in Eorpaigh Iarthar Eorpa, Lár na hEorpa agus Thuaisceart Eorpa agus 18-32% in Eorpaigh an Deiscirt.{{sfn|Haak|Lazaridis|Patterson|Rohland|2015|pp=121–124}}{{sfn|Zimmer|2015}}&lt;ref name=Nomads&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.sciencemag.org/archaeology/2015/06/nomadic-herders-left-strong-genetic-mark-europeans-and-asians |department=News |author=Gibbons, Ann |date=10 June 2015 |teideal=Nomadic herders left a strong genetic mark on Europeans and Asians |magazine=Science |publisher=AAAS}}&lt;/ref&gt; Deir Haak et al. tháinig haplaghrúpa R-M269 chun na hEorpa ón Oirthear tar éis 3000 RCh.{{sfn|Haak|Lazaridis|Patterson|Rohland|2015|p=5}}Na staidéir a rinneadh ar chnámharlaigh ársa in Éirinn agus sa Phortaingéil rinne siad amach gur tháinig R-M269 isteach sna háiteanna sin in éineacht le DNA uathshómach ó steipeanna Oirthear Eorpa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Neolithic and Bronze Age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome |doi=10.1073/pnas.1518445113 |pmid=26712024 |pmc=4720318 |pages=368–373 |volume=113 |issue=2 |author=Cassidy, Lara M. |display-authors=etal |journal=PNAS |year=2016 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113..368C}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=The population genomics of archaeological transition in west Iberia: Investigation of ancient substructure using imputation and haplotype-based methods |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1006852 |pmid=28749934 |author=Martiniano, Rui |display-authors=etal |year=2017 |journal=PLoS Genet |volume=13 |issue=7|pages=e1006852 |pmc=5531429 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Lár agus Deisceart na hÁise===
De réir Pathak et al. (2018) tá cuid mhór de shinsearacht na steipe ón gCré-umhaois Lárdhéanach i ndaonra Iarthuaisceart na hIndia agus [[An Phacastáin|na Pacastáine]], in éineacht le sinsearacht de chuid Iamna sa Chré-umhaois Luath-Láir. Thaispeáin cainteoirí Ind-Eorpaise ó [[An Ghainséis|Mhachaire na Gainséise]] agus cainteoirí teangacha Dráivideacha sinsearacht de chuid Iamna sa Chré-umhaois Luath-Láir seachas sinsearacht na steipe ón gCré-umhaois Lárdhéanach. Deir an staidéar gur mó go mór an méid sinsearacht de chuid Iamna sa Chré-umhaois Luath-Láir ná an cineál eile i samplaí ársa ó dheisceart na hÁise. Deir an staidéar: &quot;The Rors [''pobal i dtuaisceart na hIndia''] stand out in South Asia as the population with the highest proportion of Steppe ancestry&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=December 2018|title=The Genetic Ancestry of Modern Indus Valley Populations from Northwest India|url=https://www.cell.com/ajhg/pdfExtended/S0002-9297(18)30398-7|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=|pages=62|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Naisc==
[[Géineolaíocht]]

[[Scáildaonra]]

[[Na teangacha Ind-Eorpacha]]

==Nótaí==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Fonótaí==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha|2}}
{{reflist|group=web}}

==Foinsí==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Anthony |first1=David |author-link1=David W. Anthony |date=Spring-Summer 2019a |editor1-last= |editor1-first= |editor1-link= |title=Archaeology, Genetics, and Language in the Steppes: A Comment on Bomhard |script-title= |trans-title= |url=https://www.academia.edu/39985565 |access-date=January 9, 2020 |url-access= |format= |department= |journal=Journal of Indo-European Studies |type= |series= |language= |edition= |publication-date= |volume=47 |issue=1–2 |page= |pages= |at= |nopp= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |bibcode-access= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |doi= |doi-access= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |jstor-access= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |ol-access= |osti= |osti-access= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |archive-url= |archive-date= |url-status= |via= |layurl= |laysource= |laydate= |quote= |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Anthony |first1=David W. |author-link1=David W. Anthony |year=2019b |chapter=Ancient DNA, Mating Networks, and the Anatolian Split |editor-last=Serangeli |editor-first=Matilde |editor-link= |editor2-last=Olander |editor2-first=Thomas |editor2-link= |title=Dispersals and Diversification: Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo-European |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DHnEDwAAQBAJ |series= |language= |volume= |edition= |location= |publisher=Brill Publishers|page= |pages=21–54 |isbn=9004416196 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |via= |registration= |subscription= |quote= |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 =Haak | first1 =W. | last2 = Lazaridis | first2 = I. | last3 = Patterson | first3 = N. | last4 = Rohland | first4 = N. | last5 = Mallick | first5 = S. | last6 = Llamas | first6 = B. | last7 = Brandt | first7 = G. | last8 = Nordenfelt | first8 = S. | last9 = Harney | first9 = E. | last10 = Stewardson | first10 = K. | last11 = Fu | first11 = Q. | last12 = Mittnik | first12 = A. | last13 = Bánffy | first13 = E. | last14 = Economou | first14 = C. | last15 = Francken | first15 = M. | last16 = Friederich | first16 = S. | last17 = Pena | first17 = R. G. | last18 = Hallgren | first18 = F. | last19 = Khartanovich | first19 = V. | last20 = Khokhlov | first20 = A. | last21 = Kunst | first21 = M. | last22 = Kuznetsov | first22 = P. | last23 = Meller | first23 = H. | last24 = Mochalov | first24 = O. | last25 = Moiseyev | first25 = V. | last26 = Nicklisch | first26 = N. | last27 = Pichler | first27 = S. L. | last28 = Risch | first28 = R. | last29 = Rojo Guerra | first29 = M. A. | last30 = Roth | first30 = C. | display-authors = 29 | year =2015 | title =Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe | journal =Nature | doi =10.1038/nature14317 | biorxiv =013433 | ref =harv | bibcode=2015Natur.522..207H | volume=522 | issue =7555 | pages=207–211 | pmid=25731166 | pmc=5048219| arxiv = 1502.02783 }}
* {{cite journal |first=Eppie R. |last=Jones |first2=Gloria |last2=Gonzalez-Fortes |first3=Sarah |last3=Connell |first4=Veronika |last4=Siska |display-authors=etal | year =2015 | title =Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians | journal =Nature Communications | doi =10.1038/ncomms9912 | volume=6 | pages=8912 | pmid=26567969 | pmc=4660371 | bibcode=2015NatCo...6.8912J |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Jeong |first1=Choongwon |author-link1= |date=April 29, 2019 |editor1-last= |editor1-first= |editor1-link= |title=The genetic history of admixture across inner Eurasia languages in Europe |script-title= |trans-title= |department= |journal=[[Nature Ecology and Evolution]] |type= |series= |language= |edition= |publisher=[[Nature Research]] |publication-date= |volume=3 |issue= 6|pages=966–976 |nopp= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |bibcode-access= |biorxiv= |citeseerx=  |doi=10.1038/s41559-019-0878-2 |doi-access= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |jstor-access= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |ol-access= |osti= |osti-access= |pmc=6542712 |pmid=31036896 |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |layurl= |laysource= |laydate= |quote= |ref=harv|hdl=10871/36562 }}
* {{cite book |last=Kuzmina |first=Elena E. |author-link=Elena Efimovna Kuzmina |year=2007 |chapter= |editor-last=Mallory |editor-first=J. P. |editor-link=J. P. Mallory |title=The Origin of the Indo-Iranians |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x5J9rn8p2-IC |series= |language= |volume= |edition= |location= |publisher=Brill Publishers |page= |pages= |isbn=978-9004160545 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |via= |registration= |subscription= |quote= |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal | last =Lazaridis | first =Iosif |first2=Nick |last2=Patterson |first3=Alissa |last3=Mittnik |first4=Gabriel |last4=Renaud |display-authors=etal | year =2014 | title =Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_nature_2014-09-18_513_7518/page/409 | journal =[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | doi =10.1038/nature13673 | pages =409–413 | volume =513 | issue =7518 | pmid=25230663 | pmc=4170574| arxiv =1312.6639 | bibcode =2014Natur.513..409L |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mathieson |first1=Iain |author-link1= |date=February 21, 2018 |editor1-last= |editor1-first= |editor1-link= |title=The Genomic History of Southeastern Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2018-03-08_555_7695/page/197 |script-title= |trans-title= |department= |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |type= |series= |language= |edition= |publisher=[[Nature Research]] |publication-date= |volume=555 |issue=7695 |pages=197–203 |nopp= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= 2018Natur.555..197M|bibcode-access= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |doi=10.1038/nature25778 |doi-access= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |jstor-access= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |ol-access= |osti= |osti-access= |pmc=6091220 |pmid=29466330 |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |layurl= |laysource= |laydate= |quote= |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal | last1 =Morgunova | first1 =Nina | last2 =Khokhlova | first2 =Olga | year =2013 | title =Chronology and Periodization of the Pit-Grave Culture in the Area Between the Volga and Ural Rivers Based on 14C Dating and Paleopedological Research | journal =Radiocarbon | volume =55 | issue =3–4 | doi =10.2458/azu_js_rc.55.16087 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Pashnick |first1=Jeff |author-link1= |date=August 2014 |editor1-last= |editor1-first= |editor1-link= |title=Genetic Analysis of Ancient Human Remains fromthe Early Bronze Age Cultures of the North PonticSteppe Region |script-title= |trans-title= |url=https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/theses/737/ |access-date=January 12, 2020 |url-access= |format= |department= |journal=Masters These |type= |series= |language= |edition= |publisher=[[Nature Research]] |publication-date= |volume=737 |issue= |page= |pages= |at= |nopp= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |bibcode-access= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |doi= |doi-access= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |jstor-access= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |ol-access= |osti= |osti-access= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |archive-url= |archive-date= |url-status= |via= |layurl= |laysource= |laydate= |quote= |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Chuan-Chao |author-link1= |date=February 4, 2019 |editor1-last= |editor1-first= |editor1-link= |title=Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions Eurasia |script-title= |trans-title= |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-08220-8 |access-date=January 8, 2020 |url-access= |format= |department= |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |type= |series= |language= |edition= |publisher=[[Nature Research]] |publication-date= |volume=10 |issue= |page= |pages= |at= |nopp= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |bibcode-access= |biorxiv=322347 |citeseerx= |doi=10.1101/322347 |doi-access= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |jstor-access= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |ol-access= |osti= |osti-access= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |archive-url= |archive-date= |url-status= |via= |layurl= |laysource= |laydate= |quote= |ref=harv}}
* {{cite news | last =Zimmer | first =Karl | year =2015 | teideal =DNA Deciphers Roots of Modern Europeans | newspaper =[[New York Times]] | url =https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/16/science/dna-deciphers-roots-of-modern-europeans.html | ref =harv}}
{{refend}}

==Naisc sheachtracha==
* {{cite web |url=http://dna-explained.com/2015/06/15/yamnaya-light-skinned-brown-eyed-ancestors/ |website=DNAeXplained |series=Genetic Genealogy |teideal=Yamnaya, Light Skinned, Brown Eyed ... Ancestors???|date=2015-06-15 }}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/03/150304075334.htm |website=Science Daily |date=March 2015 |teideal=Genetic study revives debate on origin and expansion of Indo-European Languages}}

[[Catagóir:Géineolaíocht]]
[[Catagóir:Bitheolaíocht]]
[[Catagóir:Seandálaíocht]]</text>
      <sha1>qx0bkmcsuhc65610uj05bajrmm4g6al</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Albion</title>
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      <comment>Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260614sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="3067" sha1="9pmke66hmelnzomklo4ii5n6d3ixw91" xml:space="preserve">Is ainm malartach ar an [[an Bhreatain|mBreatain Mhór]] é '''Albion'''.  Ní chloistear é go minic sa ghnáth-theanga, ach feictear fós é go fileata.

Tá ainm na [[Alba|hAlban]] fréamhaithe ó Albion i mbeagnach gach teanga Cheilteach: ''[[Alba]]'' as [[Gaeilge na hAlban]] ar ndóigh, ''Nalbin'' as [[Gaeilge Mhanann]] agus ''Alban'' as [[Breatnais]] agus [[Coirnis]].  Tógadh na hainmneacha seo sa Laidin isteach mar ''Albania'' agus sa Bhéarla mar ''Albany'', a bhíodh féin ina n-ainmneacha malartacha ar Albain.

[[Íomhá:Add 19391 19-20.png|mion|200px|[[Geografaíocht (Tolamaes)|Léarscáil Tholamaes]] don Bhreatain agus Éirinn san ''[[Vatopedi|Codex Vatopedinus]]'', labelled Ἀλουΐων (''Alouíōn'', Albion) agus Ἰουερνία (''Iouernía'', [[Hibernia]]).]]

==Sanasaíocht==
Tá an t-ainm [[Briotainic Choitean|Briotainice]] don oileán fréamhaithe ón [[Teangacha Ceilteacha|bPrótai-Cheiltis]] ''*albi̯iū'' (fréamh srónach), agus tháinig sé sa [[Sean-Ghaeilge]] isteach mar ''Albu''.  Ar dtús, bhí oileán na Breataine go léir i gceist, ach de réir a chéile, tháinig srian ar an gciall, mar atá [[Caledonia|Caladón]].  Faightear an fhréamh *albiio- sa [[Gaillis|Ghaillis]] agus [[Galátais|Ghalátais]] ''albio-'' (&quot;domhan&quot;), agus sa [[Breatnais|Bhreatnais]] ''elfydd'' (&quot;domhainn, tír, ceantar&quot;).  D'fhéadfadh é go bhfuil sé gaolmhar leis ''[[na hAlpa]]'' agus ''[[an Albáin]]'', nó an t-abhadhia [[Alpheus (dia)|Alpheus]] (le brí &quot;scothbhán&quot;).

[[Íomhá:white cliffs of dover 09 2004.jpg|mion|200px|The [[White Cliffs of Dover]] may have given rise to the name ''Albion''.]]

Tá dhá [[Sanasaíocht|shanasaíocht]] ann, is amhlaidh:
* d'fhéadfadh é go bhfuil sé fréamhaithe ón b[[Prót-Ind-Eorpais]] root ''*albho-'', le brí &quot;bán&quot; (cf. SeanGhréigis ἀλφός, Laidin ''albus'').  ** Is tagairt é seo b'fhéidir dosna haillte bána in oirdheisceart an oileáin, sfheicthe ón mór-roinn.
** Molann an teangeolaí Ceilteach [[Xavier Delamarre]] go mbeadh brí &quot;an domhan thuas, oinfheithe&quot;, mar mhalart ar &quot;an domhan thíos an t-[[alltar]]&quot;
* Mar mhalairt, d'fhéadfadh é go bhfuil sé fréamhaithe ón b[[Prót-Ind-Eorpais ''*alb-'', le brí &quot;cnoc&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{
cite book |
last1 = Freeman |
first1 = Philip |
last2 = Koch |
first2 = John T. |
editor-last = Koch |
editor-first = John T. |
title = Celtic Culture, ABC–CLIO |
year = 2006 |
pages = 38–39
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{
cite book |
last = Delamarre |
first = Xavier |
authorlink = Xavier Delamarre |
title = Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise |
publisher = Errance |
year = 2003 |
edition = 2nd |
pages = 37–38
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{
cite journal |
last = Ekwall |
first = Eilert |
authorlink = Eilert Ekwall |
title = Early names of Britain | url = https://archive.org/details/antiquity_1930-06_4_14/page/149 |
journal = Antiquity |
volume = 4 |
issue = 14 |
year = 1930 |
pages = 149–156 |
doi = 10.1017/S0003598X00004464
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Féach freisin==
* [[Breatain (logainm)]]
* [[Scotia]]

==Tagairtí==
{{reflist}}

[[Catagóir:An Bhreatain]]</text>
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    <title>Cruthú agus éabhlóid na réaltraí</title>
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      <text bytes="15907" sha1="3sixqe2q6yvmj1tjr88e1oh0d550z9c" xml:space="preserve">Tá '''cruthú agus éabhlóid na réaltraí''' mar ábhar staidéir ag réalteolaithe a bhfuil suim acu sa chaoi ar eascair cruinne ilchineálach ó thús aonchineálach, i gcruthú na gcéad réaltraí, an dóigh a n-athraíonn réaltraí le himeacht aimsire agus na bealaí ar gineadh na strúchtúir éagsúla atá le feiceáil sna réaltraí atá i ngar dúinn. Deir teoiric amháin go bhfuil cruthú réaltraí ag brath ar [[luaineacht chandamach|luaineachtaí candamacha]] a thit amach tar éis na [[Ollphléasc|hOllphléisce]]. Is í an tsamhail is simplí díobh siúd atá ag teacht leis na feiniméin bhreathnaithe an t[[samhail Lambda-CDM]] – i.e. ligeann an comhchruinniú agus an cumascadh do réaltraí mais a bhaint amach, rud a théann i bhfeidhm ar a gcruth agus ar a struchtúr. 

==Airíonna coitianta réaltraí==
[[File:HubbleTuningFork.jpg|thumb|deas|Léaráid ghabhlóg thiúnta maidir le moirfeolaíocht réaltraí]]
Ní féidir trialacha a dhéanamh sa chianspás agus dá bhrí sin caithfear samhlacha a chur i gcomórtas le breathnadóireachtaí. 

Ba é Edward Hubble ba thúisce a rinne réaltraí a rangú, rud a dtugtar [[léaráid ghabhlóg thiúnta Hubble]] air. Roinn sé réaltraí ina [[réaltra éilipseach|gcinn éilipseacha]], ina [[réaltra bíseacha|ngnáthréaltraí]], ina réaltraí bíseacha barracha (leithéidí Bhealach na Bó Finne) agus ina réaltraí neamhchoitianta. Tá na hairíonna a leanas acu, airíonna a fhéadann teoiricí na héabhlóide a mhíniú.

* Cuireann mórán d’airíonna na réaltraí (agus [[léaráid datha is méide réaltraí]] san áireamh) in iúl go bhfuil dhá bhunchineál réaltraí ann. Ar thaobh amháin tá réaltraí gorma ann atá níos cosúla le réaltraí bíseacha agus a ghineann réaltaí, agus ar an taobh eile tá réaltraí dearga atá níos cosúla le réaltraí éilipseacha agus nach ngineann réaltaí.

* Tá réaltraí bíseacha tanaí agus dlúth agus casann siad réasúnta tapa, agus tá fithisí ag réaltaí i réaltraí éilipseacha atá treoshuite go fánach. 
* Tá poll dubh ollmhór i lár fhormhór na hollréaltraí agus mais aige atá na milliúin nó na billiúin uair níos mó ná mais na Gréine. Baineann mais an phoill dhuibh le bolg an réaltra.    
* Tá comhghaol deimhneach ag an miotalacht le dearbhmhéid (lonrachas) an réaltra.
Is minic a deirtear gur chreid Hubble go mícheart gur thug léaráid na gabhlóige tiúnta cuntas ar éabhlóid na réaltraí thar am, ó réaltraí éilipseacha trí réaltraí lionsacha go réaltraí bíseacha. A mhalairt atá fíor: taispeánann a léaráid éabhlóid ó chruth simplí go cruth casta, beag beann ar imeacht na haimsire.&lt;ref&gt;Hubble, Edwin P.. &quot;Extragalactic nebulae.&quot; ''The Astrophysical Journal'' 64 (1926).&lt;/ref&gt; Is dóigh le réalteolaithe gur réaltraí dioscacha ba thúisce a cruthaíodh agus go ndearnadh réaltraí éilipseacha díobh de bharr cumascadh réaltraí. 

Deir na samhlacha go bhfuil an chuid is mó den mhais sna réaltraí déanta de [[damhna dorcha|dhamhna dorcha]], rud nach féidir a bhreathnú go díreach agus nach bhféadann idirghníomhú, b’fhéidir, ach amháin tríd an imtharraingt. Síltear é sin toisc nach mbeadh an cruth áirithe sin orthu agus nach gcasfaidís mar a dhéanann siad mura raibh i bhfad níos mó maise iontu ná mar is féidir a bhreathnú go díreach.

==Cruthú na réaltraí dioscacha==
Nuair a chruthaítear réaltra tagann cruth dioscach air agus tugtar réaltra bíseach air de bharr na ngéag bíseach atá aige. Tá teoiricí éagsúla ann faoi conas a dhéantar dáileacháin dhioscacha de scamall damhna, ach ní thuarann aon cheann acu torthaí an bhreathnaithe. 

==Teoiricí ó bharr anuas==
Mhol Olin Eggen, Donald Lynden-Bell, agus Allan Sandage&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last = Eggen | first = O. J. | last2 = Lynden-Bell | first2 = D. | last3 = Sandage | first3 = A. R. | title = Evidence from the motions of old stars that the Galaxy collapsed | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_1962-11_136_3/page/748 | bibcode = 1962ApJ...136..748E | date = 1962 | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 136 | pages = 748 | doi = 10.1086/147433}}&lt;/ref&gt; teoiric in 1962 go dtagann réaltraí dioscacha le chéile nuair a thiteann scamall gáis as a chéile. Sa luathchruinne bhí an damhna dáilte ina gcnapanna de dhamhna dhorcha. Rinne na cnapanna seo idirghníomhú le chéile go himtharraingteach agus iad ag cur torc taoideach i bhfeidhm ar a chéile, rud a thug móiminteam uilleach dóibh. Nuair a d’fhuaraigh an damhna barónach scaip sé fuinneamh agus chrap i dtreo an láir. Rinne an damhna a bhí gar don lár luas an imrothlaithe a ghéarú agus an móiminteam uilleach caomhnaithe aige, agus rinneadh diosca teann den damhna. Nuair a d’fhuaraigh an diosca ní raibh an gás socair ó thaobh na himtharraingthe de agus ní raibh sé in ann fanacht ina scamall aonchineálach. Dhealaigh sé ó chéile agus rinneadh réaltaí de na scamaill bheaga gháis a bhí fágtha. 

Ní scaipeann an damhna dorcha mar idirghníomhann sé tríd an imtharraingt amháin, agus dáiltear é lasmuigh den diosca sa [[luan damhna dhorcha|luan dorcha]]. Is léir ón mbreathnadóireacht go bhfuil réaltaí le fáil lasmuigh den diosca. Thug Leonard Searle agus Robert Zinn le fios&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last = Searle | first = L. |author2=Zinn, R. | date = 1978 | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | title = Compositions of halo clusters and the formation of the galactic halo | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_1978-10-15_225_2/page/356 | bibcode = 1978ApJ...225..357S | volume = 225 | pages = 357–379 | doi = 10.1086/156499}}&lt;/ref&gt; go ndéantar réaltraí as comhcheangal reann neamhthoirtiúil. Teoiric í faoi chruthú ó bharr anuas agus í simplí go leor, ach ní ghlactar go forleathan léi anois. 

==Teoiricí ó bhun aníos== 
Cuireann na teoiricí is nua síos ar chomhchruinniú luan dorcha mar chuid den phróiseas ó bhun aníos. Tugtar le fios gur nocht an damhna i mbraislí a bhí réasúnta beag ([[braisle cruinneogach|braislí cruinneogacha]]) seachas i scamaill mhóra gháis a thit as a chéile chun réaltra a chruthú.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Simon|last2=Rees|first2=Martin|date=1978|title=Core condensation in heavy halos: a two-stage theory for galaxy formation and clustering.|url=|journal=MNRAS|doi=10.1093/mnras/183.3.341|pmid=|access-date=|bibcode = 1978MNRAS.183..341W|volume=183|issue=3|pages=341–358|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tugadh na braislí beaga le chéile trí imtharraingt chun [[braisle réaltraí| braislí réaltraí]] a dhéanamh. Is é an toradh atá air seo damhna barónach a dháileadh agus damhna dorcha ina luan. 

Samhail chosmeolaíoch is ea an tsamhail Lambda-CDM, samhail a mhíníonn cruthú na cruinne tar éis na Pléisce Móire. Samhail réasúnta simplí í a thuarann a lán airíonna a bhreathnaítear sa chruinne agus éagsúlacht réasúnta na gcineálacha difriúla réaltraí san áireamh. Ach déanann sé fomheastachán ar an méid réaltraí tanaí dioscacha sa chruinne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Steinmetz|first=Matthias|last2=Navarro|first2=Julio F.|date=2002-06-01|title=The hierarchical origin of galaxy morphologies|url=|journal=New Astronomy|volume=7|issue=4|pages=155–160|doi=10.1016/S1384-1076(02)00102-1|arxiv = astro-ph/0202466 |bibcode = 2002NewA....7..155S |citeseerx=10.1.1.20.7981}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Cumaisc réaltraí agus cruthú réaltraí éilipseacha==
Tá réaltraí éilipseacha ar na cinn is toirtiúla dá bhfacthas go dtí seo. Tá a gcuid réaltaí ar fhithisí atá treoshuite go fánach istigh sa réaltra (i.e. ní imrothlaíonn siad ar nós réaltraí dioscacha). Is cuid suntais iad na réaltraí éilipseacha sa mhéid nach gá go gcuidíonn luas na réaltraí le leacú an réaltra, mar a thiteann amach i réaltraí bíseacha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Hot Interstellar Matter in Elliptical Galaxies|url=https://archive.org/details/hotinterstellarm0000unse|last=Kim|first=Dong-Woo|publisher=Springer|year=2012|isbn=978-1-4614-0579-5|location=New York|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tá dúphoill ollmhóra i lár réaltraí éilipseacha, agus tá mais na ndúpholl i gcomhchoibhneas le mais an réaltra. 

Tá dhá príomhchéim éabhlóide ag réaltraí éilipseacha. Is í an chéad chéim an dúpholl ollmhór a fhás trí ghás atá ag fuarú a chruinniú. Is í an dara céim cobhsú an dúphoill trí fhuarú an gháis a stopadh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Churazov|first=E.|last2=Sazonov|first2=S.|last3=Sunyaev|first3=R.|last4=Forman|first4=W.|last5=Jones|first5=C.|last6=Böhringer|first6=H.|date=2005-10-01|title=Supermassive black holes in elliptical galaxies: switching from very bright to very dim|url=http://mnrasl.oxfordjournals.org/content/363/1/L91|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters|language=en|volume=363|issue=1|pages=L91–L95|doi=10.1111/j.1745-3933.2005.00093.x|issn=1745-3925|arxiv = astro-ph/0507073 |bibcode = 2005MNRAS.363L..91C }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tá mais an dúphoill i gcomhchoibhneas le hairí a dtugtar [[scaipeadh luais|sigme]] air, i.e. luas na réaltaí a scaipeadh ina bhfithisí. 

Is dóigh le réalteolaithe anois go bhfuil réaltraí éilipseacha ar an córais is éabhlóidithe sa chruinne. Glactar leis go forleathan gurb éard is cionsiocair le héabhlóid na réaltraí éilipseacha cumasc na réaltraí is lú. Is iomaí réaltra sa chruinne atá ceangailte de réaltraí eile trí imtharraingt agus nach féidir leo éalú choíche. Más ar cóimhéid atá na réaltraí, ní bheidh an réaltra nua cosúil le ceachtar de na sinsearaigh,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Barnes|first=Joshua E.|date=1989-03-09|title=Evolution of compact groups and the formation of elliptical galaxies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1989-03-09_338_6211/page/123|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=338|issue=6211|pages=123–126|doi=10.1038/338123a0|bibcode = 1989Natur.338..123B }}&lt;/ref&gt; ach beidh sé éilipseach.  

Síltear gur rud tolgach é réaltraí chomh mór sin a chumasc, agus tig le cuimilt an gháis idir an dá réaltra tonnta imtharraingteacha turrainge a chur ar siúl, rud a fhéadann réaltaí nua a chruthú sa réaltra éilipseach nua.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.noao.edu/outreach/current/collide_hilite.html|teideal=Current Science Highlights: When Galaxies Collide|website=www.noao.edu|access-date=2016-04-25|dátarochtana=2020-08-24|archivedate=2015-08-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810140240/http://www.noao.edu/outreach/current/collide_hilite.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Múchadh réaltraí ==

[[File:Eso1516a.jpg|thumb|Chríochnaigh cruthú na réaltaí i réaltraí &quot;marbha&quot; na billiúin bliain ó shin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|teideal=Giant Galaxies Die from the Inside Out|url=http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1516/|website=www.eso.org|publisher=European Southern Observatory|accessdate=21 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Mar a dúradh thuas, tá claonadh ag réaltraí chun éabhlóid a dhéanamh ó réaltraí bíseacha go réaltraí éilipseacha trí chumasc. Ach ní thugann an cumasc sin léargas ar conas a aistríonn na réaltraí go léir ón “scamall gorm” go dtí an “seicheamh dearg”. Ni léir ach oiread conas a stadann cruthú réaltaí i réaltraí. Fágann sin go gcaithfidh teoiricí faoi éabhlóid na réaltraí a bheith in ann a mhíniú conas a chríochnaíonn an cruthú sin.  Tugtar “múchadh” air seo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Faber|first=S. M.|last2=Willmer|first2=C. N. A.|last3=Wolf|first3=C.|last4=Koo|first4=D. C.|last5=Weiner|first5=B. J.|last6=Newman|first6=J. A.|last7=Im|first7=M.|last8=Coil|first8=A. L.|last9=C. Conroy|date=2007-01-01|title=Galaxy Luminosity Functions to z 1 from DEEP2 and COMBO-17: Implications for Red Galaxy Formation|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2007-08-10_665_1/page/265|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|language=en|volume=665|issue=1|pages=265–294|doi=10.1086/519294|issn=0004-637X|arxiv = astro-ph/0506044 |bibcode = 2007ApJ...665..265F }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tagann réaltaí ann as gás fuar, agus múchtar réaltra nuair nach bhfuil a thuilleadh gáis fhuair aige. Síltear, áfach, go dtiteann múchadh amach réasúnta tapa (laistigh de bhilliún bliain), tréimhse atá i bhfad níos giorra ná an t-achar a thógfadh sé ar réaltra a chuid gáis a ídiú.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Blanton|first=Michael R.|date=2006-01-01|title=Galaxies in SDSS and DEEP2: A Quiet Life on the Blue Sequence?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2006-09-01_648_1/page/268|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|language=en|volume=648|issue=1|pages=268–280|doi=10.1086/505628|issn=0004-637X|arxiv = astro-ph/0512127 |bibcode = 2006ApJ...648..268B }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gabor|first=J. M.|last2=Davé|first2=R.|last3=Finlator|first3=K.|last4=Oppenheimer|first4=B. D.|date=2010-09-11|title=How is star formation quenched in massive galaxies?|url=http://mnras.oxfordjournals.org/content/407/2/749|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|language=en|volume=407|issue=2|pages=749–771|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16961.x|issn=0035-8711|arxiv = 1001.1734 |bibcode = 2010MNRAS.407..749G }}&lt;/ref&gt; Míníonn samhlacha d’éabhlóid na réaltraí é seo le meicníochtaí fisiciúla eile a bhacfadh soláthar gáis fhuair. Tríd is tríd, is féidir iad a rangú ina dhá gcineál: (1) meicníochtaí coisctheacha aisfhotha a bhacann gás fuar ar dhul isteach i réaltra nó ar réaltaí a chruthú, agus (2) meicníochtaí díchurtha aisfhotha a fhaigheann réidh le gás chun nach féidir leis réaltaí a chruthú.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kereš|first=Dušan|last2=Katz|first2=Neal|last3=Davé|first3=Romeel|last4=Fardal|first4=Mark|last5=Weinberg|first5=David H.|date=2009-07-11|title=Galaxies in a simulated ΛCDM universe – II. Observable properties and constraints on feedback|url=http://mnras.oxfordjournals.org/content/396/4/2332|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|language=en|volume=396|issue=4|pages=2332–2344|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14924.x|issn=0035-8711|arxiv = 0901.1880 |bibcode = 2009MNRAS.396.2332K }}&lt;/ref&gt; De réir na n-ionsamhlúchán, má chruinníonn gás ar dhúphoill ollmhóra déanann sé scairdeanna tréana réaltfhisiceacha; an fuinneamh a scaoiltear amach dá bharr déanann sé a dhóthain gáis fhuair a chur amach chun cruthú réalta a mhúchadh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Di Matteo|first=Tiziana|last2=Springel|first2=Volker|last3=Hernquist|first3=Lars|title=Energy input from quasars regulates the growth and activity of black holes and their host galaxies|journal=Nature|volume=433|issue=7026|pages=604–607|doi=10.1038/nature03335|arxiv = astro-ph/0502199 |bibcode = 2005Natur.433..604D|pmid=15703739|year=2005|url=http://cds.cern.ch/record/821559|type=Submitted manuscript}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gailearaí ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
A young elliptical.jpg|Taispeánann NGC 3610 saghas struchtúir mar dhiosca geal, rud a thugann le tuiscint nach fada ó cruthaíodh é.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|teideal=A young elliptical|url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1546a/|accessdate=16 November 2015|dátarochtana=24 Lúnasa 2020|archivedate=6 Lúnasa 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806233616/https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1546a/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
NGC891.jpg|NGC 891, réaltra dioscach an-tanaí
M101 hires STScI-PRC2006-10a.jpg|Íomhá de Messier 101, gnáthréaltra bíseach agus a éadan os ár gcomhair
warped galaxy.jpg|Fiaradh réaltra bíseach, ESO 510-G13, nuair a tháinig sé salach ar réaltra eile. Nuair a shlogfar an réaltra eile ní bheidh fiaradh ann. Titeann a leithéid amach ar feadh na milliún bliain, nó ar feadh na mbilliún bliain féin.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Nótaí==
{{reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Réalteolaíocht]]
[[Catagóir:Cosmeolaíocht]]</text>
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    <title>Domnall mac Murchada meic Diarmata</title>
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      <comment>Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260614sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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Rí [[Ríthe na Laighean|na Laighean]] mar éilitheoir agus [[Ríocht Dhuibhlinne|Átha Cliath]] de rítheaghlach [[Uí Chinnsealaigh]] ba ea '''Domhnall mac Murchadha''' ([[Meán-Ghaeilge]]: '''Domnall mac Murchada''' (bás 1075),&lt;ref&gt;Byrne (2001).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Moody&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Martin&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Byrne (2005), lch. 209.&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Murchad mac Diarmata|Murchad mac Diarmata]] ba ea a athair, Domnall agus [[Diarmait mac Máel na mBó|Diarmaid mac Maoil na mBó]] a sheanathair.  Sinsear chlann [[Mhic Mhurchadha]] ba ea Domhnall, géag Uí Chinnsealaigh ainmnithe as a athair.

Sa bhliain 1071, roimh bhás a sheanathar, throid Domhnall agus gaol Uí Chinnsealaigh leis, [[Donnchad mac Domnaill Remair|Donnchadh mac Domhnaill Ramhair]], le haghaidh ceannais sa Laigin.  Cé go dtugtar an teideal 'rí Lagen' ar Dhomhnall i ríliosta amháin, is amhlaidh nach raibh seisean ach i ndáiríre Donnchadh an té níos cumhachtaí, agus Domhnall ach rí in ainm amháin.

Tháinig Domhnall i réim i nÁth Cliath sa bhliain 1075, tar éis dó [[Toirdelbach Ua Briain|Thoirdhealbhach Ó Briain]], [[ríthe na Mumhan|rí Mumhan]] an éigin a chur ar a ionadaí ann, [[Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill|Gofraid mac
Amhlaoibh mhic Raghnaill]].  Ní fios go cruinn conas a tharla seo: ar chuidigh Domhnall le Gofraid chun seilbh a glacadh ar an ríchathaoir ó mhuintir [[Uí Bhriain]], é sin nó ar chuir Toirdhealbhach féin i gcoróin é.  Pé scéal é, fuair Domhnall bás laistigh den bhliain, agus chuir Toirdhealbhach a mhac féin, [[Muirchertach Ua Briain|Muircheartach]], i gcoróin.

==Ginealach==
Seo a leanas ginealachh simplí Uí Chinnsealaigh, le Domhnall agus a phríomhchéile comhraic, [[Donnchad mac Domnaill Remair|Donnchadh mac Domhnaill Ramhair]], san áireamh.&lt;ref&gt;Byrne (2001), ll. xxxv, 290&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ó Corráin (1971), lch. 20.&lt;/ref&gt;  Sinsear eapainmneach de chlann [[Mhic Mhurchadha]] ba ea athair Dhomhnaill, agus sinsear eapainmneach[[Catagóir:Ríthe na Laighean]]
[[Catagóir:Ríthe Uí Dhúnlainge]]
[[Uí Dhomhnaill (Uí Chinnsealaigh)|Uí Dhomhnaill]] ba ea athair Dhonnchadha.&lt;ref&gt;Byrne (2001), ll. xxxiv–xxxv&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Flanagan (1981), lch. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{familytree/start}}
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{{familytree/end}}


# Aífe ingen Gilla Pátraic&lt;ref name=&quot;H5;H1&quot;&gt;Hudson, B (2005a)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hudson, BT (2004)&lt;/ref&gt;

==Stair==
[[Murchad mac Diarmata|Murchadh mac Diarmada]],&lt;ref&gt;Hudson, B (2005a)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Byrne (2001), lch. 290, tábla 10&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (1992), ll. 102–103&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ó Corráin (1971), ll. 20, 21.&lt;/ref&gt; ba ea athair Dhomhnaill, agus [[Diarmait mac Máel na mBó|Diarmaid mac Maoil na mBó]] a sheanathair.&lt;ref&gt;Hudson, B (2005a)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hudson, B (2004)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (1992), ll. 102–103&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ó Corráin (1971), ll. 20, 21.&lt;/ref&gt;  Bhí beirt deartháireacha ag Domhnall: [[Donnchad mac Murchada|Donnchadh]], rí Laigean, agus Éanna.&lt;ref&gt;Byrne (2001), lch. 290 tab. 10&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ó Corráin (1971), lch. 20.&lt;/ref&gt;  Ba é Domhnall an chéad duine de cháin [[Mhic Mhurchada]],&lt;ref&gt;Downham (2018), lch. 268&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Zumbuhl (2005).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (1992), lch. 102&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Zumbuhl (2005).&lt;/ref&gt;

Sa bhliain 1052, rinne seanathair Dhomhnaill treascairt ar ríocht Átha Cliath, ag cloí [[Echmarcach mac Ragnaill|Eachmarcaigh mhic Raghnaill]], rí Átha Cliath agus na nOileán.  Go gairid i ndiaidh sin, cheap sé Murchadh mar rí Átha Cliath.  Timpeall is deich mbliana níos deireanaí, is amhlaidh gur chuir Murchadh an ruaig ar Echmarcach as [[Oileán Mhanann]] amach,&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (2006), lch. 55&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hudson, B (2005a)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hudson, B (2004)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (2002), ll. 53–54&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (1993b), lch. 14.&lt;/ref&gt; agus d'éirigh seisean ina [[ríthe na nOileán of the Isles|rí na nOileán]].&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (1993), lch. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mhair údarás daingean Dhiarmada i nÁth Cliath na nGael-Ghall ar feadh fiche bliain, an-éacht mar bhain rí Gaelach amach riamh.&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (1993b), lch. 14&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (1992), ll. 100–101.&lt;/ref&gt;  Ar an drochuair do chlann Uí Chinnsealaigh, d'éag beirt mhac of Dhiarmada — Murchadh agus Glún Iairn — gan choinne roimh a n-athair sa bhliain 1070,&lt;ref&gt;Hudson, B (2005a)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hudson, B (2005b)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hudson, BT (2004)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (2002), lch. 54&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hudson, B (1994), lch. 149&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (1993b), lch. 14&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ó Corráin (1971), ll. 19, 20.&lt;/ref&gt; agus thit Diarmaid féin i mbun catha dhá bhliain i ndiaidh sin.&lt;ref&gt;Hudson, B (2005a)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hudson, B (2005b)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hudson, B (2004)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (2002), lch. 54&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ó Corráin (1971), ll. 19, 20.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Leann Chualann==
Tá dán mollta Meán-Ghaeilge den 11ú haois ann maidir le ríogacht Dhomhnaill sa Laigean:&lt;ref&gt;Mac Cana (2004), lch. 27&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Byrne (2001), lch. 153&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mac Cana (1993), lch. 83&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Meyer (1919), lch. 16 § 30.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{cquote |
''Cuirn Chualann, cia 'sin chiciud noscongbann?&lt;br&gt;
''Do Domnall dailter in buiden buaball&lt;br&gt;
Coirn Chualann, cé sa chúige a choinníonn?&lt;br&gt;
Do Dhomhnall a dháiltear an cur buabhall.
}}

Siombal ársa ríogachta ba ea an deoch fhlaithis, [[leann]] Chualann, saincheart ríthe na Laigean.&lt;ref&gt;Charles-Edwards (2004), lch. 95 n. 79&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mac Cana (2004), lch. 27&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Byrne (2001), lch. 153&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mac Cana (1993), lch. 83&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Byrne (1971), lch. 144.&lt;/ref&gt;  Dar le ''[[Scéla Cano meic Gartnáin]]'' den 9ú haois maidir le tiarna den 7ú,&lt;ref&gt;Charles-Edwards (2004), lch. 141.&lt;/ref&gt; ní féidir bheith ina Ardrí Éireann gan an léann úd a ól,&lt;ref&gt;[[Scéla Cano meic Gartnáin]], §§ 452–453&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Charles-Edwards (2004), lch. 95 n. 79&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Scowcroft (1995), lch. 130.&lt;/ref&gt; agus dá bharr ar dtús bheith ina rí Laigean.&lt;ref&gt;Charles-Edwards (2004), lch. 95 n. 79.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ríogacht na Laigean==
Roimh bhás Diarmada, bhí achrann cathartha i measc mhuintir Uí Chinnsealaigh, mar thoradh is léir de bhásanna roimh am mhic Dhiarmada.&lt;ref&gt;Hudson, B (2005b)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ó Corráin (1971), lch. 19.&lt;/ref&gt;  Faightear ach go háirithe i n[[Annála Inis Faithlinn]] (11ú-14ú haois) agus [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] (17ú haois),&lt;ref&gt;[[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]], ACM 1071.12&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (1992), lch. 101.&lt;/ref&gt; gur throid Domhnall in éadan a choil chúigir, [[Donnchad mac Domnaill Remair|Donnchadh mac Domhnaill Ramhair]], sular chuir chomhghuaillí Dhiarmada, [[Toirdelbach Ua Briain|Toirdhealbach Ó Briain]], ord ar bun arís sa Laigin.&lt;ref&gt;[[Annála Inis Faithlinn]], AI 1071.2&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hudson, B (2005a)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hudson, B (2005b)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hudson, B (2004)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hudson, B (1994), lch. 149, n. 22.&lt;/ref&gt;

An ríocht is cumhachtaí i ndeisceart Éireann a bhí Diarmaid.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ó Corráin 1971 p. 19&quot;&gt;Ó Corráin (1971), lch. 19.&lt;/ref&gt;  Tarra a bháis, d'éiligh Toirdhealbhach [[Ardrí na hÉireann|ard-ríogacht na hÉireann]].&lt;ref&gt;Flanagan (2008) lch. 900&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lydon (2005), lch. 38&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (1993b), ll. 14–15&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (1992), lch. 101.&lt;/ref&gt;  Bhrúigh sé a cheannas ar na Laigin,&lt;ref&gt;Lydon (2005), lch. 38&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (1993b), ll. 14–15&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (1992), ll. 101–102&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ó Corráin (1971), lch. 19.&lt;/ref&gt; cuidithe ar ndóigh leis an achrann idir muintir Uí Chinnselaig,&lt;ref name=&quot;Ó Corráin 1971 p. 19&quot;/&gt; agus ghabh sé Áth Cliath.&lt;ref&gt;Lydon (2005), lch. 38&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bracken (2004)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hudson, BT (2004)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (2002), lch. 54&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (1993b), ll. 14–15&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ó Corráin (1971), lch. 19.&lt;/ref&gt;  Cuireann an t-éacht sé in úil cé chomh tábhachtach is a bhí Áth Cliath i measc na g[[Cúigí na hÉireann|provincial]] agus duine ag iarraidh na hardríogachta a bhaint amach.&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (1993b), ll. 14–15, 18.&lt;/ref&gt;

Cé go maítear sa [[Leabhar Laighneach]] den 12ú Harry's gur tháinig Domhnall i gcomharbacht ar a sheanathair mar rí Laigean, is léir é gurbh é Donnchadh an t-éilitheoir níos chumhachtaí.  I ndáiríre, ní fheictear Domhnall i [[ríthe Uí Chinnsealaigh|ríliosta Uí Chinnsealaigh]] san fhoinse chéanna.  Deirtear ann gur tháinig Donnchadh i ndiaidh Dhiarmada mar rí Uí Chinnsealaigh.  Molann gabháil Donnchadha in Áth Cliath gurbh é siúd an mórcheannaire Uí Chinnsealaigh.&lt;ref name=&quot;O1-21&quot;&gt;Ó Corráin (1971), lch. 21.&lt;/ref&gt; ''  Is amhlaidh más fíor nach raibh Domhnall ach ina ainm is a bheith ina rí Laigean.&lt;ref&gt;[[Leabhar Laighneach]] (2012), §§ 5405–5585&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ó Corráin (1971), ll. 9 n. 9, 19–21.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ríogacht Átha Cliath==
Faightear caoin fiche líne i n[[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] i dteannta le tásc [[Murchadh mac Diarmada|Murchadh]] sa bhliain 1070, ag tús le:&lt;ref&gt;ACM 1070.7&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (1992), lch. 101.&lt;/ref&gt;
:''Cumha áird-righ i n-Ath Cliath...''

Molann gabháil Dhonnchadha i nÁth Cliath fosta go raibh sé i mbun an baile a úsáid mar phríomhchathair na Laigean.&lt;ref name=&quot;D1-101&quot;&gt;Duffy (1992), lch. 101.&lt;/ref&gt;  

Más féidir Annála Inis Faithlinn a chreidiúint, tháinig Toirdhealbhach i gceannas i nÁth Cliath nuair a thug na hÁth Cliathaigh féin a ríogacht dó.&lt;ref&gt;[[Annála Inis Faithlinn]], AI 1072.4&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (2002), lch. 54&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (1992), lch. 102.&lt;/ref&gt;  Cé gur bolscaireacht [[Uí Bhriain]] é seo is dócha, b'fhéidir é gur mhian leis na hÁth Cliathaigh [[ríthe na Mumhan|rí Mumhan]] i bhfad i gcéin, seachas duine dá gcomharsana, na Laigin.&lt;ref name=&quot;D1-101&quot;/&gt;  Laistigh den bhliain, bhí [[Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill|Gofraidh mac Amhlaoibh mhic Raghnaill]] i réim,&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (2006), lch. 57&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (1992), lch. 102.&lt;/ref&gt; gaol le hEachmarcach,&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (2006), lch. 57.&lt;/ref&gt; mar ionadaí is dócha faoi phátrúnacht Thoirdhealbhach.&lt;ref&gt;Forte&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Oram&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Pedersen (2005), lch. 232.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (1993b), lch. 15.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sa bhliain 1075, chuir Toirdhealbhach an ruaig ar Ghofraidh as a choróin agus as Éirinn féin,&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (2009), ll. 295–296&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Flan inagan (2008), lch. 900&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (2006), lch. 58&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hudson, B (2005), lch. 167&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hudson, B (1994), ll. 152, 152 n. 41&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (1992), lch. 102&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ó Corráin, lch. 34.&lt;/ref&gt;  agus tháinig Domhnall i gcomharbacht air.&lt;ref name=&quot;H6-116;H4;H2-167;H3-152&quot;&gt;Hudson, B (2006), lch. 116&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hudson, B (2005b)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hudson, BT (2005), lch. 167&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hudson, B (1994), lch. 152.&lt;/ref&gt;  Tharla seo b'fhéidir toisc go raibh Gofraid ag cuidiú leis an bhfrithbheartaíocht Angla-Dhanmhargach in éadan na [[Normannaigh|Normannach]], dream a raibh deachaidreamh ag Toirdhealbhach leo.&lt;ref&gt;Hudson, B (2005), lch. 167&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hudson, B (1994), ll. 152–153.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mac Shamhráin (1996), lch. 98&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (1992), lch. 103&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ó Corráin (1971), lch. 21.&lt;/ref&gt;  Is dóigh i ndáiríre go raibh easaontas Uí Chinnsealaigh á chur chun a tairbhe dóibh féin ag Uí Bhriain, agus Domhnall agus a chol ceathrar á chur chun cinn acu.&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (1992), ll. 102–103.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Domnall mac Murchada and Donnchad mac Domnaill Remair (Trinity College Dublin MS 1339, page 39).jpg|mion|Sliocht as an [[Leabhar Laighneach]] ([[Coláiste na hOllscoile 1339]], lch. 39) maidir le Domhnall agus Donnchadh, agus comharbacht na Laigean.&lt;ref&gt;LL 5491–5495.&lt;/ref&gt;  In ainneoin seo, is amhrasach é údarás Dhomhnaill sa cheantar.]]

Tá tuairim eile ann gur thit Gofraidh toisc go ndearna sé comhaontas leis na Laigin in éadan Uí Bhriain.  Más fíor, b'fhéidir gur éirigh le fir Uí Chinnsealaigh Áth Cliath a ghabháil in ainneoin titim Ghofraí.&lt;ref name=&quot;H6-116;H4;H2-167;H3-152&quot;/&gt;

Pé scéal é, ba ghearr í ré Uí Chinnsealaigh i nÁth Cliath.  Insítear i nAnnála Inis Faithlinn, na gCeithre Máistrí agus Uladh uile gur éag Domhnall laistigh den bhliain tar éis tinnis trí lá.&lt;ref&gt;ACM 1075.6&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;AU 1075.4&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;AI 1075.3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hudson, BT (2005), lch. 167&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (1992), lch. 103.&lt;/ref&gt;  Tugtar ach an teideal rí Átha Cliath dó i nAnnála Inis Faithlinn agus Uladh.&lt;ref&gt;AU 1075.4&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;AI 1075.3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ó Corráin (1971), lch. 21.&lt;/ref&gt;

I ndiaidh bhás Dhomhnaill, chur Toirdhealbhach a mhac féin, [[Muirchertach Ua Briain|Muircheartach]], i gcoróin i nÁth Cliath.&lt;ref&gt;Ní Mhaonaigh (2018), lch. 154&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hudson, B (2005b)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mac Shamhráin (1996), lch. 99&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (1992)]] p. 103.&lt;/ref&gt;  Lean Toirdhealbhach á dhéanamh le fasach tosaithe ag seanathair Dhomhnaill grandfather, inár cheapadh éilitheoir ar ard-ríogacht na hÉireann a rídhamhna féin i ríogacht Átha Cliath.&lt;ref&gt;Flanagan (2008), lch. 900.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (1993a), lch. 34&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (1992), lch. 103Ó Corráin, lch. 34.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Foinsí == 
* {{
lua idirlín |
url = https://celt.ucc.ie//published/G100004/index.html |
teideal = Annála Inis Fithlinn |
bliain = 2008 |
suíomhidirlín = [[Corpus of Electronic Texts]] |
edition = 23 October 2008 |
foilsitheoir = [[University College Cork]] |
dátarochtana = 29ú Bealtaine 2015 |
ref = A3
}}
* {{
lua idirlín |
url = https://celt.ucc.ie//published/G100005B/index.html |
teideal = Annála na gCeithre Máistrí |
bliain = 2013a |
suíomh = Corpus of Electronic Texts |
edition = 3 December 2013 |
foilsitheoir = University College Cork |
dátarochtana = 29ú Bealtaine 2015 |
ref = A1
}}
* {{
lua idirlín |
url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G800011A/ |
teideal = Leabhar Laighneach ''(Lebar na Núachongbála)'' |
bliain = 2012 |
suíomh = Corpus of Electronic Texts |
edition = 14ú Feabhra 2012 |
foilsitheoir = University College Cork |
dátarochtana = 30ú Bealtaine 2015 |
ref = B2
}}
* {{
lua idirlín |
url = http://image.ox.ac.uk/show?collection=bodleian&amp;manuscript=msrawlb489 |
teideal = Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 |
suíomh-idirlín = Early Manuscripts at Oxford University |
foilsitheoir = [[Oxford Digital Library]] |
dátarochtana = 30ú Bealtaine 2015 |
ref = B1
}}
* {{
lua idirlín |
url = https://celt.ucc.ie//published/G100001A/index.html |
teideal = Annála Uladh |
bliain = 2008 |
suíomh = Corpus of Electronic Texts |
edition = 29 August 2008 |
foilsitheoir = University College Cork |
dátarochtana = 29ú Bealtaine 2015 |
ref = T1
}}
* {{
lua idirlín |
url = http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100039/index.html |
teideal = Scéla Cano meic Gartnáin |
bliain = 2010 |
suíomh = Corpus of Electronic Texts |
edition = 1 April 2010 |
foilsitheoir = University College Cork |
dátarochtana = 29ú Meán Fómhair 2015 |
ref = S2
}}
* {{
lua idirlín |
url = https://www.isos.dias.ie/libraries/TCD/TCD_MS_1339/english/catalogue.html |
teideal = Trinity College Baile Átha Cliath MS 1339 |
suíomh = Irish Script on Screen |
foilsitheoir = [[Institiúid Ard-Léinn Bhaile Átha Cliath]] |
dátarochtana = 30ú Bealtaine 2015 |
ref = T3
}}
* {{
lua idirlín |
url = http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/20468 |
teideal = Ua Briain, Toirdelbach [Turlough O'Brien] (1009–1086) |
sloinne = Bracken |
ainm = D |
bliain = 2004 |
suíomh = [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |
foilsitheoir = [[Oxford University Press]] |
doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/20468 |
dátarochtana = 25ú Samhain 2014 |
url-access = subscription |
ref = B4
}}
* {{
lua idirlín |
url = http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/50102 |
teideal = Diarmait mac Máel na mBó (d. 1072) |
sloinne = Hudson |
ainm = B |
bliain = 2004 |
suíomh = Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |
foilsitheoir = Oxford University Press |
doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/50102 |
dátarochtana = 16ú Feabhra 2016 |
url-access = subscription |
ref = H1
}}
* {{
lua idirlín |
sloinne = Ó Corráin |
ainm = D |
author-link = Donnchadh Ó Corráin |
teideal = The Vikings &amp; Ireland |
url = https://www.ucc.ie/celt/General%20Vikings%20in%20Ireland.pdf |
suíomh = Corpus of Electronic Texts |
foilsitheoir = University College Cork |
dátarochtana = 24ú Meán Fómhair 2015 |
ref = O2
}}
* {{cite journal |last=Byrne |first=FJ |author-link=Francis John Byrne |year=1971 |title=Tribes and Tribalsim in Early Ireland |journal=[[Ériu (iriseán)|Ériu]] |volume=22 |pages=128–166 |issn=0332-0758 |eissn=2009-0056 |jstor=30007606 |ref=B5 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Duffy |first=S |date=1992 |title=Irishmen and Islesmen in the Kingdoms of Baile Átha Cliath and Man, 1052–1171 |journal=Ériu |volume=43 |pages=93–133 |issn=0332-0758 |eissn=2009-0056 |jstor=30007421 |ref=D1 }}
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* {{cite journal |last=Flanagan |first=MT |year=1981 |title=Mac Dalbaig, a Leinster Chieftain |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland]] |volume=111 |pages=5–13 |issn=0035-9106 |jstor=25508795 |ref=F2 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Hudson |first=B |author-link=Benjamin Hudson |year=1994 |title=William the Conqueror and Ireland |url=https://archive.org/details/irish-historical-studies_1994-11_29_114/page/145 |journal=Irish Historical Studies |volume=29 |issue=114 |pages=145–158 |issn=0021-1214 |eissn=2056-4139 |doi=10.1017/S0021121400011548 |jstor=30006739 |ref=H3 }}
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* {{cite journal |last=Mac Cana |first=P |year=2004 |title=Praise Poetry in Ireland Before the Normans |journal=Ériu |volume=54 |pages=11–40 |issn=0332-0758 |eissn=2009-0056 |jstor=30007361 |ref=M3 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Ó Corráin |first=D |year=1971 |title=Irish Regnal Succession: A Reappraisal |journal=[[Studia Hibernica]] |volume=11 |pages=7–39 |issn=0081-6477 |jstor=20495982 |ref=O1 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Scowcroft |first=RM |year=1995 |title=Abstract Narrative in Ireland |journal=Ériu |volume=46 |pages=121–158 |issn=0332-0758 |eissn=2009-0056 |jstor=30007878 |ref=S1 }}
* {{cite book |year=1919 |editor-last=Meyer |editor-first=K |editor-link=Kuno Meyer |title=Bruchstücke der Älteren Lyrik Irlands |url=http://sulis.ucc.ie/cdi/wp-content/uploads/textarchive/Bruckstucke_der_alteren_Lyrik_Irlands_KMeyer0001.pdf |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |location=Berlin |ref=M2 |archive-date=2020-11-14 |access-date=2020-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114035457/https://sulis.ucc.ie/cdi/wp-content/uploads/textarchive/Bruckstucke_der_alteren_Lyrik_Irlands_KMeyer0001.pdf |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114035457/https://sulis.ucc.ie/cdi/wp-content/uploads/textarchive/Bruckstucke_der_alteren_Lyrik_Irlands_KMeyer0001.pdf |date=2020-11-14 }}
* {{cite book |last=Byrne |first=FJ |author-link=Francis John Byrne |year=2001 |origyear=1973 |title=Irish Kings and High-Kings |url=https://archive.org/details/irishkingshighki00byrn_0 |url-access=registration |series=Four Courts History Classics |publisher=[[Four Courts Press]] |location=Baile Átha Cliath |isbn=1-85182-552-5 |ol=3544482M |ref=B3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Charles-Edwards |first=TM |author-link=Thomas Charles-Edwards |year=2004 |orig-year=2000 |title=Early Christian Ireland |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-511-03722-8 |ref=C1 }}
* {{cite book |last=Downham |first=C |year=2018 |title=Medieval Ireland |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-1-107-03131-9 |doi=10.1017/9781139381598 |lccn=2017034607 |ref=D7 }}
* {{cite book |last=Duffy |first=S |year=2002 |chapter=Emerging From the Mist: Ireland and Man in the Eleventh Century |chapter-url=http://www.ssns.org.uk/resources/Documents/Books/Man_2002/04_Duffy_Man_2002_pp_53-61.pdf |editor1-last=Davey |editor1-first=P |editor2-last=Finlayson |editor2-first=D |editor3-last=Thomlinson |editor3-first=P |title=Mannin Revisited: Twelve Essays on Manx Culture and Environment |publisher=The Scottish Society for Northern Studies |location=Edinburgh |pages=53–61 |isbn=0 9535226 2 8 |ref=D5 |archive-date=2015-09-25 |access-date=2020-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925102801/http://www.ssns.org.uk/resources/Documents/Books/Man_2002/04_Duffy_Man_2002_pp_53-61.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |last=Duffy |first=S |year=2006 |chapter=The Royal Dynasties of Dublin and the Isles in the Eleventh Century |editor-last=Duffy |editor-first=S |title=Medieval Baile Átha Cliath |volume=7 |publisher=Four Courts Press |location=Baile Átha Cliath |pages=51–65 |isbn=1-85182-974-1 |ref=D4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Duffy |first=S |year=2009 |chapter=Ireland, c.1000–c.1100 |editor-last=Stafford |editor-first=P |editor-link=Pauline Stafford |title=A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland, c.500–c.1100 |url=https://archive.org/details/companiontoearly0000unse_z3c5 |series=Blackwell Companions to British History |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |location=Chichester |pages=[https://archive.org/details/companiontoearly0000unse_z3c5/page/284 285]–302 |isbn=978-1-405-10628-3 |ref=D3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Flanagan |first=MT |year=2008 |origyear=2005 |chapter=High-Kings With Opposition, 1072–1166 |editor-last=Ó Cróinín |editor-first=D |editor-link=Dáibhí Ó Cróinín |title=Prehistoric and Early Ireland |series=New History of Ireland |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |pages=899–933 |isbn=978-0-19-821737-4 |ref=F3 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Forte |first1=A |last2=Oram |first2=RD |author2-link=Richard Oram |last3=Pedersen |first3=F |year=2005 |title=Viking Empires |url=https://archive.org/details/vikingempires0000fort |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-82992-2 |ref=F1 }}
* {{cite book |last=Hudson |first=B |year=2005a |chapter=Diarmait mac Máele-na-mBó (Reigned 1036–1072) |editor-last=Duffy |editor-first=S |title=Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/details/medievalirelande00duff |url-access=limited |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Nua Eabhrac |pages=[https://archive.org/details/medievalirelande00duff/page/n159 127]–128 |isbn=0-415-94052-4 |ref=H5 }}
* {{cite book |last=Hudson |first=B |year=2005b |chapter=Ua Briain, Tairrdelbach, (c. 1009–July 14, 1086 at Kincora) |editor-last=Duffy |editor-first=S |title=Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/details/medievalirelande00duff |url-access=limited |publisher=Routledge |location=Nua Eabhrac |pages=[https://archive.org/details/medievalirelande00duff/page/n494 462]–463 |isbn=0-415-94052-4 |ref=H4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Hudson |first=B |year=2006 |title=Irish Sea Studies, 900–1200 |publisher=Four Courts Press |location=Baile Átha Cliath |isbn=9781851829835 |ref=H6 }}
* {{cite book |last=Hudson |first=BT |year=2005 |title=Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in the North Atlantic |url=https://archive.org/details/vikingpirateschr0000huds |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-516237-0 |ref=H2 }}
* {{cite book |last=Lydon |first=J |author-link=James Lydon (historian) |year=2005 |origyear=1998 |title=The Making of Ireland: From Ancient Times to Present |publisher=Routledge |location=Nua Eabhrac |isbn=0-415-01347-X |ref=L1 }}
* {{cite book |last=Zumbuhl |first=M |year=2005 |chapter=Uí Chennselaig |editor-last=Duffy |editor-first=S |title=Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/details/medievalirelande00duff |url-access=limited |publisher=Routledge |location=Nua Eabhrac |pages=[https://archive.org/details/medievalirelande00duff/page/n518 486]–487 |isbn=0-415-94052-4 |ref=Z1 }}
* {{cite book |last=Mac Shamhráin |first=AS |authorlink=Ailbhe Mac Shamhráin |year=1996 |title=Church and Polity in Pre-Norman Ireland: The Case of Glendalough |series=Maynooth Monographs |publisher=An Sagart |location=Maigh Nuad|isbn=1 870684 68 0 |issn=0790-8806 |ref=M5 }}
* {{cite book |year=2005 |editor1-last=Moody |editor1-first=TW |editor1-link=Theodore William Moody |editor2-last=Martin |editor2-first=FX |editor2-link=F. X. Martin |editor3-last=Byrne |editor3-first=FJ |title=Maps, Genealogies, Lists: A Companion to Irish History |series=New History of Ireland |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=9780198217459 |ref=M4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Ní Mhaonaigh |first=M |year=2018 |chapter=Perception and Reality: Ireland c.980–1229 |chapter-url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/260284 |pages=131–156 |doi=10.1017/9781316275399.009 |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=B |title=The Cambridge History of Ireland |volume=1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-1-107-11067-0 |ref=N1 }}
* {{citation |last=Duffy |first=S |year=1993a |title=Ireland and the Irish Sea Region, 1014–1318 |hdl=2262/77137 |hdl-access=free |publisher=[[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath]] |ref=D6 }}

==Tagairtí==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Domnall mac Murchada meic Diarmata}}
[[Catagóir:Bliain bhreithe anaithnid]]
[[Catagóir:11ú haois in Éirinn]]
[[Catagóir:Caitlicigh Éireannacha]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine na Meánaoise]]
[[Catagóir:Fir]]
[[Catagóir:Polaiteoirí as Baile Átha Cliath]]
[[Catagóir:Ríthe na Laighean]]
[[Catagóir:Ríthe Uí Chinnsealaigh]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Domhnall mac Aodha (rí Ailigh)</title>
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      <text bytes="10749" sha1="svt7mwdvgr58j8z8cwj9ml4nb2gq2ie" xml:space="preserve">:''Gan a bheith measctha le ''[[Domnall mac Áedo]]'', [[Ardrí na hÉireann|Ardrí Éireann]] den 7ú haois
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}
[[Ríthe Ailigh|Rí Ailigh]] de [[Cineál Eoghain|Chineál Eoghain]], clann [[Uí Néill an Tuaiscirt]], ba ea '''Domhnall mac Aodha''' ({{lang-sga|'Domnall mac Áeda'}}) (bás 915), aitheanta fosta mar ''Domnall Dabaill''.&lt;ref&gt;Thornton (2002), lch. 90&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hudson (1998), lch. 157 n. 40.&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Áed Findliath|Aodh Fionnliath]] mac Néill, [[Ardrí na hÉireann|Ardrí Éireann]], ba ea a athair,&lt;ref&gt;Hudson (2004a); Hudson (2004b); Hudson (1998), lch. 157 n. 40.&lt;/ref&gt; agus [[Niall Glúndub|Niall Glúndub]], Ardrí fosta, a leas dheartháir,&lt;ref&gt;Hudson (2004b); Hudson (2002), lch. 37; Hudson (1994), lch. 71.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Thornton (2002), lch. 90&lt;/ref&gt; lenar roinn sé ríogacht Ailigh leis.&lt;ref&gt;Hudson (2004b).&lt;/ref&gt;

Insítear i [[Annála Uladh]] go raibh an bheirt deartháireacha ar tí dul i ngleic ar a chéile sula ndearnadh síocháin eatarthu.&lt;ref&gt;[[Annála Uladh]], AU 905.4&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Woolf (2009), lch. 95&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hudson (2004b); Hudson (1996), lch. 148.&lt;/ref&gt;  Sa bhliain 908, rinne na fir feachtas in éadan [Ríocht na Mí]] agus [[Clann Cholmáin|Chlann iomaíochta Cholmáin]], [[Uí Néill an Deiscirt]].&lt;ref&gt;Hudson (2004b); Hudson (1996)]], ll. 148–149.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fuair Flann, mac Domhnaill, bás sa bhliain 906.&lt;ref&gt;Byrne (2008), lch. 859.&lt;/ref&gt;  Chuaigh Domhnall ar scor go saol mainistreach sa bhliain 911,&lt;ref&gt;Byrne (2008), lch. 859&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hudson (1998), lch. 157 n. 40.&lt;/ref&gt; agus bhí Niall Glúndubh ina rí aonair Ailigh as sin amach.&lt;ref&gt;Hudson (1996), lch. 148.&lt;/ref&gt;  Fuair Domhnall féin bás ar an 21ú Márta 915.&lt;ref&gt;Byrne (2008), lch. 859&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hudson (2004a); Hudson (1998), lch. 157 n. 40; Hudson (1996), lch. 148; Hudson (1994), lch. 71.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ''Chronicle of the Kings of Alba'' ==
Tuairiscítear básanna Domhnaill agus a dheartháireacha in ''[[Chronicle of the Kings of Alba]]''.&lt;ref&gt;Downham (2007), ll. 163–164&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Woolf (2007), ll. 126–128, 157&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Broun (2004a); Broun (2004b), ll. 132–133; Broun (1997), ll. 118–119 n. 35&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hudson (2002), lch. 37; Hudson (1998), ll. 140, 150, 150 n. 23, 157, 157 n. 40; Hudson (1994), lch. 71&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dumville (2000), lch. 77&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Anderson (1922), ll. 445–446&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Skene (1867), lch. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- ''Ní thuigim seo... Elig == Ailigh?.. The notice of Domnall's death in this source has caused confusion in regards to the historiography of the [[Kingdom of Strathclyde]]. Specifically, Domnall's obituary is placed immediately after that of [[Dyfnwal, King of Strathclyde]]. The fact that the chronicle renders Domnall's kingdom as ''elig'', a term which can be mistakenly interpreted as an abbreviation of ''eligitur'' (&quot;he was selected&quot;), has led to the erroneous belief that the ruling [[Alpínid dynasty]] of [[Kingdom of Alba|Alba]] had inserted a member of its own—an otherwise unknown brother of [[Custantín mac Áeda, King of Alba]] named Domnall&lt;ref&gt;[[#C1|Clarkson (2014)]] ch. 4 ¶ 13; [[#C2|Clancy (2011)]] p. 373; [[#D2|Downham (2007)]] pp. 163–164; [[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] p. 157.&lt;/ref&gt;—to succeed the deceased Dyfnwal.&lt;ref&gt;[[#M1|McGuigan (2015)]] p. 137; [[#C1|Clarkson (2014)]] ch. 4 ¶ 13; [[#D2|Downham (2007)]] pp. 163–164; [[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] p. 157; [[#B3|Broun (2004a)]]; [[#B4|Broun (2004b)]] pp. 132–133; [[#H2|Hudson (1998)]] pp. 140, 150, 150 n. 23, 157, 157 n. 40.&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;

== Foinsí ==
* {{cite book |year=1922 |editor1-last=Anderson |editor1-first=AO |editor1-link=Alan Orr Anderson |title=Early Sources of Scottish History, A.D. 500 to 1286 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028144313 |volume=1 |publisher=Oliver and Boyd |location=Londain |ol=14712679M |ref=A1 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Hudson |first=BT |author-link=Benjamin Hudson |year=1998 |title='The Scottish Chronicle' |journal=[[Scottish Historical Review]] |volume=77 |issue=2 |doi=10.3366/shr.1998.77.2.129 |issn=0036-9241 |eissn=1750-0222 |pages=129–161 |jstor=25530832 |ref=H2 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Skene |editor-first=WF |editor-link=William Forbes Skene |year=1867 |title=Chronicles of the Picts, Chronicles of the Scots, and Other Early Memorials of Scottish History |url=https://archive.org/details/chroniclesofpict00sken |publisher=H.M. General Register House |location=Dún Éadain |ol=23286818M |ref=S1 }}
* {{lua idirlín |url=https://celt.ucc.ie//published/G100001A |teideal=Annála Uladh |bhliain=2017 |website=Corpus of Electronic Texts |edition=6 Eanáir 2017 |foilsitheoir=University College Cork |dátarochtana=18 Meán Fómhair 2019 |ref=T2 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Broun |first=D |author-link=Dauvit Broun |year=1997 |title=Dunkeld and the Origin of Scottish Identity |journal=[[The Innes Review]] |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=112–124 |doi=10.3366/inr.1997.48.2.112 |issn=0020-157X |eissn=1745-5219 |ref=B2 }}
* {{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/6115 |teideal=Constantine II (d. 952) |sloinne=Broun |ainm=D |bliain=2004a |website=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |foilsitheoir=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/6115 |dátarochtana=13ú Meitheamh 2016 |url-access=subscription |ref=B3 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Broun |first=D |year=2004b |title=The Welsh Identity of the Kingdom of Strathclyde c.900–c.1200 |journal=The Innes Review |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=111–180 |doi=10.3366/inr.2004.55.2.111 |issn=0020-157X |eissn=1745-5219 |ref=B4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Byrne |first=FJ |author-link=Francis John Byrne |year=2008 |origyear=2005 |chapter=Ireland Before the Battle of Clontarf |editor-last=Ó Cróinín |editor-first=D |editor-link=Dáibhí Ó Cróinín |title=Prehistoric and Early Ireland |series=New History of Ireland |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |pages=852–861 |isbn=978-0-19-821737-4 |ref=B1 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Clancy |first=TO |author-link=Thomas Owen Clancy |year=2011 |title=Gaelic in Medieval Scotland: Advent and Expansion: Sir John Rhys Memorial Lecture |journal=[[Proceedings of the British Academy]] |volume=167 |doi=10.5871/bacad/9780197264775.003.0011 |via=British Academy Scholarship Online |ref=C2 }}
* {{cite book |last=Clarkson |first=T |year=2014 |title=Strathclyde and the Anglo-Saxons in the Viking Age |publisher=[[John Donald (publisher)|John Donald]] |location=Dún Éadain |isbn=978-1-907909-25-2 |type=EPUB |ref=C1 }}
* {{cite book |last=Downham |first=C |year=2007 |title=Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014 |publisher=[[Dunedin Academic Press]] |location=Dún Éadain |isbn=978-1-903765-89-0 |ref=D2 }}
* {{cite book |last=Dumville |first=D |author-link=David Dumville |year=2000 |chapter=The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba |editor-last=Taylor |editor-first=S |title=Kings, Clerics and Chronicles in Scotland, 500–1297: Essays in Honour of Marjorie Ogilvie Anderson on the Occasion of Her Ninetieth Birthday |publisher=[[Four Courts Press]] |location=Baile Átha Cliath |isbn=1-85182-516-9 |pages=73–86 |ref=D1 }}
* {{cite book |last=Hudson |first=BT |year=1994 |title=Kings of Celtic Scotland |url=https://www.questia.com/library/2030888/kings-of-celtic-scotland |url-access=subscription |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |location=Westport, CT |isbn=0-313-29087-3 |issn=0885-9159 |via=[[Questia]] |ref=H1 |archive-date=2019-06-23 |access-date=2021-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623011235/https://www.questia.com/library/2030888/kings-of-celtic-scotland |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623011235/https://www.questia.com/library/2030888/kings-of-celtic-scotland |date=2019-06-23 }}
* {{cite book |last=Hudson |first=BT |year=1996 |title=Prophecy of Berchán: Irish and Scottish High-Kings of the Early Middle Ages |url=https://archive.org/details/prophecyofbercha0000huds |series=Contributions to the Study of World History |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |location=Westport, CT |issn=0885-9159 |isbn=0-313-29567-0 |ref=H5 }}
* {{cite book |last=Hudson |first=BT |year=2002 |chapter=The Scottish Gaze |editor-last=McDonald |editor-first=RA |title=History, Literature, and Music in Scotland, 700–1560 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyliteratur0000unse/page/29 |url-access=registration |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |location=Toronto |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyliteratur0000unse/page/29 29–59] |isbn=0-8020-3601-5 |ol=3623178M |ref=H3 }}
* {{lua idirlín |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/50072 |teideal=Áed mac Néill (d. 879) |sloinne=Hudson |ainm=B. T. |bliain=2004a |website=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/50072 |dátarochtana=15ú Lúnasa 2016 |url-access=subscription |ref=H6}}
* {{lua idirlín |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/20077 |teideal=Niall mac Áeda [Niall Glúndub] (c.869–919) |sloinne=Hudson |ainm=B. T. |bliain=2004b |website=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |foilsitheoir=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/20077 |dátarochtana=15ú ba Lúnasa 2016 |url-access=subscription |ref=H4 }}
* {{cite book |last=McGuigan |first=N |year=2015 |title=Neither Scotland nor England: Middle Britain, c.850–1150 |degree=PhD |hdl=10023/7829 |hdl-access=free |publisher=[[University of St Andrews]] |ref=M1 }}
*is{{cite journal |last=Thornton |first=DE |year=2002 |title=Identifying Celts in the Past: A Methodology |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_historical-methods_spring-2002_35_2/page/n35 |journal=Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History |volume=35 |number=2 |issn=0161-5440 |eissn=1940-1906 |pages=84–91 |doi=10.1080/01615440209604132 |hdl=11693/48552 |hdl-access=free |ref=T3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Woolf |first=A |author-link=Alex Woolf |year=2007 |title=From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070 |series=The New Edinburgh History of Scotland |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-0-7486-1233-8 |ref=W1 }}
* {{cite book |last=Woolf|first=A |year=2009 |origyear=2001 |chapter=View From the West: An Irish Perspective on West Saxon Dynastic Practice |editor1-last=Higham |editor1-first=NJ |editor2-last=Hill |editor2-first=DH |title=Edward the Elder, 899–924 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Milton Park, Abingdon |isbn=0-415-21496-3 |pages=89–101 |ref=W2 }}

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
* [http://celt.ucc.ie/index.html CELT]: [[Corpus of Electronic Texts]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Domhnall mac Aodha (rí Ailigh)}}
[[Catagóir:Bliain bhreithe anaithnid]]
[[Catagóir:10ú haois in Éirinn]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine na Meánaoise]]
[[Catagóir:Fir]]
[[Catagóir:Ríthe Ailigh]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Imoibriú aigéad–bunanna</title>
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      <text bytes="14800" sha1="ofozcc2skeuauzxm2i9qlkbgi4pgigz" xml:space="preserve">Is [[imoibriú ceimiceach]] é '''imoibriú aigéad–bunanna''' a tharlaíonn idir [[aigéad]] agus [[Bun (ceimic)|bun]]. Is féidir é a úsáid chun [[PH|pH a]] chinneadh. Soláthraíonn roinnt creataí teoiriciúla coincheapa malartacha ar na meicníochtaí imoibrithe agus a gcur i bhfeidhm chun fadhbanna a bhaineann leo a réiteach; tugtar na teoiricí aigéad le bunanna orthu seo, mar shampla, teoiric aigéad–bunanna Brønsted-Lowry.

Tagann a dtábhacht chun solais in anailís a dhéanamh ar imoibrithe aigéad–bunanna do speicis ghásacha nó leachtacha,  nó nuair a d’fhéadfadh carachtar aigéid nó buin a bheith níos lú follasaí. Chuir an [[Ceimiceoir|ceimiceoir]] Francach  [[Antoine Lavoisier|Antoine Lavoisier]] an chéad cheann de na coincheapa seo ar fáil, timpeall na bliana 1776.&lt;ref&gt;Miessler &amp; Tarr 1991, p. 166 – table of discoveries attributes Justus von Liebig's publication as 1838.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tá sé tábhachtach smaoineamh ar shamhlacha an  imoibrithe aigéad–bunanna mar theoiricí a chomhlánaíonn a chéile.&lt;ref&gt; Paik, Seoung-Hey (2015). &quot;Understanding the Relationship Among Arrhenius, Brønsted–Lowry, and Lewis Theories&quot;. Journal of Chemical Education. 92 (9): 1484–1489. Bibcode:2015JChEd..92.1484P. doi:10.1021/ed500891w.&lt;/ref&gt;  Mar shampla, tá an sainmhíniú is leithne ag samhail reatha Lewis ar cad is aigéad agus bun ann, agus teoiric Brønsted-Lowry mar fhothacar de na haigéid agus na bunanna, agus teoiric Arrhenius an ceann is sriantaí.

==Sainmhínithe maidir le haigéid agus bunanna==

===Forbairt stairiúil===
Mhol Guillaume-François Rouelle an coincheap d’aigéid agus de bhunanna den chéad uair sa bhliain 1754, a thug isteach an téarma ''base'' ([[An Ghaeilge|Gaeilge]]:bun) sa cheimic, a chiallaíonn substaint a imoibríonn le haigéad chun foirm sholadach a thabhairt dó (mar shalann).&lt;ref&gt; Jensen, William B. (2006). &quot;The origin of the term &quot;base&quot;&quot;. The Journal of Chemical Education. 83 (8): 1130. Bibcode:2006JChEd..83.1130J. doi:10.1021/ed083p1130.}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Teoiric ocsaigine Lavoisier maidir le haigéid====

Chuir Lavoisier an chéad choincheap eolaíoch aigéad–bunanna ar fáil timpeall na bliana 1776. Ó tharla go raibh eolas Lavoisier ar aigéid láidre teoranta go príomha d’ocsaigéid, mar shampla HNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; (an t-aigéad nítreach) agus H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; (an t-aigéad sulfarach), a mbíonn adamh lárnach iontu i staideann ard-ocsaídithe timpeallaithe ag ocsaigin, agus ós rud é nach raibh sé ar an eolas faoi fhíor-chomhdhéanamh na n-aigéad hidreahaileach (HF, HCl, HBr, agus HI), shainigh sé aigéid i dtéarmaí a gcuid ocsaigine, a d’ainmnigh sé i ndáiríre ó fhocail Ghréagacha a chiallaíonn “ginteoir aigéid” (ón nGréigis οξυς (oxys) a chiallaíonn “aigéad” nó “géar” agus γεινομαι (geinomai) a chiallaíonn “gin”). Mhair sainmhíniú Lavoisier ar feadh breis agus 30 bliain, go dtí gur scaoileadh alt le Sir Humphry Davy amach sa bhliain 1810, agus ina dhiaidh sin a léachtaí inar chruthaigh sé go raibh easpa ocsaigine i H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S, H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Te, agus na haigéid hidreahaileacha. Mar sin féin, theip ar Davy teoiric nua a fhorbairt, ag teacht ar an gconclúid “nach bhfuil aigéadacht ag brath ar aon substaint bhunaidh ar leith, ach ar shocrú aisteach substaintí éagsúla”. (Béarla:  ''acidity does not depend upon any particular elementary substance, but upon peculiar arrangement of various substances.'') &lt;ref&gt;Hall, Norris F. (March 1940). &quot;Systems of Acids and Bases&quot;. Journal of Chemical Education. 17 (3): 124–128. Bibcode:1940JChEd..17..124H. doi:10.1021/ed017p124.&lt;/ref&gt;  Chuir Jöns Jacob Berzelius modhnú suntasach amháin ar theoiric ocsaigine ar fáil, a dúirt gur ocsaídí neamhmhéadail iad aigéid agus gur ocsaídí miotail iad bunanna.
====Teoiric hidrigine Liebig maidir le haigéid====
Sa bhliain 1838, mhol Justus von Liebig gur comhdhúil ina bhfuil hidrigin ann é aigéad, ar féidir miotail a chur ina ionad.&lt;ref&gt;Miessler, G.L.; Tarr, D.A. (1991). Inorganic Chemistry.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Meyers, R. (2003). The Basics of Chemistry. Greenwood Press. , Lth. 156&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Table of discoveries attributes Justus von Liebig's publication as 1838&lt;/ref&gt;  Bhí an t-athsainmhíniú seo bunaithe ar a chuid oibre fairsinge ar chomhdhéanamh ceimiceach na n-aigéad orgánach, ag críochnú an athraithe fhoirceadlaigh ó aigéid ocsaigin-bhunaithe go haigéid hidrigine-bhunaithe a thosaigh Davy. D'fhan sainmhíniú Liebig, cé go raibh sé go hiomlán eimpíreach, in úsáid ar feadh beagnach 50 bliain go dtí gur glacadh le sainmhíniú Arrhenius.&lt;ref&gt;Finston, H.L.; Rychtman, A.C. (1983). A New View of Current Acid-Base Theories. New York: John Wiley &amp; Sons. Lth. 140–146&lt;/ref&gt;
===Sainmhíniú Arrhenius ===
[[Íomhá:Arrhenius2.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Svante Arrhenius]]]]
Ba é [[Svante Arrhenius]] a cheap an chéad sainmhíniú nua-aimseartha ar aigéid agus bunanna i dtéarmaí móilíneacha.&lt;ref name=&quot;miessler_154&quot;&gt;Miessler G.L. and Tarr D.A. ''Inorganic Chemistry'' (2nd ed., Prentice-Hall 1999) p. 154 {{ISBN|0-13-841891-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Whitten K.W., Galley K.D. and Davis R.E. ''General Chemistry'' (4th ed., Saunders 1992) p. 356 {{ISBN|0-03-072373-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Teoiric hidrigine aigéid, a lean óna chuid oibre le Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald. sa bhliain 1884, a  dheimhnigh go raibh iain ann i dtuaslagán uiscí. agus mar thoradh air sin fuair Arrhenius Duais Nobel sa Cheimic sa bhliain 1903.

De réir shainmhíniú Arrhenius ar aigéid agus bunanna:

*'' is aigéad í comhdhúil ar bith a dhíthiomsaíonn in uisce  chun (iain) higrigine H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; agus ainian a chruthú HX = H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; + X&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;.

Cuireann seo prótónáitiú an uisce i bhfeidhm, nó cruthú na hiain hiodróiniam (H &lt;sub&gt;3 &lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;). Mar sin, sa lá atá inniu ann, léirítear an tsiombail H &lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; mar gHearrscríobh  do H&lt;sub&gt;3 &lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;), mar is eol anois nach bhfuil prótón lom ann mar speiceas saor i dtuaslagán uiscí.&lt;ref&gt;  LeMay, Eugene (2002). Chemistry. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. p. 602. ISBN 978-0-13-054383-7.&lt;/ref&gt; 

*''Is bun í aon chomhdhúil a dhíthiomsaíonn in uisce chun ian hiodrocsaíde OH&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; agus caitian a chruthú, MOH = M&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; + OH&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Sanimhíniú Arrhenius. Lth.177. Ceimic Bhunúsach 1, Rialtas na hÉireann 1875 &lt;/ref&gt; 

Tá sainmhínithe Arrhenius ar aigéadacht agus alcaileacht teoranta do dhobharthuaslagáin, agus tagraíonn siad do thiúchan na n-ian sa tuaslagóir. De réir an tsainmhínithe seo, níl H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; íon agus HCl tuaslagtha i dtolúéin aigéadach, agus níl NaOH leáite agus tuaslagáin d'aimíd chailciam in amóinia leachtach alcaileach. Mar thoradh air seo, forbraíodh teoiric Brønsted-Lowry agus teoiric Lewis ina dhiaidh sin chun cuntas a thabhairt ar na heisceachtaí neamhuiscí seo.&lt;ref&gt; &quot;Theories of acids and bases&quot;. www.chemguide.co.uk. Retrieved 18 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ar an iomlán, chun cáiliú mar aigéad Arrhenius, nuair a thuaslagadh é in uisce, caithfidh an ceimiceán a bheith ina chúis, go díreach nó ar bhealach eile:
*méadú ar an tiúchan hidriginiam uiscí, nó
*laghdú ar an tiúchan hiodrocsaíde uiscí.

Os a choinne sin, chun cáiliú mar bhonn Arrhenius, nuair a thuaslagadh é in uisce, caithfidh an ceimiceán a bheith ina chúis, go díreach nó ar bhealach eile:
* don laghdú ar an tiúchan hidriginiam uiscí, nó
* don mhéadú ar an tiúchan hiodrocsaíde uiscí.

Tugtar imoibriú neodrúcháin ar imoibriú an aigéid le bun. Is salann agus uisce iad táirgí an imoibrithe seo.

: aigéad + bonn → salann + uisce

San léiriú traidisiúnta seo. cruthaítear imoibriú neodrúcháin aigéid agus bun mar imoibriú athsholáthair dúbailte. Mar shampla, táirgeann an t-imoibriúchán idir an t-aigéad hidreaclórach, HCl, le hiodrocsaíd sóidiam, NaOH, tuaslagán de chlóiríd sóidiam, NaCl, agus roinnt móilíní uisce sa bhreis.
:HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O
Bhí an mionathraitheoir ceimiceach (aq) sa chothromóid seo intuigthe ag Arrhenius, seachas é a áireamh go follasach. Tugann sé le fios go dtuaslagtar na substaintí in uisce. Cé go bhfuil na trí shubstaint go léir, HCl, NaOH agus NaCl in ann a bheith ann mar chomhdhúile íona, i ndobharthuaslagáin tá siad díthiomsaithe go hiomlán sna hiain uiscithe H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;, Cl&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;, Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; agus OH&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;.
===Sainmhíniú Brønsted–Lowry===
[[File:Johannes Brønsted.jpg|thumb|Johannes Brønsted]] [[File:Thomas Martin Lowry2.jpg|thumb|Thomas Martin Lowry2]]
Sa bhliain 1923 chuir Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted sa Danmhairg  agus Martin Lowry i Sasana &lt;ref&gt;Teoiric Bhrønsted-Lowry. Lth.467. Ceimic Bhunúsach 1, Rialtas na hÉireann 1875&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last= Brönsted |first= J.N. |date= 1923 |title= Einige Bemerkungen über den Begriff der Säuren und Basen |trans-title=Some observations about the concept of acids and bases |journal= Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas |volume= 42 |issue= 8 |pages= 718–728|doi= 10.1002/recl.19230420815 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last= Lowry |first= T.M. |date= 1923 |url= https://archive.org/stream/ost-chemistry-chemistryindustr01soci/chemistryindustr01soci#page/n65/mode/2up |title= The uniqueness of hydrogen |journal= [[Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry]] |volume= 42 |issue= 3 |pages= 43–47|doi= 10.1002/jctb.5000420302 }}&lt;/ref&gt; teoiric i bhfáth, as a stuaim féin, faoi aigéid agus bunanna .i. is aigéad é an speiceas a bhfuil claonadh ann chun prótón (H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;) a chailliúint agus is bun é an speiceas a bhfuil claonadh ann chun prótón a ghlacadh.
Cuir i gcás, tá claonadh ag aigéad HA chun H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; a chailliúint ach tá claonadh freisin ag an ainian A&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; den aigéad chun prótón a ghlacadh mar is léir ón gcothromaíocht seo a leanas:
: '''HA''' (''aigéad'') ⇌  '''H'''&lt;sup&gt;'''+'''&lt;/sup&gt;+ '''A'''&lt;sup&gt;'''-'''&lt;/sup&gt;(''bun'')

Uime sin, is bun é '''A'''&lt;sup&gt;'''-'''&lt;/sup&gt;, de réir Bhrønsted–Lowry. In allagar na ceimice tugtar an bun comhchuingeach den aigéad '''HA''' ar '''A'''&lt;sup&gt;'''-'''&lt;/sup&gt;.
Cuirtear an sainmhíniú in iúl i dtéarmaí shlonn cothromaíochta;
: aigéad + bun ⇌ bun comhchuingeach + aigéad comhchuingeach.

Ní hé an prótón lom '''H'''&lt;sup&gt;'''+'''&lt;/sup&gt; a bhíonn in uisce ach an speiceas '''H'''&lt;sub&gt;'''2'''&lt;/sub&gt;'''OH'''&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; nó '''H'''&lt;sub&gt;'''3'''&lt;/sub&gt;'''O'''&lt;sup&gt;'''+'''&lt;/sup&gt;

===Sainmhíniú Lewis===
Bhain, sainmhíniú Lewis d'imoibriú aigéad–bunanna, ar siúl riachtanas na hidrigine de réir Arrhenius agus Brønsted-Lowry, a cheap Gilbert N. Lewis sa bhliain 1923, sa bhliain chéanna le Brønsted-Lowry, ach níor fhorbair sé é a thuilleadh go dtí 1938. In ionad imoibrithe aigéad–bunanna a shainiú i dtéarmaí prótón nó substaintí nasctha eile, sainmhíníonn sainmhíniú Lewis bun (dá ngairtear ''bun Lewis'') mar chomhdhúil atá in ann leictreondís a dheonú, agus aigéad (dá ngairtear ''aigéad Lewis'') mar chomhdhúil atá in ann an leictreondís seo a fháil. 

Mar shampla, is aigéad Lewis tipiciúil é trífhluairíd bóráin, BF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;. Féadann sé glacadh le leictreondís mar tá folúntas ina ochtréad. Tá ochtréad iomlán ag an ian fluairíde agus is féidir leis leictreondís a dheonú. Mar sin;

: BF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; + F&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; → BF&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup/&gt;&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
===Sainmhíniú chóras tuaslagóra ===
Ceann de theorainneacha shainmhíniú Arrhenius is ea a spleáchas ar thuaslagáin uisce-bhunaithe. Rinne Edward Curtis Franklin staidéar ar na himoibrithe aigéad-bunanna in amóinia leachtach sa bhliain 1905, agus chuir sé in iúl na cosúlachtaí le teoiric Arrhenius uisce-bhunaithe. D'oibrigh Albert F.O. Germann le foisgéin leachtach, COCl
&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, agus rinne sé amach teoiric a bhí tuaslagóirbhunaithe  sa bhliain 1925, agus ar an gcaoi sin sainmhíniú Arrhenius a ghinearálú chun tuaslagóirí neamhphrótónacha a chumhdach..&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Germann |first=Albert F.O. |date=6 October 1925 |title=A General Theory of Solvent Systems |journal=[[Journal of the American Chemical Society]] |volume=47 |issue=10 |pages=2461–2468 |doi=10.1021/ja01687a006}}&lt;/ref&gt;
===Sainmhíniú Lux–Flood ===
Athbheochan ar theoiric ocsaigine aigéid-bunanna ab ea an teoiric aigéid-bunanna seo, a mhol an ceimiceoir Gearmánach Hermann Lux &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Franz |first=H. |year=1966 |title=Solubility of Water Vapor in Alkali Borate Melts |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-ceramic-society-journal_1966-09_49_9/page/473 |journal=[[Journal of the American Ceramic Society]] |volume=49 |issue=9 |pages=473–477 |doi=10.1111/j.1151-2916.1966.tb13302.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lux&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Lux |first=Hermann |author-link=Hermann Lux |year=1939 |title=&quot;Säuren&quot; und &quot;Basen&quot; im Schmelzfluss: die Bestimmung. der Sauerstoffionen-Konzentration |journal=[[Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie|Z. Elektrochem.]] |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=303–309 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; sa bhliain 1939. Thart ar 1947, chuir Håkon Flood tuilleadh chun cinn, agus úsáidtear é go fóill sa [[Geoiceimic|gheoiceimic]] agus i [[leictriceimic]]  na salainn leáite. Cuireann an sainmhíniú seo síos ar ar aigéad mar ghlacóir ian ocsaíde (O&lt;sup&gt; 2−&lt;/sup&gt;) ar bhun mar dheontóir ian ocsaíde. Mar shampla:

: MgO (bun) + CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(aigéad) → MgCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
: CaO (bun) + SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(aigéad) → CaSiO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
: NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;(bun) + S&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;sup&gt;2-&lt;/sup&gt;(aigéad) → NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; +2 SO &lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2-&lt;/sup&gt;

Tá an teoiric seo úsáideach freisin maidir le córasú imoibriúcháin comhdhúile na d[[triathghás]], go háirithe na ocsaídí xeanón, fluairídí, agus ocsófhluairídí.&lt;ref&gt; Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1984). Chemistry of the Elements. Oxford: Pergamon Press. p. 1056. ISBN 978-0-08-022057-4.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

==Naisc sheachtracha==

̈*Aigéid agus Bunanna. [https://www.tairseachcogg.ie/Home/ResourceDetails?_HYtIf125x=aVsqdF5ikdtlTBwn%2fZaup1vupeJczgO4APCgYA9lX3HVVb91eiNznansojzdha7B&amp;XdfuUilwqFJdhFHgfJg_JhhghayWeRp=#]
*4.5 COTHROMAÍOCHTAÍ AIGÉAD-BUNANNA. [https://ccea.org.uk/downloads/docs/Support/Comhad%20F%C3%ADric%C3%AD%3A%20A2/2019/Comhad%20F%C3%ADric%C3%AD%3A%204.5%3A%20Cothroma%C3%ADochta%C3%AD%20Aig%C3%A9ad-bunanna.pdf] 
*Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases.[https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/acids-and-bases-topic/acids-and-bases/a/bronsted-lowry-acid-base-theory]

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Catagóir:Ceimic]]
[[Catagóir:Aigéid]]
[[Catagóir:Ceimic aigéad–bunanna]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Druid droimchorcra</title>
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Is [[Speiceas|speiceas]] d'[[Éan|éan]] [[Passeriformes|pasaireach]] é '''an druid droimchorcra'''   (''Agropsar sturninus'') san [[Fine (bitheolaíocht)|fhine]] Sturnidae, atá tipiciúil in oirthear an [[Pailé-artach|Phailé-artaigh]], ó oirthear na Mongóile agus oirdheisceart na Rúise go tuaisceart na Cóiré agus lár na Síne.
==Tacsanomaíocht agus córais==
Cuireadh an druid droimchorcra seo sa ghéineas ''Sturnus'' roimhe seo. Aistríodh é go dtí an géineas athbheoite ''Agropsar'' bunaithe ar thorthaí dhá staidéar fíliginiteach móilíneach a foilsíodh sa bhliain 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{ cite journal | last1=Zuccon  | first1=D. | last2=Pasquet | first2=E. | last3=Ericson | first3=P.G.P. | year=2008 | title=Phylogenetic relationships among Palearctic-Oriental starlings and mynas (genera ''Sturnus'' and ''Acridotheres'': Sturnidae) | journal=Zoologica Scripta | volume=37 | pages=469–481 | doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00339.x }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ cite journal | last1=Lovette | first1=I.J. | last2=McCleery | first2=B.V. | last3=Talaba | first3=A.L. | last4=Rubenstein | first4=D.R. | year=2008 | title=A complete species-level molecular phylogeny for the 'Eurasian'  starlings (Sturnidae:''Sturnus'', ''Acridotheres'',  and allies): Recent diversification in a highly social and dispersive avian  group | url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2008-04_47_1/page/251 | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=47 | issue=1 | pages=251–260 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.020 | pmid=18321732 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ioc&gt;{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2018 | title=Nuthatches, Wallcreeper, treecreepers, mockingbirds, starlings, oxpeckers | work=World Bird List Version 8.1 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/nuthatch/| publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | accessdate=11 May 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Naisc sheachtracha==
*'''Avibase''' - Bunachar Sonraí Éan Domhanda. https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/avibase.jsp?lang=GA

==Tagairtí==
{{Reflist}}

[[Catagóir: Agropsar | Druid droimchorcra]]
[[Catagóir: Éin na Síne]]
[[Catagóir: Éin na Cóiré]]
[[Catagóir: Éin na Manchúire]]
[[Catagóir: Éin a ndearnadh cur síos orthu sa bhliain 1776 |  Druid droimcorcra]]</text>
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    <title>Kevin Boyle (staraí)</title>
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      <text bytes="8938" sha1="8fm3s7u9adqsvqska308fndppysoupy" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}Is údar Meiriceánach é '''Kevin Boyle''' agus ina hOllamh  William Smith Mason le Stair Mheiriceá, in Ollscoil Northwestern. Bhuaigh a leabhar 2004, ''Arc of Justice : A Saga of Race, Civil Rights, and Murder in the Jazz Age'', an Gradam Leabhar Náisiúnta. &lt;ref name=&quot;nba2004&quot;&gt;
[https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-2004 &quot;National Book Awards – 2004&quot;]. [[National Book Foundation]]. Retrieved 2012-03-24.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Beathaisnéis ==

=== Luathbhlianta ===
Rugadh Boyle i n[[Detroit, Michigan]], agus fuair sé a chéim bhaitsiléara ó Ollscoil Detroit, (Ollscoil na Trócaire, Detroit mar atá ann anois) sa bhliain 1982. Sa bhliain 1990, fuair sé a [[Céim dochtúra|dhochtúireacht]] ó Ollscoil Michigan, áit a ndearna Sidney Fine, beathaisnéisí Frank Murphy meantóireacht air. 

=== Gairmréim ===
Bhí an chéad phost acadúil ag Boyle mar ollamh cúnta le stair in Ollscoil Toledo. Sa bhliain 1994, ceapadh an Baoilleach mar ollamh cúnta sa roinn staire in Ollscoil Massachusetts Amherst. Tar éis dó ardú céime a fháil mar comhollamh, d’fhóin sé mar stiúrthóir ar chlár iarchéime UMass Amherst sa stair sa bhliain 1999.

Ceapadh an Baoilleach mar scoláire Fulbright i 1997, agus chaith sé an scoilbhliain mar Ollamh Mary Ball Washington i [[An Coláiste Ollscoile, Baile Átha Cliath|gColáiste na hOllscoile, Baile Átha Cliath,]] áit ar mhúin sé stair ghluaiseacht chearta sibhialta Mheiriceá.

==== Taighde ====
Clúdaíonn taighde an Bhaoilligh stair Mheiriceá an 20ú haois. Déanann sé staidéar ar an méid a bhíonn i bpáirt ag aicme, cine agus polaitíocht.

Scríobh an Baoilleach ar pholaitíocht agus ar ghluaiseacht an lucht oibre sna Stáit Aontaithe. Is é an saothar is suntasaí ina leith seo ná a leabhar 1995, ''The UAW and the Heyday of American Liberalism, 1945-1968.''
:Kevin Boyle's exhaustively researched and lucidly written study of post-World War II labor liberalism is a major contribution to labor and political history. Highlighting the social democratic perspective of UAW president Walter Reuther, it challenges the prevailing view among labor historians that the ouster of pro-Soviet unions from the CIO in 1949 and 1950 sent organized labor into an irremediable tailspin. ... he insists that into the 1960s the Reuther-led Auto Workers remained a vigorous and principled advocate of structural change in the political economy. Indeed, Boyle sees the mid-1960s rather than the immediate postwar years as the period of social democracy's greatest promise and accomplishment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last=Zieger | first=Robert H. | title=Review of &quot;The UAW and the Heyday of American Liberalism, 1945-1968 | journal=Labor History |date=February 1999  }}&lt;/ref&gt;  The book also describes and analyzes the impact of the Vietnam War on the United Automobile Workers. Boyle concludes that the union was not nearly as hawkish as most observers have concluded, and that fierce fights were waged within the AFL-CIO over support for the war.
Tá níos mó scríofa ag an mBaoighealach ar cheisteanna ciníocha sna Stáit Aontaithe. Sa bhliain 2004, bhuaigh a ''Arc of Justice: A Saga of Race, Civil Rights, and Dúnmharú sa Jazz Age'' an [[Gradam Náisiúnta na Leabhar]] as neamhfhicsean.&lt;ref name=nba2004/&gt; Ina dhiaidh sin, bhuaigh an leabhar go leor onóracha eile, lena n-áirítear a bheith san iomaitheoir sa bhabhta ceannais do [[Duais Pulitzer]] agus [[Gradam Ciorcal na gCriticeoirí Leabhar Náisiúnta]]. Ainmníodh an saothar freisin mar leabhar suntasach ag an New York Times do 2004 agus leabhar suntasach de chuid State of Michigan don bhliain 2005.
Tá an Baoilleach ag obair faoi láthair ar leabhar nua, ''The Splendid Dead: An American Ordeal'', a dhíríonn ar scéal na n-ainrialaithe clúiteacha, Sacco agus Vanzetti. Tá rún ag Houghton Mifflin é a fhoilsiú . Chun réamhamharc a fháil ar an tionscadal seo féach ar [http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/mmh/uomo/ Un Povero Uomo: An Immigrant's Odyssey in America] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223162041/http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/mmh/uomo/ |date=2012-02-23 }} a dhéanann doiciméadú ar scéal inimirce Bhartolomeo Vanzetti.
==Ballraíochtaí agus Gradaim==
Bhuaigh leabhar an Bhaoilligh, ''Arc of Justice'', an ''National Book Award for Nonfiction'' &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-2004 &quot;National Book Awards – 2004&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;  agus bhí sé ina iomaitheoir deiridh do Dhuais Pulitzer agus do Ghradam an ''National Book Critics Circle''. 

Tá roinnt onóracha agus comhaltachtaí buaite ag an Bhaoilligh freisin. Bronnadh Comhaltacht  an ''National Endowment for the Humanities'' air faoi dhó, i 1996 agus 2001, chomh maith le scoláire Fulbright (1997), comhaltacht Fhondúireacht Guggenheim (2001) agus deontas ón  Fhondúireacht Rockefeller.

Tugadh cuireadh don Bhaoilleach a bheith ina ina léachtóir oirirc den Organization of American Historians sa bhliain 2006 agus 2007.

Tá Boyle ina shuí ar an mbord comhairleach don Leabharlann Walter Reuther in Ollscoil Stáit Wayne. Chomh maith leis sin, tá sé ina bhall den bhord eagarthóireachta do ''Labor History and Labor: Studies in Working-Class History.''

Tá Boyle ina bhall den ''Society of American Historians'' agus den ''PEN American Center''. freisin.

Thug Comhairle Cathrach Detroit onóir don Bhaoilleach le haghaidh '''''The Sweet Trials''''', dráma atá bunaithe ar ''Arc of Justice''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | author=Detroit City Council | teideal=Testimonial Resolution: Professor Kevin Boyle | url=http://sweettrials.udmercy.edu/news.htm | publisher=City of Detroit | date=1 February 2007 | access-date=2008-12-04 | dátarochtana=2022-10-30 | archivedate=2017-12-24 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224112515/http://sweettrials.udmercy.edu/news.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ó 2004, tá an Baoilleach ina bhall den chlub leabhar éilíte an ''Spinach Book Club''r.


==Foilseacháin==
* {{cite journal | doi=10.2307/2952568 | last=Boyle | first=Kevin | title=The Kiss: Racial and Gender Conflict in a 1950s Automobile Factory | journal=Journal of American History | volume= 84 | issue=2 | pages=496–523|date=September 1987 | jstor=2952568}}
* {{cite journal | last=Boyle | first=Kevin | title=The Ruins of Detroit: Exploring the Urban Crisis in the Motor City | journal=Michigan Historical Review | volume= 27  | issue=1 |date=Spring 2001 | pages=109–127 | doi=10.2307/20173897 | jstor=20173897 }}
* {{cite journal | last=Boyle | first=Kevin | title=The Price of Peace: Vietnam, the Pound, and the Crisis of the American Empire | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_diplomatic-history_2003-01_27_1/page/n46 | journal=Diplomatic History | volume=27 | issue=1 | pages= 37–72 |date=January 2003 | doi=10.1111/1467-7709.00339 | issn=0145-2096 }}&lt;!--| accessdate=2008-12-04--&gt;
==Leabharliosta==
* {{cite book | last=Boyle | first=Kevin | title=The UAW and the Heyday of American Liberalism, 1945-1968 | url=https://archive.org/details/uawheydayofameri0000boyl | edition=First | location=Ithaca | publisher=Cornell University Press | year=1995 | isbn=0-8014-3064-X}}
* {{cite book | last=Boyle | first=Kevin | author2=Getis, Victoria | title=Muddy Boots and Ragged Aprons: Images of Working-Class Detroit, 1900-1930 | location=Detroit | publisher=Wayne State University Press | year=1997 | isbn=0-8143-2482-7 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/muddybootsragged0000boyl }}
* {{cite book | last=Boyle | first=Kevin | title=Organized Labor and American Politics, 1894-1994: The Labor-Liberal Alliance | location=Albany | publisher=State University of New York Press | year=1998 | isbn=0-7914-3951-8}}
* {{cite book | last=Boyle | first=Kevin | title=Arc of Justice: A Saga of Race, Civil Rights, and Murder in the Jazz Age | url=https://archive.org/details/arcofjusticesaga00boyl | url-access=registration | location=New York | publisher=H. Holt | year=2004 | isbn=0-8050-7933-5}}
* {{cite book | last=Boyle | first=Kevin | title=The Shattering: America in the 1960s | url=https://archive.org/details/shatteringameric0000kevi | location=New York | publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company  | year=2021| isbn= 0-3933-5599-3}}

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Boyle, Kevin}}
[[Catagóir:Daoine beo]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1960]]
[[Catagóir: Staraithe Meiriceánacha an 21ú haois]]
[[Catagóir: Scríbhneoirí fireanna Meiriceánacha an 21ú haois]]
[[Catagóir:Stairi na Stát Aontaithe]]
[[Catagóir: Staraithe an lucht oibre]]
[[Catagóir:Dámh Ollscoil an Iarthuaiscirt]]
[[Catagóir:Dámh Ollscoil Stáit Ohio]]
[[Catagóir:Scríbhneoirí ó Detroit]]
[[Catagóir:Alumni Ollscoil na Trócaire Detroit]]
[[Catagóir:Alumni Ollscoil Michigan]]
[[Catagóir:Buaiteoirí Ghradam Náisiúnta na Leabhar]]
[[Catagóir:Dámh Ollscoil Massachusetts Amherst]]
[[Catagóir:Stairi ó Mhichigan]]</text>
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    <title>Shinya Yamanaka</title>
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      <text bytes="5190" sha1="dgk15h78pd5ppr1ots2ycjsikl1w5uv" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}

[[File:A_single_cardiomyocyte_beating,_five_days_after_purification_from_cell_culture.ogv|mion|Físeán de chardamhíocít amháin ag preabadh, tógtha ó alt a bhfuil teacht go hoscailte air comh-scríofa ag Yamanaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=Uosaki|first=H.|title=Efficient and Scalable Purification of Cardiomyocytes from Human Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by VCAM1 Surface Expression|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0023657|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=6|issue=8|pages=e23657|year=2011|pmid=21876760|pmc=3158088|bibcode=2011PLoSO..623657U}}&lt;/ref&gt; Is céim thábhachtach i dteiripe ghascheall í cealla a leithlisiú de réir cineáil eagair.]]

[[Íomhá:Shinya_Yamanaka_giving_a_lecture_at_NIH.jpg|mion| Shinya Yamanaka ag labhairt ag léacht an 14 Eanáir 2010]]

Is taighdeoir gascheall Seapánach é '''Shinya Yamanaka''' (山中伸弥, Yamanaka Shin'ya, a rugadh 4 Meán Fómhair, 1962), a bhuaigh Duais Nobel.&lt;ref name=&quot;stem1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Takahashi | first1 = K. | last2 = Yamanaka | first2 = S. | author-link2 = Shinya Yamanaka| title = Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Mouse Embryonic and Adult Fibroblast Cultures by Defined Factors | url = https://archive.org/details/cell_2006-08-25_126_4/page/663 | journal = Cell | volume = 126 | issue = 4 | pages = 663–76 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16904174 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.024| hdl = 2433/159777 | s2cid = 1565219 | hdl-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;stem2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Takahashi | first1 = K. | last2 = Tanabe | first2 = K. | last3 = Ohnuki | first3 = M. | last4 = Narita | first4 = M. | last5 = Ichisaka | first5 = T. | last6 = Tomoda | first6 = K. | last7 = Yamanaka | first7 = S. | author-link7 = Shinya Yamanaka| doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2007.11.019 | title = Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Adult Human Fibroblasts by Defined Factors | url = https://archive.org/details/cell_2007-11-30_131_5/page/861 | journal = Cell | volume = 131 | issue = 5 | pages = 861–872 | year = 2007 | pmid = 18035408 | hdl = 2433/49782 | s2cid = 8531539 | hdl-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;stem3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Okita | first1 = K. | last2 = Ichisaka | first2 = T. | last3 = Yamanaka | first3 = S. | author-link3 = Shinya Yamanaka| doi = 10.1038/nature05934 | title = Generation of germline-competent induced pluripotent stem cells | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2007-07-19_448_7151/page/n111 | journal = Nature | volume = 448 | issue = 7151 | pages = 313–317 | year = 2007 | pmid =  17554338| bibcode = 2007Natur.448..313O | s2cid = 459050 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Feidhmíonn sé mar stiúrthóir ar an Lárionad um Thaighde agus Feidhmiú GSi (gaschill spreagtha ilchumasach) agus ina ollamh san Institiúid um Eolaíochtaí Leighis ar thús cadhnaíochta in Ollscoil Kyoto;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |teideal=Dept. of Life Science Frontiers Shinya Yamanaka (Director Emeritus &amp; Professor) |url=https://www.cira.kyoto-u.ac.jp/e/research/yamanaka_summary.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917055422/https://www.cira.kyoto-u.ac.jp/e/research/yamanaka_summary.html |archive-date=September 17, 2023 |access-date=September 17, 2023 |website=Principal Investigators |publisher=Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University}}&lt;/ref&gt; mar imscrúdaitheoir sinsearach ag na hInstitiúidí Gladstone atá cleamhnaithe le UCSF i San Francisco, California; agus mar ollamh anatamaíochta in Ollscoil California, San Francisco (UCSF). Is iaruachtarán é Yamanaka freisin ar an gCumann Idirnáisiúnta um Thaighde Gascheall (ISSCR).

Fuair sé an 2010 BBVA ''Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award'' sa chatagóir bithleighis, Duais Wolf 2011 sa Leigheas le Rudolf Jaenisch,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en |date=2011 |title=Shinya Yamanaka - Winner of Wolf Prize in Medicine 2011 |url=https://wolffund.org.il/2018/12/11/shinya-yamanaka/ |access-date=January 18, 2023 |website=[[Wolf Foundation]] |archive-date=December 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201202535/https://wolffund.org.il/2018/12/11/shinya-yamanaka/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; agus ''Millennium Technology Prize 2012'' in éineacht le Linus Torvalds. Sa bhliain 2012, bronnadh Duais Nobel na Fiseolaíochta nó an Leighis air féin agus ar John Gurdon as an bhfionnachtain gur féidir cealla aibí a thiontú go gaschealla.cells]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en |date=October 8, 2012 |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2012/press-release/ |access-date=January 18, 2023 |website=[[Nobel Prize]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sa bhliain 2013, bronnadh an ''Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences,'' ar fiú $3 mhilliún, air as a chuid oibre.

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yamanaka, Shinya}}
[[Catagóir:Daoine beo]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1962]]
[[Catagóir:Bitheolaithe Seapánacha an 21ú haois]]
[[Catagóir:Buaiteoirí Seapánacha dhuais Nobel]]
[[Catagóir:Baill foirne acadúla Ollscoil Kyoto]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine as Higashiōsaka]]
[[Catagóir:Eolaithe ó Mhaoracht Ósaca]]
[[Catagóir:Bitheolaithe cille Seapánacha]]
[[Catagóir:Taighdeoirí gascheall]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Máel Sechlainn Ua Domnaill</title>
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:''Gan bheith measctha le [[Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill|Maol Seachlainn mac Domhnaill]]

[[Ríthe Thír Chonaill|Rí Thír Chonaill]] agus ball de chlann [[Uí Dhomhnaill]] ba ea ''' Maol Seachlainn Ó Domhnaill ''' ([[Meán-Ghaeilge]]: ''' Máel Sechlainn Ua Domnaill''') (bás 1247). Domhnall Mór Ó Domhnaill, rí Thír Chonaill (bás 1241),&lt;ref&gt;Simms (2001), lch. 14 tab. ii&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;McKenna (1946), lch. 371.&lt;/ref&gt; ba ea a athair, a phós Lasairfhíona iníon [[Cathal Crobhdhearg Ua Conchobhair]], [[Ríthe na gConnacht|rí Chonnacht]]. Bhí beirt deartháireacha ag Maol Seachlainn: [[Gofraidh Ó Domhnaill|Gofraidh]] (bás 1257) and [[Domhnall Óg Ó Domhnaill|Domhnall Óg]] (bás 1281).&lt;ref&gt;Simms (2001), lch. 14 tab. ii.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réimeas ==
Sa bhliain 1245, loit Máel Sechlainn tuaisceart na gConnacht. An bhliain dár gcionn, rinne [[Maurice FitzGerald, 2a Tiarna Uíbh Fhailí|Maurice FitzGerald]] ionradh ar [[Tír Chonaill|Thír Chonaill]], ag gabháil trying giall, á gcur i ngéibheann i g[[Caisleán Sligigh]].&lt;ref&gt;Ó hUiginn (2016), lch. 112.&lt;/ref&gt; An bhliain dár gcionn eile, rinne Maol Seachlainn frithionsaí ar FitzGerald, agus maraíodh na gialla mar dhíoltas.&lt;ref&gt;Ó hUiginn (2016), lch. 112&amp;ndash;113.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sa bhliain 1247, rinne FitzGerald ionsaí ar Thír Chonaill arís, ach stopadh é ag Béal Átha Seanaidh, ag  chomh-airm [[Cineál Chonaill|Chineál Chonaill]] agus [[Cineál Eoghain|Chineál Eoghain]].  Tháinig Cormac Ó Conchúir an t-áth thar [[An Éirne]] agus rubber ionadaí ar airm Uí Dhomhnaill ón gcúl,&lt;ref&gt;Ó hUiginn (2016), lch. 113.&lt;/ref&gt; agus maraíodh Maol Seachlainn sa chartún a tharla, [[Cath Bhéal Átha Seanaidh (1247)|cath Bhéal Átha Seanaidh]].&lt;ref&gt;Ó hUiginn (2016), lch. 113&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;McKenna (1946), lch. 371&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Orpen (1915), lch. 280.&lt;/ref&gt;

I ndiaidh bhás Mhaoil Seachlainn, chúige FitzGerald l Ruaidhrí Ó Cannanáin i gcoróin i dTír Chonaill.  Ruaigeadh agus maraíodh eisean áfach ag Gofraid.&lt;ref&gt;Ó hUiginn (2016), lch. 114.&lt;/ref&gt;

Feictear Maol Seachlainn mar ábhar dáin le [[Gilla Brighde Mac Con Midhe]] (bás c. 1272).&lt;ref&gt;Ó hUiginn (2016), lch. 113&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;McKenna (1946).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Foinsí ==
* {{cite journal |last=McKenna |first=L |authorlink=Lambert McKenna |year=1946 |title=Some Irish Bardic Poems: LXXIX |url=https://archive.org/details/studies_1946-09_35_139/page/371 |journal=Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review |volume=35 |issue=139 |pages=371&amp;ndash;378 |issn=0039-3495 |jstor=30100099 |via=[[JSTOR]] |ref=M1 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Orpen |first=GH |authorlink=Goddard Henry Orpen |year=1915 |title=The Normans in Tirowen and Tirconnell |journal=[[The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland]] |volume=5 |number=4 |pages=275&amp;ndash;288 |issn=0035-9106 |jstor=25514431 |via=[[JSTOR]] |ref=O2 }}
* {{cite book |last=Ó hUiginn |first=R |year=2016 |chapter=Annals, Histories, and Stories: Some Thirteenth-Century Entries in the Annals of the Four Masters |editor-last=Boyd |editor-first=M |title=Ollam: A Festschrift for Tomás Ó Cathasaigh |publisher=[[Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishing Group]] |publication-place=Lanham, MD |isbn=978-1-61147-834-1 |pages=101&amp;ndash;115 |via=[[Google Books]] |ref=O1 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Simms |first=K |year=2001 |title=The Clan Murtagh O'Conors |journal=[[Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society]] |volume=53 |pages=1&amp;ndash;22 |issn=0332-415X |jstor=25535718 |via=[[JSTOR]] |ref=S1 }}

== Tagairtí ==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ó Domhnaill, Maol Seachlainn}}
[[Catagóir:Uí Dhomhnaill]]</text>
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      <text bytes="10067" sha1="t321dz4f76mpbzg41263s17ecauh0vy" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}

[[Ríthe Thír Chonaill|Rí Thír Chonaill]] de chlann [[Uí Dhomhnaill]], chuid de [[Cineál Chonaill|Chineál Chonaill]],  ba ea '''Domhnall Óg Ó Domhnaill''' ([[Meán-Ghaeilge]]: ''Domnall Óg Ua Domnaill'') (c. 1242-1281).  Pearsa suntasach ba ea é san aighneas i gcoinne na n-[[Angla-Normannach]] san oirthuaisceart, agus gar-ghaoil aige le pearsana tábhachtacha eile san fheachtas, amhail is [[Áed na nGall|Aodh na nGall]], an chéad a mheastar a thug [[gallóglach|galloglacligh]] ó Albain i nÉirinn isteach.

Níor chóir é a mheascadh le shliochtaigh den ainm céanna, nia [[Ruairí Ó Domhnaill, 1d Iarla Thír Chonaill|Ruairí Uí Dhomhnaill]], oidhre deireanach Thiarnas Thír Chonaill.

==  Bunús agus luath-bheatha ==
Cruthaíodh Tír Chonaill, as cónaidhm treibheanna darbh ainm [[Cenél Conaill]], a mhaígh gurbh é [[Conall Gulban]] a sinsear. De réir sean-nóis, rinne coróin Tír Chonaill sealaíocht idir clanna comhraic [[Cenél Conaill#Cenél Aedha|Chineál Aodha]], Uí Mhaoldoraidh agus Ui Canannain ina measc, suite i mbarúntacht [[Tír Aodha]] i ndeisceart chríocha Cineál Chonaill.

Timpeall na bliana 1200, tháinig clann eile chun cinn, [[Cenél Conaill#Cenél Luighdech|Cenél Luighdech]], bunaithe i dtuaisceart Thír Chonaill thart ar [[Ráth Mealtain]].&lt;ref&gt;Ó hUiginn (2016), lch. 103&lt;/ref&gt;  Éighneachán Ó Domhnaill ba ea an chéad duine dá mhuintir a rinneadh rí Thír Chonaill de.

Domhnall Mór mac Éighneacháin Ó Domhnaill, rí Thír Chonaill, agus a bhean chéile, Lasairfhíona ní [[Cathal Crobhdhearg Ua Conchobhair|Chathail Crobhdheirg]], [[ríthe na gConnacht|rí Chonnacht]], ba ea tuistí Dhomhnaill Óig.&lt;ref&gt;Simms (2001), lch. 14, tab. ii&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;McKenna (1946), lch. 40.&lt;/ref&gt; Tháinig Domhnall Mór i gcomharbacht ar a athair sa bhliain 1207 nó 1208 agus bhí réimeas fada agus sách síochánta aige go dtí uair a bháis sa bhliain 1241.&lt;ref&gt;Ó hUiginn (2016), lch. 104&lt;/ref&gt;

D'éag athair Dhomhnaill Óig roimh a bhreith.&lt;ref&gt;Ó hUiginn (2016), lch. 111&lt;/ref&gt; Bean chéile an tiarna Albanaigh, Maol Mhuire an Sparáin mac [[Suibhne mac Duinnshléibhe|Suibhne mhic Dhuinnshléibhe]], ba ea aintín Lasairfhíona, .i. Beanmhidhe ní [[Toirdhealbhach Ua Conchobhair|Thoirdhealbhaigh Uí Chonchúir]]. Bhí an-tionchar ag muintir Mhaoil Mhuire ar bheatha Dhomhnaill Óig,&lt;ref&gt;O'Clery (1845), lch. 86&lt;/ref&gt; a chanúint láidir Albanach san áireamh.&lt;ref&gt;Ó hUiginn (2016), lch. 110&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba suaite iad réimis leas deartháireacha níos sine reigns of Doimhnall Óig, .i. [[Maol Seachlainn Ó Domhnaill|Maol Seachlainn]] agus [[Gofraidh Ó Domhnaill|Gofraidh]],&lt;ref&gt;Simms (2001), lch. 14, tab. ii.&lt;/ref&gt;  D'éag Maol Seachlainn i g[[Cath Bhéal Átha Seanaidh (1247)|Cath Bhéal Átha Seanaidh]] sa bhliain 1247, ag troid in éadan [[Maurice FitzGerald, 2a Tiarna Uíbh Fhailí|Maurice FitzGerald]].  Cuireadh Ruairí Ó Canannáin i gcoróin i dTír Chonaill tar éis an chatha seo. Cuireadh an ruaig air siúd agus bhí beirt eile ina gceannairí Thír Chonaill sular bhain Gofraidh go cinnte ann ríogacht amach sa bhliain 1250.&lt;ref&gt;Ó hUiginn (2016), lch. 105&lt;/ref&gt; Fuair Gofraidh féin bás sa bhliain 1258, b'fhéidir mar thoradh na gcréachta a d'fhulaing sé i g[[Cath Chreadrán Cille]] sa bhliain 1257, ag troid arís in éadan Maurice FitzGerald.&lt;ref&gt;Ó hUiginn (2016), ll. 110-111&lt;/ref&gt;

Tar éis bhás Ghofraidhe, bhí easpa  ceannaireachta i measc Cineál Chonaill agus rinne a chéile comhraic [[Cineál Eoghain]], iarracht dul i dtír air as cáin a éileamh. Tháinig Domhnall Óg ocht mbliana déag d'aois abhaile óna altramas le [[Clann Suibhne]]&lt;ref&gt;Parkes (2006), lch. 368 n. 19&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (1993), ll. 127, 153&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;McKenna (1946), ll. 40, 42 § 22, 44 § 22.&lt;/ref&gt; in Albain mar chomharba Ghofraidhe.&lt;ref&gt;Ó hUiginn (2016), lch. 110&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;O'Clery (1845), lch. 74&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rí Thír Chonaill ==
A bhuí le hiarrachtaí Dhomhnaill Óig le linn a réimis, d'éirigh leis idir cosc a chur ar leathadh na nAngla-Normannach san oirthuaisceart, agus Tír Chonaill a thabhairt chun cinn i saol polaitiúil na nUladh in éadan chlann Uí Néill, chomh maith le saol polaitiúil na hÉireann féin.  Mhaígh sé a cheannas fosta ar thuaisceart na g[[Connacht]].

Insítear i n[[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] scéalaí ar fheachtais mhíleata Dhomhnaill Óig:
* 1259: ruathar rathúil díoltais ar [[Tír Eoghain (ríocht)|Thír Eoghain]] agus [[Airgíalla|Oirialla]].&lt;ref&gt;O'Clery (1845), lch. 80&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]], ACM 1259.14&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1262: ruathair ar [[Contae Fhear Manach|Fhear Manach]], ar thuaisceart Chonnacht agus ar an [[Contae an Longfoirt|Longfort]].&lt;ref&gt;O'Clery (1845), lch. 83&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;ACM 1262.9&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1263: ruathair air [[Clanricarde]] le tacaíocht ó [[Áed na nGall|Aodh na nGall]] agus, sa thoil féin, ar [[Contae Mhaigh Eo|Mhaigh Eo]].&lt;ref&gt;O'Clery (1845), lch. 83&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;ACM 1263.11&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1272: sraith ruathar ar oileáin i [[Loch Éirne]].&lt;ref&gt;O'Clery (1845), lch. 88&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;ACM 1272.9&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1273: sraith ruathar ar Chineál Eoghain, i dteannta le roinnt taoisigh na gConnacht.&lt;ref&gt;O'Clery (1845), lch. 89&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;ACM 1273.9&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1275: Chosnaigh sé Tír Chonaill ar ruathar Chineál Eoghain, ag dul sa tóir ar na hionsaitheoirí agus ag glacadh creach mhór.&lt;ref&gt;O'Clery (1845), lch. 90&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;ACM 1275.8&lt;/ref&gt;

Fuair Domhnall Óg bás sa bhliain 1281 ag Cath [[Díseart Dá Chríoch|Dhíseart Dá Chríoch]] (gar do [[Dún gCanann|Dhún gCanann]]) in éadan [[Aodh Buí Uí Néill|Aodha Bhuí Uí Néill]], sinsear eapainmneach Chlann Aodha Bhuí.  Tháinig a mhacsa Aodh i gcomharbacht air.&lt;ref&gt;O'Clery (1845), lch. 92&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muintir ==
Bhí Domhnall Óg pósta faoi dhó ar a laghad, agus bhí mac amháin ar a laghad aige le gach bean chéile.  Iníon Eoin Mhic Shuibhne garmhic Mhaoil Mhuire an Sparáin, ba ea máthair a chomharba, Aodh.&lt;ref&gt;Parkes (2006), lch. 368 n. 19.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (2002), lch. 61&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (1993), lch. 153&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Walsh (1938), lch. 377.&lt;/ref&gt; Iníon [[Aonghus Mór|Aonghasa Mhór]], sinsear [[Clann Domhnaill|Clann Domhnaill]], [[Tiarnas na nOileán|Tiarnaí na nOileán]], ba ea máthair a mhic, Toirdhealbhach, a chuaigh i ngleic lena deartháir Aodh le haghaidh na ríogachta agus a rinneadh níos déanaí rí Thír Chonaill de.&lt;ref&gt;Duffy (1993), lch. 154.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Oidhreacht ==
Is suntasach é réimeas Dhomhnaill Óig  as an gcomhdhlúthú cumhachta a tharla laistigh de Thír Chonaill. Réitigh sé an bealach do chlann gallóglaigh [[Clann Suibhne|Mhic Suibhne]] agus chuir a athair dlí, Eoin Mac Suibhne, clann Uí Bhreisléin as tiarnas Fhánada timpeall na bliana 1263.

Bhí nasc ann idir Tír Chonaill agus iarthar na hAlban Scotland trying to Dhomhnaill Óig. Mar shampla, déag ball de chlann Mhic Shomhairle, [[Ruaidhrí mac Raghnaill]] b'fhéidir, ag troid ar son Mháel Sechlainn i gCath Bhéal Átha Seanaidh.  

I ndiaidh Dhomhnaill Óig go dtí an ré luath-nua-aimseartha, shocrófaí cothromaíocht na cumhachta laistigh de Thír Chonaill ag achrann idir fo-chlanna Uí Dhomhnaill agus Mhic Suibhne, go minic le tacaíocht Albanach, agus ní ag na clanna tradisiúnta Chineál Aodha, [[Cenél Conaill#Cenél Aedha|Uí Mhaoldoraidh agus Uí Chanannáin]].

== Foinsí ==
*{{cite journal |last=McKenna |first=L |author-link=Lambert McKenna |year=1946 |title=Some Irish Bardic Poems: LXXVII |url=https://archive.org/details/studies_1946-03_35_137/page/40 |journal=Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review |volume=35 |issue=137 |pages=40&amp;ndash;44 |issn=0039-3495 |jstor=30099620  |ref=M1 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Walsh |first=P |year=1938 |title=O Donnell Genealogies |journal=[[Analecta Hibernica]] |issue=8 |pages=373, 375&amp;ndash;418 |issn=0791-6167 |jstor=30007662  |ref=W1 }}
*{{cite book |last=O'Clery |first= Michael |year=1845 |editor-last=Connellan |editor-first=Owen |title=The annals of Ireland, tr. from the orig. Irish of the Four masters by O. Connellan |publisher=[[Oxford University]] |location=Dublin |pages=74;80;83;86;88;89;90;92 |via=[[Google Books]] |ref=O2 }}
*{{citation|last=O’Donnell |first=Francis Martin |date=2018 |title=The O'Donnells of Tyrconnell – A Hidden Legacy |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Academica Press LLC |isbn=978-1-680534740|url=http://www.academicapress.com/node/330}} See pages 39 and 230.
*{{cite thesis |last=Duffy |first=S |year=1993 |title=Ireland and the Irish Sea Region, 1014&amp;ndash;1318 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2262/77137 |degree=PhD |publisher=[[Trinity College, Dublin]] |via=[[Trinity's Access to Research Archive]] |ref=D1 }}
*{{cite book |last=Duffy |first=S |year=2002 |chapter=The Bruce Brothers and the Irish Sea World, 1306&amp;ndash;29 |editor-last=Duffy |editor-first=S |title=Robert the Bruce's Irish Wars: The Invasions of Ireland 1306&amp;ndash;1329 |publisher=[[Tempus Publishing]] |location=Stroud |isbn=0-7524-1974-9 |pages=45&amp;ndash;70 |via=[[Academia.edu]] |ref=D2 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Parkes |first=P |year=2006 |title=Celtic Fosterage: Adoptive Kinship and Clientage in Northwest Europe |journal=[[Comparative Studies in Society and History]] |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=359&amp;ndash;395 |doi=10.1017/S0010417506000144 |eissn=0010-4175 |issn=1475-2999 |jstor=3879355  |url=https://kar.kent.ac.uk/10293/1/celtic_fosterage.pdf |ref=P1 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Simms |first=K |year=2001 |title=The Clan Murtagh O'Conors |journal=[[Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society]] |volume=53 |pages=1&amp;ndash;22 |issn=0332-415X |jstor=25535718  |ref=S1 }}
*{{cite book |last=Ó hUiginn |first= Ruairí |year=2016 |chapter=Annals, Histories, and Stories |editor-last=Boyd |editor-first=Matthieu |title=Ollam: Studies in Gaelic and Related Traditions in Honor of Tomás Ó Cathasaigh |publisher=[[Rowman &amp; Littlefield]] |location=Stroud |isbn=9781611478358|pages=101&amp;ndash;114 |ref=O1 }}

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:O Domhnaill, Domhnall Og}}
[[Catagóir:Básanna i 1281]]
[[Catagóir:Uí Dhomhnaill]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Liosta na ngás</title>
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      <comment>Bluelink 3 books for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260614sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="81643" sha1="elu30comu0ed69qhkyc4cgvs9z7frpe" xml:space="preserve">[[Íomhá:Liquid_oxygen_in_a_beaker_4.jpg|mion| Ocsaigin leachtach fiuchta]]
Is '''liosta é seo de gháis''' ar dálaí caighdeánacha, rud a chiallaíonn substaintí a  nó a fhiuchann nó a néalaíonn ag 25 nó faoi bhun 25&amp;nbsp;°C agus ag 1&amp;nbsp;brú atmaisféarach agus go bhfuil siad réasúnta cobhsaí

== Liosta ==
Déantar an liosta seo a shórtáil de réir fiuchphointe na ngás in ord ardaitheach, ach is féidir é a shórtáil ar luachanna éagsúla. tagraíonn &quot;fo&quot; agus &quot;tríarach&quot; don [[Néalú|néalphointe]] agus don tríphointe, a thugtar i gcás substainte a néalaíonn ag 1&amp;nbsp;brú atmaisféarach; agran íon&quot;dian&quot; do dhianscaoileadh . ciallaíonn &quot;~&quot; cothrom le.
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Ainm
!Foirmle
!Fiuchphointe (°C)
!Leáphointe (°C)
!Meáchan móilíneach
!Uimhir CAS
|-
|[[Héiliam-3]]
|&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;He
|−269.96
|N/A
|3
|14762-55-1
|-
|[[Héiliam]]-4
|&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;He
|−268.928
|N/A
|4
|7440-59-7
|-
|[[Hidrigin]]
|H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−252.879
|−259.16
|2
|1333-74-0
|-
|[[Deoitéiriam]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/24523|title=Deuterium|last=PubChem|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-02-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−249.49
|−254.43
|4
|7782-39-0
|-
|[[Tritium]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/24824|title=Tritium|last=PubChem|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-02-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|T&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−248.12
|−254.54
|6
|10028-17-8
|-
|[[Neon]]
|Ne
|−246.046
|−248.59
|20
|7440-01-9
|-
|[[Nítrigin]]
|N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−195.795
|−210.0
|28
|7727-37-9
|-
|[[Aonocsaíd charbóin]]
|CO
|−191.5
|−205.02
|28
|630-08-0
|-
|[[Fluairín]]
|F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−188.11
|−219.67
|38
|7782-41-4
|-
|[[Argón]]
|Ar
|−185.848
|−189.34
|40
|7440-37-1
|-
|[[Ocsaigin]]
|O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−182.962
|−218.79
|32
|7782-44-7
|-
|[[Meatán]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
|−161.5
|−182.50
|16
|74-82-8
|-
|[[Crioptón]]
|Kr
|−153.415
|−157.37
|84
|7439-90-9
|-
|[[Ocsaíd nítreach]]
|NO
|−151.74
|−163.6
|30
|10102-43-9
|-
|[[Défhluairíd ocsaigine]]
|F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O
|−144.3
|−223.8
|54
|7783-41-7
|-
|[[Teitreafhluairíd mheatáin]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
|−127.8
|−183.6
|88
|75-73-0
|-
|[[Trífhluairíd nítrigine]]
|NF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−128.74
|−206.79
|71
|7783-54-2
|-
|[[Siolán]]
|SiH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
|−111.9
|−185
|32
|7803-62-5
|-
|[[Défhluairíd dénítrigine]]
|N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−111.45
|−172
|66
|13776-62-0
|-
|[[Ózón]]
|O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−111.35
|−193
|48
|10028-15-6
|-
|[[Xeanón]]
|Xe
|−108.099
|−111.75
|131
|7440-63-3
|-
|[[cis-Difluorodiazine]]
|N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−105.75
|−195
|66
|13812-43-6
|-
|[[Eitiléin]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;=CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−103.7
|−169.2
|28
|74-85-1
|-
|[[Phosphorus(III) fluoride]]
|PF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−101.8
|−151.5
|88
|7783-55-3
|-
|[[Chlorine fluoride]]
|ClF
|−101.1
|−155.6
|54.5
|7790-89-8
|-
|[[Boron trifluoride]]
|BF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−99.9
|−126.8
|68
|7637-07-2
|-
|[[Fluorosilane]]
|SiH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;F
|−98.6
|
|50
|13537-33-2
|-
|[[Trifluorosilane]]
|SiHF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−95
|−131
|86
|13465-71-9
|-
|[[Trifluoromethyl hypofluorite]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OF
|−95
|−215
|104
|373-91-1
|-
|[[Débhórán]]
|B&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;
|−92.49
|−164.85
|28
|19287-45-7
|-
|[[3,3-Difluorodiazirine]]&lt;ref&gt;Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry. - 1964. - Vol. 1, No. 1. - pp. 59-60&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−91.3
|
|78
|693-85-6
|-
|[[Aicéitiléin]]
|CH≡CH
|−84.7
|−81.5
|26
|74-86-2
|-
|[[Ethane]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−88.5
|−182.8
|30
|74-84-0
|-
|[[Germane]]
|GeH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
|−88.1
|−165
|77
|7782-65-2
|-
|[[Ocsaíd nítriúil]]
|N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O
|−88.48
|−90.8
|44
|10024-97-2
|-
|[[Foisfín]]
|PH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−87.75
|−133.8
|34
|7803-51-2
|-
|[[Trifluoramine oxide]]
|NOF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−87.5
|−161
|87
|13847-65-9
|-
|[[Tetrafluorosilane]]
|SiF&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
|−86
|−90.2
|104
|7783-61-1
|-
|[[Trifluoronitrosomethane]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;NO
|−85
|−196.6
|99
|334-99-6
|-
|[[Azidotrifluoromethane]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−85
|−152
|111
|3802-95-7
|-
|[[Clóiríd hidrigine]]
|HCl
|−85
|−114.17
|36.5
|7647-01-0
|-
|[[1,1-Difluoroethene]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;=CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−85.5
|−144
|64
|75-38-7
|-
|[[Phosphorus(V) fluoride]]
|PF&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;
|−84.6
|−93.8
|126
|7647-19-0
|-
|[[Carbonyl fluoride]]
|COF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−84.5
|−111.2
|66
|353-50-4
|-
|[[Trífhluaraimeatán]]
|CHF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−82.1
|−155.2
|70
|75-46-7
|-
|[[Clóirtrífhluaraimeatán]]
|CClF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−81.5
|−181
|104.5
|75-72-9
|-
|[[Bis(difluoroboryl)methane]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|BF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;BF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−81.4 ?
|
|148
|55124-14-6
|-
|[[Trifluoroisocyanomethane]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;NC
|−80
|
|95
|105879-13-8
|-
|[[Difluoromethylborane]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;BF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−78.5
|
|64
|373-64-8
|-
|[[Dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
|CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−78.464 sub
|−56.561 triple
|44
|124-38-9
|-
|[[Fluoromethane]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;F
|−78.4
|−137.8
|34
|593-53-3
|-
|[[Hexafluoroethane]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−78.1
|−100.015
|138
|76-16-4
|-
|[[Pentafluoromethanamine]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;NF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−78
|−130
|121
|335-01-3
|-
|[[Difluorosilane]]
|SiH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−77.8
|−122
|68
|13824-36-7
|-
|[[Tetrafluoroethene]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;=CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−76
|−131.14
|100
|116-14-3
|-
|[[Fluoroacetylene]]
|FCCH
|−74
|−196
|44
|2713-09-9
|-
|[[Tetrafluorohydrazine]]
|N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
|−74
|−164.5
|104
|10036-47-2
|-
|[[Nitryl fluoride]]
|NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F
|−72.4
|−166
|65
|10022-50-1
|-
|[[Fluoroethene]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;FCH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−72
|−160.5
|48
|75-02-5
|-
|[[Chlorotrifluorosilane]]
|SiClF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−70
|−138
|120.5
|14049-36-6
|-
|[[Trifluoroacetonitrile]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CN
|−68.8
|
|95
|353-85-5
|-
|[[Nitrogen chloride difluoride]]
|NClF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−67
|−195
|87.5
|13637-87-1
|-
|[[Bróimíd hidrigine]]
|HBr
|−66.38
|−86.80
|81
|10035-10-6
|-
|[[Difluorophosphine]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Corbridge |first1=D. E. C. |title=Phosphorus: Chemistry, Biochemistry and Technology, Sixth Edition |date=2016 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9781439840894 |page=1265 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YWzRBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1263 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|PHF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−65
|−124
|70
|14984-74-8
|-
|[[Borane carbonyl]]
|BH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CO
|−64
|−137
|42
|13205-44-2
|-
|[[Fluoroperoxytrifluoromethane]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=DesMarteau |first1=Darryl D. |title=Fluoroperoxytrifluoromethane, CF3OOF. Preparation from trifluoromethyl hydroperoxide and fluorine in the presence of cesium fluoride |journal=Inorganic Chemistry |date=January 1972 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=193–195 |doi=10.1021/ic50107a047}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OOF
|−64
|
|120
|
|-
|[[Bis(fluoroxy)difluoromethane]]&lt;ref&gt;Journal of Fluorine Chemistry. - 2013. - Vol. 155. - pp. 29-31 full citation needed&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(OF)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−64
|
|120
|16282-67-0
|-
|[[Sulfur hexafluoride]]
|SF&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;
|−63.8
|−49.596 triple
|146
|2551-62-4
|-
|[[Tetrafluorooxirane]]{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}
|C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;O
|−63.5
|
|116
|694-17-7
|-
|[[Airsín]]
|AsH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−62.5
|−166
|78
|7784-42-1
|-
|[[Thiocarbonyl fluoride]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Downs |first1=A. J. |title=846. Thiocarbonyl fluoride |journal=Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed) |date=1962 |pages=4361 |doi=10.1039/JR9620004361}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CSF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−62.1
|−163.5
|82
|420-32-6
|-
|[[Radón]]
|Rn
|−61.7
|−71
|222
|10043-92-2
|-
|[[Difluorocyanamide]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Meyers |first1=M. D. |last2=Frank |first2=S. |title=Difluorocyanamide |journal=Inorganic Chemistry |date=August 1966 |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=1455–1457 |doi=10.1021/ic50042a040}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|NF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CN
|−61
|−196
|78
|7127-18-6
|-
|[[Nitrosyl fluoride]]
|ONF
|−59.9
|−132.5
|49
|7789-25-5
|-
|[[Suilfíd hidrigine]]
|H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S
|−59.55
|−85.5
|34
|7783-06-4
|-
|[[Trifluoroacetyl fluoride]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Trifluoroacetyl fluoride|url=https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C354347&amp;Mask=4|website=webbook.nist.gov|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;COF
|−59
|−159.5
|116
|354-34-7
|-
|[[Hexafluorodimethyl ether]]&lt;ref&gt;Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry. - 1961. - Vol. 3. - p. 406&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OCF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−59
|
|154
|333-36-8
|-
|[[Bromotrifluoromethane]]
|CBrF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−57.75
|−167.78
|149
|75-63-8
|-
|[[Difluoroaminooxyperfluoromethane]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Shreeve |first1=Jean'ne M. |last2=Duncan |first2=Leonard Clinton |last3=Cady |first3=George H. |title=Difluoroaminooxyperfluoromethane, CF3ONF2 |journal=Inorganic Chemistry |date=October 1965 |volume=4 |issue=10 |pages=1516–1517 |doi=10.1021/ic50032a045}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;ONF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−57.63
|
|137
|4217-93-0
|-
|[[Siolán meitile]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;SiH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−57.5
|−156.5
|46
|992-94-9
|-
|[[Difluorine dioxide]]
|F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−57 dec
|−163.5
|70
|7783-44-0
|-
|[[Sulfuryl fluoride]]
|SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−55.4
|−135.8
|102
|2699-79-8
|-
|[[Dichlorofluorosilane]]
|SiHCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F
|−54.3
|
|119
|19382-74-2
|-
|[[trans-1,2-Difluoroethene]]
|CHF=CHF
|−53.1
|
|64
|1630-78-0
|-
|[[Trifluoroethene]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;=CHF
|−53
|
|82
|359-11-5
|-
|[[Arsenic(V) fluoride]]
|AsF&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;
|−52.8
|−79.8
|170
|7784-36-3
|-
|[[Phosphorothioic trifluoride]]
|PSF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−52.25
|−148.8
|120
|2404-52-6
|-
|[[Difluoromethane]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−52
|−136
|52
|75-10-5
|-
|[[Difluoroamino carbonyl fluoride]]&lt;ref name=handbook&gt;{{cite book |last1=Stephenson |first1=Richard Montgomery |title=Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds |date=2012 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=9789400931732 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X9PsCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Fraser |first1=George W. |last2=Shreeve |first2=Jean'ne M. |title=Difluoraminocarbonyl Fluoride |journal=Inorganic Chemistry |date=October 1965 |volume=4 |issue=10 |pages=1497–1498 |doi=10.1021/ic50032a034}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;NCOF
|−52
|−152.2
|99
|2368-32-3
|-
|[[Stannane]]
|SnH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
|−51.8
|−146
|123
|2406-52-2
|-
|[[Tetrafluoropropyne]]&lt;ref&gt;Landolt-Bornstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology. Group IV, Volume 20: Vapor Pressure of Chemicals. Subvolume A: Vapor Pressure and Antoine Constants for Hydrocarbons, and Sulfur, Selenium, Tellurium, and Halogen Containing Organic Compounds. - 1999. - p. 197&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;C≡CF
|−50.39
|
|112
|20174-11-2
|-
|[[Carbon oxysulfide]]
|OCS
|−50.2
|−138.8
|60
|463-58-1
|-
|[[Pentafluoroethyl hypofluorite]]&lt;ref&gt;Journal of the American Chemical Society. - 1965. - Vol. 87, No. 2. - pp. 231-233&lt;/ref&gt;
|C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;OF
|−50
|
|154
|
|-
|[[Chlorodifluorosilane]]&lt;ref&gt;Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry. - 1961. - Vol. 3. - p. 226&lt;/ref&gt;
|SiHClF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−50~
|
|102.5
|80003-43-6
|-
|[[Digallane]]
|Ga&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;
|−50~
|
|145.494
|12140-58-8
|-
|[[Eitéanón]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;=C=O
|−49.7
|−151
|42
|463-51-4
|-
|[[Sulfur fluoride oxide]]
|SOF&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
|−48.5
|−99.6
|124
|13709-54-1
|-
|[[3,3,3-Trifluoro-1-propyne]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CCH
|−48.3
|
|94
|661-54-1
|-
|[[Pentafluoroethane]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CHF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−48.1
|−100.6
|120
|354-33-6
|-
|[[Própán]]
|C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;
|−47.6
|−185.2
|42
|115-07-1
|-
|[[Phosphorus(III) chloride difluoride]]
|PClF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−47.3
|−164.8
|104.5
|14335-40-1
|-
|[[Carbonyl chloride fluoride]]
|COClF
|−47.2
|−148
|82.5
|353-49-1
|-
|[[1,1,1-Trifluoroethane]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−47
|−111.8
|84
|420-46-2
|-
|[[Trifluoromethylhypochlorite]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OCl
|−47
|−164
|120.5
|22082-78-6
|-
|[[Perchloryl fluoride]]
|ClO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;F
|−46.75
|−147
|102.5
|7616-94-6
|-
|[[Selenium hexafluoride]]
|SeF&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;
|−46.6 sub
|−34.6 triple
|193
|7783-79-1
|-
|[[Cyanogen fluoride]]
|FCN
|−46
|−82
|45
|1495-50-7
|-
|[[Fluorine nitrate]]
|FNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−46
|−175
|81
|7789-26-6
|-
|[[Pentafluoronitrosoethane]]&lt;ref name=&quot;barr&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Barr |first1=D. A. |last2=Haszeldine |first2=R. N. |title=663. Perfluoroalkyl derivatives of nitrogen. Part III. Heptafluoronitrosopropane, perfluoro-2-n-propyl-1 : 2-oxazetidine, perfluoro-(methylene-n-propylamine), and related compounds |journal=Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed) |date=1956 |pages=3416 |doi=10.1039/JR9560003416}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;NO
|−45.7
|
|137
|354-72-3
|-
|[[Difluoromethylene dihypofluorite]]&lt;ref name=sos&gt;{{cite book |title=Science of Synthesis: Houben-Weyl Methods of Molecular Transformations Vol. 18: Four Carbon-Heteroatom Bonds |date=2014 |publisher=Georg Thieme Verlag |isbn=9783131719119 |page=1147 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kh-GAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1147 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(OF)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−45.8
|−142
|120
|16282-67-0
|-
|[[cis-1,2-Difluoroethene]]
|CHF=CHF
|−45
|
|64
|1630-77-9
|-
|[[1,1-Difluoropropene]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH=CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−44
|
|78
|430-63-7
|-
|[[Dimethylfluoroborane]]{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}
|(CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;BF
|−44
|
|60
|353-46-8
|-
|[[Fluoro(trifluoromethyl)silane]]&lt;ref&gt;Bivens D.B., Minor B.H. Fluoroethers and other next generation fluids / International Journal of Refrigeration. - 1998. - Vol. 21, No. 7. - p. 570&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;SiH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F
|−44
|
|118
|
|-
|[[Thionyl fluoride]]
|SOF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−43.8
|−110.5
|86
|7783-42-8
|-
|[[Phosphorus(V) chloride tetrafluoride]]
|PClF&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
|−43.4
|−132
|142.5
|13498-11-8
|-
|[[Methyldiborane]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;B&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;
|−43
|
|42
|23777-55-1
|-
|[[Difluoro(trifluoromethyl)phosphine]]&lt;ref&gt;Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry. - 1970. - Vol. 13. - p. 368&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;PF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−43
|
|138
|1112-04-5
|-
|[[N,N,1,1-Tetrafluoromethylamine]]&lt;ref&gt;Bivens D.B., Minor B.H. Fluoroethers and other next generation fluids / International Journal of Refrigeration. - 1998. - Vol. 21, No. 7. - p. 569&lt;/ref&gt;
|CHF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;NF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−43
|
|103
|24708-53-0
|-
|[[Propane]]
|C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
|−42.25
|−187.7
|44
|74-98-6
|-
|[[Trifluoro(trifluoromethyl)silane]]&lt;ref&gt;Inorganic Chemistry. - 1972. - Vol. 11, No. 6. - p. 1259-1264&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;SiF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−42
|
|154
|335-06-8
|-
|[[Bromotrifluorosilane]]
|BrSiF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−41.7
|−70.5
|169
|14049-39-9
|-
|[[Hydrogen selenide]]
|H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Se
|−41.25
|−65.73
|81
|7783-07-5
|-
|[[Chlorodifluoromethane]]
|CHClF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−40.7
|−175.42
|86.5
|75-45-6
|-
|[[Sulfur tetrafluoride]]
|SF&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
|−40.45
|−125
|108
|7783-60-0
|-
|[[Hexafluorodiazomethane]] cis&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ruff |first1=O. |last2=Giese |first2=M. |title=Die Fluorierung des Silbercyanids. (I.) |journal=Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (A and B Series) |date=4 March 1936 |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=598–603 |doi=10.1002/cber.19360690325 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;NNCF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−40
|−127
|166
|73513-59-4
|-
|[[Phosphoryl fluoride]]
|POF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−39.7 sub
|−39.1 triple
|104
|13478-20-1
|-
|[[Chloropentafluoroethane]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CClF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−39.1
|−99
|135.5
|76-15-3
|-
|[[Tetrafluoro(trifluoromethyl)phosphorane]]&lt;ref&gt;Inorganic Chemistry. - 1963. - Vol. 2, No. 1. - p. 230&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;PF&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
|−39
|−113
|176
|1184-81-2
|-
|[[tetrafluorophosphorane]]&lt;ref name=&quot;holst&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Holmes |first1=Robert R. |last2=Storey |first2=Raymond N. |title=Pentacoordinated Molecules. VIII. Preparation and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of PH2F3 and PHF4 |journal=Inorganic Chemistry |date=December 1966 |volume=5 |issue=12 |pages=2146–2150 |doi=10.1021/ic50046a015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|PHF&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
|−39.0
|−100
|108
|13659-66-0
|-
|[[Tellurium hexafluoride]]
|TeF&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;
|−38.9
|−37.6 triple
|242
|7783-80-4
|-
|[[Vinyldifluoroborane]]&lt;ref&gt;Journal of the American Chemical Society. - 1960. - Vol. 82, No. 24. - p. 6219&lt;/ref&gt;
|CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;=CHBF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−38.8
|−133.4
|76
|
|-
|[[(Trifluoromethyl)silane]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;SiH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−38.3
|−124
|100
|10112-11-5
|-
|[[Heptafluoroethanamine]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;NF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−38.1
|−183
|171
|354-80-3
|-
|[[Tetrafluoroallene]]&lt;ref&gt;Journal of the American Chemical Society. - 1959. - Vol. 81, No. 3. - p. 607&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;=C=CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−38
|
|112
|461-68-7
|-
|[[Hexafluorooxetane]]&lt;ref&gt;Bivens D.B., Minor B.H. Fluoroethers and other next generation fluids / International Journal of Refrigeration. - 1998. - Vol. 21, No. 7. - p. 568&lt;/ref&gt;
|C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;O
|−38
|
|166
|425-82-1
|-
|[[Trifluoromethanethiol]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Dininny |first1=R. E. |last2=Pace |first2=E. L. |title=Thermodynamic Properties of Trifluoromethanethiol from 12°K to Its Boiling Point. Entropy from Molecular and Spectroscopic Data |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-chemical-physics_1960-03_32_3/page/805 |journal=The Journal of Chemical Physics |date=March 1960 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=805–809 |doi=10.1063/1.1730801|bibcode=1960JChPh..32..805D }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;SH
|−37.99
|−157.11
|102
|1493-15-8
|-
|[[Fluoroethane]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F
|−37.7
|−143.2
|48
|353-36-6
|-
|[[Bis(trifluoromethyl)peroxide]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OOCF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−37
|
|170
|927-84-4
|-
|[[Pentafluoropropanenitrile]]&lt;ref&gt;Journal of the American Chemical Society. - 1959. - Vol. 81, No. 14. - p. 3602&lt;/ref&gt;
|C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;CN
|−37
|
|145
|422-04-8
|-
|[[Perfluorodimethylamine]]&lt;ref name=&quot;pfta&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Haszeldine |first1=R. N. |title=22. Perfluoro-tert.-amines |journal=Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed) |date=1951  |pages=102 |doi=10.1039/jr9510000102 |language=en |issn=0368-1769}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|(CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;NF
|−37
|
|171
|359-62-6
|-
|[[Perfluoropropane]]
|C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
|−36.8
|−147.7
|188
|76-19-7
|-
|[[Germanium(IV) fluoride]]
|GeF&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
|−36.5
|−15 triple
|149
|7783-58-6
|-
|[[Cyclopropene]]
|C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
|−36
|
|40
|2781-85-3
|-
|[[Trifluoromethyl fluoroformate]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Aymonino |first1=P. J. |title=Trifluoromethyl fluoroformate |journal=Chemical Communications (London) |date=1965 |issue=12 |pages=241 |doi=10.1039/C19650000241}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OC(O)F
|−36
|−120
|132
|3299-24-9
|-
|[[Trifluoromethyl isocyanate]]&lt;ref name=chambers/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;NCO
|−36
|
|111
|460-49-1
|-
|[[Tetrafluoro-1,2-diazetidine]]&lt;!-- formula does not match name--&gt;
|C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−36
|
|130
|
|-
|[[Hydrogen iodide]]
|HI
|−35.5
|−50.76
|128
|10034-85-2
|-
|[[Sulfur fluoride hypofluorite]]
|SOF&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;
|−35.1
|−86
|162
|15179-32-5
|-
|[[Trifluoromethyl difluoromethyl ether]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OCHF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−35.0
|−157
|136
|3822-68-2
|-
|[[Propadiene]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;=C=CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−34.8
|−136
|40
|463-49-0
|-
|[[Chlorine]]
|Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−34.04
|−101.5
|71
|7782-50-5
|-
|[[Trifluoromethyl fluoroformate]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;US Patent 3226418&quot;&gt;US Patent 3226418&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OC(O)F
|−34
|
|132
|3299-24-9
|-
|[[Tetrafluorodiborane]]
|B&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
|−34
|−56
|98
|13965-73-6
|-
|[[Ammonia]]
|NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−33.33
|−77.73
|17
|7664-41-7
|-
|[[Trifluoronitromethane]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=HAUPTFLEISCH |first1=John O. |title=SYNTHESIS OF TRIFLUORONITROMETHANE, CF3NO2: PHOTOCHEMICAL SCALE-UP AND A NEW THERMOGENERATION METHOD WITH A REFINED PURIFICATION TECHNIQUE |url=https://ir.ua.edu/bitstream/handle/123456789/694/file_1.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |publisher=University of Alabama |page=28 |date=2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−32
|
|115
|335-02-4
|-
|[[Dichlorodifluorosilane]]
|SiCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−32
|−44
|137
|18356-71-3
|-
|[[(Difluoroamino)difluoroacetonitrile]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Dresdner |first1=R. D |last2=Merritt |first2=Jack |last3=Royal |first3=Joyce P. |title=Photochemical Fluorinations of C2N2 and RfN=-SF2 with N2F4 |journal=Inorganic Chemistry |date=August 1965 |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=1228–1230 |doi=10.1021/ic50030a033}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|NF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CN
|−32
|
|128
|5131-88-4
|-
|[[Hexafluoromethanediamine]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bohon |first1=Robert L. |title=Separation of Tris(difluoroamino)fluoromethane and Bis(difluoroamino)fluoromethane with Crystalline Zeolites |journal=Industrial &amp; Engineering Chemistry Product Research and Development |date=1 December 1969 |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=443–445 |doi=10.1021/i360032a024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|(NF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−31.9
|−161.9
|154
|4394-93-8
|-
|[[Bis(trifluoromethyl)diazene]] trans&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;NNCF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−31.1
|
|166
|372-63-4
|-
|[[Cyclopropane]]
|C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;
|−31
|−127.6
|42
|75-19-4
|-
|[[Chlorosilane]]
|SiH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;Cl
|−30.4
|−118
|66.5
|13465-78-6
|-
|[[Perfluoropropene]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;=CFCF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−30.2
|−156.6
|150
|116-15-4
|-
|[[Chloroacetylene]]
|HCCCl
|−30
|−126
|60.5
|593-63-5
|-
|[[Methyltrifluorosilane]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;SiF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−30
|−73
|100
|373-74-0
|-
|[[Fluorine azide]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Gholivand|first1=Khodayar|last2=Schatte|first2=Gabriele|last3=Willner|first3=Helge|date=1987-07-01|title=Properties of triazadienyl fluoride, N3F|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=26|issue=13|pages=2137–2140|doi=10.1021/ic00260a025|issn=0020-1669}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|FN&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−30
|−139
|61.019
|14986-60-8
|-
|[[Dichlorodifluoromethane]]
|CCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−29.8
|−157.7
|121
|75-71-8
|-
|[[2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Fedele |first1=Laura |last2=Bobbo |first2=Sergio |last3=Groppo |first3=Fabio |last4=Brown |first4=J. Steven |last5=Zilio |first5=Claudio |title=Saturated Pressure Measurements of 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (R1234yf) for Reduced Temperatures Ranging from 0.67 to 0.93 |journal=Journal of Chemical &amp; Engineering Data |date=12 May 2011 |volume=56 |issue=5 |pages=2608–2612 |doi=10.1021/je2000952}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CF=CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−29.5
|−152.2
|114
|754-12-1
|-
|[[Tetrafluorodiaziridine]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−29
|
|116
|17224-09-8
|-
|[[fluoroxypentafluoroselenium]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=James Everett |last2=Cady |first2=George H. |title=Reactions of fluoroxypentafluoroselenium |journal=Inorganic Chemistry |date=June 1970 |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=1442–1445 |doi=10.1021/ic50088a029}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|F&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;SeOF
|−29
|
|209
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Emeléus |first1=H. J. |title=The Chemistry of Fluorine and Its Compounds |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483273044 |page=25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9SkSBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA25 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Perfluorooxetane]]
|C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OF&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;
|−28.6
|−117
|166
|425-82-1
|-
|[[Chlorotrifluoroethene]]
|CClF=CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−28.3
|−158.14
|116.5
|79-38-9
|-
|[[Methyldifluorophosphine]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;PF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−28
|−110
|84
|753-59-3
|-
|[[Perfluoroacetone]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;COCF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−27.4
|−125.45
|166
|684-16-2
|-
|[[Trifluoro(trifluoromethyl)oxirane]]
|C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;OF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−27.4
|−144
|166
|428-59-1
|-
|[[Thiazyl trifluoride]]
|N≡SF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−27.1
|−72.6
|103
|15930-75-3
|-
|[[Trifluoroacetyl chloride]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;COCl
|−27
|−146
|132.5
|354-32-5
|-
|[[3,3,3-Trifluoropropene]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH=CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−27
|
|96
|677-21-4
|-
|[[Phosphonium chloride]]
|PH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;Cl
|−27 sub
|
|70.5
|24567-53-1
|-
|[[Formyl fluoride]]
|HCOF
|−26.5
|−142.2
|48
|1493-02-3
|-
|[[1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F
|−26.1
|−103.296
|102
|811-97-2
|-
|[[Trifluoromethyl trifluorovinyl ether]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OCF=CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−26
|
|166
|5930-63-2
|-
|[[Methyl trifluoromethyl ether]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OCH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−25.2
|−149.1
|100
|421-14-7
|-
|[[Bis(trifluoromethyl)nitroxide]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Blackley |first1=W. D. |last2=Reinhard |first2=R. R. |title=A New Stable Radical, Bis(trifluoromethyl) Nitroxide |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |date=February 1965 |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=802–805 |doi=10.1021/ja01082a019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|(CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;NO
|−25
|−70
|168
|2154-71-4
|-
|[[Sulfur cyanide pentafluoride]]&lt;ref name=losk&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Lösking |first1=Oliver |last2=Willner |first2=Helge |title=Sulfur Cyanide Pentafluoride SF5 CN |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English |date=September 1989 |volume=28 |issue=9 |pages=1255–1256 |doi=10.1002/anie.198912551}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|SF&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;CN
|−25
|−107
|153
|1512-13-6&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Cyanopentafluorosulfur (CF5NS)|work=Landolt-Börnstein Substance/Property Index|url=https://lb.chemie.uni-hamburg.de/static/RN/1_1489-60-7%20...%201518-72-5.php?content=116/KW9HikLm}}{{Dead link|date=Bealtaine 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Dimethyl ether]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OCH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−24.8
|−141.49
|46
|115-10-6
|-
|[[1,1,1,4,4,4-Hexafluoro-2-butyne]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;C≡CCF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−24.6
|−117.4
|162
|692-50-2
|-
|[[1-Chloro-1-fluoroethene]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|CClF=CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−24.1
|
|80.5
|2317-91-1
|-
|[[1,1-Difluoroethane]]
|CHF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−24.05
|−118.6
|66
|75-37-6
|-
|[[2-Fluoropropene]]&lt;ref name=CRC-95ed/&gt;
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CF=CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−24
|
|60
|1184-60-7
|-
|[[Borirane]]
|C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;BH
|−24
|−129
|40
|39517-80-1
|-
|[[Chloromethane]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;Cl
|−23.8
|−97.4
|50.5
|74-87-3
|-
|[[Trifluoronitrosoethylene]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Griffin |first1=C. E. |last2=Haszeldine |first2=R. N. |title=279. Perfluoroalkyl derivatives of nitrogen. Part VIII. Trifluoronitrosoethylene and its polymers |journal=Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed) |date=1960 |pages=1398 |doi=10.1039/JR9600001398}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;=CFNO
|−23.7
|
|111
|2713-04-4
|-
|[[Pentafluoro(trifluoromethoxy)ethane]]&lt;ref&gt;{{CRC96|page=6-70}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;OCF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−23.6
|
|204
|665-16-7
|-
|[[1,1-Difluorocyclopropane]]&lt;ref name=mis/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−23.5
|
|78
|558-29-2
|-
|[[Propyne]] or methylacetylene
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CCH
|−23.2
|−103.0
|40
|74-99-7
|-
|[[Diazomethane]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;NNCH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−23
|−145
|58
|334-88-3
|-
|[[Methylgermane]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;GeH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−23
|−158
|91
|1449-65-6
|-
|[[Difluoramine]]
|NHF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−23
|−116
|53
|10405-27-3
|-
|[[Prop-1-en-1-one]] or methylketene
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH=CO
|−23
|−80
|56
|6004-44-0
|-
|[[Vinylsilane]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;=CHSiH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−22.8
|
|58
|7291-09-0
|-
|[[Trifluoroiodomethane]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;I
|−22.5
|−110
|196
|2314-97-8
|-
|[[Ethynylsilane]]
|HC≡CSiH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−22.5
|
|56
|1066-27-9
|-
|Hexafluoro-1,3-dioxolane&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Salvi-Narkhede|first1=M.|last2=Wang|first2=Bao-Huai|last3=Adcock|first3=James L.|last4=Alexander Van Hook|first4=W.|date=October 1992|title=Vapor pressures, liquid molar volumes, vapor non-ideality, and critical properties of some partially fluorinated ethers (CF3OCF2CF2H, CF3OCF2H, and CF3OCH3), some perfluoroethers (CF3OCF2OCF3, c-CF2OCF2OCF2, and c-CF2CF2CF2O), and of CHF2Br and CF3CFHCF3|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-chemical-thermodynamics_1992-10_24_10/page/1065|journal=The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics|language=en|volume=24|issue=10|pages=1065–1075|doi=10.1016/S0021-9614(05)80017-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|c-CF2OCF2OCF2-
|−22.1
|
|182.02
|21297-65-4
|-
|[[Chloromethane sulfonyl chloride]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;ClS(O)(O)Cl
|−22
|
|149
|3518-65-8
|-
|[[Trifluoromethyl peroxychloride]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OOCl
|−22
|−132
|136.5
|32755-26-3
|-
|[[Carbon oxyselenide]]
|COSe
|−21.7
|−124.4
|107
|1603-84-5
|-
|[[Trifluoromethanesulfonyl fluoride]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;SOF
|−21.7
|
|136
|335-05-7
|-
|[[Chloryl trifluoride]]
|ClO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−21.6
|−81.2
|124.5
|38680-84-1
|-
|[[Carbonyl bromide fluoride]]
|COBrF
|−21
|
|127
|753-56-0
|-
|[[Bromopentafluoroethane]]
|C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;BrF&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;
|−21
|
|199
|354-55-2
|-
|[[Cyanogen]]
|NCCN
|−21
|−27.83
|52
|460-19-5
|-
|[[Methyl silyl ether]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OSiH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−21
|−98.5
|62
|2171-96-2
|-
|[[Carbonic bromide fluoride]]&lt;ref name=&quot;yaws&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Yaws |first1=Carl L. |title=The Yaws Handbook of Physical Properties for Hydrocarbons and Chemicals: Physical Properties for More Than 54,000 Organic and Inorganic Chemical Compounds, Coverage for C1 to C100 Organics and Ac to Zr Inorganics |date=2015 |publisher=Gulf Professional Publishing |isbn=9780128011461 |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GutDBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA4 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CBrFO
|−20.6
|
|127
|753-56-0
|-
|[[Trifluoromethylsulfur pentafluoride]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;SF&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;
|−20.4
|−87
|196
|373-80-8
|-
|[[Chlorotrifluorogermane]]
|GeClF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−20.3
|−66.2
|165.5
|14188-40-0
|-
|[[Trimethylborane]]
|(CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;B
|−20.2
|−159.93
|56
|593-90-8
|-
|[[Dimethylsilane]]
|(CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SiH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−20
|−150
|60
|1111-74-6
|-
|[[1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane]]
|CHF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CHF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−20
|−89
|66
|359-35-3
|-
|[[Formaldehyde]]
|H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CO
|−19.1
|−92
|30
|50-00-0
|-
|[[Hexafluorodisilane]]
|SiF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;SiF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−19.1
|−18.7 triple
|170
|13830-68-7
|-
|[[Sulfur chloride pentafluoride]]
|SClF&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;
|−19.05
|−64
|158.5
|13780-57-9
|-
|[[1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethene]]
|CHCl=CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−18.8
|−138.5
|98.5
|359-10-4
|-
|[[1,1,1,2,2-Pentafluoropropane]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−18
|
|133
|1814-88-6
|-
|[[Difluoroamino sulfur pentafluoride]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Logothetis |first1=A. L. |last2=Sausen |first2=G. N. |last3=Shozda |first3=R. J. |title=The Preparation of Difluoroamino Sulfur Pentafluoride |journal=Inorganic Chemistry |date=February 1963 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=173–175 |doi=10.1021/ic50005a044}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|NF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SF&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;
|−17.5
|
|179
|13693-10-2
|-
|[[Stibine]]
|SbH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−17
|−88
|125
|7803-52-3
|-
|[[1,1,2,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane]]&lt;ref name=miller/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HCF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−17
|−148.5
|170
|2252-84-8
|-
|[[1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CHFCF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−16.34
|−126.8
|170
|431-89-0
|-
|[[Phosphorus(III) bromide difluoride]]
|PBrF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−16.1
|−133.8
|149
|15597-40-7
|-
|[[Methylphosphine]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;PH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−16
|
|48
|593-54-4
|-
|[[N,N-Difluoromethanamine]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;&lt;ref name=frazer&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Frazer |first1=J.W. |title=Preparation of N,N-difluoromethylamine and N,N-difluoroethylamine |journal=Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry |date=November 1960 |volume=16 |issue=1–2 |pages=63–66 |doi=10.1016/0022-1902(60)80088-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;NF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−16
|−114.8
|67
|753-58-2
|-
|[[Fluorine perchlorate]]
|FOClO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−16
|−167.3
|118.5
|10049-03-3
|-
|[[Bis(trifluoromethyl) trioxide]]&lt;ref&gt;Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry. - 1974. - Vol. 16. - p. 168&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OOOCF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−16
|−138
|186
|
|-
|[[1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH=CHF
|−16
|−104.53
|114
|1645-83-6
|-
|[[1-Trifluoromethyl-1,2,2-trifluorocyclopropane]]&lt;ref name=mis/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−15.8
|
|152
|
|-
|[[Disiloxane]]
|(SiH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O
|−15.2
|−144
|78
|13597-73-4
|-
|[[cis-1-Fluoropropene]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH=CHF
|−15
|
|60
|19184-10-2
|-
|[[trans-1-Fluoropropene]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH=CHF
|−15?
|
|60
|20327-65-5
|-
|[[Nitryl chloride]]
|NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Cl
|−15
|−145
|81.5
|13444-90-1
|-
|[[Chlorazide]]
|ClN&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−15
|−100
|77.47
|13973-88-1
|-
|[[Disilane]]
|Si&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;
|−14.8
|−129.4
|62
|1590-87-0
|-
|[[Bromodifluoromethane]]
|CHBrF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−14.6
|−145
|131
|1511-62-2
|-
|[[Chloroethene]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;=CHCl
|−13.8
|−153.84
|62.5
|75-01-4
|-
|[[Monoethylsilane]]&lt;ref name=grif/&gt;
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SiH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−13.7
|−180
|60
|2814-79-1
|-
|[[Chlorine pentafluoride]]
|ClF&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;
|−13.1
|−103
|130.5
|13637-63-3
|-
|[[1,1,1-Trifluoropropane]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−13
|
|98
|421-07-8
|-
|[[1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane]]
|CClF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CHF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−13
|−117
|135.5
|354-25-6
|-
|[[Carboimidic difluoride]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;NH
|−13 dec
|−90
|65
|2712-98-3
|-
|[[Plumbane]]
|PbH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
|−13
|
|211
|15875-18-0
|-
|[[Methyl nitrite]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−12
|−16
|61
|624-91-9
|-
|[[Trifluoromethylarsine]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hall Ltd 1986. p. 19&quot;&gt;Dictionary of organometallic compounds. - 2nd supplement. - Chapman and Hall Ltd, 1986. - p. 19&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;AsH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−12
|
|146
|420-42-8
|-
|[[1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane]]
|CHClFCF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−11.96
|−199.15
|136.5
|2837-89-0
|-
|[[Isobutane]]
|(CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CHCH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−11.7
|−159.42
|58
|75-28-5
|-
|[[Trifluoromethoxy sulfur pentafluoride]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Duncan |first1=Leonard C. |last2=Cady |first2=George H. |title=The Preparation and Properties of Trifluoromethoxy Sulfur Pentafluoride [CF3OSF5] and cis-Bis(trifluoromethoxy)tetrafluorosulfur(VI) [(CF3 O)2SF4 ] |journal=Inorganic Chemistry |date=June 1964 |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=850–852 |doi=10.1021/ic50016a015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OSF&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;
|−11
|−143
|212
|1873-23-0
|-
|[[Thiothionyl fluoride]]
|SSF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−10.6
|−164.6
|102
|101947-30-2
|-
|[[Sulfur dioxide]]
|SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−10.05
|−75.5
|64
|7446-09-5
|-
|[[2-Fluoropropane]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CHFCH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−10
|
|62
|420-26-8
|-
|[[Pentafluoroethyl hypochlorite]]&lt;ref name=gould/&gt;
|C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;OCl
|−10±
|
|170.5
|22675-67-8
|-
|[[Fluoroformyl sulfurpentafluoride]]&lt;ref name=marco/&gt;
|SF&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;C(O)F
|−10
|
|174
|
|-
|[[Trifluoromethyl fluoroformyl peroxide]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=Lowell Ray |last2=Fox |first2=William B. |title=New preparation for trifluoromethyl fluoroformyl peroxide and bis(trifluoromethyl) trioxide |journal=Inorganic Chemistry |date=September 1970 |volume=9 |issue=9 |pages=2182–2183 |doi=10.1021/ic50091a045}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OOC(O)F
|−10~
|
|148
|16118-40-4
|-
|[[Perfluorodimethoxymethane]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OCF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;OCF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−10
|−161
|220
|53772-78-4
|-
|[[1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane]]
|CClF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−9.6
|−130.8
|100.5
|75-68-3
|-
|[[Chlorofluoromethane]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;ClF
|−9.1
|−133.0
|68.5
|593-70-4
|-
|[[Pentafluoroethyl isocyanate]]&lt;ref&gt;UNITED STATES PATENT 2,617,817 PERFLUOROALKYL ISOCYANATES Arthur H. Ahlbrecht, 11 November 1952&lt;/ref&gt;
|C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;NCO
|−9
|
|157
|356-74-1
|-
|[[Bis(trifluoromethyl)chloramine]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ang&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ang |first1=H. G. |last2=Syn |first2=Y. C. |title=Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry |date=1974 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=9780080578651 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qi0vujzNSz4C&amp;pg=PA8 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|(CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;NCl
|−9
|
|187.5
|
|-
|[[Selenium dioxydifluoride]]
|SeO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−8.4
|−99.5
|149
|14984-81-7
|-
|[[Fluoro(trifluoro-methyl)diazine]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O
|−7.63
|
|132
|815-10-1
|-
|[[Isobutene]]
|(CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;C=CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−7.0
|−140.7
|56
|115-11-7
|-
|[[3-Fluoropropene]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;=CHCH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F
|−7
|
|60
|818-92-8
|-
|[[Bis(trifluromethyl)amine]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|(CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;NH
|−7
|
|153
|371-77-7
|-
|[[Ethoxytrifluorosilane]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Emeléus |first1=H. J. |last2=Heal |first2=H. G. |title=363. The ethoxyfluorosilanes |journal=J. Chem. Soc. |date=1949  |pages=1696–1699 |doi=10.1039/JR9490001696}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;OSiF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−7
|−122
|118
|460-55-9
|-
|[[Trifluoromethylsulfur trifluoride]]&lt;ref name=&quot;rat&quot;/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;SF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−7
|−110
|158
|374-10-7
|-
|[[Perfluoro-2-methyl-1,2-oxazetidine]]&lt;ref name=bu418/&gt;
|(CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-N)CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O
|−6.8
|
|199
|
|-
|[[Tris(trifluoromethyl)-amine]]&lt;ref name=pfta/&gt;
|(CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;N
|−6.5
|
|221
|432-03-1
|-
|[[Methylamine]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−6.4
|−93.42
|31
|74-89-5
|-
|[[1-Butene]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;=CHCH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−6.3
|−185.33
|56
|106-98-9
|-
|[[Diphosphorus tetrafluoride]]
|P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
|−6.2
|−86.5
|138
|13824-74-3
|-
|[[Chloryl fluoride]]
|ClO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F
|−6
|−115
|86.5
|13637-83-7
|-
|[[Trifluoromethyl iminosulfur difluoride]]&lt;ref name=smith&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=William C. |last2=Tullock |first2=Charles W. |last3=Smith |first3=Ronald D. |last4=Engelhardt |first4=Vaughn A. |title=Chemistry of Sulfur Tetrafluoride. III. Organoiminosulfur Difluorides |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |date=February 1960 |volume=82 |issue=3 |pages=551–555 |doi=10.1021/ja01488a013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;N=SF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−6
|
|153
|1512-14-7
|-
|[[Perfluorocyclobutane]]
| -CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-
|−5.91
|−40.16
|200
|115-25-3
|-
|[[Perfluoro-2-butene]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CCF=CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−5.9
|
|200
|360-89-4 trans
|-
|[[Nitrosyl chloride]]
|ONCl
|−5.55
|−59.4
|65.5
|2696-92-6
|-
|[[Difluorocarbamoylchloride]]
|CClF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;NO
|−5.5
|
|115.5
|16847-30-6
|-
|[[Hexafluoro 1,2-dioxolane]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Jin|first1=Anding|last2=Mack|first2=Hans-Georg|last3=Waterfeld|first3=Alfred|last4=Dakkouri|first4=Marwan|last5=Oberhammer|first5=Heinz|date=November 1992|title=Perfluoro-1,2-dioxolane. A new synthesis and its gas-phase structure|journal=Journal of Molecular Structure|language=en|volume=274|issue=1|pages=163–170|doi=10.1016/0022-2860(92)80155-B|bibcode=1992JMoSt.274..163J}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF2OO-
|−5
|−115.5
|182.02
|
|-
|[[1,3-Butadiene]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;=CHCH=CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−4.6
|−108.9
|54
|106-99-0
|-
|[[Ethyltrifluorosilane]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Emeléus |first1=H. J. |last2=Wilkins |first2=C. J. |title=122. Some new ethyl and phenyl silicon fluorides |journal=J. Chem. Soc. |date=1944  |pages=454–456 |doi=10.1039/JR9440000454}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SiF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−4.4
|−105
|114
|353-89-9
|-
|[[Difluoro-N-fluoromethanimine]]
|F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;C=NF
|−4
|
|83
|338-66-9
|-
|[[1,1-Dimethyldiborane]]
|(CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;B(μ-H)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;BH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−4
|−150.2
|56
|16924-32-6
|-
|[[Bromochlorodifluoromethane]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;ClBr
|−3.7
|−159.5
|165.5
|353-59-3
|-
|[[N-Nitroso-bis(trifluoromethyl)amine]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry|author1=H. G. Ang|author2=Y. C. Syn |date=1974 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=9780080578651 |page=29 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qi0vujzNSz4C&amp;pg=PA29|chapter=The chemistry of bis(trifluoromethyl)amine compounds |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|ONN(CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−3.5
|
|182
|
|-
|[[Trifluoromethyl 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OCF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H
|−3.3
|−141
|186
|2356-61-8
|-
|[[1-Fluoropropane]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;FCH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−3.2
|−159
|62
|460-13-9
|-
|[[3-Fluoropropene]]&lt;ref name=CRC-95ed&gt;{{cite book |last1=Haynes |first1=W. M. |title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 95ed |date=2014 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=97814822-08689  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bNDMBQAAQBAJ |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CHCH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F
|−3
|
|60
|818-92-8
|-
|[[Dimethylperoxide]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OOCH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−3
|−100
|62
|690-02-8
|-
|[[Trifluoromethyl thionitrite]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=(Banus) Mason |first1=Joan |title=Trifluoromethyl thionitrite |journal=Journal of the Chemical Society A: Inorganic, Physical, Theoretical |date=1969 |pages=1587 |doi=10.1039/J19690001587}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;SNO
|−3
|
|131
|
|-
|[[Dichlorodifluorogermane]]
|GeCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−2.8
|−51.8
|182
|24422-21-7
|-
|[[Bromotrifluoroethene]]
|CBrF=CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−2.5
|
|161
|598-73-2
|-
|[[Trifluoromethane sulfinyl fluoride]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;SOF
|−2.5
|
|136
|812-12-4
|-
|[[Sárfhluarabútán]]
|C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;
|−2.1
|−129
|238
|355-25-9
|-
|[[Teallúiríd hidrigine]]
|H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Te
|−2
|−49
|130
|7783-09-7
|-
|[[1-Chloroheptafluoropropane]]&lt;ref name=Haupt&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hauptschein |first1=Murray |last2=Nodiff |first2=Edward A. |last3=Grosse |first3=Aristid V. |title=Perfluoroalkyl Halides Prepared from Silver Perfluoro-fatty Acid Salts. II. Perfluoroalkyl Bromides and Chlorides |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |date=March 1952 |volume=74 |issue=5 |pages=1347–1350 |doi=10.1021/ja01125a511}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Cl
|−2
|
|204.5
|422-86-6
|-
|[[2-Chloroheptafluoropropane]]&lt;ref name=Haupt/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CFClCF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−2
|
|204.5
|76-18-6
|-
|[[Bis(trifluoromethyl)selenium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;dic25&quot;/&gt;
|(CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Se
|−2
|
|217
|371-79-9
|-
|Trifluoromethyl sulfinyl fluoride&lt;ref name=&quot;rat&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ratcliffe |first1=Charles T. |last2=Shreeve |first2=Jean'ne M. |title=Some perfluoroalkylsulfinyl halides. New preparations of trifluoromethylsulfur trifluoride |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |date=September 1968 |volume=90 |issue=20 |pages=5403–5408 |doi=10.1021/ja01022a013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;S(O)F
|−1.6
|
|136
|812-12-4
|-
|[[1,1,1,2,2,3-Hexafluoropropane]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CFH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−1.44
|−98.38
|152
|677-56-5
|-
|[[1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−1.4
|−93.6
|152
|690-39-1
|-
|[[Pentafluoroguanidine]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=Ralph Anderson |last2=Kroon |first2=James L. |last3=Rausch |first3=Douglas A. |title=Pentafluoroguanidine |journal=The Journal of Organic Chemistry |date=May 1967 |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=1662–1663 |doi=10.1021/jo01280a103}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−1
|
|149
|10051-06-6
|-
|[[1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoropropane]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoropropane {{!}} C3H4F4 {{!}} ChemSpider |url=http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.148999.html |website=www.chemspider.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CHF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−0.8
|−121.1
|116
|40723-63-5
|-
|[[Heptafluoronitrosopropane]]&lt;ref name=&quot;barr&quot;/&gt;
|C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;NO
|−0.7
|
|199
|354-72-3
|-
|[[Trifluoromethanesulfenylchloride]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;SCl
|−0.6
|
|136.5
|421-17-0
|-
|[[1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoropropane]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CHFCH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|−1-0
|
|116
|421-48-7
|-
|[[1,1,2,2,3,3-Hexafluoropropane]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|CHF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CHF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|−0.3
|−98.38
|152
|680-00-2
|-
|[[Bútán]]
|C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;
|0
|−140
|58
|106-97-8
|-
|[[2,2-Difluoropropane]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|0
|−104.8
|80
|420-45-1
|-
|[Difluoropropane]]
|C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;
|0
|
|238
|354-92-7
|-
|[[Nitrosyl bromide]]
|NOBr
|0
|−56
|110
|13444-87-6
|-
|[[Teatrocsaíd xeanóin]]
|XeO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
|0 dec
|−35.9
|195
|12340-14-6
|-
|[[Trifluoromethylsulfonyl hypofluorite]]&lt;ref name=&quot;dic18&quot;/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;OF
|0
|−87
|168
|
|-
|[[Trifluoromethyl chloroformate]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Young |first1=D.E. |last2=Anderson |first2=L.R. |last3=Gould |first3=D.E. |last4=Fox |first4=W.B. |title=Perfluoroalkyl chloroformates and chlorosulfates |journal=Tetrahedron Letters |date=January 1969 |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=723–726 |doi=10.1016/S0040-4039(01)87792-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OC(O)Cl
|0
|
|148.5
|23213-83-4
|-
|[[Decafluorodiethyl ether]] perfluoro ether&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Burns |first1=T. H. S. |last2=Bracken |first2=A. |title=Modern Inhalation Anesthetics |date=1972 |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=9783642650574 |page=413 |language=en |chapter=Exploratory and Newer Compounds|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-65055-0_19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;OCF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|0
|
|254
|358-21-4
|-
|[[Perfluorocyclobutanone]]&lt;ref name=&quot;depa&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=De Pasquale |first1=Ralph J. |last2=Padgett |first2=Calvin D. |last3=Patton |first3=Jerry R. |title=PERFLUOROCARBON EPOXIDES Part I TECHNICAL REPORT AFML-TR-73-144 |url=http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/912520.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085501/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/912520.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 15, 2017 |publisher=PCR, Inc. |date=May 1973 |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=Iúil 17, 2022 |archivedate=Feabhra 15, 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085501/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/912520.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;C(O)-
|0
|
|178
|699-35-4
|-
|[[Trifluoromethyl peroxonitrate]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OON&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|0.4
|
|129
|50311-48-3
|-
|[[Thiazyl fluoride]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite thesis|title=Some reactions of tetrasulphur tetranitride and trithiazyl trichloride|url=http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/8384/|publisher=Durham University|date=1969|degree=Doctoral|first=G. G.|last=Alange}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|NSF
|0.4
|−89
|65.07
|18820-63-8
|-
|[[Sárfhluaraiteteitrihidreafúrán]]
| -OCF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-
|0.6
|−85
|216
|773-14-8
|-
|Tetrafluoro(trifluoromethylimino)-λ&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;-sulfane&lt;ref name=tull/&gt;
|F&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;S=NCF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|0.75±0.25
|
|191
|
|-
|[[trans-2-Butene]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH=CHCH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|0.9
|−43.3
|56
|624-64-6
|-
|[[Meitilcioglapróipéin]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CHCH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|1
|−177.2
|56
|594-11-6
|-
|[[Bis(trifluoromethyl)phosphine]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Burg |first1=Anton B. |title=A New Synthesis of Bis-Trifluoromethyl-Phosphine, (CF3)2PH |last2=Mahler |first2=Walter |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |date=August 1957 |volume=79 |issue=15 |pages=4242 |doi=10.1021/ja01572a072}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|(CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PH
|1
|
|170
|
|-
|[[Oxalyl fluoride]]&lt;ref name=handbook/&gt;
|CFOCFO
|1±1
|−12.42 
|94
|359-40-0
|-
|[[Methylstannane]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;SnH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|1.4
|
|137
|1631-78-3
|-
|[[tras-Démheitildéimíd]] = asómeatán
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;N=NCH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|1.5
|−78
|58
|503-28-6
|-
|[[Bromosilane]]
|SiH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;Br
|1.9
|−94
|111
|13465-73-1
|-
|[[Airsínmeitile]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;AsH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|2
|−143
|92
|593-52-2
|-
|[[Heicseafluaraicioglabúitéin]]
|C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;
|2
|−60
|162
|697-11-0
|-
|[[Aonocsaíd chlóirín]]
|Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O
|2.2
|−120.6
|87
|7791-21-1
|-
|[[Cioglabúitéin]]
|C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;
|2.5
|
|54
|822-35-5
|-
|[[Difluorodimethylsilane]]
|(CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SiF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|2.5
|−87.5
|96
|353-66-2
|-
|[[1,1,1-Trifluoroazomethane]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;NNCH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|2.5
|
|112
|690-21-1
|-
|[[dichorotrifluorophosphorane]]&lt;ref name=&quot;holst&quot;/&gt;
|PCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|2.5
|−124
|159
|13659-65-9
|-
|[[Trímheitiolaimín]]
|(CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;N
|2.8
|−117.1
|59
|75-50-3
|-
|[[1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane]]
|CCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|3
|−56.6
|152
|374-07-2
|-
|[[Sulfur bromide pentafluoride]]
|SBrF&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;
|3.1
|−79
|207
|15607-89-3
|-
|[[1,1,2-trifluoroethane]]
|CHF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F
|3.5
|−84
|84
|430-66-0
|-
|[[1,2-déchlóraí-1,1,2,2-teitreafluaireatán ]]
|CClF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CClF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|3.6
|−92.52
|171
|76-14-2
|-
|[[cios-2-Búitéin]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH=CHCH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|3.72
|−138.9
|56
|590-18-1
|-
|[[Phosphorus dihydride trifluoride]]&lt;ref name=&quot;holst&quot;/&gt;
|PH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|3.9
|−52
|90
|
|-
|[[Brómaimeatán]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;Br
|4
|−93.66
|95
|74-83-9
|-
|[[1,2-Dimethyldiborane]]
|[(CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)BH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|4
|−124.9
|56
|17156-88-6
|-
|[[Selenium chloride pentafluoride]]
|SeClF&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;
|4.5
|−19
|209.5
|34979-62-9
|-
|[[1,1,4,4-Tetrafluoro-1,3-butadiene]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=1,1,4,4-Tetrafluoro-1,3-butadiene {{!}} C4H2F4 {{!}} ChemSpider |url=http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.120032.html |website=www.chemspider.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;=CFCF=CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|4.5±
|
|162
|407-70-5
|-
|[[Trifluoromethyl phosphorodifluoridate]]&lt;ref name=&quot;dic18&quot;/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OP(O)F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|4.6
|−96.2
|170
|39125-43-4
|-
|[[Bromoacetylene]]
|C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HBr
|4.7
|
|105
|593-61-3
|-
|[[Iodine heptafluoride]]
|IF&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;
|4.8
|6.5 triple
|250
|16921-96-3
|-
|[[Dimethylchloroborane]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|(CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;BCl
|4.9
|−39.9
|76.5
|1803-36-7
|-
|[[Perfluoro-1-butene]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF=CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|5
|
|200
|357-26-6
|-
|[[Sulfur pentafluoride cyanate]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schmuck |first1=Arno |last2=Seppelt |first2=Konrad |title=Sulfur Pentafluoride Cyanate, F&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;S-O-C≡N |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English |date=February 1987 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=134–135 |doi=10.1002/anie.198701341}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|F&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;SOCN
|5
|−60
|169
|
|-
|[[Pentafluorosulfanyl cyanate]]&lt;ref name=&quot;tull&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Tullock |first1=C. W. |last2=Coffman |first2=D. D. |last3=Muetterties |first3=E. L. |title=Synthesis and Chemistry of SF5Cl |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |date=February 1964 |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=357–361 |doi=10.1021/ja01057a013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|F&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;SOCN
|5-5.5
|
|169
|
|-
|[[1,1,2,3,4,4-Hexafluoro-1,3-butadiene]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CFCFCF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|5.4
|−132
|162
|685-63-2
|-
|[[Bis(difluoromethyl) ether]]
|CHF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;OCHF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|5.5
|
|118
|1691-17-4
|-
|[[Methyl pentafluoroethyl ether]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OC&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;
|5.6
|
|140
|22410-44-2
|-
|[[Tris(difluoroamine)fluoromethane]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|(NF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CF
|5.6
|−136.9
|187
|14362-68-6
|-
|[[Perfluoro ethyl methyl ether]]
|C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;OCF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|5.61
|
|204
|
|-
|[[1-Bromo-2,2-difluoro-ethylene]]&lt;ref name=&quot;demiel&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Demiel |first1=Arye |title=Structure and Stability of the Bromofluoroethylenes. II. The Geometric Isomers of 1-Bromo-1,2-difluoro- and 1,2-Dibromo-1,2-difluoroethylene |journal=The Journal of Organic Chemistry |date=July 1965 |volume=30 |issue=7 |pages=2121–2126 |doi=10.1021/jo01018a002}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CHBr=CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|5.7
|
|143
|
|-
|[[Methanethiol]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;SH
|5.95
|−123
|48
|74-93-1
|-
|[[1-Buten-3-yne]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CHC≡CH
|6
|
|54
|689-97-4
|-
|[[Éitear meitile eitile]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OC&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;
|6
|−113
|60
|540-67-0
|-
|[[Éitear vinilmeitile]]?
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OCH=CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|6
|−122
|58
|107-25-5
|-
|[[1,1,1-Trifhluara--2-clóireatán ]]?
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Cl
|6.1
|−105.5
|118.5
|75-88-7
|-
|[[1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexafluoropropane]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|6.2
|
|152
|431-63-0
|-
|[[Phosphorothioic chloride difluoride]]
|PSClF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|6.3
|−155.2
|136.5
|2524-02-9
|-
|[[Perfluoro-2-methoxypropionylfluoride]]&lt;ref name=depa/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OCF(CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)C(O)F
|5-8
|
|232
|
|-
|[[Trimethylsilane]]
|(CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;SiH
|6.7
|−153.9
|74
|993-07-7
|-
|[[Carbon suboxide]]
|OCCCO
|6.8
|−111.3
|68
|504-64-3
|-
|[[2-Chloropentafluoropropene]]&lt;ref name=miller/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CCl=CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|6.8
|
|166.5
|2804-50-4
|-
|[[dimethylgermane]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Anderson|first=H. H.|date=October 1962|title=Boiling Points and Boiling Point Numbers of Organogermanium Compounds.|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/je60015a041|journal=Journal of Chemical &amp; Engineering Data|language=en|volume=7|issue=4|pages=565–567|doi=10.1021/je60015a041|issn=0021-9568}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;GeH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|7.0
|
|104.72
|1449-64-5
|-
|[[Perfluoroisobutene]]
|(CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;C=CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|7
|−130
|200
|382-21-8
|-
|[[Pentafluoroethyl trifluorovinyl ether]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;OCFCF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|7
|
|216
|10493-43-3
|-
|[[1,1-Difluoropropane]]
|CHF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|7-8
|
|80
|430-61-5
|-
|[[1,1,1,2,4,4,4-Heptafluoro-2-butene]]&lt;ref name=bu418/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CF=CHCF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|7-8
|
|182
|
|-
|[[Chloromethylsilane]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;ClSi
|7
|−135
|78.5
|993-00-0
|-
|[[Fluoromethyldifluoroborane]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Advances in Organometallic Chemistry |date=1964 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=9780080580029 |page=[https://archive.org/details/advancesinorgano0041unse/page/154 154] |url=https://archive.org/details/advancesinorgano0041unse |url-access=registration |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Parsons |first1=Theran D. |title=A Trifluoromethylboron Compound, CF3BF2 |last2=Baker |first2=Everett D. |last3=Burg |first3=Anton B. |last4=Juvinall |first4=Gordon L. |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |date=January 1961 |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=250–251 |doi=10.1021/ja01462a053}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;FBF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|7
|−47
|82
|
|-
|[[Nitryl cyanide]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Rahm|first1=Martin|last2=Bélanger-Chabot|first2=Guillaume|last3=Haiges|first3=Ralf|last4=Christe|first4=Karl O.|date=2014-07-01|title=Nitryl Cyanide, NCNO 2|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition|language=en|volume=53|issue=27|pages=6893–6897|doi=10.1002/anie.201404209|pmid=24861214}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|NCNO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|7
|−85
|
|
|-
|[[Phosphorus(V) dichloride trifluoride]]
|PCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|7.1
|−125
|159
|13454-99-4
|-
|[[Sulfuryl chloride fluoride]]
|SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;ClF
|7.1
|−124.7
|118.5
|13637-84-8
|-
|[[Dimethylamine]]
|(CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;NH
|7.3
|−93
|45
|124-40-3
|-
|[[3-Chloropentafluoropropene]]&lt;ref name=&quot;miller&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=William T. |last2=Fried |first2=John H. |last3=Goldwhite |first3=Harold |title=Substitution and Addition Reactions of the Fluoroölefins. IV. Reactions of Fluoride Ion with Fluoroölefins |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |date=June 1960 |volume=82 |issue=12 |pages=3091–3099 |doi=10.1021/ja01497a028}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;ClCF=CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|7.4
|
|166.5
|79-47-0
|-
|[[Carbonyl chloride]] (Phosgene)
|COCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|7.5
|−127.77
|99
|75-44-5
|-
|[[Chloropentafluoroacetone]]
|CClF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;COCF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|7.8
|−133
|182.5
|79-53-8
|-
|[[1-Butyne]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;C≡CH
|8.08
|−125.7
|54
|107-00-6
|-
|[[Dichlorosilane]]
|SiH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|8.3
|−122
|101
|4109-96-0
|-
|[[trans-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=(2E)-1,1,1,4,4,4-Hexafluoro-2-butene {{!}} C4H2F6 {{!}} ChemSpider|url=http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4647246.html|access-date=2020-07-14|website=www.chemspider.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH=CHCF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|8.5
|
|
|407-60-3
|-
|[[Teflurane|2-Bromo-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane]]&lt;ref name=bu418/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CHFBr
|8.65
|
|181
|
|-
|[[Methyl chlorosilane]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;SiH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Cl
|8.7
|−134.1
|80.5
|993-00-0
|-
|[[Pentafluorosulfanyl hypochlorite]]{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}
|SF&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;OCl
|8.9
|
|178.5
|
|-
|[[Dichlorofluoromethane]]
|CHCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F
|8.92
|−135
|103
|75-43-4
|-
|[[ethylgermane]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Teal|first1=Gordon K.|last2=Kraus|first2=Charles A.|date=October 1950|title=Compounds of Germanium and Hydrogen. III. Monoalkylgermanes. IV. Potassium Germanyl. V. Electrolysis of Sodium Germanyl 1|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01166a100|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|language=en|volume=72|issue=10|pages=4706–4709|doi=10.1021/ja01166a100|issn=0002-7863}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;GeH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|9.2
|
|104.66
|
|-
|[[Neopentane]]
|(CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;C
|9.5
|−16.5
|72
|463-82-1
|-
|[[Trifluoromethylperchlorate]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OClO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|9.5
|
|168.5
|52003-45-9
|-
|[[1-Chloro-2-fluoroethene]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|CClF=CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|9.8
|
|80.5
|460-16-2
|-
|[[1,3-Butadiyne]]
|HC≡CC≡CH
|10
|−35
|50
|460-12-8
|-
|[[N-Nitroso-O,N-bis(trifluoromethyl)-hydroxylamine]] or &lt;br/&gt;[[O-Nitroso-bis(trifluoromethy1)hydroxylamine]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Jander |first1=J. |last2=Haszeldine |first2=R. N. |title=Addition of free radicals to unsaturated systems. Part VI. Free-radical addition to the nitroso-group |journal=Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed) |date=1954 |pages=696 |doi=10.1039/JR9540000696}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;red brown gas&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;(CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;O)NNO or&lt;br/&gt; (CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;NONO
|10
|
|198
|367-54-4
|-
|[[Ethylene oxide]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;OCH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|10.4
|−112.46
|44
|75-21-8
|-
|[[1,2-Difluoroethane]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;FCH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F
|10.5
|−118.6
|66
|624-72-6
|-
|[[1,2-Butadiene]] = methylallene
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH=C=CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|11
|−136.20
|54
|590-19-2
|-
|[[Dichloromethylborane]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;BCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|11
|
|97
|7318-78-7
|-
|[[Chlorine dioxide]]
|ClO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|11
|−59
|103
|10049-04-4
|-
|[[2-Chloro-2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropanoyl fluoride]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Houben-Weyl Methods of Organic Chemistry Vol. E 10b/2, 4th Edition Supplement: Organo-Fluorine Compounds - Synthesis of Fluorinated Compounds II, Transformations of Fluorinated Compounds |date=2014 |publisher=Georg Thieme Verlag |isbn=9783131815644 |page=23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HzSGAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CFClC(O)F
|11
|
|182.5
|28627-00-1
|-
|[[Methyl trifluorovinyl ether]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=O'Neill |first1=Gerald J. |title=Stabilization of methyl trifluorovinyl ether US Patent 4127613 |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4127613 |date=20 October 1977}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OCF=CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|11
|
|112
|3823-94-7
|-
|[[Trifluoromethyl hydroperoxide]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Talbott |first1=Richard L. |title=Fluorocarbon peroxides. Novel peroxides prepared from bis(fluoroformyl) peroxide |journal=The Journal of Organic Chemistry |date=May 1968 |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=2095–2099 |doi=10.1021/jo01269a084}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OOH
|11.3
|
|102
|16156-36-8
|-
|[[Methyl trifluoromethyl sulfide]]&lt;ref name=dic25/&gt;
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;SCF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|11.5
|
|116
|421-16-9
|-
|[[Chlorine trifluoride]]
|ClF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|11.75
|−76.34
|128
|7790-91-2
|-
|[[1-bromoheptafluoropropane]]&lt;ref name=Haupt/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Br
|12
|
|249
|422-85-5
|-
|[[Tert-butylfluoride]]&lt;ref name=&quot;toro&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Toropov |first1=Andrey |last2=Toropova |first2=Alla |title=Nearest neighboring code and hydrogen bond index in labeled hydrogen-filled graph and graph of atomic orbitals: application to model of normal boiling points of haloalkanes |journal=Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM |date=December 2004 |volume=711 |issue=1–3 |pages=173–183 |doi=10.1016/j.theochem.2004.10.003}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|(CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CF
|12
|
|76
|353-61-7
|-
|[[2-Fluoro-2-methylpropane]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;(CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)CFCH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|12.1
|
|76
|353-61-7
|-
|[[Trichlorofluorosilane]]
|SiCl&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;F
|12.25
|
|153.5
|14965-52-7
|-
|[[Chloroethane]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Cl
|12.27
|−138
|64.5
|75-00-3
|-
|[[Pentafluoroiodoethane]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Pentafluoroethyl iodide {{!}} C2F5I |url=http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.9259.html |website=www.chemspider.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;I
|12.5
|−92
|246
|354-64-3
|-
|[[Cyclobutane]]
|C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
|12.5
|−90.7
|56
|287-23-0
|-
|1,1-difluoro-''N''-(pentafluoro-λ&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;-sulfanyl)methanimine&lt;ref name=tull/&gt;
|F&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;SN=CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|12.5±0.5
|
|191
|
|-
|2-diazo-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane&lt;ref&gt;{{OrgSynth | author = W. J. Middleton; D. M. Gale  | title = Bis(Trifluoromethyl)diazomethane | collvol = 6 | collvolpages = 161 | prep = cv6p0161 | year = 1988}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|(CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CN&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|12.5±0.5
|
|
|684-23-1
|-
|[[Silylphosphine]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ebsworth |first1=E. A. V. |title=Volatile Silicon Compounds |url=https://archive.org/details/volatilesiliconc0000ebsw |date=1963 |publisher=Pergamon Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/volatilesiliconc0000ebsw/page/118 118]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|SiH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;PH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|12.7
|
|68
|14616-47-8
|-
|[[Cyanogen chloride]]
|ClCN
|13
|−6.55
|61.5
|506-77-4
|-
|[[trans-1-Bromo-1,2-difluoroethylene]]&lt;ref name=demiel/&gt;
|CBrF=CFH
|13
|
|143
|358-99-6
|-
|[[Trifluoromethyl phosphine]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;PH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|13.1
|
|102
|420-52-0
|-
|[[2,2,2-Trifluorodiazoethane]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gilman |first1=Henry |last2=Jones |first2=R. G. |title=2,2,2-Trifluoroethylamine and 2,2,2-Trifluorodiazoethane |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |date=August 1943 |volume=65 |issue=8 |pages=1458–1460 |doi=10.1021/ja01248a005}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CHNN
|13.2
|
|91
|371-67-5
|-
|[[2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropane]] HCFC-244bb&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Zhi-qiang |last2=Kou |first2=Lian-gang |last3=Mao |first3=Wei |last4=Lu |first4=Jing |last5=Zhang |first5=Wei |last6=Lu |first6=Jian |title=Experimental Study of Saturated Pressure Measurements for 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf) and 2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoropropane (HCFC-244bb) |journal=Journal of Chemical &amp; Engineering Data |date=20 December 2013 |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=157–160 |doi=10.1021/je400970y}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CClFCH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|13.23
|
|150.5
|421-73-8
|-
|[[Pentafluoroethyl sulfur pentafluoride]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hoffmann |first1=Friedrich W. |last2=Simmons |first2=Thomas C. |last3=Beck |first3=R. B. |last4=Holler |first4=H. V. |last5=Katz |first5=T. |last6=Koshar |first6=R. J. |last7=Larsen |first7=E. R. |last8=Mulvaney |first8=J. E. |last9=Rogers |first9=F. E. |last10=Singleton |first10=B. |last11=Sparks |first11=R. S. |title=Fluorocarbon Derivatives. I. Derivatives of Sulfur Hexafluoride |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |date=July 1957 |volume=79 |issue=13 |pages=3424–3429 |doi=10.1021/ja01570a029}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;SF&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;
|13.5
|
|246
|
|-
|[[Phosphorus(III) dichloride fluoride]]
|PCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F
|13.85
|−144
|121
|15597-63-4
|-
|[[2-Chloro-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane]]&lt;ref name=miller/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CHClCF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|14
|−120.8
|186.5
|51346-64-6
|-
|[[Difluoro(difluorochloromethyl)amine]]
|CClF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;NF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|14.14
|
|137.5
|13880-71-2
|-
|[[Nitrosyl bromide]]
|ONBr
|14.5
|
|110
|13444-87-6
|-
|[[Hexafluoroisobutylene]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|(CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;C=CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|14.5
|
|164
|382-10-5
|-
|[[N,N-Difluoroethylamine]]&lt;ref name=frazer/&gt;
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;NF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|14.9
|−150.3
|81
|758-18-9
|-
|2-(Pentafluorothio)-3,3-difluorooxaziridine&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sekiya |first1=Akira |last2=DesMarteau |first2=Darryl D. |title=Synthesis and properties of 2-(pentafluorothio)-3,3-difluorooxaziridine |journal=Inorganic Chemistry |date=May 1980 |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=1330–1333 |doi=10.1021/ic50207a045}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|SF&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;(-NCF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O-)
|14.0
|
|207
|73002-62-7
|-
|[[Disulfur difluoride]]
|FSSF
|15
|−133
|102
|13709-35-8
|-
|[[1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluoropropane]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CHF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|15.14
|−102.10
|134
|460-73-1
|-
|[[1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-Nonafluorobutane]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H
|12
|
|220
|375-17-7
|-
|[[Trifluoromethyl phosphorodifluoroperoxoate]]&lt;ref name=&quot;dic18&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Macintyre |first1=Jane E. |title=Dictionary of Inorganic Compounds, Supplement 2 |date=1994 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9780412491009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yV-Kj-ubc0IC&amp;pg=PA18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OOP(O)F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|15.5
|−88.6
|167
|39125-42-3
|-
|[[(Trifluoroacetyl)sulfur pentafluoride]]&lt;ref name=&quot;marco&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=De Marco |first1=Ronald A. |last2=Fox |first2=W. B. |title=(Trifluoroacetyl)sulfur pentafluoride |journal=The Journal of Organic Chemistry |date=September 1982 |volume=47 |issue=19 |pages=3772–3773 |doi=10.1021/jo00140a039}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;C(O)SF&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;
|15.6
|−112
|224
|82390-51-0
|-
|[[Bróimíd vinile]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;=CHBr
|15.8
|−137.8
|107
|593-60-2
|-
|[[Bis(fluorocarbonyl) peroxide]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Arvia |first1=A. J. |last2=Aymonino |first2=P. J. |last3=Waldow |first3=C. H. |last4=Schumacher |first4=H. J. |title=Bis-monofluorcarbonyl-peroxyd |journal=Angewandte Chemie |date=7 March 1960 |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=169 |doi=10.1002/ange.19600720505|bibcode=1960AngCh..72..169A }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=handbook/&gt;
|CF(O)OOCFO
|15.9
|−42.5
|126
|692-74-0
|-
|[[1-Chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane]]
|CClF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F
|16
|
|118.5
|421-04-5
|-
|[[cis-1-Bromo-1,2-difluoroethylene]]&lt;ref name=demiel/&gt;
|CBrF=CHF
|16
|
|143
|
|-
|[[1-Fluoro-2-methylpropane]]&lt;ref name=&quot;toro&quot;/&gt;
|CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;FCHCH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|16
|
|76
|359-00-2
|-
|[[Difluoromethyl 1,1,2-trifluoroethyl ether]]
|CHF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;OCF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F
|16.14
|
|150
|69948-24-9
|-
|[[1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|CHClFCH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|16.15
|
|82.5
|1615-75-4
|-
|[[Fluorotrimethylsilane]]
|(CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;SiF
|16.4
|−74.3
|92
|420-56-4
|-
|[[Bis(trifluoromethyl)nitramine]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ang&quot;/&gt;
|(CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;NNO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|16.4
|
|198
|
|-
|[[Hexafluoroacetone imine]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Knunyants |first1=I. L. |last2=Yakobson |first2=G. G. |title=Syntheses of Fluoroorganic Compounds |date=2012 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=9783642702075 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6zxCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA46 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;C(=NH)CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|16.5±
|−47
|165
|1645-75-6
|-
|[[Dichloro(trifluoromethyl)amine]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;NCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|16.6
|
|154
|13880-73-4
|-
|[[Eitiolaimín]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|16.6
|−81
|45
|75-04-7
|-
|[[1,1,1-Trifluorobutane]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=trifluorbutane {{!}} C4H7F3 {{!}} ChemSpider |url=http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.10675046.html |website=www.chemspider.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|16.74
|−114.79
|112
|460-34-4
|-
|[[Bismuth hydride]]
|BiH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|17
|−67
|212
|18288-22-7
|-
|[[2,2,3,3-Tetrafluorobutane]]&lt;ref name=bu418&gt;{{cite book |last1=Burns |first1=T. H. S. |last2=Bracken |first2=A. |title=Modern Inhalation Anesthetics |date=1972 |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=9783642650574 |pages=418–439 |language=en |chapter=Exploratory and Newer Compounds|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-65055-0_19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|17
|
|130
|
|-
|[[heicseafluairíd (VI) tungstain]]
|WF&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;
|17.1
|1.9
|294
|7783-82-6
|-
|[[1-Chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane]]
|CHClFCHF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|17.3
|
|99.5
|431-07-2
|-
|[[Bis (trifluoromethyl) carbamyl fluoride]]
|(CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;NC(O)F
|17.5±2.5
|
|199
|
|-
|[[Nítrít eitile]]
|C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|17.5
|
|75
|109-95-5
|-
|[[Tetraborane(10)]]
|B&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;
|18
|−120
|54
|18283-93-7
|-
|[[trifluoro-(sulfinylamino)methane]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Lustig |first1=Max |title=Some Perfluoroalkyliminosulfur Derivatives |journal=Inorganic Chemistry |date=August 1966 |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=1317–1319 |doi=10.1021/ic50042a004}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;N=S=O
|18
|
|131
|10564-49-5
|-
|F-2,3-dihydro-1,4-dioxin&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Krespan |first1=Carl G. |last2=Dixon |first2=David A. |title=Perhalodioxins and perhalodihydrodioxins |journal=The Journal of Organic Chemistry |date=June 1991 |volume=56 |issue=12 |pages=3915–3923 |doi=10.1021/jo00012a026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;OCF=CFO-
|18.5
|
|158
|
|-
|[[Brómafluaraimeatán]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;BrF
|19 (CRC=23)
|
|113
|373-52-4
|-
|[[Bis(trifluoromethyl)arsine]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hall Ltd 1986. p. 19&quot;/&gt;
|(CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;AsH
|19
|
|214
|
|-
|[[1,1-Dichloro-2,2-difluoroethene]]
|CCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;=CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|19
|−116
|135
|79-35-6
|-
|[[Perfluorovinylsulphur pentafluoride]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Case |first1=J. R. |last2=Ray |first2=N. H. |last3=Roberts |first3=H. L. |title=394. Sulphur chloride pentafluoride: reaction with fluoro-olefins |journal=Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed) |date=1961 |pages=2070 |doi=10.1039/JR9610002070}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;=CFSF&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;
|19
|
|208
|1186-51-2
|-
|[[Fluoroformic acid anhydride]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Pernice |first1=Holger |last2=Willner |first2=Helge |last3=Bierbrauer |first3=Karina |last4=Burgos Paci |first4=Maximiliano |last5=Argüello |first5=Gustavo A. |title=Fluoroformic Acid Anhydride, FC(O)OC(O)F |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |date=18 October 2002 |volume=41 |issue=20 |pages=3832–3834 |doi=10.1002/1521-3773(20021018)41:20&lt;3832::AID-ANIE3832&gt;3.0.CO;2-M |pmid=12386862 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|FC(O)OC(O)F
|19.2
|−46.2
|110
|177036-04-3
|-
|[[Trifluorovinyl isocyanate]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Middleton |first1=William J. |title=Perfluorovinyl isocyanates |journal=The Journal of Organic Chemistry |date=November 1973 |volume=38 |issue=22 |pages=3924–3928 |doi=10.1021/jo00962a022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;=CFNCO
|19.5
|
|123
|41594-57-4
|-
|[[Fluairíd hidrigine]]
|HF
|20
|−83.36
|20
|7664-39-3
|-
|[[Bromine monofluoride]]
|BrF
|20 dec
|−33
|99
|13863-59-7
|-
|[[Perbromyl fluoride]]
|BrO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;F
|20 dec
|−110
|147
|25251-03-0
|-
|[[1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoropropane]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoropropane {{!}} C3H3ClF4 {{!}} ChemSpider |url=http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.61220.html |website=www.chemspider.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;ClCF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|20
|
|150.5
|421-75-0
|-
|[[Perfluorooxaspiro(2.3)hexane|Perfluorooxaspiro[2.3]hexane]]&lt;ref name=depa/&gt;
|C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;O
|18-21
|
|228
|
|-
|[[pentafluoroethylsulfinyl fluoride]]&lt;ref name=&quot;rat&quot;/&gt;
|C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;S(O)F
|20
|
|186
|20621-31-2
|-
|[[3-Methyl-1-butene]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;=CHCH(CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|20.1
|−168.41
|70
|563-45-1
|-
|[[Aicéataildéad]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CHO
|20.2
|−123.37
|44
|75-07-0
|-
|[[Chlorotetrafluoro(trifluoromethyl)sulfur]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;SClF&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
|20.2
|
|212.5
|42179-04-4
|-
|[[trans-Bis(trifluoromethyl)sulfur tetrafluoride]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Clifford |first1=A. F. |last2=El-Shamy |first2=H. K. |last3=Emeléus |first3=H. J. |last4=Haszeldine |first4=R. N. |title=483. Organometallic and organometalloidal fluorine compounds. Part VIII. The electrochemical fluorination of dimethyl sulphide and carbon disulphide |journal=J. Chem. Soc. |date=1953  |pages=2372–2375 |doi=10.1039/JR9530002372}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;SF&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|20.5
|
|246
|42179-02-2
|-
|[[Decafluorocyclopentane]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;
|20.5
|
|250
|376-77-2
|-
|[[1,1-Dimethylcyclopropane]]
|(CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CCH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|21
|−109.0
|70
|1630-94-0
|-
|[[Acetyl fluoride]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;C(O)F
|21
|−84
|62
|557-99-3
|-
|[[Perfluoro-N-methyloxazolidine]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-NCF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;OCF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-
|21
|
|237
|
|-
|[[Bis(trifluoromethyl)cyanoamine]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ang&quot;/&gt;
|(CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;NCN
|21
|
|178
|
|-
|[[Bis(trifluoromethyl)sulfur difluoride]]&lt;ref name=&quot;dic25&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Macintyre |first1=Jane E. |title=Dictionary of Inorganic Compounds, Supplement 2 |date=1994 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9780412491009 |page=25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yV-Kj-ubc0IC&amp;pg=PA25 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|(CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|21
|
|198
|30341-38-9
|-
|[[Perfluoroethyldimethylamine]]&lt;ref name=pfta/&gt;
|C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;(CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;N
|21±1
|
|271
|815-28-1
|-
|[[cis-1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethene]]
|CClF=CClF
|21.1
|−119.6
|133
|598-88-9
|-
|Trifluoromethyl trifluoromethanesulfonate&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kobayashi |first1=Yoshiro |last2=Yoshida |first2=Tsutomu |last3=Kumadaki |first3=Itsumaro |title=Trifluoromethyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (CF3SO2OCF3) |journal=Tetrahedron Letters |date=January 1979 |volume=20 |issue=40 |pages=3865–3866 |doi=10.1016/S0040-4039(01)95545-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;OCF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|21.2
|−108.2
|218
|3582-05-6
|-
|[[Nitrogen tetroxide]]
|N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
|21.15
|−9.3
|92
|10544-72-6
|-
|[[Difluoroiodomethane]]
|CHF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;I
|21.5
|−122
|178
|1493-03-4
|-
|[[Trifluoromethylcyclopropane]]&lt;ref name=mis&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Misani |first1=Fernanda |last2=Speers |first2=Louise |last3=Lyon |first3=A. M. |title=Synthetic Studies in the Field of Fluorinated Cyclopropanes |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |date=June 1956 |volume=78 |issue=12 |pages=2801–2804 |doi=10.1021/ja01593a041}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|21.6
|
|110
|381-74-8
|-
|[[1,1,1-Trifluoroacetone]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;C(O)CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|21.9
|−78
|112
|421-50-1
|-
|[[trans-1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethene]]
|CClF=CClF
|22
|−93.3
|133
|27156-03-2
|-
|[[Heptafluoroisopropyl hypochlorite]]&lt;ref name=gould&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gould |first1=Douglas E. |last2=Anderson |first2=Lowell Ray |last3=Young |first3=David Edward |last4=Fox |first4=William B. |title=Perhaloalkyl hypochlorites and pentafluorosulfur hypochlorite. I. Preparation and properties |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |date=March 1969 |volume=91 |issue=6 |pages=1310–1313 |doi=10.1021/ja01034a008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|(CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CFOCl
|22
|
|220.5
|22675-68-9
|-
|[[Perfluoroazoethane]]&lt;ref name=chambers&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chambers |first1=W. J. |last2=Tullock |first2=C. W. |last3=Coffman |first3=D. D. |title= The Synthesis and Chemistry of Fluoroazoalkanes|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |date=June 1962 |volume=84 |issue=12 |pages=2337–2343 |doi=10.1021/ja00871a014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;NNC&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;
|22
|
|266
|
|-
|[[1,2,2-Trifluoropropane]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=1,2,2-Trifluoropropane {{!}} C3H5F3 {{!}} ChemSpider |url=http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.10675014.html |website=www.chemspider.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;FCF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|22
|
|98
|811-94-9
|-
|[[Bis(trifluoromethyl)bromamine]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ang&quot;/&gt;
|(CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;NBr
|22
|
|232
|
|-
|[[Bis(trifluoromethyl)sulfde]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Wold |first1=Aaron |last2=Ruff |first2=John K. |title=Inorganic Syntheses Volume 14 |date=2009 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=9780470132807 |page=45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m751CWmh0zEC&amp;pg=PA45 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|(CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S
|22.2
|
|170
|371-78-8
|-
|[[1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|22.6
|−34.1
|149
|406-58-6
|-
|[[octafluoro-1,4-dioxane]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=2,2,3,3,5,5,6,6-Octafluoro-1,4-dioxane {{!}} C4F8O2 {{!}} ChemSpider |url=http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.10329211.html |website=www.chemspider.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|(-CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;OCF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O-)
|22.75±0.25
|
|232
|32981-22-9
|-
|[[Isicianáit]]
|HNCO
|23
|−86
|43
|420-05-3
|-
|[[2-Chloropropene]]
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CCl=CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|23
|−137.4
|76.5
|557-98-2
|-
|[[1,2,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether]]
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CHFOCHF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|23
|
|168
|57041-67-5
|-
|[[1,1,1,2,3-Pentafluoropropane]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=1,1,1,2,3-Pentafluoropropane {{!}} C3H3F5 {{!}} ChemSpider |url=http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.144295.html |website=www.chemspider.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CHFCH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F
|23
|
|134
|431-31-2
|-
|[[2,2,3,3,4,4,5-Heptafluoro oxolane]]&lt;ref name=burdon&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Burdon |first1=J. |last2=Chivers |first2=G. E. |last3=Mooney |first3=E. F. |last4=Tatlow |first4=J. C. |title=Partial fluorination of tetrahydrofuran with cobalt trifluoride |journal=Journal of the Chemical Society C: Organic |date=1969  |issue=13 |pages=1739 |doi=10.1039/j39690001739 |language=en |issn=0022-4952}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CHFO-
|23
|
|179
|
|-
|[[Pentafluoroethyl iminosulfur difluoride]]&lt;ref name=smith/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;N=SF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|23±1
|
|203
|
|-
|[[Methoxyacetylene]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=E. R. H. |last2=Eglinton |first2=Geoffrey |last3=Whiting |first3=M. C. |last4=Shaw |first4=B. L. |title=Ethoxyacetylene |journal=Organic Syntheses |date=1954 |volume=34 |pages=48 |doi=10.1002/0471264180.os034.15|isbn=978-0471264224 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OC≡CH
|23±0.5
|
|56
|6443-91-0
|-
|[[Carbonyl fluoride iodide]]
|COFI
|23.4
|
|174
|1495-48-3
|-
|[[1,2,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CHFOCHF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|23.4
|
|168
|57041-67-5
|-
|[[Propylsilane]]&lt;ref name=grif&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Griffiths |first1=S.T. |last2=Wilson |first2=R.R. |title=The spontaneous ignition of alkyl silanes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_combustion-and-flame_combustion-and-flame_1958-09_2_3/page/244 |journal=Combustion and Flame |date=September 1958 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=244–252 |doi=10.1016/0010-2180(58)90045-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SiH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|23.5±
|
|78
|13154-66-0
|-
|[[Trichlorofluoromethane]]
|CCl&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;F
|23.77
|−110.48
|137.5
|75-69-4
|-
|[[Formic anhydride]]
|C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|24/20 mmHg
|
|74
|1558-67-4
|-
|[[1-Chloro-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene]]&lt;ref name=miller/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH=CFCl
|24
|
|148.5
|460-71-9
|-
|[[1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoro-1-nitro-2-nitrosoethane]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Birchall |first1=J. M. |last2=Bloom |first2=A. J. |last3=Haszeldine |first3=R. N. |last4=Willis |first4=C. J. |title=584. Perfluoroalkyl derivatives of nitrogen. Part X. The reaction of nitric oxide with tetrafluoroethylene, and formation of a nitrosopolymer |journal=Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed) |date=1962 |pages=3021 |doi=10.1039/JR9620003021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;NO
|24.2
|
|176
|679-08-3
|-
|[[Germyl methyl ether]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Gibbon|first1=G. A.|last2=Wang|first2=Jin Tsai|last3=Van Dyke|first3=Charles H.|date=November 1967|title=Preparation and properties of germyl methyl ether and germylmethyl methyl ether|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ic50057a012|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|language=en|volume=6|issue=11|pages=1989–1994|doi=10.1021/ic50057a012|issn=0020-1669}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|GeH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OCH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|24.3
|
|
|5910-93-0
|-
|[[Dibromodifluoromethane]]&lt;ref name=yaws/&gt;
|CBr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|24.45
|−141.5
|210
|75-61-6
|-
|[[Heptafluoro-n-propyl isocyanate|Heptafluoro-''N''-propyl ''iso''cyanate]]&lt;ref name=&quot;barr&quot;/&gt;
|C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;NCO
|24.5
|
|211
|87050-96-2
|-
|[[Hexafluorobut-2-yne]]&lt;ref name=bu418/&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;C≡CCF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|24.6
|−117.4
|162
|692-50-2
|-
|[[1,1,1,4,4,4-Hexafluorobutane]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Baker|first1=Max T|last2=Ruzicka|first2=Jan A|last3=Tinker|first3=John H|date=April 1999|title=One step synthesis of 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobutane from succinonitrile|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-fluorine-chemistry_1999-04-05_94_2/page/123|journal=Journal of Fluorine Chemistry|language=en|volume=94|issue=2|pages=123–126|doi=10.1016/S0022-1139(98)00311-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|24.6
|
|
|407-59-0
|-
|[[Chloroheptafluorocyclobutane]]
|C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;ClF&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;
|25
|−39.1
|216.5
|377-41-3
|-
|[[Dimethylphosphine]]
|(CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PH
|25
|
|62
|676-59-5
|-
|[[Ethyl phosphine]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wagner |first1=Ross I. |last2=Freeman |first2=LeVern D. |last3=Goldwhite |first3=H. |last4=Rowsell |first4=D. G. |title=Phosphiran |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |date=March 1967 |volume=89 |issue=5 |pages=1102–1104 |doi=10.1021/ja00981a013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|25
|
|62
|593-68-0
|-
|[[Octafluorocyclopentene]]&lt;ref name=bu416/&gt;
|C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
|25
|
|212
|559-40-0
|-
|[[2-Fluorobutane]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=2-Fluorobutane {{!}} C4H9F {{!}} ChemSpider |url=http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2282432.html |website=www.chemspider.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CHFCH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|25
|−121
|76
|359-01-3
|-
|}

[[Catagóir:Gáis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Clóraimeatán</title>
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      <text bytes="3983" sha1="pexva7toc8a180dlpof6kb9jw3gi7ao" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Comhdhúil Cheimiceach}}Is [[comhdhúil orgánach]] leis an bhfoirmle cheimiceach é '''clóraimeatán''', ar a dtugtar '''clóiríd mheitile''' freisin, '''Cuisneán-40''', '''R-40''' nó '''HCC 40''' . Ceann de na [[Halaigionalcán|hala-alcáin]], is gás éadathach, inlasta, gan bholadh é. Is imoibrí ríthábhachtach é clóraimeatán sa cheimic thionsclaíoch, cé go bhfuil sé i láthair go hannamh i dtáirgí  tomhaltais,  agus úsáideadh é roimhe seo mar chuisneán .

== Tarlú ==
Is halacarbón flúirseach é clóraimeatán, antrapaigineach nó nádúrtha, san atmaisféar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|journal=Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.|year=2017|pages=1355–1370|doi=10.1007/s13762-016-1219-5|title=REVIEW: Halocarbon Emissions from Marine Phytoplankton and Climate Change|first=Y.-K.|author=Lim}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Muirí ===
Táirgeann cultúir saotharlainne  d' fhíteaplanctóin mhara (''Phaeodactylum tricornutum'', ''Phaeocystis'' sp., ''Thalassiosira weissflogii'', ''Chaetoceros calcitrans'', ''Isochrysis'' sp., ''Porphyridium'' sp., ''Synechococcus'' sp., ''Tetraselmis'' sp., ''Prorocentrum sp.'', agus ''Emiliana huxleyi)'' CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;Cl, ach i méideanna réasúnta neamhshuntasach.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|year=1996|title=Production of Methyl Chloride and Methyl Bromide in Laboratory Cultures of Marine Phytoplankton|journal=Mar Chem|volume=54|pages=263–272|doi=10.1016/0304-4203(96)00036-9|issue=3–4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|year=1998|title=Production of Methyl Bromide and Methyl Chloride in Laboratory Cultures of Marine Phytoplankton II|journal=Mar Chem|volume=59|pages=311–320|doi=10.1016/S0304-4203(97)00092-3|issue=3–4}}&lt;/ref&gt;Léirigh staidéar fairsing ar 30 speiceas de mhacralgaí polacha sceitheadh de mhéideanna suntasacha CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;Cl i ''Gigartina skottsbergii'' agus ''Gymnogongrus antarcticus'' amháin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=Laturnus F|year=2001|title=Marine Macroalgae in Polar Regions as Natural Sources for Volatile Organohalogens|journal=Environ Sci Pollut Res|volume=8|pages=103–108|doi=10.1007/BF02987302|pmid=11400635|issue=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
===Bithghineas===
Sa phlanda riascach ''Batis maritima'' tá an einsím traschuráis chlóiríd mheitile a chatalaíonn sintéis CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;Cl ó S-adanóisín-L-meitiainín agus clóiríd.&lt;ref name=Ni &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Ni X, Hager LP| year = 1998 | title = cDNA Cloning of ''Batis maritima'' Methyl Chloride Transferase and Purification of the Enzyme |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1998-10-27_95_22/page/12866| journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci USA | volume = 95 | pages = 12866–71 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.95.22.12866 | pmid = 9789006 | issue = 22 | pmc = 23635| bibcode = 1998PNAS...9512866N | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Íonaíodh an próitéin seo agus nochtadh é in ''[[Escherichia|E. coli]]'', agus is cosúil go bhfuil sé i láthair in orgánaigh eile cosúil le fungais bánlobhaidh (''Phellinus pomaceus''), algaí dearga (''Endocladia muricata''), agus ''Mesembryanthemum crystallinum'', agus is táirgeoirí CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;Cl gach ceann acu .&lt;ref name=Ni/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Ni X, Hager LP| year = 1999 | title = Expression of ''Batis maritima'' Methyl Chloride Transferase in ''Escherichia coli'' |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1999-03-30_96_7/page/3611| journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci USA | volume = 96 | pages = 3611–5 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.96.7.3611 | pmid = 10097085 | issue = 7 | pmc = 22342| bibcode = 1999PNAS...96.3611N | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;


==Tagairetí==
[[Catagóir:Tuaslagóirí halaiginithe]]
[[Catagóir:Halaimeatáin]]
[[Catagóir:Truailleáin aeir ghuaiseacha]]
[[Catagóir:Carcanaiginí Grúpa 3 GITA]]
[[Catagóir:Clóralcáin]]
[[Catagóir:Cuisneáin]]
[[Catagóir:Táirgí nádúrtha ina bhfuil halaigin]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Catagóir:Gáis cheaptha teasa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>LRRC15</title>
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      <comment>Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260614sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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Is próitéin é '''seicheamh athfhillteach leoicín-mhar 15''' nó  '''LRRC15''' atá ionchódaithe ag an ngéin LRRC15 i ndaoine.&lt;ref name=&quot;entrez&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/131578|title=Entrez Gene: Leucine rich repeat containing 15}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Tá sí suite ar chrómasóim 3 ag 3q29, a bhaineann leis an bhfofhine LRR, a bhfuil baint aige le hidirghníomhaíochtaí cill-cill agus cill- siad ''micrithimpeallachta''. Tá réamhfhianaise ann go bhféadfadh baint a bheith ag léiriú le déine COVID-19 agus gur fachtóir coisctheach é d’iontráil SARS-CoV-2 i gcealla. Níl fearainn ​​incheallacha soiléir ag LRRC15. Léiríonn LRRC15 patrún léirithe, an-srianta, ach cuirtear in iúl é i réimsí a chomhdhéanann bacainní imdhíonachta ó dhúchas amhail an phlacaint, an craiceann, fibreablastaí gníomhachtaithe i gcréachtaí, agus fíocháin linfóideacha mar an liathán D’fhéadfadh ról éigin a bheith ag LRRC15 san imdhíonacht dhúchasach. Cuirtear LRRC15 in iúl go hiomrallach in ailse.
== Tuilleadh léitheoireachta ==
{{refbegin | 2}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Reynolds PA, Smolen GA, Palmer RE, Sgroi D, Yajnik V, Gerald WL, Haber DA | title = Identification of a DNA-binding site and transcriptional target for the EWS-WT1(+KTS) oncoprotein | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_genes-development_2003-09-01_17_17/page/2094 | journal = Genes &amp; Development | volume = 17 | issue = 17 | pages = 2094–107 | date = September 2003 | pmid = 12923058 | pmc = 196452 | doi = 10.1101/gad.1110703 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Dominguez CX, Müller S, Keerthivasan S, Koeppen H, Hung J, Gierke S, Breart B, Foreman O, Bainbridge TW, Castiglioni A, Senbabaoglu Y, Modrusan Z, Liang Y, Junttila MR, Klijn C, Bourgon R, Turley SJ | title = Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Stromal Evolution into LRRC15+ Myofibroblasts as a Determinant of Patient Response to Cancer Immunotherapy | journal = Cancer Discovery | volume = 10 | issue = 2 | pages = 232–253 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 31699795 | doi = 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-19-0644 | s2cid = 207948443 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Krishnamurty AT, Shyer JA, Thai M, Gandham V, Buechler MB, Yang YA, Pradhan RN, Wang AW, Sanchez PL, Qu Y, Breart B, Chalouni C, Dunlap D, Ziai J, Elstrott J, Zacharias N, Mao W, Rowntree RK, Sadowsky J, Lewis GD, Pillow TH, Nabet BY, Banchereau R, Tam L, Caothien R, Bacarro N, Roose-Girma M, Modrusan Z, Mariathasan S, Müller S, Turley SJ | title = LRRC15+ myofibroblasts dictate the stromal setpoint to suppress tumour immunity | journal = Nature | volume = 611 | issue = 7934 | pages = 148-154 | date = September 2022 | pmid = 36171287 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-022-05272-1 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Foster DS, Januszyk M, Delitto D, Yost KE, Griffin M, Guo J, Guardino N, Delitto AE, Chinta M, Burcham AR, Nguyen AT, Bauer-Rowe KE, Titan AL, Salhotra A, Jones RE, da Silva O, Lindsay HG, Berry CE, Chen K, Henn D, Mascharak S, Talbott HE, Kim A, Nosrati F, Sivaraj D, Ransom RC, Matthews M, Khan A, Wagh D, Coller J, Gurtner GC, Wan DC, Wapnir IL, Chang HY, Norton JA, Longaker MT | title = Multiomic analysis reveals conservation of cancer-associated fibroblast phenotypes across species and tissue of origin | journal = Cancer Cell | volume = 40 | issue = 11 | pages = 1392-1406 | date = November 2022 | pmid = 36270275 | doi = 10.1016/j.ccell.2022.09.015 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Buechler MB, Pradhan RN, Krishnamurty AT, Cox C, Calviello AK, Wang AW, Yang YA, Tam L, Caothien R, Roose-Girma M, Modrusan Z, Arron JR, Bourgon R, Müller S, Turley SJ | title = Cross-tissue organization of the fibroblast lineage | journal = Nature | volume = 593 | issue = 7860 | pages = 575–579| date = May 2021 | pmid = 33981032 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-021-03549-5 | bibcode = 2021Natur.593..575B | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhang M, Lv L, Zhang X, Zhang P, Zhou Y | title = LRRC15 promotes osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by modulating p65 cytoplasmic/nuclear translocation | journal = Stem Cell Res Ther | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 65 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29523191 | pmc = 5845373 | doi = 10.1186/s13287-018-0809-1 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Cui J, Dean D, Wei R, Hornicek FJ, Ulmert D, Duan Z | title = Expression and Clinical Implications of Leucine-Rich Repeat Containing 15 (LRRC15) in Osteosarcoma | journal = J Orthop Res | date = September 2020 | volume = 38 | issue = 11 | pages = 2362–2372 | pmid = 32902907 | doi = 10.1002/jor.24848 | s2cid = 221573227 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = O'Prey J, Wilkinson S, Ryan KM | title = Tumor antigen LRRC15 impedes adenoviral infection: implications for virus-based cancer therapy | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-virology_2008-06_82_12/page/5933 | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 82 | issue = 12 | pages = 5933–9 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18385238 | pmc = 2395123 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.02273-07 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Satoh K, Hata M, Yokota H | title = A novel member of the leucine-rich repeat superfamily induced in rat astrocytes by beta-amyloid | url = https://archive.org/details/biochemical-and-biophysical-research-comms_2002-01-18_290_2/page/756 | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 290 | issue = 2 | pages = 756–62 | date = January 2002 | pmid = 11785964 | doi = 10.1006/bbrc.2001.6272 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Satoh K, Hata M, Shimizu T, Yokota H, Akatsu H, Yamamoto T, Kosaka K, Yamada T | title = Lib, transcriptionally induced in senile plaque-associated astrocytes, promotes glial migration through extracellular matrix | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 335 | issue = 2 | pages = 631–6 | date = September 2005 | pmid = 16098915 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.07.117 }}
{{refend}}

==Naisc sheachtracha==
*[https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/feb/09/crazy-interesting-findings-by-australian-researchers-may-reveal-key-to-covid-immunity ‘Crazy interesting’ findings by Australian researchers may reveal key to Covid immunity]
==Tagairtí==</text>
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    <title>Agaricus bisporus</title>
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{{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo}}
Beacán (nó muisiriún) [[Basidiomycota|baisidimícéite]] atá dúchasach [[Féarthalamh|d'fhéarthailte]] san [[An Eoráise|Eoráise]] agus i [[Meiriceá Thuaidh]] is ea'' '''Agaricus bisporus''''', ar a dtugtar '''fás na haon oíche''' nó '''an beacán coiteann'''&lt;ref name='Tearma'&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.tearma.ie/q/beac%E1n%20coiteann/|title=“beacán coiteann” {{!}} téarma.ie|publisher=[[An Coiste Téarmaíochta]]|work=[[Téarma.ie]]: An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta don Ghaeilge|access-date=2024-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; go coitianta. Saothraítear ''A. bisporus'' i níos mó ná 70 tír, agus tá sé ar cheann de na beacáin is coitianta agus is forleithne a itear ar fud an domhain. Tá roinnt beacán eile san fhiántas a bhfuil an chuma chéanna orthu agus atá nimhiúil marfach. Tá dhá staid datha air agus é neamhaibí – bán agus donn – a bhfuil ainmneacha éagsúla ar an dá cheann, le hainmneacha breise don staid aibí, lena n-áirítear '''crón''', '''portobello''', '''portabellini''', '''cnaipe''' agus '''champignon de Paris'''.

Tá roinnt cruthanna nimhiúla cosúla le ''A. bisporus'' san fhiántas, mar shampla ''Entoloma sinuatum''.
==Cur síos==
Tá dath liathdhonn ar an philéas nó an chaipín, san bhunspeiceas fiáin, le scálaí leathana, cothroma ar chúlra níos gile agus ag tréigean i dtreo na n-imeall. Ar dtús, bíonn sé leathsféarúil sula  nosclaíonn sé amach  le habaíocht, agus is gnách go mbíonn sé 5-10 ceintiméadar ar trastomhas. Bíonn na duilleoga cúnga pacáilte scaoilte agus bándearg ar dtús, ansin deargdhonnn, agus ar deireadh dúdhonn le ciumhais bhána ón ''cheilocystidia''. Tá an stíp shorcóireach suas le  6 cm ar airde faoi 1 -2 cm ar leithead agus bíonn fáinne tiubh agus caol uirthi, a d'fhéadfadh a bheith stríoca ar an taobh uachtarach. Tá an fheoil teann bán, cé go dtagann smál scoth-bhándearg amach air má bhrúiter é. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author =Zeitlmayr L|year=1976|title=Wild Mushrooms:An Illustrated Handbook|pages=82–83|publisher=Garden City Press, Hertfordshire|isbn=0-584-10324-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Carluccio03&gt;{{cite book|author =Carluccio A. |year=2003|title=The Complete Mushroom Book|url =https://archive.org/details/completemushroom0000carl |publisher=Quadrille|isbn=1-84400-040-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Tá prionta na spór dúdhonn. Tá na spóir ubhchruthach go cruinn agus tomhaiseann siad thart ar 4.5–5.5 μm × 5–7.5 μm, agus bíonn na baisidiamaí dé-spórach de ghnáth, cé go bhfuil cur síos déanta ar chineálacha dhá- teatrspórach ón Ghaineamhlach Mojave agus ón Mheánmhuir, le stíleanna maireachtála heitreatallacha agus homatallacha den chuid is mó.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/3760617 |vauthors=Callac P, Billette C, Imbernon M, Kerrigan RW |title=Morphological, genetic, and interfertility analyses reveal a novel, tetrasporic variety of ''Agaricus bisporus'' from the Sonoran Desert of California|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mycologia_september-october-1993_85_5/page/835 |jstor=3760617|journal=[[Mycologia]]|volume=85|issue=5|pages=835–851|year=1993}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Callac P, Imbernon M, Guinberteau J, Pirobe L, Granit S, Olivier JM, Theochari I |title=Discovery of a wild Mediterranean population of ''Agaricus bisporus'', and its usefulness for breeding work|journal=Mushroom Science|volume=15|pages=245–252|year=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tagairtí==
[[Catagóir:Agaricus|biospóir]]
[[Catagóir:Fungais inite]]
[[Catagóir:Fungais á saothrú]]
[[Catagóir:Fungais na hEorpa]]
[[Catagóir:Fungais Mheiriceá Thuaidh]]
[[Catagóir:Fungais le cur síos orthu i 1926]]
[[Catagóir:Speicis fungas]]</text>
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    <title>Hezbollah</title>
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      <text bytes="19892" sha1="4ae0b76ksptbj1jw8zq17vgl0jc8kx0" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}}
Is grúpa míleatach agus páirtí polaitiúil [[Ioslamachas|Ioslamaíoch]] de chuid [[An Liobáin|na Liobáine]] é '''Hezbollah''' ({{Lang-ar|حزب الله|Ḥizbu 'llāh}}; rómhánaithe: ''Ḥizbu 'llāh'', ‘Páirtí Allah’ nó ‘Páirtí Dé’)&lt;ref name='Tearma'&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.tearma.ie/q/Hezbollah/|title=“Hezbollah” {{!}} téarma.ie|publisher=[[An Coiste Téarmaíochta]]|work=[[Téarma.ie]]: An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta don Ghaeilge|access-date=2024-05-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hezbollah|title=Hezbollah {{!}} Meaning, History, &amp; Ideology {{!}} Britannica|date=2023-12-15|language=en|work=www.britannica.com|access-date=2023-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-hezbollah|title=What Is Hezbollah?|language=en|work=Council on Foreign Relations|access-date=2023-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ó 1992, tá sé faoi stiúir a Ard-Rúnaí [[Hassan Nasrallah]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Hassan Nasrallah|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah|journal=Wikipedia|date=2024-09-12|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tugtar ''an Chomhairle Jiohád'' ar an eite pharaimíleata&lt;ref name=&quot;LevittP15&quot;&gt;{{Cite book-en|last=Levitt|first=Matthew|author-link=Matthew Levitt|year=2013|title=Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God|publisher=Hurst Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTJeAQAAQBAJ&amp;q=jihad+council+hezbollah&amp;pg=PA14|quote=... the Jihad Council coordinates 'resistance activity'.|isbn=978-1-84904-333-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus is é ''Dílseacht don Fhrithbheartaíocht'' an eite pholaitiúil i b[[Parlaimint na Liobáine]].&lt;ref name=&quot;haaretz.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=http://www.haaretz.com/st/c/prod/eng/2016/07/lebanon2/|title=Hezbollah: Not a terror group but a midsized army|date=Lúnasa 2016|work=Haaretz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408153940/http://www.haaretz.com/st/c/prod/eng/2016/07/lebanon2/|archive-date=8 Aibreán 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Tá dlúthcheangal idir [[an Iaráin]] agus Hezbollah anois.&lt;ref&gt;[[David Hirst (journalist)|Hirst, David]] (2010) ''Beware of Small States. ''&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Stair ==
Bhunaigh cléirigh Liobánacha an grúpa go príomha chun troid i gcoinne ionradh Iosrael ar an Liobáin in 1982.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc-hi-me&quot; /&gt; Ghlac sé leis an fhís a leag [[an tAyatollah Khomeini]] amach tar éis [[Réabhlóid na hIaráine]] in 1979, agus thug bunaitheoirí an pháirtí “Hezbollah” air toisc gurbh é sin an t-ainm a roghnaigh Khomeini. 

Cruthaíodh an eagraíocht le tacaíocht ó 1,500 oiliúnóir de chuid [[Cór Gharda na Réabhlóide Ioslamaí|Chór Gharda na Réabhlóide Ioslamaí]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps|journal=Wikipedia|date=2024-09-12|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;,&lt;ref name=&quot;nybooks&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/17060|title=In Search of Hezbollah|author=Adam Shatz|journal=[[The New York Review of Books]]|date=29 Aibreán 2004|accessdate=14 Lúnasa 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus thug sí grúpaí éagsúla [[Siach|Siacha]] sa Liobáin le chéile in eagraíocht aontaithe amháin chun an fód a sheasamh in aghaidh ghabháil Iosrael ar Dheisceart na Liobáine.&lt;ref&gt;E. Azani, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FSpaCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA59 ''Hezbollah: The Story of the Party of God: From Revolution to Institutionalization,''] Springer, 2011  {{ISBN|978-0-230-11629-0}} pp. 59–63&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc-hi-me&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4314423.stm|teideal=Who are Hezbollah?|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mariam Farida, [https://books.google.com/books?id=5rqmDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT13 ''Religion and Hezbollah: Political Ideology and Legitimacy,''] Routledge, 2019 {{ISBN|978-1-000-45857-2}} pp. 1–3.&lt;/ref&gt; Sa bhliain 1985, le linn [[Cogadh Cathartha na Liobáine|Chogadh Cathartha na Liobáine]], d'fhoilsigh Hezbollah forógra a shonraigh a phríomhaidhm mar “na Meiriceánaigh, na Francaigh agus comhghuaillithe dá gcuid a dhíbirt e as an Liobáin chun deireadh a chur leo ar ár dtalamh”.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Hizballah Program&quot;&gt;{{Cite book-en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVJR9UZnTVAC&amp;pg=PA425|title=Israel in the Middle East|publisher=UPNE|author=Itamar Rabinovich|access-date=18 Samhain 2010|isbn=978-0-87451-962-4|year=2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ó 1985 go 2000, ghlac Hezbollah páirt i gCoimhlint Dheisceart na Liobáine in aghaidh [[Arm Dheisceart na Liobáine]] (SLA) agus Arm Iosrael (IDF), agus throid sé arís in aghaidh an IDF i g[[Cogadh na Liobáine]] in 2006. Le linn na 1990idí, d’eagraigh Hezbollah óglaigh chun troid ar son [[Arm Phoblacht na Boisnia agus na Heirseagaivéine]] le linn [[Cogadh na Boisnia|Chogadh na Boisnia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Fisk&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/after-the-atrocities-committed-against-muslims-in-bosnia-it-is-no-wonder-today-s-jihadis-have-set-9717384.html|work=The Independent|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717080303/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/after-the-atrocities-committed-against-muslims-in-bosnia-it-is-no-wonder-today-s-jihadis-have-set-9717384.html|archivedate=17 Iúil 2018|teideal=After the atrocities committed against Muslims in Bosnia, it is no wonder today’s jihadis have set out on the path to war in Syria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ó 1990 i leith, tá Hezbollah ag glacadh páirte i bpolaitíocht na Liobáine, i bpróiseas a dtugtar “Liobáiniú Hezbollah” air. Ghlac sé páirt ina dhiaidh sin i rialtas na Liobáine agus chuaigh sé isteach i gcomhghuaillíochtaí polaitiúla. 

Tar éis agóidí na Liobáine in 2006–2008,&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghattas&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6200804.stm|teideal=Political ferment in Lebanon|last=Ghattas|first=Kim|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Haaretz1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/981696.html|title=Hezbollah fighters retreat from Beirut after 37 die in clashes|last=Stern|first=Yoav|date=10 Bealtaine 2008|work=[[Haaretz]]|access-date=20 Deireadh Fómhair 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512082543/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/981696.html|archive-date=12 Bealtaine 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; cruthaíodh rialtas aontachtach náisiúnta in 2008, agus bhuaigh Hezbollah agus a chomhghuaillithe sa fhreasúra 11 as 30 suíochán comh-aireachta, rud a thug cumhacht crosta dóibh.&lt;ref name=&quot;CFR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/9155/hezbollah.html?breadcrumb=%2F|title=Hezbollah (a.k.a. Hizbollah, Hizbu'llah)|date=13 Meán Fómhair 2008|publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|access-date=15 Meán Fómhair 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913091527/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9155/hezbollah.html?breadcrumb=%2F|archive-date=13 Meán Fómhair 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; I mí Lúnasa 2008, ghlac comh-aireacht nua na Liobáine d'aon toil le dréachtráiteas polasaí a d'aithin go bhfuil Hezbollah ann mar eagraíocht armtha agus a chosain a cheart chun “tailte faoi fhorghabháil a shaoradh nó a aisghabháil” ([[Feirmeacha Shebaa]] mar shampla). Tá Hezbollah ina chuid de [[Comhghuaillíocht 8 Márta|Chomhghuaillíocht 8 Márta]] a sheasann i gcoinne [[Comhghuaillíocht 14 Márta|Chomhghuaillíocht 14 Márta]]. 

Ó 2012 i leith, throid Hezbollah i gcogadh cathartha na Siria i gcomhar le rialtas na Siria in aghaidh an fhreasúra, gluaiseacht a ndearna Hezbollah cur síos uirthi mar phlota [[Síónachas|Síónach]] chun a chomhghuaillíocht le [[Bashar al-Assad]] in aghaidh Iosrael a scriosadh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/04/world/middleeast/mystery-in-hezbollah-operatives-life-and-death.html|teideal=Mystery in Hezbollah Operative’s Life and Death|work=The New York Times|archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/04/world/middleeast/mystery-in-hezbollah-operatives-life-and-death.html|archivedate=2022-01-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barnard&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/10/world/middleeast/syria.html?_r=0|teideal=Car Bombing Injures Dozens in Hezbollah Section of Beirut|dáta=2013-07-09|work=The New York Times|quote=Hezbollah has portrayed the Syrian uprising as an Israeli-backed plot to destroy its alliance with Mr. Assad against Israel.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idir 2013 agus 2015, sheol an eagraíocht saighdiúirí go dtí an tSiria agus an Iaráic chun mílístí áitiúla a thraenáil ina dtroid i gcoinne [[An Stát Ioslamach|an Stáit Ioslamaigh]].&lt;ref&gt;[[Liz Sly]] and Suzan Haidamous [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/lebanons-hezbollah-acknowledges-battling-the-islamic-state-in-iraq/2015/02/16/4448b21a-b619-11e4-bc30-a4e75503948a_story.html 'Lebanon's Hezbollah acknowledges battling the Islamic State in Iraq,'] [[Washington Post]] 16 Feabhra 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; In olltoghchán na Liobáine 2018, bhuaigh Hezbollah 12 shuíochán agus bhuaigh a chomhghuaillíocht an toghchán ina iomláine trí 70 as 128 suíochán a bhaint amach.&lt;ref name=&quot;reuters.com&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-election-parliament-factbox-idUSKCN1IN1OJ|teideal=Factbox: Hezbollah and allies gain sway in Lebanon parliament|dáta=2018-05-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;aljazeera.com&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/5/8/hezbollah-amal-and-allies-biggest-winners-in-lebanon-elections|teideal=Hezbollah, Amal and allies biggest winners in Lebanon elections|dáta=2018-05-08|work=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Thosaigh coimhlint nua sa bhliain 2023/2024.

{{Main|Coimhlint Iosrael–Hezbollah, 2020idí}}{{Main|Pléascadh glaoirí Hezbollah, 2024}}

== Polaitíocht ==
Ní dhearna Hezbollah dí-armáil tar éis d'Iosrael tarraingt siar ó Dheisceart na Liobáine, rud a sháraigh rún 1701 ó [[Comhairle Slándála na Náisiún Aontaithe|Chomhairle Slándála na Náisiún Aontaithe]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/17/fears-grow-of-all-out-israel-hezbollah-war-as-fighting-escalates-lebanon|work=The Guardian|teideal=Fears grow of all-out Israel-Hezbollah war as fighting escalates|dáta=2023-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ó 2006, d'fhás neart míleata an ghrúpa go suntasach,&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/un-hezbollah-has-increased-military-strength-since-2006-war-1.231869|work=Haaretz|teideal=UN: Hezbollah Has Increased Military Strength Since 2006 War|dáta=2007-10-25|dátarochtana=2024-05-14|archivedate=2013-09-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929065334/http://www.haaretz.com/news/un-hezbollah-has-increased-military-strength-since-2006-war-1.231869}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;met&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://injesus.com/message-archives/prophetic/prophecyupdate/prophecy-update-israel-reaches|teideal=Israel reaches strategic decision not to let Iran go nuclear|work=[[Middle East Times]]|quote=And if there is one thing that ideologically and diametrically opposed Hezbollah and Israel agree on, it is Hezbollah's growing military strength.|dátarochtana=2024-05-14|archivedate=2011-08-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809125809/http://injesus.com/message-archives/prophetic/prophecyupdate/prophecy-update-israel-reaches}}&lt;/ref&gt; sa mhéid is go raibh a eite pharaimíleatach níos láidre ná Arm na Liobáine.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT05202013&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/21/world/middleeast/syria-developments.html?pagewanted=all&amp;_r=0|work=The New York Times|quote=Hezbollah, stronger than the Lebanese Army, has the power to drag the country into war without a government decision, as in 2006, when it set off the war by capturing two Israeli soldiers|teideal=Hezbollah’s Role in Syria War Shakes the Lebanese|dáta=2013-05-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;washpost2013&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-06-12/world/39922185_1_aleppo-war-soccer-stadium|work=[[The Washington Post]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105065531/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-06-12/world/39922185_1_aleppo-war-soccer-stadium|archivedate=5 Samhain 2013|quote=...&amp;nbsp;Hezbollah, which has a fighting force generally considered more powerful than the Lebanese army.|teideal=For Lebanon’s Sunnis, growing rage at Hezbollah over role in Syria|dáta=2013-06-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Déantar cur síos ar Hezbollah mar “stát laistigh de stát”,&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/iransyria-vs-israel-round-1-assessments-lessons-learned-02558/#more-2558|work=Defense Industry Daily|teideal=Iran-Syria vs. Israel, Round 1: Assessments &amp; Lessons Learned}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus sa lá atá inniu ann, tá suíocháin aige i rialtas na Liobáine, tá stáisiún raidió agus stáisiún teilifíse satailíte aige, agus seolann sé go leor saighdiúirí chun páirt a ghlacadh i gcoinbhleachtaí taobh amuigh den Liobáin.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;deeb-hzb-a-primer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=http://www.merip.org/mero/mero073106|title=Hizballah: A Primer|last=Deeb|first=Lara|date=31 Iúil 2006|publisher=Middle East Report|access-date=31 Bealtaine 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019062730/http://merip.org/mero/mero073106|archive-date=19 Deireadh Fómhair 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/hezbollah-operative-wanted-by-fbi-dies-in-fighting-in-syria/2014/05/28/be2d27fe-e69a-11e3-8f90-73e071f3d637_story.html|teideal=Hezbollah operative wanted by FBI dies in fighting in Syria|dáta=2014-05-28|work=[[The Washington Post]]|quote=&quot;...&amp;nbsp;Hasan Nasrallah has called the deployment of his fighters to Syria a 'new phase' for the movement, and it marks the first time the group has sent significant numbers of men outside Lebanon's borders.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Faoi láthair, faigheann Hezbollah oiliúint mhíleata, airm, agus airgead ón Iaráin, agus tacaíocht pholaitiúil ón tSiria, cé go ndearna nádúr seicteach an chogaidh sa tSiria dochar do dhlisteanacht Hezbollah i measc na Sunnaíoch.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT2014&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/21/world/middleeast/syrian-fighting-gives-hezbollah-new-but-diffuse-purpose.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/21/world/middleeast/syrian-fighting-gives-hezbollah-new-but-diffuse-purpose.html|archivedate=2022-01-03|quote=...&amp;nbsp;the fighting has also diluted the resources that used to go exclusively to facing Israel, exacerbated sectarian divisions in the region, and alienated large segments of the majority Sunni population who once embraced Hezbollah as a liberation force... Never before have Hezbollah guerrillas fought alongside a formal army, waged war outside Lebanon or initiated broad offensives aimed at seizing territory.|dáta=2014-05-20|teideal=Syrian Fighting Gives Hezbollah New but Diffuse Purpose}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/opeds/Levitt20140911-PRISM.pdf|title=Hezbollah's Syrian Quagmires|publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy|access-date=17 Meán Fómhair 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006111804/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/opeds/Levitt20140911-PRISM.pdf|archive-date=6 Deireadh Fómhair 2014|quote=&quot;By siding with the Assad regime, the regime's Alawite supporters, and Iran, and taking up arms against Sunni rebels, Hezbollah has placed itself at the epicenter of a sectarian conflict that has nothing to do with the group's purported raison d'être: 'resistance' to Israeli occupation.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/11/world/middleeast/israel-watches-warily-as-hezbollah-gains-battle-skills-in-syria.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|quote=&quot;...&amp;nbsp;the Lebanese group's image at home and in the broader Arab world has been severely damaged because it is fighting Sunni rebels in Syria while its legitimacy rested on its role in fighting Israel.&quot;|dáta=2014-03-10|teideal=Israel Watches Warily as Hezbollah Gains Battle Skills in Syria}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Faigheann Hezbollah tacaíocht láidir ó Mhoslamaigh Shiacha na Liobáine,&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4329201.stm|teideal=Huge Beirut protest backs Syria|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; ach ní aontaíonn go leor Moslamach Sunnaíoch lena spriocanna.&lt;ref&gt;[http://gulfnews.com/news/region/lebanon/hariri-sunnis-refuse-to-join-hezbollah-al-qaida-war-1.1282059 &quot;Hariri: Sunnis 'refuse' to join Hezbollah-Al Qaida war&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131200837/http://gulfnews.com/news/region/lebanon/hariri-sunnis-refuse-to-join-hezbollah-al-qaida-war-1.1282059 |date=2014-01-31 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Blanford|Salim|2013}} Tá tacaíocht ag Hezbollah i roinnt ceantar Críostaí sa Liobáin freisin.{{Sfn|Zirulnick|2012}} 

Tá an Hezbollah, nó an eite mhíleata amháin, ainmnithe mar eagraíocht [[sceimhlitheoireacht]]a ag roinnt tíortha, [[an tAontas Eorpach]] san áireamh,&lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/23/world/middleeast/european-union-adds-hezbollah-wing-to-terror-list.html|work=The New York Times|teideal=European Union Adds Military Wing of Hezbollah to List of Terrorist Organizations|dáta=2013-07-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus, ó 2017, ag formhór na mballstát de Léig na nArabach freisin, seachas [[an Liobáin]] féin, áit a bhfuil Hezbollah ar cheann de na páirtithe polaitíochta is láidre sa tír, agus [[an Iaráic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Wedeman&quot;&gt;[[Ben Wedeman]],[https://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/19/middleeast/saudi-arabia-iran-arab-league/index.html Arab League states condemn Hezbollah as 'terrorist organization'] [[CNN News]] 20 Samhain 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

== UNIFIL ==
Is é '''UNIFIL''' Fórsa Eatramhach na [[Na Náisiúin Aontaithe|Náisiún Aontaithe]] sa [[An Liobáin|Liobáin]] ([[An Araibis|Araibis]]: يونيفيل‎, [[An Eabhrais|Eabhrais]]: יוניפי״ל‎) nó '''United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon''' ([[An Araibis|Araibis]]: قوة الأمم المتحدة المؤقتة في لبنان‎, [[An Eabhrais|Eabhrais]]: כוח האו&quot;ם הזמני בלבנון‎). Is réimse é ina bhfuil obair uasal déanta le fada ag comhaltaí d'[[Óglaigh na hÉireann (Fórsaí Cosanta na hÉireann)|Óglaigh na hÉireann]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://president.ie/index.php/ga/news/article/president-pays-tribute-to-irish-peacekeepers|teideal=News President Pays Tribute To Irish Peacekeepers|údar=Office of the President of Ireland|language=ga|work=president.ie|dátarochtana=2020-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De réir na tuairisce san ''[[Irish Examiner]]'' in 2018, sna 1980idí, bhíodh nós ag na saighdiúirí as Éirinn iompú ar an nGaeilge chun an dallamullóg a chur ar Hezbollah agus ar a chéilí comhraic, [[Fórsaí Cosanta Iosrael]], a bhíodh ag iarraidh cúléisteacht leis na teachtaireachtaí ina seolaidís eolas íogair rúnda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/dfhostaigh-forsai-cosanta-iosrael-gaeilgeoiri-chun-culeisteacht-le-teachtaireachtai-runda-gaeilge/|teideal=D’fhostaigh fórsaí cosanta Iosrael Gaeilgeoirí chun cúléisteacht le teachtaireachtaí rúnda Gaeilge|dáta=2018-01-31|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2024-09-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-20466528.html|teideal=Israelis recruited Irish speakers to monitor peacekeepers in Lebanon|údar=Sean O’Riordan|dáta=2018-01-31|language=en|work=Irish Examiner|dátarochtana=2024-09-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Pléascadh glaoirí Hezbollah, 2024]]      [[Coimhlint Iosrael–Hezbollah, 2020idí]]
* [[UNIFIL]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Páirtithe polaitíochta]]
[[Catagóir:An Liobáin]]
[[Catagóir:Sceimhlitheoireacht]]
[[Catagóir:Ioslam]]
[[Catagóir:Hezbollah]]
[[Catagóir:UNIFIL]]
[[Catagóir:Coimhlint Iosrael–Hezbollah]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Seán Ó hÉigeartaigh</title>
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      <text bytes="2130" sha1="5j2kep7t4edpx7tki6gb9tpi2gex8qy" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}

Státseirbhíseach agus foilsitheoir ab ea '''Seán Sáirséal Ó hÉigeartaigh''' (1917–67), rugadh é an 11 Feabhra 1917 in Welshpool, Montgomeryshire, an Bhreatain Bheag, mac le hoibrí oifig an phoist Patrick Sarsfield O'Hegarty, agus a bhean Liaimín Nic Ghabhann, Preispitéireach ó Uladh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.litriocht.com/product/sairseal-agus-dill-1947-1981-sceal-foilsitheora/?lang=en|teideal=Sáirséal agus Dill 1947-1981 Scéal Foilsitheora {{!}} CIC|údar=Cian Ó hÉigeartaigh &amp; Aoileann Nic Gearailt|dáta=2014|language=ga|dátarochtana=2021-09-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Cuimhní Cinn ar Sháirséal agus Dill|url=https://www.rte.ie/culture/2017/0316/860319-sairseal-agus-dill/|date=2017-03-16|language=en|author=Cliodhna Ni Anluain}}&lt;/ref&gt;   

Sa bhliain 1948 bhunaigh sé féin agus a bhean, Bríghid Ní Mhaoileoin, [[Sáirséal agus Dill]], an chéad chomhlacht neamhspleách foilsitheoireachta Gaeilge, le £300 a fuair sé le hoidhreacht óna aintín, Éilís Dill Nic Ghabhann. D'fhoilsigh an comhlacht go leor de shaothair [[Máirtín Ó Cadhain|Mháirtín Uí Chadhain]], agus bhí meas mór aige sin ar Sheán. ''Sraith ár n-éigse a bhí ar lár ba í do lámh fheartach a thóg í, a Sheáin Sháirséal Uí Éigeartaigh.'' Máirtín Ó Cadhain, [[An tSraith dhá Tógáil]]

D’éag Seán Ó hÉigeartaigh go tobann in oifig Sháirséal &amp; Dill ar 14 Meitheamh 1967, in aois 50 dó.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/sean-o-heigeartaigh-1917-1967-cothrom-an-lae-seo-50-bliain-o-shin-a-cailleadh-an-foilsitheoir-ceannrodaioch/|teideal=Seán Ó hÉigeartaigh (1917-1967): Cothrom an lae seo 50 bliain ó shin a cailleadh an foilsitheoir ceannródaíoch|údar=Breandán Mac Gearailt|dáta=Meitheamh 2017|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2021-09-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Sáirséal Ó Marcaigh]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Síol-beath-ie}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Éigeartaigh, Seán Sáirséal}}
[[Catagóir:Básanna i 1967]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1917]]
[[Catagóir:Fir]]
[[Catagóir:Foilsitheoirí]]</text>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Bhog TGcoa an leathanach [[Seán Sáirséal Ó hÉigeartaigh]] go [[Seán Ó hÉigeartaigh]]</comment>
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Státseirbhíseach agus foilsitheoir ab ea '''Seán Sáirséal Ó hÉigeartaigh''' (1917–67), rugadh é an 11 Feabhra 1917 in Welshpool, Montgomeryshire, an Bhreatain Bheag, mac le hoibrí oifig an phoist Patrick Sarsfield O'Hegarty, agus a bhean Liaimín Nic Ghabhann, Preispitéireach ó Uladh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.litriocht.com/product/sairseal-agus-dill-1947-1981-sceal-foilsitheora/?lang=en|teideal=Sáirséal agus Dill 1947-1981 Scéal Foilsitheora {{!}} CIC|údar=Cian Ó hÉigeartaigh &amp; Aoileann Nic Gearailt|dáta=2014|language=ga|dátarochtana=2021-09-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Cuimhní Cinn ar Sháirséal agus Dill|url=https://www.rte.ie/culture/2017/0316/860319-sairseal-agus-dill/|date=2017-03-16|language=en|author=Cliodhna Ni Anluain}}&lt;/ref&gt;   

Sa bhliain 1948 bhunaigh sé féin agus a bhean, Bríghid Ní Mhaoileoin, [[Sáirséal agus Dill]], an chéad chomhlacht neamhspleách foilsitheoireachta Gaeilge, le £300 a fuair sé le hoidhreacht óna aintín, Éilís Dill Nic Ghabhann. D'fhoilsigh an comhlacht go leor de shaothair [[Máirtín Ó Cadhain|Mháirtín Uí Chadhain]], agus bhí meas mór aige sin ar Sheán. ''Sraith ár n-éigse a bhí ar lár ba í do lámh fheartach a thóg í, a Sheáin Sháirséal Uí Éigeartaigh.'' Máirtín Ó Cadhain, [[An tSraith dhá Tógáil]]

D’éag Seán Ó hÉigeartaigh go tobann in oifig Sháirséal &amp; Dill ar 14 Meitheamh 1967, in aois 50 dó.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/sean-o-heigeartaigh-1917-1967-cothrom-an-lae-seo-50-bliain-o-shin-a-cailleadh-an-foilsitheoir-ceannrodaioch/|teideal=Seán Ó hÉigeartaigh (1917-1967): Cothrom an lae seo 50 bliain ó shin a cailleadh an foilsitheoir ceannródaíoch|údar=Breandán Mac Gearailt|dáta=Meitheamh 2017|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2021-09-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Sáirséal Ó Marcaigh]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Síol-beath-ie}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Éigeartaigh, Seán Sáirséal}}
[[Catagóir:Básanna i 1967]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1917]]
[[Catagóir:Fir]]
[[Catagóir:Foilsitheoirí]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Eleanor Maguire</title>
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      <comment>Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260614sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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Néareolaí Éireannach ab ea '''Eleanor Anne Maguire''' (27 Márta 1970 – [[4 Eanáir]] [[2025]]). Bhí sí ina hOllamh le Néareolaíocht Chognaíoch i gColáiste na hOllscoile, Londain,&lt;ref name=&quot;MaguireQA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Maguire | first1 = E. A. | title = Eleanor A. Maguire | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.007 | journal = Current Biology | volume = 22 | issue = 24 | pages = R1025–R1027 | year = 2012 | pmid =  23387005| doi-access = free | bibcode = 2012CBio...22R1025M }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;scopus&quot;&gt;{{Scopus id}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;googlescholar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web| title = Eleanor Maguire publications|website=scholar.google.com| access-date = 2015-04-19| url = https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=eleanor+maguire}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UCL IRIS profile Maguire&quot;/&gt; áit a raibh sí ina príomhchomhalta taighde den Wellcome Trust freisin, ó 2007 go dtí gur bhásaigh sí in 2025.&lt;ref name=obit&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.online-tribute.com/EleanorMaguire|website=online-tribute.com|title=Eleanor Maguire: March  27th, 1970 to January  4th, 2025|author=Anon|year=2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114154224/https://www.online-tribute.com/EleanorMaguire|archivedate=2025-01-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Luathshaol agus oideachas ==
Rugadh Eleanor Maguire ar [[27 Márta]] [[1970]] i [[Baile Átha Cliath|mBaile Átha Cliath]].&lt;ref name=&quot;whoswho&quot;&gt;{{Who's Who | author=Anon | title = Maguire, Prof. Eleanor Anne | id =U250614 | year = 2025 | doi =10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U250614 | edition = 177th |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford|isbn=9781399411837|oclc=1427336388|pages=2720}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Rinne sí staidéar ar an tsíceolaíocht sa Choláiste Ollscoile, Baile Átha Cliath, agus bhain sí céim Bhaitsiléara Ealaíon (Onór.) amach i 1990. Rinne sí staidéar ar néaraisíceolaíocht chliniciúil agus thurgnamhach Brifysgol Abertawein (Ollscoil na Breataine Bige, Abertawe)  agus bhain sí céim Mháistir Eolaíochta amach i 1991.&lt;ref name=&quot;UCL IRIS profile Maguire&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://iris.ucl.ac.uk/iris/browse/profile?upi=EMAGU26|title=Iris View Profile|publisher=University College London|website=iris.ucl.ac.uk|access-date=2014-01-20|archive-date=3 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703135026/http://iris.ucl.ac.uk/iris/browse/profile?upi=EMAGU26|author=Anon|year=2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=whoswho /&gt; 

Thug sí faoina céim Dochtúireachta le Fealsúnacht (PhD) sa Choláiste Ollscoile, Baile Átha Cliath, áit ar chuir sí suim den chéad uair i mbonn néarach na cuimhne agus í ag obair le hothair mar néaraishíceolaí in Ospidéal Beaumont, Baile Átha Cliath. Chríochnaigh sí a PhD sa bhliain 1994, agus is é an teideal a bhí ar a tráchtas dochtúireachta ná  ''Real-world spatial memory following temporal-lobe surgery in humans''.&lt;ref name=&quot;maguirephd&quot; /&gt;

== Taighde agus gairm ==

Bhí Maguire ina Príomh-Chomhalta Taighde ar Iontaobhas Wellcome &lt;ref name=wellcomeprinc&gt;{{cite web|title=Principal Research Fellows|url=http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/Funding/Biomedical-science/Funded-projects/Awards-made/Wellcome-Fellows/WTD003260.htm#_M|website=wellcome.ac.uk|publisher=Wellcome Trust|location=London|access-date=2014-04-13|archive-date=14 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514232650/http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/Funding/Biomedical-science/Funded-projects/Awards-made/Wellcome-Fellows/WTD003260.htm#_M|teideal=Cóip cartlainne|dátarochtana=2025-01-19|archivedate=2016-05-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514232650/http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/Funding/Biomedical-science/Funded-projects/Awards-made/Wellcome-Fellows/WTD003260.htm#_M}}&lt;/ref&gt;  agus ina hOllamh le Néareolaíocht Chognaíoch ag an Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging i gColáiste na hOllscoile, Londain,&lt;ref name=&quot;MaguireFIL&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Memory &amp; Space: Professor Eleanor Maguire FMedSci|url=http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/Maguire/|publisher=Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging at UCL|access-date=2012-11-01|archive-date=12 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212183424/https://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/Maguire/}}&lt;/ref&gt; sa Ríocht Aontaithe, áit a raibh sí ina leasstiúrthóir freisin. Bhí Maguire i gceannas ar an tsaotharlann taighde Cuimhne agus Spáis ag an ionad. Ina theannta sin, bhí sí ina ball oinigh de Roinn na Néareolaíochta, Ospidéal Náisiúnta na Néareolaíochta agus na Néaramháinliachta, Cearnóg na Banríona, Londain.

Thug Maguire agus daoine eile faoi deara go dtacaíonn sraith dáilte de réigiúin inchinne le cuimhne eipeasóideach (dírbheathaisnéiseach) daonna, a shainmhínítear mar an chuimhne d'imeachtaí laethúla pearsanta,&lt;ref name=&quot;Maguire2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Maguire | first1 = E. A. | title = Neuroimaging studies of autobiographical event memory | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2001.0944 | pmid = 11571035 | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume = 356 | issue = 1413 | pages = 1441–1451 | year = 2001 | pmc = 1088527 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  agus go bhforluíonn an líonra inchinne seo go mór leis an nascleanúint tacaíochta sin i spás mórscála agus feidhmeanna cognaíocha éagsúla eile amhail samhlaíocht agus smaoineamh ar an todhchaí.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Hassabis | first1 = D. | author-link1 = Demis Hassabis| last2 = Maguire | first2 = E. A. | author-link2 = Eleanor Maguire| doi = 10.1016/j.tics.2007.05.001 | title = Deconstructing episodic memory with construction | journal = [[Trends in Cognitive Sciences]]| volume = 11 | issue = 7 | pages = 299–306 | year = 2007 | pmid =  17548229| s2cid = 13939288 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Ina cuid taighde rinne Maguire iarracht cuimhne eipeasóideach a chur i gcomhthéacs cognaíocha níos leithne chun tuiscint a fháil ar an gcaoi a dtacaíonn réimsí inchinne comónta, agus b’fhéidir próisis chomónta, le feidhmeanna éagsúla dá leithéid. Ar an mbealach seo bhí súil aici léargas úrnua agus bunúsach a fháil ar na meicníochtaí atá i gceist.

Bhain a foireann úsáid as íomháú  athshondais mhaighnéadaigh feidhmeach  agus feidhmiúil ardtaifigh i gcomhar le tástáil iompraíochta agus scrúdú néaraishíceolaíoch ar othair aimnéiseaca, chun a n-aidhmeanna a shaothrú. D'fhostaigh siad paraidímí turgnamhacha a bhí bailí ó thaobh na héiceolaíochta de nó 'ón bhfíorshaol' den chuid is mó chun scrúdú a dhéanamh ar chaidrimh iompraíochta-inchinne; i measc na samplaí bhí úsáid a bhaint as réaltacht fhíorúil chun loingseoireacht a scrúdú,&lt;ref name=&quot;Maguire1998&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Maguire | first1 = E. A. | last2 = Burgess | first2 = N. |author-link2=Neil Burgess (neuroscientist)| last3 = Donnett | first3 = J. G. | last4 = Frackowiak | first4 = R. S. | last5 = Frith | first5 = C. D. | last6 = O'Keefe | first6 = J. | title = Knowing Where and Getting There: A Human Navigation Network | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1998-05-08_280_5365/page/920 | doi = 10.1126/science.280.5365.921 | journal = Science | volume = 280 | issue = 5365 | pages = 921–924 | year = 1998 | pmid =  9572740|bibcode = 1998Sci...280..921M | citeseerx = 10.1.1.23.4963 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SpiersMaguire2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Spiers | first1 = H. J. | last2 = Maguire | first2 = E. A. | doi = 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.01.037 | title = Thoughts, behaviour, and brain dynamics during navigation in the real world | journal = NeuroImage | volume = 31 | issue = 4 | pages = 1826–1840 | year = 2006 | pmid =  16584892| s2cid = 3228370 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;taxi&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Maguire | first1 = E. A. | last2 = Frackowiak | first2 = R. S. | last3 = Frith | first3 = C. D. | title = Recalling routes around london: Activation of the right hippocampus in taxi drivers | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-neuroscience_1997-09-15_17_18/page/7102 | journal = Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 17 | issue = 18 | pages = 7103–7110 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9278544| pmc = 6573257 | doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-18-07103.1997 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WoollettMaguire2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Woollett | first1 = K. | last2 = Maguire | first2 = E. A. | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2011.11.018 | title = Acquiring 'the Knowledge' of London's Layout Drives Structural Brain Changes | journal = Current Biology | volume = 21 | issue = 24 | pages = 2109–2114 | year = 2011 | pmid =  22169537| pmc =3268356 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MaguireGadian2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Maguire | first1 = E. A. | last2 = Gadian | first2 = D. G. | last3 = Johnsrude | first3 = I. S. | last4 = Good | first4 = C. D. | last5 = Ashburner | first5 = J. | last6 = Frackowiak | first6 = R. S. J. | last7 = Frith | first7 = C. D. | title = Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2000-04-11_97_8/page/4398 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 97 | pages = 4398–4403 | year = 2000 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.070039597 | pmid=10716738 | pmc=18253|bibcode = 2000PNAS...97.4398M | issue=8| doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;  ag fiosrú cuimhní dírbheathaisnéiseacha ar eispéiris phearsanta daoine san am atá caite, agus a gcumas láithreacha agus imeachtaí ficseanúla nó de chuid na todhchaí a shamhlú. 

B'fhéidir gurb é an ceann is cáiliúla díobh seo ná a sraith staidéir ar thiománaithe tacsaí Londan , áit ar dhoiciméadaigh sí athruithe i struchtúr an hipeacampais a bhaineann le heolas a fháil ar leagan amach na sráideanna i Londan. Léiríodh athdháileadh an liathábhair i dTiománaithe Tacsaithe Londan i gcomparáid le grúpa cóimheasa. Ní hamháin go raibh go raibh suim ag eolaithe san obair seo, ach bhí an pobal agus na meáin gafa leis freisin.

==Rannpháirtíocht phoiblí==
Chomh maith lena gníomhaíochtaí díreacha eolaíochta, bhí clár oibre gníomhach rannpháirtíochta poiblí ag Maguire agus a grúpa taighde, ina raibh léachtaí poiblí, cuairteanna scoile agus taispeántais, ranníocaíochtaí teilifíse, raidió agus idirlín, agus comhshaothair  le roinnt ealaíontóirí, ag spreagadh daoine de gach aois chun smaoineamh ar luach na heolaíochta ina saol laethúil. I mí Feabhra 2014, thug Maguire Friday Evening Discourse  ag The Royal Institutiona.
&lt;ref name=&quot;RI2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web| title = The Neuroscience of Memory: Friday Evening Discourse with Eleanor Maguire| website = richannel.org| publisher = The Royal Institution| access-date = 2015-04-19| year = 2014| url = http://www.richannel.org/the-neuroscience-of-memory| archive-date = 18 March 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140318151855/http://www.richannel.org/the-neuroscience-of-memory}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Saol pearsanta agus bás==
Thug Who's Who le fios gur  &quot;''Comedy lover, long-suffering supporter of Crystal Palace Football Club, [and] getting lost.''&quot;a bhí intí. 

Bhuail ailse í agus bhásaigh sí ar an  [[4 Eanáir]] [[2025]].

==Tagairtí==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maguire, Eleanor}}
[[Catagóir:Básanna in 2025]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1970]]
[[Catagóir:Baneolaithe]]
[[Catagóir:Síceolaithe Éireannacha]]
[[Catagóir:Alumni COBÁC]]
[[Catagóir:Alumni Choláiste na hOllscoile Londain]]</text>
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    <title>Gaeltacht Mhaigh Eo</title>
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      <text bytes="1828" sha1="flzeefys03ejc73h23t4uoh0ps72lp2" xml:space="preserve">[[Íomhá:Cruachán ón Sliabh Mór (Acla).jpg|mion|Cruachán ón Sliabh Mór (Acla)]]
Tá Gaeltacht Mhaigh Eo lonnaithe go príomha in iarthar an chontae agus tá trí cheantar ar leith inti[[: Tuar Mhic Éadaigh]], [[Iorras|ceantar Iorrais]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Gaeltacht Iorrais agus Acaill|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaeltacht_Iorrais_agus_Acaill|journal=Wikipedia|date=2023-11-21|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus leithinis an Chorráin agus cuid d’[[Acaill|Oileán Acla]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.mayo.ie/ga-ie/your-council/services/heritage-conservation/cultural-heritage/mayo-gaeltacht|teideal=Gaeltacht Mhaigh Eo|language=ga|work=MayoCoCo|dátarochtana=2025-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2016 bhí daonra 9,340 duine i nGaeltacht Mhaigh Eo (Daonáireamh 2016) agus b'ionann sin agus 9% de dhaonra iomlán na Gaeltachta ag an am.

In 2026 bhí leagan nua dá léarscáil de Ghaeltacht Mhaigh Eo foilsithe ag an gcomhlacht aitheanta léarscáilíochta [[EastWest Mapping]].  Tá Acaill, an Corrán, Acaill Bheag, Mala Raithní, agus Cliara le feiceáil ar an léarscáil nua – idir cheantair Ghaeltachta agus cheantair Ghalltachta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/learscail-uasdataithe-de-ghaeltacht-mhaigh-eo-foilsithe/|teideal=Léarscáil uasdátaithe de Ghaeltacht Mhaigh Eo foilsithe|údar=Maitiú Ó Coimín|dáta=25 Bealtaine 2026|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2026-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Féach freisin ==
* [[Tuar Mhic Éadaigh]], [[Iorras|ceantar Iorrais]], agus [[Acaill|Oileán Acla]].
* [[:Catagóir:Daoine as Gaeltachtaí Mhaigh Eo|Daoine as Gaeltacht Chontae Mhaigh Eo]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

{{síol-ie}}

[[Catagóir:Contae Mhaigh Eo]]
[[Catagóir:Gaeltacht]]
[[Catagóir:Gaeltachtaí Chontae Mhaigh Eo| ]]
[[Catagóir:An Ghaeltacht de réir chontae|Maigh Eo]]</text>
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[[Íomhá:The road from Mallaranny Pier - geograph.org.uk - 5110564.jpg|mion|220x220px|[[An Mhala Raithní|Mala Raithní]]]]
[[Íomhá:Village centre, Tourmakeady - geograph.org.uk - 2427392.jpg|mion|220x220px|[[Tuar Mhic Éadaigh]]]]
Tá Gaeltacht Mhaigh Eo lonnaithe go príomha in iarthar an chontae agus tá trí cheantar ar leith inti[[: Tuar Mhic Éadaigh]], [[Iorras|ceantar Iorrais]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Gaeltacht Iorrais agus Acaill|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaeltacht_Iorrais_agus_Acaill|journal=Wikipedia|date=2023-11-21|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus leithinis an Chorráin agus cuid d’[[Acaill|Oileán Acla]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.mayo.ie/ga-ie/your-council/services/heritage-conservation/cultural-heritage/mayo-gaeltacht|teideal=Gaeltacht Mhaigh Eo|language=ga|work=MayoCoCo|dátarochtana=2025-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2016 bhí daonra 9,340 duine i nGaeltacht Mhaigh Eo (Daonáireamh 2016) agus b'ionann sin agus 9% de dhaonra iomlán na Gaeltachta ag an am.

In 2026 bhí leagan nua dá léarscáil de Ghaeltacht Mhaigh Eo foilsithe ag an gcomhlacht aitheanta léarscáilíochta [[EastWest Mapping]].  Tá Acaill, an Corrán, [[Acaill Bheag]], [[An Mhala Raithní|Mala Raithní]], agus Cliara le feiceáil ar an léarscáil nua – idir cheantair Ghaeltachta agus cheantair Ghalltachta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/learscail-uasdataithe-de-ghaeltacht-mhaigh-eo-foilsithe/|teideal=Léarscáil uasdátaithe de Ghaeltacht Mhaigh Eo foilsithe|údar=Maitiú Ó Coimín|dáta=25 Bealtaine 2026|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2026-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Féach freisin ==
* [[Tuar Mhic Éadaigh]], [[Iorras|ceantar Iorrais]], agus [[Acaill|Oileán Acla]].
* [[:Catagóir:Daoine as Gaeltachtaí Mhaigh Eo|Daoine as Gaeltacht Chontae Mhaigh Eo]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

{{síol-ie}}

[[Catagóir:Contae Mhaigh Eo]]
[[Catagóir:Gaeltacht]]
[[Catagóir:Gaeltachtaí Chontae Mhaigh Eo| ]]
[[Catagóir:An Ghaeltacht de réir chontae|Maigh Eo]]</text>
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* An eochairfhocal é &quot;Label&quot;? Is .
* Ní fheictear anseo go díreach na torthaí SQL, ach ina ionad sin, céard a dhéanann an bot leo, mar shampla ?item -&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;[[:d:?item|?item]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;


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| [[Contae Bhaile Átha Cliath]]
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| [https://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=IE0000208 IE0000208]
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| [[Contae na Gaillimhe]]
| [[Íomhá:Loughcorrib.jpg|center|128px]]
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| [[Contae Chill Mhantáin]]
| [[Íomhá:Plants on damp bankside in Knocksink woods.jpg|center|128px]]
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  <page>
    <title>Melissa Hortman</title>
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      <text bytes="28188" sha1="8fh88kph8v64tvdsojk5amzb91re3us" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}
Polaiteoir agus dlíodóir Meiriceánach ab ea '''Melissa Anne Hortman''' (née '''Haluptzok'''; 27 Bealtaine, 1970 – 14 Meitheamh, 2025) a bhí ina 61ú Ceann Comhairle ar Theach na nIonadaithe de Mhinnesota ó 2019 go 2025. Mar bhall den [[:en:Minnesota_Democratic–Farmer–Labor_Party|Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party]] rinne sí ionadaíocht ar chodanna thuaidh de &quot;''Twin Cities metropolitan area&quot;''  i dTeach Ionadaithe Minnesota ó 2005 go dtí [[Lámhach pholaiteoirí Minnesota 2025|gur feallmharaíodh í]] sa bhliain 2025, ag fónamh mar cheannaire mionlaigh an Tí ó 2017 go 2019 agus mar Cheann Comhairle  ó 2019 go dtí Eanáir 2025. Le linn a tréimhse oifige, thacaigh sí le beartais iompair, cearta comhshaoil, cearta ginmhillte, athchóiriú na bpóilíní, agus rialú gunnaí.  Ba í príomhúdar chaighdeán fuinnimh gréine an stáit í freisin.

Ar an 14 Meitheamh 2025, lámhachadh Hortman agus a fear céile ina dteach i Brooklyn Park, Minnesota.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/2-minnesota-lawmakers-shot-targeted-incident-officials/story?id=122840751|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Luathshaol agus oideachas ==
Rugadh Hortman mar Melissa Anne Haluptzok i Fridley, Minnesota, ar an 27 Bealtaine 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;archive&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://mn.electionarchives.lib.umn.edu/candidate/melissa-hortman/|teideal=Melissa Hortman|work=Minnesota Historical Election Archive|publisher=Smart Politics|access-date=June 14, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; D'fhás sí aníos i Spring Lake Park agus Andover, agus músclaíodh a spéis bheith ina polaiteoir ag deich mbliana d'aois, agus í ag breathnú ar chlúdach thoghchán uachtaránachta 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2017/04/melissa-hortman-still-isnt-sorry/|language=en-US|work=[[MinnPost]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622180304/https://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2017/04/melissa-hortman-still-isnt-sorry/|archivedate=June 22, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhain sí céim amach ó Ardscoil Blaine i mBlaine, Minnesota, i 1988.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.minnpost.com/state-government/2025/06/her-mirthful-eyes-her-sharp-humor-colleagues-remember-melissa-hortman-assassinated-at-age-55/|language=en-US|work=MinnPost}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fuair Hortman [[Baitsiléir Ealaíon|Céim Bhaitsiléara Ealaíon]] ( ''magna cum laude'' ), le fealsúnacht agus eolaíocht pholaitiúil mar phríomhábhar, ó [[Ollscoil Bhostúin|Ollscoil Boston]] i 1991, Dochtúir Juris ( ''cum laude'' ) ó Scoil Dlí Ollscoil Minnesota i 1995, agus Máistreacht i Riarachán Poiblí ó Scoil Harvard Kennedy i 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.lrl.mn.gov/legdb/fulldetail?ID=12266|title=Hortman, Melissa - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past &amp; Present|work=Minnesota Legislative Reference Library|access-date=April 12, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.twincities.com/2018/12/29/melissa-hortman-incoming-dfl-leader-of-mn-house-looks-to-set-a-cooperative-tone/|title=After engineering the DFL suburban wave, Melissa Hortman sets sights on 2019 legislative session|author=Salisbury|first=Bill|date=December 29, 2018|language=en-US|work=Twin Cities|access-date=January 21, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Go luath ina gairmréim ==
D'oibrigh Hortman mar intéirneach i [[Seanad Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá]] do [[Al Gore]] agus [[John Kerry]], agus bhí sí ina cléireach don Bhreitheamh John Sommerville agus í ar scoil dlí. D'fhóin sí ar [[Brooklyn Park, Minnesota|Brooklyn Park]] City Human Relations Commission agus d'oibrigh sí mar aturnae cúnta contae do Chontae Hennepin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tarraingíodh aird an phobail uirthi den chéad uair sa bhliain 1997, mar dhlíodóir ar chás a bhain le hidirdhealú tithíochta ag tiarnaí talún; bhuaigh sí dámhachtain shibhialta $490,181 dá cliant, a bhí  &quot;''then the largest such award in state history''&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://minnlawyer.com/2018/11/17/lawyers-take-top-two-house-leadership-posts/|title=Lawyers take top two House leadership posts|author=Featherly|first=Kevin|date=November 17, 2018|language=en-US|work=Minnesota Lawyer|access-date=June 14, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Teach Ionadaithe Minnesota ==
[[Íomhá:Melissa_Hortman_gives_interviews_after_becoming_Speaker_of_the_Minnesota_House_of_Representatives_this_afternoon,_St_Paul_MN_(31740677407).jpg|alt=Hortman on the House Floor surrounded by reporters|mion|Labhraíonn Hortman leis an bpreas tar éis dí a bheith ina Ceann Comhairle ar an Teach (Eanáir 2019).]]
Toghadh Hortman chuig Teach Ionadaithe Minnesota sa bhliain 2004, ag buachan ar an sealbhóir Poblachtach Stephanie Olsen, agus atoghadh í gach dhá bhliain ina dhiaidh sin go dtí a bás. Sheas sí den chéad uair gan rath sa bhliain 1998, agus arís sa bhliain 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

D’fhóin Hortman mar cheannaire cúnta tromlaigh ó 2007 go 2010 agus mar aoire an fhreasúra ó 2011 go 2012. Ó 2013 go 2014 d’fhóin sí mar chainteoir pro tempore an Tí agus bhí sí ina cathaoirleach ar an gCoiste um Beartas Fuinnimh. D’fhóin sí mar leascheannaire an fhreasúra ó 2015 go 2016. Tar éis do Paul Thissen dul ar scor, toghadh Hortman ag a cácas mar cheannaire mionlaigh ó 2017 go 2018. Nuair a ghnóthaigh cácas an DFL an tromlach arís i dtoghchán 2018, thogh a comhghleacaithe í mar Cheann Comhairleir an Tí.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://blogs.mprnews.org/capitol-view/2018/11/new-house-dfl-leaders-hail-from-suburbs/|work=MPR News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ina céad téarma, bhí Hortman ina habhcóide neamhbhalbh ar son líne Iarnróid &quot;''Northstar Commuter Rai''l&quot; , a ritheann trína ceantar. Thacaigh sí freisin le staidiam nua do na Minnesota Twins. Bhí sí ina habhcóide ar son saincheisteanna comhshaoil agus an iarracht chun Cluichí Oilimpeacha an tSamhraidh 2020 a thabhairt go Minnesota. Bhí sí i bhfabhar na rogha,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/20295/melissa-hortman#.VQ9egPnF-XA|title=Melissa Hortman's Political Summary|work=[[Vote Smart]]|access-date=June 14, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; thacaigh sí le beartais rialaithe gunnaí,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=http://www.gocra.org/news/reference/2012-candidate-grades/|title=2012 Candidate Grades (General Election)|work=Gun Owners Civil Rights Alliance|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708222220/https://www.gocra.org/news/reference/2012-candidate-grades/|archive-date=July 8, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus chuir sí i gcoinne tionscnaimh aitheantais vótálaithe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/key-votes/20295/melissa-hortman|title=Melissa Hortman's Voting Records|work=Vote Smart|access-date=June 14, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sa bhliain 2008, d'éirigh le ceannaire Dhaonlathaigh Theach Minnesota, Margaret Anderson Kelliher (Hortman), an t-iarracht chun ardú ar chán bhreosla a rith a threorú, , cé go raibh sé crosta ag an ngobharnóir ag an am, Tim Pawlenty.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2019/01/04/hortman-brings-experience-quiet-irreverence-to-speakers-chair}}&lt;/ref&gt; Agus í ina cathaoirleach ar an gCoiste um Beartas Fuinnimh, ba í príomhúdar ar chaighdeán fuinnimh gréine an stáit agus ar dhlíthe gréine pobail an stáit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bills/bill.php?b=House&amp;f=HF0729&amp;ssn=0&amp;y=2013|title=HF 729 Status in the House for the 88th Legislature (2013 - 2014)|work=www.revisor.mn.gov|access-date=January 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bills/bill.php?b=House&amp;f=HF956&amp;ssn=0&amp;y=2013|title=HF 956 Status in the House for the 88th Legislature (2013 - 2014)|work=www.revisor.mn.gov|access-date=January 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bhí Hortman  ina ceannaire an fhreasúraina  ar Theach Ionadaithe Minnesota ó 2017 go 2019 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.house.mn.gov/members/profile/12266|title=Rep. Melissa Hortman (34B) - Minnesota House of Representatives|work=www.house.mn.gov|access-date=April 12, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus ina 61ú &quot;''Speaker of the Minnesota House of Representative''s&quot; (Ceann Comhairler Theach Ionadaithe Minnesota) ó 2019 go 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.lrl.mn.gov/history/speakers|title=Speakers of the Minnesota House of Representatives, 1849-present|work=Minnesota Legislature|access-date=June 15, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

I mí Aibreáin 2017, tarraingíodh aird uirthi nuair a cháin sí roinnt ionadaithe Poblachtánacha as cluiche cártaí a imirt sa seomra scoir lasmuigh de sheomra an Tí le linn plé ar bhille buiséid sábháilteachta poiblí. Go sonrach, tharraing sí aird ar an bhfíric go raibh an cluiche ar siúl agus beirt bhan Dhaonlathacha ó mhionlaigh eitneacha ag tabhairt óráidí pearsanta. Lean Hortman de bheith ag tacú lena ráiteas, agus d’iarr roinnt Poblachtánach uirthi éirí as.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2017/04/04/house-dfl-leader-hortman-slams-white-make-card-game|language=en|work=MPR News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

I mí Iúil 2020, chuidigh Hortman le bille athchóirithe póilíneachta a chaibidliú a &quot;''limits the use of neck restraints and chokeholds, prohibits departments from offering controversial warrior-style training, and creates an independent state unit to investigate when a police officer kills someone or is accused of sexual misconduct''&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/faculty-research/policy-topics/public-leadership-management/melissa-hortman-mcmpa-2018-leads|title=Melissa Hortman MC/MPA 2018 leads as speaker of the Minnesota House of Representatives|author=Ranalli|first=Ralph|date=July 20, 2020|language=en|work=[[Harvard Kennedy School]]|access-date=June 14, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ó thús an 94ú Reachtais i Minnesota i mí Eanáir 2025 go dtí tús mhí Feabhra, bhí Hortman i gceannas ar bhaghcat ar sheisiúin an Tí chun cosc a chur ar na Poblachtánaigh córam a bheith acu chun gnó a dhéanamh.&lt;ref name=&quot;KAALTV&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.kaaltv.com/news/republicans-override-simons-adjournment-of-house-elect-demuth-as-speaker/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Toghadh an Poblachtánach Lisa Demuth ina Ceann Comhairle ar 6 Feabhra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.sctimes.com/story/news/politics/2025/02/06/minnesota-democrats-end-boycott-in-house-demuth-chosen-as-speaker/78295446007/|title=Demuth chosen as Minnesota House speaker as power-sharing agreement ends DFL boycott|author=Schmidt|first=Corey|language=en-US|work=St. Cloud Times|access-date=June 14, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tar éis comhaontú comhroinnte cumhachta a bhaint amach, d'fhóin Hortman arís mar cheannaire an fhreasúra go dtí an 17 Márta, nuair a chruthaigh toghchán speisialta comhionannas vótaí idir na páirtithe sa Teach; ansin athraíodh a teideal go &quot;Ceannaire DFL&quot; agus bronnadh cumhachtaí suntasacha uirthi taobh le Demuth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.kaaltv.com/news/minnesota-house-power-sharing-agreement-takes-effect/|title=Minnesota House power sharing agreement takes effect|author=Mantos|first=Rachel|date=March 18, 2025|work=ABC 6 News - kaaltv.com|access-date=June 14, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Saol pearsanta ==
Bhí Hortman pósta le Mark Hortman, agus bhí beirt pháistí aici leis. Bhí cónaí orthu i Brooklyn Park, Minnesota.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ba [[An Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach|Chaitliceach]] é Hortman agus mhúin sé scoil Domhnaigh i mBlaine.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://melissahortman.com/about-melissa|title=About Melissa|date=November 6, 2017|language=en|work=Melissa Hortman for State House|access-date=October 11, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Feallmharú ==
Ar an 14 Meitheamh 2025, lámhachadh agus maraíodh Hortman, a fear céile, agus a aimseadóir buí, Gilbert,   ina dteach ag fear a bhí ag ligean air gur oifigeach póilíní a bhí ann.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.fox9.com/news/brooklyn-park-champlin-shootings-suspect-impersonating-police|title=Live updates on Minnesota lawmaker shootings: Legislators targeted by suspect impersonating police|date=June 14, 2025|language=en-US|work=FOX 9|access-date=June 14, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/minnesota-lawmakers-shooting-suspect|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}{{Dead link|date=Meitheamh 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lámhachadh reachtóir eile, John Hoffman, agus a bhean chéile níos luaithe an oíche sin ag an bhfear céanna.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot; /&gt; Dúirt gobharnóir [[Minnesota|Minnesota,]] [[Tim Walz|Tim Walz,]] gur chosúil gur feallmharú polaitiúil a bhí sa lámhach &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://apnews.com/article/minnesota-lawmakers-shot-d7983e1e4f1a7573a487cab1a98cd172|title=Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz: former House speaker and husband killed in politically motivated shooting. Donald Trump is responsible for political violence.|author=Sullivan|first=Tim|date=June 14, 2025|language=en|work=[[Associated Press]]|access-date=June 14, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/jun/14/democratic-lawmakers-minnesota-shot|title=Two Democratic lawmakers shot, one fatally, in 'politically motivated assassination' in Minnesota|author=Leingang|first=Rachel|date=June 14, 2025|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=June 14, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus d’eisigh sé forógra go mbeadh bratacha ag gach foirgneamh stáit ar leathchrann.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://mn.gov/governor/assets/06.14.25%20Melissa%20Hortman%20FAHS_tcm1055-693639.pdf|title=State of Minnesota proclamation|date=June 14, 2025|work=Office of Governor Tim Walz &amp; Lt. Governor Peggy Flanagan|access-date=June 28, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba é [[Lámhach pholaiteoirí Minnesota 2025|Vance Luther Boelter]], 57 bliain d'aois, an t-amhrastach sa lámhach. Gabhadh é ar an 15 Meitheamh i ndiaidh tóra móire.&lt;ref name=&quot;axios/20250614220932&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.axios.com/local/twin-cities/2025/06/14/vance-boelter-person-of-interest-minnesota-lawmaker-hortman-hoffman|language=en|work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614220932/https://www.axios.com/local/twin-cities/2025/06/14/vance-boelter-person-of-interest-minnesota-lawmaker-hortman-hoffman|archivedate=June 14, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;startribune/601373135&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.startribune.com/man-57-named-as-main-suspect-in-assassination-wounding-of-state-lawmakers-spouses/601373135|language=en|work=[[Minnesota Star Tribune]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614213152/https://www.startribune.com/man-57-named-as-main-suspect-in-assassination-wounding-of-state-lawmakers-spouses/601373135|archivedate=June 14, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/minnesota-dfl-shootings-melissa-horman-suspect-vance-boelter/|work=[[CBS News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Níos luaithe ar an 15 Meitheamh, thug Seanadóir SAM [[Amy Klobuchar]] &quot;politically motivated assassination&quot; ar dhúnmharú Hortman agus dúirt sí go gcreideann na húdaráis go raibh Boelter i bhfolach áit éigin sa Meániarthar agus &quot;go bhféadfadh&quot; sé a bheith i Minnesota fós.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/klobuchar-says-authorities-believe-suspect-politically-motivated-killi-rcna213118|work=[[NBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gabhadh Boelter i gContae Sibley tar éis dó a bheith feicthe ag ceamara cónaitheora agus ag dróin a bhí á n-oibriú ag na póilíní.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.fox9.com/news/vance-boelters-wife-traffic-stop-onamia|work=[[KMSP-TV|Fox 9]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fógraíodh gabháil Boelter agus na cúisimh ina choinne ag preasagallamh faoi stiúir Aturnae SAM do Cheantar Minnesota, Joseph H. Thompson, ar an 16 Meitheamh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-mn/pr/after-two-day-manhunt-suspect-charged-shooting-two-minnesota-lawmakers-and-their-spouses|title=District of Minnesota: After Two-Day Manhunt, Suspect Charged with Shooting Two Minnesota Lawmakers and Their Spouses|date=June 16, 2025|language=en|work=United States Department of Justice|access-date=June 16, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Caoineadh, luí i stát agus sochraid ===
[[Íomhá:2025-0627_Melissa_Hortman_family_lie_in_state.jpg|deas|mion|Melissa Hortman, a fear céile Mark, agus a madra Gilbert go léir ina luí i stát ag Capitol Stáit Minnesota]]
[[Íomhá:US_flag_at_half-staff_in_Yosemite_National_Park_following_the_assassination_of_a_Minnesota_lawmaker,_2025.jpg|mion|Bratach ag [[Páirc Náisiúnta Yosemite]] ar foluain ar leathchrann ar an 16 Meitheamh i ndiaidh feallmharú Hortman.]]
Fágadh bláthanna, nótaí agus pictiúir ag Capitol Stáit Minnesota chun ómós a thabhairt do Hortman. Ar an 16 Meitheamh, d’eisigh Sophie agus Colin Hortman, clann Mhelissa agus Mark, ráiteas ag iarraidh &quot;hope and resilience.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://minnesotareformer.com/2025/06/17/children-of-melissa-and-mark-hortman-release-statement-on-their-deaths/|title=Children of Melissa and Mark Hortman release statement on their deaths • Minnesota Reformer|author=Wagener|first=Izzy|date=June 17, 2025|language=en-US|work=Minnesota Reformer|access-date=June 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cuireadh rósanna dearga, grianghraf, agus casúr cathaoirligh ar a deasc.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2025/06/15/photos-memorials-for-rep-melissa-hortman-appear-at-home-capitol|title=Memorial for Rep. Melissa Hortman at Minnesota Capitol as family issues first statement|date=June 15, 2025|language=en|work=MPR News|access-date=June 18, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ar an 17 Meitheamh, d’iompair mórshiúl foirmiúil feithiclí forfheidhmithe dlí coirp Hortman agus a fir chéile chuig teach sochraide i Minneapolis. Léadh ráitis ó Cheannaire an Fhreasúra Sheanad na Stát Aontaithe [[Charles Schumer|Chuck Schumer]], Aoire an Fhreasúra an tSeanaid [[Richard Durbin|Dick Durbin]], na Seanadóirí [[Amy Klobuchar]] agus [[Tina Smith]], agus an tIonadaí Kelly Morrison isteach i dtaifead an Chomhdhála.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/volume-171/issue-104/senate-section/article/S3442-5|title=Congressional Record|work=www.congress.gov|access-date=June 29, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/volume-171/issue-107/house-section/article/H2879-2|title=Congressional Record|work=www.congress.gov|access-date=June 29, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.c-span.org/program/us-senate/minnesota-senators-on-shootings/661400|title=Minnesota Senators on Shootings|date=June 16, 2025|work=C-SPAN|access-date=June 29, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.c-span.org/program/us-senate/senate-minority-leader-schumer-on-minnesota-lawmaker-shootings/661343|title=Senate Minority Leader Schumer on Minnesota Lawmaker Shootings|date=June 16, 2025|work=C-SPAN|access-date=June 29, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.c-span.org/program/us-senate/senate-minority-whip-dick-durbin-on-minnesota-lawmaker-shootings/661338|title=Senate Minority Whip Dick Durbin on Minnesota Lawmaker Shootings|date=June 16, 2025|work=C-SPAN|access-date=June 29, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tráthnóna an 18 Meitheamh, bigil faoi sholas coinnle ar chéimeanna Chaipitil Stáit Minnesota.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2025/06/17/formal-procession-for-rep-melissa-hortman-and-husband-mark|title=Photos: Formal procession for Rep. Melissa Hortman and husband Mark|date=June 17, 2025|language=en|work=MPR News|access-date=June 18, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí lucht déanta dlí Minnesota agus an Gobharnóir Walz agus a bhean chéile i láthair.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/melissa-mark-hortman-minnesota-state-capitol-candlelight-vigil/|title=Candlelight vigil honoring Mark and Melissa Hortman draws hundreds to Minnesota State Capitol: &quot;She was a fighter&quot;|author=Bettin|first=Anthony|date=June 18, 2025|language=en-US|work=[[CBS News]]|access-date=June 19, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Leagadh Melissa Hortman, Mark Hortman agus luaithreach a madra Gilbert ina luigh faoi ghradam stáit i gcruinnteach Chaipitil Stáit Minnesota ar an 27 Meitheamh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/melissa-hortman-mark-hortman-minnesota-captiol-rotunda-lie-in-state/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.axios.com/local/twin-cities/2025/06/26/hortman-minnesota-capitol-tribute}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2025/06/24/minnesota-rep-melissa-hortman-husband-dog-lie-in-state/84332613007/|work=USA Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba í Hortman an chéad bhean a fuair an onóir sin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://apnews.com/article/minnesota-lawmakers-shot-funeral-court-date-1558dffabc9bbf087a4e45f9cf868b09|work=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tháinig an t-iar-Uachtarán [[Joe Biden]] tríd an líne chun ómós a thabhairt do na Hortmans; bhí Walz agus a bhean chéile i measc na chéad daoine sa líne de 7,500 don  bhigil.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://apnews.com/article/minnesota-lawmakers-shot-funeral-court-date-1558dffabc9bbf087a4e45f9cf868b09|title=Biden pays respects as former Minnesota House Speaker Hortman, killed in shooting, lies in state|date=June 27, 2025|language=en|work=AP News|access-date=June 28, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.house.mn.gov/sessiondaily/Story/18845|title=Minnesota honors Hortmans at the Capitol - Session Daily - Minnesota House of Representatives|work=www.house.mn.gov|access-date=July 2, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba é an chéad uair freisin a luigh madra  faoi ghradam stáit, agus thug roinnt caointeoirí a gcuid madraí féin leo chun ómós a thabhairt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://people.com/minnesota-melissa-hortman-husband-golden-retriever-gilbert-dogs-11763094|title=Minnesota Rep. Melissa Hortman, Her Husband and Their Golden Retriever Lie in State as Public Brings Dogs to Pay Respects|language=en|work=People.com|access-date=June 30, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bhí an tsochraid ar siúl ag Ard-Eaglais Naomh Muire i Minneapolis ar an 28 Meitheamh. I measc na ndaoine a bhí i láthair bhí iar-Uachtarán na Stát Aontaithe Joe Biden agus iar-Leasuachtarán Kamala Harris, mar aon le hArd-Aighne Minnesota Keith Ellison, an Dara Fear Uasal Tom Weber, an Leifteanant-Ghobharnóir Peggy Flanagan, an Chéad Bhean Gwen Walz, agus an t-iar-Ghobharnóir Mark Dayton.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://apnews.com/photo-gallery/melissa-mark-hortman-funeral-9d76b0f939b9a3b65fa05dc15129885a|title=Photos of funeral for slain Minnesota lawmaker Melissa Hortman and her husband|date=June 28, 2025|language=en|work=AP News|access-date=June 29, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí reachtóirí stáit reatha agus iar-reachtóirí stáit ó na páirtithe araon agus oifigigh tofa eile i measc na 1,500 duine a bhí i láthair.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/jun/28/joe-biden-and-kamala-harris-melissa-hortman-funeral-minnesota|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thug Walz ómós agus rinne clann Hortman ráitis, chomh maith le bheith ina n-iompróirí cónra &lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.npr.org/2025/06/28/g-s1-74962/minnesota-melissa-hortman-funeral-house-speaker|language=en|work=NPR}}&lt;/ref&gt; mar aon le hionadaí stáit Minnesota Zack Stephenson. Bhí an tArdeaspag Bernard Hebda, ó Ard-Deoise Naomh Pól agus Minneapolis, agus Richard Pates, naoú easpag Deoise Des Moines, i láthair freisin. D'eisigh an tUachtarán [[Donald Trump]] ráiteas lá na ndúnmharuithe, ach níor fhreastail sé ar an tsochraid.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.msnbc.com/opinion/msnbc-opinion/melissa-hortman-funeral-trump-minnesota-killer-rcna216023|title=Opinion {{!}} Melissa Hortman deserved more from President Trump|date=June 30, 2025|language=en|work=MSNBC.com|access-date=July 1, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chríochnaigh an tseirbhís le searmanas onóracha stáit, lena n-áirítear eitleán agus  clingeacha na gcloig.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.fox9.com/news/rep-melissa-hortman-mark-hortman-funeral|title=Rep. Melissa Hortman, Mark Hortman remembered at funeral: Full service|author=Turtinen|first=Melissa|date=June 28, 2025|language=en-US|work=FOX 9|access-date=June 28, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; D’eisigh an tIonadaí John Hoffman agus a theaghlach ráiteas i ndiaidh na sochraide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://kstp.com/kstp-news/top-news/hoffman-family-releases-statement-following-funeral-of-melissa-and-mark-hortman/|title=Hoffman family releases statement following funeral of Melissa and Mark Hortman|author=Pattee|first=Ryan|date=June 29, 2025|language=en-US|work=KSTP.com 5 Eyewitness News|access-date=June 29, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rinneadh ómós d'fhonn garraíodóireachta a bhí ag Hortman trí pionnaí crainn nó tor a bhronnadh ar gach duine a d’fhreastail ar an tsochraid, tionscnamh chrainn a chur, agus an droichead I-35W a lasadh ar dath glas an 27 agus an 28 Meitheamh.[2]Tugadh onóir do ghrá Hortman don gharraíodóireacht le '''bioráin''' ó chrainn nó toir do gach duine a bhí i láthair ag an tsochraid a thabhairt abhaile.tionscnamh plandála crann,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.kare11.com/article/news/community/minnesotans-honor-hortmans-community-tree-planting-initiative/89-278f344c-2905-40dc-95fa-7aa23cf73f00|title=Minnesotans honor Hortmans with community tree planting initiative|date=July 1, 2025|language=en-US|work=kare11.com|access-date=July 2, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus an droichead I-35W a lasadh glas ar an 27 agus 28 Meitheamh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.fox6now.com/news/rep-melissa-hortman-mark-hortman-funeral|title=Rep. Melissa Hortman, Mark Hortman remembered at funeral: Full service|author=Turtinen|first=Melissa|date=June 28, 2025|language=en-US|work=FOX 9|access-date=June 30, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onóracha agus gradaim ==
Sa bhliain 2019, d’aithin Minnesota Milk Producers Association (Cumann Táirgeoirí Bainne Minnesota) Hortman mar Reachtóir na Bliana as a cuid oibre &quot;securing the 2019 Agriculture, Rural Development, and Housing budget which included investing $8 million for the Dairy Assistance Investment, and Relief Initiative.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=https://hoards.com/article-26600-melissa-hortman-named-minnesota-milks-legislator-of-the-year.html|title=Melissa Hortman Named Minnesota Milk's Legislator of the Year|language=en|work=Hoards Dairyman|access-date=June 14, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhuaigh Hortman duaiseanna ó cácas 2020 as a cuid oibre dépháirtí.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=http://www.house.leg.state.mn.us/members/pressrelease.asp?pressid=893&amp;party=1&amp;memid=12266|title=News and Views from Melissa Hortman (DFL) 47B - Minnesota House of Representatives|date=October 7, 2005|publisher=House.leg.state.mn.us|access-date=July 20, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhuaigh sí duaiseanna ó Conservation Minnesot freisin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web-en|url=http://www.mnweathercenter.org/score/awards/index.cfm?subsec=97&amp;id=2879|title=Conservation Minnesota Voter Center &amp;#124;&amp;#124; Legislative News|publisher=Mnweathercenter.org|access-date=July 20, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727091341/http://www.mnweathercenter.org/score/awards/index.cfm?subsec=97&amp;id=2879|archive-date=July 27, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
* {{MN-legdb|12266}}
* {{Imdb ainm|14433033}}
* [http://www.house.leg.state.mn.us/members/members.asp?id=12266 Official House of Representatives website]
* [http://melissahortman.com/ Official campaign website]
* [https://gtvnewshd.com/trending/2025/06/14/minnesota-tragedy-rep-melissa-hortman-killed-sen-john-hoffman-injured-in-targeted-shooting/ Minnesota Tragedy: Rep. Melissa Hortman Killed, Sen. John Hoffman Injured in Targeted Shooting]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-rRxs_H8GyA/ Slain Minnesota lawmaker Melissa Hortman lies in state at capitol in St. Paul]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aMnv_iiiTtM/ Funeral of former Minnesota House Speaker Melissa Hortman and her husband]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hortman, Melissa}}
[[Catagóir:Básanna in 2025]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1970]]
[[Catagóir:Dlíodóirí Meiriceánacha an 20ú haois]]
[[Catagóir:Dlíodóirí Meiriceánacha an 21ú haois]]
[[Catagóir:Polaiteoirí Meiriceánacha an 21ú haois]]
[[Catagóir:Baill an 21ú haois de Reachtas Minnesota]]
[[Catagóir:Polaiteoirí Meiriceánacha feallmharaithe]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Listeria monocytogenes</title>
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      <text bytes="6957" sha1="t0d6x58g5wsaj7wuhx6rtgo0v36zlxm" xml:space="preserve">{{Teideal iodálach}}
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo}}
Is é ''Listeria monocytogenes'' an speiceas de [[Baictéir phataigineacha|bhaictéir phataigineach]] is cúis leis an t-ionfhabhtú [[listéaróis|Listéaróis]]. Is orgánach anaeróbach ilacmhainneach é, atá in ann maireachtáil le hocsaigin agus gan í. Is féidir leis fás agus atáirgeadh taobh istigh de chealla an óstaigh agus tá sé ar cheann de na pataiginí bia-iompartha is nimhní. D'fhéadfadh fiche go tríocha faoin gcéad d'ionfhabhtuithe bia -iompartha seo i ndaoine aonair ard-riosca a bheith marfach.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramaswamy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Ramaswamy V, Cresence VM, Rejitha JS, Lekshmi MU, Dharsana KS, Prasad SP, Vijila HM | title = Listeria--review of epidemiology and pathogenesis | journal = Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection = Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi | volume = 40 | issue = 1 | pages = 4–13 | date = February 2007 | pmid = 17332901 | url = http://www.sochinf.cl/documentos/infectologia/listeria.pdf | access-date = 2010-09-05 | archive-date = 2020-03-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200331152326/http://www.sochinf.cl/documentos/infectologia/listeria.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors= Pizarro-Cerda J, Cossart, P | title = Microbe Profile: Listeria monocytogenes: a paradigm among intracellular bacterial pathogens | journal = Microbiology | volume = 165 | pages = 719–721 | year= 2019 | issue = 7 | pmid = 31124782 | doi = 10.1099/mic.0.000800| doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Pizarro-Cerdá|first1=Javier|last2=Cossart|first2=Pascale|date=2019-07-01|title=Microbe Profile: Listeria monocytogenes: a paradigm among intracellular bacterial pathogens|journal=Microbiology|language=en|volume=165|issue=7|pages=719–721|doi=10.1099/mic.0.000800|pmid=31124782|s2cid=163166441|issn=1350-0872|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Deir an tAontas Eorpach, le Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 2073/2005; &quot;... déantar foráil maidir le critéir sábháilteachta bia le haghaidh ''Listeria monocytogenes'', ar pataigin mhór bhia-iompartha é lena mbaineann riosca tromchúiseach don tsláinte phoiblí mar gheall ar an ráta ard báis a ghabhann leis. Sa tuarascáil is déanaí uaidh maidir le zónóisí &lt;ref&gt;[https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8442 RIALACHÁN (AE) 2024/2895 ÓN gCOIMISIÚN]&lt;/ref&gt;, thug an tÚdarás Eorpach um Shábháilteacht Bia (‘an tÚdarás’) faoi deara, maidir leis an líon cásanna listéaróise i ndaoine san Aontas, go raibh sé 15,9 % níos airde in 2022 ná mar a bhí in 2021, agus maidir leis an líon básanna ó ráigeanna bia-iompartha agus arbh é ''Listeria monocytogenes'' ba chúis leo san Aontas in 2022, go raibh sé ar cheann de na líonta ab airde a tuairiscíodh don Údarás riamh le 10 mbliana anuas. I bhfianaise an mhéadaithe sin ar na cásanna listéaróise san Aontas, tá sé ríthábhachtach gur féidir leis na critéir sábháilteachta bia le haghaidh ''Listeria monocytogenes'' leibhéal ard comhsheasmhach cosanta a sholáthar do thomhaltóirí ar fud an bhiashlabhra.
	
Tá tionchar ag soghabhálacht an tomhaltóra féin mar aon le cumas an bhia éillithe fás Listeria monocytogenes go leibhéil arda a chothú ar an riosca a bhaineann le listéaróis a tholgadh ó bhia. Naíonáin agus tomhaltóirí a bhfuil cosaintí imdhíonachta lagaithe acu toisc go bhfuil galair, neamhoird nó riochtaí sláinte orthu, tá siad an-soghabhálach i leith ''Listeria monocytogenes'' agus ní féidir iad a nochtadh do bhia a bhfuil an phaitigin sin ann ag tiúchan ar bith. I gcás tomhaltóirí eile, aithnítear i measc na n-eolaithe nach bhféadfadh ach ionghabháil bia a bhfuil tiúchan ''Listeria monocytogenes'' os cionn an teorann 100 cfu/g ann dochar a dhéanamh don tsláinte. Dá bhrí sin, bianna atá réidh le hithe, cé is moite de na bianna sin atá beartaithe do naíonáin agus chun críoch speisialta míochaine, ar bianna iad ar féidir leo fás ''Listeria monocytogenes'' a chothú thar an teorainn 100 cfu/g tríd ar feadh a seilfré, is grúpa tráchtearraí bia íogair iad ar cheart bearta maolaithe riosca a dhíriú air.&quot;

Freagrach as thart ar 1,600 tinneas agus 260 bás sna Stáit Aontaithe go bliantúil, tá an listéaróis sa tríú háit maidir le líon iomlán báis i measc pataiginí baictéaracha bia-iompartha, le rátaí básmhaireachta níos mó ná fiú an ''clostridium botulinum'' míchlúiteach féin.

Ainmnithe as [[Joseph Lister]], is baictéar [[Baictéir Ghram-dheimhneacha|Gram-dheimhneach]] é ''Listeria monocytogenes'', sa bhfíleam Bacillota. A bhuíochas dá chumas fás ag teochtaí chomh híseal le 0 °C, is féidir leis iolrú ag teochtaí cuisniúcháin tipiciúla, rud a mhéadaíonn go mór a chumas teacht slán  in earraí bia daonna. Soghluaiste trí [[Lascghéagán|lascghéagáin]] ag 30 °C agus faoi bhun, ach de ghnáth ní ag 37 °C,&lt;ref name=&quot;Gründling_Burrack_Bouwer_Higgins_2004&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Gründling A, Burrack LS, Bouwer HG, Higgins DE | title = Listeria monocytogenes regulates flagellar motility gene expression through MogR, a transcriptional repressor required for virulence | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2004-08-17_101_33/page/12318 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 101 | issue = 33 | pages = 12318–23 | date = August 2004 | pmid = 15302931 | pmc = 514476 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0404924101 | bibcode = 2004PNAS..10112318G | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ina ionad sin is féidir le ''L. monocytogenes'' gluaiseacht taobh istigh de chealla eocarótacha trí [[Polaiméiriúchán|pholaiméiriúchán]] pléascach na snáithíní [[Aictin|aictine]] (ar a dtugtar eireabaill chóiméid nó roicéid aictine). Gluais trí flagella ag 30° C agus faoina bhun, ach de ghnáth ní ag 37° C ,[ 6] Is féidir le L. monocytogenes bogadh laistigh de chealla eocarótacha trí pholaiméiriú pléascach a dhéanamh ar fhiliméid actin (ar a dtugtar eireabaill chóiméid nó roicéid actin). Chomh luath is a théann ''Listeria monocytogenes'' isteach sa [[Cíteaplasma|chíteaplasma]] óstaigh, cuidíonn athruithe iomadúla i meitibileacht agus i léiriú na géine lena meiteamorfóis fhoirfe ó chónaitheoir ithreach go pathagán intraceallach a chur i gcrích.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Freitag |first1=Nancy E |title=From hot dogs to host cells: how the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes regulates virulence gene expression |url=https://archive.org/details/future-microbiology_2006-06_1_1/page/89 |journal=Future Microbiology |date=2006 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=89–101 |doi=10.2217/17460913.1.1.89 |pmid=17661688 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Tagairtí==
[[Catagóir:Listéaróis]]
[[Catagóir:Tinneas bia-iompartha]]
[[Catagóir:Baictéir a tuairiscíodh i 1940]]
[[Catagóir:Baictéir phataigineacha]]</text>
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      <comment>Bhog TGcoa an leathanach [[Seán Sáirséal Ó hÉigeartaigh]] go [[Seán Ó hÉigeartaigh]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="39" sha1="80sn2r3rz7xhs1y3szc4u0q3tij41dv" xml:space="preserve">#athsheoladh [[Seán Ó hÉigeartaigh]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kamĩriithũ</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-14T22:08:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>21229</id>
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      <comment>Leathanach cruthaithe le '{{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil}}'''Kamirithu'''  nó '''Kamĩriithũ'''  .&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://xn--anpipar-jwa8e.ie/2026/06/kamiriithu-amharclann-reabhloideach-na-ceinia/|teideal=Kamĩriithũ: Amharclann Réabhlóideach na Céinia|údar=Kerron Ó Luain|dáta=2026-06-12|language=ga-IE|work=An Páipéar|dátarochtana=2026-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;   == Féach freisin ==  * [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]]  == Tagairtí == {{reflist}}'</comment>
      <origin>1317594</origin>
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      <text bytes="433" sha1="b9gsgb63c3tciv2lekb245y9gkr8ja3" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil}}'''Kamirithu'''  nó '''Kamĩriithũ'''  .&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://xn--anpipar-jwa8e.ie/2026/06/kamiriithu-amharclann-reabhloideach-na-ceinia/|teideal=Kamĩriithũ: Amharclann Réabhlóideach na Céinia|údar=Kerron Ó Luain|dáta=2026-06-12|language=ga-IE|work=An Páipéar|dátarochtana=2026-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Féach freisin ==

* [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}</text>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Bhog TGcoa an leathanach [[Kamirithu]] go [[Kamĩriithũ]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="433" sha1="b9gsgb63c3tciv2lekb245y9gkr8ja3" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil}}'''Kamirithu'''  nó '''Kamĩriithũ'''  .&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://xn--anpipar-jwa8e.ie/2026/06/kamiriithu-amharclann-reabhloideach-na-ceinia/|teideal=Kamĩriithũ: Amharclann Réabhlóideach na Céinia|údar=Kerron Ó Luain|dáta=2026-06-12|language=ga-IE|work=An Páipéar|dátarochtana=2026-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Féach freisin ==

* [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1317597</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-14T22:11:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TGcoa</username>
        <id>21229</id>
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      <text bytes="466" sha1="jwznxxkbu5vn5wh2wohs11rr4761tsp" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil}}'''Kamirithu'''  nó '''Kamĩriithũ'''  .&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://xn--anpipar-jwa8e.ie/2026/06/kamiriithu-amharclann-reabhloideach-na-ceinia/|teideal=Kamĩriithũ: Amharclann Réabhlóideach na Céinia|údar=Kerron Ó Luain|dáta=2026-06-12|language=ga-IE|work=An Páipéar|dátarochtana=2026-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Féach freisin ==

* [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}
[[Catagóir:Bailte sa Chéinia]]</text>
      <sha1>jwznxxkbu5vn5wh2wohs11rr4761tsp</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1317600</id>
      <parentid>1317597</parentid>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>21229</id>
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      <origin>1317600</origin>
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      <text bytes="3804" sha1="4aqu8qc01bstd2hkavjj2qo6r9ojh0z" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil}}.


Is sráidbhaile é '''Kamirithu''' nó '''Kamĩriithũ'''atá suite in aice le baile Limuru, i gContae Kiambu sa Chéinia. Tá clú ar an áit go príomha mar gheall ar Ionad Pobail Oideachais agus Cultúrtha Kamĩriithũ, amharclann phobail a bhí gníomhach idir 1976 agus 1982 agus a raibh baint ag an scríbhneoir Céiniach [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] léi. Rugadh Ngũgĩ féin in Kamĩriithũ sa bhliain 1938.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://xn--anpipar-jwa8e.ie/2026/06/kamiriithu-amharclann-reabhloideach-na-ceinia/|teideal=Kamĩriithũ: Amharclann Réabhlóideach na Céinia|údar=Kerron Ó Luain|dáta=2026-06-12|language=ga-IE|work=An Páipéar|dátarochtana=2026-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Suíomh ===
Tá teorainneacha an cheantair leagtha amach ag roinnt bóithre: an bóthar go Narok ó thuaidh, an bóthar idir Limuru agus Mutarakwa siar, agus an mórbhóthar idir Nairobi agus Nakuru (an A104) soir. Ó thuaidh tá Linn Manguo, áit a dtéann cuairteoirí ag faire ar éin. De réir foinsí, tagann ainm an tsráidbhaile ó fhocal a thagraíonn d'áit chothrom a mbíonn linn uisce inti.

Tá daonra uirbeach de thart ar 42,000 duine sa cheantar.

=== Stair ===
Bunaíodh sráidbhailte coilíneacha sa cheantar seo go luath san fhichiú haois, le linn riail choilíneach na Breataine sa Chéinia. Le linn Éirí Amach na Mau Mau (1952–1960), rinneadh sráidbhaile éigeandála de Kamĩriithũ faoin bpolasaí coilíneach lenar bailíodh pobail tuaithe le chéile i sráidbhailte faoi smacht (an polasaí ar a dtugtar &quot;villagisation&quot; i mBéarla). Cuireadh sreang dheilgneach timpeall ar an tsráidbhaile, agus é mar aidhm an pobal tuaithe a scaradh ó threallchogaithe na Mau Mau. Bhí cuid mhór de mhuintir an tsráidbhaile ag obair mar oibrithe talmhaíochta ar eastáit tae agus caife in aice Limuru.

=== Ionad Pobail Oideachais agus Cultúrtha Kamĩriithũ ===
Sa bhliain 1976 bunaíodh Ionad Pobail Oideachais agus Cultúrtha Kamĩriithũ. Ba é an scríbhneoir Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, i dteannta scoláirí ó Ollscoil Nairobi agus mhuintir an tsráidbhaile, a bhí chun tosaigh sa tionscadal. Dhírigh an t-ionad go mór ar an amharclannaíocht, agus reáchtáladh ranganna litearthachta agus cláir chultúrtha ann. Tógadh amharclann faoin aer ar an láithreán.

Ba é ''Ngaahika Ndeenda'' (a chiallaíonn &quot;pósfaidh mé nuair is mian liom&quot;; ''I Will Marry When I Want'' sa Bhéarla) an chéad dráma a léirigh an t-ionad. Ba iad Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o agus Ngũgĩ wa Mirii a scríobh é i gcomhar le baill an phobail, agus léiríodh sa teanga Gikuyu é. Léiríodh den chéad uair é ar an 2 Deireadh Fómhair 1977, agus mheall na léirithe na mílte duine.

Chuir rialtas na Céinia cosc ar an dráma, áfach, agus cealaíodh ceadúnas an ionaid. Gabhadh Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o ar an 31 Nollaig 1977 agus coinníodh i bpríosún é gan triail. Tar éis dó a bheith scaoilte saor, cuireadh tús leis an dara dráma, ''Maitu Njugira'' (&quot;A Mháthair, Can Dom&quot;). Bhí sé beartaithe an dráma a léiriú in Amharclann Náisiúnta na Céinia i 1982, ach chuir na húdaráis cosc air; bhog an grúpa go hOllscoil Nairobi, áit ar léiríodh é os comhair na mílte.

Ar an 11 Márta 1982 chuir an rialtas cosc ar gach gníomhaíocht amharclannaíochta in Kamĩriithũ. An lá dár gcionn, ar an 12 Márta 1982, scrios na póilíní an amharclann faoin aer.

Meastar gur sampla suntasach é Ionad Kamĩriithũ den amharclannaíocht phobail agus den iarracht teangacha dúchasacha na hAfraice a chur chun cinn san ealaín. Phléigh Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o an taithí seo ina shaothar, go háirithe sa leabhar ''Decolonising the Mind'' (1986).

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}
[[Catagóir:Bailte sa Chéinia]]</text>
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[[Íomhá:Kiambu - Limuru Constituency.svg|mion|220x220px|Toghcheantar Kiambu - Limuru]]
Is sráidbhaile é '''Kamirithu''' ,nó '''Kamĩriithũ''', atá suite in aice le baile Limuru, i gContae Kiambu sa Chéinia. Tá clú ar an áit go príomha mar gheall ar Ionad Pobail Oideachais agus Cultúrtha Kamĩriithũ, amharclann phobail a bhí gníomhach idir 1976 agus 1982 agus a raibh baint ag an scríbhneoir Céiniach [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] léi. Rugadh Ngũgĩ féin in Kamĩriithũ sa bhliain 1938.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://xn--anpipar-jwa8e.ie/2026/06/kamiriithu-amharclann-reabhloideach-na-ceinia/|teideal=Kamĩriithũ: Amharclann Réabhlóideach na Céinia|údar=Kerron Ó Luain|dáta=2026-06-12|language=ga-IE|work=An Páipéar|dátarochtana=2026-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Íomhá:Ngugi wa Thiong'o - Festivaletteratura 2012.JPG|mion|309x309px|[[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] in 2012]]

=== Suíomh ===
Tá teorainneacha an cheantair leagtha amach ag roinnt bóithre: an bóthar go Narok ó thuaidh, an bóthar idir Limuru agus Mutarakwa siar, agus an mórbhóthar idir Nairobi agus Nakuru (an A104) soir. Ó thuaidh tá Linn Manguo, áit a dtéann cuairteoirí ag faire ar éin. De réir foinsí, tagann ainm an tsráidbhaile ó fhocal a thagraíonn d'áit chothrom a mbíonn linn uisce inti.

Tá daonra uirbeach de thart ar 13,000 duine sa cheantar (Karamba-Inĩ Sub-Location).

=== Stair ===
Bunaíodh sráidbhailte coilíneacha sa cheantar seo go luath san fhichiú haois, le linn riail choilíneach na Breataine sa Chéinia. Le linn Éirí Amach na Mau Mau (1952–1960), rinneadh sráidbhaile éigeandála de Kamĩriithũ faoin bpolasaí coilíneach lenar bailíodh pobail tuaithe le chéile i sráidbhailte faoi smacht (an polasaí ar a dtugtar &quot;villagisation&quot; i mBéarla). Cuireadh sreang dheilgneach timpeall ar an tsráidbhaile, agus é mar aidhm an pobal tuaithe a scaradh ó threallchogaithe na Mau Mau. Bhí cuid mhór de mhuintir an tsráidbhaile ag obair mar oibrithe talmhaíochta ar eastáit tae agus caife in aice Limuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Ionad Pobail Oideachais agus Cultúrtha Kamĩriithũ ===
Sa bhliain 1976 bunaíodh Ionad Pobail Oideachais agus Cultúrtha Kamĩriithũ. Ba é an scríbhneoir [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]], i dteannta scoláirí ó Ollscoil Nairobi agus mhuintir an tsráidbhaile, a bhí chun tosaigh sa tionscadal. Dhírigh an t-ionad go mór ar an amharclannaíocht, agus reáchtáladh ranganna litearthachta agus cláir chultúrtha ann. Tógadh amharclann faoin aer ar an láithreán.

Ba é ''Ngaahika Ndeenda'' (a chiallaíonn &quot;pósfaidh mé nuair is mian liom&quot;; ''I Will Marry When I Want'' sa Bhéarla) an chéad dráma a léirigh an t-ionad. Ba iad Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o agus Ngũgĩ wa Mirii a scríobh é i gcomhar le baill an phobail, agus léiríodh sa teanga Gikuyu é. Léiríodh den chéad uair é ar an 2 Deireadh Fómhair 1977, agus mheall na léirithe na mílte duine.

Chuir rialtas na Céinia cosc ar an dráma, áfach, agus cealaíodh ceadúnas an ionaid. Gabhadh Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o ar an 31 Nollaig 1977 agus coinníodh i bpríosún é gan triail. Tar éis dó a bheith scaoilte saor, cuireadh tús leis an dara dráma, ''Maitu Njugira'' (&quot;A Mháthair, Can Dom&quot;). Bhí sé beartaithe an dráma a léiriú in Amharclann Náisiúnta na Céinia i 1982, ach chuir na húdaráis cosc air; bhog an grúpa go hOllscoil Nairobi, áit ar léiríodh é os comhair na mílte.

Ar an 11 Márta 1982 chuir an rialtas cosc ar gach gníomhaíocht amharclannaíochta in Kamĩriithũ. An lá dár gcionn, ar an 12 Márta 1982, scrios na póilíní an amharclann faoin aer.

Meastar gur sampla suntasach é Ionad Kamĩriithũ den amharclannaíocht phobail agus den iarracht teangacha dúchasacha na hAfraice a chur chun cinn san ealaín. Phléigh Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o an taithí seo ina shaothar, go háirithe sa leabhar ''Decolonising the Mind'' (1986).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/10-raiteas-o-ngugi-wa-thiongo-faoi-chursai-teanga/|teideal=10 ráiteas ó Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o faoi chúrsaí teanga|dáta=2025-05-30|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2025-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}
[[Catagóir:Bailte sa Chéinia]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1317612</id>
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        <username>TGcoa</username>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4495" sha1="t1f6pezulhut9fvlyjomueu5cns3hdn" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil}}
[[Íomhá:Kiambu - Limuru Constituency.svg|mion|220x220px|Toghcheantar Kiambu - Limuru]]
Is sráidbhaile é '''Kamirithu''' ,nó '''Kamĩriithũ''', atá suite in aice le baile Limuru, i gContae Kiambu sa Chéinia. Tá clú ar an áit go príomha mar gheall ar Ionad Pobail Oideachais agus Cultúrtha Kamĩriithũ, amharclann phobail a bhí gníomhach idir 1976 agus 1982 agus a raibh baint ag an scríbhneoir Céiniach [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] léi. Rugadh Ngũgĩ féin in Kamĩriithũ sa bhliain 1938.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://xn--anpipar-jwa8e.ie/2026/06/kamiriithu-amharclann-reabhloideach-na-ceinia/|teideal=Kamĩriithũ: Amharclann Réabhlóideach na Céinia|údar=Kerron Ó Luain|dáta=2026-06-12|language=ga-IE|work=An Páipéar|dátarochtana=2026-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Íomhá:Ngugi wa Thiong'o - Festivaletteratura 2012.JPG|mion|309x309px|[[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] in 2012]]

=== Suíomh ===
Tá teorainneacha an cheantair leagtha amach ag roinnt bóithre: an bóthar go Narok ó thuaidh, an bóthar idir Limuru agus Mutarakwa siar, agus an mórbhóthar idir Nairobi agus Nakuru (an A104) soir. Ó thuaidh tá Linn Manguo, áit a dtéann cuairteoirí ag faire ar éin. De réir foinsí, tagann ainm an tsráidbhaile ó fhocal a thagraíonn d'áit chothrom a mbíonn linn uisce inti.

Tá daonra uirbeach de thart ar 13,000 duine sa cheantar (Karamba-Inĩ Sub-Location).&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://kamiriithuafterlives.net/History|teideal=History — kamiriithuafterlives|language=en|work=kamiriithuafterlives.net|dátarochtana=2026-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Stair ===
Bunaíodh sráidbhailte coilíneacha sa cheantar seo go luath san fhichiú haois, le linn riail choilíneach na Breataine sa Chéinia. Le linn Éirí Amach na Mau Mau (1952–1960), rinneadh sráidbhaile éigeandála de Kamĩriithũ faoin bpolasaí coilíneach lenar bailíodh pobail tuaithe le chéile i sráidbhailte faoi smacht (an polasaí ar a dtugtar &quot;villagisation&quot; i mBéarla). Cuireadh sreang dheilgneach timpeall ar an tsráidbhaile, agus é mar aidhm an pobal tuaithe a scaradh ó threallchogaithe na Mau Mau. Bhí cuid mhór de mhuintir an tsráidbhaile ag obair mar oibrithe talmhaíochta ar eastáit tae agus caife in aice Limuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Ionad Pobail Oideachais agus Cultúrtha Kamĩriithũ ===
Sa bhliain 1976 bunaíodh Ionad Pobail Oideachais agus Cultúrtha Kamĩriithũ. Ba é an scríbhneoir [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]], i dteannta scoláirí ó Ollscoil Nairobi agus mhuintir an tsráidbhaile, a bhí chun tosaigh sa tionscadal. Dhírigh an t-ionad go mór ar an amharclannaíocht, agus reáchtáladh ranganna litearthachta agus cláir chultúrtha ann. Tógadh amharclann faoin aer ar an láithreán.

Ba é ''Ngaahika Ndeenda'' (a chiallaíonn &quot;pósfaidh mé nuair is mian liom&quot;; ''I Will Marry When I Want'' sa Bhéarla) an chéad dráma a léirigh an t-ionad. Ba iad Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o agus Ngũgĩ wa Mirii a scríobh é i gcomhar le baill an phobail, agus léiríodh sa teanga Gikuyu é. Léiríodh den chéad uair é ar an 2 Deireadh Fómhair 1977, agus mheall na léirithe na mílte duine.

Chuir rialtas na Céinia cosc ar an dráma, áfach, agus cealaíodh ceadúnas an ionaid. Gabhadh Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o ar an 31 Nollaig 1977 agus coinníodh i bpríosún é gan triail. Tar éis dó a bheith scaoilte saor, cuireadh tús leis an dara dráma, ''Maitu Njugira'' (&quot;A Mháthair, Can Dom&quot;). Bhí sé beartaithe an dráma a léiriú in Amharclann Náisiúnta na Céinia i 1982, ach chuir na húdaráis cosc air; bhog an grúpa go hOllscoil Nairobi, áit ar léiríodh é os comhair na mílte.

Ar an 11 Márta 1982 chuir an rialtas cosc ar gach gníomhaíocht amharclannaíochta in Kamĩriithũ. An lá dár gcionn, ar an 12 Márta 1982, scrios na póilíní an amharclann faoin aer.

Meastar gur sampla suntasach é Ionad Kamĩriithũ den amharclannaíocht phobail agus den iarracht teangacha dúchasacha na hAfraice a chur chun cinn san ealaín. Phléigh Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o an taithí seo ina shaothar, go háirithe sa leabhar ''Decolonising the Mind'' (1986).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/10-raiteas-o-ngugi-wa-thiongo-faoi-chursai-teanga/|teideal=10 ráiteas ó Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o faoi chúrsaí teanga|dáta=2025-05-30|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2025-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}
[[Catagóir:Bailte sa Chéinia]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1317613</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-15T06:08:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TGcoa</username>
        <id>21229</id>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4554" sha1="kkyxpvgnfysxue5ytkk0pz6x81jzy4i" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil}}
[[Íomhá:Kiambu - Limuru Constituency.svg|mion|220x220px|Toghcheantar Kiambu - Limuru]]
Is sráidbhaile é '''Kamirithu''' ,nó '''Kamĩriithũ''', atá suite in aice le baile Limuru, i gContae Kiambu sa Chéinia. Tá clú ar an áit go príomha mar gheall ar Ionad Pobail Oideachais agus Cultúrtha Kamĩriithũ, amharclann phobail a bhí gníomhach idir 1976 agus 1982 agus a raibh baint ag an scríbhneoir Céiniach [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] léi. Rugadh Ngũgĩ féin in Kamĩriithũ sa bhliain 1938.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://xn--anpipar-jwa8e.ie/2026/06/kamiriithu-amharclann-reabhloideach-na-ceinia/|teideal=Kamĩriithũ: Amharclann Réabhlóideach na Céinia|údar=Kerron Ó Luain|dáta=2026-06-12|language=ga-IE|work=An Páipéar|dátarochtana=2026-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Íomhá:Ngugi wa Thiong'o - Festivaletteratura 2012.JPG|mion|309x309px|[[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] in 2012]]

=== Suíomh ===
Tá teorainneacha an cheantair leagtha amach ag roinnt bóithre: an bóthar go Narok ó thuaidh, an bóthar idir Limuru agus Mutarakwa siar, agus an mórbhóthar idir Nairobi agus Nakuru (an A104) soir. Ó thuaidh tá Linn Manguo, áit a dtéann cuairteoirí ag faire ar éin. De réir foinsí, tagann ainm an tsráidbhaile ó fhocal a thagraíonn d'áit chothrom a mbíonn linn uisce inti.

Tá daonra uirbeach de thart ar 13,000 duine sa cheantar (Karamba-Inĩ Sub-Location).&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://kamiriithuafterlives.net/History|teideal=History — kamiriithuafterlives|language=en|work=kamiriithuafterlives.net|dátarochtana=2026-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Stair ===
Bunaíodh sráidbhailte coilíneacha sa cheantar seo go luath san fhichiú haois, le linn riail choilíneach na Breataine sa Chéinia. Le linn Éirí Amach na Mau Mau (1952–1960), rinneadh sráidbhaile éigeandála de Kamĩriithũ faoin bpolasaí coilíneach lenar bailíodh pobail tuaithe le chéile i sráidbhailte faoi smacht (an polasaí ar a dtugtar &quot;villagisation&quot; i mBéarla). Cuireadh sreang dheilgneach timpeall ar an tsráidbhaile, agus é mar aidhm an pobal tuaithe a scaradh ó threallchogaithe na Mau Mau. Bhí cuid mhór de mhuintir an tsráidbhaile ag obair mar oibrithe talmhaíochta ar eastáit tae agus caife in aice Limuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Ionad Pobail Oideachais agus Cultúrtha Kamĩriithũ ===
Sa bhliain 1976 bunaíodh Ionad Pobail Oideachais agus Cultúrtha Kamĩriithũ. Ba é an scríbhneoir [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]], i dteannta scoláirí ó Ollscoil Nairobi agus mhuintir an tsráidbhaile, a bhí chun tosaigh sa tionscadal. Dhírigh an t-ionad go mór ar an amharclannaíocht, agus reáchtáladh ranganna litearthachta agus cláir chultúrtha ann. Tógadh amharclann faoin aer ar an láithreán.

Ba é ''Ngaahika Ndeenda'' (a chiallaíonn &quot;pósfaidh mé nuair is mian liom&quot;; ''I Will Marry When I Want'' sa Bhéarla) an chéad dráma a léirigh an t-ionad. Ba iad Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o agus Ngũgĩ wa Mirii a scríobh é i gcomhar le baill an phobail, agus léiríodh sa teanga Gikuyu é. Léiríodh den chéad uair é ar an 2 Deireadh Fómhair 1977, agus mheall na léirithe na mílte duine.

Chuir rialtas na Céinia cosc ar an dráma, áfach, agus cealaíodh ceadúnas an ionaid. Gabhadh Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o ar an 31 Nollaig 1977 agus coinníodh i bpríosún é gan triail. Tar éis dó a bheith scaoilte saor, cuireadh tús leis an dara dráma, ''Maitu Njugira'' (&quot;A Mháthair, Can Dom&quot;). Bhí sé beartaithe an dráma a léiriú in Amharclann Náisiúnta na Céinia i 1982, ach chuir na húdaráis cosc air; bhog an grúpa go hOllscoil Nairobi, áit ar léiríodh é os comhair na mílte.

Ar an 11 Márta 1982 chuir an rialtas cosc ar gach gníomhaíocht amharclannaíochta in Kamĩriithũ. An lá dár gcionn, ar an 12 Márta 1982, scrios na póilíní an amharclann faoin aer.

Meastar gur sampla suntasach é Ionad Kamĩriithũ den amharclannaíocht phobail agus den iarracht teangacha dúchasacha na hAfraice a chur chun cinn san ealaín. Phléigh Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o an taithí seo ina shaothar, go háirithe sa leabhar ''Decolonising the Mind'' (1986).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/10-raiteas-o-ngugi-wa-thiongo-faoi-chursai-teanga/|teideal=10 ráiteas ó Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o faoi chúrsaí teanga|dáta=2025-05-30|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2025-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}
[[Catagóir:Bailte sa Chéinia]]
[[Catagóir:Ionaid Cultúrtha]]
[[Catagóir:Cultúrlanna]]</text>
      <sha1>kkyxpvgnfysxue5ytkk0pz6x81jzy4i</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1317617</id>
      <parentid>1317613</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T06:10:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TGcoa</username>
        <id>21229</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1317617</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4522" sha1="q2pw63u6desszp7spaevrizuzx7eacr" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil}}
[[Íomhá:Kiambu - Limuru Constituency.svg|mion|220x220px|Toghcheantar Kiambu - Limuru]]
Is sráidbhaile é '''Kamirithu''' ,nó '''Kamĩriithũ''', atá suite in aice le baile Limuru, i gContae Kiambu sa Chéinia. Tá clú ar an áit go príomha mar gheall ar Ionad Pobail Oideachais agus Cultúrtha Kamĩriithũ, amharclann phobail a bhí gníomhach idir 1976 agus 1982 agus a raibh baint ag an scríbhneoir Céiniach [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] léi. Rugadh Ngũgĩ féin in Kamĩriithũ sa bhliain 1938.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://xn--anpipar-jwa8e.ie/2026/06/kamiriithu-amharclann-reabhloideach-na-ceinia/|teideal=Kamĩriithũ: Amharclann Réabhlóideach na Céinia|údar=Kerron Ó Luain|dáta=2026-06-12|language=ga-IE|work=An Páipéar|dátarochtana=2026-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Íomhá:Ngugi wa Thiong'o - Festivaletteratura 2012.JPG|mion|309x309px|[[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] in 2012]]

=== Suíomh ===
Tá teorainneacha an cheantair leagtha amach ag roinnt bóithre: an bóthar go Narok ó thuaidh, an bóthar idir Limuru agus Mutarakwa siar, agus an mórbhóthar idir Nairobi agus Nakuru (an A104) soir. Ó thuaidh tá Linn Manguo, áit a dtéann cuairteoirí ag faire ar éin. De réir foinsí, tagann ainm an tsráidbhaile ó fhocal a thagraíonn d'áit chothrom a mbíonn linn uisce inti.

Tá daonra uirbeach de thart ar 13,000 duine sa cheantar (Karamba-Inĩ Sub-Location).&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://kamiriithuafterlives.net/History|teideal=History — kamiriithuafterlives|language=en|work=kamiriithuafterlives.net|dátarochtana=2026-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Stair ===
Bunaíodh sráidbhailte coilíneacha sa cheantar seo go luath san fhichiú haois, le linn riail choilíneach na Breataine sa Chéinia. Le linn Éirí Amach na Mau Mau (1952–1960), rinneadh sráidbhaile éigeandála de Kamĩriithũ faoin bpolasaí coilíneach lenar bailíodh pobail tuaithe le chéile i sráidbhailte faoi smacht (an polasaí ar a dtugtar &quot;villagisation&quot; i mBéarla). Cuireadh sreang dheilgneach timpeall ar an tsráidbhaile, agus é mar aidhm an pobal tuaithe a scaradh ó threallchogaithe na Mau Mau. Bhí cuid mhór de mhuintir an tsráidbhaile ag obair mar oibrithe talmhaíochta ar eastáit tae agus caife in aice Limuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Ionad Pobail Oideachais agus Cultúrtha Kamĩriithũ ===
Sa bhliain 1976 bunaíodh Ionad Pobail Oideachais agus Cultúrtha Kamĩriithũ. Ba é an scríbhneoir [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]], i dteannta scoláirí ó Ollscoil Nairobi agus mhuintir an tsráidbhaile, a bhí chun tosaigh sa tionscadal. Dhírigh an t-ionad go mór ar an amharclannaíocht, agus reáchtáladh ranganna litearthachta agus cláir chultúrtha ann. Tógadh amharclann faoin aer ar an láithreán.

Ba é ''Ngaahika Ndeenda'' (a chiallaíonn &quot;pósfaidh mé nuair is mian liom&quot;; ''I Will Marry When I Want'' sa Bhéarla) an chéad dráma a léirigh an t-ionad. Ba iad Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o agus Ngũgĩ wa Mirii a scríobh é i gcomhar le baill an phobail, agus léiríodh sa teanga Gikuyu é. Léiríodh den chéad uair é ar an 2 Deireadh Fómhair 1977, agus mheall na léirithe na mílte duine.

Chuir rialtas na Céinia cosc ar an dráma, áfach, agus cealaíodh ceadúnas an ionaid. Gabhadh Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o ar an 31 Nollaig 1977 agus coinníodh i bpríosún é gan triail. Tar éis dó a bheith scaoilte saor, cuireadh tús leis an dara dráma, ''Maitu Njugira'' (&quot;A Mháthair, Can Dom&quot;). Bhí sé beartaithe an dráma a léiriú in Amharclann Náisiúnta na Céinia i 1982, ach chuir na húdaráis cosc air; bhog an grúpa go hOllscoil Nairobi, áit ar léiríodh é os comhair na mílte.

Ar an 11 Márta 1982 chuir an rialtas cosc ar gach gníomhaíocht amharclannaíochta in Kamĩriithũ. An lá dár gcionn, ar an 12 Márta 1982, scrios na póilíní an amharclann faoin aer.

Meastar gur sampla suntasach é Ionad Kamĩriithũ den amharclannaíocht phobail agus den iarracht teangacha dúchasacha na hAfraice a chur chun cinn san ealaín. Phléigh Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o an taithí seo ina shaothar, go háirithe sa leabhar ''Decolonising the Mind'' (1986).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/10-raiteas-o-ngugi-wa-thiongo-faoi-chursai-teanga/|teideal=10 ráiteas ó Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o faoi chúrsaí teanga|dáta=2025-05-30|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2025-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}
[[Catagóir:Bailte sa Chéinia]]
[[Catagóir:Cultúrlanna]]</text>
      <sha1>q2pw63u6desszp7spaevrizuzx7eacr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kamirithu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>126841</id>
    <redirect title="Kamĩriithũ" />
    <revision>
      <id>1317596</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-14T22:08:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TGcoa</username>
        <id>21229</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Bhog TGcoa an leathanach [[Kamirithu]] go [[Kamĩriithũ]]</comment>
      <origin>1317596</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="29" sha1="b33d80uodke3wpcxm9asddkxmyjhbpc" xml:space="preserve">#athsheoladh [[Kamĩriithũ]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Catagóir:Bailte sa Chéinia</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>126842</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1317598</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-14T22:12:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TGcoa</username>
        <id>21229</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Leathanach cruthaithe le '[[Catagóir:An Chéinia]] [[Catagóir:Bailte]]'</comment>
      <origin>1317598</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="46" sha1="rwcd9psrkyapsggpkldd58mljidxa79" xml:space="preserve">[[Catagóir:An Chéinia]]
[[Catagóir:Bailte]]</text>
      <sha1>rwcd9psrkyapsggpkldd58mljidxa79</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Catagóir:Ionaid Cultúrtha</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>126843</id>
    <redirect title="Catagóir:Cultúrlanna" />
    <revision>
      <id>1317614</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T06:09:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TGcoa</username>
        <id>21229</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Leathanach cruthaithe le '#[[athsheoladh:Cultúrlanna]]'</comment>
      <origin>1317614</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="29" sha1="5565smiuutkqr37foi274y04u6knzbg" xml:space="preserve">#[[athsheoladh:Cultúrlanna]]</text>
      <sha1>5565smiuutkqr37foi274y04u6knzbg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1317615</id>
      <parentid>1317614</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T06:09:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TGcoa</username>
        <id>21229</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ag athdhíriú go [[Cultúrlanna]]</comment>
      <origin>1317615</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28" sha1="ds2aewiytgui692lhc6rdwnayve7w65" xml:space="preserve">#athsheoladh[[Cultúrlanna]]</text>
      <sha1>ds2aewiytgui692lhc6rdwnayve7w65</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1317616</id>
      <parentid>1317615</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T06:10:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TGcoa</username>
        <id>21229</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Changed redirect target from [[Cultúrlanna]] to [[Catagóir:Cultúrlanna]]</comment>
      <origin>1317616</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="38" sha1="6nwrwrrqjtmklmw13gvzjfmotj9fjgo" xml:space="preserve">#athsheoladh[[Catagóir:Cultúrlanna]]</text>
      <sha1>6nwrwrrqjtmklmw13gvzjfmotj9fjgo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Taecuando</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>126844</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1317624</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T10:26:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Conradder</username>
        <id>34685</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Leathanach cruthaithe le '{{WD Bosca Sonraí Spórt}} Is [[Ealaíona comhraic|ealaín chomhraic]] [[an Chóiré|Chóiréigh]] é '''Taecuando''' ({{lang-ko| 태권도}}). Tá an t-ainm aistrithe go garbh mar ''Tae'' (buail leis an chos  ), ''Cuan'' (buail leis an lámh) agus ''Do'' (an ealaín). Tá cúpla stíl difriúil ann agus, sa lá atá inniu ann, is iad Cónaidhm Idirnáisiúnta Taecuando, Kukkiwon agus Taecuando an Domhain (Cónaidhm Taecuando an Domhain roimhe sin) na príomhchom...'</comment>
      <origin>1317624</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="996" sha1="69lm1lpcaluwet8xjxo5eow21wnbsyn" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Spórt}}
Is [[Ealaíona comhraic|ealaín chomhraic]] [[an Chóiré|Chóiréigh]] é '''Taecuando''' ({{lang-ko| 태권도}}). Tá an t-ainm aistrithe go garbh mar ''Tae'' (buail leis an chos  ), ''Cuan'' (buail leis an lámh) agus ''Do'' (an ealaín). Tá cúpla stíl difriúil ann agus, sa lá atá inniu ann, is iad Cónaidhm Idirnáisiúnta Taecuando, Kukkiwon agus Taecuando an Domhain (Cónaidhm Taecuando an Domhain roimhe sin) na príomhchomhlachtaí eagraíochtúla do taecuando. Tá Taecuando ina spórt [[Cluichí Oilimpeacha|Oilimpeach]] ó [[Cluichí Oilimpeacha an tSamhraidh 2000|2000]].

=== Taecuando in Éirinn === 
Ghlac [[Jack Woolley]] páirt sna Cluichí Oilimpeacha ar son na hÉireann, in [[Cluichí Oilimpeacha an tSamhraidh 2020|2020]] agus [[Cluichí Oilimpeacha an tSamhraidh 2024|2024]], i dtaecuando.

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Síol-spórt}}

[[Catagóir:Ealaíona comhraic]]
[[Catagóir:Spóirt Oilimpeacha]]
[[Catagóir:Cluichí comhraic]]</text>
      <sha1>69lm1lpcaluwet8xjxo5eow21wnbsyn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1317625</id>
      <parentid>1317624</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T10:33:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Conradder</username>
        <id>34685</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>1317625</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1127" sha1="0za8mutbaojpz2dvclg71b69s7qqfyk" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Spórt}} 
Is [[Ealaíona comhraic|ealaín chomhraic]] [[an Chóiré|Chóiréigh]] é '''Taecuando''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.tearma.ie/q/taecuando/ga/|teideal=&quot;taecuando&quot;|work=téarma.ie|dátarochtana=2026-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;({{lang-ko| 태권도}}). Tá an t-ainm aistrithe go garbh mar ''Tae'' (buail leis an chos  ), ''Cuan'' (buail leis an lámh) agus ''Do'' (an ealaín). Tá cúpla stíl difriúil ann agus, sa lá atá inniu ann, is iad Cónaidhm Idirnáisiúnta Taecuando, Kukkiwon agus Taecuando an Domhain (Cónaidhm Taecuando an Domhain roimhe sin) na príomhchomhlachtaí eagraíochtúla do taecuando. Tá Taecuando ina spórt [[Cluichí Oilimpeacha|Oilimpeach]] ó [[Cluichí Oilimpeacha an tSamhraidh 2000|2000]].

=== Taecuando in Éirinn === 
Ghlac [[Jack Woolley]] páirt sna Cluichí Oilimpeacha ar son na hÉireann, in [[Cluichí Oilimpeacha an tSamhraidh 2020|2020]] agus [[Cluichí Oilimpeacha an tSamhraidh 2024|2024]], i dtaecuando.

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Síol-spórt}}

[[Catagóir:Ealaíona comhraic]]
[[Catagóir:Spóirt Oilimpeacha]]
[[Catagóir:Cluichí comhraic]]</text>
      <sha1>0za8mutbaojpz2dvclg71b69s7qqfyk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>