Vicipéid gawiki https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%ADomhleathanach MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.15 first-letter Meán Speisialta Plé Úsáideoir Plé úsáideora Vicipéid Plé Vicipéide Íomhá Plé íomhá MediaWiki Plé MediaWiki Teimpléad Plé teimpléid Cabhair Plé cabhrach Catagóir Plé catagóire TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 4230 1325189 1324899 2026-08-15T21:05:32Z Conradder 34685 /* Tarluithe eile */ 1325189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Lúnasa}} Is é an '''14 Lúnasa''' an 226ú lá den bhliain de réir fhéilire Ghréagóra nó an 227ú lá i mbliain bhisigh. Tá 139 lá fágtha sa bhliain. == Féilte == * [[An Phacastáin]] - Lá na Saoirse == Daoine a rugadh ar an lá seo == * [[1521]] — [[Pápa Urban VII]], pápa (b. [[1590]]) * [[1740]] — [[Pápa Pius VII|Pius VII]], pápa (b. [[1823]]) * [[1771]] — [[Walter Scott]], úrscéalaí stairiúil agus file (b. [[1832]]) * [[1777]] — [[Hans Christian Ørsted]], fisiceoir agus ceimiceoir Danmhargach (b. [[1851]]) * [[1867]] — [[John Galsworthy]], úrscéalaí agus drámadóir Sasanach (b. [[1933]]) * [[1888]] — [[John Logie Baird]], innealtóir is ceannródaí teilifíse Albanach (b. [[1946]]) * [[1904]] — [[Léon Rosenfeld]], fisiceoir Beilgeach (b. [[1974]]) * [[1926]] — [[René Goscinny]], cartúnaí Francach (b. [[1977]]) * [[1929]] — [[Dick Tiger]], dornálaí Nigéarach (b. [[1971]]) * [[1939]] — [[Labhrás Ó Murchú]], polaiteoir Éireannach * [[1942]] — [[Clement Coughlan]], polaiteoir Éireannach (b. [[1983]]) * [[1945]] — [[Steve Martin]], aisteoir, fuirseoir, ceoltóir, agus údar Meiriceánach * [[1945]] — [[Tony Scannell]], aisteoir Éireannach (b. [[2020]]) * [[1962]] — [[Dan Boyle]], polaiteoir Éireannach * [[1966]] — [[Halle Berry]], aisteoir Meiriceánach * [[1981]] — [[Brian Ó hÓgáin]], iománaí Éireannach * [[1981]] — [[Ray William Johnson]], taibheoir YouTube Meiriceánach * [[1983]] — [[Mila Kunis]], aisteoir Meiriceánach * [[1985]] — [[Ashlynn Brooke]], ban-aisteoir pornagrafach Meiriceánach * [[1986]] — [[Cameron Jerome]], imreoir sacair Briotanach == Daoine a fuair bás ar an lá seo == * [[1106]] — [[Anraí IV, Impire Naofa Rómhánach]], An tImpire Naofa Rómhánach (r. [[1050]]) * [[1941]] — [[Maximilian Kolbe]], bráthair Proinsiasach (r. [[1894]]) * [[1956]] — [[Bertolt Brecht]], scríbhneoir (r. [[1898]]) * [[1958]] — [[Jean Frédéric Joliot-Curie]], eolaí Francach (r. [[1900]]) * [[1968]] — [[Marcel Thil]], dornálaí (r. [[1904]]) * [[1985]] — [[Gale Sondergaard]], ban-aisteoir Meiriceánach (r. [[1899]]) * [[1988]] — [[Enzo Ferrari]], dearthóir gluaisteáin rása Iodálach (r. [[1898]]) * [[2004]] — [[Czesław Miłosz]], scríbhneoir aistí agus file Polannach (r. [[1911]]) * [[2009]] — [[Torstein Slungård]], polaiteoir Ioruach (r. [[1931]]) * [[2024]] — [[Gena Rowlands]], ban-aisteoir Meiriceánach (r. [[1930]]) == Tarluithe eile == * [[1040]] - Maraíodh [[Donnchadh I na hAlban]] i rith catha in aghaidh a choil, [[MacBheatha mac Fhionnlaigh, Rí na nAlbanach|MacBheatha mac Fhionnlaigh]]. Tógfaidh MacBheatha a áit mar rí. * [[1598]] - [[Cogadh na Naoi mBliana (Éire)|Cogadh na Naoi mBliana ]]: Bhuaigh fórsaí na hÉireann faoi stiúir [[Aodh Ó Néill]] ar fhórsaí Shasana faoi [[Henry Bagenal]] ag an [[Cath Bhéal an Átha Buí|Áth Buí]] * [[1816]] - D'ionghabh [[an Bhreatain]] [[Tristan da Cunha]] go foirmiúil * [[1947]] - [[Críochdheighilt na hIndia]]: Bhain [[an Phacastáin]] neamhspleáchas amach ó [[Impireacht na Breataine]], mar ''Tiarnas Phacastáin'' * [[1969]] - Thosaigh [[Oibríocht Banner]]: Cuireadh trúpaí na Breataine isteach i dTuaisceart Éireann den gcéad uair le linn [[Na Trioblóidí|na dTrioblóidí]] * [[1971]] - D'fhógair [[Bairéin]] go raibh neamhspleáchas bainte amach acu ón [[RA]] * [[1974]] - Rinne [[an Tuirc]] a dara hionradh ar [[an Chipir]]. Lonnóidh siad i 37 faoin gcéad den oileán * [[1976]] - [[Marú Majella O'Hare|Maraíodh cailín scoile, Majella O'Hare,]] nuair a scaoil [[Reisimint Pharaisiút|paratrúipéir]] í ina droim i rith dí ag siúl chuig chun [[Sacraimint na haithrí|faoistine]], i mBaile an Mhaoir (in aici le [[Corr Leacht]]) * [[2001]] - Bunaíodh an [[AK Parti]] sa [[An Tuirc|Tuirc]] * [[2013]] - Fógraíodh staid éigeandála s[[an Éigipt]] i ndiaidh do thrúpaí agóideoirí a mharú a bhí tacaigh leis an t-iaruachtarán [[Mohamed Morsi]] * [[2015]] - D'atosaigh an ambasáid [[na Stát Aontaithe]] i [[La Habana]], [[Cúba]] i ndiaidh 54 bliana. * [[2021]] - Tharla [[Crith talún Háítí (2021)|crith talún]] i dTiburon, [[Háítí]]. Bhí sé 7.2 ar [[scála Richter]] * [[2023]] - Bhí iar[[uachtarán na Stát Aontaithe]], [[Donald Trump]], [[Ionchúiseamh Donald Trump in Georgia|cúisithe ag ardghiúiré in Georgia]] in iarracht a dhéanamh toradh [[Toghchán Uachtaránachta na Stát Aontaithe 2020|thoghchán uachtaránachta na tíre in 2020]] a chur ar ceal. [[Catagóir:Dátaí|0814]] [[Catagóir:Míonna|Lúnasa, 14]] cqzsng0lw7htk039a30k0770o368lfk 0 5640 1325190 1276668 2026-08-15T21:33:23Z Conradder 34685 /* Tarluithe eile */ 1325190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Lúnasa}} Is é an '''15 Lúnasa''' an 227ú lá den bhliain de réir fhéilire Ghréagóra nó an 228ú lá i mbliain bhisigh. Tá 138 lá fágtha sa bhliain. == Féilte == * [[An India|India]] - Lá na Saoirse == Daoine a rugadh ar an lá seo == * [[1170]] — [[San Doiminic]], sagart agus bunaitheoir Ord na nDoiminiceach (b. [[1221]]) * [[1740]] — [[Matthias Claudius]], file Gearmánach (b. [[1815]]) * [[1769]] — [[Napoléon Bonaparte]], Impire na Fraince (b. [[1821]]) * [[1892]] — [[Louis de Broglie]], fisiceoir Francach (b. [[1987]]) * [[1910]] — [[Ken Overlin]], dornálaí Meiriceánach (b. [[1969]]) * [[1912]] — [[Julia Child]], cócaire Meiriceánach (b. [[2004]]) * [[1917]] — [[Seán Ó Loingsigh]], 4ú Taoiseach na hÉireann (b. [[1999]]) * [[1918]] — [[Óscar Romero]], 4ú hArd-Easpag San Salvador agus mairtíreach Caitliceach (b. [[1980]]) * [[1926]] — [[Tom Bheairtle Tom Ó Flatharta]], scéalaí Éireannach (b. [[2013]]) * [[1933]] — [[Bobby Helms]], amhránaí ceol tíre Meiriceánach (b. [[1997]]) * [[1935]] — [[Jim Dale]], aisteoir Sasanach * [[1948]] — [[Patsy Gallant]], aisteoir agus amhránaí Ceanadach * [[1950]] — [[Áine, Banphrionsa Ríoga]], banphrionsa Briotanach * [[1956]] — [[John Perry]], polaiteoir Éireannach de chuid Fine Gael * [[1963]] — [[Alejandro González Iñárritu]], stiúrthóir scannán Meicsiceach * [[1963]] — [[Simon Brown]], dornálaí Iamácach * [[1963]] — [[Simon Hart]], polaiteoir Breatnach * [[1969]] — [[John Fetterman]], méara Meiriceánach * [[1970]] — [[Chris Byrd]], dornálaí Meiriceánach * [[1976]] — [[Abiy Ahmed]], Príomh-Aire na hAetóipe * [[1982]] — [[Rory Best]], imreoir rugbaí * [[1990]] — [[Jennifer Lawrence]], ban-aisteoir Meiriceánach * [[1993]] — [[Keith Hanley]], singer == Daoine a fuair bás ar an lá seo == * [[1369]] — [[Philippa de Hainault]], bean chéile Éadbhard III (r. 1311) * [[1935]] — [[Paul Signac]], péintéir Francach (r. [[1863]]) * [[1967]] — [[René Magritte]], péintéir Beilgeach (r. [[1898]]) * [[1992]] — [[Giorgio Perlasca]], fear gnó Iodálach (r. [[1910]]) * [[1993]] — [[Johnny Bratton]], dornálaí Meiriceánach (r. [[1927]]) * [[2004]] — [[Sune Bergström|Sune Karl Bergström]], bithcheimiceoir Sualannach (r. [[1916]]) * [[2006]] — [[Alfredo Stroessner]], deachtóir Paragua (r. [[1912]]) * [[2021]] — [[Gerd Müller]], imreoir sacair Gearmánach (r. [[1945]]) == Tarluithe eile == * [[1057]] - Maraíodh [[MacBheatha mac Fhionnlaigh, Rí na nAlbanach|MacBheatha na nAlbanach]] i rith catha * [[1096]] - Dáta túis den [[An Chéad Chrosáid|Chéad Chrosáid]] a d'fhógair [[Pápa Urban II]] * [[1248]] - Leagadh an bhunchloch de chuid [[Ardeaglais Köln]] (críochnófar tógáil sa bhliain [[1880]]) * [[1483]] - Choisric [[Pápa Sixtus IV]] an [[Séipéal Sistíneach]] * [[1519]] - Bunaíodh [[Panamá (cathair)|Cathair Phanama]] * [[1534]] - Thug [[Iognáid Loyola]], agus seisear comhscoláirí, céad mhóideanna. Is de bharr é seo a bhunófaí [[Cumann Íosa]] sa bhliain [[1450]] * [[1537]] - Bunaíodh [[Asunción]], [[Paragua]] * [[1540]] - Bunaíodh [[Arequipa]], [[Peiriú]] * [[1549]] - Tháinig [[Naomh Proinsias Xavier|Proinsias Xavier]] i dtír ag [[Kagoshima]] * [[1599]] - [[Cogadh na Naoi mBliana (Éire)]]: Tharla [[Cath an Chorrshléibhe (1599)|Cath an Chorrshléibhe]]. Rinne fórsaí Éireannacha, faoi [[Aodh Rua Ó Dónaill]], luíochán roimh fórsaí Sasanacha, go rathúil * [[1684]] - tháinig [[Louis XIV na Fraince]] agus [[Leopold I, An tImpire Naofa Rómhánach]] ar chomhréiteach * [[1914]] - D'oscail an [[Canáil Phanama|Chanáil Phanama]] do thrácht * [[1939]] - Taispeánadh ''[[The Wizard of Oz (scannán)|The Wizard of Oz]]'' den chéad uair i [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]] * [[1945]] - D'fhógair an tImpire [[Hirohito]] gur ghlac [[an tSeapáin]] an fógra Potsdam * [[1947]] - Bhain [[an India]] neamhspleáchas amach ón [[an Ríocht Aontaithe|Ríocht Aontaithe]] * [[1947]] - Rinneadh [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] ina chéad Seanascal na Pacastáine * [[1948]] - Bunaíodh an chéad Phoblacht na Cóiré ([[an Chóiré Theas]]) * [[1954]] - Thosaigh [[deachtóireacht]] faoi [[Alfredo Stroessner]] i b[[Paragua]] * [[1960]] - Bhain [[Poblacht an Chongó]] neamhspleáchas amach ón [[Fhrainc]] * [[1965]] - Maraíodh 28 duine agus gortaíodh na céadta eile tar éis do chíréib briseadh amach i [[Los Angeles]] * [[1969]] - Reáchtáladh [[Féile Woodstock]] * [[1971]] - Bhain [Bairéin]] neamhspleáchas amach ón RA * [[1998]] - Phléasc buama i gcarr i [[An Ómaigh|Ómaigh]], Contae Thír Eoghain; maraíodh 31, beirt leanbh gan saolú ina measc, agus gortaíodh 220 duine eile. * [[2021]] - Fuair [[An Talaban]] smacht ar [[Cabúl|Chabúl]] arís. <!-- idirvicí --> [[Catagóir:Dátaí|0815]] [[Catagóir:Míonna|Lúnasa, 15]] 54li4llbtfiwjcgro7idkge5dvnc8l8 0 6689 1325210 1242396 2026-08-16T09:35:01Z TGcoa 21229 1325210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}} [[Ceoltóir]] agus [[aisteoir]] [[Meiriceá]]nach ab ea '''Elvis Aaron Presley''' ([[8 Eanáir]] [[1935]] – [[16 Lúnasa]] [[1977]]). Tugtar "Rí an Rac-Cheoil" (''the King of Rock and Roll'') air, agus meastar gur dhuine é de na daoine ba mhó tionchar ar chultúr an [[20ú haois|fichiú haois]]. Thuill a stíl fhuinniúil ghnéasach ar an stáitse, agus an meascán tionchar a bhí aige ó cheol na ndaoine gorma agus ó cheol tuaithe na ndaoine bána, cáil mhór agus conspóid mhór araon dó.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Rugadh i dTupelo, [[Mississippi]], é, agus bhog a mhuintir go [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], [[Tennessee]], nuair a bhí sé trí bliana déag d'aois. Chuir sé tús lena shlí bheatha cheoil sa bhliain [[1954]] ag [[Sun Records]] i gcuideachta an léiritheora Sam Phillips. É féin ar an ngiotár tionlacain, Scotty Moore ar an bpríomhghiotár agus Bill Black ar an dord, bhí sé ar dhuine de cheannródaithe na stíle ar a dtugtar ''rockabilly'', meascán mear de [[Ceol tuaithe|cheol tuaithe]] agus de [[Ceol rithim agus gormacha|cheol rithim agus gormacha]].<ref name="Guralnick1994" /> Sa bhliain [[1955]] cheannaigh RCA Victor a chonradh i margadh a shocraigh a bhainisteoir, an Coirnéal Tom Parker, a bhí i mbun a chuid gnóthaí ón lá sin go deireadh a shaoil. Bhí an chéad singil a d'eisigh sé ar RCA Victor, ''Heartbreak Hotel'', ag barr na gcairteacha sna Stáit Aontaithe i [[1956]]. Rinne sé a chéad scannán, ''Love Me Tender'', an bhliain chéanna. Coinscríobhadh isteach san arm é i [[1958]] agus, tar éis dó filleadh in [[1960]], chaith sé an chuid ba mhó den deich mbliana ina dhiaidh sin ag déanamh scannán do Hollywood. D'fhill sé ar an stáitse leis an gclár speisialta teilifíse ''Elvis'' ar NBC i [[1968]], agus lean sraith fhada ceolchoirmeacha i [[Las Vegas]] agus camchuairteanna móra é. Sa bhliain [[1973]] ba é an chéad ealaíontóir aonair é a raibh ceolchoirm dá chuid á craoladh ar fud an domhain, ''Aloha from Hawaii''. Rinne blianta fada mí-úsáide drugaí agus drochnósanna itheacháin dochar mór dá shláinte, agus fuair sé bás i [[Graceland]] i mí Lúnasa 1977 agus é 42 bliain d'aois.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Tá Presley ar dhuine de na healaíontóirí is mó díol i stair an cheoil, agus meastar gur díoladh idir 500 milliún agus billiún taifead dá chuid ar fud an domhain.<ref name="Guinness" /> Bhuaigh sé trí Ghradam Grammy, agus bronnadh Gradam Grammy um Ghaisce Saoil air agus é sé bliana is tríocha d'aois. Bronnadh Bonn Saoirse an Uachtaráin air tar éis a bháis sa bhliain [[2018]].<ref name="BBC2018" /> [[Íomhá:Elvis' birthplace Tupelo, MS 2007.jpg|mion|An teach inar rugadh Presley i dTupelo, Mississippi|clé|220x220px]] [[Íomhá:Elvis Presley Sun Records promo portrait 1954.jpg|clé|mion|Grianghraf poiblíochta de chuid Sun Records, 1954|268x268px]] == Saol agus gairm == === Óige, 1935–1953 === Rugadh Elvis Aaron Presley ar an 8 Eanáir 1935 i dTupelo, Mississippi, mac le Gladys Love Smith agus le Vernon Elvis Presley. Marbhghin ab ea a leathchúpla Jesse Garon, a rugadh cúig nóiméad is tríocha roimhe.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Bhí gaol an-daingean aige lena bheirt tuismitheoirí, go háirithe lena mháthair. Ba bhaill den eaglais ''Assembly of God'' i dTupelo iad an teaghlach, agus is ann a fuair Presley a chéad spreagadh ceoil.<ref name="Guralnick1994" /> Ní raibh ag Vernon ach postanna ócáideacha ó cheann go ceann, agus is minic a bhíodh an teaghlach ag brath ar na comharsana agus ar chúnamh bia ón stát. Sa bhliain [[1938]] chaill siad a dteach nuair a ciontaíodh Vernon as seic a fhalsú agus nuair a cuireadh i bpríosún ar feadh ocht mí é. Chan Presley go poiblí den chéad uair i gcomórtas amhránaíochta ag aonach Mississippi–Alabama ar an 3 Deireadh Fómhair [[1945]], agus é deich mbliana d'aois; chan sé an t-amhrán ''Old Shep'' agus, dar leis féin, is sa chúigiú háit a tháinig sé.<ref name="Guralnick1994" /> Cúpla mí ina dhiaidh sin fuair sé a chéad ghiotár mar bhronntanas lae breithe, agus fuair sé ceachtanna óna bheirt uncail agus ó mhinistir na heaglaise. I mí na Samhna [[1948]] bhog an teaghlach go Memphis. Chuaigh Presley ar scoil in L. C. Humes High School agus chríochnaigh sé an mheánscoil i Meitheamh [[1953]]. Ba mhinic é ag siúl síos go Beale Street, croílár shaol na ngormacha i Memphis, agus ba ghnách leis éisteacht leis an stáisiún raidió WDIA agus le hamhránaithe tuaithe ar nós Hank Snow, Roy Acuff agus Ernest Tubb. Níor fhoghlaim sé riamh ceol a léamh agus is de réir a chluaise a sheinneadh sé.<ref name="EnWiki" /> === Sun Records agus na chéad taifeadtaí, 1953–1955 === I samhradh na bliana 1953 chuaigh Presley isteach sa Memphis Recording Service, an gnó a bhí á reáchtáil ag Sam Phillips sular bhunaigh sé Sun Records, agus d'íoc sé as dhá amhrán a thaifeadadh: ''My Happiness'' agus ''That's When Your Heartaches Begin''. Dúirt sé féin tráth gur mar bhronntanas dá mháthair a rinne sé é, agus tráth eile nach raibh uaidh ach a fháil amach cén chuma a bhí ar a ghuth.<ref name="Guralnick1994" /> I mí Iúil 1954 thug Phillips cuireadh do bheirt cheoltóirí áitiúla — Scotty Moore ar an ngiotár agus Bill Black ar an dord — teacht isteach chun seisiúin a dhéanamh le Presley. Ní raibh ag éirí leo in aon chor go dtí deireadh oíche an 5 Iúil, nuair a thosaigh Presley gan choinne ag canadh ''That's All Right'', sean-amhrán gormacha a thaifead Arthur Crudup i [[1946]]. Thosaigh Phillips ag taifeadadh láithreach: ba é seo an fhuaim a bhí á lorg aige.<ref name="Guralnick1994" /> Trí lá ina dhiaidh sin sheinn an craoltóir raidió Dewey Phillips an t-amhrán ar a chlár ''Red, Hot, and Blue'' ar an stáisiún WHBQ. Bhí an oiread sin suime ag na héisteoirí ann gur sheinn sé arís agus arís eile é. Nuair a chuir sé agallamh beo ar Presley, d'fhiafraigh sé de cén mheánscoil ar fhreastail sé uirthi, ionas go dtuigfeadh an lucht éisteachta — a cheap go raibh amhránaí gorm á chloisteáil acu — cérbh é.<ref name="Guralnick1994" /> Eisíodh singil ansin le ''That's All Right'' ar thaobh amháin agus le leagan de ''Blue Moon of Kentucky'', amhrán ''bluegrass'' le Bill Monroe, ar an taobh eile. Sheinn an triúr acu go poiblí den chéad uair i gclub an Bon Air ar an 17 Iúil 1954. Níos déanaí an mhí sin, ag ceolchoirm in Overton Park i Memphis, thosaigh sé ar an nós a bheadh ina chomhartha sóirt aige, is é sin a chosa a chroitheadh agus é ag canadh; chuireadh a threabhsar leathan béim ar na gluaiseachtaí sin agus thosaíodh mná óga sa lucht éisteachta ag scréachaíl.<ref name="Guralnick1994" /> Ar an 2 Deireadh Fómhair 1954 sheinn sé ar an ''Grand Ole Opry'' i [[Nashville]] — an t-aon uair amháin riamh a bhí sé air. I ndeireadh na bliana 1954 thosaigh sé ag seinm go rialta ar an ''Louisiana Hayride'', clár raidió ceoil tuaithe i Shreveport, [[Louisiana]], agus tugadh conradh bliana dó ann.<ref name="EnWiki" /> [[Íomhá:Elvis-Presley-Jacksonville-1955 crop.jpg|mion|Presley i Jacksonville, 1955|320x320px]] Faoi thús na bliana [[1955]] bhí sé ina réalta réigiúnach. Chuaigh an drumadóir D. J. Fontana leis an mbuíon i lár na bliana sin, agus i mí Lúnasa cheap Presley an Coirnéal Tom Parker mar chomhairleoir speisialta. Ar an 21 Samhain 1955 cheannaigh RCA Victor a chonradh ó Sun ar $40,000, praghas nach bhfacthas a leithéid go dtí sin. Ní raibh Presley ach fiche bliain d'aois agus, ó bhí sé faoi aois dlí fós, ba é a athair a shínigh an conradh.<ref name="EnWiki" /> === Cáil náisiúnta agus conspóid, 1956–1958 === [[Íomhá:Elvis and liberace.jpg|mion|Elvis agus Liberace, Las Vegas, 1956|220x220px]] Rinne Presley a chéad taifeadtaí do RCA Victor i Nashville ar an 10 Eanáir 1956. Eisíodh ''Heartbreak Hotel'' mar shingil ar an 27 Eanáir agus chuaigh sé go huimhir a haon sna Stáit Aontaithe.<ref name="Jorgensen" /> An lá dár gcionn, an 28 Eanáir, chonacthas ar an teilifís náisiúnta den chéad uair é, ar an gclár ''Stage Show'' ar CBS. D'eisigh RCA Victor a chéad albam, ''Elvis Presley'', ar an 23 Márta 1956. Ba é an chéad albam rac-cheoil riamh a chuaigh go huimhir a haon i gcairt albam ''Billboard'', agus d'fhan sé ann ar feadh deich seachtaine.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Rinne sé dhá thaispeántas ar ''The Milton Berle Show'' i 1956. Ar an 5 Meitheamh chan sé leagan mall den amhrán ''Hound Dog'' agus gluaiseachtaí áibhéalacha coirp á ndéanamh aige, agus tharraing sé stoirm cháinte air féin. Scríobh Jack Gould in ''[[The New York Times]]'' nach raibh aon chumas amhránaíochta le sonrú ann, agus dhearbhaigh [[Ed Sullivan]] nach raibh sé oiriúnach do lucht féachana teaghlaigh.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Tugadh "Elvis the Pelvis" air, leasainm nár thaitin leis. Ina ainneoin sin, chuir Sullivan conradh air le haghaidh trí thaispeántas ar $50,000. Chonaic tuairim is 60 milliún duine an chéad cheann acu ar an 9 Meán Fómhair 1956 — 82.6 faoin gcéad den lucht féachana teilifíse — agus is é sin, thar aon ócáid eile, a rinne réalta náisiúnta de.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Eisíodh a chéad scannán, ''Love Me Tender'', ar an 21 Samhain 1956. Cáineadh go géar é ach d'éirigh thar barr leis in oifig na dticéad, agus ba é Presley an príomhaisteoir i ngach scannán dá ndearna sé ina dhiaidh sin.<ref name="Victor" /> Ar an 4 Nollaig 1956 tharla an seisiún seiftithe ag Sun ar a dtugtar an "Million Dollar Quartet", nuair a chas Presley le Carl Perkins agus le [[Jerry Lee Lewis]]; bhí [[Johnny Cash]] i láthair freisin, ach d'imigh sé sular cuireadh aon rud ar téip. Cheannaigh Presley Graceland, teach mór i Memphis ina raibh ocht seomra déag, ar an 19 Márta [[1957]], agus chuaigh trí shingil dá chuid go huimhir a haon i gcéad leath na bliana sin: ''Too Much'', ''All Shook Up'' agus ''(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear''. Ar an 20 Nollaig 1957 fuair sé fógra coinscríofa. === An tseirbhís mhíleata agus bás a mháthar, 1958–1960 === [[Íomhá:Elvis Presley in Germany.jpg|mion|Presley agus é ar dualgas sa Ghearmáin|220x220px]] Coinscríobhadh isteach in [[Arm na Stát Aontaithe]] é ag Fort Chaffee in [[Arkansas]] ar an 24 Márta [[1958]]. Ócáid mhór sna meáin ab ea a theacht: bhailigh na céadta duine timpeall air agus lean grianghrafadóirí isteach sa champa é. Dúirt Presley go raibh fáilte aige roimh a sheirbhís mhíleata agus nár theastaigh uaidh go gcaithfí leis ar bhealach ar leith.<ref name="Victor" /> Rinne sé a bhunoiliúint ag Fort Hood i [[Texas]]. I dtús mhí Lúnasa 1958 fuarthas amach go raibh [[heipitíteas]] ar a mháthair, agus chuaigh a riocht in olcas go tapa. Tugadh saoire éigeandála dó agus shroich sé Memphis ar an 12 Lúnasa; dhá lá ina dhiaidh sin fuair Gladys bás de bharr chliseadh an chroí agus í 46 bliain d'aois. Ba bhuille millteanach dó é, agus deirtear nach raibh sé mar an gcéanna riamh ina dhiaidh.<ref name="Guralnick1994" /> Ar an 1 Deireadh Fómhair 1958 cuireadh go Ray Barracks in [[Iarthar na Gearmáine]] é, áit a raibh sé ina speisialtóir faisnéise armúrtha. Ardaíodh go céim sáirsint é ar an 11 Feabhra [[1960]]. Is le linn a thréimhse san arm a tugadh amfataimíní dó den chéad uair, agus is ann freisin a chuir sé tús leis an spéis a bheadh aige sa karaté ar feadh a shaoil.<ref name="Guralnick1999" /> Is i mBad Nauheim a chuir sé aithne ar Priscilla Beaulieu, cailín ceithre bliana déag d'aois, agus é féin ceithre bliana fichead; phósfaidís seacht mbliana go leith ina dhiaidh sin.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Bhí faitíos ar Presley go scriosfadh an dá bhliain san arm a shlí bheatha, ach bhí Steve Sholes de chuid RCA agus Freddy Bienstock de chuid Hill and Range ullamh: bhí cnuasach mór ábhair neamheisithe acu agus choinnigh siad sruth rialta singil á scaoileadh amach. Idir a choinscríobh agus a scaoileadh saor bhí deich singil dá chuid sa daichead is airde sna cairteacha.<ref name="Jorgensen" /> D'fhill sé ar na Stáit Aontaithe ar an 2 Márta 1960 agus scaoileadh saor go honórach ón arm é trí lá ina dhiaidh sin. === Na scannáin, 1960–1968 === Ar an 20 Márta 1960 chuaigh Presley isteach i stiúideo RCA i Nashville chun ábhar a thaifeadadh don albam ''Elvis Is Back!'' agus don singil ''Stuck on You'', a chuaigh go huimhir a haon go gasta. As seisiún eile coicís ina dhiaidh sin tháinig dhá bhailéad a raibh an-díol orthu, ''It's Now or Never'' agus ''Are You Lonesome Tonight?''<ref name="Jorgensen" /> Ar an 12 Bealtaine 1960 bhí sé ina aoi ar chlár speisialta teilifíse le [[Frank Sinatra]]; fuair Parker $125,000 dó as ocht nóiméad canta. Ar an 25 Márta [[1961]] sheinn sé ag ceolchoirm charthanachta i [[Haváí]] ar mhaithe le cuimhneachán Pearl Harbor. Ba é sin an taispeántas poiblí deireanach a thug sé go ceann seacht mbliana.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Faoi threoir Parker chaith sé an chuid ba mhó de na [[1960idí]] ag déanamh scannán do Hollywood — seacht gcinn is fiche ar fad — agus albam nó EP fuaimriain ag gabháil le formhór acu. Cáineadh beagnach gach ceann acu, ach is beag ceann acu nach ndearna brabús. "Is é pictiúr de chuid Presley an t-aon rud cinnte i Hollywood," a dúirt an léiritheoir Hal Wallis.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Idir [[1964]] agus [[1968]] níor bhain ach amhrán amháin dá chuid áit amach sna deich gcinn ab airde sna cairteacha: ''Crying in the Chapel'' (1965), amhrán creidimh a taifeadadh sa bhliain 1960. Bhuaigh a albam ceoil naofa ''How Great Thou Art'' ([[1967]]) a chéad Ghradam Grammy dó.<ref name="Grammy" /> [[Íomhá:Elvis Presley and Priscilla with Lisa Marie February 1968.jpg|mion|Elvis agus Priscilla le [[Lisa Marie Presley|Lisa Marie]], Feabhra 1968|220x220px]] Phós sé Priscilla Beaulieu ar an 1 Bealtaine 1967 in Óstán an Aladdin i Las Vegas. Rugadh a n-aon iníon, [[Lisa Marie Presley|Lisa Marie]], ar an 1 Feabhra 1968. === An chraobh a bhaint amach arís, 1968–1973 === Craoladh an clár speisialta ''Elvis'', ar a dtugtar an ''68 Comeback Special'' ó shin, ar NBC ar an 3 Nollaig 1968. Bhí seónna stiúideo galánta ann chomh maith le sleachta beo os comhair lucht féachana beag — na chéad taispeántais bheo a thug Presley ó [[1961]]. Bhí sé gléasta i leathar dubh teann agus é ag canadh agus ag seinm sa stíl neamhsmachtaithe a bhí aige i laethanta tosaigh an rac-cheoil. Ba é an clár ab airde rátáil ag NBC an séasúr sin, agus 42 faoin gcéad den lucht féachana ag breathnú air.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Ina dhiaidh sin thaifead sé sraith fhada seisiún in American Sound Studio i Memphis, agus is astu a tháinig an t-albam ''From Elvis in Memphis'' (1969). Bhí an singil ''In the Ghetto'' sa tríú háit sna cairteacha, agus lean ''Suspicious Minds'', ''Don't Cry Daddy'' agus ''Kentucky Rain'' é. Ba é ''Suspicious Minds'' an t-amhrán deireanach dá chuid a chuaigh go huimhir a haon sna Stáit Aontaithe lena linn.<ref name="Jorgensen" /> I mí Iúil [[1969]] thosaigh sé ar shraith de sheacht seó is caoga thar cheithre seachtaine in Óstán an International i Las Vegas. D'éirigh chomh maith sin leis gur síníodh conradh cúig bliana leis chun seinm ann gach Feabhra agus gach Lúnasa ar thuarastal $1 milliún sa bhliain.<ref name="EnWiki" /> [[Íomhá:Elvis-nixon.jpg|mion|Presley agus an tUachtarán Richard Nixon in Oifig Ubhchruthach an Tí Bháin, 21 Nollaig 1970|220x220px]] Ar an 21 Nollaig [[1970]] chas sé le hUachtarán na Stát Aontaithe [[Richard Nixon]] sa [[Teach Bán]], áit ar mhínigh sé gur chreid sé go bhféadfadh sé cabhrú leis an bhfeachtas in aghaidh na ndrugaí. Sa bhliain [[1971]] ba é an chéad amhránaí rac-cheoil é ar bronnadh Gradam Grammy um Ghaisce Saoil air.<ref name="Grammy" /> An bhliain dár gcionn dhíol sé amach ceithre cheolchoirm i ndiaidh a chéile i Madison Square Garden i [[Nua-Eabhrac (cathair)|Nua-Eabhrac]], agus bhuaigh an scannán faisnéise ''Elvis on Tour'' Gradam Golden Globe. Ar an 14 Eanáir [[1973]] craoladh ''Aloha from Hawaii'' beo trí [[Satailít (spásárthach)|shatailít]]: ba í an chéad cheolchoirm riamh le healaíontóir aonair a craoladh ar fud an domhain. Chuaigh an t-albam a lean í go huimhir a haon — an t-albam deireanach dá chuid a rinne sin lena linn. Mhaígh Parker gur bhreathnaigh billiún duine nó níos mó air, ach níl aon bhunús leis an bhfigiúr sin.<ref name="EnWiki" /> === Meath na sláinte agus na blianta deireanacha, 1973–1977 === [[Íomhá:Graceland front.jpg|mion|Graceland, teach Presley i Memphis|220x220px]] Scar Presley agus Priscilla óna chéile ar an 23 Feabhra [[1972]] agus tugadh an colscaradh chun críche ar an 9 Deireadh Fómhair 1973. D'fhan siad ina gcairde go dtí lá a bháis.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Bhí a shláinte ag dul in olcas go mór faoin am seo. Dhá uair sa bhliain 1973 ghlac sé ródháileog drugaí suain, agus chaith sé trí lá i gcóma i ndiaidh na chéad taisme acu; ag deireadh na bliana cuireadh san ospidéal é de bharr andúile i ndrugaí. Dar lena phríomhdhochtúir, George C. Nichopoulos, cheap Presley, agus drugaí á bhfáil ó dhochtúir aige, nach andúileach sráide a bhí ann.<ref name="Higginbotham" /> Ina ainneoin sin lean sé de na camchuairteanna. Sa bhliain 1973 amháin thug sé 168 ceolchoirm, an sceideal ba ghnóthaí dá raibh riamh aige.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Faoi [[1977]], áfach, ba mhinic a chuid seónna gearr agus doiléir, agus b'éigean dó roinnt acu a chur ar ceal. Foilsíodh an leabhar ''Elvis: What Happened?'', a scríobh triúr iarghardaí coirp dá chuid, ar an 1 Lúnasa 1977; ba é an chéad chur síos poiblí é ar na blianta a chaith sé ag mí-úsáid drugaí, agus rinne sé dochar mór dó.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Reáchtáil sé a cheolchoirm dheireanach in Market Square Arena in [[Indianapolis]] ar an 26 Meitheamh 1977.<ref name="EnWiki" /> === Bás === Bhí Presley le heitilt ó Memphis go [[Portland, Maine|Portland]], Maine, tráthnóna an 16 Lúnasa 1977 chun tús a chur le camchuairt eile. An lá sin fuair Ginger Alden, an bhean a bhí le pósadh aige, ar urlár an tseomra folctha i nGraceland é, gan aithne gan urlabhra. Theip ar na hiarrachtaí é a thabhairt chuige féin, agus fógraíodh marbh in Baptist Memorial Hospital é ar leathuair tar éis a trí tráthnóna. Bhí sé 42 bliain d'aois.<ref name="Guralnick1999" /> D'eisigh an tUachtarán [[Jimmy Carter]] ráiteas inar dhúirt sé gur athraigh Presley aghaidh chultúr coitianta Mheiriceá go buan.<ref name="Carter" /> Tháinig na mílte duine le chéile lasmuigh de Graceland chun an chónra oscailte a fheiceáil. Bhí an tsochraid i nGraceland ar an 18 Lúnasa, agus cuireadh in aice lena mháthair i Reilig Forest Hill é. Tar éis iarracht a rinneadh a chorp a ghoid, aistríodh corp Presley agus corp a mháthar go Gairdín an Mhachnaimh i nGraceland, agus adhlacadh ann iad ar an 2 Deireadh Fómhair 1977.<ref name="Guralnick1999" /> ==== Cúis a bháis ==== Agus an scrúdú iarbháis ar siúl fós, d'fhógair scrúdaitheoir leighis Memphis, Jerry Francisco, gurbh é stad croí ba chúis leis an mbás agus nach raibh baint ar bith ag drugaí leis. Léirigh tuairiscí saotharlainne a comhdaíodh dhá mhí ina dhiaidh sin, áfach, gur aimsíodh ceithre dhruga dhéag ina chorp, deich gcinn acu i gcainníochtaí suntasacha.<ref name="Guralnick1999" /> Sa bhliain [[1979]] tháinig an paiteolaí fóiréinseach Cyril Wecht ar an tuairim gur meascán drugaí ba chúis lena bhás taismeach. Ceistíodh go géar iompar an dá dhochtúir ba mhó a bhí bainteach leis an gcás. D'fhógair Francisco cúis an bháis sular críochnaíodh an scrúdú iarbháis, agus shéan sé aon bhaint a bheith ag drugaí leis sular tháinig torthaí na dtástálacha saotharlainne ar ais. Cé gur saoradh príomhdhochtúir Presley, George C. Nichopoulos, ó chúisimh choiriúla i dtriail sa bhliain [[1981]], léiríodh gur ordaigh sé breis is 10,000 dáileog suaimhneasán, amfataimíní agus támhshuanach in ainm Presley sna chéad ocht mí de 1977 amháin. Cuireadh a cheadúnas ar fionraí ar feadh trí mhí, agus cúlghaireadh ar fad sna [[1990idí]] é.<ref name="Higginbotham" /> Nuair a athbhreithníodh tuairisc an scrúdaithe iarbháis sa bhliain [[1994]], dúirt an cróinéir Joseph Davis nach raibh aon rud sna sonraí a thacaigh le bás de dheasca drugaí agus gur taom croí tobann ba chúis leis. Tá an cheist á plé go fóill, agus ní bheidh an tuairisc iomlán ar fáil don phobal go dtí an bhliain 2027.<ref name="Newsweek" /> == Ceol agus stíl == === Tionchair === Is ón gceol ''gospel'' a tháinig an chéad tionchar ceoil ar Presley. Dúirt a mháthair go sleamhnaíodh sé anuas dá glúin agus é ina pháiste chun dul suas chuig an gcór san eaglais agus iarracht a dhéanamh canadh leo.<ref name="Guralnick1994" /> I Memphis d'fhreastalaíodh sé ar sheisiúin amhránaíochta a mhaireadh an oíche ar fad in Ellis Auditorium, agus dar leis an mbeathaisnéisí Peter Guralnick is as an gcineál sin taispeántais a d'fhás a stíl stáitse féin. Bhí a chuid spéiseanna ceoil an-leathan agus é ina dhéagóir, agus bhí eolas domhain aige ar cheol na ndaoine bána agus ar cheol na ndaoine gorma araon. Cé nach bhfuair sé oiliúint fhoirmiúil ar bith, bhí cuimhne as an ngnáth aige agus bhí stór mór ceoil aige cheana féin nuair a rinne sé a chéad taifeadtaí gairmiúla agus é naoi mbliana déag d'aois. Nuair a chas na cumadóirí Jerry Leiber agus Mike Stoller leis dhá bhliain ina dhiaidh sin, chuir a chuid eolais ar na gormacha iontas orthu.<ref name="EnWiki" /> === Seánraí agus stíl === Bhí Presley lárnach i bhforbairt an ''rockabilly''. Dar leis an staraí ceoil Craig Morrison, is le céadsingil Presley ar lipéad Sun sa bhliain 1954 a tháinig an stíl sin chun cinn mar stíl aitheanta.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Ag RCA Victor d'fhás fuaim ní ba throime agus ní ba dhéine as sin, le guthanna cúltaca agus le giotáir leictreacha ní ba threise. Thaifead sé i réimse leathan seánraí ó thús a shlí bheatha: [[popcheol]], ceol tuaithe, ceol rithim agus gormacha, ceol naofa agus ceol ''gospel''. Sa bhliain 1957 eisíodh a chéad taifeadadh ''gospel'', an EP ''Peace in the Valley'', agus dhíol sé os cionn milliún cóip.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Tar éis dó filleadh ón arm i 1960 bhí an rac-cheol i bhfad ní ba shéimhe aige, agus is ar bhailéid phopcheoil ar nós ''Are You Lonesome Tonight?'' a leagadh an bhéim. I ndeireadh na 1960idí, agus é ag taifeadadh i Memphis arís, chuir sé an t-[[anamcheol]] agus ceol comhaimseartha rithim agus gormacha lena mheascán stíleanna. === An guth === Deir an léirmheastóir ceoil Henry Pleasants gur cuireadh síos ar Presley mar bharatón agus mar theanór araon, agus gurb é an réimse leathan datha guth a bhí aige is cúis leis an easaontas sin. Measann Pleasants gur ard-bharatón a bhí ann agus go raibh raon breis is dhá ochtach aige.<ref name="EnWiki" /> == Íomhá phoiblí == === Caidreamh leis an bpobal gorm === Nuair a sheinn Dewey Phillips ''That's All Right'' den chéad uair, cheap go leor éisteoirí gur amhránaí gorm a bhí ann.<ref name="Guralnick1994" /> Ó thús a cháile náisiúnta chuir Presley meas in iúl ar cheoltóirí gorma agus ar a gcuid ceoil, agus níor cheil sé an drochmheas a bhí aige ar an deighilt idir na ciníocha agus ar an leithcheal a bhí i réim i nDeisceart na Stát ag an am. I 1956 chuimhnigh sé ar an gceoltóir gormacha Arthur Crudup, a chum ''That's All Right'', agus dúirt sé gurbh é a mhian riamh a bheith chomh maith leis. I lár na bliana 1957 scaipeadh ráfla gur dhúirt Presley nach raibh de mhaith sna daoine gorma dó ach a chuid ceirníní a cheannach agus a bhróga a ghlanadh. Chuaigh an t-iriseoir Louie Robinson ón iris ''Jet'' sa tóir ar an scéal; thug Presley agallamh dó ar shuíomh scannánaíochta ''Jailhouse Rock'' agus shéan sé go hiomlán é, agus níor aimsigh Robinson aon fhianaise gur dúradh riamh é.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Mar sin féin, tá an ráiteas á lua ina choinne go dtí an lá inniu, agus tá daoine ann fós a mhaíonn gur "ghoid" Presley ceol na ndaoine gorma. Dhiúltaigh roinnt mhaith ealaíontóirí gorma don tuairim sin: dúirt [[Little Richard]] gurbh é a d'oscail an doras do cheol na ndaoine gorma, agus dúirt Jackie Wilson gur ó Elvis a thóg formhór na n-amhránaithe gorma a nósanna stáitse.<ref name="EnWiki" />[[Íomhá:Elvis grave Graceland.jpg|mion|Uaigh Presley i nGairdín an Mhachnaimh i nGraceland|330x330px]] == Oidhreacht == Osclaíodh Graceland don phobal sa bhliain [[1982]]. Tagann breis is leathmhilliún cuairteoir ann in aghaidh na bliana, agus is é an dara teach is mó a dtugtar cuairt air sna Stáit Aontaithe, i ndiaidh an Tí Bháin. Ainmníodh mar Shainchomhartha Stairiúil Náisiúnta é sa bhliain [[2006]].<ref name="EnWiki" /> Cuireadh Presley isteach i seacht halla laochra ceoil, ina measc Halla na Laochra Rac-cheoil (1986) agus Halla na Laochra Ceoil Tuaithe (1998). Tá a ainm, a íomhá agus a ghuth aitheanta ar fud an domhain, agus tá na sluaite aithriseoirí ann a dhéanann aithris air. Gach bliain ar chomóradh a bháis bailíonn na mílte lasmuigh de Graceland le haghaidh deasghnátha coinnle.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Sa bhliain [[2002]] baineadh úsáid as leagan nua den amhrán ''A Little Less Conversation'' i bhfeachtas fógraíochta de chuid Nike le linn Chorn Domhanda FIFA; chuaigh sé go huimhir a haon i mbreis is fiche tír. Sa bhliain [[2012]] ainmníodh an damhán alla ''Paradonea presleyi'' ina onóir. Sa bhliain [[2022]] eisíodh an scannán beathaisnéise ''Elvis'' le Baz Luhrmann, le Austin Butler i bpáirt Presley.<ref name="EnWiki" /> == Éachtaí == Tá Presley ar dhuine de na healaíontóirí is mó díol i stair an cheoil. Deir ''Guinness World Records'' gurb eisean an t-ealaíontóir aonair is mó díol riamh, le billiún taifead díolta ar fud an domhain; is minic a luaitear figiúr de 500 milliún freisin.<ref name="Guinness" /> Tá 129 albam dá chuid tar éis áit a bhaint amach i gcairt an ''Billboard'' 200, i bhfad chun tosaigh ar [[Frank Sinatra]] (82). De réir an RIAA tá níos mó albam óir aige ná mar atá ag aon ealaíontóir eile (101), agus níos mó albam platanaim (57). Sa Ríocht Aontaithe tá an taifead aige as an líon is mó singil a chuaigh go huimhir a haon (21) agus as an líon is mó singil a bhain áit amach sna deich gcinn ab airde (76).<ref name="OCC" /> == Dioscliosta == === Albaim stiúideo === {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * ''Elvis Presley'' (1956) * ''Elvis'' (1956) * ''Elvis' Christmas Album'' (1957) * ''Elvis Is Back!'' (1960) * ''His Hand in Mine'' (1960) * ''Something for Everybody'' (1961) * ''Pot Luck'' (1962) * ''Elvis for Everyone!'' (1965) * ''How Great Thou Art'' (1967) * ''From Elvis in Memphis'' (1969) * ''From Memphis to Vegas / From Vegas to Memphis'' (1969) * ''That's the Way It Is'' (1970) {{col-2}} * ''Elvis Country (I'm 10,000 Years Old)'' (1971) * ''Love Letters from Elvis'' (1971) * ''Elvis Sings The Wonderful World of Christmas'' (1971) * ''Elvis Now'' (1972) * ''He Touched Me'' (1972) * ''Elvis'' (1973) * ''Raised on Rock / For Ol' Times Sake'' (1973) * ''Good Times'' (1974) * ''Promised Land'' (1975) * ''Today'' (1975) * ''From Elvis Presley Boulevard, Memphis, Tennessee'' (1976) * ''Moody Blue'' (1977) {{col-end}} === Albaim fuaimriain === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''Loving You'' (1957) * ''King Creole'' (1958) * ''G.I. Blues'' (1960) * ''Blue Hawaii'' (1961) * ''Girls! Girls! Girls!'' (1962) * ''It Happened at the World's Fair'' (1963) * ''Fun in Acapulco'' (1963) * ''Kissin' Cousins'' (1964) * ''Roustabout'' (1964) * ''Girl Happy'' (1965) * ''Harum Scarum'' (1965) * ''Frankie and Johnny'' (1966) * ''Paradise, Hawaiian Style'' (1966) * ''Spinout'' (1966) * ''Double Trouble'' (1967) * ''Clambake'' (1967) * ''Speedway'' (1968) {{div col end}} === Singil a chuaigh go huimhir a haon sna Stáit Aontaithe === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Bliain !! Singil |- | rowspan="4" | 1956 | ''Heartbreak Hotel'' |- | ''I Want You, I Need You, I Love You'' |- | ''Don't Be Cruel'' / ''Hound Dog'' |- | ''Love Me Tender'' |- | rowspan="4" | 1957 | ''Too Much'' |- | ''All Shook Up'' |- | ''(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear'' |- | ''Jailhouse Rock'' |- | rowspan="2" | 1958 | ''Don't'' |- | ''Hard Headed Woman'' |- | 1959 || ''A Big Hunk o' Love'' |- | rowspan="3" | 1960 | ''Stuck on You'' |- | ''It's Now or Never'' |- | ''Are You Lonesome Tonight?'' |- | 1961 || ''Surrender'' |- | 1962 || ''Good Luck Charm'' |- | 1969 || ''Suspicious Minds'' |} == Scannánaíocht == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''Love Me Tender'' (1956) * ''Loving You'' (1957) * ''Jailhouse Rock'' (1957) * ''King Creole'' (1958) * ''G.I. Blues'' (1960) * ''Flaming Star'' (1960) * ''Wild in the Country'' (1961) * ''Blue Hawaii'' (1961) * ''Follow That Dream'' (1962) * ''Kid Galahad'' (1962) * ''Girls! Girls! Girls!'' (1962) * ''It Happened at the World's Fair'' (1963) * ''Fun in Acapulco'' (1963) * ''Kissin' Cousins'' (1964) * ''Viva Las Vegas'' (1964) * ''Roustabout'' (1964) * ''Girl Happy'' (1965) * ''Tickle Me'' (1965) * ''Harum Scarum'' (1965) * ''Frankie and Johnny'' (1966) * ''Paradise, Hawaiian Style'' (1966) * ''Spinout'' (1966) * ''Easy Come, Easy Go'' (1967) * ''Double Trouble'' (1967) * ''Clambake'' (1967) * ''Stay Away, Joe'' (1968) * ''Speedway'' (1968) * ''Live a Little, Love a Little'' (1968) * ''Charro!'' (1969) * ''The Trouble with Girls'' (1969) * ''Change of Habit'' (1969) * ''Elvis: That's the Way It Is'' (1970) * ''Elvis on Tour'' (1972) {{div col end}} == Féach freisin == * [[Lisa Marie Presley]] * [[Rac-cheol]] * [[Ceol rithim agus gormacha]] == Tagairtí == {{reflist|refs= <ref name="EnWiki">{{Lua idirlín |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley |teideal=Elvis Presley |work=Vicipéid an Bhéarla |language=en |dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> <ref name="Guralnick1994">{{Cite book |last=Guralnick |first=Peter |year=1994 |title=Last Train to Memphis: The Rise of Elvis Presley |publisher=Little, Brown |isbn=978-0-316-33225-5}}</ref> <ref name="Guralnick1999">{{Cite book |last=Guralnick |first=Peter |year=1999 |title=Careless Love: The Unmaking of Elvis Presley |publisher=Back Bay Books |isbn=978-0-316-33297-2}}</ref> <ref name="Jorgensen">{{Cite book |last=Jorgensen |first=Ernst |year=1998 |title=Elvis Presley – A Life in Music: The Complete Recording Sessions |publisher=St Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-312-18572-5}}</ref> <ref name="Victor">{{Cite book |last=Victor |first=Adam |year=2008 |title=The Elvis Encyclopedia |publisher=Overlook Duckworth |isbn=978-1-58567-598-2}}</ref> <ref name="Higginbotham">{{Lua idirlín |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2002/aug/11/features.magazine27 |teideal=Doctor Feelgood |údar=Adam Higginbotham |dáta=2002-08-11 |work=The Observer |language=en |dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> <ref name="Carter">{{Lua idirlín |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/243942 |teideal=Death of Elvis Presley: Statement by the President |údar=Jimmy Carter |dáta=1977-08-17 |work=The American Presidency Project |language=en |dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> <ref name="Guinness">{{Lua idirlín |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/best-selling-solo-artist |teideal=Best-selling solo artist |work=Guinness World Records |language=en |dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> <ref name="BBC2018">{{Lua idirlín |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-46233352 |teideal=Elvis Presley gets US Presidential Medal of Freedom |dáta=2018-11-16 |work=BBC News |language=en |dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> <ref name="Grammy">{{Lua idirlín |url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/elvis-presley/6033 |teideal=Elvis Presley |work=The Recording Academy |language=en |dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> <ref name="OCC">{{Lua idirlín |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/artists-with-the-most-number-1-singles-on-the-uk-chart__23765/ |teideal=Artists with the most Number 1 singles on the UK chart |údar=Justin Myers |work=Official Charts Company |language=en |dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> <ref name="Newsweek">{{Lua idirlín |url=https://www.newsweek.com/his-80th-birthday-revisiting-conspiracies-have-kept-elvis-presley-alive-297968 |teideal=On His 80th Birthday, Revisiting the Conspiracies That Have Kept Elvis Presley Alive |údar=Paula Mejia |dáta=2015-01-08 |work=Newsweek |language=en |dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> }} == Naisc sheachtracha == * [https://www.graceland.com/ Graceland] (suíomh oifigiúil) * [https://www.elvisthemusic.com/ Elvis The Music] (suíomh oifigiúil an lipéid cheirníní) {{DEFAULTSORT:Presley, Elvis}} [[Catagóir:Elvis Presley| ]] [[Catagóir:Rac-cheoltóirí Meiriceánacha]] [[Catagóir:Amhránaithe Meiriceánacha]] [[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1935]] [[Catagóir:Básanna i 1977]] Elvis_Presley_Vicipeid-1.txt Displaying Elvis_Presley_Vicipeid-1.txt. gqarykexr0dg1eamst4ge8wb0iqt6aj 1325211 1325210 2026-08-16T09:37:36Z TGcoa 21229 1325211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}} [[Ceoltóir]] agus [[aisteoir]] [[Meiriceá]]nach ab ea '''Elvis Aaron Presley''' ([[8 Eanáir]] [[1935]] – [[16 Lúnasa]] [[1977]]). Tugtar "Rí an Rac-Cheoil" (''the King of Rock and Roll'') air, agus meastar gur dhuine é de na daoine ba mhó tionchar ar chultúr an [[20ú haois|fichiú haois]]. Thuill a stíl fhuinniúil ghnéasach ar an stáitse, agus an meascán tionchar a bhí aige ó cheol na ndaoine gorma agus ó cheol tuaithe na ndaoine bána, cáil mhór agus conspóid mhór araon dó.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Rugadh i dTupelo, [[Mississippi]], é, agus bhog a mhuintir go [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], [[Tennessee]], nuair a bhí sé trí bliana déag d'aois. Chuir sé tús lena shlí bheatha cheoil sa bhliain [[1954]] ag [[Sun Records]] i gcuideachta an léiritheora Sam Phillips. É féin ar an ngiotár tionlacain, Scotty Moore ar an bpríomhghiotár agus Bill Black ar an dord, bhí sé ar dhuine de cheannródaithe na stíle ar a dtugtar ''rockabilly'', meascán mear de [[Ceol tuaithe|cheol tuaithe]] agus de [[Ceol rithim agus gormacha|cheol rithim agus gormacha]].<ref name="Guralnick1994" /> Sa bhliain [[1955]] cheannaigh RCA Victor a chonradh i margadh a shocraigh a bhainisteoir, an Coirnéal Tom Parker, a bhí i mbun a chuid gnóthaí ón lá sin go deireadh a shaoil. Bhí an chéad singil a d'eisigh sé ar RCA Victor, ''Heartbreak Hotel'', ag barr na gcairteacha sna Stáit Aontaithe i [[1956]]. Rinne sé a chéad scannán, ''Love Me Tender'', an bhliain chéanna.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.beo.ie/alt-ar-an-mbothar-le-jack.aspx|teideal=Ar an mBóthar le Jack|údar=Mícheál Ó hAodha|dáta=|language=ga|work=Beo!|dátarochtana=2020-11-15}}</ref> Coinscríobhadh isteach san arm é i [[1958]] agus, tar éis dó filleadh in [[1960]], chaith sé an chuid ba mhó den deich mbliana ina dhiaidh sin ag déanamh scannán do Hollywood. D'fhill sé ar an stáitse leis an gclár speisialta teilifíse ''Elvis'' ar NBC i [[1968]], agus lean sraith fhada ceolchoirmeacha i [[Las Vegas]] agus camchuairteanna móra é. Sa bhliain [[1973]] ba é an chéad ealaíontóir aonair é a raibh ceolchoirm dá chuid á craoladh ar fud an domhain, ''Aloha from Hawaii''. Rinne blianta fada mí-úsáide drugaí agus drochnósanna itheacháin dochar mór dá shláinte, agus fuair sé bás i [[Graceland]] i mí Lúnasa 1977 agus é 42 bliain d'aois.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Tá Presley ar dhuine de na healaíontóirí is mó díol i stair an cheoil, agus meastar gur díoladh idir 500 milliún agus billiún taifead dá chuid ar fud an domhain.<ref name="Guinness" /> Bhuaigh sé trí Ghradam Grammy, agus bronnadh Gradam Grammy um Ghaisce Saoil air agus é sé bliana is tríocha d'aois. Bronnadh Bonn Saoirse an Uachtaráin air tar éis a bháis sa bhliain [[2018]].<ref name="BBC2018" /> [[Íomhá:Elvis' birthplace Tupelo, MS 2007.jpg|mion|An teach inar rugadh Presley i dTupelo, Mississippi|clé|220x220px]] [[Íomhá:Elvis Presley Sun Records promo portrait 1954.jpg|clé|mion|Grianghraf poiblíochta de chuid Sun Records, 1954|268x268px]] == Saol agus gairm == === Óige, 1935–1953 === Rugadh Elvis Aaron Presley ar an 8 Eanáir 1935 i dTupelo, Mississippi, mac le Gladys Love Smith agus le Vernon Elvis Presley. Marbhghin ab ea a leathchúpla Jesse Garon, a rugadh cúig nóiméad is tríocha roimhe.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Bhí gaol an-daingean aige lena bheirt tuismitheoirí, go háirithe lena mháthair. Ba bhaill den eaglais ''Assembly of God'' i dTupelo iad an teaghlach, agus is ann a fuair Presley a chéad spreagadh ceoil.<ref name="Guralnick1994" /> Ní raibh ag Vernon ach postanna ócáideacha ó cheann go ceann, agus is minic a bhíodh an teaghlach ag brath ar na comharsana agus ar chúnamh bia ón stát. Sa bhliain [[1938]] chaill siad a dteach nuair a ciontaíodh Vernon as seic a fhalsú agus nuair a cuireadh i bpríosún ar feadh ocht mí é. Chan Presley go poiblí den chéad uair i gcomórtas amhránaíochta ag aonach Mississippi–Alabama ar an 3 Deireadh Fómhair [[1945]], agus é deich mbliana d'aois; chan sé an t-amhrán ''Old Shep'' agus, dar leis féin, is sa chúigiú háit a tháinig sé.<ref name="Guralnick1994" /> Cúpla mí ina dhiaidh sin fuair sé a chéad ghiotár mar bhronntanas lae breithe, agus fuair sé ceachtanna óna bheirt uncail agus ó mhinistir na heaglaise. I mí na Samhna [[1948]] bhog an teaghlach go Memphis. Chuaigh Presley ar scoil in L. C. Humes High School agus chríochnaigh sé an mheánscoil i Meitheamh [[1953]]. Ba mhinic é ag siúl síos go Beale Street, croílár shaol na ngormacha i Memphis, agus ba ghnách leis éisteacht leis an stáisiún raidió WDIA agus le hamhránaithe tuaithe ar nós Hank Snow, Roy Acuff agus Ernest Tubb. Níor fhoghlaim sé riamh ceol a léamh agus is de réir a chluaise a sheinneadh sé.<ref name="EnWiki" /> === Sun Records agus na chéad taifeadtaí, 1953–1955 === I samhradh na bliana 1953 chuaigh Presley isteach sa Memphis Recording Service, an gnó a bhí á reáchtáil ag Sam Phillips sular bhunaigh sé Sun Records, agus d'íoc sé as dhá amhrán a thaifeadadh: ''My Happiness'' agus ''That's When Your Heartaches Begin''. Dúirt sé féin tráth gur mar bhronntanas dá mháthair a rinne sé é, agus tráth eile nach raibh uaidh ach a fháil amach cén chuma a bhí ar a ghuth.<ref name="Guralnick1994" /> I mí Iúil 1954 thug Phillips cuireadh do bheirt cheoltóirí áitiúla — Scotty Moore ar an ngiotár agus Bill Black ar an dord — teacht isteach chun seisiúin a dhéanamh le Presley. Ní raibh ag éirí leo in aon chor go dtí deireadh oíche an 5 Iúil, nuair a thosaigh Presley gan choinne ag canadh ''That's All Right'', sean-amhrán gormacha a thaifead Arthur Crudup i [[1946]]. Thosaigh Phillips ag taifeadadh láithreach: ba é seo an fhuaim a bhí á lorg aige.<ref name="Guralnick1994" /> Trí lá ina dhiaidh sin sheinn an craoltóir raidió Dewey Phillips an t-amhrán ar a chlár ''Red, Hot, and Blue'' ar an stáisiún WHBQ. Bhí an oiread sin suime ag na héisteoirí ann gur sheinn sé arís agus arís eile é. Nuair a chuir sé agallamh beo ar Presley, d'fhiafraigh sé de cén mheánscoil ar fhreastail sé uirthi, ionas go dtuigfeadh an lucht éisteachta — a cheap go raibh amhránaí gorm á chloisteáil acu — cérbh é.<ref name="Guralnick1994" /> Eisíodh singil ansin le ''That's All Right'' ar thaobh amháin agus le leagan de ''Blue Moon of Kentucky'', amhrán ''bluegrass'' le Bill Monroe, ar an taobh eile. Sheinn an triúr acu go poiblí den chéad uair i gclub an Bon Air ar an 17 Iúil 1954. Níos déanaí an mhí sin, ag ceolchoirm in Overton Park i Memphis, thosaigh sé ar an nós a bheadh ina chomhartha sóirt aige, is é sin a chosa a chroitheadh agus é ag canadh; chuireadh a threabhsar leathan béim ar na gluaiseachtaí sin agus thosaíodh mná óga sa lucht éisteachta ag scréachaíl.<ref name="Guralnick1994" /> Ar an 2 Deireadh Fómhair 1954 sheinn sé ar an ''Grand Ole Opry'' i [[Nashville]] — an t-aon uair amháin riamh a bhí sé air. I ndeireadh na bliana 1954 thosaigh sé ag seinm go rialta ar an ''Louisiana Hayride'', clár raidió ceoil tuaithe i Shreveport, [[Louisiana]], agus tugadh conradh bliana dó ann.<ref name="EnWiki" /> [[Íomhá:Elvis-Presley-Jacksonville-1955 crop.jpg|mion|Presley i Jacksonville, 1955|320x320px]] Faoi thús na bliana [[1955]] bhí sé ina réalta réigiúnach. Chuaigh an drumadóir D. J. Fontana leis an mbuíon i lár na bliana sin, agus i mí Lúnasa cheap Presley an Coirnéal Tom Parker mar chomhairleoir speisialta. Ar an 21 Samhain 1955 cheannaigh RCA Victor a chonradh ó Sun ar $40,000, praghas nach bhfacthas a leithéid go dtí sin. Ní raibh Presley ach fiche bliain d'aois agus, ó bhí sé faoi aois dlí fós, ba é a athair a shínigh an conradh.<ref name="EnWiki" /> === Cáil náisiúnta agus conspóid, 1956–1958 === [[Íomhá:Elvis and liberace.jpg|mion|Elvis agus Liberace, Las Vegas, 1956|220x220px]] Rinne Presley a chéad taifeadtaí do RCA Victor i Nashville ar an 10 Eanáir 1956. Eisíodh ''Heartbreak Hotel'' mar shingil ar an 27 Eanáir agus chuaigh sé go huimhir a haon sna Stáit Aontaithe.<ref name="Jorgensen" /> An lá dár gcionn, an 28 Eanáir, chonacthas ar an teilifís náisiúnta den chéad uair é, ar an gclár ''Stage Show'' ar CBS. D'eisigh RCA Victor a chéad albam, ''Elvis Presley'', ar an 23 Márta 1956. Ba é an chéad albam rac-cheoil riamh a chuaigh go huimhir a haon i gcairt albam ''Billboard'', agus d'fhan sé ann ar feadh deich seachtaine.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Rinne sé dhá thaispeántas ar ''The Milton Berle Show'' i 1956. Ar an 5 Meitheamh chan sé leagan mall den amhrán ''Hound Dog'' agus gluaiseachtaí áibhéalacha coirp á ndéanamh aige, agus tharraing sé stoirm cháinte air féin. Scríobh Jack Gould in ''[[The New York Times]]'' nach raibh aon chumas amhránaíochta le sonrú ann, agus dhearbhaigh [[Ed Sullivan]] nach raibh sé oiriúnach do lucht féachana teaghlaigh.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Tugadh "Elvis the Pelvis" air, leasainm nár thaitin leis. Ina ainneoin sin, chuir Sullivan conradh air le haghaidh trí thaispeántas ar $50,000. Chonaic tuairim is 60 milliún duine an chéad cheann acu ar an 9 Meán Fómhair 1956 — 82.6 faoin gcéad den lucht féachana teilifíse — agus is é sin, thar aon ócáid eile, a rinne réalta náisiúnta de.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Eisíodh a chéad scannán, ''Love Me Tender'', ar an 21 Samhain 1956. Cáineadh go géar é ach d'éirigh thar barr leis in oifig na dticéad, agus ba é Presley an príomhaisteoir i ngach scannán dá ndearna sé ina dhiaidh sin.<ref name="Victor" /> Ar an 4 Nollaig 1956 tharla an seisiún seiftithe ag Sun ar a dtugtar an "Million Dollar Quartet", nuair a chas Presley le Carl Perkins agus le [[Jerry Lee Lewis]]; bhí [[Johnny Cash]] i láthair freisin, ach d'imigh sé sular cuireadh aon rud ar téip. Cheannaigh Presley Graceland, teach mór i Memphis ina raibh ocht seomra déag, ar an 19 Márta [[1957]], agus chuaigh trí shingil dá chuid go huimhir a haon i gcéad leath na bliana sin: ''Too Much'', ''All Shook Up'' agus ''(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear''. Ar an 20 Nollaig 1957 fuair sé fógra coinscríofa. === An tseirbhís mhíleata agus bás a mháthar, 1958–1960 === [[Íomhá:Elvis Presley in Germany.jpg|mion|Presley agus é ar dualgas sa Ghearmáin|220x220px]] Coinscríobhadh isteach in [[Arm na Stát Aontaithe]] é ag Fort Chaffee in [[Arkansas]] ar an 24 Márta [[1958]]. Ócáid mhór sna meáin ab ea a theacht: bhailigh na céadta duine timpeall air agus lean grianghrafadóirí isteach sa champa é. Dúirt Presley go raibh fáilte aige roimh a sheirbhís mhíleata agus nár theastaigh uaidh go gcaithfí leis ar bhealach ar leith.<ref name="Victor" /> Rinne sé a bhunoiliúint ag Fort Hood i [[Texas]]. I dtús mhí Lúnasa 1958 fuarthas amach go raibh [[heipitíteas]] ar a mháthair, agus chuaigh a riocht in olcas go tapa. Tugadh saoire éigeandála dó agus shroich sé Memphis ar an 12 Lúnasa; dhá lá ina dhiaidh sin fuair Gladys bás de bharr chliseadh an chroí agus í 46 bliain d'aois. Ba bhuille millteanach dó é, agus deirtear nach raibh sé mar an gcéanna riamh ina dhiaidh.<ref name="Guralnick1994" /> Ar an 1 Deireadh Fómhair 1958 cuireadh go Ray Barracks in [[Iarthar na Gearmáine]] é, áit a raibh sé ina speisialtóir faisnéise armúrtha. Ardaíodh go céim sáirsint é ar an 11 Feabhra [[1960]]. Is le linn a thréimhse san arm a tugadh amfataimíní dó den chéad uair, agus is ann freisin a chuir sé tús leis an spéis a bheadh aige sa karaté ar feadh a shaoil.<ref name="Guralnick1999" /> Is i mBad Nauheim a chuir sé aithne ar Priscilla Beaulieu, cailín ceithre bliana déag d'aois, agus é féin ceithre bliana fichead; phósfaidís seacht mbliana go leith ina dhiaidh sin.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Bhí faitíos ar Presley go scriosfadh an dá bhliain san arm a shlí bheatha, ach bhí Steve Sholes de chuid RCA agus Freddy Bienstock de chuid Hill and Range ullamh: bhí cnuasach mór ábhair neamheisithe acu agus choinnigh siad sruth rialta singil á scaoileadh amach. Idir a choinscríobh agus a scaoileadh saor bhí deich singil dá chuid sa daichead is airde sna cairteacha.<ref name="Jorgensen" /> D'fhill sé ar na Stáit Aontaithe ar an 2 Márta 1960 agus scaoileadh saor go honórach ón arm é trí lá ina dhiaidh sin. === Na scannáin, 1960–1968 === Ar an 20 Márta 1960 chuaigh Presley isteach i stiúideo RCA i Nashville chun ábhar a thaifeadadh don albam ''Elvis Is Back!'' agus don singil ''Stuck on You'', a chuaigh go huimhir a haon go gasta. As seisiún eile coicís ina dhiaidh sin tháinig dhá bhailéad a raibh an-díol orthu, ''It's Now or Never'' agus ''Are You Lonesome Tonight?''<ref name="Jorgensen" /> Ar an 12 Bealtaine 1960 bhí sé ina aoi ar chlár speisialta teilifíse le [[Frank Sinatra]]; fuair Parker $125,000 dó as ocht nóiméad canta. Ar an 25 Márta [[1961]] sheinn sé ag ceolchoirm charthanachta i [[Haváí]] ar mhaithe le cuimhneachán Pearl Harbor. Ba é sin an taispeántas poiblí deireanach a thug sé go ceann seacht mbliana.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Faoi threoir Parker chaith sé an chuid ba mhó de na [[1960idí]] ag déanamh scannán do Hollywood — seacht gcinn is fiche ar fad — agus albam nó EP fuaimriain ag gabháil le formhór acu. Cáineadh beagnach gach ceann acu, ach is beag ceann acu nach ndearna brabús. "Is é pictiúr de chuid Presley an t-aon rud cinnte i Hollywood," a dúirt an léiritheoir Hal Wallis.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Idir [[1964]] agus [[1968]] níor bhain ach amhrán amháin dá chuid áit amach sna deich gcinn ab airde sna cairteacha: ''Crying in the Chapel'' (1965), amhrán creidimh a taifeadadh sa bhliain 1960. Bhuaigh a albam ceoil naofa ''How Great Thou Art'' ([[1967]]) a chéad Ghradam Grammy dó.<ref name="Grammy" /> [[Íomhá:Elvis Presley and Priscilla with Lisa Marie February 1968.jpg|mion|Elvis agus Priscilla le [[Lisa Marie Presley|Lisa Marie]], Feabhra 1968|220x220px]] Phós sé Priscilla Beaulieu ar an 1 Bealtaine 1967 in Óstán an Aladdin i Las Vegas. Rugadh a n-aon iníon, [[Lisa Marie Presley|Lisa Marie]], ar an 1 Feabhra 1968. === An chraobh a bhaint amach arís, 1968–1973 === Craoladh an clár speisialta ''Elvis'', ar a dtugtar an ''68 Comeback Special'' ó shin, ar NBC ar an 3 Nollaig 1968. Bhí seónna stiúideo galánta ann chomh maith le sleachta beo os comhair lucht féachana beag — na chéad taispeántais bheo a thug Presley ó [[1961]]. Bhí sé gléasta i leathar dubh teann agus é ag canadh agus ag seinm sa stíl neamhsmachtaithe a bhí aige i laethanta tosaigh an rac-cheoil. Ba é an clár ab airde rátáil ag NBC an séasúr sin, agus 42 faoin gcéad den lucht féachana ag breathnú air.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Ina dhiaidh sin thaifead sé sraith fhada seisiún in American Sound Studio i Memphis, agus is astu a tháinig an t-albam ''From Elvis in Memphis'' (1969). Bhí an singil ''In the Ghetto'' sa tríú háit sna cairteacha, agus lean ''Suspicious Minds'', ''Don't Cry Daddy'' agus ''Kentucky Rain'' é. Ba é ''Suspicious Minds'' an t-amhrán deireanach dá chuid a chuaigh go huimhir a haon sna Stáit Aontaithe lena linn.<ref name="Jorgensen" /> I mí Iúil [[1969]] thosaigh sé ar shraith de sheacht seó is caoga thar cheithre seachtaine in Óstán an International i Las Vegas. D'éirigh chomh maith sin leis gur síníodh conradh cúig bliana leis chun seinm ann gach Feabhra agus gach Lúnasa ar thuarastal $1 milliún sa bhliain.<ref name="EnWiki" /> [[Íomhá:Elvis-nixon.jpg|mion|Presley agus an tUachtarán Richard Nixon in Oifig Ubhchruthach an Tí Bháin, 21 Nollaig 1970|220x220px]] Ar an 21 Nollaig [[1970]] chas sé le hUachtarán na Stát Aontaithe [[Richard Nixon]] sa [[Teach Bán]], áit ar mhínigh sé gur chreid sé go bhféadfadh sé cabhrú leis an bhfeachtas in aghaidh na ndrugaí. Sa bhliain [[1971]] ba é an chéad amhránaí rac-cheoil é ar bronnadh Gradam Grammy um Ghaisce Saoil air.<ref name="Grammy" /> An bhliain dár gcionn dhíol sé amach ceithre cheolchoirm i ndiaidh a chéile i Madison Square Garden i [[Nua-Eabhrac (cathair)|Nua-Eabhrac]], agus bhuaigh an scannán faisnéise ''Elvis on Tour'' Gradam Golden Globe. Ar an 14 Eanáir [[1973]] craoladh ''Aloha from Hawaii'' beo trí [[Satailít (spásárthach)|shatailít]]: ba í an chéad cheolchoirm riamh le healaíontóir aonair a craoladh ar fud an domhain. Chuaigh an t-albam a lean í go huimhir a haon — an t-albam deireanach dá chuid a rinne sin lena linn. Mhaígh Parker gur bhreathnaigh billiún duine nó níos mó air, ach níl aon bhunús leis an bhfigiúr sin.<ref name="EnWiki" /> === Meath na sláinte agus na blianta deireanacha, 1973–1977 === [[Íomhá:Graceland front.jpg|mion|Graceland, teach Presley i Memphis|220x220px]] Scar Presley agus Priscilla óna chéile ar an 23 Feabhra [[1972]] agus tugadh an colscaradh chun críche ar an 9 Deireadh Fómhair 1973. D'fhan siad ina gcairde go dtí lá a bháis.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Bhí a shláinte ag dul in olcas go mór faoin am seo. Dhá uair sa bhliain 1973 ghlac sé ródháileog drugaí suain, agus chaith sé trí lá i gcóma i ndiaidh na chéad taisme acu; ag deireadh na bliana cuireadh san ospidéal é de bharr andúile i ndrugaí. Dar lena phríomhdhochtúir, George C. Nichopoulos, cheap Presley, agus drugaí á bhfáil ó dhochtúir aige, nach andúileach sráide a bhí ann.<ref name="Higginbotham" /> Ina ainneoin sin lean sé de na camchuairteanna. Sa bhliain 1973 amháin thug sé 168 ceolchoirm, an sceideal ba ghnóthaí dá raibh riamh aige.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Faoi [[1977]], áfach, ba mhinic a chuid seónna gearr agus doiléir, agus b'éigean dó roinnt acu a chur ar ceal. Foilsíodh an leabhar ''Elvis: What Happened?'', a scríobh triúr iarghardaí coirp dá chuid, ar an 1 Lúnasa 1977; ba é an chéad chur síos poiblí é ar na blianta a chaith sé ag mí-úsáid drugaí, agus rinne sé dochar mór dó.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Reáchtáil sé a cheolchoirm dheireanach in Market Square Arena in [[Indianapolis]] ar an 26 Meitheamh 1977.<ref name="EnWiki" /> === Bás === Bhí Presley le heitilt ó Memphis go [[Portland, Maine|Portland]], Maine, tráthnóna an 16 Lúnasa 1977 chun tús a chur le camchuairt eile. An lá sin fuair Ginger Alden, an bhean a bhí le pósadh aige, ar urlár an tseomra folctha i nGraceland é, gan aithne gan urlabhra. Theip ar na hiarrachtaí é a thabhairt chuige féin, agus fógraíodh marbh in Baptist Memorial Hospital é ar leathuair tar éis a trí tráthnóna. Bhí sé 42 bliain d'aois.<ref name="Guralnick1999" /> D'eisigh an tUachtarán [[Jimmy Carter]] ráiteas inar dhúirt sé gur athraigh Presley aghaidh chultúr coitianta Mheiriceá go buan.<ref name="Carter" /> Tháinig na mílte duine le chéile lasmuigh de Graceland chun an chónra oscailte a fheiceáil. Bhí an tsochraid i nGraceland ar an 18 Lúnasa, agus cuireadh in aice lena mháthair i Reilig Forest Hill é. Tar éis iarracht a rinneadh a chorp a ghoid, aistríodh corp Presley agus corp a mháthar go Gairdín an Mhachnaimh i nGraceland, agus adhlacadh ann iad ar an 2 Deireadh Fómhair 1977.<ref name="Guralnick1999" /> ==== Cúis a bháis ==== Agus an scrúdú iarbháis ar siúl fós, d'fhógair scrúdaitheoir leighis Memphis, Jerry Francisco, gurbh é stad croí ba chúis leis an mbás agus nach raibh baint ar bith ag drugaí leis. Léirigh tuairiscí saotharlainne a comhdaíodh dhá mhí ina dhiaidh sin, áfach, gur aimsíodh ceithre dhruga dhéag ina chorp, deich gcinn acu i gcainníochtaí suntasacha.<ref name="Guralnick1999" /> Sa bhliain [[1979]] tháinig an paiteolaí fóiréinseach Cyril Wecht ar an tuairim gur meascán drugaí ba chúis lena bhás taismeach. Ceistíodh go géar iompar an dá dhochtúir ba mhó a bhí bainteach leis an gcás. D'fhógair Francisco cúis an bháis sular críochnaíodh an scrúdú iarbháis, agus shéan sé aon bhaint a bheith ag drugaí leis sular tháinig torthaí na dtástálacha saotharlainne ar ais. Cé gur saoradh príomhdhochtúir Presley, George C. Nichopoulos, ó chúisimh choiriúla i dtriail sa bhliain [[1981]], léiríodh gur ordaigh sé breis is 10,000 dáileog suaimhneasán, amfataimíní agus támhshuanach in ainm Presley sna chéad ocht mí de 1977 amháin. Cuireadh a cheadúnas ar fionraí ar feadh trí mhí, agus cúlghaireadh ar fad sna [[1990idí]] é.<ref name="Higginbotham" /> Nuair a athbhreithníodh tuairisc an scrúdaithe iarbháis sa bhliain [[1994]], dúirt an cróinéir Joseph Davis nach raibh aon rud sna sonraí a thacaigh le bás de dheasca drugaí agus gur taom croí tobann ba chúis leis. Tá an cheist á plé go fóill, agus ní bheidh an tuairisc iomlán ar fáil don phobal go dtí an bhliain 2027.<ref name="Newsweek" /> == Ceol agus stíl == === Tionchair === Is ón gceol ''gospel'' a tháinig an chéad tionchar ceoil ar Presley. Dúirt a mháthair go sleamhnaíodh sé anuas dá glúin agus é ina pháiste chun dul suas chuig an gcór san eaglais agus iarracht a dhéanamh canadh leo.<ref name="Guralnick1994" /> I Memphis d'fhreastalaíodh sé ar sheisiúin amhránaíochta a mhaireadh an oíche ar fad in Ellis Auditorium, agus dar leis an mbeathaisnéisí Peter Guralnick is as an gcineál sin taispeántais a d'fhás a stíl stáitse féin. Bhí a chuid spéiseanna ceoil an-leathan agus é ina dhéagóir, agus bhí eolas domhain aige ar cheol na ndaoine bána agus ar cheol na ndaoine gorma araon. Cé nach bhfuair sé oiliúint fhoirmiúil ar bith, bhí cuimhne as an ngnáth aige agus bhí stór mór ceoil aige cheana féin nuair a rinne sé a chéad taifeadtaí gairmiúla agus é naoi mbliana déag d'aois. Nuair a chas na cumadóirí Jerry Leiber agus Mike Stoller leis dhá bhliain ina dhiaidh sin, chuir a chuid eolais ar na gormacha iontas orthu.<ref name="EnWiki" /> === Seánraí agus stíl === Bhí Presley lárnach i bhforbairt an ''rockabilly''. Dar leis an staraí ceoil Craig Morrison, is le céadsingil Presley ar lipéad Sun sa bhliain 1954 a tháinig an stíl sin chun cinn mar stíl aitheanta.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Ag RCA Victor d'fhás fuaim ní ba throime agus ní ba dhéine as sin, le guthanna cúltaca agus le giotáir leictreacha ní ba threise. Thaifead sé i réimse leathan seánraí ó thús a shlí bheatha: [[popcheol]], ceol tuaithe, ceol rithim agus gormacha, ceol naofa agus ceol ''gospel''. Sa bhliain 1957 eisíodh a chéad taifeadadh ''gospel'', an EP ''Peace in the Valley'', agus dhíol sé os cionn milliún cóip.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Tar éis dó filleadh ón arm i 1960 bhí an rac-cheol i bhfad ní ba shéimhe aige, agus is ar bhailéid phopcheoil ar nós ''Are You Lonesome Tonight?'' a leagadh an bhéim. I ndeireadh na 1960idí, agus é ag taifeadadh i Memphis arís, chuir sé an t-[[anamcheol]] agus ceol comhaimseartha rithim agus gormacha lena mheascán stíleanna. === An guth === Deir an léirmheastóir ceoil Henry Pleasants gur cuireadh síos ar Presley mar bharatón agus mar theanór araon, agus gurb é an réimse leathan datha guth a bhí aige is cúis leis an easaontas sin. Measann Pleasants gur ard-bharatón a bhí ann agus go raibh raon breis is dhá ochtach aige.<ref name="EnWiki" /> == Íomhá phoiblí == === Caidreamh leis an bpobal gorm === Nuair a sheinn Dewey Phillips ''That's All Right'' den chéad uair, cheap go leor éisteoirí gur amhránaí gorm a bhí ann.<ref name="Guralnick1994" /> Ó thús a cháile náisiúnta chuir Presley meas in iúl ar cheoltóirí gorma agus ar a gcuid ceoil, agus níor cheil sé an drochmheas a bhí aige ar an deighilt idir na ciníocha agus ar an leithcheal a bhí i réim i nDeisceart na Stát ag an am. I 1956 chuimhnigh sé ar an gceoltóir gormacha Arthur Crudup, a chum ''That's All Right'', agus dúirt sé gurbh é a mhian riamh a bheith chomh maith leis. I lár na bliana 1957 scaipeadh ráfla gur dhúirt Presley nach raibh de mhaith sna daoine gorma dó ach a chuid ceirníní a cheannach agus a bhróga a ghlanadh. Chuaigh an t-iriseoir Louie Robinson ón iris ''Jet'' sa tóir ar an scéal; thug Presley agallamh dó ar shuíomh scannánaíochta ''Jailhouse Rock'' agus shéan sé go hiomlán é, agus níor aimsigh Robinson aon fhianaise gur dúradh riamh é.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Mar sin féin, tá an ráiteas á lua ina choinne go dtí an lá inniu, agus tá daoine ann fós a mhaíonn gur "ghoid" Presley ceol na ndaoine gorma. Dhiúltaigh roinnt mhaith ealaíontóirí gorma don tuairim sin: dúirt [[Little Richard]] gurbh é a d'oscail an doras do cheol na ndaoine gorma, agus dúirt Jackie Wilson gur ó Elvis a thóg formhór na n-amhránaithe gorma a nósanna stáitse.<ref name="EnWiki" />[[Íomhá:Elvis grave Graceland.jpg|mion|Uaigh Presley i nGairdín an Mhachnaimh i nGraceland|330x330px]] == Oidhreacht == Osclaíodh Graceland don phobal sa bhliain [[1982]]. Tagann breis is leathmhilliún cuairteoir ann in aghaidh na bliana, agus is é an dara teach is mó a dtugtar cuairt air sna Stáit Aontaithe, i ndiaidh an Tí Bháin. Ainmníodh mar Shainchomhartha Stairiúil Náisiúnta é sa bhliain [[2006]].<ref name="EnWiki" /> Cuireadh Presley isteach i seacht halla laochra ceoil, ina measc Halla na Laochra Rac-cheoil (1986) agus Halla na Laochra Ceoil Tuaithe (1998). Tá a ainm, a íomhá agus a ghuth aitheanta ar fud an domhain, agus tá na sluaite aithriseoirí ann a dhéanann aithris air. Gach bliain ar chomóradh a bháis bailíonn na mílte lasmuigh de Graceland le haghaidh deasghnátha coinnle.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Sa bhliain [[2002]] baineadh úsáid as leagan nua den amhrán ''A Little Less Conversation'' i bhfeachtas fógraíochta de chuid Nike le linn Chorn Domhanda FIFA; chuaigh sé go huimhir a haon i mbreis is fiche tír. Sa bhliain [[2012]] ainmníodh an damhán alla ''Paradonea presleyi'' ina onóir. Sa bhliain [[2022]] eisíodh an scannán beathaisnéise ''Elvis'' le Baz Luhrmann, le Austin Butler i bpáirt Presley.<ref name="EnWiki" /> == Éachtaí == Tá Presley ar dhuine de na healaíontóirí is mó díol i stair an cheoil. Deir ''Guinness World Records'' gurb eisean an t-ealaíontóir aonair is mó díol riamh, le billiún taifead díolta ar fud an domhain; is minic a luaitear figiúr de 500 milliún freisin.<ref name="Guinness" /> Tá 129 albam dá chuid tar éis áit a bhaint amach i gcairt an ''Billboard'' 200, i bhfad chun tosaigh ar [[Frank Sinatra]] (82). De réir an RIAA tá níos mó albam óir aige ná mar atá ag aon ealaíontóir eile (101), agus níos mó albam platanaim (57). Sa Ríocht Aontaithe tá an taifead aige as an líon is mó singil a chuaigh go huimhir a haon (21) agus as an líon is mó singil a bhain áit amach sna deich gcinn ab airde (76).<ref name="OCC" /> == Dioscliosta == === Albaim stiúideo === {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * ''Elvis Presley'' (1956) * ''Elvis'' (1956) * ''Elvis' Christmas Album'' (1957) * ''Elvis Is Back!'' (1960) * ''His Hand in Mine'' (1960) * ''Something for Everybody'' (1961) * ''Pot Luck'' (1962) * ''Elvis for Everyone!'' (1965) * ''How Great Thou Art'' (1967) * ''From Elvis in Memphis'' (1969) * ''From Memphis to Vegas / From Vegas to Memphis'' (1969) * ''That's the Way It Is'' (1970) {{col-2}} * ''Elvis Country (I'm 10,000 Years Old)'' (1971) * ''Love Letters from Elvis'' (1971) * ''Elvis Sings The Wonderful World of Christmas'' (1971) * ''Elvis Now'' (1972) * ''He Touched Me'' (1972) * ''Elvis'' (1973) * ''Raised on Rock / For Ol' Times Sake'' (1973) * ''Good Times'' (1974) * ''Promised Land'' (1975) * ''Today'' (1975) * ''From Elvis Presley Boulevard, Memphis, Tennessee'' (1976) * ''Moody Blue'' (1977) {{col-end}} === Albaim fuaimriain === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''Loving You'' (1957) * ''King Creole'' (1958) * ''G.I. Blues'' (1960) * ''Blue Hawaii'' (1961) * ''Girls! Girls! Girls!'' (1962) * ''It Happened at the World's Fair'' (1963) * ''Fun in Acapulco'' (1963) * ''Kissin' Cousins'' (1964) * ''Roustabout'' (1964) * ''Girl Happy'' (1965) * ''Harum Scarum'' (1965) * ''Frankie and Johnny'' (1966) * ''Paradise, Hawaiian Style'' (1966) * ''Spinout'' (1966) * ''Double Trouble'' (1967) * ''Clambake'' (1967) * ''Speedway'' (1968) {{div col end}} === Singil a chuaigh go huimhir a haon sna Stáit Aontaithe === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Bliain !! Singil |- | rowspan="4" | 1956 | ''Heartbreak Hotel'' |- | ''I Want You, I Need You, I Love You'' |- | ''Don't Be Cruel'' / ''Hound Dog'' |- | ''Love Me Tender'' |- | rowspan="4" | 1957 | ''Too Much'' |- | ''All Shook Up'' |- | ''(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear'' |- | ''Jailhouse Rock'' |- | rowspan="2" | 1958 | ''Don't'' |- | ''Hard Headed Woman'' |- | 1959 || ''A Big Hunk o' Love'' |- | rowspan="3" | 1960 | ''Stuck on You'' |- | ''It's Now or Never'' |- | ''Are You Lonesome Tonight?'' |- | 1961 || ''Surrender'' |- | 1962 || ''Good Luck Charm'' |- | 1969 || ''Suspicious Minds'' |} == Scannánaíocht == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''Love Me Tender'' (1956) * ''Loving You'' (1957) * ''Jailhouse Rock'' (1957) * ''King Creole'' (1958) * ''G.I. Blues'' (1960) * ''Flaming Star'' (1960) * ''Wild in the Country'' (1961) * ''Blue Hawaii'' (1961) * ''Follow That Dream'' (1962) * ''Kid Galahad'' (1962) * ''Girls! Girls! Girls!'' (1962) * ''It Happened at the World's Fair'' (1963) * ''Fun in Acapulco'' (1963) * ''Kissin' Cousins'' (1964) * ''Viva Las Vegas'' (1964) * ''Roustabout'' (1964) * ''Girl Happy'' (1965) * ''Tickle Me'' (1965) * ''Harum Scarum'' (1965) * ''Frankie and Johnny'' (1966) * ''Paradise, Hawaiian Style'' (1966) * ''Spinout'' (1966) * ''Easy Come, Easy Go'' (1967) * ''Double Trouble'' (1967) * ''Clambake'' (1967) * ''Stay Away, Joe'' (1968) * ''Speedway'' (1968) * ''Live a Little, Love a Little'' (1968) * ''Charro!'' (1969) * ''The Trouble with Girls'' (1969) * ''Change of Habit'' (1969) * ''Elvis: That's the Way It Is'' (1970) * ''Elvis on Tour'' (1972) {{div col end}} == Féach freisin == * [[Lisa Marie Presley]] * [[Rac-cheol]] * [[Ceol rithim agus gormacha]] == Tagairtí == {{reflist|refs= <ref name="EnWiki">{{Lua idirlín |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley |teideal=Elvis Presley |work=Vicipéid an Bhéarla |language=en |dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> <ref name="Guralnick1994">{{Cite book |last=Guralnick |first=Peter |year=1994 |title=Last Train to Memphis: The Rise of Elvis Presley |publisher=Little, Brown |isbn=978-0-316-33225-5}}</ref> <ref name="Guralnick1999">{{Cite book |last=Guralnick |first=Peter |year=1999 |title=Careless Love: The Unmaking of Elvis Presley |publisher=Back Bay Books |isbn=978-0-316-33297-2}}</ref> <ref name="Jorgensen">{{Cite book |last=Jorgensen |first=Ernst |year=1998 |title=Elvis Presley – A Life in Music: The Complete Recording Sessions |publisher=St Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-312-18572-5}}</ref> <ref name="Victor">{{Cite book |last=Victor |first=Adam |year=2008 |title=The Elvis Encyclopedia |publisher=Overlook Duckworth |isbn=978-1-58567-598-2}}</ref> <ref name="Higginbotham">{{Lua idirlín |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2002/aug/11/features.magazine27 |teideal=Doctor Feelgood |údar=Adam Higginbotham |dáta=2002-08-11 |work=The Observer |language=en |dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> <ref name="Carter">{{Lua idirlín |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/243942 |teideal=Death of Elvis Presley: Statement by the President |údar=Jimmy Carter |dáta=1977-08-17 |work=The American Presidency Project |language=en |dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> <ref name="Guinness">{{Lua idirlín |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/best-selling-solo-artist |teideal=Best-selling solo artist |work=Guinness World Records |language=en |dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> <ref name="BBC2018">{{Lua idirlín |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-46233352 |teideal=Elvis Presley gets US Presidential Medal of Freedom |dáta=2018-11-16 |work=BBC News |language=en |dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> <ref name="Grammy">{{Lua idirlín |url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/elvis-presley/6033 |teideal=Elvis Presley |work=The Recording Academy |language=en |dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> <ref name="OCC">{{Lua idirlín |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/artists-with-the-most-number-1-singles-on-the-uk-chart__23765/ |teideal=Artists with the most Number 1 singles on the UK chart |údar=Justin Myers |work=Official Charts Company |language=en |dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> <ref name="Newsweek">{{Lua idirlín |url=https://www.newsweek.com/his-80th-birthday-revisiting-conspiracies-have-kept-elvis-presley-alive-297968 |teideal=On His 80th Birthday, Revisiting the Conspiracies That Have Kept Elvis Presley Alive |údar=Paula Mejia |dáta=2015-01-08 |work=Newsweek |language=en |dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> }} == Naisc sheachtracha == * [https://www.graceland.com/ Graceland] (suíomh oifigiúil) * [https://www.elvisthemusic.com/ Elvis The Music] (suíomh oifigiúil an lipéid cheirníní) {{DEFAULTSORT:Presley, Elvis}} [[Catagóir:Elvis Presley| ]] [[Catagóir:Rac-cheoltóirí Meiriceánacha]] [[Catagóir:Amhránaithe Meiriceánacha]] [[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1935]] [[Catagóir:Básanna i 1977]] Elvis_Presley_Vicipeid-1.txt Displaying Elvis_Presley_Vicipeid-1.txt. mhvy8nixfl4lnlea8k9mmtqh179q7bv 1325212 1325211 2026-08-16T09:38:58Z TGcoa 21229 /* Naisc sheachtracha */ 1325212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}} [[Ceoltóir]] agus [[aisteoir]] [[Meiriceá]]nach ab ea '''Elvis Aaron Presley''' ([[8 Eanáir]] [[1935]] – [[16 Lúnasa]] [[1977]]). Tugtar "Rí an Rac-Cheoil" (''the King of Rock and Roll'') air, agus meastar gur dhuine é de na daoine ba mhó tionchar ar chultúr an [[20ú haois|fichiú haois]]. Thuill a stíl fhuinniúil ghnéasach ar an stáitse, agus an meascán tionchar a bhí aige ó cheol na ndaoine gorma agus ó cheol tuaithe na ndaoine bána, cáil mhór agus conspóid mhór araon dó.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Rugadh i dTupelo, [[Mississippi]], é, agus bhog a mhuintir go [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], [[Tennessee]], nuair a bhí sé trí bliana déag d'aois. Chuir sé tús lena shlí bheatha cheoil sa bhliain [[1954]] ag [[Sun Records]] i gcuideachta an léiritheora Sam Phillips. É féin ar an ngiotár tionlacain, Scotty Moore ar an bpríomhghiotár agus Bill Black ar an dord, bhí sé ar dhuine de cheannródaithe na stíle ar a dtugtar ''rockabilly'', meascán mear de [[Ceol tuaithe|cheol tuaithe]] agus de [[Ceol rithim agus gormacha|cheol rithim agus gormacha]].<ref name="Guralnick1994" /> Sa bhliain [[1955]] cheannaigh RCA Victor a chonradh i margadh a shocraigh a bhainisteoir, an Coirnéal Tom Parker, a bhí i mbun a chuid gnóthaí ón lá sin go deireadh a shaoil. Bhí an chéad singil a d'eisigh sé ar RCA Victor, ''Heartbreak Hotel'', ag barr na gcairteacha sna Stáit Aontaithe i [[1956]]. Rinne sé a chéad scannán, ''Love Me Tender'', an bhliain chéanna.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.beo.ie/alt-ar-an-mbothar-le-jack.aspx|teideal=Ar an mBóthar le Jack|údar=Mícheál Ó hAodha|dáta=|language=ga|work=Beo!|dátarochtana=2020-11-15}}</ref> Coinscríobhadh isteach san arm é i [[1958]] agus, tar éis dó filleadh in [[1960]], chaith sé an chuid ba mhó den deich mbliana ina dhiaidh sin ag déanamh scannán do Hollywood. D'fhill sé ar an stáitse leis an gclár speisialta teilifíse ''Elvis'' ar NBC i [[1968]], agus lean sraith fhada ceolchoirmeacha i [[Las Vegas]] agus camchuairteanna móra é. Sa bhliain [[1973]] ba é an chéad ealaíontóir aonair é a raibh ceolchoirm dá chuid á craoladh ar fud an domhain, ''Aloha from Hawaii''. Rinne blianta fada mí-úsáide drugaí agus drochnósanna itheacháin dochar mór dá shláinte, agus fuair sé bás i [[Graceland]] i mí Lúnasa 1977 agus é 42 bliain d'aois.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Tá Presley ar dhuine de na healaíontóirí is mó díol i stair an cheoil, agus meastar gur díoladh idir 500 milliún agus billiún taifead dá chuid ar fud an domhain.<ref name="Guinness" /> Bhuaigh sé trí Ghradam Grammy, agus bronnadh Gradam Grammy um Ghaisce Saoil air agus é sé bliana is tríocha d'aois. Bronnadh Bonn Saoirse an Uachtaráin air tar éis a bháis sa bhliain [[2018]].<ref name="BBC2018" /> [[Íomhá:Elvis' birthplace Tupelo, MS 2007.jpg|mion|An teach inar rugadh Presley i dTupelo, Mississippi|clé|220x220px]] [[Íomhá:Elvis Presley Sun Records promo portrait 1954.jpg|clé|mion|Grianghraf poiblíochta de chuid Sun Records, 1954|268x268px]] == Saol agus gairm == === Óige, 1935–1953 === Rugadh Elvis Aaron Presley ar an 8 Eanáir 1935 i dTupelo, Mississippi, mac le Gladys Love Smith agus le Vernon Elvis Presley. Marbhghin ab ea a leathchúpla Jesse Garon, a rugadh cúig nóiméad is tríocha roimhe.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Bhí gaol an-daingean aige lena bheirt tuismitheoirí, go háirithe lena mháthair. Ba bhaill den eaglais ''Assembly of God'' i dTupelo iad an teaghlach, agus is ann a fuair Presley a chéad spreagadh ceoil.<ref name="Guralnick1994" /> Ní raibh ag Vernon ach postanna ócáideacha ó cheann go ceann, agus is minic a bhíodh an teaghlach ag brath ar na comharsana agus ar chúnamh bia ón stát. Sa bhliain [[1938]] chaill siad a dteach nuair a ciontaíodh Vernon as seic a fhalsú agus nuair a cuireadh i bpríosún ar feadh ocht mí é. Chan Presley go poiblí den chéad uair i gcomórtas amhránaíochta ag aonach Mississippi–Alabama ar an 3 Deireadh Fómhair [[1945]], agus é deich mbliana d'aois; chan sé an t-amhrán ''Old Shep'' agus, dar leis féin, is sa chúigiú háit a tháinig sé.<ref name="Guralnick1994" /> Cúpla mí ina dhiaidh sin fuair sé a chéad ghiotár mar bhronntanas lae breithe, agus fuair sé ceachtanna óna bheirt uncail agus ó mhinistir na heaglaise. I mí na Samhna [[1948]] bhog an teaghlach go Memphis. Chuaigh Presley ar scoil in L. C. Humes High School agus chríochnaigh sé an mheánscoil i Meitheamh [[1953]]. Ba mhinic é ag siúl síos go Beale Street, croílár shaol na ngormacha i Memphis, agus ba ghnách leis éisteacht leis an stáisiún raidió WDIA agus le hamhránaithe tuaithe ar nós Hank Snow, Roy Acuff agus Ernest Tubb. Níor fhoghlaim sé riamh ceol a léamh agus is de réir a chluaise a sheinneadh sé.<ref name="EnWiki" /> === Sun Records agus na chéad taifeadtaí, 1953–1955 === I samhradh na bliana 1953 chuaigh Presley isteach sa Memphis Recording Service, an gnó a bhí á reáchtáil ag Sam Phillips sular bhunaigh sé Sun Records, agus d'íoc sé as dhá amhrán a thaifeadadh: ''My Happiness'' agus ''That's When Your Heartaches Begin''. Dúirt sé féin tráth gur mar bhronntanas dá mháthair a rinne sé é, agus tráth eile nach raibh uaidh ach a fháil amach cén chuma a bhí ar a ghuth.<ref name="Guralnick1994" /> I mí Iúil 1954 thug Phillips cuireadh do bheirt cheoltóirí áitiúla — Scotty Moore ar an ngiotár agus Bill Black ar an dord — teacht isteach chun seisiúin a dhéanamh le Presley. Ní raibh ag éirí leo in aon chor go dtí deireadh oíche an 5 Iúil, nuair a thosaigh Presley gan choinne ag canadh ''That's All Right'', sean-amhrán gormacha a thaifead Arthur Crudup i [[1946]]. Thosaigh Phillips ag taifeadadh láithreach: ba é seo an fhuaim a bhí á lorg aige.<ref name="Guralnick1994" /> Trí lá ina dhiaidh sin sheinn an craoltóir raidió Dewey Phillips an t-amhrán ar a chlár ''Red, Hot, and Blue'' ar an stáisiún WHBQ. Bhí an oiread sin suime ag na héisteoirí ann gur sheinn sé arís agus arís eile é. Nuair a chuir sé agallamh beo ar Presley, d'fhiafraigh sé de cén mheánscoil ar fhreastail sé uirthi, ionas go dtuigfeadh an lucht éisteachta — a cheap go raibh amhránaí gorm á chloisteáil acu — cérbh é.<ref name="Guralnick1994" /> Eisíodh singil ansin le ''That's All Right'' ar thaobh amháin agus le leagan de ''Blue Moon of Kentucky'', amhrán ''bluegrass'' le Bill Monroe, ar an taobh eile. Sheinn an triúr acu go poiblí den chéad uair i gclub an Bon Air ar an 17 Iúil 1954. Níos déanaí an mhí sin, ag ceolchoirm in Overton Park i Memphis, thosaigh sé ar an nós a bheadh ina chomhartha sóirt aige, is é sin a chosa a chroitheadh agus é ag canadh; chuireadh a threabhsar leathan béim ar na gluaiseachtaí sin agus thosaíodh mná óga sa lucht éisteachta ag scréachaíl.<ref name="Guralnick1994" /> Ar an 2 Deireadh Fómhair 1954 sheinn sé ar an ''Grand Ole Opry'' i [[Nashville]] — an t-aon uair amháin riamh a bhí sé air. I ndeireadh na bliana 1954 thosaigh sé ag seinm go rialta ar an ''Louisiana Hayride'', clár raidió ceoil tuaithe i Shreveport, [[Louisiana]], agus tugadh conradh bliana dó ann.<ref name="EnWiki" /> [[Íomhá:Elvis-Presley-Jacksonville-1955 crop.jpg|mion|Presley i Jacksonville, 1955|320x320px]] Faoi thús na bliana [[1955]] bhí sé ina réalta réigiúnach. Chuaigh an drumadóir D. J. Fontana leis an mbuíon i lár na bliana sin, agus i mí Lúnasa cheap Presley an Coirnéal Tom Parker mar chomhairleoir speisialta. Ar an 21 Samhain 1955 cheannaigh RCA Victor a chonradh ó Sun ar $40,000, praghas nach bhfacthas a leithéid go dtí sin. Ní raibh Presley ach fiche bliain d'aois agus, ó bhí sé faoi aois dlí fós, ba é a athair a shínigh an conradh.<ref name="EnWiki" /> === Cáil náisiúnta agus conspóid, 1956–1958 === [[Íomhá:Elvis and liberace.jpg|mion|Elvis agus Liberace, Las Vegas, 1956|220x220px]] Rinne Presley a chéad taifeadtaí do RCA Victor i Nashville ar an 10 Eanáir 1956. Eisíodh ''Heartbreak Hotel'' mar shingil ar an 27 Eanáir agus chuaigh sé go huimhir a haon sna Stáit Aontaithe.<ref name="Jorgensen" /> An lá dár gcionn, an 28 Eanáir, chonacthas ar an teilifís náisiúnta den chéad uair é, ar an gclár ''Stage Show'' ar CBS. D'eisigh RCA Victor a chéad albam, ''Elvis Presley'', ar an 23 Márta 1956. Ba é an chéad albam rac-cheoil riamh a chuaigh go huimhir a haon i gcairt albam ''Billboard'', agus d'fhan sé ann ar feadh deich seachtaine.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Rinne sé dhá thaispeántas ar ''The Milton Berle Show'' i 1956. Ar an 5 Meitheamh chan sé leagan mall den amhrán ''Hound Dog'' agus gluaiseachtaí áibhéalacha coirp á ndéanamh aige, agus tharraing sé stoirm cháinte air féin. Scríobh Jack Gould in ''[[The New York Times]]'' nach raibh aon chumas amhránaíochta le sonrú ann, agus dhearbhaigh [[Ed Sullivan]] nach raibh sé oiriúnach do lucht féachana teaghlaigh.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Tugadh "Elvis the Pelvis" air, leasainm nár thaitin leis. Ina ainneoin sin, chuir Sullivan conradh air le haghaidh trí thaispeántas ar $50,000. Chonaic tuairim is 60 milliún duine an chéad cheann acu ar an 9 Meán Fómhair 1956 — 82.6 faoin gcéad den lucht féachana teilifíse — agus is é sin, thar aon ócáid eile, a rinne réalta náisiúnta de.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Eisíodh a chéad scannán, ''Love Me Tender'', ar an 21 Samhain 1956. Cáineadh go géar é ach d'éirigh thar barr leis in oifig na dticéad, agus ba é Presley an príomhaisteoir i ngach scannán dá ndearna sé ina dhiaidh sin.<ref name="Victor" /> Ar an 4 Nollaig 1956 tharla an seisiún seiftithe ag Sun ar a dtugtar an "Million Dollar Quartet", nuair a chas Presley le Carl Perkins agus le [[Jerry Lee Lewis]]; bhí [[Johnny Cash]] i láthair freisin, ach d'imigh sé sular cuireadh aon rud ar téip. Cheannaigh Presley Graceland, teach mór i Memphis ina raibh ocht seomra déag, ar an 19 Márta [[1957]], agus chuaigh trí shingil dá chuid go huimhir a haon i gcéad leath na bliana sin: ''Too Much'', ''All Shook Up'' agus ''(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear''. Ar an 20 Nollaig 1957 fuair sé fógra coinscríofa. === An tseirbhís mhíleata agus bás a mháthar, 1958–1960 === [[Íomhá:Elvis Presley in Germany.jpg|mion|Presley agus é ar dualgas sa Ghearmáin|220x220px]] Coinscríobhadh isteach in [[Arm na Stát Aontaithe]] é ag Fort Chaffee in [[Arkansas]] ar an 24 Márta [[1958]]. Ócáid mhór sna meáin ab ea a theacht: bhailigh na céadta duine timpeall air agus lean grianghrafadóirí isteach sa champa é. Dúirt Presley go raibh fáilte aige roimh a sheirbhís mhíleata agus nár theastaigh uaidh go gcaithfí leis ar bhealach ar leith.<ref name="Victor" /> Rinne sé a bhunoiliúint ag Fort Hood i [[Texas]]. I dtús mhí Lúnasa 1958 fuarthas amach go raibh [[heipitíteas]] ar a mháthair, agus chuaigh a riocht in olcas go tapa. Tugadh saoire éigeandála dó agus shroich sé Memphis ar an 12 Lúnasa; dhá lá ina dhiaidh sin fuair Gladys bás de bharr chliseadh an chroí agus í 46 bliain d'aois. Ba bhuille millteanach dó é, agus deirtear nach raibh sé mar an gcéanna riamh ina dhiaidh.<ref name="Guralnick1994" /> Ar an 1 Deireadh Fómhair 1958 cuireadh go Ray Barracks in [[Iarthar na Gearmáine]] é, áit a raibh sé ina speisialtóir faisnéise armúrtha. Ardaíodh go céim sáirsint é ar an 11 Feabhra [[1960]]. Is le linn a thréimhse san arm a tugadh amfataimíní dó den chéad uair, agus is ann freisin a chuir sé tús leis an spéis a bheadh aige sa karaté ar feadh a shaoil.<ref name="Guralnick1999" /> Is i mBad Nauheim a chuir sé aithne ar Priscilla Beaulieu, cailín ceithre bliana déag d'aois, agus é féin ceithre bliana fichead; phósfaidís seacht mbliana go leith ina dhiaidh sin.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Bhí faitíos ar Presley go scriosfadh an dá bhliain san arm a shlí bheatha, ach bhí Steve Sholes de chuid RCA agus Freddy Bienstock de chuid Hill and Range ullamh: bhí cnuasach mór ábhair neamheisithe acu agus choinnigh siad sruth rialta singil á scaoileadh amach. Idir a choinscríobh agus a scaoileadh saor bhí deich singil dá chuid sa daichead is airde sna cairteacha.<ref name="Jorgensen" /> D'fhill sé ar na Stáit Aontaithe ar an 2 Márta 1960 agus scaoileadh saor go honórach ón arm é trí lá ina dhiaidh sin. === Na scannáin, 1960–1968 === Ar an 20 Márta 1960 chuaigh Presley isteach i stiúideo RCA i Nashville chun ábhar a thaifeadadh don albam ''Elvis Is Back!'' agus don singil ''Stuck on You'', a chuaigh go huimhir a haon go gasta. As seisiún eile coicís ina dhiaidh sin tháinig dhá bhailéad a raibh an-díol orthu, ''It's Now or Never'' agus ''Are You Lonesome Tonight?''<ref name="Jorgensen" /> Ar an 12 Bealtaine 1960 bhí sé ina aoi ar chlár speisialta teilifíse le [[Frank Sinatra]]; fuair Parker $125,000 dó as ocht nóiméad canta. Ar an 25 Márta [[1961]] sheinn sé ag ceolchoirm charthanachta i [[Haváí]] ar mhaithe le cuimhneachán Pearl Harbor. Ba é sin an taispeántas poiblí deireanach a thug sé go ceann seacht mbliana.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Faoi threoir Parker chaith sé an chuid ba mhó de na [[1960idí]] ag déanamh scannán do Hollywood — seacht gcinn is fiche ar fad — agus albam nó EP fuaimriain ag gabháil le formhór acu. Cáineadh beagnach gach ceann acu, ach is beag ceann acu nach ndearna brabús. "Is é pictiúr de chuid Presley an t-aon rud cinnte i Hollywood," a dúirt an léiritheoir Hal Wallis.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Idir [[1964]] agus [[1968]] níor bhain ach amhrán amháin dá chuid áit amach sna deich gcinn ab airde sna cairteacha: ''Crying in the Chapel'' (1965), amhrán creidimh a taifeadadh sa bhliain 1960. Bhuaigh a albam ceoil naofa ''How Great Thou Art'' ([[1967]]) a chéad Ghradam Grammy dó.<ref name="Grammy" /> [[Íomhá:Elvis Presley and Priscilla with Lisa Marie February 1968.jpg|mion|Elvis agus Priscilla le [[Lisa Marie Presley|Lisa Marie]], Feabhra 1968|220x220px]] Phós sé Priscilla Beaulieu ar an 1 Bealtaine 1967 in Óstán an Aladdin i Las Vegas. Rugadh a n-aon iníon, [[Lisa Marie Presley|Lisa Marie]], ar an 1 Feabhra 1968. === An chraobh a bhaint amach arís, 1968–1973 === Craoladh an clár speisialta ''Elvis'', ar a dtugtar an ''68 Comeback Special'' ó shin, ar NBC ar an 3 Nollaig 1968. Bhí seónna stiúideo galánta ann chomh maith le sleachta beo os comhair lucht féachana beag — na chéad taispeántais bheo a thug Presley ó [[1961]]. Bhí sé gléasta i leathar dubh teann agus é ag canadh agus ag seinm sa stíl neamhsmachtaithe a bhí aige i laethanta tosaigh an rac-cheoil. Ba é an clár ab airde rátáil ag NBC an séasúr sin, agus 42 faoin gcéad den lucht féachana ag breathnú air.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Ina dhiaidh sin thaifead sé sraith fhada seisiún in American Sound Studio i Memphis, agus is astu a tháinig an t-albam ''From Elvis in Memphis'' (1969). Bhí an singil ''In the Ghetto'' sa tríú háit sna cairteacha, agus lean ''Suspicious Minds'', ''Don't Cry Daddy'' agus ''Kentucky Rain'' é. Ba é ''Suspicious Minds'' an t-amhrán deireanach dá chuid a chuaigh go huimhir a haon sna Stáit Aontaithe lena linn.<ref name="Jorgensen" /> I mí Iúil [[1969]] thosaigh sé ar shraith de sheacht seó is caoga thar cheithre seachtaine in Óstán an International i Las Vegas. D'éirigh chomh maith sin leis gur síníodh conradh cúig bliana leis chun seinm ann gach Feabhra agus gach Lúnasa ar thuarastal $1 milliún sa bhliain.<ref name="EnWiki" /> [[Íomhá:Elvis-nixon.jpg|mion|Presley agus an tUachtarán Richard Nixon in Oifig Ubhchruthach an Tí Bháin, 21 Nollaig 1970|220x220px]] Ar an 21 Nollaig [[1970]] chas sé le hUachtarán na Stát Aontaithe [[Richard Nixon]] sa [[Teach Bán]], áit ar mhínigh sé gur chreid sé go bhféadfadh sé cabhrú leis an bhfeachtas in aghaidh na ndrugaí. Sa bhliain [[1971]] ba é an chéad amhránaí rac-cheoil é ar bronnadh Gradam Grammy um Ghaisce Saoil air.<ref name="Grammy" /> An bhliain dár gcionn dhíol sé amach ceithre cheolchoirm i ndiaidh a chéile i Madison Square Garden i [[Nua-Eabhrac (cathair)|Nua-Eabhrac]], agus bhuaigh an scannán faisnéise ''Elvis on Tour'' Gradam Golden Globe. Ar an 14 Eanáir [[1973]] craoladh ''Aloha from Hawaii'' beo trí [[Satailít (spásárthach)|shatailít]]: ba í an chéad cheolchoirm riamh le healaíontóir aonair a craoladh ar fud an domhain. Chuaigh an t-albam a lean í go huimhir a haon — an t-albam deireanach dá chuid a rinne sin lena linn. Mhaígh Parker gur bhreathnaigh billiún duine nó níos mó air, ach níl aon bhunús leis an bhfigiúr sin.<ref name="EnWiki" /> === Meath na sláinte agus na blianta deireanacha, 1973–1977 === [[Íomhá:Graceland front.jpg|mion|Graceland, teach Presley i Memphis|220x220px]] Scar Presley agus Priscilla óna chéile ar an 23 Feabhra [[1972]] agus tugadh an colscaradh chun críche ar an 9 Deireadh Fómhair 1973. D'fhan siad ina gcairde go dtí lá a bháis.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Bhí a shláinte ag dul in olcas go mór faoin am seo. Dhá uair sa bhliain 1973 ghlac sé ródháileog drugaí suain, agus chaith sé trí lá i gcóma i ndiaidh na chéad taisme acu; ag deireadh na bliana cuireadh san ospidéal é de bharr andúile i ndrugaí. Dar lena phríomhdhochtúir, George C. Nichopoulos, cheap Presley, agus drugaí á bhfáil ó dhochtúir aige, nach andúileach sráide a bhí ann.<ref name="Higginbotham" /> Ina ainneoin sin lean sé de na camchuairteanna. Sa bhliain 1973 amháin thug sé 168 ceolchoirm, an sceideal ba ghnóthaí dá raibh riamh aige.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Faoi [[1977]], áfach, ba mhinic a chuid seónna gearr agus doiléir, agus b'éigean dó roinnt acu a chur ar ceal. Foilsíodh an leabhar ''Elvis: What Happened?'', a scríobh triúr iarghardaí coirp dá chuid, ar an 1 Lúnasa 1977; ba é an chéad chur síos poiblí é ar na blianta a chaith sé ag mí-úsáid drugaí, agus rinne sé dochar mór dó.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Reáchtáil sé a cheolchoirm dheireanach in Market Square Arena in [[Indianapolis]] ar an 26 Meitheamh 1977.<ref name="EnWiki" /> === Bás === Bhí Presley le heitilt ó Memphis go [[Portland, Maine|Portland]], Maine, tráthnóna an 16 Lúnasa 1977 chun tús a chur le camchuairt eile. An lá sin fuair Ginger Alden, an bhean a bhí le pósadh aige, ar urlár an tseomra folctha i nGraceland é, gan aithne gan urlabhra. Theip ar na hiarrachtaí é a thabhairt chuige féin, agus fógraíodh marbh in Baptist Memorial Hospital é ar leathuair tar éis a trí tráthnóna. Bhí sé 42 bliain d'aois.<ref name="Guralnick1999" /> D'eisigh an tUachtarán [[Jimmy Carter]] ráiteas inar dhúirt sé gur athraigh Presley aghaidh chultúr coitianta Mheiriceá go buan.<ref name="Carter" /> Tháinig na mílte duine le chéile lasmuigh de Graceland chun an chónra oscailte a fheiceáil. Bhí an tsochraid i nGraceland ar an 18 Lúnasa, agus cuireadh in aice lena mháthair i Reilig Forest Hill é. Tar éis iarracht a rinneadh a chorp a ghoid, aistríodh corp Presley agus corp a mháthar go Gairdín an Mhachnaimh i nGraceland, agus adhlacadh ann iad ar an 2 Deireadh Fómhair 1977.<ref name="Guralnick1999" /> ==== Cúis a bháis ==== Agus an scrúdú iarbháis ar siúl fós, d'fhógair scrúdaitheoir leighis Memphis, Jerry Francisco, gurbh é stad croí ba chúis leis an mbás agus nach raibh baint ar bith ag drugaí leis. Léirigh tuairiscí saotharlainne a comhdaíodh dhá mhí ina dhiaidh sin, áfach, gur aimsíodh ceithre dhruga dhéag ina chorp, deich gcinn acu i gcainníochtaí suntasacha.<ref name="Guralnick1999" /> Sa bhliain [[1979]] tháinig an paiteolaí fóiréinseach Cyril Wecht ar an tuairim gur meascán drugaí ba chúis lena bhás taismeach. Ceistíodh go géar iompar an dá dhochtúir ba mhó a bhí bainteach leis an gcás. D'fhógair Francisco cúis an bháis sular críochnaíodh an scrúdú iarbháis, agus shéan sé aon bhaint a bheith ag drugaí leis sular tháinig torthaí na dtástálacha saotharlainne ar ais. Cé gur saoradh príomhdhochtúir Presley, George C. Nichopoulos, ó chúisimh choiriúla i dtriail sa bhliain [[1981]], léiríodh gur ordaigh sé breis is 10,000 dáileog suaimhneasán, amfataimíní agus támhshuanach in ainm Presley sna chéad ocht mí de 1977 amháin. Cuireadh a cheadúnas ar fionraí ar feadh trí mhí, agus cúlghaireadh ar fad sna [[1990idí]] é.<ref name="Higginbotham" /> Nuair a athbhreithníodh tuairisc an scrúdaithe iarbháis sa bhliain [[1994]], dúirt an cróinéir Joseph Davis nach raibh aon rud sna sonraí a thacaigh le bás de dheasca drugaí agus gur taom croí tobann ba chúis leis. Tá an cheist á plé go fóill, agus ní bheidh an tuairisc iomlán ar fáil don phobal go dtí an bhliain 2027.<ref name="Newsweek" /> == Ceol agus stíl == === Tionchair === Is ón gceol ''gospel'' a tháinig an chéad tionchar ceoil ar Presley. Dúirt a mháthair go sleamhnaíodh sé anuas dá glúin agus é ina pháiste chun dul suas chuig an gcór san eaglais agus iarracht a dhéanamh canadh leo.<ref name="Guralnick1994" /> I Memphis d'fhreastalaíodh sé ar sheisiúin amhránaíochta a mhaireadh an oíche ar fad in Ellis Auditorium, agus dar leis an mbeathaisnéisí Peter Guralnick is as an gcineál sin taispeántais a d'fhás a stíl stáitse féin. Bhí a chuid spéiseanna ceoil an-leathan agus é ina dhéagóir, agus bhí eolas domhain aige ar cheol na ndaoine bána agus ar cheol na ndaoine gorma araon. Cé nach bhfuair sé oiliúint fhoirmiúil ar bith, bhí cuimhne as an ngnáth aige agus bhí stór mór ceoil aige cheana féin nuair a rinne sé a chéad taifeadtaí gairmiúla agus é naoi mbliana déag d'aois. Nuair a chas na cumadóirí Jerry Leiber agus Mike Stoller leis dhá bhliain ina dhiaidh sin, chuir a chuid eolais ar na gormacha iontas orthu.<ref name="EnWiki" /> === Seánraí agus stíl === Bhí Presley lárnach i bhforbairt an ''rockabilly''. Dar leis an staraí ceoil Craig Morrison, is le céadsingil Presley ar lipéad Sun sa bhliain 1954 a tháinig an stíl sin chun cinn mar stíl aitheanta.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Ag RCA Victor d'fhás fuaim ní ba throime agus ní ba dhéine as sin, le guthanna cúltaca agus le giotáir leictreacha ní ba threise. Thaifead sé i réimse leathan seánraí ó thús a shlí bheatha: [[popcheol]], ceol tuaithe, ceol rithim agus gormacha, ceol naofa agus ceol ''gospel''. Sa bhliain 1957 eisíodh a chéad taifeadadh ''gospel'', an EP ''Peace in the Valley'', agus dhíol sé os cionn milliún cóip.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Tar éis dó filleadh ón arm i 1960 bhí an rac-cheol i bhfad ní ba shéimhe aige, agus is ar bhailéid phopcheoil ar nós ''Are You Lonesome Tonight?'' a leagadh an bhéim. I ndeireadh na 1960idí, agus é ag taifeadadh i Memphis arís, chuir sé an t-[[anamcheol]] agus ceol comhaimseartha rithim agus gormacha lena mheascán stíleanna. === An guth === Deir an léirmheastóir ceoil Henry Pleasants gur cuireadh síos ar Presley mar bharatón agus mar theanór araon, agus gurb é an réimse leathan datha guth a bhí aige is cúis leis an easaontas sin. Measann Pleasants gur ard-bharatón a bhí ann agus go raibh raon breis is dhá ochtach aige.<ref name="EnWiki" /> == Íomhá phoiblí == === Caidreamh leis an bpobal gorm === Nuair a sheinn Dewey Phillips ''That's All Right'' den chéad uair, cheap go leor éisteoirí gur amhránaí gorm a bhí ann.<ref name="Guralnick1994" /> Ó thús a cháile náisiúnta chuir Presley meas in iúl ar cheoltóirí gorma agus ar a gcuid ceoil, agus níor cheil sé an drochmheas a bhí aige ar an deighilt idir na ciníocha agus ar an leithcheal a bhí i réim i nDeisceart na Stát ag an am. I 1956 chuimhnigh sé ar an gceoltóir gormacha Arthur Crudup, a chum ''That's All Right'', agus dúirt sé gurbh é a mhian riamh a bheith chomh maith leis. I lár na bliana 1957 scaipeadh ráfla gur dhúirt Presley nach raibh de mhaith sna daoine gorma dó ach a chuid ceirníní a cheannach agus a bhróga a ghlanadh. Chuaigh an t-iriseoir Louie Robinson ón iris ''Jet'' sa tóir ar an scéal; thug Presley agallamh dó ar shuíomh scannánaíochta ''Jailhouse Rock'' agus shéan sé go hiomlán é, agus níor aimsigh Robinson aon fhianaise gur dúradh riamh é.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Mar sin féin, tá an ráiteas á lua ina choinne go dtí an lá inniu, agus tá daoine ann fós a mhaíonn gur "ghoid" Presley ceol na ndaoine gorma. Dhiúltaigh roinnt mhaith ealaíontóirí gorma don tuairim sin: dúirt [[Little Richard]] gurbh é a d'oscail an doras do cheol na ndaoine gorma, agus dúirt Jackie Wilson gur ó Elvis a thóg formhór na n-amhránaithe gorma a nósanna stáitse.<ref name="EnWiki" />[[Íomhá:Elvis grave Graceland.jpg|mion|Uaigh Presley i nGairdín an Mhachnaimh i nGraceland|330x330px]] == Oidhreacht == Osclaíodh Graceland don phobal sa bhliain [[1982]]. Tagann breis is leathmhilliún cuairteoir ann in aghaidh na bliana, agus is é an dara teach is mó a dtugtar cuairt air sna Stáit Aontaithe, i ndiaidh an Tí Bháin. Ainmníodh mar Shainchomhartha Stairiúil Náisiúnta é sa bhliain [[2006]].<ref name="EnWiki" /> Cuireadh Presley isteach i seacht halla laochra ceoil, ina measc Halla na Laochra Rac-cheoil (1986) agus Halla na Laochra Ceoil Tuaithe (1998). Tá a ainm, a íomhá agus a ghuth aitheanta ar fud an domhain, agus tá na sluaite aithriseoirí ann a dhéanann aithris air. Gach bliain ar chomóradh a bháis bailíonn na mílte lasmuigh de Graceland le haghaidh deasghnátha coinnle.<ref name="EnWiki" /> Sa bhliain [[2002]] baineadh úsáid as leagan nua den amhrán ''A Little Less Conversation'' i bhfeachtas fógraíochta de chuid Nike le linn Chorn Domhanda FIFA; chuaigh sé go huimhir a haon i mbreis is fiche tír. Sa bhliain [[2012]] ainmníodh an damhán alla ''Paradonea presleyi'' ina onóir. Sa bhliain [[2022]] eisíodh an scannán beathaisnéise ''Elvis'' le Baz Luhrmann, le Austin Butler i bpáirt Presley.<ref name="EnWiki" /> == Éachtaí == Tá Presley ar dhuine de na healaíontóirí is mó díol i stair an cheoil. Deir ''Guinness World Records'' gurb eisean an t-ealaíontóir aonair is mó díol riamh, le billiún taifead díolta ar fud an domhain; is minic a luaitear figiúr de 500 milliún freisin.<ref name="Guinness" /> Tá 129 albam dá chuid tar éis áit a bhaint amach i gcairt an ''Billboard'' 200, i bhfad chun tosaigh ar [[Frank Sinatra]] (82). De réir an RIAA tá níos mó albam óir aige ná mar atá ag aon ealaíontóir eile (101), agus níos mó albam platanaim (57). Sa Ríocht Aontaithe tá an taifead aige as an líon is mó singil a chuaigh go huimhir a haon (21) agus as an líon is mó singil a bhain áit amach sna deich gcinn ab airde (76).<ref name="OCC" /> == Dioscliosta == === Albaim stiúideo === {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * ''Elvis Presley'' (1956) * ''Elvis'' (1956) * ''Elvis' Christmas Album'' (1957) * ''Elvis Is Back!'' (1960) * ''His Hand in Mine'' (1960) * ''Something for Everybody'' (1961) * ''Pot Luck'' (1962) * ''Elvis for Everyone!'' (1965) * ''How Great Thou Art'' (1967) * ''From Elvis in Memphis'' (1969) * ''From Memphis to Vegas / From Vegas to Memphis'' (1969) * ''That's the Way It Is'' (1970) {{col-2}} * ''Elvis Country (I'm 10,000 Years Old)'' (1971) * ''Love Letters from Elvis'' (1971) * ''Elvis Sings The Wonderful World of Christmas'' (1971) * ''Elvis Now'' (1972) * ''He Touched Me'' (1972) * ''Elvis'' (1973) * ''Raised on Rock / For Ol' Times Sake'' (1973) * ''Good Times'' (1974) * ''Promised Land'' (1975) * ''Today'' (1975) * ''From Elvis Presley Boulevard, Memphis, Tennessee'' (1976) * ''Moody Blue'' (1977) {{col-end}} === Albaim fuaimriain === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''Loving You'' (1957) * ''King Creole'' (1958) * ''G.I. Blues'' (1960) * ''Blue Hawaii'' (1961) * ''Girls! Girls! Girls!'' (1962) * ''It Happened at the World's Fair'' (1963) * ''Fun in Acapulco'' (1963) * ''Kissin' Cousins'' (1964) * ''Roustabout'' (1964) * ''Girl Happy'' (1965) * ''Harum Scarum'' (1965) * ''Frankie and Johnny'' (1966) * ''Paradise, Hawaiian Style'' (1966) * ''Spinout'' (1966) * ''Double Trouble'' (1967) * ''Clambake'' (1967) * ''Speedway'' (1968) {{div col end}} === Singil a chuaigh go huimhir a haon sna Stáit Aontaithe === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Bliain !! Singil |- | rowspan="4" | 1956 | ''Heartbreak Hotel'' |- | ''I Want You, I Need You, I Love You'' |- | ''Don't Be Cruel'' / ''Hound Dog'' |- | ''Love Me Tender'' |- | rowspan="4" | 1957 | ''Too Much'' |- | ''All Shook Up'' |- | ''(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear'' |- | ''Jailhouse Rock'' |- | rowspan="2" | 1958 | ''Don't'' |- | ''Hard Headed Woman'' |- | 1959 || ''A Big Hunk o' Love'' |- | rowspan="3" | 1960 | ''Stuck on You'' |- | ''It's Now or Never'' |- | ''Are You Lonesome Tonight?'' |- | 1961 || ''Surrender'' |- | 1962 || ''Good Luck Charm'' |- | 1969 || ''Suspicious Minds'' |} == Scannánaíocht == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''Love Me Tender'' (1956) * ''Loving You'' (1957) * ''Jailhouse Rock'' (1957) * ''King Creole'' (1958) * ''G.I. Blues'' (1960) * ''Flaming Star'' (1960) * ''Wild in the Country'' (1961) * ''Blue Hawaii'' (1961) * ''Follow That Dream'' (1962) * ''Kid Galahad'' (1962) * ''Girls! Girls! Girls!'' (1962) * ''It Happened at the World's Fair'' (1963) * ''Fun in Acapulco'' (1963) * ''Kissin' Cousins'' (1964) * ''Viva Las Vegas'' (1964) * ''Roustabout'' (1964) * ''Girl Happy'' (1965) * ''Tickle Me'' (1965) * ''Harum Scarum'' (1965) * ''Frankie and Johnny'' (1966) * ''Paradise, Hawaiian Style'' (1966) * ''Spinout'' (1966) * ''Easy Come, Easy Go'' (1967) * ''Double Trouble'' (1967) * ''Clambake'' (1967) * ''Stay Away, Joe'' (1968) * ''Speedway'' (1968) * ''Live a Little, Love a Little'' (1968) * ''Charro!'' (1969) * ''The Trouble with Girls'' (1969) * ''Change of Habit'' (1969) * ''Elvis: That's the Way It Is'' (1970) * ''Elvis on Tour'' (1972) {{div col end}} == Féach freisin == * [[Lisa Marie Presley]] * [[Rac-cheol]] * [[Ceol rithim agus gormacha]] == Tagairtí == {{reflist|refs= <ref name="EnWiki">{{Lua idirlín |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley |teideal=Elvis Presley |work=Vicipéid an Bhéarla |language=en |dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> <ref name="Guralnick1994">{{Cite book |last=Guralnick |first=Peter |year=1994 |title=Last Train to Memphis: The Rise of Elvis Presley |publisher=Little, Brown |isbn=978-0-316-33225-5}}</ref> <ref name="Guralnick1999">{{Cite book |last=Guralnick |first=Peter |year=1999 |title=Careless Love: The Unmaking of Elvis Presley |publisher=Back Bay Books |isbn=978-0-316-33297-2}}</ref> <ref name="Jorgensen">{{Cite book |last=Jorgensen |first=Ernst |year=1998 |title=Elvis Presley – A Life in Music: The Complete Recording Sessions |publisher=St Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-312-18572-5}}</ref> <ref name="Victor">{{Cite book |last=Victor |first=Adam |year=2008 |title=The Elvis Encyclopedia |publisher=Overlook Duckworth |isbn=978-1-58567-598-2}}</ref> <ref name="Higginbotham">{{Lua idirlín |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2002/aug/11/features.magazine27 |teideal=Doctor Feelgood |údar=Adam Higginbotham |dáta=2002-08-11 |work=The Observer |language=en |dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> <ref name="Carter">{{Lua idirlín |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/243942 |teideal=Death of Elvis Presley: Statement by the President |údar=Jimmy Carter |dáta=1977-08-17 |work=The American Presidency Project |language=en |dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> <ref name="Guinness">{{Lua idirlín |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/best-selling-solo-artist |teideal=Best-selling solo artist |work=Guinness World Records |language=en |dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> <ref name="BBC2018">{{Lua idirlín |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-46233352 |teideal=Elvis Presley gets US Presidential Medal of Freedom |dáta=2018-11-16 |work=BBC News |language=en |dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> <ref name="Grammy">{{Lua idirlín |url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/elvis-presley/6033 |teideal=Elvis Presley |work=The Recording Academy |language=en |dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> <ref name="OCC">{{Lua idirlín |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/artists-with-the-most-number-1-singles-on-the-uk-chart__23765/ |teideal=Artists with the most Number 1 singles on the UK chart |údar=Justin Myers |work=Official Charts Company |language=en |dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> <ref name="Newsweek">{{Lua idirlín |url=https://www.newsweek.com/his-80th-birthday-revisiting-conspiracies-have-kept-elvis-presley-alive-297968 |teideal=On His 80th Birthday, Revisiting the Conspiracies That Have Kept Elvis Presley Alive |údar=Paula Mejia |dáta=2015-01-08 |work=Newsweek |language=en |dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> }} == Naisc sheachtracha == * [https://www.graceland.com/ Graceland] (suíomh oifigiúil) * [https://www.elvisthemusic.com/ Elvis The Music] (suíomh oifigiúil an lipéid cheirníní) {{DEFAULTSORT:Presley, Elvis}} [[Catagóir:Elvis Presley| ]] [[Catagóir:Rac-cheoltóirí Meiriceánacha]] [[Catagóir:Amhránaithe Meiriceánacha]] [[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1935]] [[Catagóir:Básanna i 1977]] [[Catagóir:Ciontóirí drugaí]] f2ci0jfj7y8jgvysps88t6nisc71359 0 14867 1325215 1279886 2026-08-16T10:05:30Z Stephan1000000 39047 172 1325215 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Teideal iodálach}}{{WD Bosca Sonraí Sraith Teilifíse|num_episodis=172}} Is [[sraith theilifíse]] [[SAM|Mheiriceánach]] é '''Futurama'''. Sraith [[beochan]]a atá ann, cruthaithe ag [[Matt Groening]], an fear a chruthaigh [[The Simpsons]]. == Scéal == Is i [[Nua-Eabhrac (cathair)|Nua-Eabhrac]] sa bhliain 3000 atá an tsraith bunaithe. Oibríonn na carachtair do chomhlacht seachadta darb ainm "Planet Express". == Príomhcharachtair == * '''[[Philip J. Fry]]''': Rugadh sna 1970idí é, éiríonn sé sáinnithe i [[reoiteoir]] speisialta sa bhliain 2000. Ní éiríonn sé níos sine fad is atá sé sa reoiteoir agus ní éalaíonn sé go dtí an bhliain 3000. Sa bhliain 3000 tá sé fostaithe ag an gcomhlacht Planet Express. * '''[[Turanga Leela]]''': Is captaen spásloinge de chuid Planet Express í. Tá sí cliste, agus níl ach súil amháin aici. * '''[[Bender Bending Rodríguez]]''': Is róbat é, atá mímhúinte agus falsa ar fad. Tá sé ag obair do Planet Express freisin. * '''[[Professor Hubert J. Farnsworth]]''': Is eolaí é a bhunaigh an Planet Express. Rugadh ar an 9 Aibreán é. * '''[[Dr. John A. Zoidberg]]''': Is dochtúir é a rugadh ar an bpláinéad Decapod 10, agus tá sé ag obair don Planet Express. * '''[[Amy Wong]]''': Rugadh ar an bpláinéad [[Mars (pláinéad)|Mars]] í, agus tá sí ag obair don Planet Express. * '''[[Hermes Conrad]]''': [[Iamáice|Iamácach]] atá ann, agus tá sé ag obair don Planet Express. * '''[[Zapp Brannigan]]''' * '''[[Mom (Futurama)|Mom]]''' == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} {{síol-tv}} [[Catagóir:Futurama]] [[Catagóir:Cláir ficsean eolaíochta]] [[Catagóir:Cartúin]] [[Catagóir:Cláir Ghrinn]] [[Catagóir:Sraitheanna teilifíse a thosaigh i 1999]] [[Catagóir:Sraitheanna teilifíse a chríochnaigh i 2003]] [[Catagóir:Sraitheanna teilifíse a chríochnaigh i 2013]] [[Catagóir:Cláir Teilifíse Mheiriceánacha]] [[Catagóir:Cláir Fox]] [[Catagóir:Cláir Comedy Central]] oruzret9tqcc4mn5b7xy5y867idcyj3 0 18330 1325142 1244558 2026-08-15T14:42:16Z TGcoa 21229 1325142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}} Is banna ceoil teaghlaigh Éireannach iad '''The Corrs''', as Dún Dealgan, Contae Lú. Is éard atá sa bhanna ná ceathrar clainne: Jim Corr ([[giotár]], [[pianó]], [[méarchlár]] agus amhránaíocht), Sharon Corr ([[veidhlín]], méarchlár agus amhránaíocht), Caroline Corr ([[drumaí]], cnaguirlisí, pianó, [[bodhrán]] agus amhránaíocht) agus Andrea Corr (príomhamhránaíocht, [[feadóg stáin]], [[mandailín]] agus ukulele). Meascán den [[popcheol]] agus den [[ceol tíre]] atá i gceol an bhanna, agus tá tionchar láidir ag ceol traidisiúnta na hÉireann air freisin. Bunaíodh an banna i nDún Dealgan i 1990. Tá seacht n-albam stiúideo eisithe acu ó shin, agus meastar gur dhíol siad os cionn 40 milliún albam ar fud an domhain. Is é ''Talk on Corners'' (1997), an dara albam stiúideo uathu, an ceann is rathúla dá gcuid go dtí seo; bhain sé stádas ilphlatanaim amach san [[Astráil]], agus dhíol sé níos mó ná aon albam eile sa [[Ríocht Aontaithe]] an bhliain sin. Ainmníodh an banna do dhá Ghradam [[Gradam Grammy|Grammy]], agus bhuaigh siad [[BRIT Award]] amháin; rinneadh Baill Oinigh d'[[Ord na Breataine Móire]] díobh freisin i 2005 as ucht a gcuid oibre don cheol agus don charthanacht. ==Stair== ===Bunús an bhanna (1990–1994)=== Thosaigh Jim agus Sharon Corr ag seinm le chéile ar dtús, go minic i dteach tábhairne a n-aintín darbh ainm McManus's. I 1990 tugadh a ndeirfiúracha óga, Caroline agus Andrea, isteach sa bhanna, agus mar sin a bunaíodh an ceathairéad. I 1991, chuaigh siad chuig éisteacht don scannán ''[[The Commitments]]''; bhí páirteanna beaga mar cheoltóirí ag Jim, ag Sharon agus ag Caroline sa scannán, agus bhí páirt chainte ag Andrea freisin, mar Sharon Rabbitte. Thug [[John Hughes (ceoltóir)|John Hughes]] faoi deara iad ag an éisteacht sin, agus d'éirigh sé ina bhainisteoir orthu. I 1994, thug ambasadóir na Stát Aontaithe in Éirinn, [[Jean Kennedy Smith]], cuireadh dóibh seinm ag imeacht a bhain le [[Corn Domhanda FIFA 1994]] i mBostún, tar éis di iad a chloisteáil ag seinm i dteach tábhairne Whelan i mBaile Átha Cliath. Bhí na Corra ag Cluichí Oilimpeacha an tSamhraidh 1996 in Atlanta, agus ansin ghlac an banna páirt mar ghníomh tacaíochta ar chamchuairt dhomhanda [[Celine Dion]], ''Falling into You Around the World''. ===Forgiven, Not Forgotten agus Talk on Corners (1995–1999)=== Mhol Jason Flom, ceann roinn A&R [[Atlantic Records]], dóibh casadh le [[David Foster]], ceoltóir agus léiritheoir Ceanadach. Chuala Foster iad ag seinm beo agus d'aontaigh sé conradh a shíniú leo. Chaith siad breis is cúig mhí sna Stáit Aontaithe ag taifeadadh a gcéad albaim, ''Forgiven, Not Forgotten'', a léirigh Foster féin agus a eisíodh i 1995. D'éirigh go maith leis an albam in Éirinn, san Astráil, i gCeanada, sa tSeapáin agus sa Spáinn, cé gur ghlac sé tamall sular tháinig an rath céanna sna Stáit Aontaithe agus sa Ríocht Aontaithe. Bhain sé stádas platanaim amach sa Ríocht Aontaithe agus san Astráil, agus 4× platanam in Éirinn — ceann de na halbaim ba rathúla riamh ag grúpa Éireannach. Léirigh [[Glen Ballard]] an dara albam, ''Talk on Corners'' (1997), agus chomhoibrigh an banna le Carole Bayer Sager, Oliver Leiber, Rick Nowels agus Billy Steinberg air. D'éirigh go maith leis an albam in Éirinn agus sa Ríocht Aontaithe, agus shroich sé uimhir a trí sna cairteacha san Astráil. Tar éis dóibh leagan den amhrán "Dreams" le [[Fleetwood Mac]] a thaifeadadh d'albam ómóis, atheisíodh ''Talk on Corners'' in eagrán speisialta le meascáin nua de "What Can I Do?", "So Young" agus "Runaway"; chuaigh an t-eagrán sin go barr na gcairteacha ar fud an domhain agus bhain sé ilphlatanam amach arís sa Ríocht Aontaithe agus san Astráil. Ar feadh tamaill, bhí ''Talk on Corners'' ar bharr chairt na n-albam sa Ríocht Aontaithe agus ''Forgiven, Not Forgotten'' sa dara háit — ceann de na corrthráthanna neamhchoitianta ina raibh an dá cheann is airde sa chairt sin ag an mbanna céanna. I Meitheamh 1998, ghlac an banna páirt i gceolchoirm charthanachta Pavarotti and Friends for the Children of Liberia, a reáchtáladh i Modena, san [[Iodáil]], faoi óstáil [[Luciano Pavarotti]]. Sa bhliain dár gcionn, bronnadh BRIT Award as an nGrúpa Idirnáisiúnta is Fearr orthu. Ar an 5 Deireadh Fómhair 1999, thaifead siad seó do shraith ''[[MTV Unplugged]]'' in Ardmore Studios, i gContae Chill Mhantáin; dhíol an CD agus an DVD a eascair as sin 2.7 milliún cóip idir an dá cheann, agus bhí amhrán nua orthu, "Radio", a bhí le cloisteáil ina dhiaidh sin ar an tríú albam stiúideo. ===In Blue agus bás a máthar (2000–2001)=== D'aistrigh an tríú albam, ''In Blue'' (2000), i dtreo an phríomhshrutha popcheoil. Chuaigh sé go huimhir a haon ina chéad seachtain díolacháin in Éirinn, sa Ríocht Aontaithe, san Astráil agus sa [[Ghearmáin]], i measc tíortha eile. Chomhoibrigh an banna le [[Alejandro Sanz]] ar "Una Noche (One Night)", agus le [[Robert John Lange|Robert "Mutt" Lange]] freisin; astu sin a tháinig "Breathless", a bhain uimhir a fiche amach ar an Billboard Hot 100 agus a thuill ainmniúchán Grammy don bhanna. Le linn dóibh a bheith ag obair ar an albam, fuair a máthair, Jean Corr, bás agus í ag fanacht ar thrasphlandú scamhóige. Cuireadh í i Reilig Naomh Pádraig i nDún Dealgan. Scríobh Andrea agus Caroline an t-amhrán "No More Cry" don albam mar chuidiú dá n-athair ina bhrón. I 2001 d'eisigh an banna a gcéad albam cnuasaigh, ''Best of The Corrs'', a raibh na singil "Would You Be Happier?", "Make You Mine" agus "Lifting Me" air. Chomh maith leis sin, chomhoibrigh siad le [[Josh Groban]] ar "Canto Alla Vita" dá chéad albam féin. D'óstáil siad ceolchoirm bheo eile in Ardmore Studios, agus tháinig [[Bono]] ó [[U2]] agus [[Ronnie Wood]] ó [[The Rolling Stones]] i gcomhar leo ar an stáitse; eisíodh na seónna sin mar an t-albam beo ''VH1 Presents: The Corrs, Live in Dublin'' i 2002. ===Borrowed Heaven agus Home (2002–2005)=== I 2003 thaifead Andrea Corr "Time Enough for Tears", arna scríobh ag Bono agus Gavin Friday, don scannán ''In America''; cuireadh an t-amhrán sin ar an gceathrú albam, ''Borrowed Heaven'' (2004), a léirigh Olle Romo thar tréimhse 18 mí i mBaile Átha Cliath agus i [[Los Angeles]]. D'fhill an banna ar ghlór an cheoil tíre leis an albam seo, le béim níos troime ar an ngiotár. Shroich sé an dara háit sa Ríocht Aontaithe agus sa Ghearmáin. Ghlac Jason Duffy, deartháir [[Keith Duffy]], áit Caroline mar dhrumadóir go sealadach le linn na camchuairte a ghabh leis an albam seo, ó bhí sí ag iompar clainne ag an am. Tiomnaíodh an cúigiú albam, ''Home'' (2005), dá máthair nach maireann. Albam de sheanamhráin traidisiúnta Éireannacha atá ann den chuid is mó, tógtha as leabhar amhrán a máthar, agus a léirigh Mitchell Froom; bhí Ceolfhoireann BBC Radio 2 páirteach ann. Áiríodh air amhrán le [[Phil Lynott]], "Old Town", chomh maith le dhá amhrán as Gaeilge, "Bríd Óg Ní Mháille" agus "Buachaill Ón Éirne". D'éirigh go maith leis an albam in Éirinn, sa Fhrainc agus sa Ghearmáin. ===Sos (2006–2015)=== Chuaigh an banna ar sos fada ó 2006 ar aghaidh, agus iad ag tógáil a gclann féin agus ag tabhairt faoi ghairmeacha aonair. D'eisigh Andrea Corr dhá albam aonair, ''Ten Feet High'' (2007) agus ''Lifelines'' (2011). Thosaigh Sharon Corr ar a gairm aonair féin i 2009, agus d'eisigh sí ''Dream of You'' (2010) agus ''The Same Sun'' (2012). D'eisigh an banna dhá albam cnuasaigh eile le linn an tsosa, ''Dreams: The Ultimate Corrs Collection'' (2006) agus ''The Works'' (2007), ach níor éirigh go maith leo sna cairteacha. ===Athaontú: White Light agus Jupiter Calling (2015–2017)=== Tháinig tuairiscí athaontaithe chun cinn go luath in 2015, agus i mí an Mheithimh dheimhnigh Andrea Corr in agallamh raidió le Chris Evans go raibh an banna ag obair ar albam nua agus go seinnfeadh siad ag [[Radio 2 Live in Hyde Park]] an bhliain sin. Eisíodh an séú albam stiúideo, ''White Light'', ar an 27 Samhain 2015, agus lean camchuairt Eorpach é i 2016. Eisíodh an seachtú albam, ''Jupiter Calling'', a léirigh [[T Bone Burnett]], ar an 10 Samhain 2017; roimhe sin, sheinn an banna ceolchoirm sa Royal Albert Hall i Londain. ===Ó 2018 i leith=== I 2020, chuir [[Taylor Swift]] leagan de "Breathless" ar liosta amhrán le healaíontóirí baineanna ar thug sí "múinteoirí ceoil" orthu, agus í ag comóradh Mhí Stair na mBan. Ar an 26 Samhain 2022, sheinn an banna le chéile don chéad uair ó 2017, in Hope Estate Winery i Hunter Valley, san Astráil, os comhair slua thart ar 11,000 duine — an chéad cheolchoirm dá gcuid san Astráil le 21 bliain. D'fhógair siad ina dhiaidh sin camchuairt san Astráil agus sa Nua-Shéalainn do 2023, mar aon le stadanna i Jakarta, san [[Indinéis]], agus i Manila, sna hOileáin Fhilipíneacha. Lean an banna orthu ag seinm go rialta ó shin, lena n-áirítear an Talk on Corners Tour i 2024 agus dhá cheolchoirm mhóra faoin aer in Éirinn i mí an Mheithimh 2025, ceann i Virgin Media Park i gCorcaigh agus ceann eile i St. Anne's Park i mBaile Átha Cliath. ==Stíl cheoil== Dar le Caroline Corr, is meascán d'uirlisí leictreonacha nua-aimseartha agus d'uirlisí acaisteacha traidisiúnta — an veidhlín, an fheadóg stáin, na drumaí agus an guth — is cúis lena bhfuaim ar leith. Tá an meascán sin le sonrú go láidir ar an dá chéad albam. D'aistrigh ''In Blue'' i dtreo an phríomhshrutha popcheoil, le béim níos troime ar shintéiseoirí; d'fhill ''Borrowed Heaven'' ar an gceol tíre giotár-bhunaithe; agus is albam ceoil thraidisiúnta Éireannaigh atá in ''Home''. I measc na gceoltóirí ba mhó tionchar orthu bhí [[The Eagles]], [[The Police]], [[The Carpenters]], [[Simon and Garfunkel]] agus [[Fleetwood Mac]] — ceoltóirí ar mhúin a dtuismitheoirí féin, a bhí ina gceoltóirí iad féin, dóibh. ==Gníomhaíocht charthanachta== Bhí an banna gníomhach i gcúrsaí carthanachta ar feadh a ngairme. I 1998 ghlac siad páirt sa cheolchoirm charthanachta Pavarotti and Friends for the Children of Liberia i Modena, in éineacht le healaíontóirí eile ar nós Jon Bon Jovi, Celine Dion, na Spice Girls agus Stevie Wonder, chun airgead a bhailiú do leanaí dílleachta sa [[Libéir]]. An bhliain chéanna, sheinn siad ag ceolchoirm charthanachta d'íospartaigh bhuamáil na hÓmaí, in éineacht le [[Sinéad O'Connor]], [[Van Morrison]], [[Boyzone]], U2 agus [[Enya]]. Tar éis bhás a máthar in Ospidéal Freeman i Newcastle, i Sasana, d'eagraigh an banna ceolchoirm charthanachta ansiúd i 2001 a bhailigh os cionn £100,000 don ospidéal. I 2003, sheinn siad ag ceolchoirm 46664 [[Nelson Mandela]] i Cape Town, san [[Afraic Theas]], chun feasacht ar SEIF a ardú. Sheinn siad "When the Stars Go Blue" le Bono ag [[Live 8]] i nDún Éideann i 2005 mar chuid d'fheachtas ''Make Poverty History''. Mar aitheantas ar a gcuid oibre carthanachta, rinneadh Baill Oinigh d'Ord na Breataine Móire (MBE) den bhanna i 2005. ==Baill an bhanna== ===Príomhbhaill=== * Andrea Corr (rugadh 1974) – príomhamhránaíocht, feadóg stáin, ukulele, mandailín * Caroline Corr (rugadh 1973) – drumaí, cnaguirlisí, bodhrán, pianó, amhránaíocht * Sharon Corr (rugadh 1970) – veidhlín, méarchlár, amhránaíocht * Jim Corr (rugadh 1964) – giotár, pianó, méarchlár, amhránaíocht ===Ceoltóirí tacaíochta=== Ó dheireadh na bliana 1995 i leith, bhí Anthony Drennan (giotár cinn) agus Keith Duffy (giotár beas) ina mbaill bhuana den bhuíon a théadh ar camchuairt agus a thaifeadadh leis an mbanna. Nuair a d'imigh Drennan chun dul ar camchuairt le [[Genesis (banna ceoil)|Genesis]] i ndeireadh na bliana 1997, ghlac an giotáraí Conor Brady a áit go sealadach. D'fhill Drennan agus Duffy araon ar an mbanna dá n-athfhilleadh i 2015. ==Dioscliosta== ===Albaim stiúideo=== * ''Forgiven, Not Forgotten'' (1995) * ''Talk on Corners'' (1997) * ''In Blue'' (2000) * ''Borrowed Heaven'' (2004) * ''Home'' (2005) * ''White Light'' (2015) * ''Jupiter Calling'' (2017) ===Albaim bheo=== * ''Unplugged'' (1999) * ''VH1 Presents: The Corrs, Live in Dublin'' (2002) ===Albaim chnuasaigh=== * ''Best of The Corrs'' (2001) * ''Dreams: The Ultimate Corrs Collection'' (2006) * ''The Works'' (2007) ==Gradaim agus ainmniúcháin== * Ainmníodh an banna do Ghradam Grammy dhá uair: as an amhrán "Breathless" (2001) agus as "Rebel Heart". * Bhuaigh siad BRIT Award don Ghrúpa Idirnáisiúnta is Fearr i 1999; ainmníodh iad arís i 2001. * Bhuaigh siad World Music Award mar Ghrúpa Éireannach ba Mhó Díol ar Domhan i 1999. * Rinneadh Baill Oinigh d'Ord na Breataine Móire díobh i 2005. ==Tagairtí== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Corrs, The}} [[Catagóir:Ceoltóirí Éireannacha|Corrs, The]] [[Catagóir:Grúpaí ceoil bunaithe sa bhliain 1990]] [[Catagóir:Daoine as Contae Lú|Corrs, The]] bj0vkpiqhzoytexi22bljuhkanya47f 0 19594 1325216 1323619 2026-08-16T10:14:16Z TGcoa 21229 1325216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}} [[Íomhá:Dáil Éireann meeting in the Mansion House, August, 1921 (17068860698).jpg|mion|upright=1.35|An Dara Dáil ina suí i d[[Teach an Ardmhéara|Teach an Ard-Mhéara]] i m[[Baile Átha Cliath]], Lúnasa 1921]] Tháinig an '''Dara Dáil''' ([[An Béarla|Béarla]]: ''Second Dáil'') le chéile den chéad uair ar an [[16 Lúnasa]] [[1921]] agus shuigh sí go dtí an [[8 Meitheamh]] [[1922]]. Ba í parlaimint réabhlóideach Phoblacht na hÉireann í, poblacht neamhspleách a bhí fógartha ag [[Dáil Éireann]] i mí Eanáir 1919. Ba iad na comhaltaí a toghadh in [[Olltoghchán na hÉireann, 1921|olltoghcháin na bliana 1921]] a bhí inti, ach níor ghlac ach comhaltaí [[Sinn Féin]] a suíocháin.<ref name="en2ndDail">{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Second Dáil|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_D%C3%A1il|journal=Wikipedia|language=en|dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> Ar an [[7 Eanáir]] [[1922]] dhaingnigh sí an [[An Conradh Angla-Éireannach|Conradh Angla-Éireannach]] le 64 vóta in aghaidh 57, rud a chuir deireadh le [[Cogadh na Saoirse (Éire)|Cogadh na Saoirse]] agus as ar eascair bunú [[Saorstát Éireann|Shaorstát Éireann]] ar an [[6 Nollaig]] [[1922]].<ref name="donegal">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.donegalcoco.ie/media/donegalcountyc/museum/From%20Conflict%20To%20Division%201919-%201925%20Donegal%20Reduced.pdf|teideal=Ó Choimhlint go Deighilt: Dún na nGall 1919–1925|údar=Comhairle Contae Dhún na nGall|dáta=2016|dátarochtana=2026-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721084601/https://www.donegalcoco.ie/media/donegalcountyc/museum/From%20Conflict%20To%20Division%201919-%201925%20Donegal%20Reduced.pdf|archivedate=2022-07-21}}</ref> Ba í an scoilt faoin gConradh a chothaigh [[Cogadh Cathartha na hÉireann|Cogadh na gCarad]] ina dhiaidh sin. == Cúlra == Ó [[Olltoghchán na hÉireann, 1918|olltoghchán 1918]] i leith, bhí na feisirí a toghadh ar son [[Sinn Féin]] ag staonadh ó shuí i dTeach na dTeachtaí i Westminster, agus bhí [[Dáil Éireann]] bunaithe acu mar pharlaimint do phoblacht neamhspleách; ''[[Teachta Dála|Teachtaí Dála]]'' a thug siad orthu féin.<ref name="en2ndDail" /> I mí na Nollag 1920, i lár [[Cogadh na Saoirse (Éire)|Chogadh na Saoirse]], rith parlaimint na Breataine [[An tAcht um Rialtas na hÉireann (1920)|an tAcht um Rialtas na hÉireann]], acht a chuir [[Críochdheighilt na hÉireann|críochdheighilt]] i bhfeidhm trí dhá pharlaimint [[Rialtas Dúchais|Rialtais Dúchais]] a bhunú i dhá chuid éagsúla den tír. Fuair an tAcht aontú ríoga ar an [[23 Nollaig]] [[1920]].<ref name="stairParl">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/ga/visit-and-learn/history-and-buildings/history-of-parliament-in-ireland|teideal=Stair na Parlaiminte in Éirinn|údar=Tithe an Oireachtais|dáta=2020-03-05|language=ga|dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> I mBealtaine 1921 tionóladh na chéad toghcháin do Theach na dTeachtaí i d[[Tuaisceart Éireann]] agus do Theach na dTeachtaí i nDeisceart Éireann, agus córas na vótála inaistrithe aonair in úsáid. Ar an [[10 Bealtaine]] [[1921]] ghlac an [[An Chéad Dáil|Chéad Dáil]] rún á rá go measfaí gur toghcháin do Dháil Éireann a bheadh sna toghcháin sin.<ref name="oir19210510">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1921-05-10/26/|teideal=President's Statement — Elections (Dáil Éireann, 10 Bealtaine 1921)|údar=Tithe an Oireachtais|language=en|dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> == Olltoghchán 1921 == I nDeisceart Éireann ní raibh coimhlint i dtoghcheantar ar bith: bhuaigh Sinn Féin 124 de na 128 suíochán gan freasúra, agus chuaigh na ceithre shuíochán a bhí ag [[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath|Ollscoil Bhaile Átha Cliath]] chuig Aontachtaithe Neamhspleácha. I dtoghchán Thuaisceart Éireann bhuaigh [[Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh]] 40 de na 52 shuíochán, agus fuair Sinn Féin agus an Páirtí Náisiúnaíoch sé shuíochán an ceann. As na sé shuíochán a bhuaigh Sinn Féin sa Tuaisceart, bhí cúig cinn i seilbh daoine a bhí tofa i nDeisceart Éireann chomh maith;<ref group="n">Ba iad an cúigear a toghadh i dhá thoghcheantar ná [[Mícheál Ó Coileáin]], [[Éamon de Valera]], [[Art Ó Gríofa]], [[Seán Milroy]] agus [[Eoin Mac Néill]].</ref> ní raibh ann, dá bhrí sin, ach 125 teachta de chuid Shinn Féin nuair a tháinig an Dara Dáil le chéile.<ref name="en2ndDail" /> == An sos cogaidh == Ghlac an Dáil go fabhrach le moladh ón rí [[Seoirse V na Ríochta Aontaithe|Seoirse V]] ar an [[22 Meitheamh]] [[1921]] go dtiocfaí ar shos cogaidh, agus tháinig an sos i bhfeidhm ag meán lae ar an [[11 Iúil]] [[1921]]. Choinnigh formhór mór na gcomhraiceoirí leis fad a bhí obair na míonna ar bun chun conradh a shocrú.<ref name="en2ndDail" /> Chuir an sos ar chumas na Dála suí go poiblí gan baol gabhála den chéad uair ó cuireadh cosc uirthi i Meán Fómhair 1919. Bhí deis aici, dá bharr sin, suí níos minice agus tuairisciú níos iomláine a dhéanamh ar a cuid imeachtaí.<ref name="dail100">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.dail100.ie/ga/debates-office/reporting-a-revolutionary-parliament/|teideal=Parlaimint réabhlóideach a thuairisciú|údar=Dáil100, Tithe an Oireachtais|language=ga|dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> == Suíonna agus ionaid == Ba é an Seomra Darach i d[[Teach an Ardmhéara|Teach an Ard-Mhéara]] i m[[Baile Átha Cliath]] an chéad ionad suite a bhí ag an Dara Dáil. Shuigh sí freisin i g[[Coláiste Ríoga na Máinleá in Éirinn|Coláiste Ríoga na Máinleá]] agus, le linn dhíospóireachtaí an Chonartha, i g[[An Coláiste Ollscoile, Baile Átha Cliath|Coláiste na hOllscoile]] ar Ardán Phort an Iarla.<ref name="oirTreaty">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/ga/visit-and-learn/centenaries/treaty-debates/explore-the-treaty-debates/|teideal=Scrúdaigh Díospóireachtaí uile an Chonartha|údar=Tithe an Oireachtais|language=ga|dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> Idir an sos cogaidh agus síniú an Chonartha, áfach, níor shuigh an Dara Dáil ach deich lá, agus níor phléigh sí go mion na roghanna a bhí ar fáil di.<ref name="en2ndDail" /> == Caibidlíocht an Chonartha == Le linn na Dara Dála chomhaontaigh Poblacht na hÉireann agus rialtas Briotanach [[David Lloyd George]] caibidlíocht shíochána a thionól. Ba é [[Éamon de Valera]], mar Uachtarán Dháil Éireann, an t-oifigeach ba shinsearaí sa Phoblacht ag an tráth sin, ach ba cheann rialtais amháin é ó thaobh teicniúil de. I mí Lúnasa 1921, chun a sheasamh sa chaibidlíocht a threisiú, leasaigh an Dáil bunreacht na Dála sa dóigh gur bronnadh an teideal ''Uachtarán na Poblachta'' air, agus rinneadh ceann stáit de dá réir.<ref name="en2ndDail" /> Ba é ba chuspóir leis an athrú sin ná a chur ina luí ar na Breatanaigh gur idir dhá stát cheannasacha a bhí an chaibidlíocht ar siúl, agus toscairí creidiúnaithe ag na cinn stáit faoi seach: rí na Breataine agus uachtarán na hÉireann. Idir an [[18 Lúnasa]] agus an [[14 Meán Fómhair]] [[1921]] phléigh an Dáil ceist na gcaibidlí i seacht suí a tionóladh go príobháideach, ó bhí an t-ábhar chomh leochaileach sin.<ref name="oirTreaty" /> Ar an 14 Meán Fómhair dhaingnigh sí ceapachán [[Art Ó Gríofa|Airt Uí Ghríofa]], [[Mícheál Ó Coileáin|Mhichíl Uí Choileáin]], Robert Barton, [[Éamonn Ó Dúgáin|Éamoinn Uí Dhúgáin]] agus George Gavan Duffy mar thoscairí lánchumhachtacha don chomhdháil síochána i Sasana.<ref name="oir19210914">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1921-09-14/|teideal=Dáil Éireann debate, 14 Meán Fómhair 1921|údar=Tithe an Oireachtais|language=en|dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> Bhí triúr acu — Ó Gríofa, Ó Coileáin agus Barton — ina mbaill den Aireacht. Shínigh na toscairí an Conradh Angla-Éireannach i [[Londain]] ar an [[6 Nollaig]] [[1921]], ach bhí sé faoi réir a dhaingnithe ag an Dáil. == Díospóireacht an Chonartha == Thosaigh an díospóireacht ar an gConradh ar an [[14 Nollaig]] [[1921]] — i g[[An Coláiste Ollscoile, Baile Átha Cliath|Coláiste na hOllscoile]] ar Ardán Phort an Iarla an uair seo — agus lean sí ar aghaidh go dtí an [[7 Eanáir]] [[1922]]: trí lá dhéag díospóireachta ar fad. Ba é an rún a bhí faoi bhráid an Tí ná go bhfaomhfadh Dáil Éireann an conradh idir an Bhreatain Mhór agus Éire a síníodh i Londain an 6 Nollaig 1921.<ref name="oirTreaty" /> Ba iad na díospóireachtaí seo an chéad phlé de chuid Shinn Féin ar ar tuairiscíodh go poiblí. Ar an 7 Eanáir 1922 cheadaigh an Dáil an Conradh le 64 vóta in aghaidh 57.<ref name="oir19220107">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-01-07/2/|teideal=Debate on Treaty (Dáil Éireann, 7 Eanáir 1922)|údar=Tithe an Oireachtais|language=en|dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> Níor ceadaíodh ach aon vóta amháin do na teachtaí a bhí ag ionadaíocht do bhreis is toghcheantar amháin, ach ní athródh sin an toradh. D'éirigh de Valera as an Uachtaránacht ó bhí sé i gceannas ar an mionlach a bhí i gcoinne an Chonartha. Cuireadh a ainm ar aghaidh arís, ach cailleadh an vóta le 60 in aghaidh 58, agus tháinig [[Art Ó Gríofa]] i gcomharbacht air.<ref name="oir19220110">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-01-10/2/|teideal=Election of President (Dáil Éireann, 10 Eanáir 1922)|údar=Tithe an Oireachtais|language=en|dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> Lean na teachtaí a bhí i gcoinne an Chonartha orthu ag freastal ar an Dáil, agus ba é de Valera céad Cheannaire an Fhreasúra i nDáil Éireann. == An daingniú foirmiúil agus an Rialtas Sealadach == De réir théarmaí an Chonartha féin, ba ag cruinniú de na comhaltaí a toghadh chun suí i dTeach na dTeachtaí i nDeisceart Éireann a bhí an daingniú le déanamh. Níor chomhlíon vóta na Dála an coinníoll sin, ó bhí ceathrar aontachtaithe as láthair agus comhalta amháin ó Thuaisceart Éireann i láthair. Tugadh an faomhadh riachtanach ag cruinniú ar leith ar an [[14 Eanáir]] [[1922]] ar fhreastail na haontachtaithe air agus a ndearna na teachtaí a bhí i gcoinne an Chonartha baghcat air.<ref name="oir19220228">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-02-28/4/|teideal=President's Statement (Dáil Éireann, 28 Feabhra 1922)|údar=Tithe an Oireachtais|language=en|dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> Cheadaigh cruinniú an 14 Eanáir [[Rialtas Sealadach na hÉireann (1922)|Rialtas Sealadach]] faoi cheannas Uí Choileáin chomh maith, rialtas a d'fheidhmigh taobh le taobh le rialtas Dála Uí Ghríofa agus baill i bpáirt ag an dá rialtas. Níor chruinniú de Theach na dTeachtaí i nDeisceart Éireann féin a bhí ann, ámh, ach cruinniú de na daoine a toghadh chun suí ann: faoin Acht um Rialtas na hÉireann bhí ar Thiarna Leifteanant na hÉireann an Teach a ghairm agus bhí ar na comhaltaí móid dílseachta a thabhairt don rí, ach ba é Ó Gríofa a ghair cruinniú an 14 Eanáir agus níor thug na comhaltaí a bhí i láthair aon mhóid.<ref name="en2ndDail" /> == Comharbas agus deireadh na Dála == Faoi théarmaí an Chonartha, bhí tionól bunreachtúil le toghadh chun [[Bunreacht Shaorstát Éireann|bunreacht]] a dhréachtú do Shaorstát Éireann, bunreacht a bheadh i bhfeidhm faoin [[6 Nollaig]] [[1922]]. D'fheidhmeodh an tionól céanna mar "Pharlaimint Shealadach" a mbeadh an Rialtas Sealadach freagrach di. Tionóladh an [[Olltoghchán na hÉireann, 1922|toghchán sin]] ar an [[16 Meitheamh]] [[1922]], de bhun rúin ón Dara Dáil ar an [[20 Bealtaine]] agus forógra ón Rialtas Sealadach ar an [[27 Bealtaine]].<ref name="oir19220520">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-05-20/2/|teideal=National Coalition Panel Joint Statement (Dáil Éireann, 20 Bealtaine 1922)|údar=Tithe an Oireachtais|language=en|dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref><ref name="oir19220909">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-09-09/2/|teideal=Proclamations — Summoning and Proroguing of Parliament (Dáil Éireann, 9 Meán Fómhair 1922)|údar=Tithe an Oireachtais|language=en|dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> Le rún na Dála ceadaíodh freisin an comhaontú idir Ó Coileáin agus de Valera, comhaontú a rinneadh in iarracht gan toradh cosc a chur ar chogadh cathartha. Ba é a bhí ann ná painéal comhrialtais náisiúnta a chur os comhair na dtoghthóirí, painéal a dhéanfadh ionadaíocht don dá thaobh sa Dáil agus in eagraíocht Shinn Féin.<ref name="oir19220520" /> Ar an [[8 Meitheamh]] [[1922]] chuir an Dara Dáil a cuid oibre ar athló go dtí an 30 Meitheamh 1922.<ref name="oir19220608">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-06-08/9/|teideal=Motion of Censure (Dáil Éireann, 8 Meitheamh 1922)|údar=Tithe an Oireachtais|language=en|dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> Bhí sé beartaithe ag lucht an chomhaontaithe go dtiocfadh sí le chéile an lá sin agus go gceapfadh sí an Tríú Dáil go foirmiúil mar chomharba uirthi.<ref name="laffan">Laffan, Michael, ''The Resurrection of Ireland: The Sinn Féin Party, 1916–1923'' (Cambridge University Press, 1999), lch 411. ISBN 978-1-139-42629-9.</ref> Nuair a bhris [[Cogadh Cathartha na hÉireann|an cogadh cathartha]] amach ar an [[28 Meitheamh]], áfach, níor tharla cruinniú an 30 Meitheamh, agus chuir an Rialtas Sealadach an chéad chruinniú den Pharlaimint Shealadach ar athló arís agus arís eile go dtí an [[9 Meán Fómhair]].<ref name="oir19220909" /> Faoin am sin bhí Ó Coileáin agus Ó Gríofa araon marbh, agus bhí rialtas na Dála agus an Rialtas Sealadach cumaiscthe faoi [[Liam Tomás Mac Cosgair]]. Ar an [[6 Nollaig]] [[1922]] tháinig an Bunreacht agus an Saorstát i bhfeidhm: rinneadh Ard-Chomhairle an tSaorstáit den Rialtas Sealadach, agus rinneadh teach íochtarach Oireachtas an tSaorstáit den Pharlaimint Shealadach. Mhair an cogadh cathartha go dtí Bealtaine 1923. == Dlisteanachas poblachtach == Le linn an chogaidh chathartha, agus i mblianta ina dhiaidh sin, mhaígh de Valera agus teoiricithe poblachtacha eile go raibh an Dara Dáil ar marthain i gcónaí mar pharlaimint dhlisteanach na Poblachta. I gcóras Westminster, tagann lánscor na parlaiminte roimh olltoghchán i gcónaí agus cuireann sé deireadh le téarma na parlaiminte reatha; meastar gurb é an chéad chruinniú de na comhaltaí nuathofa tús na parlaiminte nua. Briseadh an nós sin go follasach sa trasdul ón [[An Chéad Dáil|gCéad Dáil]] go dtí an Dara Dáil, agus go hintuigthe sna forálacha idirthréimhseacha a socraíodh i mBealtaine agus i Meitheamh 1922.<ref name="laffan" /><ref name="mccullagh">McCullagh, David, ''De Valera, Volume 1: Rise (1882–1932)'' (Gill & Macmillan, 2017). ISBN 978-0-7171-5584-2.</ref><ref group="n">Ar an 10 Bealtaine 1921 ghlac an Chéad Dáil rún go measfaí gur toghcháin do Dháil Éireann iad na toghcháin pharlaiminteacha a bhí le teacht, agus go lánscoirfí an Dáil a bhí ann go huathoibríoch a luaithe a ghairfeadh an tUachtarán an comhlacht nua le chéile. Nuair a chruinnigh na teachtaí nuathofa i mí Lúnasa, dá réir sin, d'fhág an Ceann Comhairle an chathaoir ag de Valera, a dúirt go raibh an tseanDáil i seisiún go dtí an nóiméad sin agus go raibh an Dáil nua i seisiún feasta.</ref> Sa dá chás, bhí na teachtaí ag iarraidh briseadh leanúnachais a sheachaint, briseadh a tharlódh dá lánscoirfí an tseanDáil agus dá dteipfeadh ar an toghchán beartaithe de bharr staid an tslándála. Toisc nár tharla aon aistriú údaráis go sainráite, bhí sé ar chumas na bpoblachtach a mhaíomh go raibh an Dara Dáil ann i gcónaí, nach raibh dlisteanacht ag an tionól bunreachtúil nua agus gur ainm mícheart a bhí san ainm "Tríú Dáil". Dá mba mhídhleathach an Tríú Dáil, ba mhídhleathach freisin bunreacht an tSaorstáit a d'achtaigh sí, agus an Saorstát féin. Ar an mbonn sin, staon na teachtaí a bhí i gcoinne an Chonartha ó shuíocháin a ghlacadh sa Tríú Dáil. Tionóladh roinnt bheag cruinnithe siombalacha rúnda den "Dara Dáil" leanúnach, agus ba ag an gcéad cheann acu i nDeireadh Fómhair 1922 a ceapadh rialtas poblachtach faoi de Valera.<ref name="pyne">Pyne, Peter, "The Third Sinn Féin Party: 1923–1926; I: Narrative Account", ''Economic and Social Review'', iml. 1, uimh. 1 (1969), lgh 29–50.</ref> Sa bhliain 1924 bhunaigh de Valera Comhairle na dTeachtaí chun cur leis an líon a bhí ag dul i laghad de theachtaí na Dara Dála a toghadh in 1921, agus sin le staonairí de chuid Shinn Féin a toghadh in olltoghcháin 1922 agus 1923. Rinne T. Ryle Dwyer cur síos ar an socrú sin mar aitheantas gurbh í an Dara Dáil an t-údarás ''de jure'', gurbh í Comhairle na dTeachtaí an t-údarás "''de jure de facto''", agus gurbh é Oireachtas an tSaorstáit an t-údarás "''de facto de facto''".<ref name="dwyer">Dwyer, T. Ryle, ''De Valera: The Man and the Myths'' (Poolbeg, 1992), lch 134. ISBN 978-1-85371-180-0.</ref> Sa bhliain 1925 tharraing coinbhinsiún de chuid an IRA a bhí i gcoinne an Chonartha a dhílseacht siar ón rialtas poblachtach agus thug do Chomhairle Airm an IRA í.<ref name="pyne" /> Bhí móid dílseachta tugtha don Phoblacht ag teachtaí na Dara Dála, agus mheas Sinn Féin gur sháraigh aon duine a thacaigh leis an gConradh nó le bunreacht an tSaorstáit — go follasach nó go hintuigthe — an mhóid sin agus gur fhág sé a shuíochán folamh dá bharr. Sa bhliain 1926 bhunaigh de Valera [[Fianna Fáil]] chun freasúra níos pragmataí ná freasúra Shinn Féin a chur ar fáil don Saorstát, agus an bhliain dár gcionn thréig an páirtí an staonadh agus ghlac sé a shuíocháin i nDáil an tSaorstáit.<ref name="pyne" /> I mí an Mhárta 1928 thug [[Seán F. Lemass|Seán Lemass]] cur síos cáiliúil ar Fhianna Fáil mar pháirtí nach raibh ach beagán bunreachtúil. I mí na Nollag 1938 tháinig seachtar de na daoine a toghadh in 1921 — daoine a mheas gurbh í an Dara Dáil an tionól dlisteanach deireanach, agus gur dhícháiligh na comhaltaí eile iad féin nuair a thug siad móid dílseachta don rí — le chéile le Comhairle Airm an IRA faoi cheannas Sheáin Russell. Shínigh siad údarás rialtas Dháil Éireann, mar a mheas siad, chuig an gComhairle Airm go dtí go bhféadfadh muintir na hÉireann uile Dáil nua a thoghadh go daonlathach.<ref group="n">Ba iad an seachtar ná [[Seán Ó Ceallaigh (Sceilg)|Seán Ó Ceallaigh (Sceilg)]], [[George Noble Plunkett|an Cunta Pluincéad]], [[William Stockley]], [[Máire Nic Shuibhne]], [[Brian Ó hUiginn]], [[Tom Maguire|Tomás Mag Uidhir]] agus [[Cathal Ó Murchadha]].</ref> Ón lá sin amach mheas Comhairle Airm an IRA gurbh í féin rialtas dlisteanach na Poblachta. Thréig [[Páirtí na nOibrithe|Sinn Féin Oifigiúil]] an staonadh in 1969–70 agus rinne Sinn Féin Sealadach amhlaidh in 1986. Coinníonn [[Sinn Féin Poblachtach]] leis an dearcadh gurbh í an Dara Dáil an reachtas dlisteanach deireanach in Éirinn. == Baill shuntasacha == * [[Éamon de Valera]], Uachtarán Dháil Éireann agus Uachtarán na Poblachta, 1921–1922 * [[Art Ó Gríofa]], Uachtarán Dháil Éireann, 1922 * [[Eoin Mac Néill]], [[An Ceann Comhairle|Ceann Comhairle]] * [[Mícheál Ó Coileáin]] * [[Liam Tomás Mac Cosgair]] * [[Cathal Brugha]] * [[George Noble Plunkett|An Cunta Pluincéad]] * [[Caoimhín Ó hUiginn]] * [[Máire Nic Shuibhne]] * [[Éamonn Ó Dúgáin]] == Féach freisin == * [[An Chéad Dáil]] * [[Olltoghchán na hÉireann, 1921]] * [[An Conradh Angla-Éireannach]] * [[An tAcht um Rialtas na hÉireann (1920)]] * [[Críochdheighilt na hÉireann]] * [[Rialtas Sealadach na hÉireann (1922)]] * [[Cogadh Cathartha na hÉireann]] == Nótaí == {{Reflist|group="n"}} == Tagairtí == {{Reflist|30em}} == Naisc sheachtracha == * [https://www.oireachtas.ie/ga/debates/ Díospóireachtaí Thithe an Oireachtais] * [https://www.dail100.ie/ga/ Suíomh Dáil100] * [https://repository.dri.ie/catalog/t148v311v Taifid Dháil Éireann 1919–1922] (Stór Digiteach na hÉireann) [[Catagóir:Cogadh na Saoirse in Éirinn]] [[Catagóir:Dáil Éireann]] [[Catagóir:Cogadh Cathartha na hÉireann]] [[Catagóir:Stair na hÉireann]] sbqjy9cd4j02mbbd7tngb4lsdxgjw25 1325217 1325216 2026-08-16T10:16:28Z TGcoa 21229 1325217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}} [[Íomhá:Dáil Éireann meeting in the Mansion House, August, 1921 (17068860698).jpg|mion|An Dara Dáil ina suí i d[[Teach an Ardmhéara|Teach an Ard-Mhéara]] i m[[Baile Átha Cliath]], Lúnasa 1921|220x220px]] Tháinig an '''Dara Dáil''' ([[An Béarla|Béarla]]: ''Second Dáil'') le chéile den chéad uair ar an [[16 Lúnasa]] [[1921]] agus shuigh sí go dtí an [[8 Meitheamh]] [[1922]]. Ba í parlaimint réabhlóideach Phoblacht na hÉireann í, poblacht neamhspleách a bhí fógartha ag [[Dáil Éireann]] i mí Eanáir 1919. Ba iad na comhaltaí a toghadh in [[Olltoghchán na hÉireann, 1921|olltoghcháin na bliana 1921]] a bhí inti, ach níor ghlac ach comhaltaí [[Sinn Féin]] a suíocháin.<ref name="en2ndDail">{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Second Dáil|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_D%C3%A1il|journal=Wikipedia|language=en|dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> Ar an [[7 Eanáir]] [[1922]] dhaingnigh sí an [[An Conradh Angla-Éireannach|Conradh Angla-Éireannach]] le 64 vóta in aghaidh 57, rud a chuir deireadh le [[Cogadh na Saoirse (Éire)|Cogadh na Saoirse]] agus as ar eascair bunú [[Saorstát Éireann|Shaorstát Éireann]] ar an [[6 Nollaig]] [[1922]].<ref name="donegal">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.donegalcoco.ie/media/donegalcountyc/museum/From%20Conflict%20To%20Division%201919-%201925%20Donegal%20Reduced.pdf|teideal=Ó Choimhlint go Deighilt: Dún na nGall 1919–1925|údar=Comhairle Contae Dhún na nGall|dáta=2016|dátarochtana=2026-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721084601/https://www.donegalcoco.ie/media/donegalcountyc/museum/From%20Conflict%20To%20Division%201919-%201925%20Donegal%20Reduced.pdf|archivedate=2022-07-21}}</ref> Ba í an scoilt faoin gConradh a chothaigh [[Cogadh Cathartha na hÉireann|Cogadh na gCarad]] ina dhiaidh sin. == Cúlra == Ó [[Olltoghchán na hÉireann, 1918|olltoghchán 1918]] i leith, bhí na feisirí a toghadh ar son [[Sinn Féin]] ag staonadh ó shuí i dTeach na dTeachtaí i Westminster, agus bhí [[Dáil Éireann]] bunaithe acu mar pharlaimint do phoblacht neamhspleách; ''[[Teachta Dála|Teachtaí Dála]]'' a thug siad orthu féin.<ref name="en2ndDail" /> I mí na Nollag 1920, i lár [[Cogadh na Saoirse (Éire)|Chogadh na Saoirse]], rith parlaimint na Breataine [[An tAcht um Rialtas na hÉireann (1920)|an tAcht um Rialtas na hÉireann]], acht a chuir [[Críochdheighilt na hÉireann|críochdheighilt]] i bhfeidhm trí dhá pharlaimint [[Rialtas Dúchais|Rialtais Dúchais]] a bhunú i dhá chuid éagsúla den tír. Fuair an tAcht aontú ríoga ar an [[23 Nollaig]] [[1920]].<ref name="stairParl">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/ga/visit-and-learn/history-and-buildings/history-of-parliament-in-ireland|teideal=Stair na Parlaiminte in Éirinn|údar=Tithe an Oireachtais|dáta=2020-03-05|language=ga|dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> I mBealtaine 1921 tionóladh na chéad toghcháin do Theach na dTeachtaí i d[[Tuaisceart Éireann]] agus do Theach na dTeachtaí i nDeisceart Éireann, agus córas na vótála inaistrithe aonair in úsáid. Ar an [[10 Bealtaine]] [[1921]] ghlac an [[An Chéad Dáil|Chéad Dáil]] rún á rá go measfaí gur toghcháin do Dháil Éireann a bheadh sna toghcháin sin.<ref name="oir19210510">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1921-05-10/26/|teideal=President's Statement — Elections (Dáil Éireann, 10 Bealtaine 1921)|údar=Tithe an Oireachtais|language=en|dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> == Olltoghchán 1921 == I nDeisceart Éireann ní raibh coimhlint i dtoghcheantar ar bith: bhuaigh Sinn Féin 124 de na 128 suíochán gan freasúra, agus chuaigh na ceithre shuíochán a bhí ag [[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath|Ollscoil Bhaile Átha Cliath]] chuig Aontachtaithe Neamhspleácha. I dtoghchán Thuaisceart Éireann bhuaigh [[Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh]] 40 de na 52 shuíochán, agus fuair Sinn Féin agus an Páirtí Náisiúnaíoch sé shuíochán an ceann. As na sé shuíochán a bhuaigh Sinn Féin sa Tuaisceart, bhí cúig cinn i seilbh daoine a bhí tofa i nDeisceart Éireann chomh maith;<ref group="n">Ba iad an cúigear a toghadh i dhá thoghcheantar ná [[Mícheál Ó Coileáin]], [[Éamon de Valera]], [[Art Ó Gríofa]], [[Seán Milroy]] agus [[Eoin Mac Néill]].</ref> ní raibh ann, dá bhrí sin, ach 125 teachta de chuid Shinn Féin nuair a tháinig an Dara Dáil le chéile.<ref name="en2ndDail" /> [[Íomhá:Éamon_de_Valera_by_Underwood_&_Underwood.jpg|mion|372x372px|[[Éamon de Valera]], [[Uachtarán]] Dháil Éireann, 1921-1922]] [[Íomhá:Arthur_Griffith.jpg|mion|293x293px|Arthur Griffith, [[Uachtarán]] Dháil Éireann, 1922]] == An sos cogaidh == Ghlac an Dáil go fabhrach le moladh ón rí [[Seoirse V na Ríochta Aontaithe|Seoirse V]] ar an [[22 Meitheamh]] [[1921]] go dtiocfaí ar shos cogaidh, agus tháinig an sos i bhfeidhm ag meán lae ar an [[11 Iúil]] [[1921]]. Choinnigh formhór mór na gcomhraiceoirí leis fad a bhí obair na míonna ar bun chun conradh a shocrú.<ref name="en2ndDail" /> Chuir an sos ar chumas na Dála suí go poiblí gan baol gabhála den chéad uair ó cuireadh cosc uirthi i Meán Fómhair 1919. Bhí deis aici, dá bharr sin, suí níos minice agus tuairisciú níos iomláine a dhéanamh ar a cuid imeachtaí.<ref name="dail100">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.dail100.ie/ga/debates-office/reporting-a-revolutionary-parliament/|teideal=Parlaimint réabhlóideach a thuairisciú|údar=Dáil100, Tithe an Oireachtais|language=ga|dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> == Suíonna agus ionaid == Ba é an Seomra Darach i d[[Teach an Ardmhéara|Teach an Ard-Mhéara]] i m[[Baile Átha Cliath]] an chéad ionad suite a bhí ag an Dara Dáil. Shuigh sí freisin i g[[Coláiste Ríoga na Máinleá in Éirinn|Coláiste Ríoga na Máinleá]] agus, le linn dhíospóireachtaí an Chonartha, i g[[An Coláiste Ollscoile, Baile Átha Cliath|Coláiste na hOllscoile]] ar Ardán Phort an Iarla.<ref name="oirTreaty">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/ga/visit-and-learn/centenaries/treaty-debates/explore-the-treaty-debates/|teideal=Scrúdaigh Díospóireachtaí uile an Chonartha|údar=Tithe an Oireachtais|language=ga|dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> Idir an sos cogaidh agus síniú an Chonartha, áfach, níor shuigh an Dara Dáil ach deich lá, agus níor phléigh sí go mion na roghanna a bhí ar fáil di.<ref name="en2ndDail" /> == Caibidlíocht an Chonartha == Le linn na Dara Dála chomhaontaigh Poblacht na hÉireann agus rialtas Briotanach [[David Lloyd George]] caibidlíocht shíochána a thionól. Ba é [[Éamon de Valera]], mar Uachtarán Dháil Éireann, an t-oifigeach ba shinsearaí sa Phoblacht ag an tráth sin, ach ba cheann rialtais amháin é ó thaobh teicniúil de. I mí Lúnasa 1921, chun a sheasamh sa chaibidlíocht a threisiú, leasaigh an Dáil bunreacht na Dála sa dóigh gur bronnadh an teideal ''Uachtarán na Poblachta'' air, agus rinneadh ceann stáit de dá réir.<ref name="en2ndDail" /> Ba é ba chuspóir leis an athrú sin ná a chur ina luí ar na Breatanaigh gur idir dhá stát cheannasacha a bhí an chaibidlíocht ar siúl, agus toscairí creidiúnaithe ag na cinn stáit faoi seach: rí na Breataine agus uachtarán na hÉireann. Idir an [[18 Lúnasa]] agus an [[14 Meán Fómhair]] [[1921]] phléigh an Dáil ceist na gcaibidlí i seacht suí a tionóladh go príobháideach, ó bhí an t-ábhar chomh leochaileach sin.<ref name="oirTreaty" /> Ar an 14 Meán Fómhair dhaingnigh sí ceapachán [[Art Ó Gríofa|Airt Uí Ghríofa]], [[Mícheál Ó Coileáin|Mhichíl Uí Choileáin]], Robert Barton, [[Éamonn Ó Dúgáin|Éamoinn Uí Dhúgáin]] agus George Gavan Duffy mar thoscairí lánchumhachtacha don chomhdháil síochána i Sasana.<ref name="oir19210914">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1921-09-14/|teideal=Dáil Éireann debate, 14 Meán Fómhair 1921|údar=Tithe an Oireachtais|language=en|dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> Bhí triúr acu — Ó Gríofa, Ó Coileáin agus Barton — ina mbaill den Aireacht. Shínigh na toscairí an Conradh Angla-Éireannach i [[Londain]] ar an [[6 Nollaig]] [[1921]], ach bhí sé faoi réir a dhaingnithe ag an Dáil. == Díospóireacht an Chonartha == Thosaigh an díospóireacht ar an gConradh ar an [[14 Nollaig]] [[1921]] — i g[[An Coláiste Ollscoile, Baile Átha Cliath|Coláiste na hOllscoile]] ar Ardán Phort an Iarla an uair seo — agus lean sí ar aghaidh go dtí an [[7 Eanáir]] [[1922]]: trí lá dhéag díospóireachta ar fad. Ba é an rún a bhí faoi bhráid an Tí ná go bhfaomhfadh Dáil Éireann an conradh idir an Bhreatain Mhór agus Éire a síníodh i Londain an 6 Nollaig 1921.<ref name="oirTreaty" /> Ba iad na díospóireachtaí seo an chéad phlé de chuid Shinn Féin ar ar tuairiscíodh go poiblí. Ar an 7 Eanáir 1922 cheadaigh an Dáil an Conradh le 64 vóta in aghaidh 57.<ref name="oir19220107">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-01-07/2/|teideal=Debate on Treaty (Dáil Éireann, 7 Eanáir 1922)|údar=Tithe an Oireachtais|language=en|dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> Níor ceadaíodh ach aon vóta amháin do na teachtaí a bhí ag ionadaíocht do bhreis is toghcheantar amháin, ach ní athródh sin an toradh. D'éirigh de Valera as an Uachtaránacht ó bhí sé i gceannas ar an mionlach a bhí i gcoinne an Chonartha. Cuireadh a ainm ar aghaidh arís, ach cailleadh an vóta le 60 in aghaidh 58, agus tháinig [[Art Ó Gríofa]] i gcomharbacht air.<ref name="oir19220110">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-01-10/2/|teideal=Election of President (Dáil Éireann, 10 Eanáir 1922)|údar=Tithe an Oireachtais|language=en|dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> Lean na teachtaí a bhí i gcoinne an Chonartha orthu ag freastal ar an Dáil, agus ba é de Valera céad Cheannaire an Fhreasúra i nDáil Éireann. == An daingniú foirmiúil agus an Rialtas Sealadach == De réir théarmaí an Chonartha féin, ba ag cruinniú de na comhaltaí a toghadh chun suí i dTeach na dTeachtaí i nDeisceart Éireann a bhí an daingniú le déanamh. Níor chomhlíon vóta na Dála an coinníoll sin, ó bhí ceathrar aontachtaithe as láthair agus comhalta amháin ó Thuaisceart Éireann i láthair. Tugadh an faomhadh riachtanach ag cruinniú ar leith ar an [[14 Eanáir]] [[1922]] ar fhreastail na haontachtaithe air agus a ndearna na teachtaí a bhí i gcoinne an Chonartha baghcat air.<ref name="oir19220228">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-02-28/4/|teideal=President's Statement (Dáil Éireann, 28 Feabhra 1922)|údar=Tithe an Oireachtais|language=en|dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> Cheadaigh cruinniú an 14 Eanáir [[Rialtas Sealadach na hÉireann (1922)|Rialtas Sealadach]] faoi cheannas Uí Choileáin chomh maith, rialtas a d'fheidhmigh taobh le taobh le rialtas Dála Uí Ghríofa agus baill i bpáirt ag an dá rialtas. Níor chruinniú de Theach na dTeachtaí i nDeisceart Éireann féin a bhí ann, ámh, ach cruinniú de na daoine a toghadh chun suí ann: faoin Acht um Rialtas na hÉireann bhí ar Thiarna Leifteanant na hÉireann an Teach a ghairm agus bhí ar na comhaltaí móid dílseachta a thabhairt don rí, ach ba é Ó Gríofa a ghair cruinniú an 14 Eanáir agus níor thug na comhaltaí a bhí i láthair aon mhóid.<ref name="en2ndDail" /> == Comharbas agus deireadh na Dála == Faoi théarmaí an Chonartha, bhí tionól bunreachtúil le toghadh chun [[Bunreacht Shaorstát Éireann|bunreacht]] a dhréachtú do Shaorstát Éireann, bunreacht a bheadh i bhfeidhm faoin [[6 Nollaig]] [[1922]]. D'fheidhmeodh an tionól céanna mar "Pharlaimint Shealadach" a mbeadh an Rialtas Sealadach freagrach di. Tionóladh an [[Olltoghchán na hÉireann, 1922|toghchán sin]] ar an [[16 Meitheamh]] [[1922]], de bhun rúin ón Dara Dáil ar an [[20 Bealtaine]] agus forógra ón Rialtas Sealadach ar an [[27 Bealtaine]].<ref name="oir19220520">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-05-20/2/|teideal=National Coalition Panel Joint Statement (Dáil Éireann, 20 Bealtaine 1922)|údar=Tithe an Oireachtais|language=en|dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref><ref name="oir19220909">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-09-09/2/|teideal=Proclamations — Summoning and Proroguing of Parliament (Dáil Éireann, 9 Meán Fómhair 1922)|údar=Tithe an Oireachtais|language=en|dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> Le rún na Dála ceadaíodh freisin an comhaontú idir Ó Coileáin agus de Valera, comhaontú a rinneadh in iarracht gan toradh cosc a chur ar chogadh cathartha. Ba é a bhí ann ná painéal comhrialtais náisiúnta a chur os comhair na dtoghthóirí, painéal a dhéanfadh ionadaíocht don dá thaobh sa Dáil agus in eagraíocht Shinn Féin.<ref name="oir19220520" /> Ar an [[8 Meitheamh]] [[1922]] chuir an Dara Dáil a cuid oibre ar athló go dtí an 30 Meitheamh 1922.<ref name="oir19220608">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-06-08/9/|teideal=Motion of Censure (Dáil Éireann, 8 Meitheamh 1922)|údar=Tithe an Oireachtais|language=en|dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> Bhí sé beartaithe ag lucht an chomhaontaithe go dtiocfadh sí le chéile an lá sin agus go gceapfadh sí an Tríú Dáil go foirmiúil mar chomharba uirthi.<ref name="laffan">Laffan, Michael, ''The Resurrection of Ireland: The Sinn Féin Party, 1916–1923'' (Cambridge University Press, 1999), lch 411. ISBN 978-1-139-42629-9.</ref> Nuair a bhris [[Cogadh Cathartha na hÉireann|an cogadh cathartha]] amach ar an [[28 Meitheamh]], áfach, níor tharla cruinniú an 30 Meitheamh, agus chuir an Rialtas Sealadach an chéad chruinniú den Pharlaimint Shealadach ar athló arís agus arís eile go dtí an [[9 Meán Fómhair]].<ref name="oir19220909" /> Faoin am sin bhí Ó Coileáin agus Ó Gríofa araon marbh, agus bhí rialtas na Dála agus an Rialtas Sealadach cumaiscthe faoi [[Liam Tomás Mac Cosgair]]. Ar an [[6 Nollaig]] [[1922]] tháinig an Bunreacht agus an Saorstát i bhfeidhm: rinneadh Ard-Chomhairle an tSaorstáit den Rialtas Sealadach, agus rinneadh teach íochtarach Oireachtas an tSaorstáit den Pharlaimint Shealadach. Mhair an cogadh cathartha go dtí Bealtaine 1923. == Dlisteanachas poblachtach == Le linn an chogaidh chathartha, agus i mblianta ina dhiaidh sin, mhaígh de Valera agus teoiricithe poblachtacha eile go raibh an Dara Dáil ar marthain i gcónaí mar pharlaimint dhlisteanach na Poblachta. I gcóras Westminster, tagann lánscor na parlaiminte roimh olltoghchán i gcónaí agus cuireann sé deireadh le téarma na parlaiminte reatha; meastar gurb é an chéad chruinniú de na comhaltaí nuathofa tús na parlaiminte nua. Briseadh an nós sin go follasach sa trasdul ón [[An Chéad Dáil|gCéad Dáil]] go dtí an Dara Dáil, agus go hintuigthe sna forálacha idirthréimhseacha a socraíodh i mBealtaine agus i Meitheamh 1922.<ref name="laffan" /><ref name="mccullagh">McCullagh, David, ''De Valera, Volume 1: Rise (1882–1932)'' (Gill & Macmillan, 2017). ISBN 978-0-7171-5584-2.</ref><ref group="n">Ar an 10 Bealtaine 1921 ghlac an Chéad Dáil rún go measfaí gur toghcháin do Dháil Éireann iad na toghcháin pharlaiminteacha a bhí le teacht, agus go lánscoirfí an Dáil a bhí ann go huathoibríoch a luaithe a ghairfeadh an tUachtarán an comhlacht nua le chéile. Nuair a chruinnigh na teachtaí nuathofa i mí Lúnasa, dá réir sin, d'fhág an Ceann Comhairle an chathaoir ag de Valera, a dúirt go raibh an tseanDáil i seisiún go dtí an nóiméad sin agus go raibh an Dáil nua i seisiún feasta.</ref> Sa dá chás, bhí na teachtaí ag iarraidh briseadh leanúnachais a sheachaint, briseadh a tharlódh dá lánscoirfí an tseanDáil agus dá dteipfeadh ar an toghchán beartaithe de bharr staid an tslándála. Toisc nár tharla aon aistriú údaráis go sainráite, bhí sé ar chumas na bpoblachtach a mhaíomh go raibh an Dara Dáil ann i gcónaí, nach raibh dlisteanacht ag an tionól bunreachtúil nua agus gur ainm mícheart a bhí san ainm "Tríú Dáil". Dá mba mhídhleathach an Tríú Dáil, ba mhídhleathach freisin bunreacht an tSaorstáit a d'achtaigh sí, agus an Saorstát féin. Ar an mbonn sin, staon na teachtaí a bhí i gcoinne an Chonartha ó shuíocháin a ghlacadh sa Tríú Dáil. Tionóladh roinnt bheag cruinnithe siombalacha rúnda den "Dara Dáil" leanúnach, agus ba ag an gcéad cheann acu i nDeireadh Fómhair 1922 a ceapadh rialtas poblachtach faoi de Valera.<ref name="pyne">Pyne, Peter, "The Third Sinn Féin Party: 1923–1926; I: Narrative Account", ''Economic and Social Review'', iml. 1, uimh. 1 (1969), lgh 29–50.</ref> Sa bhliain 1924 bhunaigh de Valera Comhairle na dTeachtaí chun cur leis an líon a bhí ag dul i laghad de theachtaí na Dara Dála a toghadh in 1921, agus sin le staonairí de chuid Shinn Féin a toghadh in olltoghcháin 1922 agus 1923. Rinne T. Ryle Dwyer cur síos ar an socrú sin mar aitheantas gurbh í an Dara Dáil an t-údarás ''de jure'', gurbh í Comhairle na dTeachtaí an t-údarás "''de jure de facto''", agus gurbh é Oireachtas an tSaorstáit an t-údarás "''de facto de facto''".<ref name="dwyer">Dwyer, T. Ryle, ''De Valera: The Man and the Myths'' (Poolbeg, 1992), lch 134. ISBN 978-1-85371-180-0.</ref> Sa bhliain 1925 tharraing coinbhinsiún de chuid an IRA a bhí i gcoinne an Chonartha a dhílseacht siar ón rialtas poblachtach agus thug do Chomhairle Airm an IRA í.<ref name="pyne" /> Bhí móid dílseachta tugtha don Phoblacht ag teachtaí na Dara Dála, agus mheas Sinn Féin gur sháraigh aon duine a thacaigh leis an gConradh nó le bunreacht an tSaorstáit — go follasach nó go hintuigthe — an mhóid sin agus gur fhág sé a shuíochán folamh dá bharr. Sa bhliain 1926 bhunaigh de Valera [[Fianna Fáil]] chun freasúra níos pragmataí ná freasúra Shinn Féin a chur ar fáil don Saorstát, agus an bhliain dár gcionn thréig an páirtí an staonadh agus ghlac sé a shuíocháin i nDáil an tSaorstáit.<ref name="pyne" /> I mí an Mhárta 1928 thug [[Seán F. Lemass|Seán Lemass]] cur síos cáiliúil ar Fhianna Fáil mar pháirtí nach raibh ach beagán bunreachtúil. I mí na Nollag 1938 tháinig seachtar de na daoine a toghadh in 1921 — daoine a mheas gurbh í an Dara Dáil an tionól dlisteanach deireanach, agus gur dhícháiligh na comhaltaí eile iad féin nuair a thug siad móid dílseachta don rí — le chéile le Comhairle Airm an IRA faoi cheannas Sheáin Russell. Shínigh siad údarás rialtas Dháil Éireann, mar a mheas siad, chuig an gComhairle Airm go dtí go bhféadfadh muintir na hÉireann uile Dáil nua a thoghadh go daonlathach.<ref group="n">Ba iad an seachtar ná [[Seán Ó Ceallaigh (Sceilg)|Seán Ó Ceallaigh (Sceilg)]], [[George Noble Plunkett|an Cunta Pluincéad]], [[William Stockley]], [[Máire Nic Shuibhne]], [[Brian Ó hUiginn]], [[Tom Maguire|Tomás Mag Uidhir]] agus [[Cathal Ó Murchadha]].</ref> Ón lá sin amach mheas Comhairle Airm an IRA gurbh í féin rialtas dlisteanach na Poblachta. Thréig [[Páirtí na nOibrithe|Sinn Féin Oifigiúil]] an staonadh in 1969–70 agus rinne Sinn Féin Sealadach amhlaidh in 1986. Coinníonn [[Sinn Féin Poblachtach]] leis an dearcadh gurbh í an Dara Dáil an reachtas dlisteanach deireanach in Éirinn. == Baill shuntasacha == * [[Éamon de Valera]], Uachtarán Dháil Éireann agus Uachtarán na Poblachta, 1921–1922 * [[Art Ó Gríofa]], Uachtarán Dháil Éireann, 1922 * [[Eoin Mac Néill]], [[An Ceann Comhairle|Ceann Comhairle]] * [[Mícheál Ó Coileáin]] * [[Liam Tomás Mac Cosgair]] * [[Cathal Brugha]] * [[George Noble Plunkett|An Cunta Pluincéad]] * [[Caoimhín Ó hUiginn]] * [[Máire Nic Shuibhne]] * [[Éamonn Ó Dúgáin]] == Féach freisin == * [[An Chéad Dáil]] * [[Olltoghchán na hÉireann, 1921]] * [[An Conradh Angla-Éireannach]] * [[An tAcht um Rialtas na hÉireann (1920)]] * [[Críochdheighilt na hÉireann]] * [[Rialtas Sealadach na hÉireann (1922)]] * [[Cogadh Cathartha na hÉireann]] == Nótaí == {{Reflist|group="n"}} == Tagairtí == {{Reflist|30em}} == Naisc sheachtracha == * [https://www.oireachtas.ie/ga/debates/ Díospóireachtaí Thithe an Oireachtais] * [https://www.dail100.ie/ga/ Suíomh Dáil100] * [https://repository.dri.ie/catalog/t148v311v Taifid Dháil Éireann 1919–1922] (Stór Digiteach na hÉireann) [[Catagóir:Cogadh na Saoirse in Éirinn]] [[Catagóir:Dáil Éireann]] [[Catagóir:Cogadh Cathartha na hÉireann]] [[Catagóir:Stair na hÉireann]] m16qxnpdamq550wyuaxzv06uk03s001 0 27803 1325167 1323105 2026-08-15T20:28:10Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 1325167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo}} [[File:Gallinula chloropus MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.67.1.jpg|thumb| ''Gallinula chloropus'']] Is [[éan]] í an '''chearc uisce''' (''Gallinula chloropus'').<ref name='Tearma'>{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.tearma.ie/q/Gallinula%20chloropus/|title=“Gallinula chloropus” {{!}} téarma.ie|publisher=[[An Coiste Téarmaíochta]]|work=[[Téarma.ie]]: An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta don Ghaeilge|access-date=2023-05-06}}</ref> == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} {{Síol}} [[Catagóir:Gallinula]] [[Catagóir:Éin a ndearnadh cur síos orthu in 1758]] 3ju1r4al8l5g4yjj2s6cb1d8eeghpuu 0 28666 1325157 1166190 2026-08-15T20:17:54Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 1325157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo}} [[File:Porzana porzana MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.69.8.jpg|thumb| ''Porzana porzana'']] Is [[éan]] é an '''gearr breac'''.<ref name="Tearma">{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.tearma.ie/q/Porzana%20porzana/|title=“Porzana porzana” {{!}} téarma.ie|publisher=[[An Coiste Téarmaíochta]]|work=[[Téarma.ie]]: An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta don Ghaeilge|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> Is baill d'fhine na Rallidae iad. == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} {{síol}} [[Catagóir:Porzana]] [[Catagóir:Éin a ndearnadh cur síos orthu in 1766]] jzpdkeg7rt0gbksqo39nyvcr0jozmqk 0 29054 1325181 1165838 2026-08-15T20:45:56Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 1325181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo}} [[Íomhá:Chloris chloris chloris MHNT 223 Gouvieux.jpg|thumb|Glasán darach]] [[File:Cuculus canorus bangsi MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.150.42.jpg|thumb|''Cuculus canorus bangsi'' + ''Carduelis chloris'']] Is [[éan]] é an '''glasán darach'''<ref name="Tearma">{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.tearma.ie/q/Chloris%20chloris/|title=“Chloris chloris” {{!}} téarma.ie|publisher=[[An Coiste Téarmaíochta]]|work=[[Téarma.ie]]: An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta don Ghaeilge|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> (''Chloris chloris''). Is baill d'fhine na Fringillidae iad. == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} {{síol}} [[Catagóir:Chloris]] [[Catagóir:Éin a ndearnadh cur síos orthu in 1758]] 3k3kpg6sficigkl6x6rfo9o62bi0qgm 0 29102 1325182 1164930 2026-08-15T20:47:08Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 1325182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo}} [[Íomhá:Coccothraustes coccothraustes MHNT.ZOO.2010.11 Gouvieux.jpg‎ |thumb|''Coccothraustes coccothraustes'']] Is [[éan]] é an '''glasán gobmhór'''.<ref name="Tearma">{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.tearma.ie/q/Coccothraustes%20coccothraustes/|title=“Coccothraustes coccothraustes” {{!}} téarma.ie|publisher=[[An Coiste Téarmaíochta]]|work=[[Téarma.ie]]: An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta don Ghaeilge|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> Is baill d'fhine na Fringillidae iad. == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} {{síol}} [[Catagóir:Coccothraustes]] [[Catagóir:Éin a ndearnadh cur síos orthu in 1758]] 5g8onoj24jlomn8lwtku5fu5rexs3i7 0 29505 1325141 1163080 2026-08-15T14:13:15Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 1325141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo}} {{glanadh-mar|Béarla!}} Is [[Lapaire (zó-eolaíocht)|lapairí]] fadmhuineálacha cuarghobacha iad '''na híbisí''' den fhofhine Threskionithinae. ==Dáileadh tíreolaíoch== Tá roinnt speiceas dúchasach don [[An Afraic|Afraic]] ([[Íbis Mhaol Thuaisceartach|an íbis mhaol thuaisceartach]], [[Íbis hadada|an ibis hadada]], [[Íbis bheannaithe|an íbis bheannaithe]]) agus i Meiriceá ([[Íbis bhán Mheiriceánach|an íbis bhán]],[[Íbis scarlóideach|an íbis scarlóideach]]), agus ceann ón Áise ([[Íbis Seapánach|an ibis Seapánach]]). San Eoraip, is féidir linn teacht ar an íbis mhaol atá á thabhairt isteach arís chomh maith leis an íbisí niamhracha, a dtagann duine air san Afraic freisin, cé gur éalaigh ibises naofa, ó chúlchistí éaneolaíochta, clíomaithe in iarthar na Fraince (ó Morbihan go Charente-Muiría d’éalaigh ó chúlchistí éaneolaíochta, a bhfuil cáil orthu in iarthar na An Fhrainc (ó Mhorbihan go Charente-Maritime). ==Speicis in ord tacsanomaíoch== Tá 28 speiceas ar marthain ann agus 6 speiceas [[Díobhadh (speiceas)|díofa]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Íomhá !! Géineas !! Speicis bheo |- |[[File:Threskiornis molucca - Perth.jpg|175px]]||'''''[[Threskiornis]]''''' {{small|G.R. Gray, 1842}}|| * [[Íbis bheannaithe]], ''Threskiornis aethiopicus'' * [[Malagasy sacred ibis]], ''Threskiornis bernieri'' * [[Australian white ibis]], ''Threskiornis mollucca/moluccus''{{#tag:ref|There is still disagreement on how the taxonomic rules should apply to the Australian white ibis, Both ''molluca'' and ''mollucus'' are currently used for species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=David |first1=Normand |last2=Gosselin |first2=Michel |date=2011 |title=Gender agreement of avian species-group names under Article 31.2. 2 of the ICZN Code. |url= http://www.digimages.info/listeoiseauxmonde/D&G_BOC_131_2.pdf|journal= [[Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club]]|volume=131 |issue=2 |pages=102–115 |access-date=10 August 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schodde |first1=Richard |last2=Bock |first2=Walter |date= 2016 |title= Conflict resolution of grammar and gender for avian species-group names under Article 31.2. 2 of the ICZN Code: is gender agreement worth it?| journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume= 4127|issue=1 |pages=161–170 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4127.1.9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dickinson |first1=Edward C. |last2=David |first2=Normand |last3=Alonso-Zarazaga|first3=Miguel A. |date=2017 |title=Some comments on Schodde & Bock (2016) on gender agreement. |url=http://boc-online.org/bulletins/downloads/BBOC1372-Dickinson.pdf |journal= [[Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club]]|volume= 137|issue=2 |pages=142–144 |access-date=10 August 2017 }}</ref>|group="note"}} * [[Straw-necked ibis]], ''Threskiornis spinicollis'' * †[[Réunion ibis]], ''Threskiornis solitarius'' ([[extinct]]) * [[Black-headed ibis]], ''Threskiornis melanocephalus'' |- |[[File:Indian Black Ibis Pseudibis papillosa by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN2445 (26).jpg|175px]]||'''''[[Pseudibis]]''''' {{small|Hodgson, 1844}}|| * [[Red-naped ibis]], ''Pseudibis papillosa'' * [[White-shouldered ibis]], ''Pseudibis davisoni'' * [[Giant ibis]], ''Pseudibis gigantea'' |- |[[File:Hermit Ibis in Vienna Zoo on 2013-05-14.png|175px]]||'''''[[Geronticus]]''''' {{small|Wagler, 1832}}|| * [[Íbis mhaol thuaisceartach]], ''Geronticus eremita'' * [[Southern bald ibis]], ''Geronticus calvus'' |- |[[File:Nipponia nippon.jpg|175px]]||'''''[[Nipponia]]''''' {{small|Reichenbach, 1850}}|| * [[Crested ibis]], ''Nipponia nippon '' |- |[[File:Hadeda Ibis Portrait.jpg|175px]]||'''''[[Bostrychia]]''''' {{small|G.R. Gray, 1847}}|| * [[Olive ibis]], ''Bostrychia olivacea'' * [[São Tomé ibis]], ''Bostrychia bocagei'' * [[Spot-breasted ibis]], ''Bostrychia rara'' * [[Hadada ibis]], ''Bostrychia hagedash'' * [[Wattled ibis]], ''Bostrychia carunculata'' |- |[[File:Wildlife in and around Reserva Laguna Nimez in El Calafate, Argentina - there is some uncertainty here amongst some authorities- is this the Black Faced Ibis (Theristicus melanops) - OR - the (24560030193).jpg|175px]]||'''''[[Theristicus]]''''' {{small|Wagler, 1832}}|| * [[Plumbeous ibis]], ''Theristicus caerulescens'' * [[Buff-necked ibis]], ''Theristicus caudatus'' * [[Black-faced ibis]], ''Theristicus melanopis'' * [[Andean ibis]], ''Theristicus branickii'' |- |[[File:Cercibis oxycerca Tarotaro Sharp-tailed Ibis (6288776691).jpg|175px]]||'''''[[Cercibis]]''''' {{small|Wagler, 1832}}|| * [[Sharp-tailed ibis]], ''Cercibis oxycerca'' |- |[[File:Green Ibis (Mesembrinibis cayennensis) (30903118634).jpg|175px]]||'''''[[Mesembrinibis]]''''' {{small|J.L. Peters, 1930}}|| * [[Green ibis]], ''Mesembrinibis cayennensis'' |- |[[File:Bare-faced Ibis (Phimosus infuscatus) (28370845522).jpg|175px]]||'''''[[Phimosus]]''''' {{small|Wagler, 1832}}|| * [[Bare-faced ibis]], ''Phimosus infuscatus'' |- |[[File:Eudocimus Ruber Wading KL.JPG|175px]]||'''''[[Eudocimus]]''''' {{small|Wagler, 1832}}|| * [[Íbis bhán Mheiriceánach]], ''Eudocimus albus'' * [[Scarlet ibis]], ''Eudocimus ruber'' |- |[[File:Plegadis chihi -California, USA-8.jpg|175px]]||'''''[[Plegadis]]''''' {{small|Kaup, 1829}}|| * [[Íbis niamhrach]], ''Plegadis falcinellus'' * [[White-faced ibis]], ''Plegadis chihi'' * [[Puna ibis]], ''Plegadis ridgwayi'' |- |[[File:Lophotibis cristata -Bronx Zoo-8.jpg|175px]]||'''''[[Lophotibis]]''''' {{small|L. Reichenbach, 1853}}|| * [[Madagascar ibis]], ''Lophotibis cristata'' |- |[[File:Apteribis sp. (5212794163).jpg|175px]]||† '''''[[Apteribis]]''''' {{small|Olson & Wetmore, 1976}}|| * †''[[Moloka'i flightless ibis|A. glenos]]'' <small>Olson & Wetmore, 1976</small> Molokai flightless ibis * †''[[Maui flightless ibis|A. brevis]]'' <small>Olson & James, 1991</small> Maui flightless ibis |- |} == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} {{síol}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ibis}} [[Catagóir:Threskiornithinae]] hc913l7h8by4x7eujyczogvfv45rqmx 0 30427 1325122 1150360 2026-08-15T13:49:00Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 1325122 wikitext text/x-wiki Ainm ginearálta a thugtar ar éin ó ar a laghad ceithre ghéineas éagsúla is ea '''Gearg'''. Éin bheaga le heireaball gearr, de chlann na bpiasún. Dúchasach don Domhan Úr is an Seandomhan.<ref name="FreamhanEolais">{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Hussey|first=Matt|author-link=Matthew Hussey|title=Gearg ghoirt|encyclopedia=[[Fréamh an Eolais]]|language=ga|date=2011|publisher=[[Coiscéim]]|page=310}}</ref> * [[Gearg bhabaight]] (''Colinus virginianus'') * [[Gearg Shíneach]] (''Coturnix chinensis'') * [[Gearg choiteann|Gearg (choiteann)]] (''Coturnix coturnix'') * [[Gearg Sheapánach]] (''Coturnix japonica'') * [[Gearg choille scornáin]] (''Odontophorus strophium'') * [[Gearg Himiléach]] (''Ophrysia superciliosa'') == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} {{Fréamh an Eolais}} [[Catagóir:Galliformes]] elno7wp885l0vldq59nlv2urq7yndmi 0 31322 1325158 1164852 2026-08-15T20:18:27Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 1325158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo}} Is [[éan]] é an '''gearr sora'''.<ref name="Tearma">{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.tearma.ie/q/Porzana%20carolina/|title=“Porzana carolina” {{!}} téarma.ie|publisher=[[An Coiste Téarmaíochta]]|work=[[Téarma.ie]]: An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta don Ghaeilge|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> Is baill d'fhine na Rallidae iad. == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} {{síol}} [[Catagóir:Porzana]] [[Catagóir:Éin a ndearnadh cur síos orthu in 1758]] qjduz4wxgeb0h3wi8mk7j94s79cviv8 0 31371 1325170 1164467 2026-08-15T20:30:42Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 1325170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo}} Is [[éan]] é an '''tanagair'''. Is baill d'fhine na Thraupidae iad. == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} {{síol}} [[Catagóir:Thraupidae]] t8pt2vzvr7gtn4abh3lxte5201gq9ql 0 31409 1325188 1164470 2026-08-15T20:55:12Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 1325188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo}} Is [[éan]] é an '''glaséan'''. Is baill d'fhine na Passeri iad. == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} {{síol}} [[Catagóir:Vireonidae]] c55uqcly3xpdwyqnvfog3mofqyzfwhi 0 31469 1325171 1166252 2026-08-15T20:31:32Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 1325171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo}} [[File:Cuculus canorus canorus MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.150.38.jpg|thumb|''Cuculus canorus canorus'' + ''Sylvia communis'']] Is [[éan]] í an '''ghilphíb'''<ref name="Tearma">{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.tearma.ie/q/Sylvia%20communis/|title=“Sylvia communis” {{!}} téarma.ie|publisher=[[An Coiste Téarmaíochta]]|work=[[Téarma.ie]]: An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta don Ghaeilge|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> nó an '''ghilphíb choiteann''' (''Sylvia communis''). Is baill d'fhine na Sylviidae iad. == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} {{síol}} [[Catagóir:Curruca]] [[Catagóir:Éin a ndearnadh cur síos orthu in 1787]] h32zfz64ocodnecuy7ud72ldxdxjhao 0 48658 1325121 1165567 2026-08-15T13:48:23Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 1325121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo}} [[Gearg ghoirt]], dúchasach do [[Meiriceá Thuaidh|Mheiriceá Thuaidh]] is Láir, a tugadh isteach sna hIndiacha Thiar is ea an '''ghearg bhabaight'''.<ref name="Tearma">{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.tearma.ie/q/Colinus%20virginianus/|title=“Colinus virginianus” {{!}} téarma.ie|publisher=[[An Coiste Téarmaíochta]]|work=[[Téarma.ie]]: An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta don Ghaeilge|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> Áitríonn sí talamh shaothraithe, [[coillearnach]] oscailte is scrobarnach. Itheann sí síolta, gráinní is [[Feithid|feithidí]]. De ghnáth, maireann sí i scata de 30 cinn nó níos mó.<ref name="FreamhanEolais">{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Hussey|first=Matt|author-link=Matthew Hussey|title=Gearg bhabaight|encyclopedia=[[Fréamh an Eolais]]|language=ga|date=2011|publisher=[[Coiscéim]]|page=310}}</ref> == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} {{Fréamh an Eolais}} {{síol}} [[Catagóir:Colinus]] [[Catagóir:Éin a ndearnadh cur síos orthu in 1758]] mv8w6lp447qvgoe4e47mv277thd5671 0 48754 1325169 1204954 2026-08-15T20:30:08Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 1325169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo}} Is grúpa [[éan]] gaolmhar iad na '''Glasáin Darwin''', dúchasach d'[[oileáin Ghalápagos]] ar an [[meánchiorcal]] san [[An tAigéan Ciúin|Aigéan Ciúin]]. Tugtar ''glasáin Galapágos'' orthu freisin. Meastar gur de shliocht speicis amháin 14 [[speiceas]] díobh atá ar eolas anois, a bhfuil cothú difriúil (le cumaí difriúla goib), gnáthóga difriúla is dáiltí difriúla acu. Thug a ndifríochtaí cabhair do [[Charles Darwin]] i saothrú a theoirice faoin [[roghnú nádúrtha]].<ref name="FreamhanEolais">{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Hussey|first=Matt|author-link=Matthew Hussey|title=Glasáin Darwin|encyclopedia=[[Fréamh an Eolais]]|language=ga|date=2011|publisher=[[Coiscéim]]|page=320}}</ref> == Féach freisin == * [[Charles Darwin]] == Tagairtí == {{reflist}}{{Fréamh an Eolais}} {{síol}} [[Catagóir:Geospizinae]] [[Catagóir:Oileáin Galápagos]] 64peb3d3280ghmgma2j2onl2vzm9dky 14 67210 1325116 804051 2026-08-15T13:38:44Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 Ag athdhíriú go [[Catagóir:Apteryx]] 1325116 wikitext text/x-wiki #athsheoladh [[Catagóir:Apteryx]] brdlurp7s59251c92z56tswxe8j5rx2 0 77922 1325139 1223624 2026-08-15T14:08:53Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 1325139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo}}Speiceas [[éan]] san fhine [[''Threskiornithidae'']] is ea an '''Íbis bhán Mheiriceánach''' nó ''Eudocimus albus''. Bíonn sí le fáil ó [[Virginia]] tríd Chósta na Murascaille de chuid na Stáit Aontaithe, ó dheas tríd an chuid is mó de chósta trópaiceach an Oileáin Úir.<ref name="White Ibis, Identification, All About Birds">{{cite web|url=http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/White_Ibis/id|teideal=White Ibis, Identification|author=Cornell Lab of Ornithology|work=All About Birds|publisher=Cornell University|location=Ithaca, New York|accessdate=9 January 2012}}</ref> Íbis mheánmhéide is ea an t-éan seo, le [[cluimhreach|clúmh]] atá bán ina iomláine, gob cluimhreach geal-deargoráiste cosa fada, agus sciatháin dhubhbhioracha a mbíonn, de ghnáth, le feiceáil le linn eitilte amháin. Bíonn na fireannaigh níos mó agus bíonn a ngob níos faide ná na baineannaigh. Leathnaíonn an réimse [[póraitheoir séasúrach |porúcháin]] ar feadh na Murascaille agus [[Cósta Thoir na Stát Aontaithe|Chósta an Atlantaigh]], agus ar chósta Mheicsiceo agus Mheiriceá Láir. Lasmuigh den tréimhse goir, síníonn an raon níos faide intíre i Meiriceá Thuaidh agus sa mhuir Chairib chomh maith. Tá sé le fáil, freisin, ar feadh chósta Iar-thuaiscirt Mheiriceá Theas, sa Cholóim agus Veiniséala. Forluíonn líon na n-éan i lár Veiniséala agus idirphóraíonnin siad leis an [[íbis scarlóideach]]. Bhí an dá cheann acu rangaithe ag roinnt údaráis mar speiceas amháin. == Cur síos == [[Íomhá:Eudocimus_albus_-Huntington_Beach_State_Park,_South_Carolina,_USA_-flying-8.jpg|clé|mion|Éan fásta ag eitilt i Huntington Beach State Park, Carolina Theas, Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá.]] == Dáileadh agus gnáthóg == [[Íomhá:American_white_ibis_in_a_public_park,_Jacksonville,_FL.pdf|deas|mion|Ibis bhán Mheiriceá ag Páirc Riverside, Jacksonville, Florida]] [[Íomhá:Schneesichler_(Eudocimus_albus)-001.jpg|deas|mion|Éin fhásta in uisce éadomhain ag Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge in aice le cósta an Atlantaigh, Florida.]] === Cothú === [[Íomhá:Eudocimus_albus_-USA_-eating_a_fish-8.jpg|clé|mion|Éan fásta ag ithe éisc]] === Sealgaireacht === == Paraisítí agus mortlaíocht == Níl mórán eolais againn faoi chúiseanna bás an éin. .<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Epanchin|first1=Peter N.|last2=Heath|first2=Julie A.|last3=Frederick|first3=Peter C.|year=2002|title=Effects of Fires on Foraging and Breeding Wading Birds in the Everglades|journal=The Wilson Bulletin|volume=114|issue=1|pages=139–141|url=http://www.wec.ufl.edu/faculty/frederickp/publications/Epanchin%20et%20al%2002%20Effects%20of%20Everglades%20fires%20on%20wading%20bird%20colonies.pdf|jstor=4164426|doi=10.1676/0043-5643(2002)114[0139:EOFOFA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> == Tagairtí == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Naisc sheachtracha == [[Catagóir:Eudocimus]] [[Catagóir:Éin a ndearnadh cur síos orthu i 1758]] j1whasv9uvqwja4v3569apvj18p1lx6 0 79405 1325172 1189097 2026-08-15T20:31:59Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 1325172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo}} [[File:Curruca curruca MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.196.47.jpg|mion|clé|Uibheacha ''Curruca curruca'']] Is [[éan]] í an '''ghilphíb bheag'''<ref name="Tearma">{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.tearma.ie/q/Sylvia%20curruca/|title=“Sylvia curruca” {{!}} téarma.ie|publisher=[[An Coiste Téarmaíochta]]|work=[[Téarma.ie]]: An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta don Ghaeilge|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> (''Sylvia curruca''). Is ball d’fhine ''na Sylviidae'' í. == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} {{síol ainmhí}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gilphíb bheag}} [[Catagóir:Curruca]] [[Catagóir:Éin a ndearnadh cur síos orthu in 1758]] 6c09xvs3ixmja7qy78a28hwbxvl7nqv 0 92578 1325136 1155347 2026-08-15T14:05:24Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 1325136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo}} [[Íbis]] atá dúchasach don [[An Afraic|Afraic]] ó dheas ón [[Sahára]], deisceart na hAráibe is [[''Oileáin Aldabra'']] (agus [[an Éigipt]], tráth) is ea an '''íbis bheannaithe''' (''Threskiornis aethiopicus''). ==Tacsanomaíocht== Tá dlúthbhaint aici leis an [[íbis cheanndubh]] (''Threskiornis melanocephalus'') agus leis an íbis bhán Astrálach (''Threskiornis molucca''), lena bhfoirmíonn sí [[coimpléasc speicis|coimpléasc ollspeicis]], an oiread sin ionas go measann roinnt éaneolaithe go mbaineann na trí speiceas lena céanna. Is minic a hibridíonn na híbisí seo i dtréada measctha. Is minic a thugtar an íbis dhílis Astrálach ar an óbis bheannaithe sa ghnáthchaint. ==Cur síos== Bán le ceann is [[scornach]] dorcha, cleití boga dubha ar an [[eireaball]]. Itheann sí éisc is [[Feithid|feithidí]], agus neadaíonn i gcrann nó ar an talamh.<ref name="FreamhanEolais">{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Hussey|first=Matt|author-link=Matthew Hussey|title=Íbis dhílis|encyclopedia=[[Fréamh an Eolais]]|language=ga|date=2011|publisher=[[Coiscéim]]|page=362}}</ref> == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} {{Fréamh an Eolais}} {{síol ainmhí}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ibis bheannaithe}} [[Catagóir:Threskiornis]] [[Catagóir:Éin a ndearnadh cur síos orthu in 1790]] l6pkcc5h516xjwku95nkc5qqyi8qxxn 0 92579 1325134 1138832 2026-08-15T14:02:36Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 1325134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo}} Is [[éan]] í ''' an íbis niamhrach''' (''Plegadis falcinellus'').<ref name='Tearma'>{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.tearma.ie/q/Plegadis%20falcinellus/|title=“Plegadis falcinellus” {{!}} téarma.ie|publisher=[[An Coiste Téarmaíochta]]|work=[[Téarma.ie]]: An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta don Ghaeilge|access-date=2023-05-27}}</ref> Is baill d'fhine na Threskiornithidaee iad. == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} {{síol ainmhí}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ibis niamhrach}} [[Catagóir:Plegadis]] [[Catagóir:Éin a ndearnadh cur síos orthu in 1766]] r5srhsg2o128lyzfe55oyp0zup3vqrt 0 92842 1325118 1165392 2026-08-15T13:43:07Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 1325118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo}} Is [[éan]] í an '''ghearg'''<ref name="Tearma">{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.tearma.ie/q/Coturnix%20coturnix/|title=“Coturnix coturnix” {{!}} téarma.ie|publisher=[[An Coiste Téarmaíochta]]|work=[[Téarma.ie]]: An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta don Ghaeilge|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> nó an '''ghearg choiteann'''. Is baill d'fhine na Accipitridae é. == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} {{síol ainmhí}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gearg coiteann}} [[Catagóir:Coturnix]] [[Catagóir:Éin a ndearnadh cur síos orthu in 1758]] 39vc9j7cmntd9131zycd1az18r28rzq 0 92882 1325155 1165333 2026-08-15T20:16:43Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 1325155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo}} [[File:Klein waterhoen-4961709.webm| thumb |Porzana parva]] Is [[éan]] é '''gearr beag'''.<ref name="Tearma">{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.tearma.ie/q/Porzana%20parva/|title=“Porzana parva” {{!}} téarma.ie|publisher=[[An Coiste Téarmaíochta]]|work=[[Téarma.ie]]: An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta don Ghaeilge|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> Is baill d'fhine na Rallidae é. == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} {{síol ainmhí}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gearr beag}} [[Catagóir:Zapornia]] [[Catagóir:Éin a ndearnadh cur síos orthu in 1769]] ig45tyxk12y7punzfjzvqarbm68he93 0 92888 1325156 1165640 2026-08-15T20:17:26Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 1325156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo}} [[File:Parende en poetsende kleinst waterhoen-4961757.webm|thumb |Porzana pusilla]] Is [[éan]] é '''gearr Baillon'''.<ref name="Tearma">{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.tearma.ie/q/Porzana%20pusilla/|title=“Porzana pusilla” {{!}} téarma.ie|publisher=[[An Coiste Téarmaíochta]]|work=[[Téarma.ie]]: An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta don Ghaeilge|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> Is baill d'fhine na Rallidae é. == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} {{síol ainmhí}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gearr Baillon}} [[Catagóir:Zapornia]] [[Catagóir:Éin a ndearnadh cur síos orthu in 1776]] qy0low4e19x3fyn3fd87wxqifhzljqa 0 93852 1325180 1164581 2026-08-15T20:44:38Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 1325180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo}} Is [[éan]] é an '''glasán cródheargach'''. Is baill d'fhine na Fringillidae iad. == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} {{síol ainmhí}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Glasan crodheargach}} [[Catagóir:Rhodopechys]] [[Catagóir:Éin a ndearnadh cur síos orthu in 1838]] msii3xyzo1oetq6vlzzdlsxsgurktiu 0 93877 1325178 1164433 2026-08-15T20:42:35Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 1325178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo}} Is [[éan]] é an '''glasán Mongólach''' (''Bucanetes mongolicus''). Is baill d'fhine na Fringillidae iad. == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} {{síol ainmhí}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Glasán Mongolach}} [[Catagóir:Bucanetes]] [[Catagóir:Éin a ndearnadh cur síos orthu in 1870]] 6mzihspisbrggd4wegr2vrg3mhnu7pw 0 93878 1325177 1164434 2026-08-15T20:40:27Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 1325177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo}} Is [[éan]] é an '''glasán cogalach''' (''Bucanetes githagineus''). Is baill d'fhine na Fringillidae iad. == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} {{síol ainmhí}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Glasan cogalach}} [[Catagóir:Bucanetes]] [[Catagóir:Éin a ndearnadh cur síos orthu in 1823]] jafxw6m8xp6r3ehn5oppq243lyuyviq 0 93911 1325186 1200512 2026-08-15T20:53:08Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 1325186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo}} [[File:Montifringilla nivalis nivalis MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.210.8.jpg|thumb|''Montifringilla nivalis nivalis'']] Is [[éan]] é an '''glasán gléigeal''' (''Montifringilla nivalis''). Is baill d'fhine na Passeridae iad. == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} {{síol ainmhí}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Glasán gléigeal}} [[Catagóir:Montifringilla]] [[Catagóir:Éin a ndearnadh cur síos orthu in 1766]] prpov6zol4w6fzmk14vfh0qvq35n6y8 0 93927 1325132 1165731 2026-08-15T13:57:59Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 1325132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo}} Is [[éan]] í '''ghearg Shíneach'''.<ref name="Tearma">{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.tearma.ie/q/Coturnix%20chinensis/|title=“Coturnix chinensis” {{!}} téarma.ie|publisher=[[An Coiste Téarmaíochta]]|work=[[Téarma.ie]]: An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta don Ghaeilge|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> Is baill d'fhine na Phasianidae é. .<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.tearma.ie/q/Coturnix%20chinensis/|teideal=An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta don Ghaeilge|work=Téarma.ie|dátarochtana=2020-05-12}}</ref> == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} {{síol ainmhí}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gearg Shineach}} [[Catagóir:Synoicus]] [[Catagóir:Éin a ndearnadh cur síos orthu in 1766]] d19iv7slncgpaygz19cfip18kdtfmwb 0 93928 1325120 1305623 2026-08-15T13:46:01Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 1325120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo}} Is [[éan]] í '''ghearg Sheapánach'''.<ref name="Tearma">{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.tearma.ie/q/Coturnix%20japonica/|title=“Coturnix japonica” {{!}} téarma.ie|publisher=[[An Coiste Téarmaíochta]]|work=[[Téarma.ie]]: An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta don Ghaeilge|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> Is baill d'fhine na Phasianidae é. .<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.tearma.ie/q/Coturnix%20japonica//|teideal=An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta don Ghaeilge|work=Téarma.ie|dátarochtana=2020-05-12|archivedate=2024-12-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213152215/https://www.tearma.ie/q/Coturnix%20japonica//}}</ref> == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} {{síol ainmhí}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gearg Sheapanach}} [[Catagóir:Coturnix]] [[Catagóir:Éin a ndearnadh cur síos orthu in 1849]] h2d2j44zhuas4qdj9br82gm0fog7kz1 0 93936 1325117 1195317 2026-08-15T13:42:26Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 1325117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo}} Is [[éan]] í '''ghearg choille scornáin'''.<ref name="Tearma">{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.tearma.ie/q/Odontophorus%20strophium/|title=“Odontophorus strophium” {{!}} téarma.ie|publisher=[[An Coiste Téarmaíochta]]|work=[[Téarma.ie]]: An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta don Ghaeilge|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> Is baill d'fhine na Odontophoridae é. == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} {{síol ainmhí}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gearg choille scornain}} [[Catagóir:Odontophorus]] [[Catagóir:Éin a ndearnadh cur síos orthu in 1844]] 962yu262xc2nkygigg2rjkvmqbaats0 0 93938 1325119 1165623 2026-08-15T13:45:37Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 1325119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo}} Is [[éan]] í '''ghearg Himiléach'''.<ref name="Tearma">{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.tearma.ie/q/Ophrysia%20superciliosa/|title=“Ophrysia superciliosa” {{!}} téarma.ie|publisher=[[An Coiste Téarmaíochta]]|work=[[Téarma.ie]]: An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta don Ghaeilge|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> Is baill d'fhine na Phasianidae é. .<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.tearma.ie/q/Ophrysia%20superciliosa/|teideal=An Bunachar Náisiúnta Téarmaíochta don Ghaeilge|work=Téarma.ie|dátarochtana=2020-05-12}}</ref> == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} {{síol ainmhí}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gearg Himileach}} [[Catagóir:Ophrysia]] [[Catagóir:Éin a ndearnadh cur síos orthu in 1846]] hlz700x4nzca1x4o97jbftw13l8njlw 0 94840 1325138 1170449 2026-08-15T14:07:40Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 1325138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí Bheo}} Cuimsíonn an [[Fine (bitheolaíocht)|fhine]] '''Threskiornithidae''' 34 speiceas [[Lapaire (zó-eolaíocht)|lapaire]] mór. Go traidisiúnta, rangaíodh an fhine ina dhá fhofhine, na [[Íbis|híbisí]] agus na [[Corra leitheadacha|corra]]; ach tá staidéir ghéiniteacha le déanaí ag caitheamh amhras ar an socrú, agus ag nochtadh na corra a bheith laistigh de híbisí an tseandomhain, agus íbisí an Domhain Nua mar craobh luath. ==Speicis== [[File:Black-headed Ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus).jpg|thumb|Ibis cheanndubh (''[[Threskiornis melanocephalus]]'') i [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]]] [[File:Eurasian Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia) at Bharatpur I IMG 5670.jpg|thumb|Corr leitheadach Eoráiseach (''[[Platalea leucorodia]]'') san India]] '''Fine: THRESKIORNITHIDAE''' * '''Fofhine: [[Íbis|Threskiornithinae]]''' - Íbisí ** Géineas''[[Threskiornis]]'' *** [[Íbis bheannaithe]], ''Threskiornis aethiopicus'' *** [[Íbis naofa Mhalagásach]], ''Threskiornis bernieri'' *** [[Íbis naofa aonair]], ''Threskiornis solitarius'' [[Liosta de na speicis éan atá díofa|díofa]] *** [[Íbis naofa cheanndubh]], ''Threskiornis melanocephalus'' *** [[Íbis naofa Mholacaíoch]], ''Threskiornis molucca'' **** [[Mioníbis naofa Mholacaíoch]], ''Threskiornis molucca pygmaeus'' *** [[Íbis dhealgmhuineálach]], ''Threskiornis spinicollis'' ** Géineas ''[[Pseudibis]]'' *** [[Íbis ghoiríneach]], ''Pseudibis papillosa'' *** [[Íbis Davison]], ''Pseudibis davisoni'' ** Géineas ''Thaumatibis'' *** [[Ollíbis]], ''Thaumatibis gigantea'' ** Géineas''[[Geronticus]]'' *** [[Íbis cheallaigh]], ''Geronticus eremita'' *** [[Íbis mhaol dheisceartach]], ''Geronticus calvus'' ** Géineas ''Nipponia'' *** [[Íbis chíorach]], ''Nipponia nippon '' ** Géineas''[[Bostrychia]]'' *** [[Íbis ológach]], ''Bostrychia olivacea'' *** [[Íbis Bocage]], ''Bostrychia bocagei'' *** [[Íbis bhroinnbhallach]], ''Bostrychia rara'' *** [[Íbis hadada]], ''Bostrychia hagedash'' *** [[Íbis sprochailleach]], ''Bostrychia carunculata'' **Géineas ''[[Theristicus]]'' *** [[Íbis scothghoirm]], ''Theristicus caerulescens'' *** [[Íbis earrdhubh]], ''Theristicus caudatus'' *** [[Íbis aghaidh-dhubh]], ''Theristicus melanopis'' ** Géineas ''Cercibis'' *** [[Íbis earr-rinneach]], ''Cercibis oxycerca'' ** Géineas ''Mesembrinibis'' *** [[Íbis ghlas]], ''Mesembrinibis cayennensis'' ** Géineas ''Phimosus'' *** [[Íbis bhreacdhorcha]], ''Phimosus infuscatus'' ** Géineas ''[[Eudocimus]]'' *** [[Íbis bhán Mheiriceánach]], ''Eudocimus albus'' *** [[Íbis scarlóideach]], ''Eudocimus ruber'' ** Géineas ''[[Plegadis]]'' *** [[Íbis niamhrach]], ''Plegadis falcinellus'' *** [[Íbis chihi]], ''Plegadis chihi'' *** [[Íbis Ridgway]], ''Plegadis ridgwayi'' ** Géineas''Lophotibis'' *** [[Íbis chíorach]], ''Lophotibis cristata'' * '''Fofhine: [[Corra leitheadacha|Plataleinae]]''' - Corra leitheadacha ** Géineas ''[[Corra leitheadacha|Platalea]]'' *** [[Corr Eoráiseach]], ''Platalea leucorodia''' *** [[Corr bheag]], ''Platalea minor'' *** [[Corr bhán]],''Platalea alba'' *** [[Corr ríoga]],''Platalea regia'' *** [[Corr bhuíchosach]],''Platalea flavipes'' *** [[Corr rósach]], ''Platalea ajaja'' ==Tacsanomaíocht== Tugadh Plataleidae ar an fhine Threskiornithidae roimhe seo. Measadh uair amháin go raibh baint ag na Corra leitheadacha agus na hÍbisí le grúpaí eile lapairí fadachosacha san ord Ciconiiformes. Fuair staidéar amach le déanaí go bhfuil siad ina mbaill den ord Pelecaniformes.<ref> Hackett, Shannon J.; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Reddy, Sushma; Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Braun, Edward L.; Braun, Michael J.; Chojnowski, Jena L.; Cox, W. Andrew; Han, Kin-Lan; Harshman, John; Huddleston, Christopher J.; Marks, Ben D.; Miglia, Kathleen J.; Moore, William S.; Sheldon, Frederick H.; Steadman, David W.; Witt, Christopher C.; Yuri, Tamaki (June 2008). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History".</ref> Mar fhreagra ar na fionnachtana seo, rinne an Chomhdháil Éaneolaíoch Idirnáisiúnta (CÉÍ) (Béarla:''The International Ornithological Congress (IOC)'') athaicmiú ar na Threskiornithidae agus a chomhthacsóin Ardeidae faoin ord Pelecaniformes in ionad an oird roimhe seo Ciconiiformes.<ref>"Gill, F. & D. Donsker (Eds). 2010. IOC World Bird Names (version 2.4). Available at http://www.worldbirdnames.org/ [Accessed 29 May 2010].</ref> Ceist oscailte is ea an bhfuil nasc cómhalartach monafileolaíoch ag an dá fhofhine. Cuimsíonn iontráil an South American Classification Committee do Threskiornithidae an ráiteas seo a leanas; ''Two subfamilies are traditionally (e.g., Matheu & del Hoyo 1992) recognized: Threskiornithinae for ibises and Plataleinae for spoonbills; because the main distinction has to do with bill shape, additional information, especially genetic, is required to recognize a major, deep split in the family''.<ref> A classification of the bird species of South America. http://www.museum.lsu.edu/</ref> == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} [[Catagóir: Threskiornithidae | ]] [[Catagóir: Finte éan]] [[Catagóir: Tacsóin ainmnithe ag Charles Wallace Richmond]] 1mrq88e71laz9cnx26l2v8eeuf5fut5 4 95192 1325209 1324421 2026-08-16T09:25:24Z ListeriaBot 25319 Wikidata list updated [V2] 1325209 wikitext text/x-wiki Seo a leanas liosta mná Éireannacha gan leathanach ar Vicipéid: {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item ?linkcount WHERE { ?item wdt:P27|wdt:P17|wdt:P495|wdt:P1532 wd:Q27 . FILTER NOT EXISTS { # has no en.wikipedia sitelink ?wen schema:about ?item . ?wen schema:isPartOf <https://ga.wikipedia.org/> . } ?item wdt:P21 wd:Q6581072 . # gender: female ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q5 . # human OPTIONAL {?item wikibase:sitelinks ?linkcount .} # count of sitelinks } limit 1000 |sort=P569 |columns=label:name,P18,description,P106,P569,P570,P19,P20,item:nasc wikidata,?linkcount:méid naisc |thumb=40 |autolist=fallback |links=red |summary=itemnumber }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! name ! íomhá ! description ! gairm ! dáta breithe ! dáta báis ! áit bhreithe ! áit bháis ! nasc wikidata ! méid naisc |- | [[Margaret FitzGerald, Cuntaois Urumhan]] | [[Íomhá:Unknown early 15th century lady on palimpsest chest tomb of Piers Butler, 8th Earl of Ormond (1467-1539), St Canice's Cathedral, Kilkenny, supposed to represent his wife Margaret Fitzgerald.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] person (1401–1542) ♀; child of [[Gearóid Mór Mac Gearailt]] agus Alison Eustace; spouse of Piers Butler, 8ú hIarla Urumhan | | data-sort-value="1401" | 15th century | data-sort-value="1542" | 1542-08-09 | | [[Cill Chainnigh]] | [[:d:Q208901|Q208901]] | 4 |- | [[Elizabeth Stanhope]] | [[Íomhá:Elizabeth Countess of Chesterfield.png|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] person (1640–1665) ♀; child of James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde agus Elizabeth Butler; spouse of Philip Stanhope | | data-sort-value="1640" | 1640-06-29 | data-sort-value="1665" | 1665-07 | [[Caisleán Chill Chainnigh]] | | [[:d:Q245681|Q245681]] | 3 |- | [[Elizabeth Aldworth]] | [[Íomhá:MrsAldworth.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] uasal (1692–1773) ♀; child of Arthur St Leger, 1st Viscount Doneraile agus Elizabeth Hayes; spouse of Richard Aldworth | [[uasal]] | data-sort-value="1692" | 1692<br/>1695 | data-sort-value="1773" | 1773<br/>1772-05-11 | [[Dún ar Aill]] | [[Contae Chorcaí]] | [[:d:Q1773537|Q1773537]] | 11 |- | [[Elizabeth Griffith]] | [[Íomhá:Elizabeth griffith.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[An Bhreatain Bheag|breatnach]] aisteoir stáitse, [[Scríbhneoir|scríbhneoir]], scríbhneoir aistí, drámadóir agus [[Aisteoir|aisteoir]] (1727–1793) ♀ | [[aisteoir stáitse]]<br/>[[scríbhneoir]]<br/>[[scríbhneoir aistí]]<br/>[[drámadóir]]<br/>[[aisteoir]] | data-sort-value="1727" | 1727-10-11 | data-sort-value="1793" | 1793-01-05 | [[Sir Forgannwg]] | [[Cill Dara]] | [[:d:Q1331217|Q1331217]] | 7 |- | [[Nano Nagle]] | [[Íomhá:Nano Nagle.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] bean rialta Chríostaí, ban-ab (1728–1784) ♀ | [[bean rialta Chríostaí]] | data-sort-value="1728" | 1728 | data-sort-value="1784" | 1784-04-20 | [[Contae Chorcaí]] | [[Corcaigh]] | [[:d:Q596669|Q596669]] | 11 |- | [[Amelia Curran]] | | péintéir Éireannach (1775–1847) | [[péintéir]] | data-sort-value="1775" | 1775 | data-sort-value="1847" | 1847 | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | [[an Róimh]] | [[:d:Q2842660|Q2842660]] | 10 |- | [[Anna Maria Hall]] | [[Íomhá:Forlorn-hope-amhall.png|center|40px]] | úrscéalaí Éireannach | [[scríbhneoir]]<br/>[[úrscéalaí]]<br/>[[iriseoir]]<br/>[[scríbhneoir litríocht pháistí]]<br/>[[eagarthóir]]<br/>[[daonchara]] | data-sort-value="1800" | 1800-01-06 | data-sort-value="1881" | 1881-01-30 | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | [[Molesey]] | [[:d:Q562000|Q562000]] | 16 |- | [[Joanna Hiffernan]] | [[Íomhá:Courbe Portrait de Jo.jpg|center|40px]] | mainicín Éireannach | [[mainicín ealaíne]]<br/>[[péintéir]]<br/>[[Mainicín faisin|mainicín]] | data-sort-value="1843" | 1843 | data-sort-value="2000" | 20th century<br/>1903 | [[Luimneach]] | [[Holborn]] | [[:d:Q457483|Q457483]] | 15 |- | [[Ellen (Nellie) Cashman]] | [[Íomhá:Ellen Cashman.gif|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] taiscéalaí, bialannaí agus prospector (1845–1925) ♀; Alaska Women's Hall of Fame, Arizona Women's Hall of Fame, National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame agus Alaska Mining Hall of Fame | [[taiscéalaí]]<br/>[[bialannaí]]<br/>[[prospector]] | data-sort-value="1845" | 1845-08-25 | data-sort-value="1925" | 1925-01-04 | [[An Cóbh]] | [[Victoria, an Cholóim Bhriotanach|Victoria]] | [[:d:Q602294|Q602294]] | 8 |- | [[Fanny Parnell]] | [[Íomhá:Miss Fanny Parnell 1882.jpg|center|40px]] | file Éireannach (1848 – 1882) | [[scríbhneoir]]<br/>[[file]] | data-sort-value="1848" | 1848-09-04 | data-sort-value="1882" | 1882-07-20 | | | [[:d:Q3066476|Q3066476]] | 5 |- | [[George Egerton]] | [[Íomhá:George Egerton in the 1930s.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|Briotanach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]]-[[An Astráil|astrálach]] [[Scríbhneoir|scríbhneoir]], drámadóir, [[Úrscéalaí|úrscéalaí]] agus aistritheoir (1859–1945) ♀; child of John Joseph Dunne agus Elizabeth George; spouse of Reginald Edward Golding Bright, Henry Peter Higginson agus Egerton Clairmonte | [[scríbhneoir]]<br/>[[drámadóir]]<br/>[[úrscéalaí]]<br/>[[aistritheoir]] | data-sort-value="1859" | 1859-12-14<br/>1860 | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-08-12 | [[an Astráil]] | [[Londain]] | [[:d:Q273207|Q273207]] | 10 |- | [[May Langrishe]] | | imreoir leadóige Éireannach | [[imreoir leadóige]] | data-sort-value="1864" | 1864-12-31 | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-01-24 | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éire]] | [[Charmouth]] | [[:d:Q1727762|Q1727762]] | 4 |- | [[Louisa Martin]] | [[Íomhá:Mollie martin.jpg|center|40px]] | imreoir leadóige Éireannach | [[imreoir leadóige]] | data-sort-value="1865" | 1865-09-03 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-24 | [[An Dúcharraig]] | [[Port Rois]] | [[:d:Q1395948|Q1395948]] | 12 |- | [[Lena Rice]] | [[Íomhá:Lena rice.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus na hÉireann|Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus na hÉireann]] imreoir leadóige (1866–1907) ♀ | [[imreoir leadóige]] | data-sort-value="1866" | 1866-06-21 | data-sort-value="1907" | 1907-06-21 | [[Loch Ceann]] | [[Loch Ceann]] | [[:d:Q267303|Q267303]] | 22 |- | [[M. Obré]] | [[Íomhá:Ireland England 1903.jpg|center|40px]] | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1870" | 1870s | data-sort-value="2000" | 20th century | | | [[:d:Q55739841|Q55739841]] | 1 |- | [[Annie Moore]] | [[Íomhá:Annie Moore.png|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|meiriceánach]] person (1874–1924) ♀ | | data-sort-value="1874" | 1874-04-24 | data-sort-value="1924" | 1924-12-06 | [[Corcaigh]] | [[Manhattan]] | [[:d:Q529195|Q529195]] | 6 |- | [[Hilda Chater]] | | [[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus na hÉireann|Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus na hÉireann]]-[[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|briotanach]] imreoir fichille (1874–1968) ♀ | [[imreoir fichille]] | data-sort-value="1874" | 1874-08-28 | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-11-27 | | | [[:d:Q105722375|Q105722375]] | 4 |- | [[Bickford]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1875" | 1875 | data-sort-value="2000" | 20th century | | | [[:d:Q55739807|Q55739807]] | 0 |- | [[T. D. Good-Carroll]] | [[Íomhá:Ireland England 1903.jpg|center|40px]] | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1879" | 1879-11-01 | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-02-21 | [[An Charraig Dhubh]] | [[Droichead na Dothra]] | [[:d:Q27044123|Q27044123]] | 3 |- | [[Sara Allgood]] | [[Íomhá:Sara Allgood 1939.JPG|center|40px]] | ban-aisteoir Éireannach | [[aisteoir stáitse]]<br/>[[aisteoir scannáin]]<br/>[[aisteoir]] | data-sort-value="1880" | 1880-10-30<br/>1883 | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-09-13 | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | [[Woodland Hills]] | [[:d:Q238070|Q238070]] | 30 |- | [[Mary Dickenson-Auner]] | | cumadóir Éireannach | [[cumadóir]]<br/>[[veidhleadóir]] | data-sort-value="1880" | 1880-10-24 | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-05-25 | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | [[Vín]] | [[:d:Q1719083|Q1719083]] | 4 |- | [[Irene Hamilton]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1880" | 1880s | data-sort-value="2000" | 20th century | | | [[:d:Q55739833|Q55739833]] | 0 |- | [[Manders]] | [[Íomhá:Mrs Manders.jpg|center|40px]] | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1880" | 1880s | data-sort-value="2000" | 20th century | | | [[:d:Q55739843|Q55739843]] | 1 |- | [[Hazlett]] | [[Íomhá:Irish International Badminton team 1909.jpg|center|40px]] | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1880" | 1880s | data-sort-value="2000" | 20th century | | | [[:d:Q84044654|Q84044654]] | 1 |- | [[Louisa Plews]] | [[Íomhá:Irish International Badminton team 1912.jpg|center|40px]] | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1881" | 1881 | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-12-10 | | [[Baile na Lobhar]] | [[:d:Q55739855|Q55739855]] | 1 |- | [[Storey]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1885" | 1885 | data-sort-value="2000" | 20th century | | | [[:d:Q55739860|Q55739860]] | 0 |- | [[H. Pigot]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1887" | 1887 | data-sort-value="2000" | 20th century | | | [[:d:Q65554314|Q65554314]] | 0 |- | [[C. Johnstone]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1888" | 1888 | data-sort-value="2000" | 20th century | | | [[:d:Q27574560|Q27574560]] | 0 |- | [[Nora Lambert]] | [[Íomhá:Miss Lambert.jpg|center|40px]] | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1888" | 1888 | data-sort-value="2000" | 20th century | | | [[:d:Q65554502|Q65554502]] | 1 |- | [[F. O. D. Trench]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1889" | 1889 | data-sort-value="2000" | 20th century | | | [[:d:Q27574551|Q27574551]] | 0 |- | [[E. F. Stewart]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1890" | 1890s | data-sort-value="2000" | 20th century | | | [[:d:Q55739822|Q55739822]] | 0 |- | [[Bridget Dowling]] | [[Íomhá:Bridget Dowling Hitler NYWTS.jpg|center|40px]] | céilí Alois Hitler | [[scríbhneoir]] | data-sort-value="1891" | 1891-07-03 | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-11-18 | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | [[Long Island]] | [[:d:Q454576|Q454576]] | 16 |- | [[Patricia Collinge]] | [[Íomhá:Patricia-collinge-trailer.jpg|center|40px]] | ban-aisteoir Meiriceánach | [[scríbhneoir]]<br/>[[aisteoir stáitse]]<br/>[[aisteoir teilifíse]]<br/>[[scríbhneoir scripte]]<br/>[[aisteoir scannáin]]<br/>[[aisteoir]] | data-sort-value="1892" | 1892-09-20 | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-04-10 | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | [[Nua-Eabhrac (cathair)|Nua-Eabhrac]] | [[:d:Q177208|Q177208]] | 20 |- | [[Dorothy Colpoys]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1894" | 1894-11-26 | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980 | [[Surrey]] | [[Devon]] | [[:d:Q27783241|Q27783241]] | 2 |- | [[A. M. Head]] | [[Íomhá:Mrs A.M. Head.jpg|center|40px]] | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1895" | 1895 | data-sort-value="2000" | 20th century | | | [[:d:Q15290937|Q15290937]] | 4 |- | [[Enid Starkie]] | | léirmheastóir liteartha Éireannach | [[múinteoir ollscoile]]<br/>[[beathaisnéisí]]<br/>[[scríbhneoir]]<br/>[[focleolaí]] | data-sort-value="1897" | 1897-08-18 | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-04-21 | [[Cill Iníon Léinín]] | | [[:d:Q1343100|Q1343100]] | 3 |- | [[Ninette de Valois]] | [[Íomhá:Ninette de Valois (1974).jpg|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|briotanach]] damhsóir bailé, cóiréagrafaí, leabhrógaí, máistir bailé, [[Scríbhneoir|scríbhneoir]], múinteoir bailé, [[Stiúrthóir scannán|stiúrthóir scannán]], ballet director agus damhsóir (1898–2001) ♀; Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur‎, Gradam Laurence Olivier, Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire, Duais Erasmus, Companion of Honour, Ord Fiúntais, Bonn Albert, Society of London Theatre Special Award, Critics' Circle Award for Distinguished Service to the Arts agus Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Award; member of Acadamh Ealaíona agus Eolaíochtaí Mheiriceá; child of Thomas Robert Alexander Stannus agus Elizabeth Graydon Smith; spouse of Arthur Blackall Connell | [[damhsóir bailé]]<br/>[[cóiréagrafaí]]<br/>[[leabhrógaí]]<br/>[[máistir bailé]]<br/>[[scríbhneoir]]<br/>[[múinteoir bailé]]<br/>[[stiúrthóir scannán]]<br/>[[ballet director]]<br/>[[damhsóir]] | data-sort-value="1898" | 1898-06-06 | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001-03-08 | [[Baile Coimín]] | [[Londain]] | [[:d:Q234436|Q234436]] | 34 |- | [[Elizabeth Bowen]] | [[Íomhá:Elizabeth Bowen (cropped).png|center|40px]] | scríbhneoir Éireannach | [[scríbhneoir]]<br/>[[úrscéalaí]]<br/>[[gearrscéalaí]] | data-sort-value="1899" | 1899-06-07 | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-02-22 | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | [[Londain]] | [[:d:Q235308|Q235308]] | 43 |- | [[Eileen Percy]] | [[Íomhá:Eileen Percy - Aug 14 1920 EH.jpg|center|40px]] | aisteoir Gael-Mheiriceánach (1900-1973) | [[aisteoir]]<br/>[[aisteoir scannáin]] | data-sort-value="1900" | 1900-08-21 | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-07-29 | [[Béal Feirste]] | [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]] | [[:d:Q2070491|Q2070491]] | 12 |- | [[D. Anderson]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1900" | 1900s | data-sort-value="2000" | 20th century | | | [[:d:Q55739817|Q55739817]] | 0 |- | [[D. Pilkington]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1900" | 1900s | data-sort-value="2000" | 20th century | | | [[:d:Q55739819|Q55739819]] | 0 |- | [[Muriel Homan]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1900" | 1900s | data-sort-value="2000" | 20th century | | | [[:d:Q55739840|Q55739840]] | 0 |- | [[Iris Origo]] | [[Íomhá:Iris Origo Donata.jpg|center|40px]] | scríbhneoir Briotanach | [[staraí]]<br/>[[scríbhneoir]]<br/>[[feirmeoir]]<br/>[[beathaisnéisí]]<br/>[[dialannaí]] | data-sort-value="1902" | 1902-08-15 | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-06-28 | [[Gloucestershire]] | [[Siena]] | [[:d:Q518613|Q518613]] | 8 |- | [[Mary Katherine Herbert]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] spiaire agus gníomhaire SOE (1903–1983) ♀; spouse of Claude de Baissac | [[spiaire]]<br/>[[gníomhaire SOE]] | data-sort-value="1903" | 1903-10-01 | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-01-23 | [[Cas-gwent]] | [[Frant]] | [[:d:Q3296186|Q3296186]] | 6 |- | [[Ellen Organ]] | [[Íomhá:Little Nellie of Holy God.gif|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] misteach agus visionary (1903–1908) ♀ | [[misteach]]<br/>[[visionary]] | data-sort-value="1903" | 1903-08-24 | data-sort-value="1908" | 1908-02-02 | [[Port Láirge]] | [[Corcaigh]] | [[:d:Q3337916|Q3337916]] | 5 |- | [[Derreen Good]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1904" | 1904-08-15 | data-sort-value="2000" | 20th century | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q55739818|Q55739818]] | 1 |- | [[Norma Stoker]] | [[Íomhá:Norma Stoker.jpg|center|40px]] | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir leadóige]]<br/>[[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1905" | 1905-03-26 | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-08-21 | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | [[Contae Bhaile Átha Cliath]] | [[:d:Q1999289|Q1999289]] | 5 |- | [[Olive Wilson]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1905" | 1905 | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948 | [[Doire]] | | [[:d:Q2019968|Q2019968]] | 2 |- | [[Edel Quinn]] | [[Íomhá:Edel Quinn.png|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] misinéir (1907–1944) ♀ | [[misinéir]] | data-sort-value="1907" | 1907-09-14 | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-05-12 | [[Ceann Toirc]] | [[Nairobi]] | [[:d:Q443996|Q443996]] | 14 |- | [[G. Good]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1908" | 1908 | data-sort-value="2000" | 20th century | | | [[:d:Q65554295|Q65554295]] | 0 |- | [[Christabel Bielenberg]] | | [[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|Briotanach]]-[[An Ghearmáin|gearmánach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] [[Scríbhneoir|scríbhneoir]] agus trodaí frithbheartaíochta (1909–2003) ♀; Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany; child of Percy Collingwood Burton agus Christabel Rose Harmsworth; spouse of Peter Bielenberg | [[scríbhneoir]]<br/>[[trodaí frithbheartaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1909" | 1909-06-18 | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003-11-02 | [[Londain]] | [[An Tulach]] | [[:d:Q97287|Q97287]] | 7 |- | [[Margaret Kelly]] | [[Íomhá:MargaretKellyYoung.JPG|center|40px]] | damhsóir Éireannach | [[bainisteoir]]<br/>[[cóiréagrafaí]]<br/>[[damhsóir]] | data-sort-value="1910" | 1910-06-24 | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004-09-11 | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | [[Páras]] | [[:d:Q1747577|Q1747577]] | 8 |- | [[Eileen Goulding]] | [[Íomhá:Irish Leinster Interprovincial Badminton team 1936.jpg|center|40px]] | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1910" | 1910s | | | | [[:d:Q84044350|Q84044350]] | 1 |- | [[Billy Kelly]] | [[Íomhá:Billie Kelly.jpg|center|40px]] | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1910" | 1910s | | | | [[:d:Q84044367|Q84044367]] | 1 |- | [[Mavis Macnaughton]] | [[Íomhá:Mavis Hamilton.jpg|center|40px]] | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1911" | 1911-09-14 | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-11 | [[Ráth Domhnaigh]] | | [[:d:Q1647577|Q1647577]] | 5 |- | [[G. Carty]] | [[Íomhá:Badminton 1939.JPG|center|40px]] | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1911" | 1911 | | | | [[:d:Q65554294|Q65554294]] | 1 |- | [[Marguerite Dockrell]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (1912–1983) ♀; child of [[Henry Morgan Dockrell]] | [[snámhóir]] | data-sort-value="1912" | 1912-03-10 | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-09 | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | [[Northampton]] | [[:d:Q23936583|Q23936583]] | 4 |- | [[Geraldine Fitzgerald]] | [[Íomhá:Geraldine-Fitzgerald-August-1944.jpg|center|40px]] | ban-aisteoir Gael-Mheiriceánach | [[amhránaí]]<br/>[[aisteoir stáitse]]<br/>[[aisteoir scannáin]]<br/>[[aisteoir teilifíse]]<br/>[[stiúrthóir drámaíochta]]<br/>[[aisteoir]] | data-sort-value="1913" | 1913-11-24 | data-sort-value="2005" | 2005-07-17 | [[Na Clocha Liatha]] | [[Upper East Side]] | [[:d:Q236396|Q236396]] | 38 |- | [[Joan Frances Plews]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1913" | 1913-11-11 | | [[An Charraig Dhubh]] | | [[:d:Q140067864|Q140067864]] | 0 |- | [[Joyce Redman]] | | aisteoir Angla-Éireannach | [[aisteoir teilifíse]]<br/>[[aisteoir scannáin]]<br/>[[aisteoir stáitse]]<br/>[[aisteoir]]<br/>[[amharclannóir]] | data-sort-value="1915" | 1915-12-09 | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012-05-10 | [[Gosforth]] | [[Pembury]] | [[:d:Q442956|Q442956]] | 17 |- | [[Dorothy Donaldson]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]]<br/>[[imreoir haca]] | data-sort-value="1915" | 1915 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-09-04 | [[Port Láirge]] | | [[:d:Q1250293|Q1250293]] | 4 |- | [[E. Hall]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1915" | 1915 | | | | [[:d:Q134423755|Q134423755]] | 0 |- | [[Bridie O'Flaherty]] | | polaiteoir Éireannach | [[polaiteoir]] | data-sort-value="1917" | 1917-10-27 | data-sort-value="2006" | 2006-01-12 | | [[Gaillimh]] | [[:d:Q914007|Q914007]] | 2 |- | [[Maeve Brennan]] | | scríbhneoir Éireannach | [[iriseoir]]<br/>[[léirmheastóir liteartha]]<br/>[[scríbhneoir]]<br/>[[úrscéalaí]]<br/>[[colúnaí]] | data-sort-value="1917" | 1917-01-06 | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993-11-01 | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | [[Nua-Eabhrac (cathair)|Nua-Eabhrac]] | [[:d:Q1883652|Q1883652]] | 9 |- | [[Margaret Barry]] | | ceoltóir Éireannach | [[bainseóí]]<br/>[[amhránaí]]<br/>[[ceoltóir]] | data-sort-value="1917" | 1917 | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989 | [[Corcaigh]] | [[Baile Labhráis]] | [[:d:Q2073268|Q2073268]] | 4 |- | [[Marie Kean]] | | ban-aisteoir Éireannach | [[aisteoir scannáin]]<br/>[[aisteoir]] | data-sort-value="1918" | 1918-06-27 | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993-12-29 | [[An Ros, Contae Bhaile Átha Cliath|An Ros]] | [[Domhnach Broc]] | [[:d:Q3292619|Q3292619]] | 7 |- | [[Josie MacAvin]] | | dearthóir seit | [[dearthóir léiriúchán]] | data-sort-value="1919" | 1919-04-23 | data-sort-value="2005" | 2005-01-26 | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | [[Baile na Manach]] | [[:d:Q178716|Q178716]] | 8 |- | [[Barbara Good]] | [[Íomhá:Barbara J. Good.jpg|center|40px]] | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1920" | 1920 | | | | [[:d:Q807442|Q807442]] | 3 |- | [[Elizabeth Shaw]] | [[Íomhá:Elizabeth Shaw (1989) by Guenter Prust.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] scigealaíontóir, maisitheoir, cartúnaí, maisitheoir, ealaíontóir grafach, [[Grianghrafadóir|grianghrafadóir]], [[Scríbhneoir|scríbhneoir]] agus scríbhneoir litríocht pháistí (1920–1992) ♀; Gutenberg Prize | [[scigealaíontóir]]<br/>[[maisitheoir]]<br/>[[cartúnaí]]<br/>[[ealaíontóir grafach]]<br/>[[grianghrafadóir]]<br/>[[scríbhneoir]]<br/>[[scríbhneoir litríocht pháistí]] | data-sort-value="1920" | 1920-05-04 | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992-06-27 | [[Béal Feirste]] | [[Beirlín]] | [[:d:Q1331314|Q1331314]] | 3 |- | [[Eilís Dillon]] | | scríbhneoir Éireannach | [[file]]<br/>[[scríbhneoir]]<br/>[[scríbhneoir litríocht pháistí]] | data-sort-value="1920" | 1920-03-07 | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994-07-19 | [[Gaillimh]] | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | [[:d:Q1567235|Q1567235]] | 9 |- | [[Nora Conway]] | [[Íomhá:Badminton 1939.JPG|center|40px]] | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1920" | 1920s | data-sort-value="2010" | 2010s | | | [[:d:Q6457791|Q6457791]] | 3 |- | [[B. Potter]] | | imreoir badmantain Éireannach | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1920" | 1920s | | | | [[:d:Q55739806|Q55739806]] | 0 |- | [[Leland Bardwell]] | | scríbhneoir Éireannach | [[scríbhneoir]]<br/>[[file]]<br/>[[drámadóir]] | data-sort-value="1922" | 1922-02-25 | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016-06-28 | [[Chennai]] | [[Sligeach]] | [[:d:Q1816611|Q1816611]] | 4 |- | [[V. H. Gillespie]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1923" | 1923 | | | | [[:d:Q65554623|Q65554623]] | 0 |- | [[Mary Catherine Tinney]] | | taidhleoir Éireannach | [[taidhleoir]] | data-sort-value="1924" | 1924-02-15 | data-sort-value="2006" | 2006-11-22 | [[Albain]] | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | [[:d:Q1410325|Q1410325]] | 3 |- | [[Sheila Manahan]] | | ban-aisteoir Éireannach | [[aisteoir]]<br/>[[aisteoir scannáin]] | data-sort-value="1924" | 1924-01-01 | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-03-29 | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | [[Londain]] | [[:d:Q1414336|Q1414336]] | 4 |- | [[Anna Manahan]] | | ban-aisteoir Éireannach | [[aisteoir]]<br/>[[aisteoir stáitse]] | data-sort-value="1924" | 1924-10-18 | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009-03-08 | [[Contae Phort Láirge]] | [[Port Láirge]] | [[:d:Q2358194|Q2358194]] | 7 |- | [[Peggy Cummins]] | [[Íomhá:Peggy Cummins. Promotion 1950.jpg|center|40px]] | ban-aisteoir Éireannach a rugadh sa Bhreatain Bheag | [[aisteoir]]<br/>[[aisteoir stáitse]]<br/>[[aisteoir scannáin]] | data-sort-value="1925" | 1925-12-18 | data-sort-value="2017" | 2017-12-29 | [[Prestatyn]] | [[Londain]] | [[:d:Q441467|Q441467]] | 20 |- | [[Doreen Keogh]] | | ban-aisteoir Éireannach | [[aisteoir]] | data-sort-value="1925" | 1925-05-02<br/>1924-04-10 | data-sort-value="2017" | 2017-12-31 | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | [[Baile Mhic Andáin]] | [[:d:Q2018740|Q2018740]] | 5 |- | [[B. Curran]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1925" | 1925 | | | | [[:d:Q65554200|Q65554200]] | 0 |- | [[W. Swann]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1925" | 1925 | | | | [[:d:Q134573262|Q134573262]] | 0 |- | [[Anne McCaffrey]] | [[Íomhá:Anne McCaffrey 2005.JPG|center|40px]] | úrscéalaí Gael-Mheiriceánach | [[scríbhneoir]]<br/>[[úrscéalaí]]<br/>[[scríbhneoir ficsean eolaíochta]]<br/>[[scríbhneoir litríocht pháistí]] | data-sort-value="1926" | 1926-04-01 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-11-21 | [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] | [[An Caisleán Nua, Contae Chill Mhantáin|An Caisleán Nua]] | [[:d:Q233046|Q233046]] | 40 |- | [[Jean Kennedy Smith]] | [[Íomhá:Jean Kennedy c1953.jpg|center|40px]] | taidhleoir Gael-Mheiriceánach | [[taidhleoir]] | data-sort-value="1928" | 1928-02-20 | data-sort-value="2020" | 2020-06-17 | [[Bostún, Massachusetts|Bostún]] | [[Nua-Eabhrac (cathair)|Nua-Eabhrac]] | [[:d:Q272401|Q272401]] | 30 |- | [[Mona Baptiste]] | | [[Oileán na Tríonóide agus Tobága|Oileán na Tríonóide agus Tobága]]-[[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|briotanach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] [[Aisteoir|aisteoir]], [[Amhránaí|amhránaí]] agus [[Ceoltóir|ceoltóir]] (fl. 1949–) (1928–1993) ♀; spouse of William Morrison | [[aisteoir]]<br/>[[amhránaí]]<br/>[[ceoltóir]] | data-sort-value="1928" | 1928-06-21 | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993-06-25 | [[Oileán na Tríonóide]] | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | [[:d:Q1662382|Q1662382]] | 6 |- | [[Kitty Hayes]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] [[Ceoltóir|ceoltóir]] (1928–2008) ♀ | [[ceoltóir]] | data-sort-value="1928" | 1928 | data-sort-value="2008" | 2008-05-17 | | | [[:d:Q1949254|Q1949254]] | 3 |- | [[Maeve Kyle]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|briotanach]] imreoir haca, rábálaí agus reathaí meánfhaid (1928–2025) ♀; Oifigeach Ord Impireacht na Breataine | [[imreoir haca]]<br/>[[rábálaí]]<br/>[[reathaí meánfhaid]] | data-sort-value="1928" | 1928-10-06 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-07-23 | [[Cill Chainnigh]] | | [[:d:Q6729406|Q6729406]] | 6 |- | [[Sheila Smyth]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1928" | 1928 | | | | [[:d:Q27793294|Q27793294]] | 0 |- | [[Catherine Gaskin]] | | úrscéalaí Gael-Astráileach | [[scríbhneoir]]<br/>[[úrscéalaí]] | data-sort-value="1929" | 1929-04-02 | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009-09-06 | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éire]]<br/>[[Dundalk Bay]] | [[Sydney]] | [[:d:Q513055|Q513055]] | 7 |- | [[Esme Mercer]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1929" | 1929 | | | | [[:d:Q27672134|Q27672134]] | 0 |- | [[R. Gibson]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1929" | 1929 | | | | [[:d:Q65554544|Q65554544]] | 0 |- | [[Jennifer Johnston]] | [[Íomhá:Jennifer Johnston (novelist).png|center|40px]] | scríbhneoir Éireannach | [[úrscéalaí]]<br/>[[scríbhneoir]] | data-sort-value="1930" | 1930-01-12 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-02-25 | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | [[Dún Laoghaire]] | [[:d:Q526219|Q526219]] | 15 |- | [[Yvonne Kelly]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1930" | 1930s | | | | [[:d:Q1547285|Q1547285]] | 2 |- | [[Susan Devlin]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1931" | 1931 | | [[Winnipeg]] | | [[:d:Q2363393|Q2363393]] | 3 |- | [[Yvonne Barr]] | | víreolaí Éireannach | [[vireolaí]] | data-sort-value="1932" | 1932-03-11 | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016-02-13 | [[Ceatharlach]] | [[Melbourne]] | [[:d:Q456705|Q456705]] | 13 |- | [[J. Duncan]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1932" | 1932 | | | | [[:d:Q65554344|Q65554344]] | 0 |- | [[Jean Lawless]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1933" | 1933 | | | | [[:d:Q13481865|Q13481865]] | 2 |- | [[Audrey Dalton]] | [[Íomhá:Audrey Dalton Wagon Train 1959.jpg|center|40px]] | ban-aisteoir Éireannach | [[aisteoir]]<br/>[[aisteoir scannáin]] | data-sort-value="1934" | 1934-01-21 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q439915|Q439915]] | 19 |- | [[Ann Ormonde]] | | polaiteoir Éireannach | [[polaiteoir]] | data-sort-value="1935" | 1935-01-20 | | [[Coill Mhic Thomáisín]] | | [[:d:Q263468|Q263468]] | 2 |- | [[Nuala Fennell]] | [[Íomhá:Nuala Fennell, April 1983 (cropped).jpg|center|40px]] | polaiteoir Éireannach | [[polaiteoir]] | data-sort-value="1935" | 1935-11-25 | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009-08-11 | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | [[Bóthar Mhuirfean]] | [[:d:Q526634|Q526634]] | 5 |- | [[Mary Bryan]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1936" | 1936 | data-sort-value="2017" | 2017-10-26 | [[Trá Lí]] | | [[:d:Q1906224|Q1906224]] | 2 |- | [[Elizabeth Shaughnessy]] | | [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Meiriceánach]] imreoir fichille (*1937) ♀ | [[imreoir fichille]] | data-sort-value="1937" | 1937 | | | | [[:d:Q5363498|Q5363498]] | 2 |- | [[Deirdre O'Connell]] | | ban-aisteoir agus amhránaí Gael-Mheiriceánach | [[aisteoir]]<br/>[[amhránaí]] | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-06-16 | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001-06-09 | [[South Bronx]] | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | [[:d:Q2916434|Q2916434]] | 5 |- | [[Gemma O'Connor]] | | scríbhneoir Éireannach | [[athchóiritheoir]]<br/>[[scríbhneoir]] | data-sort-value="1940" | 1940 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q1501154|Q1501154]] | 4 |- | [[Lena Rea]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1940" | 1940 | | | | [[:d:Q1817335|Q1817335]] | 2 |- | [[Joan McCloy]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1940" | 1940 | | | | [[:d:Q6519433|Q6519433]] | 2 |- | [[Fidelma Macken]] | | breitheamh Éireannach | [[breitheamh]]<br/>[[múinteoir ollscoile]]<br/>[[abhcóide]]<br/>[[saineolaí dlí]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-28 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q1411301|Q1411301]] | 4 |- | [[Maureen Mockford]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-27 | data-sort-value="2008" | 2008-01-12 | [[Béal Feirste]] | | [[:d:Q13481867|Q13481867]] | 3 |- | [[Claire Walsh]] | | reathaí meánraoin Éireannach | [[reathaí meánfhaid]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-27 | | | | [[:d:Q42294660|Q42294660]] | 2 |- | [[Jane Leslie]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942 | | | | [[:d:Q65554348|Q65554348]] | 0 |- | [[Mary Dinan]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943 | data-sort-value="2024" | 2024-11-02 | | | [[:d:Q6780729|Q6780729]] | 1 |- | [[Mary White]] | | polaiteoir Éireannach (Fianna Fáil) | [[polaiteoir]]<br/>[[duine den lucht gnó]] | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-10-07 | data-sort-value="2026" | 2026-01-04 | [[Dún Dealgan]] | | [[:d:Q530899|Q530899]] | 5 |- | [[Margaret Murphy]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cliathreathaí (*1944) ♀ | [[cliathreathaí]] | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-09-21 | | | | [[:d:Q41446936|Q41446936]] | 1 |- | [[Mary Upton]] | | polaiteoir Éireannach | [[polaiteoir]] | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-05-30 | | [[Cill Rois]] | | [[:d:Q540353|Q540353]] | 4 |- | [[Mary Freehill]] | [[Íomhá:Mary Freehill PES Group meeting 2019.jpg|center|40px]] | méara Éireannach | [[polaiteoir]] | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-07-22 | | | | [[:d:Q1906258|Q1906258]] | 3 |- | [[Kate Walsh]] | | polaiteoir Éireannach | [[polaiteoir]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-03-01 | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007-04-24 | [[Cill Droichid]] | | [[:d:Q2463581|Q2463581]] | 3 |- | [[Sinéad Cusack]] | [[Íomhá:Sinead cusack 2021 1.jpg|center|40px]] | aisteoir Éireannach | [[aisteoir scannáin]]<br/>[[aisteoir stáitse]]<br/>[[aisteoir]] | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-02-18 | | [[Deilginis]] | | [[:d:Q224782|Q224782]] | 18 |- | [[Ann Murray]] | [[Íomhá:Curtain Call (6766562451).jpg|center|40px]] | amhránaí ceoldrámaíochta Éireannach | [[amhránaí ceoldrámaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-08-27 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q462570|Q462570]] | 10 |- | [[Mary Bergin]] | | ceoltóir Éireannach | [[ceoltóir]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-09-13 | | [[Seanchill]] | | [[:d:Q1627129|Q1627129]] | 5 |- | [[Mary Tracey-Purcell]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] reathaí meánfhaid (*1949) ♀ | [[reathaí meánfhaid]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-05-22 | | | | [[:d:Q42293853|Q42293853]] | 4 |- | [[Maxi]] | | DJ, aisteoir agus ceoltóir Éireannach | [[amhránaí]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-02-23 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q510649|Q510649]] | 10 |- | [[Wendy Donnelly]] | | imreoir badmantain Éireannach | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950s | | | | [[:d:Q2559274|Q2559274]] | 1 |- | [[Dorothy Cunningham]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950 | | | | [[:d:Q26955634|Q26955634]] | 1 |- | [[F. Cunningham]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950 | | | | [[:d:Q65554280|Q65554280]] | 0 |- | [[Aileen Noonan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir fichille (*1950) ♀ | [[imreoir fichille]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950 | | | | [[:d:Q110160815|Q110160815]] | 2 |- | [[Sarah Ludford, Baroness Ludford]] | [[Íomhá:Official portrait of Baroness Ludford crop 2, 2024.jpg|center|40px]] | polaiteoir Briotanach (rugadh 1951) | [[polaiteoir]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-03-14 | | [[Halesworth]] | | [[:d:Q336425|Q336425]] | 11 |- | [[Anne Anderson]] | [[Íomhá:Anne Anderson (cropped).jpg|center|40px]] | taidhleoir Éireannach | [[taidhleoir]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-07 | | [[Cluain Meala]] | | [[:d:Q564938|Q564938]] | 6 |- | [[Barbara Beckett]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-03 | | [[Tuaisceart Éireann]] | | [[:d:Q807346|Q807346]] | 3 |- | [[Diane Underwood]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952 | | | | [[:d:Q26958541|Q26958541]] | 1 |- | [[Ann O'Connor]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*1952) ♀ | [[snámhóir]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-06-03 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q27881115|Q27881115]] | 2 |- | [[Vivienne Smith]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*1952) ♀ | [[snámhóir]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-11-10 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q27886476|Q27886476]] | 2 |- | [[Nollaig Casey]] | | ceoltóir Éireannach | [[fidléir]]<br/>[[ceoltóir]] | data-sort-value="1953" | 20th century | | | | [[:d:Q2469858|Q2469858]] | 3 |- | [[Bairbre Dowling]] | | ban-aisteoir Éireannach | [[aisteoir scannáin]] | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-03-27 | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016-01-20 | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | [[Manhattan]] | [[:d:Q2879967|Q2879967]] | 3 |- | [[Cornelia Hayes O'Herlihy]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] [[Aisteoir|aisteoir]] agus [[Stiúrthóir scannán|stiúrthóir scannán]] (*1953) ♀; spouse of Lorcan O'Herlihy | [[aisteoir]]<br/>[[stiúrthóir scannán]] | data-sort-value="1953" | 20th century | | | | [[:d:Q2997473|Q2997473]] | 1 |- | [[Áine Brady]] | | polaiteoir Éireannach | [[polaiteoir]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-09-08 | | [[Contae na Gaillimhe]] | | [[:d:Q249955|Q249955]] | 3 |- | [[Síle de Valera]] | [[Íomhá:Síle de Valera 1981 01.jpg|center|40px]] | polaiteoir Éireannach de chuid Fianna Fáil | [[polaiteoir]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-12-17 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q436181|Q436181]] | 8 |- | [[Bairbre de Brún]] | [[Íomhá:Bairbre de Brún 2008-10-19 Strasbourg (cropped).jpg|center|40px]] | polaiteoir Éireannach | [[polaiteoir]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-01-10 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q450673|Q450673]] | 10 |- | [[Geraldine Brannigan]] | | iomaitheoir Eurovision 1975 | [[amhránaí]]<br/>[[ceoltóir]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954 | | [[Cluain Tarbh]] | | [[:d:Q451689|Q451689]] | 8 |- | [[Rynagh O'Grady]] | | ban-aisteoir Éireannach | [[aisteoir]]<br/>[[stiúrthóir scannán]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-02-08 | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | [[:d:Q3453946|Q3453946]] | 7 |- | [[Mary Geaney]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir haca, camogie player agus imreoir peile Gaelaí (*1954) ♀ | [[imreoir haca]]<br/>[[camogie player]]<br/>[[imreoir peile Gaelaí]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-04-06 | | [[Oileán Ciarraí]] | | [[:d:Q6779624|Q6779624]] | 1 |- | [[Christine Fulcher]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*1954) ♀ | [[snámhóir]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-12-20 | | | | [[:d:Q27922118|Q27922118]] | 2 |- | [[Bríd Brennan]] | [[Íomhá:Brid Brennan - Day 3 diff 2025.png|center|40px]] | ban-aisteoir Éireannach | [[aisteoir stáitse]]<br/>[[aisteoir scannáin]]<br/>[[aisteoir]] | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955 | | [[Béal Feirste]] | | [[:d:Q913526|Q913526]] | 9 |- | [[Alexandra Colen]] | [[Íomhá:AlexandraColen1996.jpg|center|40px]] | polaiteoir Éireannach-Beilgeach | [[polaiteoir]] | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955-07-09 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q2833256|Q2833256]] | 4 |- | [[Mary Coughlan]] | [[Íomhá:Marycoughlan.JPG|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] [[Aisteoir|aisteoir]], [[Amhránaí|amhránaí]], [[Cumadóir amhrán|cumadóir amhrán]], ceoltóir snagcheoil, ealaíontóir taifeadta agus [[Ceoltóir|ceoltóir]] (fl. 1984–) (*1956) ♀; spouse of Frank Bonadio | [[aisteoir]]<br/>[[amhránaí]]<br/>[[cumadóir amhrán]]<br/>[[ceoltóir snagcheoil]]<br/>[[ealaíontóir taifeadta]]<br/>[[ceoltóir]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-05-05 | | [[Contae na Gaillimhe]] | | [[:d:Q369823|Q369823]] | 9 |- | [[Kathleen O'Beirne]] | | scríbhneoir Éireannach | [[scríbhneoir]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-10-18 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q1736283|Q1736283]] | 2 |- | [[Máire Breatnach]] | | fidléir Éireannach | [[amhránaí]]<br/>[[fidléir]]<br/>[[pianódóir]]<br/>[[giotáraí]]<br/>[[méarchláraí]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q3331954|Q3331954]] | 4 |- | [[Linda Andrews]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956 | | | | [[:d:Q27036227|Q27036227]] | 1 |- | [[Brenda McGrory]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*1956) ♀ | [[snámhóir]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-04-29 | | | | [[:d:Q27927243|Q27927243]] | 2 |- | [[Lynn McCrave]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956 | | | | [[:d:Q65554433|Q65554433]] | 0 |- | [[Geraldine Feeney]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] polaiteoir, Seanadóir na hÉireann (*1957) ♀ | [[polaiteoir]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-09-09 | | [[Contae Uíbh Fhailí]] | | [[:d:Q304576|Q304576]] | 2 |- | [[Alison Browner]] | | amhránaí agus amhránaí ceoldrámaíochta Éireannach | [[amhránaí ceoldrámaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-09-22 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q1490059|Q1490059]] | 4 |- | [[Regina Joyce]] | | cianreathaí Éireannach | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-02-07 | | | | [[:d:Q7308488|Q7308488]] | 3 |- | [[Ann Crossan]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957 | | | | [[:d:Q26958736|Q26958736]] | 0 |- | [[Aisling O'Leary]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*1957) ♀ | [[snámhóir]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-07-07 | | | | [[:d:Q27922111|Q27922111]] | 2 |- | [[Deirdre Sheehan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*1957) ♀ | [[snámhóir]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-09-25 | | | | [[:d:Q27995560|Q27995560]] | 2 |- | [[Niamh McMahon]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1957) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-03-06 | | | | [[:d:Q135389748|Q135389748]] | 0 |- | [[Breda Grennell]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1957) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-02-28 | | | | [[:d:Q135389750|Q135389750]] | 0 |- | [[Louise Richardson]] | [[Íomhá:Louise Richardson.jpg|center|40px]] | eolaí polaitíochta Éireannach | [[ollamh]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958 | | [[Trá Mhór]] | | [[:d:Q440934|Q440934]] | 12 |- | [[Maura O'Connell]] | | amhránaí Éireannach | [[amhránaí]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-09-16 | | [[Inis (baile)|Inis]] | | [[:d:Q2285213|Q2285213]] | 5 |- | [[Aisling Walsh]] | [[Íomhá:Aisling Walsh.jpg|center|40px]] | scríbhneoir agus stiúrthóir scannán Éireannach | [[stiúrthóir scannán]]<br/>[[scríbhneoir scripte]]<br/>[[stiúrthóir teilifíse]]<br/>[[stiúrthóir]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-09 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q2443145|Q2443145]] | 12 |- | [[Niamh Parsons]] | [[Íomhá:Niamh-Parsons-08.jpg|center|40px]] | amhránaí Éireannach | [[amhránaí]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q2502492|Q2502492]] | 4 |- | [[Ailish Smyth]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1958) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-09-18 | | | | [[:d:Q29997026|Q29997026]] | 1 |- | [[Marion Walsh]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1958) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-07-21 | | | | [[:d:Q135389248|Q135389248]] | 0 |- | [[Philodena Grennell]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1958) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-04-30 | | | | [[:d:Q135389749|Q135389749]] | 0 |- | [[Michèle Burke]] | | [[Ceanada|Ceanadach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]]-[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|meiriceánach]] smideoir agus [[Mainicín faisin|mainicín]] (fl. 1980–) (1959–2025) ♀; Duais Emmy agus Duais an Acadaimh don smideadh agus gruagaireacht is fearr | [[smideoir]]<br/>[[Mainicín faisin|mainicín]] | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-09-26 | [[Cill Dara]] | | [[:d:Q518417|Q518417]] | 9 |- | [[Carey May Edge]] | | [[Ceanada|Ceanadach]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1959) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959-07-19 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q1035934|Q1035934]] | 5 |- | [[Margaret M. Murnane]] | | fisiceoir Éireannach | [[fisiceoir]]<br/>[[múinteoir ollscoile]] | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959-01-23 | | [[Luimneach]] | | [[:d:Q1894870|Q1894870]] | 10 |- | [[Marie Murphy-Rollins]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1959) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959-03-23 | | | | [[:d:Q29996726|Q29996726]] | 1 |- | [[Debbie Freeman]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959 | | | | [[:d:Q65554233|Q65554233]] | 0 |- | [[Lori Redmond]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1959) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959-08-15 | | | | [[:d:Q135389746|Q135389746]] | 0 |- | [[Ann Connellan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1959) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959-04-15 | | | | [[:d:Q135389753|Q135389753]] | 0 |- | [[Roma Downey]] | [[Íomhá:Roma Downey 2015.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|Briotanach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] [[Aisteoir|aisteoir]], [[Léiritheoir scannáin|léiritheoir scannáin]], aisteoir scannáin agus [[Stiúrthóir scannán|stiúrthóir scannán]] (fl. 1988–) (*1960) ♀; réalta ar Hollywood Walk of Fame, Oifigeach Ord Impireacht na Breataine, TV Land Award agus Gradaim Acadamh Scannán agus Teilifíse na hÉireann; spouse of Mark Burnett, Leland Orser agus David Anspaugh; notable work Touched by an Angel agus A Woman Named Jackie | [[aisteoir]]<br/>[[léiritheoir scannáin]]<br/>[[aisteoir scannáin]]<br/>[[stiúrthóir scannán]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-05-06 | | [[Doire]] | | [[:d:Q258989|Q258989]] | 23 |- | [[Patricia Walsh]] | | caiteoir teisce Éireannach | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-03-16 | | | | [[:d:Q16224342|Q16224342]] | 4 |- | [[Caroline O'Shea]] | | lúthchleasaí Éireannach | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-12-30 | | | | [[:d:Q21936525|Q21936525]] | 2 |- | [[Miriam Hopkins]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*1960) ♀ | [[snámhóir]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-10-28 | | | | [[:d:Q28037353|Q28037353]] | 3 |- | [[Ann O'Sullivan]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960s | | | | [[:d:Q55739805|Q55739805]] | 0 |- | [[Nikki Lane]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960s | | | | [[:d:Q55739848|Q55739848]] | 0 |- | [[Ann Hawkshaw]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960s | | | | [[:d:Q65554176|Q65554176]] | 0 |- | [[Siobhain Caffrey]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1960) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-03-08 | | | | [[:d:Q135389754|Q135389754]] | 0 |- | [[Michelle Rocca]] | [[Íomhá:Michelle Rocca in Belfast (cropped).jpg|center|40px]] | péiceallán Éireannach | [[láithreoir teilifíse]]<br/>[[péiceallán]]<br/>[[Mainicín faisin|mainicín]]<br/>[[iomaitheoir i gcomórtas áilleachta]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q372148|Q372148]] | 8 |- | [[Orla Brady]] | [[Íomhá:Orla Brady 2020 1 cropped.jpg|center|40px]] | ban-aisteoir Éireannach | [[aisteoir]]<br/>[[aisteoir stáitse]]<br/>[[aisteoir scannáin]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-03-28 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q444292|Q444292]] | 20 |- | [[Ali Hewson]] | [[Íomhá:Alison Hewson portrait.jpg|center|40px]] | gníomhaí agus bean ghnó Éireannach | [[duine den lucht gnó]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-03-23 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q777287|Q777287]] | 12 |- | [[Mary-Pat Moore]] | | cruicéadaí | [[cruicéadaí]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-04-24 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q6778731|Q6778731]] | 4 |- | [[Mary Parr]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cliathreathaí (*1961) ♀ | [[cliathreathaí]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-10-01 | | | | [[:d:Q21936533|Q21936533]] | 3 |- | [[Janice Walsh]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cruicéadaí (*1961) ♀ | [[cruicéadaí]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-12-17 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q27562837|Q27562837]] | 4 |- | [[Elaine Doyle]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961 | | | | [[:d:Q65554263|Q65554263]] | 0 |- | [[Dolores Fitzgibbon]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1961) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-09-15 | | | | [[:d:Q135389751|Q135389751]] | 0 |- | [[Emer Costello]] | [[Íomhá:Costello, Emer-2148.jpg|center|40px]] | polaiteoir Éireannach | [[polaiteoir]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-09-03 | | [[Contae Lú]] | | [[:d:Q525437|Q525437]] | 8 |- | [[Hilary Mooney]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] múinteoir ollscoile, diagaire Caitliceach agus diagaire (*1962) ♀ | [[múinteoir ollscoile]]<br/>[[diagaire Caitliceach]]<br/>[[diagaire]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q1618120|Q1618120]] | 1 |- | [[Fionnuala Sherry]] | [[Íomhá:Fionnuala Sherry.jpg|center|40px]] | ceoltóir Éireannach | [[ceoltóir]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-09-20 | | [[An Nás]] | | [[:d:Q1868188|Q1868188]] | 17 |- | [[Sian Doody]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]]<br/>[[badminton coach]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-05-05 | | | | [[:d:Q2280741|Q2280741]] | 1 |- | [[Pauline McLynn]] | [[Íomhá:Pauline McLynn.png|center|40px]] | ban-aisteoir Éireannach | [[aisteoir]]<br/>[[scríbhneoir]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-07-11 | | [[Sligeach]] | | [[:d:Q3372751|Q3372751]] | 12 |- | [[Caitríona Ruane]] | [[Íomhá:Caitríona Ruane 2014 (cropped).jpg|center|40px]] | imreoir leadóige, an Ríocht Aontaithe | [[imreoir leadóige]]<br/>[[polaiteoir]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-07-19 | | [[Béal Átha na Muice]] | | [[:d:Q5017940|Q5017940]] | 2 |- | [[Anne Keenan-Buckley]] | | cianreathaí Éireannach | [[cianreathaí]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-01-07 | | | | [[:d:Q11851668|Q11851668]] | 2 |- | [[Sonia Reamsbottom]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cruicéadaí (*1962) ♀ | [[cruicéadaí]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-03-28 | | [[Cill Dara]] | | [[:d:Q24007862|Q24007862]] | 4 |- | [[Barbara Johnson]] | | lúthchleasaí Éireannach | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-12-05<br/>1962-12-23 | | | | [[:d:Q42287970|Q42287970]] | 1 |- | [[Ita Marron]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962 | | | | [[:d:Q65554342|Q65554342]] | 0 |- | [[Pamela Peard]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-06-02 | | | | [[:d:Q65965095|Q65965095]] | 0 |- | [[Kathy Ann Kelly]] | [[Íomhá:Kathy Kelly 2707.jpg|center|40px]] | ceoltóir | [[amhránaí]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-03-06 | | [[Leominster]] | | [[:d:Q1736556|Q1736556]] | 5 |- | [[Roisin Smyth]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1963) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-10-26 | | | | [[:d:Q21936554|Q21936554]] | 3 |- | [[Mary Fitzpatrick]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1963) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-05-17 | | | | [[:d:Q135389242|Q135389242]] | 0 |- | [[Bernadette Lillis]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1963) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-02-26 | | | | [[:d:Q135389246|Q135389246]] | 0 |- | [[Elizabeth O'Leary]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1963) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-08-21 | | | | [[:d:Q135389747|Q135389747]] | 0 |- | [[Catherine Walsh]] | | file Éireannach | [[file]]<br/>[[scríbhneoir]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q338265|Q338265]] | 3 |- | [[Maeve Quinlan]] | [[Íomhá:Maeve Quinlan at Camp As Sayliyah, Qatar.jpg|center|40px]] | ban-aisteoir Gael-Mheiriceánach | [[aisteoir]]<br/>[[imreoir leadóige]]<br/>[[aisteoir teilifíse]]<br/>[[aisteoir scannáin]]<br/>[[scríbhneoir scripte]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-11-16 | | [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]] | | [[:d:Q433284|Q433284]] | 16 |- | [[Susan Ronan]] | | imreoir sacair | [[imreoir sacair]]<br/>[[bainisteoir sacair]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-02-21 | | [[Éire]] | | [[:d:Q7648333|Q7648333]] | 4 |- | [[Aisling Molloy]] | | reathaí meánraoin Éireannach | [[reathaí meánfhaid]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-06-12 | | | | [[:d:Q23043629|Q23043629]] | 2 |- | [[Ciara Doheny]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-08-04 | | | | [[:d:Q27893278|Q27893278]] | 0 |- | [[Catherine Bohan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*1964) ♀ | [[snámhóir]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-04-18 | | | | [[:d:Q28822774|Q28822774]] | 2 |- | [[Rebecca Best]] | | imreoir scuaise Éireannach | [[imreoir scuaise]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-01-18 | | [[Sheffield]] | | [[:d:Q50839606|Q50839606]] | 4 |- | [[Gearoidin Ui Laighleis]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir fichille (*1964) ♀ | [[imreoir fichille]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964 | | | | [[:d:Q105358147|Q105358147]] | 0 |- | [[Sandra Fitzgibbon]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1964) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-03-16 | | | | [[:d:Q135389247|Q135389247]] | 0 |- | [[Sinead Daly]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1964) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-01-01 | | | | [[:d:Q135389752|Q135389752]] | 0 |- | [[Kim Jackson]] | | amhránaí Éireannach | [[amhránaí]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-08-22 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q286695|Q286695]] | 11 |- | [[Maria Christian]] | [[Íomhá:Maria Doyle-Cuche 2019-08-28.jpg|center|40px]] | amhránaí Éireannach | [[amhránaí]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-05-06 | | [[Dún Dealgan]] | | [[:d:Q1895757|Q1895757]] | 9 |- | [[Anne Cleary]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] person (*1965) ♀ | | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965 | | | | [[:d:Q2851037|Q2851037]] | 3 |- | [[Barbara Griffin]] | | aisteoir | [[aisteoir]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-01-01 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q2883953|Q2883953]] | 3 |- | [[Miriam Grealey]] | | cruicéadaí | [[cruicéadaí]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-12-27 | | [[Dún na nGall (baile)|Dún na nGall]] | | [[:d:Q6873329|Q6873329]] | 4 |- | [[Holly Lane]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965 | | | | [[:d:Q27043986|Q27043986]] | 1 |- | [[Ann Stephens]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965 | | | | [[:d:Q27043991|Q27043991]] | 1 |- | [[Julie Parkes]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*1965) ♀ | [[snámhóir]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-04-17 | | | | [[:d:Q28911826|Q28911826]] | 2 |- | [[Maeve Moynihan]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965 | | | | [[:d:Q65554435|Q65554435]] | 0 |- | [[Ursula Noctor]] | | Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (1965–1993) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-01-21 | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993-04-04 | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éire]] | | [[:d:Q106527955|Q106527955]] | 1 |- | [[Maire Ni Laighin]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1965) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-04-02 | | | | [[:d:Q135389243|Q135389243]] | 0 |- | [[Sarah McCloskey]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1965) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-04-18 | | | | [[:d:Q135389244|Q135389244]] | 0 |- | [[Margaret Timoney]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1965) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-06-16 | | | | [[:d:Q135389745|Q135389745]] | 0 |- | [[Marguerite Donlon]] | | damhsóir agus cóiréagrafaí Éireannach | [[cóiréagrafaí]]<br/>[[damhsóir bailé]]<br/>[[ballet director]]<br/>[[damhsóir]] | data-sort-value="1966" | 1966-05-31 | | [[An Longfort]] | | [[:d:Q524761|Q524761]] | 5 |- | [[Perri Williams]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] siúlóir rása (*1966) ♀ | [[siúlóir rása]] | data-sort-value="1966" | 1966-06-21 | | | | [[:d:Q44503461|Q44503461]] | 1 |- | [[Siobhán Nicholson]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir leadóige (*1966) ♀ | [[imreoir leadóige]] | data-sort-value="1966" | 1966-06-11 | | [[Wimbledon, Londain|Wimbledon]] | | [[:d:Q97918916|Q97918916]] | 2 |- | [[Karen Hennessy]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1966) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1966" | 1966-02-17 | | | | [[:d:Q135388055|Q135388055]] | 0 |- | [[Geraldine Somerville]] | | aisteoir | [[aisteoir]]<br/>[[aisteoir stáitse]]<br/>[[aisteoir scannáin]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-05-19 | | [[Contae na Mí]] | | [[:d:Q235572|Q235572]] | 23 |- | [[Carol Munster]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967 | | | | [[:d:Q27503288|Q27503288]] | 1 |- | [[Aisling Byrne-Bowman]] | | Mairnéalach (*1967) ♀ | [[mairnéalach]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-08-26 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q96484359|Q96484359]] | 1 |- | [[Caroline Forde]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1967) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-04-26 | | | | [[:d:Q135389245|Q135389245]] | 0 |- | [[Aisling O'Sullivan]] | | ban-aisteoir Éireannach | [[aisteoir]]<br/>[[aisteoir stáitse]]<br/>[[aisteoir scannáin]] | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968 | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éire]] | | [[:d:Q174315|Q174315]] | 6 |- | [[Sharon Shannon]] | [[Íomhá:Sharon Shannon smiling.jpg|center|40px]] | ceoltóir Éireannach | [[fidléir]]<br/>[[amhránaí]]<br/>[[cairdíneoir]] | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-11-12 | | [[Cora Finne]] | | [[:d:Q457684|Q457684]] | 16 |- | [[Cecilia Keaveney]] | | polaiteoir Éireannach | [[polaiteoir]] | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-11-27 | | [[Doire]] | | [[:d:Q540369|Q540369]] | 4 |- | [[Emer Martin]] | [[Íomhá:Emerfinalbook copy.jpg|center|40px]] | scríbhneoir Éireannach | [[scríbhneoir]]<br/>[[péintéir]] | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-02-29 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q1258694|Q1258694]] | 4 |- | [[Fiona O'Malley]] | | polaiteoir Éireannach | [[polaiteoir]] | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-01-19 | | [[Luimneach]] | | [[:d:Q1418534|Q1418534]] | 2 |- | [[Regina Grennan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|meiriceánach]] cispheileadóir (*1968) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-11-10 | | | | [[:d:Q135385324|Q135385324]] | 0 |- | [[Emma Donoghue]] | [[Íomhá:Irish-Canadian author Emma Donoghue.JPG|center|40px]] | úrscéali, staraí, scríbhneoir agus drámadóir Éireannach | [[staraí liteartha]]<br/>[[úrscéalaí]]<br/>[[drámadóir]]<br/>[[scríbhneoir scripte]]<br/>[[scríbhneoir]]<br/>[[scríbhneoir scripte scannáin]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-10-24 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q52255|Q52255]] | 30 |- | [[Karan Casey]] | [[Íomhá:Karan Casey.JPG|center|40px]] | amhránaí Éireannach | [[amhránaí]]<br/>[[pianódóir]]<br/>[[ceoltóir]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969 | | [[Cill Mhíodáin]] | | [[:d:Q274052|Q274052]] | 9 |- | [[Catherina McKiernan]] | | cianreathaí Éireannach | [[reathaí maratóin]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-11-30 | | [[Contae an Chabháin]] | | [[:d:Q274541|Q274541]] | 6 |- | [[Angeline Ball]] | | ban-aisteoir Éireannach | [[aisteoir]]<br/>[[aisteoir scannáin]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-06-28 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q530292|Q530292]] | 7 |- | [[Patricia Kelly]] | [[Íomhá:Patricia-Kelly-(MS1411200026).jpg|center|40px]] | ceoltóir Gael-Mheiriceánach | [[cumadóir amhrán]]<br/>[[aisteoir]]<br/>[[amhránaí]]<br/>[[scríbhneoir]]<br/>[[ceoltóir]]<br/>[[Léiritheoir ceoil|léiritheoir ceirníní]]<br/>[[údar]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-11-22 | | [[Gamonal]] | | [[:d:Q1544206|Q1544206]] | 7 |- | [[Naomi Geraghty]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] eagarthóir scannán, eagarthóir teilifíse agus stiúrthóir teilifíse (*1969) ♀ | [[eagarthóir scannán]]<br/>[[eagarthóir teilifíse]]<br/>[[stiúrthóir teilifíse]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-05 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q1964826|Q1964826]] | 2 |- | [[Pauline Curley]] | [[Íomhá:Pauline Curley - Rotterdam Marathon 2008 (2411527348) (cropped).jpg|center|40px]] | reathaí maratóin Éireannach | [[reathaí maratóin]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-03-10 | | [[Biorra]] | | [[:d:Q7155002|Q7155002]] | 2 |- | [[Aileen Convery]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*1969) ♀ | [[snámhóir]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-07-10 | | | | [[:d:Q29059727|Q29059727]] | 2 |- | [[Maria Coleman]] | | [[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|Briotanach]] mairnéalach (*1969) ♀ | [[mairnéalach]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-07-21 | | [[Birmingham]] | | [[:d:Q56065668|Q56065668]] | 1 |- | [[Teresa Duffy]] | | Cianreathaí (*1969) ♀ | [[cianreathaí]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-07-16 | | | | [[:d:Q97670856|Q97670856]] | 1 |- | [[Karen Staunton]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1969) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-06-07 | | | | [[:d:Q135388054|Q135388054]] | 0 |- | [[Siobhán Hoey]] | | bean spóirt Éireannach | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-07-17 | | | | [[:d:Q7525309|Q7525309]] | 2 |- | [[Keelin Fox]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970s | | | | [[:d:Q15729982|Q15729982]] | 2 |- | [[Tanya Cooke]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970 | | | | [[:d:Q27503287|Q27503287]] | 1 |- | [[Claire Russell]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970 | | | | [[:d:Q27503304|Q27503304]] | 0 |- | [[Katy McCandless]] | | cianreathaí Éireannach | [[cianreathaí]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-06-22 | | | | [[:d:Q42954570|Q42954570]] | 2 |- | [[Breda Dennehy-Willis]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cianreathaí (*1970) ♀ | [[cianreathaí]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970 | | | | [[:d:Q43016830|Q43016830]] | 1 |- | [[Elaine Kiely]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970s | | | | [[:d:Q65027970|Q65027970]] | 0 |- | [[Angela Carr]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970s | | | | [[:d:Q65554172|Q65554172]] | 0 |- | [[Annette Taylor]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970s | | | | [[:d:Q65554187|Q65554187]] | 0 |- | [[Amy Mallon]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|meiriceánach]] cóitseálaí cispheile agus cispheileadóir (*1970) ♀ | [[cóitseálaí cispheile]]<br/>[[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-04-21 | | | | [[:d:Q104093537|Q104093537]] | 1 |- | [[Michelle Amanda Maguire]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1970) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-10-30 | | | | [[:d:Q135387113|Q135387113]] | 0 |- | [[Geraldine Hendricken]] | | lúthchleasaí Éireannach | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-04-19 | | | | [[:d:Q137723688|Q137723688]] | 0 |- | [[Amira Casar]] | [[Íomhá:Amira Casar Call Me By Your Name Photo Call Berlinale 2017.jpg|center|40px]] | ban-aisteoir Francach | [[aisteoir teilifíse]]<br/>[[Mainicín faisin|mainicín]]<br/>[[aisteoir scannáin]]<br/>[[aisteoir stáitse]]<br/>[[aisteoir]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971-05-01 | | [[Londain]] | | [[:d:Q271553|Q271553]] | 28 |- | [[Claire Henderson]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971-10-08 | | | | [[:d:Q1094805|Q1094805]] | 2 |- | [[Jayne Plunkett]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971-08-10 | | | | [[:d:Q1636158|Q1636158]] | 2 |- | [[Susan Smith-Walsh]] | [[Íomhá:Susan Smith-Walsh in 1996.jpg|center|40px]] | cliathreathaí Éireannach | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971-09-14 | | [[Port Láirge]] | | [[:d:Q7648401|Q7648401]] | 2 |- | [[Sinéad Delahunty]] | | reathaí meánraoin Éireannach | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971-02-12 | | [[Contae Chill Chainnigh]] | | [[:d:Q16209027|Q16209027]] | 2 |- | [[Anna McPartlin]] | | úrscéalaí Éireannach | [[scríbhneoir]]<br/>[[scríbhneoir scripte]]<br/>[[úrscéalaí]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q562441|Q562441]] | 4 |- | [[Alexandria Sharpe]] | [[Íomhá:Alex Sharpe.jpg|center|40px]] | amhránaí Éireannach | [[amhránaí]]<br/>[[aisteoir]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-05-04 | | | | [[:d:Q636386|Q636386]] | 11 |- | [[Bronagh Gallagher]] | [[Íomhá:Bronagh Gallagher.jpg|center|40px]] | aisteoir agus ceoltóir Éireannach | [[aisteoir]]<br/>[[amhránaí]]<br/>[[cumadóir]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-04-26 | | [[Doire]] | | [[:d:Q2926038|Q2926038]] | 12 |- | [[Sharon Foley]] | | léimneoir ard Éireannach | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-05-20 | | | | [[:d:Q7490056|Q7490056]] | 2 |- | [[Christine Kiely]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1972) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-12-15 | | | | [[:d:Q135386316|Q135386316]] | 0 |- | [[Jillian Hayes]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1972) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-10-30 | | | | [[:d:Q135387112|Q135387112]] | 0 |- | [[Karen Hannigan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1972) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-07-23 | | | | [[:d:Q135388050|Q135388050]] | 0 |- | [[Geraldine O'Flynn]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1972) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-05-11 | | | | [[:d:Q135388051|Q135388051]] | 0 |- | [[Sonya McGinn]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]]<br/>[[Olympic competitor]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-12-17 | | [[Binn Éadair]] | | [[:d:Q1603815|Q1603815]] | 5 |- | [[Catherine Walsh]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] rothaí spóirt agus iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1973) ♀ | [[rothaí spóirt]]<br/>[[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-08-23 | | | | [[:d:Q16224339|Q16224339]] | 1 |- | [[Sarah Reilly]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1973) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-07-03 | | | | [[:d:Q32375569|Q32375569]] | 3 |- | [[Carmel Kissane]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1973) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-06-09 | | | | [[:d:Q135382829|Q135382829]] | 0 |- | [[Kelly Fitzpatrick]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|meiriceánach]] cispheileadóir (*1973) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-05-06 | | | | [[:d:Q135385380|Q135385380]] | 0 |- | [[Olivia O'Reilly]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1973) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-09-09 | | | | [[:d:Q135386317|Q135386317]] | 0 |- | [[Lorraine Grogan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1973) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-10-26 | | | | [[:d:Q135388053|Q135388053]] | 0 |- | [[Victoria Smurfit]] | [[Íomhá:Victoria Smurfit 2016.jpg|center|40px]] | ban-aisteoir Éireannach | [[aisteoir]]<br/>[[aisteoir scannáin]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-03-31 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q127333|Q127333]] | 19 |- | [[Lorraine Pilkington]] | | ban-aisteoir Éireannach | [[aisteoir]]<br/>[[aisteoir scannáin]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-04-18 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q467567|Q467567]] | 11 |- | [[Alex Barclay]] | [[Íomhá:Alex Barclay 2010.jpg|center|40px]] | scríbhneoir Éireannach | [[scríbhneoir]]<br/>[[scríbhneoir litríocht pháistí]]<br/>[[scríbhneoir coirscéalta]]<br/>[[iriseoir]]<br/>[[údar]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q517660|Q517660]] | 10 |- | [[Lisa McDonald]] | | polaiteoir Éireannach | [[polaiteoir]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-07-09 | | [[Contae Loch Garman]] | | [[:d:Q1827764|Q1827764]] | 2 |- | [[Jennifer Walshe]] | [[Íomhá:Jennifer Walshe MX IL.jpg|center|40px]] | cumadóir Éireannach | [[cumadóir]]<br/>[[leabhrógaí]]<br/>[[ceoltóir]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-06-01 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q2313131|Q2313131]] | 10 |- | [[Órlagh Fallon]] | | amhránaí agus cumadóir Éireannach | [[cumadóir]]<br/>[[amhránaí ceoldrámaíochta]]<br/>[[ealaíontóir taifeadta]]<br/>[[ceoltóir]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-08-24 | | [[Cnoc an Eanaigh]] | | [[:d:Q2447901|Q2447901]] | 12 |- | [[Camille O'Sullivan]] | | aisteoir agus ceoltóir Éireannach | [[péintéir]]<br/>[[amhránaí]]<br/>[[ailtire]]<br/>[[aisteoir]]<br/>[[aisteoir stáitse]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-12-30 | | [[Londain]] | | [[:d:Q2935027|Q2935027]] | 6 |- | [[Eva Birthistle]] | [[Íomhá:Eva Birthistle in 2007.jpg|center|40px]] | ban-aisteoir Éireannach | [[aisteoir]]<br/>[[aisteoir scannáin]]<br/>[[stiúrthóir scannán]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974 | | [[Bré]] | | [[:d:Q3061229|Q3061229]] | 17 |- | [[Deirdre Gallagher]] | | lúthchleasaí | [[siúlóir rása]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-07-13 | | | | [[:d:Q5252565|Q5252565]] | 2 |- | [[Jenny McCauley]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] mountain biker (*1974) ♀ | [[mountain biker]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-07-18 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q17104427|Q17104427]] | 3 |- | [[Sarah Gillian Aherne]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1974) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-10-25 | | | | [[:d:Q135385323|Q135385323]] | 0 |- | [[Emeir Howard]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1974) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-02-23 | | | | [[:d:Q135387108|Q135387108]] | 0 |- | [[Caitriona White]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1974) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-02-24 | | | | [[:d:Q135387109|Q135387109]] | 0 |- | [[Caroline Walsh]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1974) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-01-22 | | | | [[:d:Q135387111|Q135387111]] | 0 |- | [[Kathy Maryirl Reid]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1974) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-07-21 | | | | [[:d:Q135388045|Q135388045]] | 0 |- | [[Patricia Nolan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1974) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-02-04 | | | | [[:d:Q135388046|Q135388046]] | 0 |- | [[Tara Blaise]] | | ban-aisteoir agus amhránaí Éireannach | [[amhránaí]]<br/>[[aisteoir stáitse]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-03-01 | | [[Londain]] | | [[:d:Q2091210|Q2091210]] | 5 |- | [[Marie Davenport]] | | lúthchleasaí | [[cianreathaí]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-01-24 | | [[Inis Díomáin]] | | [[:d:Q6762820|Q6762820]] | 1 |- | [[Maria McCambridge]] | [[Íomhá:Maria McCambridge Berlin 2015.jpg|center|40px]] | cianreathaí Éireannach | [[reathaí maratóin]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-07-10 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q16210935|Q16210935]] | 2 |- | [[Rosemary Ryan]] | | cianreathaí Éireannach | [[cianreathaí]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-11-08 | | [[Luimneach]] | | [[:d:Q22415175|Q22415175]] | 2 |- | [[Catherine O'Neill]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1975) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-12-04 | | [[Ros Mhic Thriúin]] | | [[:d:Q27464978|Q27464978]] | 1 |- | [[Sarah Ennis]] | [[Íomhá:2025 European Eventing Championships 20250920 114320.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] marcach (*1975) ♀ | [[marcach]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-03-13 | | | | [[:d:Q56697421|Q56697421]] | 4 |- | [[Edel Mary O'Gorman]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1975) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-03-22 | | | | [[:d:Q135387107|Q135387107]] | 0 |- | [[Michelle Aspell]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1975) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-12-02 | | | | [[:d:Q135387110|Q135387110]] | 0 |- | [[Sinead Vaughan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1975) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-01-05 | | | | [[:d:Q135388047|Q135388047]] | 0 |- | [[Rachel Kelly]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1975) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-03-09 | | | | [[:d:Q135388049|Q135388049]] | 0 |- | [[Suzanne Maguire]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1975) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-05-01 | | | | [[:d:Q135388052|Q135388052]] | 0 |- | [[Olive Loughnane]] | | lúthchleasaí Éireannach | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1976" | 1976-01-14 | | [[Corcaigh]] | | [[:d:Q270214|Q270214]] | 17 |- | [[Gillian O'Sullivan]] | | lúthchleasaí Éireannach | [[siúlóir rása]] | data-sort-value="1976" | 1976-08-21 | | [[Cill Airne]] | | [[:d:Q447794|Q447794]] | 14 |- | [[Natalia O'Shea]] | [[Íomhá:Helavisa5.jpg|center|40px]] | ceoltóir agus teangeolaí Rúiseach | [[teangeolaí]]<br/>[[amhránaí]]<br/>[[cumadóir]]<br/>[[scríbhneoir]]<br/>[[cumadóir amhrán]]<br/>[[cláirseoir]]<br/>[[cóiritheoir ceoil]] | data-sort-value="1976" | 1976-09-03 | | [[Moscó]] | | [[:d:Q2378234|Q2378234]] | 10 |- | [[Sinéad Lynch]] | | iomróir Éireannach | [[iomróir]]<br/>[[rothaí spóirt]] | data-sort-value="1976" | 1976-09-30 | | [[Leitir Ceanainn]] | | [[:d:Q7522382|Q7522382]] | 6 |- | [[Karen Shinkins]] | | rábálaí Éireannach | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1976" | 1976-10-15 | | | | [[:d:Q11735683|Q11735683]] | 4 |- | [[Claire McCarthy]] | | reathaí fadraoin Éireannach | [[cianreathaí]] | data-sort-value="1976" | 1976-06-29 | | | | [[:d:Q39073573|Q39073573]] | 1 |- | [[Denise Scally]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1976) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1976" | 1976-08-13 | | | | [[:d:Q135388048|Q135388048]] | 0 |- | [[Giada Gray]] | [[Íomhá:Moritz A. Sachs und Giada Gray (1997).jpg|center|40px]] | aisteoir | [[aisteoir]]<br/>[[déantóir scannán]]<br/>[[stiúrthóir scannán]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-06-23 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q62318|Q62318]] | 2 |- | [[Gemma Hayes]] | [[Íomhá:Gemma Hayes.png|center|40px]] | amhránaí agus cumadóir Éireannach | [[amhránaí is scríbhneoir]]<br/>[[amhránaí]]<br/>[[ealaíontóir taifeadta]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-08-11 | | [[Béal Átha Póirín]] | | [[:d:Q273220|Q273220]] | 12 |- | [[Genevieve O'Reilly]] | [[Íomhá:Genevieve O'Reilly at a panel at the 2025 Star Wars Celebration in Japan (cropped).jpg|center|40px]] | ban-aisteoir Éireannach | [[aisteoir stáitse]]<br/>[[aisteoir scannáin]]<br/>[[aisteoir]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-01-06 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q438161|Q438161]] | 22 |- | [[Eileen Walsh]] | [[Íomhá:Eileen Walsh at Berlinale 2024-1.jpg|center|40px]] | ban-aisteoir Éireannach | [[aisteoir scannáin]]<br/>[[aisteoir]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-04-16 | | [[Corcaigh]] | | [[:d:Q517868|Q517868]] | 14 |- | [[Lisa Dwan]] | [[Íomhá:Lisa dwan 2022 1.jpg|center|40px]] | ban-aisteoir | [[aisteoir]]<br/>[[aisteoir scannáin]]<br/>[[aisteoir stáitse]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-11-25 | | [[Coosan]] | | [[:d:Q1827725|Q1827725]] | 5 |- | [[Melanie Clark Pullen]] | | ban-aisteoir Éireannach | [[aisteoir]]<br/>[[aisteoir stáitse]]<br/>[[stiúrthóir scannán]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-07-02 | data-sort-value="2022" | 2022-03-29 | [[Bré]] | | [[:d:Q1918954|Q1918954]] | 7 |- | [[Brídín Ní Bhraonáin]] | | amhránaí Éireannach | [[amhránaí]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-01-20 | | [[Gaoth Dobhair]] | | [[:d:Q3247179|Q3247179]] | 6 |- | [[Caitriona Beggs]] | | cruicéadaí | [[cruicéadaí]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-07-15 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q5017933|Q5017933]] | 3 |- | [[Tarja Owens]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] mountain biker agus oistéapat (*1977) ♀ | [[mountain biker]]<br/>[[oistéapat]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-05-25 | | [[Cill Mhantáin]]<br/>[[Deilgne]] | | [[:d:Q17106405|Q17106405]] | 4 |- | [[Lindsay Armaou]] | [[Íomhá:Lindsay Armaou in Manchester.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] [[Amhránaí|amhránaí]], [[Aisteoir|aisteoir]] agus [[Ceoltóir|ceoltóir]] (fl. 1997–) (*1978) ♀; member of [[B*Witched]]; spouse of Lee Brennan agus Pahl | [[amhránaí]]<br/>[[aisteoir]]<br/>[[ceoltóir]] | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978-12-18 | | [[an Aithin]] | | [[:d:Q2096443|Q2096443]] | 6 |- | [[Cathy Davey]] | [[Íomhá:Cathy Davey.jpg|center|40px]] | ceoltóir Éireannach | [[amhránaí is scríbhneoir]]<br/>[[cumadóir]]<br/>[[giotáraí]] | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q2942190|Q2942190]] | 4 |- | [[Rosie Fellner]] | [[Íomhá:RoomNextDoorBFILFFRFH191024 (10 of 159) (54080060222) (cropped).jpg|center|40px]] | aisteoir agus léiritheoir scannán | [[aisteoir]]<br/>[[léiritheoir scannáin]]<br/>[[aisteoir scannáin]] | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978 | | [[Tiobraid Árann (baile)|Tiobraid Árann]] | | [[:d:Q3442638|Q3442638]] | 7 |- | [[Grainne Kierans]] | | imreoir sacair | [[imreoir sacair]]<br/>[[bainisteoir sacair]] | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978-09-20 | | [[Droichead Átha]] | | [[:d:Q5593528|Q5593528]] | 3 |- | [[Stephanie Reilly]] | | lúthchleasaí | [[cianreathaí]] | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978-02-23 | | | | [[:d:Q7608378|Q7608378]] | 4 |- | [[Breege Connelly]] | [[Íomhá:Breege Connolly Rio2016.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1978) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978-02-01 | | | | [[:d:Q26218407|Q26218407]] | 3 |- | [[Fiona Glennon]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978 | | | | [[:d:Q65554285|Q65554285]] | 0 |- | [[Pauline Glennon]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978 | | | | [[:d:Q65554524|Q65554524]] | 0 |- | [[Maureen Garvey]] | | [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Meiriceánach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1978) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978-01-24 | | | | [[:d:Q135384932|Q135384932]] | 0 |- | [[Emer Brophy]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1978) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978-06-07 | | | | [[:d:Q135388212|Q135388212]] | 0 |- | [[Gillian Callaghan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1978) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978-12-04 | | | | [[:d:Q135388213|Q135388213]] | 0 |- | [[Nicola Downing]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1978) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978-03-28 | | | | [[:d:Q135388214|Q135388214]] | 0 |- | [[Dara Barrett]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1978) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978-11-12 | | | | [[:d:Q135388217|Q135388217]] | 0 |- | [[Sinead Harvey]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1978) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978-04-10 | | | | [[:d:Q135388218|Q135388218]] | 0 |- | [[Aisling Palmer]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1978) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978-03-17 | | | | [[:d:Q135388219|Q135388219]] | 0 |- | [[Nicola O'Brien]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1978) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978-03-02 | | | | [[:d:Q135388220|Q135388220]] | 0 |- | [[Lorraine O'Brien]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1978) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978-03-02 | | | | [[:d:Q135388221|Q135388221]] | 0 |- | [[Bernadette Flynn]] | [[Íomhá:Bernadette Flynn.jpg|center|40px]] | damhsóir Éireannach | [[damhsóir]] | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979-08-01 | | [[An tAonach]] | | [[:d:Q445819|Q445819]] | 8 |- | [[Caroline Ryan]] | [[Íomhá:2015 UEC Track Elite European Championships 58.JPG|center|40px]] | rothaí Éireannach | [[iomróir]]<br/>[[rothaí spóirt]] | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979-10-10 | | [[Baile Mhic Andáin]] | | [[:d:Q511066|Q511066]] | 10 |- | [[Emma Byrne]] | [[Íomhá:Emma Byrne 2014 (cropped).jpg|center|40px]] | imreoir sacair | [[imreoir sacair]]<br/>[[bainisteoir sacair]] | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979-06-14 | | [[Léim an Bhradáin]] | | [[:d:Q533443|Q533443]] | 13 |- | [[Maite Kelly]] | [[Íomhá:Zimmer frei - der Abschied-2099.jpg|center|40px]] | amhránaí Éireannach | [[amhránaí]]<br/>[[aisteoir]]<br/>[[ceoltóir]]<br/>[[giotáraí]]<br/>[[scríbhneoir]]<br/>[[aisteoir ceolamharclannaíochta]]<br/>[[scríbhneoir litríocht pháistí]]<br/>[[oideoir]] | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979-12-04 | | [[Beirlín Thiar]]<br/>[[Beirlín]] | | [[:d:Q1885940|Q1885940]] | 6 |- | [[Kelly Liggan]] | | imreoir leadóige Éireannach | [[imreoir leadóige]] | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979-02-05 | | [[an Spáinn]] | | [[:d:Q3194905|Q3194905]] | 10 |- | [[Máiréad Nesbitt]] | [[Íomhá:Mairead Nesbitt at MacQuarie Centre 02.jpg|center|40px]] | veidhleadóir Éireannach | [[veidhleadóir]]<br/>[[cumadóir]]<br/>[[classical violinist]]<br/>[[ceoltóir]] | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979-04-18 | | [[Luachma]] | | [[:d:Q3300102|Q3300102]] | 14 |- | [[Ciara McCormack]] | | imreoir sacair | [[imreoir sacair]] | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979-09-29 | | [[North Vancouver]] | | [[:d:Q5119123|Q5119123]] | 5 |- | [[Denise Thomas]] | | peileadóir | [[imreoir sacair]] | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979-12-22 | | | | [[:d:Q5257778|Q5257778]] | 2 |- | [[Ruth Kilkenny]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979 | | | | [[:d:Q65554558|Q65554558]] | 0 |- | [[Joanne Riordan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1979) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979-02-23 | | | | [[:d:Q135386914|Q135386914]] | 0 |- | [[Emma Jane Brady]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1979) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979-05-01 | | | | [[:d:Q135386915|Q135386915]] | 0 |- | [[Niamh Kelly]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1979) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979-05-29 | | | | [[:d:Q135388215|Q135388215]] | 0 |- | [[Louise Harte]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1979) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979-01-10 | | | | [[:d:Q135388216|Q135388216]] | 0 |- | [[Clare Flood]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980s | | | | [[:d:Q518775|Q518775]] | 1 |- | [[Roisin McGettigan]] | | lúthchleasaí | [[reathaí]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-08-23 | | [[Cill Mhantáin]] | | [[:d:Q4966678|Q4966678]] | 5 |- | [[Ronnie Gibbons]] | | imreoir sacair | [[imreoir sacair]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-01-16 | | [[Wandsworth]] | | [[:d:Q7365872|Q7365872]] | 4 |- | [[Ciara Sheehy]] | | rábálaí Éireannach | [[rábálaí]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-08-12 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q22002462|Q22002462]] | 1 |- | [[Lizzie Lee]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1980) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-05-22 | | | | [[:d:Q26267482|Q26267482]] | 3 |- | [[Caitriona Farrell]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980 | | | | [[:d:Q27763839|Q27763839]] | 0 |- | [[Jean Carroll]] | | cruicéadaí | [[cruicéadaí]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-06-19 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q28233007|Q28233007]] | 4 |- | [[Lindsay Peat]] | | imreoir rugbaí Éireannach | [[imreoir rugbaí]]<br/>[[imreoir sacair]]<br/>[[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-11-05 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q42666501|Q42666501]] | 1 |- | [[Ann Marie McGlynn]] | | Cianreathaí (*1980) ♀ | [[cianreathaí]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-02-22 | | | | [[:d:Q102401300|Q102401300]] | 1 |- | [[Siobhan Kilkenny]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1980) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-06-17 | | | | [[:d:Q119539359|Q119539359]] | 0 |- | [[Susan Moran]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir agus cóitseálaí cispheile (*1980) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]]<br/>[[cóitseálaí cispheile]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-01-17 | | | | [[:d:Q119548345|Q119548345]] | 1 |- | [[Vanessa Julia Burke]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1980) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-04-02 | | | | [[:d:Q135387264|Q135387264]] | 0 |- | [[Sinead Frances Groarke]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1980) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-05-08 | | | | [[:d:Q135387266|Q135387266]] | 0 |- | [[Michelle Brigid Cahalane]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1980) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-02-02 | | | | [[:d:Q135387268|Q135387268]] | 0 |- | [[Orla Mary Forde]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1980) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-04-01 | | | | [[:d:Q135387269|Q135387269]] | 0 |- | [[Orla Dempsey]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1980) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-02-23 | | | | [[:d:Q135387270|Q135387270]] | 0 |- | [[Laura Ellen Murphy]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1980) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-05-06 | | | | [[:d:Q135387271|Q135387271]] | 0 |- | [[Paula Mary O'Neill]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1980) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-01-30 | | | | [[:d:Q135387273|Q135387273]] | 0 |- | [[Claire Anne McLoughlin]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1980) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-04-09 | | | | [[:d:Q135387274|Q135387274]] | 0 |- | [[Denise Philippe Walsh]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1980) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-02-19 | | | | [[:d:Q135387275|Q135387275]] | 0 |- | [[Juliet Murphy]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1980) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-06-06 | | | | [[:d:Q135387278|Q135387278]] | 0 |- | [[Derval O'Rourke]] | [[Íomhá:Derval O'Rourke Barcelona2010.jpg|center|40px]] | lúthchleasaí Éireannach | [[cliathreathaí]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-05-28 | | [[Corcaigh]] | | [[:d:Q269905|Q269905]] | 20 |- | [[Roberta Howett]] | | amhránaí Éireannach | [[amhránaí]]<br/>[[cumadóir amhrán]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-09-26 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q1249563|Q1249563]] | 3 |- | [[Bing Huang]] | | imreoir badmantain Éireannach | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981 | | [[Shenyang]] | | [[:d:Q1408084|Q1408084]] | 2 |- | [[Rebecca Codd]] | [[Íomhá:Rebecca Codd.JPG|center|40px]] | galfaire Éireannach | [[galfaire]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-04-25 | | [[Adelaide]] | | [[:d:Q1871491|Q1871491]] | 3 |- | [[Eileen O'Keeffe]] | | caiteoir oird Éireannach | [[caiteoir oird]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-05-31 | | | | [[:d:Q2741358|Q2741358]] | 5 |- | [[Yvonne Tracy]] | [[Íomhá:Yvonne Tracy at the Emirates Stadium, London - 20090524.jpg|center|40px]] | imreoir sacair | [[imreoir sacair]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-02-27 | | [[Luimneach]] | | [[:d:Q3574236|Q3574236]] | 8 |- | [[Ailis McSweeney]] | | rábálaí | [[rábálaí]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981<br/>1983-10-04 | | | | [[:d:Q4697077|Q4697077]] | 1 |- | [[Jenny McDonough]] | [[Íomhá:Jenny McDonough.JPG|center|40px]] | imreoir haca Éireannach | [[imreoir haca]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-04-23 | | [[Béal Feirste]] | | [[:d:Q6179391|Q6179391]] | 2 |- | [[Michelle Carey]] | [[Íomhá:Michelle Carey (athlete) (cropped).jpg|center|40px]] | lúthchleasaí Éireannach | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-03-20<br/>1981-02-20 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q6836951|Q6836951]] | 6 |- | [[Jennifer O'Sullivan]] | | lúthchleasaí Éireannach | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-02-09 | | | | [[:d:Q11724189|Q11724189]] | 1 |- | [[Judy Reynolds]] | [[Íomhá:Judy Reynolds, 2014 (cropped).JPG|center|40px]] | marcach eachraíochta | [[dressage rider]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-06-11 | | [[Cill Dara]] | | [[:d:Q19518281|Q19518281]] | 4 |- | [[Kerry O'Flaherty]] | [[Íomhá:10068 Kerry O'Flaherty.jpg|center|40px]] | lúthchleasaí Éireannach | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-07-15 | | [[Baile Nua na hArda]] | | [[:d:Q20967858|Q20967858]] | 7 |- | [[Melanie Späth]] | [[Íomhá:2015 UEC Track Elite European Championships 60.JPG|center|40px]] | rothaí | [[rothaí spóirt]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-06-16 | | [[Flensburg]] | | [[:d:Q21197651|Q21197651]] | 5 |- | [[Emily Maher]] | | rábálaí Éireannach | [[rábálaí]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-05-02 | | [[Cill Chainnigh]] | | [[:d:Q22002445|Q22002445]] | 2 |- | [[Lisa Lynas]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-11-03 | | | | [[:d:Q27267562|Q27267562]] | 1 |- | [[Martina McCarthy]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] rábálaí (*1981) ♀ | [[rábálaí]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-10-27 | | | | [[:d:Q39270831|Q39270831]] | 1 |- | [[Suzanne Kenealy]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cruicéadaí (*1981) ♀ | [[cruicéadaí]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-11-27 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q43289629|Q43289629]] | 3 |- | [[Emma Louise Griffin]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1981) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-10-23 | | | | [[:d:Q135386149|Q135386149]] | 0 |- | [[Emma Angela Reilly]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1981) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-04-26 | | | | [[:d:Q135387267|Q135387267]] | 0 |- | [[Wallis Bird]] | [[Íomhá:Wallisbird2007.jpg|center|40px]] | ceoltóir Éireannach | [[ceoltóir]]<br/>[[cumadóir amhrán]]<br/>[[amhránaí]]<br/>[[giotáraí]]<br/>[[cumadóir]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-01-29 | | [[Loch Garman]] | | [[:d:Q444966|Q444966]] | 10 |- | [[Deirdre Ryan]] | [[Íomhá:RyanDeirdre 2012.jpg|center|40px]] | léimneoir ard Éireannach | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-06-01 | | [[Dún Droma]] | | [[:d:Q518463|Q518463]] | 7 |- | [[Eimear Mullan]] | [[Íomhá:Eimear Mullan Ironman 70.3 Austria 2012.jpg|center|40px]] | trí-atlanaí Éireannach | [[trí-atlanaí]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-05-21 | | [[Port Stíobhaird]] | | [[:d:Q1279348|Q1279348]] | 5 |- | [[Rachel Neylan]] | [[Íomhá:Women's road race - Rio 2016 (28783792620).jpg|center|40px]] | rothaí Astrálach | [[rothaí spóirt]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-03-09 | | [[Sydney]] | | [[:d:Q2125227|Q2125227]] | 14 |- | [[Lynn Hilary]] | | amhránaí agus ceoltóir Éireannach | [[amhránaí]]<br/>[[giotáraí]]<br/>[[cumadóir]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-04-21 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q2420865|Q2420865]] | 12 |- | [[Mary Cullen]] | | reathaí meánraoin agus fadraoin Éireannach | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-08-17 | | | | [[:d:Q4943747|Q4943747]] | 6 |- | [[Marian Heffernan]] | | lúthchleasaí Éireannach | [[rábálaí]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-04-16 | | [[Corcaigh]] | | [[:d:Q6761898|Q6761898]] | 5 |- | [[Michelle Walsh]] | | imreoir sacair | [[imreoir sacair]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-08-02 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q6837287|Q6837287]] | 3 |- | [[Deirdre Byrne]] | | cianreathaí Éireannach | [[reathaí meánfhaid]]<br/>[[cianreathaí]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-09-21 | | | | [[:d:Q25936076|Q25936076]] | 2 |- | [[Michelle Fahy]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1982) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-03-26 | | | | [[:d:Q119544512|Q119544512]] | 0 |- | [[Niamh Dwyer]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1982) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-07-08 | | | | [[:d:Q119547098|Q119547098]] | 0 |- | [[Kate Maher]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1982) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-06-21 | | | | [[:d:Q119553910|Q119553910]] | 0 |- | [[Amanda Mary O'Regan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1982) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-04-26 | | | | [[:d:Q135382828|Q135382828]] | 0 |- | [[Caroline Jane Nixon]] | | [[An Astráil|Astrálach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1982) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-04-24 | | | | [[:d:Q135383846|Q135383846]] | 0 |- | [[Jennifer Coady]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1982) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-06-07 | | | | [[:d:Q135385145|Q135385145]] | 0 |- | [[Niamh Marie Furey]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1982) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-01-10 | | | | [[:d:Q135386143|Q135386143]] | 0 |- | [[Muirissa Ann Galway]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1982) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-11-10 | | | | [[:d:Q135386145|Q135386145]] | 0 |- | [[Michelle Deirdre Canavan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1982) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-01-22 | | | | [[:d:Q135386146|Q135386146]] | 0 |- | [[Neasa O'Keeffe]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1982) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-05-30 | | | | [[:d:Q135386147|Q135386147]] | 0 |- | [[April Maria Cahalane]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1982) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-10-20 | | | | [[:d:Q135386148|Q135386148]] | 0 |- | [[Katie McGrath]] | [[Íomhá:Heroes Assemble IMG 9226 (42762338021).jpg|center|40px]] | ban-aisteoir Éireannach | [[aisteoir]]<br/>[[aisteoir scannáin]]<br/>[[aisteoir teilifíse]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-01-03 | | [[Áth na Fuinseoige]] | | [[:d:Q253440|Q253440]] | 44 |- | [[Carly Smithson]] | [[Íomhá:Carly Smithson in parade.jpg|center|40px]] | amhránaí Éireannach | [[ceoltóir]]<br/>[[amhránaí]]<br/>[[cumadóir amhrán]]<br/>[[amhránaí is scríbhneoir]]<br/>[[aisteoir]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-09-12 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q292301|Q292301]] | 16 |- | [[Ava Hutchinson]] | [[Íomhá:Ava Hutchinson - 2012 Olympics marathon.jpg|center|40px]] | lúthchleasaí | [[cianreathaí]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-03-30 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q4827385|Q4827385]] | 4 |- | [[Hannah Craig]] | [[Íomhá:Slalom canoeing 2012 Olympics W K1 IRL Hannah Craig.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] canúálaí (*1983) ♀ | [[canúálaí]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-02-10 | | | | [[:d:Q5648813|Q5648813]] | 2 |- | [[Stef Curtis]] | | imreoir sacair | [[imreoir sacair]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-12-05 | | [[Briostó]] | | [[:d:Q7605993|Q7605993]] | 4 |- | [[Aoife Hoey]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta agus bobshleamhnóir (*1983) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]<br/>[[bobshleamhnóir]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-09-06 | | [[Cúil an tSúdaire]] | | [[:d:Q7905573|Q7905573]] | 5 |- | [[Zoë Brown]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1983) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-09-15 | | | | [[:d:Q9392042|Q9392042]] | 1 |- | [[Cecelia Joyce]] | | cruicéadaí | [[cruicéadaí]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-07-25 | | [[Cill Mhantáin]] | | [[:d:Q12978229|Q12978229]] | 7 |- | [[Kim Fitzpatrick]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1983) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-02-24 | | | | [[:d:Q119537533|Q119537533]] | 0 |- | [[Mary Fox]] | | [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Meiriceánach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1983) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-05-08 | | [[Fairview Park]] | | [[:d:Q119562828|Q119562828]] | 0 |- | [[Mellissa Prunty]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1983) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-05-25 | | | | [[:d:Q135385143|Q135385143]] | 0 |- | [[Miriam Liston]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1983) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-01-04 | | | | [[:d:Q135385144|Q135385144]] | 0 |- | [[Selina Martina McMahon]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1983) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-01-02 | | | | [[:d:Q135386554|Q135386554]] | 0 |- | [[Helena Catherine Kenny]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1983) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-05-12 | | | | [[:d:Q135386555|Q135386555]] | 0 |- | [[Orla Maria Kavanagh]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1983) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-04-19 | | | | [[:d:Q135386556|Q135386556]] | 0 |- | [[Annmarie Martina Healy]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1983) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-04-03 | | | | [[:d:Q135386557|Q135386557]] | 0 |- | [[Faye Hartigan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1983) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-02-22 | | | | [[:d:Q135386558|Q135386558]] | 0 |- | [[Maire Bernadette Guiney]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1983) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-03-30 | | | | [[:d:Q135386559|Q135386559]] | 0 |- | [[Carol Anne Fennell]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1983) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-01-08 | | | | [[:d:Q135386561|Q135386561]] | 0 |- | [[Karen Marie Egan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1983) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-06-17 | | | | [[:d:Q135386562|Q135386562]] | 0 |- | [[Sandra Marie Duggan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1983) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-12-31 | | | | [[:d:Q135386563|Q135386563]] | 0 |- | [[Edel Rose Cadam]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1983) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-01-18 | | | | [[:d:Q135386564|Q135386564]] | 0 |- | [[Edel Brennan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1983) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-09-22 | | | | [[:d:Q135386565|Q135386565]] | 0 |- | [[Dearbhla Breen]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1983) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-01-05 | | | | [[:d:Q135386566|Q135386566]] | 0 |- | [[Nora-Jane Noone]] | [[Íomhá:Nora-Jane Noone at the 2024 Toronto International Film Festival (cropped).jpg|center|40px]] | ban-aisteoir Éireannach | [[aisteoir scannáin]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984-03-08 | | [[Gaillimh]] | | [[:d:Q292107|Q292107]] | 14 |- | [[Joanne Cuddihy]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1984) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984-05-11 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q458353|Q458353]] | 7 |- | [[Ruth Kearney]] | | ban-aisteoir Éireannach | [[aisteoir]]<br/>[[aisteoir teilifíse]]<br/>[[aisteoir stáitse]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984-11-11 | | [[Lambeth]] | | [[:d:Q1535775|Q1535775]] | 10 |- | [[Charlene McKenna]] | [[Íomhá:Charlene McKenna (2008).jpg|center|40px]] | ban-aisteoir Éireannach | [[aisteoir]]<br/>[[aisteoir stáitse]]<br/>[[aisteoir scannáin]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984-03-26 | | [[Glasloch]] | | [[:d:Q2957880|Q2957880]] | 12 |- | [[Fionnuala McCormack]] | [[Íomhá:Fionnuala Britton Velenje 2011.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta agus cianreathaí (*1984) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]<br/>[[cianreathaí]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984-09-24 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q3072729|Q3072729]] | 11 |- | [[Niamh Briggs]] | | imreoir rugbaí Éireannach | [[imreoir rugbaí]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984-09-30 | | [[Dún na Mainistreach]] | | [[:d:Q3339465|Q3339465]] | 2 |- | [[Rosie Foley]] | [[Íomhá:Rosie foley limbo pic.jpg|center|40px]] | imreoir rugbaí Éireannach | [[imreoir rugbaí]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984 | | | | [[:d:Q3442640|Q3442640]] | 1 |- | [[Shannon McDonnell]] | | imreoir sacair | [[imreoir sacair]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984-09-28 | | [[Orland Park]] | | [[:d:Q7488908|Q7488908]] | 3 |- | [[Siobhan Byrne]] | | pionsóir Oilimpeach | [[pionsóir]]<br/>[[scríbhneoir scripte]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984-08-13 | | [[Ostfildern]] | | [[:d:Q7525288|Q7525288]] | 2 |- | [[Gillian Búrc]] | | imreoir rugbaí Éireannach | [[imreoir rugbaí]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984-08-28 | | [[Luimneach]] | | [[:d:Q17859745|Q17859745]] | 1 |- | [[Lydia Gurley]] | [[Íomhá:2016 2017 UCI Track World Cup Apeldoorn 226.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] raonrothaí (*1984) ♀ | [[raonrothaí]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984-09-09 | | [[Baile Átha an Rí]] | | [[:d:Q27517415|Q27517415]] | 9 |- | [[Monika Gedvilaite]] | | Imreoir fichille (*1984) ♀ | [[imreoir fichille]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984-11-16 | | | | [[:d:Q28479153|Q28479153]] | 0 |- | [[Sandra Lynch]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984 | | | | [[:d:Q65554564|Q65554564]] | 0 |- | [[Donna Marie Buckley]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1984) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984-02-10 | | | | [[:d:Q135384128|Q135384128]] | 0 |- | [[Jennifer Anne Maher]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1984) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984-11-15 | | | | [[:d:Q135385017|Q135385017]] | 0 |- | [[Jennifer Ann Kelly]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1984) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984-09-26 | | | | [[:d:Q135385018|Q135385018]] | 0 |- | [[Margaret Bourke]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1984) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984-04-30 | | | | [[:d:Q135385019|Q135385019]] | 0 |- | [[Grainne Dwyer]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1984) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984-12-19 | | | | [[:d:Q135385020|Q135385020]] | 0 |- | [[Mairead Finnegan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1984) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984-03-25 | | | | [[:d:Q135385021|Q135385021]] | 0 |- | [[Lynn Jones]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1984) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984-05-20 | | | | [[:d:Q135385022|Q135385022]] | 0 |- | [[Niamh Mullally]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1984) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984-02-04 | | | | [[:d:Q135385023|Q135385023]] | 0 |- | [[Rachel Wyse]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] láithreoir teilifíse agus marcach (*1985) ♀; spouse of Tim Gredley | [[láithreoir teilifíse]]<br/>[[marcach]] | data-sort-value="1985" | 1985-01-22 | | [[Cill Dara]] | | [[:d:Q1568896|Q1568896]] | 3 |- | [[Natalie Britton]] | | ban-aisteoir Éireannach | [[aisteoir]]<br/>[[stiúrthóir scannán]] | data-sort-value="1985" | 1985-02-21 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q2165668|Q2165668]] | 0 |- | [[Kirsten McGarry]] | | sciálaí Alpach Éireannach | [[sciálaí Alpach]]<br/>[[sciálaí saorstíle]] | data-sort-value="1985" | 1985-07-25 | | [[Deilginis]] | | [[:d:Q2780652|Q2780652]] | 6 |- | [[Claire Bergin]] | | bobshleamhnóir Éireannach | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1985" | 1985-02-01 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q5125145|Q5125145]] | 5 |- | [[Marie Curtin]] | | imreoir sacair | [[imreoir sacair]] | data-sort-value="1985" | 1985-08-07 | | [[Luimneach]] | | [[:d:Q6762814|Q6762814]] | 3 |- | [[Caroline O'Sullivan]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1985" | 1985 | | | | [[:d:Q65554212|Q65554212]] | 0 |- | [[Emer Foley]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1985) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1985" | 1985-12-14 | | | | [[:d:Q119567267|Q119567267]] | 0 |- | [[Eavan Judith Morrissey]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1985) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1985" | 1985-04-10 | | | | [[:d:Q135385420|Q135385420]] | 0 |- | [[Aine Mary O'Dwyer]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1985) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1985" | 1985-05-12 | | | | [[:d:Q135385421|Q135385421]] | 0 |- | [[Carol Anne O'Donovan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1985) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1985" | 1985-03-13 | | | | [[:d:Q135385425|Q135385425]] | 0 |- | [[Vivienne Hilary Shaw]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1985) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1985" | 1985-03-12 | | | | [[:d:Q135385426|Q135385426]] | 0 |- | [[Saragh Jane O'Connell]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1985) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1985" | 1985-03-05 | | | | [[:d:Q135385427|Q135385427]] | 0 |- | [[Mary Ellen Scanlon]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1985) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1985" | 1985-04-12 | | | | [[:d:Q135385428|Q135385428]] | 0 |- | [[Marie Antoinette Breen]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1985) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1985" | 1985-06-13 | | | | [[:d:Q135385429|Q135385429]] | 0 |- | [[Aoife Elizabeth Roche]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1985) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1985" | 1985-01-22 | | | | [[:d:Q135385430|Q135385430]] | 0 |- | [[Bridget Tara Brosnan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1985) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1985" | 1985-10-21 | | | | [[:d:Q135385431|Q135385431]] | 0 |- | [[Sarah Mary Healy]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1985) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1985" | 1985-01-12 | | | | [[:d:Q135385432|Q135385432]] | 0 |- | [[Mischa Barton]] | [[Íomhá:Mischa Barton 2017.png|center|40px]] | aisteoir Briotanach-Meireacánach | [[aisteoir scannáin]]<br/>[[aisteoir linbh]]<br/>[[Mainicín faisin|mainicín]]<br/>[[aisteoir stáitse]]<br/>[[aisteoir teilifíse]]<br/>[[aisteoir]] | data-sort-value="1986" | 1986-01-24 | | [[Hammersmith]] | | [[:d:Q207458|Q207458]] | 52 |- | [[Dominique McElligott]] | [[Íomhá:Dominique McElligott - Cannes.jpg|center|40px]] | ban-aisteoir Éireannach | [[aisteoir]]<br/>[[aisteoir scannáin]] | data-sort-value="1986" | 1986-03-05 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q456651|Q456651]] | 29 |- | [[Fiona O'Sullivan]] | [[Íomhá:Fiona O'Sullivan in San Jose.jpg|center|40px]] | imreoir sacair gairmiúil | [[imreoir sacair]] | data-sort-value="1986" | 1986-09-17 | | [[San Geronimo]] | | [[:d:Q4970710|Q4970710]] | 12 |- | [[Catriona Cuddihy]] | | lúthchleasaí | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1986" | 1986-12-05 | | [[Cill Chainnigh]] | | [[:d:Q5053959|Q5053959]] | 2 |- | [[Sophie Perry]] | [[Íomhá:Sophie Perry.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|Briotanach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] imreoir sacair (*1986) ♀ | [[imreoir sacair]] | data-sort-value="1986" | 1986-11-11 | | [[Brighton]] | | [[:d:Q7563050|Q7563050]] | 7 |- | [[Linda Byrne]] | [[Íomhá:Linda Byrne.jpg|center|40px]] | lúthchleasaí | [[cianreathaí]] | data-sort-value="1986" | 1986-05-13 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q11756918|Q11756918]] | 7 |- | [[Rebecca Rolfe]] | | cruicéadaí | [[cruicéadaí]] | data-sort-value="1986" | 1986-11-27 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q16225377|Q16225377]] | 3 |- | [[Jennie King]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1986" | 1986-02-28 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q26804583|Q26804583]] | 3 |- | [[Jill Whelan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cruicéadaí (*1986) ♀ | [[cruicéadaí]] | data-sort-value="1986" | 1986-12-28 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q27567873|Q27567873]] | 3 |- | [[Sarah McCormack]] | [[Íomhá:20120310-UK-Inter-County-Cross-Country-03555 (6826896314).jpg|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1986) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1986" | 1986-08-19 | | [[Michigan]] | | [[:d:Q70926851|Q70926851]] | 2 |- | [[Sinead Kavanagh]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] ealaíontóir comhraic measctha (*1986) ♀ | [[ealaíontóir comhraic measctha]] | data-sort-value="1986" | 1986-02-01 | | | | [[:d:Q86340580|Q86340580]] | 3 |- | [[Stephanie Teresa O'Reilly]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1986) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1986" | 1986-11-01 | | | | [[:d:Q135382401|Q135382401]] | 0 |- | [[Janet Elisabeth Byrne]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1986) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1986" | 1986-12-22 | | | | [[:d:Q135382413|Q135382413]] | 0 |- | [[Patricia McCarthy]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1986) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1986" | 1986-02-11 | | | | [[:d:Q135384028|Q135384028]] | 0 |- | [[Rebecca O'Mahony]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|briotanach]] cispheileadóir (*1986) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1986" | 1986-08-07 | | | | [[:d:Q135384029|Q135384029]] | 0 |- | [[Kate Mullins]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1986) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1986" | 1986-05-17 | | | | [[:d:Q135384032|Q135384032]] | 0 |- | [[Kellie Cahalane]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1986) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1986" | 1986-05-30 | | | | [[:d:Q135384033|Q135384033]] | 0 |- | [[Alison Murray]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1986) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1986" | 1986-02-21 | | | | [[:d:Q135384036|Q135384036]] | 0 |- | [[Brenda Lavelle]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1986) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1986" | 1986-03-26 | | | | [[:d:Q135384040|Q135384040]] | 0 |- | [[Mairead Kirby]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1986) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1986" | 1986-01-31 | | | | [[:d:Q135384041|Q135384041]] | 0 |- | [[Almha O'Keeffe]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1986) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1986" | 1986-01-06 | | | | [[:d:Q135384042|Q135384042]] | 0 |- | [[Joanne Mahon]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1986) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1986" | 1986-12-02 | | | | [[:d:Q135384043|Q135384043]] | 0 |- | [[Nichola O'Toole]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1986) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1986" | 1986-01-09 | | | | [[:d:Q135384044|Q135384044]] | 0 |- | [[Edel Kelly]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1986) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1986" | 1986-03-28 | | | | [[:d:Q135384045|Q135384045]] | 0 |- | [[Patricia O'Sullivan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1986) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1986" | 1986-01-27 | | | | [[:d:Q135384129|Q135384129]] | 0 |- | [[Lisa Colette Palmer]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1986) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1986" | 1986-04-28 | | | | [[:d:Q135384131|Q135384131]] | 0 |- | [[Jayne Wisener]] | [[Íomhá:Jayne Wisener.jpg|center|40px]] | ban-aisteoir | [[aisteoir]]<br/>[[amhránaí]]<br/>[[aisteoir stáitse]]<br/>[[aisteoir scannáin]]<br/>[[ceoltóir]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987-05-19 | | [[Baile Monaidh]] | | [[:d:Q387132|Q387132]] | 15 |- | [[Laura Izibor]] | [[Íomhá:Laura Izibor, 2008 (cropped).jpg|center|40px]] | ceoltóir Éireannach | [[ceoltóir]]<br/>[[amhránaí]]<br/>[[pianódóir]]<br/>[[amhránaí is scríbhneoir]]<br/>[[Léiritheoir ceoil|léiritheoir ceirníní]]<br/>[[ealaíontóir taifeadta]]<br/>[[cumadóir]]<br/>[[cumadóir amhrán]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987-05-13 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q437622|Q437622]] | 7 |- | [[Jenna O'Hea]] | [[Íomhá:Jenna O'Hea at day three of the Opals camp.jpg|center|40px]] | cispheileadóir Astrálach | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987-06-06 | | [[Melbourne]] | | [[:d:Q622730|Q622730]] | 17 |- | [[Claire Brady]] | | cianreathaí Éireannach | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987-01-20<br/>1987-01-29 | | [[Cill Dara]] | | [[:d:Q1094778|Q1094778]] | 3 |- | [[Danielle Fox-Clarke]] | | ban-aisteoir Éireannach | [[aisteoir]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987-08-22 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q3014994|Q3014994]] | 2 |- | [[Tori Pena]] | [[Íomhá:Tori Pena.jpg|center|40px]] | léimneoir cuaille Meiriceánach | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987-07-30 | | [[Los Alamitos]] | | [[:d:Q7825761|Q7825761]] | 7 |- | [[Nicola Twohig]] | | imreoir sacair | [[imreoir sacair]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987-04-28 | | [[Manchain]] | | [[:d:Q10484148|Q10484148]] | 1 |- | [[Roseanne Galligan]] | [[Íomhá:Roseanne Galligan 2013.jpg|center|40px]] | lúthchleasaí Éireannach | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987-12-09 | | [[Droichead Nua]] | | [[:d:Q16209460|Q16209460]] | 2 |- | [[Nicola Sinnott]] | [[Íomhá:Nicola Sinnott.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir sacair (*1987) ♀ | [[imreoir sacair]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987-08-08 | | | | [[:d:Q22280384|Q22280384]] | 2 |- | [[Emma Beckett]] | [[Íomhá:Lewes FC Women 1 Watford Women 2 07 11 2021-526 (51661727617).jpg|center|40px]] | [[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|Briotanach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] imreoir sacair (*1987) ♀ | [[imreoir sacair]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987-05-29 | | [[Northampton]] | | [[:d:Q61827370|Q61827370]] | 4 |- | [[Louise Galvin]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir rugbaí, cispheileadóir agus fisiteiripeoir (*1987) ♀ | [[imreoir rugbaí]]<br/>[[cispheileadóir]]<br/>[[fisiteiripeoir]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987-04-03 | | [[Fionnúig]] | | [[:d:Q78056158|Q78056158]] | 0 |- | [[Emma M. Mullane]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1987) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987-12-09 | | | | [[:d:Q135379956|Q135379956]] | 0 |- | [[Fiona Scally]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1987) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987-06-26 | | | | [[:d:Q135384536|Q135384536]] | 0 |- | [[Anne Marie Butler]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1987) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987-02-18 | | | | [[:d:Q135384537|Q135384537]] | 0 |- | [[Eileen O'Connor]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1987) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987-04-24 | | | | [[:d:Q135384538|Q135384538]] | 0 |- | [[Lorraine Dolan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1987) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987-07-27 | | | | [[:d:Q135384539|Q135384539]] | 0 |- | [[Julie Wilkins]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1987) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987-11-04 | | | | [[:d:Q135384542|Q135384542]] | 0 |- | [[Ailish O'Donoghue]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1987) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987-06-18 | | | | [[:d:Q135384543|Q135384543]] | 0 |- | [[Emma Brady]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1987) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987-10-16 | | | | [[:d:Q135384544|Q135384544]] | 0 |- | [[Genna Kenny]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1987) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987-01-06 | | | | [[:d:Q135384545|Q135384545]] | 0 |- | [[Fiona Ward]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1987) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987-10-19 | | | | [[:d:Q135384548|Q135384548]] | 0 |- | [[Sinéad Mulvey]] | [[Íomhá:Sinéad Mulvay.jpg|center|40px]] | amhránaí Éireannach | [[amhránaí]]<br/>[[aeróstach]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-01-22 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q255095|Q255095]] | 20 |- | [[Chloe Magee]] | [[Íomhá:Chloe Magee Irish Open Mixed Double Champions 2018 (cropped).jpg|center|40px]] | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]]<br/>[[Olympic competitor]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-11-29 | | [[Ráth Bhoth]] | | [[:d:Q468589|Q468589]] | 13 |- | [[Méabh de Búrca]] | [[Íomhá:Meabh De Burca.jpg|center|40px]] | imreoir sacair Éireannach | [[imreoir sacair]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-08-11 | | [[Gaillimh]] | | [[:d:Q509493|Q509493]] | 5 |- | [[Erin Keery]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-02-16 | | | | [[:d:Q1354600|Q1354600]] | 2 |- | [[Julia Moriarty]] | | imreoir leadóige Éireannach | [[imreoir leadóige]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-12-03 | | [[Adelaide]] | | [[:d:Q6306589|Q6306589]] | 4 |- | [[Melanie Nocher]] | | snámhóir Éireannach | [[snámhóir]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-06-18 | | [[Contae an Dúin]] | | [[:d:Q6811327|Q6811327]] | 5 |- | [[Kelly Proper]] | | lúthchleasaí Éireannach | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-05-01 | | | | [[:d:Q11738678|Q11738678]] | 3 |- | [[Claire Tarplee]] | | reathaí meánraoin Éireannach | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-09-22 | | | | [[:d:Q15925883|Q15925883]] | 1 |- | [[Amy Kenealy]] | | cruicéadaí | [[cruicéadaí]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-04-06 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q16224552|Q16224552]] | 4 |- | [[Amy Foster]] | | rábálaí Éireannach | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-10-02 | | | | [[:d:Q19560506|Q19560506]] | 2 |- | [[Hannah Lowry-O'Reilly]] | | Imreoir fichille (*1988) ♀ | [[imreoir fichille]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-12-19 | | | | [[:d:Q28479756|Q28479756]] | 0 |- | [[Rachel Clancy]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1988) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-06-23 | | | | [[:d:Q119554958|Q119554958]] | 0 |- | [[Mairead Mcnally]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1988) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-11-19 | | | | [[:d:Q119554997|Q119554997]] | 0 |- | [[Leah Westbrooks]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1988) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-10-19 | | | | [[:d:Q119557456|Q119557456]] | 0 |- | [[Elaine Ann Stone]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1988) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-08-18 | | | | [[:d:Q135383157|Q135383157]] | 0 |- | [[Eimear Naughton]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1988) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-12-28 | | | | [[:d:Q135383158|Q135383158]] | 0 |- | [[Aishling Ann Sullivan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1988) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-12-01 | | | | [[:d:Q135383161|Q135383161]] | 0 |- | [[Sarah Woods]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1988) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-06-27 | | | | [[:d:Q135383162|Q135383162]] | 0 |- | [[Rebecca Therese Woods]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1988) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-06-27 | | | | [[:d:Q135383163|Q135383163]] | 0 |- | [[Louise Gray]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1988) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-10-27 | | | | [[:d:Q135383165|Q135383165]] | 0 |- | [[Naoise Feena Doran]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1988) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-07-19 | | | | [[:d:Q135383166|Q135383166]] | 0 |- | [[Brenda Christina Riordan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1988) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-07-31 | | | | [[:d:Q135383169|Q135383169]] | 0 |- | [[Ciara Elizabeth Fitzpatrick]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1988) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-01-22 | | | | [[:d:Q135383174|Q135383174]] | 0 |- | [[Lynn Ferrari]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1988) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-05-24 | | | | [[:d:Q135384540|Q135384540]] | 0 |- | [[Fiona Marie Carrick]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1988) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-01-28 | | | | [[:d:Q135384546|Q135384546]] | 0 |- | [[Shauna Marie O'Connor]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1988) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-09-20 | | | | [[:d:Q135384547|Q135384547]] | 0 |- | [[Chloë Agnew]] | [[Íomhá:Chloë Agnew at Macquarie Shopping Centre, Sydney.jpg|center|40px]] | ceoltóir agus amhránaí Éireannach | [[amhránaí ceoldrámaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-06-09 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q2228268|Q2228268]] | 17 |- | [[Lisa Kearney]] | [[Íomhá:Lisa Kearney on WIMPS TV.jpg|center|40px]] | cleachtóir júdó Éireannach | [[cleachtóir júdó]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-05-27 | | [[Béal Feirste]] | | [[:d:Q2260724|Q2260724]] | 5 |- | [[Ciara Horne]] | [[Íomhá:2015 UEC Track Elite European Championships 333.JPG|center|40px]] | rothaí | [[rothaí spóirt]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-09-07 | | [[Harrow, Londain|Harrow]] | | [[:d:Q5119121|Q5119121]] | 16 |- | [[Jessie Barr]] | | lúthchleasaí | [[rábálaí]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-07-24 | | [[Port Láirge]] | | [[:d:Q6187612|Q6187612]] | 5 |- | [[Laura Reynolds]] | | lúthchleasaí | [[siúlóir rása]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-01-21<br/>1989-01-20 | | | | [[:d:Q6499354|Q6499354]] | 3 |- | [[Orla Barry]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1989) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-09-21 | | [[Droichead na Scuab]] | | [[:d:Q7102982|Q7102982]] | 2 |- | [[Kate McKenna]] | | cruicéadaí | [[cruicéadaí]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-09-27 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q16224853|Q16224853]] | 3 |- | [[Jenny Murphy]] | | imreoir rugbaí Éireannach | [[imreoir rugbaí]]<br/>[[rugby sevens player]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-05-30 | | | | [[:d:Q18126994|Q18126994]] | 2 |- | [[Michelle Finn]] | [[Íomhá:2019-09-01 ISTAF 2019 2000 m steeplechase (Martin Rulsch) 43 (cropped).jpg|center|40px]] | lúthchleasaí Éireannach | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-11-16<br/>1989-12-16 | | | | [[:d:Q20967861|Q20967861]] | 6 |- | [[Sara Louise Treacy]] | | lúthchleasaí Éireannach | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-06-22 | | | | [[:d:Q20967862|Q20967862]] | 5 |- | [[Kelly Murphy]] | [[Íomhá:2024 UEC Track Elite European Championships 130.jpg|center|40px]] | rothaí Éireannach | [[rothaí spóirt]]<br/>[[eolaí néarchórais]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-11-03 | | [[Birmingham]] | | [[:d:Q33083846|Q33083846]] | 7 |- | [[Lauren Delany]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir rugbaí agus cispheileadóir (*1989) ♀ | [[imreoir rugbaí]]<br/>[[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-07-17 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q78081373|Q78081373]] | 2 |- | [[Jessica Scannell]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1989) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-10-26 | | | | [[:d:Q119567488|Q119567488]] | 0 |- | [[Megan Tice]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] lúthchleasaí agus iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1989) ♀ | [[lúthchleasaí]]<br/>[[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-12-06 | | | | [[:d:Q120221286|Q120221286]] | 0 |- | [[Lisa McGill]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1989) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-08-14 | | | | [[:d:Q135380034|Q135380034]] | 0 |- | [[Ellevyn Winifred Irwin]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1989) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-03-06 | | | | [[:d:Q135383170|Q135383170]] | 0 |- | [[Deirbhile Blanaid O'Keeffe]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1989) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-01-16 | | | | [[:d:Q135383171|Q135383171]] | 0 |- | [[Emma Kathleen Dyer]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1989) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-06-29 | | | | [[:d:Q135383173|Q135383173]] | 0 |- | [[Aisling Cooney]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*1990) ♀ | [[snámhóir]] | data-sort-value="1990" | 1990-07-27 | | [[Dumhach Thrá]] | | [[:d:Q4699199|Q4699199]] | 3 |- | [[Ruesha Littlejohn]] | [[Íomhá:Ruesha Littlejohn in San Jose.jpg|center|40px]] | imreoir sacair | [[imreoir sacair]] | data-sort-value="1990" | 1990-07-03 | | [[Glaschú]] | | [[:d:Q7377860|Q7377860]] | 11 |- | [[Ciara Everard]] | [[Íomhá:09277 Ciara Everard.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] reathaí meánfhaid (*1990) ♀ | [[reathaí meánfhaid]] | data-sort-value="1990" | 1990-07-10 | | | | [[:d:Q9192214|Q9192214]] | 6 |- | [[Claire Lambe]] | | iomróir Éireannach | [[iomróir]] | data-sort-value="1990" | 1990-05-16 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q11690739|Q11690739]] | 5 |- | [[Melissa Scott-Hayward]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cruicéadaí (*1990) ♀ | [[cruicéadaí]] | data-sort-value="1990" | 1990-08-10 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q16225439|Q16225439]] | 2 |- | [[Robyn Stewart]] | [[Íomhá:2017 UEC Track Elite European Championships 412.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] rothaí spóirt (*1990) ♀ | [[rothaí spóirt]] | data-sort-value="1990" | 1990-04-10 | | [[Béal Feirste]] | | [[:d:Q27517186|Q27517186]] | 4 |- | [[Niamh Whelan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] rábálaí (*1990) ♀ | [[rábálaí]] | data-sort-value="1990" | 1990-07-26 | | | | [[:d:Q39814817|Q39814817]] | 1 |- | [[Fionnuala Ross]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1990) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1990" | 1990-11-05 | | | | [[:d:Q69863936|Q69863936]] | 0 |- | [[Orla O'Reilly]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1990) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1990" | 1990-02-28 | | [[Corcaigh]] | | [[:d:Q74239854|Q74239854]] | 1 |- | [[Laura Shaughnessy]] | | Cianreathaí (*1990) ♀ | [[cianreathaí]] | data-sort-value="1990" | 1990-06-19 | | | | [[:d:Q98550189|Q98550189]] | 1 |- | [[Sinead O'Reilly]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1990) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1990" | 1990-02-28 | | | | [[:d:Q119553438|Q119553438]] | 0 |- | [[Alexandra Troy]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1990) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1990" | 1990-03-23 | | | | [[:d:Q119568422|Q119568422]] | 0 |- | [[Claire Rockall]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1990) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1990" | 1990-09-07 | | | | [[:d:Q119568822|Q119568822]] | 0 |- | [[Danielle O'Leary]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1990) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1990" | 1990-02-26 | | | | [[:d:Q135367014|Q135367014]] | 0 |- | [[Erica C. Walsh]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1990) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1990" | 1990-02-26 | | | | [[:d:Q135380031|Q135380031]] | 0 |- | [[Sorcha Nic Dhomhnaill]] | | lúthchleasaí Éireannach | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1990" | 1990-02-27 | | | | [[:d:Q137648437|Q137648437]] | 0 |- | [[Clara Peters]] | [[Íomhá:European 2011 Clara PETERS.jpg|center|40px]] | scátálaí fíorach Éireannach | [[scátálaí fíorach]] | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991-07-19 | | [[Essen]] | | [[:d:Q4360258|Q4360258]] | 5 |- | [[Lynsey McCullough]] | | imreoir leadóige Éireannach | [[imreoir leadóige]] | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991-03-01 | | [[Aontroim (baile)]] | | [[:d:Q6709499|Q6709499]] | 1 |- | [[Emma Flanagan]] | | cruicéadaí | [[cruicéadaí]] | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991-01-07 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q16211337|Q16211337]] | 4 |- | [[Cherelle Khassal]] | [[Íomhá:Cherelle Khassal (23697437213).jpg|center|40px]] | imreoir sacair Éireannach | [[imreoir sacair]] | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991-01-09 | | [[Sasana]] | | [[:d:Q22087349|Q22087349]] | 4 |- | [[Alice Kunek]] | [[Íomhá:Alice Kunek - Perth Lynx.jpg|center|40px]] | cispheileadóir Astrálach (1991-) | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991-01-06 | | [[Box Hill]] | | [[:d:Q24452204|Q24452204]] | 10 |- | [[Laura Boylan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cruicéadaí (*1991) ♀ | [[cruicéadaí]] | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991-12-16 | | [[Contae Lú]] | | [[:d:Q29981448|Q29981448]] | 3 |- | [[Sinéad Denny]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1991) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991-03-05 | | | | [[:d:Q69863080|Q69863080]] | 0 |- | [[Aoife McDermott]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir rugbaí agus cispheileadóir (*1991) ♀ | [[imreoir rugbaí]]<br/>[[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991-01-04 | | [[Sligeach]] | | [[:d:Q78047998|Q78047998]] | 1 |- | [[Hannah Thornton]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1991) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991-07-29 | | | | [[:d:Q119564024|Q119564024]] | 0 |- | [[Aine O'Connor]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1991) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991-11-28 | | | | [[:d:Q135367015|Q135367015]] | 0 |- | [[Fiona O'Dwyer]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|meiriceánach]] cispheileadóir (*1991) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991-06-27 | | | | [[:d:Q135370906|Q135370906]] | 0 |- | [[Emma J. Sherwood]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1991) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991-02-17 | | | | [[:d:Q135379981|Q135379981]] | 0 |- | [[Tracey M. Power]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1991) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991-01-04 | | | | [[:d:Q135379982|Q135379982]] | 0 |- | [[Stephanie O'Shea]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1991) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991-04-25 | | | | [[:d:Q135379983|Q135379983]] | 0 |- | [[Carol A. McCarthy]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1991) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991-11-22 | | | | [[:d:Q135379987|Q135379987]] | 0 |- | [[Sinead Chambers]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992-02-01 | | [[Béal Feirste]] | | [[:d:Q15712412|Q15712412]] | 4 |- | [[Christine McMahon]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cliathreathaí agus rábálaí (*1992) ♀ | [[cliathreathaí]]<br/>[[rábálaí]] | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992-07-06 | | [[Béal Feirste]] | | [[:d:Q25939025|Q25939025]] | 2 |- | [[Poornima Menon Jayadev]] | | Imreoir fichille (*1992) ♀ | [[imreoir fichille]] | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992 | | | | [[:d:Q28479758|Q28479758]] | 0 |- | [[Naomi Carroll]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir sacair, imreoir haca, imreoir peile Gaelaí agus camogie player (*1992) ♀ | [[imreoir sacair]]<br/>[[imreoir haca]]<br/>[[imreoir peile Gaelaí]]<br/>[[camogie player]] | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992-09-13 | | [[Contae an Chláir]] | | [[:d:Q57313561|Q57313561]] | 3 |- | [[Claire Mooney]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1992) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992-06-21 | | | | [[:d:Q69812429|Q69812429]] | 0 |- | [[Joan Healy]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1992) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992-09-30 | | | | [[:d:Q69814488|Q69814488]] | 1 |- | [[Catherine McManus]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1992) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992-05-09 | | | | [[:d:Q69819917|Q69819917]] | 0 |- | [[Casey Grace]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1992) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992-05-14 | | | | [[:d:Q119554596|Q119554596]] | 0 |- | [[Rebecca F. O'Keeffe]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1992) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992-02-25 | | | | [[:d:Q135379984|Q135379984]] | 0 |- | [[Emily M. O'Callaghan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1992) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992-02-07 | | | | [[:d:Q135379985|Q135379985]] | 0 |- | [[Katie B. Kilbride]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1992) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992-07-06 | | | | [[:d:Q135379988|Q135379988]] | 0 |- | [[Catriona M. Foley]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1992) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992-08-16 | | | | [[:d:Q135379989|Q135379989]] | 0 |- | [[Sinead Deegan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1992) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992-05-13 | | | | [[:d:Q135379990|Q135379990]] | 0 |- | [[Eimhear M. Browne]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1992) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992-01-07 | | | | [[:d:Q135379991|Q135379991]] | 0 |- | [[Amy Bowtell]] | | imreoir leadóige | [[imreoir leadóige]] | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993-09-16 | | [[Na Clocha Liatha]] | | [[:d:Q4749116|Q4749116]] | 7 |- | [[Katie Kirk]] | | [[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|Briotanach]] rábálaí (*1993) ♀ | [[rábálaí]] | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993-11-05 | | | | [[:d:Q11737414|Q11737414]] | 1 |- | [[Ciara Grant]] | [[Íomhá:Ciara Grant WUG.jpg|center|40px]] | peileadóir | [[imreoir sacair]]<br/>[[imreoir futsal]] | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993-06-11 | | [[Leitir Ceanainn]] | | [[:d:Q15960851|Q15960851]] | 8 |- | [[Michaela Walsh]] | | dornálaí as Béal Feirste | [[dornálaí]] | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993-06-05 | | [[Béal Feirste]] | | [[:d:Q18218166|Q18218166]] | 8 |- | [[Siobhán Killeen]] | | imreoir sacair Éireannach | [[imreoir sacair]]<br/>[[imreoir peile Gaelaí]]<br/>[[imreoir futsal]] | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993-03-15 | | | | [[:d:Q22278600|Q22278600]] | 1 |- | [[Lois Roche]] | [[Íomhá:Lois Roche Lewes FC Women 2 Charlton Ath Women 0 17 10 2021-82 (cropped).jpg|center|40px]] | imreoir sacair | [[imreoir sacair]] | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993-06-18 | | [[Londain]] | | [[:d:Q24150945|Q24150945]] | 5 |- | [[Clare Cryan]] | [[Íomhá:Clare Cryan Kyiv 2019.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] tumadóir iomaíoachta (*1993) ♀ | [[tumadóir iomaíoachta]] | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993-12-03 | | | | [[:d:Q65553526|Q65553526]] | 3 |- | [[Emma Mitchell]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1993) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993-09-02 | | | | [[:d:Q69812822|Q69812822]] | 0 |- | [[Mary Mulhare]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1993) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993-02-14 | | | | [[:d:Q115739743|Q115739743]] | 1 |- | [[Clodagh Scannell]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1993) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993-03-06 | | | | [[:d:Q119542677|Q119542677]] | 0 |- | [[Chelsea Jones]] | | ban-aisteoir Éireannach | [[aisteoir]] | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994 | | | | [[:d:Q2377423|Q2377423]] | 0 |- | [[Phoebe Prince]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] scoláire (1994–2010) ♀ | [[scoláire]] | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994-11-24 | data-sort-value="2010" | 2010-01-14 | [[Bedford]] | [[South Hadley]] | [[:d:Q3304893|Q3304893]] | 6 |- | [[Kate Veale]] | | lúthchleasaí Éireannach | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994-01-05 | | [[Tulach Mhór]] | | [[:d:Q11737264|Q11737264]] | 2 |- | [[Caroline Black]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994-03-04 | | [[Lios na gCearrbhach]] | | [[:d:Q15971927|Q15971927]] | 5 |- | [[Phil Healy]] | [[Íomhá:Womens 400m (46526965474) (cropped).jpg|center|40px]] | rábálaí Éireannach | [[rábálaí]] | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994-11-19 | | [[Béal Átha Fhínín]] | | [[:d:Q25999744|Q25999744]] | 7 |- | [[Niamh McCarthy]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] lúthchleasaí (*1994) ♀ | [[lúthchleasaí]] | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994-01-04 | | [[Contae Chorcaí]] | | [[:d:Q26905471|Q26905471]] | 2 |- | [[Karina Campbell]] | | Imreoir fichille (*1994) ♀ | [[imreoir fichille]] | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994-05-19 | | | | [[:d:Q28470777|Q28470777]] | 0 |- | [[Victoria Bell]] | | lúthchleasaí Éireannach | [[sciálaí Alpach]] | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994-06-22 | | [[Sutton Coldfield]] | | [[:d:Q48618566|Q48618566]] | 4 |- | [[Alice Sharpe]] | [[Íomhá:2019 UEC Track Elite European Championships 132.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] rothaí spóirt (*1994) ♀ | [[rothaí spóirt]] | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994-05-03 | | | | [[:d:Q55361867|Q55361867]] | 9 |- | [[Alli Palisch]] | [[Íomhá:Alli Murphy Lewes FC Women 2 London City 3 14 02 2021-528 (50943521133) (cropped).jpg|center|40px]] | [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Meiriceánach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] imreoir sacair (*1994) ♀ | [[imreoir sacair]] | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994-05-13 | | [[Plano, Texas|Plano]] | | [[:d:Q56285209|Q56285209]] | 4 |- | [[Shona Heaslip]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1994) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994-09-18 | | | | [[:d:Q69820877|Q69820877]] | 0 |- | [[Philippa Rogan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1994) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994-02-04 | | | | [[:d:Q69861835|Q69861835]] | 0 |- | [[Leah Lyons]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir rugbaí (*1994) ♀ | [[imreoir rugbaí]] | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994-11-27 | | [[Corcaigh]] | | [[:d:Q78051289|Q78051289]] | 1 |- | [[Sycerika McMahon]] | | snámhóir Éireannach | [[snámhóir]] | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995-04-11 | | [[Contae an Dúin]] | | [[:d:Q3979013|Q3979013]] | 7 |- | [[Carolane Soucisse]] | [[Íomhá:2018 Autumn Classic International - Soucisse & Firus (cropped) - Soucisse.jpg|center|40px]] | damhsóir oighir Ceanadach | [[ice dancer]] | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995-02-10 | | [[Châteauguay]] | | [[:d:Q24860514|Q24860514]] | 5 |- | [[Aoife Mannion]] | [[Íomhá:Aoife Mannion BCLFC 2015 (22147891741) (cropped).jpg|center|40px]] | [[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|Briotanach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] imreoir sacair (*1995) ♀ | [[imreoir sacair]] | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995-09-24 | | [[Solihull]] | | [[:d:Q25714012|Q25714012]] | 12 |- | [[Ellen Keane]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*1995) ♀ | [[snámhóir]] | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995-04-06 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q26899011|Q26899011]] | 3 |- | [[Síofra Cléirigh Büttner]] | [[Íomhá:Síofra Cléirigh Büttner 2017.jpg|center|40px]] | reathaí meánraoin Éireannach | [[reathaí meánfhaid]]<br/>[[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995-07-21 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q35349110|Q35349110]] | 5 |- | [[Gráinne Walsh]] | | dornálaí Éireannach | [[dornálaí]] | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995-10-13 | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éire]] | | [[:d:Q65091953|Q65091953]] | 4 |- | [[Greta Streimikyte]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] lúthchleasaí parailimpeach (*1995) ♀ | [[lúthchleasaí parailimpeach]] | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995-08-24 | | [[Vilnias]] | | [[:d:Q89343978|Q89343978]] | 3 |- | [[Sarah Jane Hearne]] | | Imreoir fichille (*1995) ♀ | [[imreoir fichille]] | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995 | | | | [[:d:Q104843000|Q104843000]] | 0 |- | [[Fiona Murtagh]] | [[Íomhá:Rowing at the 2020 Summer Olympics (Ireland).jpeg|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomróir (*1995) ♀ | [[iomróir]] | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995-07-11 | | [[Gaillimh]] | | [[:d:Q105925700|Q105925700]] | 11 |- | [[Ioana Gelip]] | | Imreoir fichille (*1995) ♀ | [[imreoir fichille]] | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995-01-16 | | | | [[:d:Q109418259|Q109418259]] | 0 |- | [[Rachel Boyle]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995-03-27 | | | | [[:d:Q110991850|Q110991850]] | 0 |- | [[Cliodhna Manning]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1995) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995-04-26 | | | | [[:d:Q117007428|Q117007428]] | 1 |- | [[Emily Haggard-Kearney]] | | Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta, reathaí maratóin agus cianreathaí (*1995) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]<br/>[[reathaí maratóin]]<br/>[[cianreathaí]] | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995-11-10 | | | | [[:d:Q126883212|Q126883212]] | 0 |- | [[Amy Waters]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1995) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995-08-13 | | | | [[:d:Q135367016|Q135367016]] | 0 |- | [[Jennifer Sheehan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1995) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995-06-10 | | | | [[:d:Q135373959|Q135373959]] | 0 |- | [[Jessica Blue O Sullivan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1995) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995-06-11 | | | | [[:d:Q135373960|Q135373960]] | 0 |- | [[Aedin O Donnell]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1995) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995-04-27 | | | | [[:d:Q135373961|Q135373961]] | 0 |- | [[Emma Bolger]] | | ban-aisteoir Éireannach | [[aisteoir]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-01-05 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q520262|Q520262]] | 11 |- | [[Mary C. Cain]] | | reathaí meánraoin Meiriceánach | [[reathaí meánfhaid]]<br/>[[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-05-03 | | [[Bronxville]] | | [[:d:Q6779145|Q6779145]] | 10 |- | [[Florence Bell]] | | sciálaí Éireannach | [[sciálaí Alpach]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-03-05 | | [[Sutton Coldfield]] | | [[:d:Q15910753|Q15910753]] | 4 |- | [[Alannah Stephenson]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-12-04 | | [[Lios na gCearrbhach]] | | [[:d:Q17457943|Q17457943]] | 3 |- | [[Tham Nguyen]] | [[Íomhá:Tham Nguyen at the 2023 World Weightlifting Championships training hall.webp|center|40px]] | Tógálaí meáchain (*1996) ♀ | [[tógálaí meáchain]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-09-15 | | | | [[:d:Q26132016|Q26132016]] | 4 |- | [[Alanna Lally]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1996) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-12-30 | | | | [[:d:Q69860533|Q69860533]] | 1 |- | [[Fiona Mangan]] | [[Íomhá:Fiona Mangan - Présentation TCFIA 2025.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] rothaí spóirt (*1996) ♀ | [[rothaí spóirt]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-05-16 | | | | [[:d:Q106575388|Q106575388]] | 5 |- | [[Megan Armitage]] | [[Íomhá:Grand Prix de Chambéry (Megan Armitage - Montagne).JPG|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] rothaí spóirt (*1996) ♀ | [[rothaí spóirt]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-08-12 | | | | [[:d:Q108532712|Q108532712]] | 6 |- | [[Linda Djougang]] | [[Íomhá:Linda Djougang 15Apr2023.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Camarún|Camarúnach]] imreoir rugbaí (*1996) ♀ | [[imreoir rugbaí]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-05-17 | | [[Camarún]] | | [[:d:Q108540653|Q108540653]] | 3 |- | [[Georgie Hartigan]] | | Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1996) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-03-01 | | | | [[:d:Q115674773|Q115674773]] | 1 |- | [[Allison McGrath]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1996) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-10-10 | | | | [[:d:Q119547267|Q119547267]] | 0 |- | [[Edel Thornton]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1996) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-11-22 | | | | [[:d:Q119560495|Q119560495]] | 0 |- | [[Kelly McGrory]] | | Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1996) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-12-24 | | | | [[:d:Q121879328|Q121879328]] | 3 |- | [[Róisín Harrison]] | | Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1996) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-10-10 | | | | [[:d:Q121879839|Q121879839]] | 2 |- | [[Susie Berry]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] marcach (*1996) ♀ | [[marcach]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-01-01 | | | | [[:d:Q130313509|Q130313509]] | 2 |- | [[Megan Connolly]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1996) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-03-06 | | | | [[:d:Q135366913|Q135366913]] | 0 |- | [[Ciara Mary McCarthy]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1996) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-09-02 | | | | [[:d:Q135366914|Q135366914]] | 0 |- | [[Caoimhe Rita Moore]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1996) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-06-23 | | | | [[:d:Q135366915|Q135366915]] | 0 |- | [[Nadine Cheryl Rice]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1996) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-07-29 | | | | [[:d:Q135366916|Q135366916]] | 0 |- | [[Holli Anna Dunne]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1996) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-10-02 | | | | [[:d:Q135366917|Q135366917]] | 0 |- | [[Meadhbh Helen Campbell]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1996) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-04-26 | | | | [[:d:Q135370468|Q135370468]] | 0 |- | [[Ruth Mary Leavey]] | | [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Meiriceánach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1996) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-12-25 | | | | [[:d:Q135370469|Q135370469]] | 0 |- | [[Aoibheann Ann Byrne]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1996) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-11-24 | | | | [[:d:Q135370470|Q135370470]] | 0 |- | [[Hannah Eileen McCarthy]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1996) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-09-02 | | | | [[:d:Q135370471|Q135370471]] | 0 |- | [[Lauren Jane Flynn]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1996) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-11-12 | | | | [[:d:Q135370472|Q135370472]] | 0 |- | [[Kate Emma O'Flaherty]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1996) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-02-08 | | | | [[:d:Q135370473|Q135370473]] | 0 |- | [[Aoife Catherine Whelan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1996) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-01-04 | | | | [[:d:Q135370474|Q135370474]] | 0 |- | [[Eve Ellen M. O'Mahoney]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1996) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-03-29 | | | | [[:d:Q135370475|Q135370475]] | 0 |- | [[Lesley Ann Wilkinson]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1996) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-02-16 | | | | [[:d:Q135370476|Q135370476]] | 0 |- | [[Lisa Teresa Mullins]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1996) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-09-22 | | | | [[:d:Q135373962|Q135373962]] | 0 |- | [[Megan Connolly]] | [[Íomhá:Megan Connolly 2015 (cropped).jpg|center|40px]] | imreoir sacair Éireannach | [[imreoir sacair]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-03-07 | | [[Corcaigh]] | | [[:d:Q21708017|Q21708017]] | 12 |- | [[Rachael Darragh]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]]<br/>[[Olympic competitor]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-09-24 | | [[Leitir Ceanainn]] | | [[:d:Q26786740|Q26786740]] | 6 |- | [[Sophie MacMahon]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cruicéadaí (*1997) ♀ | [[cruicéadaí]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-01-29 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q29947005|Q29947005]] | 8 |- | [[Sara Boyle]] | | imreoir badmantain Éireannach | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-08-31 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q30230598|Q30230598]] | 1 |- | [[Amy Broadhurst]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] dornálaí (*1997) ♀ | [[dornálaí]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-03-17 | | [[Dún Dealgan]] | | [[:d:Q60182060|Q60182060]] | 3 |- | [[Aoife O'Rourke]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] dornálaí (*1997) ♀ | [[dornálaí]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-07-02 | | [[An Caisleán Riabhach]] | | [[:d:Q66934867|Q66934867]] | 8 |- | [[Marissa Sheva]] | [[Íomhá:Marissa Sheva.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Meiriceánach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] imreoir sacair agus iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1997) ♀ | [[imreoir sacair]]<br/>[[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-04-22 | | [[Sellersville]] | | [[:d:Q98093517|Q98093517]] | 8 |- | [[Elsa Desmond]] | [[Íomhá:2018-11-21 Rennrodel-Weltcup Innsbruck-Igls StP 5311 LR10 by Stepro.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|Briotanach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] luger agus medical student (*1997) ♀ | [[luger]]<br/>[[medical student]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-08-06 | | [[Buckingham]] | | [[:d:Q103259948|Q103259948]] | 5 |- | [[Sophie Becker]] | [[Íomhá:Womens 400m (47247595181).jpg|center|40px]] | Rábálaí (*1997) ♀ | [[rábálaí]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-05-16 | | [[Loch Garman]] | | [[:d:Q105782960|Q105782960]] | 7 |- | [[Kate Doherty]] | | Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1997) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-01-27 | | | | [[:d:Q106712794|Q106712794]] | 1 |- | [[Eilish Flanagan]] | | Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1997) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997 | | | | [[:d:Q107472430|Q107472430]] | 5 |- | [[Roisin Flanagan]] | | Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1997) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-05-02 | | | | [[:d:Q115739741|Q115739741]] | 2 |- | [[Bridget Herlihy]] | | [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Meiriceánach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-01-31 | | | | [[:d:Q119539970|Q119539970]] | 0 |- | [[Maura Fitzpatrick]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|meiriceánach]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-02-27 | | | | [[:d:Q119541214|Q119541214]] | 0 |- | [[Anna Kelly]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|meiriceánach]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-06-18 | | | | [[:d:Q119551659|Q119551659]] | 0 |- | [[Aoife Anne O'Halloran]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-07-05 | | | | [[:d:Q135365106|Q135365106]] | 0 |- | [[Princess Elizabeth Adeogun]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-04-10 | | | | [[:d:Q135367093|Q135367093]] | 0 |- | [[Tia Kelly]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-12-02 | | | | [[:d:Q135368530|Q135368530]] | 0 |- | [[Hayley Nicole Lenihan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-12-19 | | | | [[:d:Q135368531|Q135368531]] | 0 |- | [[Julie Milroy]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-07-10 | | | | [[:d:Q135368532|Q135368532]] | 0 |- | [[Liadan Tobin-Schnittger]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-01-10 | | | | [[:d:Q135371775|Q135371775]] | 0 |- | [[Courtney Anne Ryan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-06-16 | | | | [[:d:Q135371776|Q135371776]] | 0 |- | [[Aoife Mary Tiernan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-05-30 | | | | [[:d:Q135371777|Q135371777]] | 0 |- | [[Sarah Marie Phelan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-10-02 | | | | [[:d:Q135371778|Q135371778]] | 0 |- | [[Aislinn Finola O'Connell]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-10-24 | | | | [[:d:Q135371779|Q135371779]] | 0 |- | [[Aisling Catriona McCann]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-02-01 | | | | [[:d:Q135371780|Q135371780]] | 0 |- | [[Sarah Kenny]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-01-24 | | | | [[:d:Q135371781|Q135371781]] | 0 |- | [[Hollie Herlihy]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-12-30 | | | | [[:d:Q135371782|Q135371782]] | 0 |- | [[Shannen Sandra Holbrook]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-02-24 | | | | [[:d:Q135371783|Q135371783]] | 0 |- | [[Olivia Margaret Dupuy]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-03-27 | | | | [[:d:Q135371784|Q135371784]] | 0 |- | [[Kelly Sarah Diggin]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-03-05 | | | | [[:d:Q135371785|Q135371785]] | 0 |- | [[Caoimhe Ann Blennerhassett]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-12-15 | | | | [[:d:Q135371786|Q135371786]] | 0 |- | [[Ellis O'Reilly]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|briotanach]] gleacaí ealaíonta (*1998) ♀ | [[gleacaí ealaíonta]] | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998-02-23 | | [[Kent]] | | [[:d:Q23887651|Q23887651]] | 3 |- | [[Michaela Walsh]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1998) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998-12-17 | | | | [[:d:Q51098390|Q51098390]] | 2 |- | [[Anna Kerrison]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cruicéadaí (*1998) ♀ | [[cruicéadaí]] | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998-09-10 | | [[Sasana]] | | [[:d:Q64148448|Q64148448]] | 3 |- | [[Elizabeth Morland]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1998) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998-03-03 | | | | [[:d:Q69815287|Q69815287]] | 0 |- | [[Mia Griffin]] | [[Íomhá:2019 UEC Track Elite European Championships 135.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] rothaí spóirt (*1998) ♀ | [[rothaí spóirt]] | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998-12-30 | | [[An Gleann Mór]] | | [[:d:Q86458131|Q86458131]] | 8 |- | [[Nadia Power]] | | Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1998) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998-01-11 | | | | [[:d:Q92433328|Q92433328]] | 4 |- | [[Eleanor Ryan-Doyle]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir sacair (*1998) ♀ | [[imreoir sacair]] | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998-05-14 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q97654611|Q97654611]] | 1 |- | [[Sarah Quinn]] | | Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1998) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998-04-08 | | | | [[:d:Q106712933|Q106712933]] | 1 |- | [[Anna Maguire]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998-01-21 | | | | [[:d:Q119543104|Q119543104]] | 0 |- | [[Saoirse Power-Cassidy]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998-06-30 | | | | [[:d:Q119553574|Q119553574]] | 0 |- | [[Fiona Everard]] | | Cianreathaí (*1998) ♀ | [[cianreathaí]] | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998 | | | | [[:d:Q123502237|Q123502237]] | 2 |- | [[Jennifer Lehane]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] dornálaí (*1998) ♀ | [[dornálaí]] | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998-08-19 | | | | [[:d:Q126487392|Q126487392]] | 2 |- | [[Kathy Baker]] | | Imreoir rugbaí (*1998) ♀ | [[imreoir rugbaí]] | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998-01-23 | | | | [[:d:Q128765068|Q128765068]] | 3 |- | [[Alison Jane Cleary]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998-01-13 | | | | [[:d:Q135365098|Q135365098]] | 0 |- | [[Laura Anne Fortune]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998-04-23 | | | | [[:d:Q135365099|Q135365099]] | 0 |- | [[Katie Joanna Whelan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998-09-02 | | | | [[:d:Q135365102|Q135365102]] | 0 |- | [[Ciara Catherine Wheeler]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998-04-19 | | | | [[:d:Q135365103|Q135365103]] | 0 |- | [[Chloe Gina Mullins]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998-12-21 | | | | [[:d:Q135365105|Q135365105]] | 0 |- | [[Anna Marie Brennan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998-02-06 | | | | [[:d:Q135365107|Q135365107]] | 0 |- | [[Aleksandra Joanna Macheta]] | | [[An Pholainn|Polannach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998-03-13 | | | | [[:d:Q135366449|Q135366449]] | 0 |- | [[Verity Jade Gunn O'Connor]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998-09-07 | | | | [[:d:Q135370232|Q135370232]] | 0 |- | [[Rachel Alexandra Leavy]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998-03-13 | | | | [[:d:Q135370235|Q135370235]] | 0 |- | [[Olivia Ann Reid]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998-03-27 | | | | [[:d:Q135370236|Q135370236]] | 0 |- | [[Jenny Rachael Morrison]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998-11-12 | | | | [[:d:Q135370238|Q135370238]] | 0 |- | [[Annie Fanning]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998-10-16 | | | | [[:d:Q135370239|Q135370239]] | 0 |- | [[Billie Jean Byrne]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998-10-23 | | | | [[:d:Q135370241|Q135370241]] | 0 |- | [[Catherine Maria Connaire]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998-12-30 | | | | [[:d:Q135370242|Q135370242]] | 0 |- | [[Áine McDonagh]] | | [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Meiriceánach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir agus imreoir peile Astrálaí (*1998) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]]<br/>[[imreoir peile Astrálaí]] | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998-08-28 | | | | [[:d:Q135370247|Q135370247]] | 1 |- | [[Elizabeth Mary McGonnell]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998-02-12 | | | | [[:d:Q135370249|Q135370249]] | 0 |- | [[Aoife Maguire]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998-03-10 | | | | [[:d:Q135370251|Q135370251]] | 0 |- | [[Aisling Kindle]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998-01-09 | | | | [[:d:Q135370252|Q135370252]] | 0 |- | [[Aoife Beggs]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cruicéadaí (*1999) ♀ | [[cruicéadaí]] | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999-10-23 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q29841599|Q29841599]] | 5 |- | [[Gina Akpe-Moses]] | [[Íomhá:Gina Akpe-Moses at the 2018 European Athletics Championships.jpg|center|40px]] | rábálaí Éireannach | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999-02-25 | | [[Lagos]] | | [[:d:Q33133524|Q33133524]] | 7 |- | [[Ciara Neville]] | [[Íomhá:Ciara Neville 2016.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] rábálaí (*1999) ♀ | [[rábálaí]] | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999-10-14 | | [[Luimneach]] | | [[:d:Q50295760|Q50295760]] | 4 |- | [[Molly Scott]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] lúthchleasaí agus iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1999) ♀ | [[lúthchleasaí]]<br/>[[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999-03-30 | | [[Ceatharlach]] | | [[:d:Q55587528|Q55587528]] | 2 |- | [[Niamh Fogarty]] | | Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1999) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999-05-16 | | | | [[:d:Q94578252|Q94578252]] | 2 |- | [[Aoife Lynch]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1999) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999-05-14 | | | | [[:d:Q106712793|Q106712793]] | 1 |- | [[Michelle Carey]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir haca (*1999) ♀ | [[imreoir haca]] | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999-05-05 | | | | [[:d:Q108106507|Q108106507]] | 3 |- | [[Stephanie Cotter]] | | Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1999) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999 | | [[Corcaigh]] | | [[:d:Q108143260|Q108143260]] | 2 |- | [[Grace Casey]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] caiteoir sleá (*1999) ♀ | [[caiteoir sleá]] | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999-01-16 | | | | [[:d:Q109932829|Q109932829]] | 0 |- | [[Cathal Crosbie]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1999) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999-12-09 | | | | [[:d:Q112131519|Q112131519]] | 1 |- | [[Sarah Leahy]] | | Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1999) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999-08-01 | | | | [[:d:Q113864305|Q113864305]] | 2 |- | [[Claire Melia]] | [[Íomhá:Baxi Ferrol - LDLC ASVEL Féminin 59.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1999) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999-07-12 | | [[Mainistir Eimhín]] | | [[:d:Q119564054|Q119564054]] | 0 |- | [[Erin Riordan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*1999) ♀ | [[snámhóir]] | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999-09-02 | | | | [[:d:Q128803241|Q128803241]] | 2 |- | [[Rachel Huijsdens]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1999) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999-06-23 | | | | [[:d:Q135367962|Q135367962]] | 0 |- | [[Maggie Byrne]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|meiriceánach]] cispheileadóir (*1999) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999-08-10 | | | | [[:d:Q135367963|Q135367963]] | 0 |- | [[Mae-Therese Creane]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1999) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999-01-29 | | | | [[:d:Q135367964|Q135367964]] | 0 |- | [[Sorcha Tiernan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1999) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999-09-18 | | | | [[:d:Q135367966|Q135367966]] | 0 |- | [[Amy Dooley]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1999) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999-06-09 | | | | [[:d:Q135367967|Q135367967]] | 0 |- | [[Louise Scannell]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1999) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999-09-10 | | | | [[:d:Q135367968|Q135367968]] | 0 |- | [[Amy Murphy]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1999) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999-04-03 | | | | [[:d:Q135367970|Q135367970]] | 0 |- | [[Anne Condon]] | | [[Ceanada|Ceanadach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] eolaí ríomhaireachta agus múinteoir ollscoile (*2000) ♀; Comhalta de chuid an ACM, Tulip Award in DNA Computing, Anita Borg Institute Women of Vision Awards agus Comhalta de Chumann Ríoga Cheanada; member of Cumann Ríoga Cheanada agus Association for Computing Machinery | [[eolaí ríomhaireachta]]<br/>[[múinteoir ollscoile]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 20th century | | | | [[:d:Q11489|Q11489]] | 3 |- | [[Tina Reynolds]] | | amhránaí Éireannach | [[amhránaí]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 20th century | | [[Na Clocha Liatha]] | | [[:d:Q514752|Q514752]] | 9 |- | [[Bernadette Ní Ghallchóir]] | [[Íomhá:Bernadette Ní Ghallchóir PBS 1971.jpg|center|40px]] | láithreoir teilifíse Éireannach | [[láithreoir]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 20th century | | [[Muineachán]] | | [[:d:Q822164|Q822164]] | 6 |- | [[Eibhlin Byrne]] | | méara Éireannach | [[polaiteoir]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 20th century | | | | [[:d:Q1301175|Q1301175]] | 3 |- | [[Sophie Merry]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] [[Stiúrthóir scannán|stiúrthóir scannán]], [[Mainicín faisin|mainicín]], beochantóir, [[Aisteoir|aisteoir]] agus damhsóir (*2000) ♀ | [[stiúrthóir scannán]]<br/>[[Mainicín faisin|mainicín]]<br/>[[beochantóir]]<br/>[[aisteoir]]<br/>[[damhsóir]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 20th century | | | | [[:d:Q1348496|Q1348496]] | 3 |- | [[Janet Grogan]] | [[Íomhá:Janet Grogan (cropped).jpg|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] [[Amhránaí is scríbhneoir|amhránaí is scríbhneoir]], [[Cumadóir amhrán|cumadóir amhrán]] agus [[Amhránaí|amhránaí]] (fl. 2009–) (*2000) ♀ | [[amhránaí is scríbhneoir]]<br/>[[cumadóir amhrán]]<br/>[[amhránaí]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 20th century | | | | [[:d:Q1424238|Q1424238]] | 4 |- | [[Maria Corrigan]] | | polaiteoir Éireannach | [[polaiteoir]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 20th century | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éire]] | | [[:d:Q1669568|Q1669568]] | 3 |- | [[Lisa Lambe]] | [[Íomhá:Lisa Lambe.jpg|center|40px]] | amhránaí Éireannach | [[amhránaí]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 20th century | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q1704246|Q1704246]] | 13 |- | [[Terry O'Flaherty]] | | méara Éireannach | [[polaiteoir]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 20th century | | | | [[:d:Q1720409|Q1720409]] | 2 |- | [[Lise Hearns]] | | ban-aisteoir Éireannach | [[aisteoir]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 20th century | | | | [[:d:Q1827914|Q1827914]] | 1 |- | [[Liz Weir]] | | údar Éireannach | [[scríbhneoir]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 20th century | | [[Béal Feirste]] | | [[:d:Q1866600|Q1866600]] | 4 |- | [[Méav Ní Mhaolchatha]] | | amhránaí Éireannach | [[amhránaí ceoldrámaíochta]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 20th century | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q3268425|Q3268425]] | 8 |- | [[Rebecca Stokell]] | | cruicéadaí Éireannach | [[cruicéadaí]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000-03-13 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q29891153|Q29891153]] | 6 |- | [[Mona McSharry]] | [[Íomhá:Mona McSharry (IRL) 2018.jpg|center|40px]] | snámhóir Éireannach | [[snámhóir]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000-08-21 | | [[An Ghráinseach, Contae Shligigh|An Ghráinseach]] | | [[:d:Q33319799|Q33319799]] | 19 |- | [[Cara Murray]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cruicéadaí (*2000) ♀ | [[cruicéadaí]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000-11-01 | | [[Béal Feirste]] | | [[:d:Q54861582|Q54861582]] | 6 |- | [[Sommer Lecky]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*2000) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000-06-14 | | | | [[:d:Q69813606|Q69813606]] | 2 |- | [[Davicia Patterson]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*2000) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000-12-15 | | | | [[:d:Q69820489|Q69820489]] | 0 |- | [[Diana Mirza]] | | Imreoir fichille (*2000) ♀ | [[imreoir fichille]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000-06-16 | | | | [[:d:Q109383024|Q109383024]] | 1 |- | [[Lauren Roy]] | | Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*2000) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000-09-25 | | | | [[:d:Q113864274|Q113864274]] | 2 |- | [[Bronagh Power-Cassidy]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2000) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000-09-15 | | | | [[:d:Q119543792|Q119543792]] | 0 |- | [[Enya Maguire]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2000) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000-08-31 | | | | [[:d:Q119550072|Q119550072]] | 0 |- | [[Eibhia Ni Mhuireagain]] | | Imreoir fichille (*2000) ♀ | [[imreoir fichille]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000 | | | | [[:d:Q124424504|Q124424504]] | 0 |- | [[Lauren Cadden]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] lúthchleasaí agus iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*2000) ♀ | [[lúthchleasaí]]<br/>[[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000-06-07 | | | | [[:d:Q126173619|Q126173619]] | 2 |- | [[Jodie McCann]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*2000) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000-02-03 | | | | [[:d:Q126685911|Q126685911]] | 4 |- | [[Lynn Tunnah]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2000) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000-06-14 | | | | [[:d:Q135363157|Q135363157]] | 0 |- | [[Annaliese Murphy]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2000) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000-02-08 | | | | [[:d:Q135366286|Q135366286]] | 0 |- | [[Maeve Aine O'Seaghdha]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2000) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000-07-26 | | | | [[:d:Q135366287|Q135366287]] | 0 |- | [[Alison Blaney]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2000) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000-04-22 | | | | [[:d:Q135366288|Q135366288]] | 0 |- | [[Ella McCloskey]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2000) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000-07-20 | | | | [[:d:Q135366289|Q135366289]] | 0 |- | [[Maeve Patricia Cannon]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2000) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000-03-15 | | | | [[:d:Q135366291|Q135366291]] | 0 |- | [[Nicole Patrice Clancy]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2000) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000-06-13 | | | | [[:d:Q135366294|Q135366294]] | 0 |- | [[Niamh Christine Masterson]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2000) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000-02-26 | | | | [[:d:Q135367965|Q135367965]] | 0 |- | [[Maeve Phelan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2000) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000-05-05 | | | | [[:d:Q135367969|Q135367969]] | 0 |- | [[Dayna Finn]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir agus imreoir peile Astrálaí (*2000) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]]<br/>[[imreoir peile Astrálaí]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000-02-09 | | | | [[:d:Q135367973|Q135367973]] | 1 |- | [[Laura Nicholson]] | [[Íomhá:Laura Nicholson.jpg|center|40px]] | Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*2000) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000-03-29 | | | | [[:d:Q135649345|Q135649345]] | 2 |- | [[Tyler Toland]] | | imreoir sacair | [[imreoir sacair]] | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001-08-08 | | [[Baile Suingean]] | | [[:d:Q42666544|Q42666544]] | 6 |- | [[Lara Gillespie]] | [[Íomhá:2019 UCI Juniors Track World Championships 007.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] rothaí spóirt (*2001) ♀ | [[rothaí spóirt]] | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001-04-21 | | [[Cill Mhantáin]] | | [[:d:Q52153640|Q52153640]] | 13 |- | [[Sophie O'Sullivan]] | [[Íomhá:Sophie O'Sullivan.jpg|center|40px]] | lúthchleasaí Éireannach | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001-12-23 | | | | [[:d:Q55425594|Q55425594]] | 5 |- | [[Alex Chan-Taylor]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001-02-21 | | | | [[:d:Q55739862|Q55739862]] | 0 |- | [[Tanya Watson]] | [[Íomhá:2018-10-13 Jump 3 (Diving Girls 10m platform) at 2018 Summer Youth Olympics by Sandro Halank–039.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] tumadóir iomaíoachta (*2001) ♀ | [[tumadóir iomaíoachta]] | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001-12-24 | | [[Southampton]] | | [[:d:Q65675690|Q65675690]] | 5 |- | [[Niamh Coyne]] | [[Íomhá:2018-10-10 Swimming Girls' 100m Breaststroke Final at 2018 Summer Youth Olympics by Sandro Halank–034.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*2001) ♀ | [[snámhóir]] | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001-06-22 | | | | [[:d:Q65952719|Q65952719]] | 4 |- | [[Ciara Bracken]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2001) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001-04-20 | | | | [[:d:Q119554443|Q119554443]] | 0 |- | [[Deborah Ogayemi]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2001) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001-10-12 | | | | [[:d:Q119561035|Q119561035]] | 0 |- | [[Danielle Donegan]] | | Cianreathaí (*2001) ♀ | [[cianreathaí]] | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001-04-05 | | | | [[:d:Q125188525|Q125188525]] | 1 |- | [[Daina Moorehouse]] | [[Íomhá:2025 World Boxing Championships 20250906 102037 Daina Moorehouse (IRL).jpg|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] dornálaí (*2001) ♀ | [[dornálaí]] | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001-09-16 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q126709567|Q126709567]] | 3 |- | [[Rachel McCann]] | | Rábálaí (*2001) ♀ | [[rábálaí]] | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001-09-26 | | | | [[:d:Q127785359|Q127785359]] | 2 |- | [[Ciara McGing]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*2001) ♀ | [[snámhóir]] | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001-03-03 | | | | [[:d:Q128693679|Q128693679]] | 2 |- | [[Victoria Catterson]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*2001) ♀ | [[snámhóir]] | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001-03-25 | | | | [[:d:Q128803156|Q128803156]] | 2 |- | [[Erin Healy]] | | [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Meiriceánach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] imreoir sacair (*2001) ♀ | [[imreoir sacair]] | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001-04-05 | | | | [[:d:Q135106443|Q135106443]] | 2 |- | [[Ciara Tolan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2001) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001-11-30 | | | | [[:d:Q135360972|Q135360972]] | 0 |- | [[Eve Nealon]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2001) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001-06-25 | | | | [[:d:Q135363158|Q135363158]] | 0 |- | [[Katie Williamson]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2001) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001-05-11 | | | | [[:d:Q135364030|Q135364030]] | 0 |- | [[Alexandra Mary Mulligan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2001) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001-12-14 | | | | [[:d:Q135364031|Q135364031]] | 0 |- | [[Katie Niamh Walshe]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2001) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001-07-19 | | | | [[:d:Q135364032|Q135364032]] | 0 |- | [[Lainey Nolan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2001) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001-09-19 | | | | [[:d:Q135364033|Q135364033]] | 0 |- | [[Mia Furlong]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2001) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001-12-21 | | | | [[:d:Q135364034|Q135364034]] | 0 |- | [[Niamh Kenny]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2001) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001-04-28 | | | | [[:d:Q135364035|Q135364035]] | 0 |- | [[Ciara Veronica White]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2001) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001-01-15 | | | | [[:d:Q135364036|Q135364036]] | 0 |- | [[Anna Lynch]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2001) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001-01-10 | | | | [[:d:Q135364037|Q135364037]] | 0 |- | [[Lauren Darcy]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2001) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001-06-01 | | | | [[:d:Q135364038|Q135364038]] | 0 |- | [[Abby Flynn]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2001) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001-07-05 | | | | [[:d:Q135366295|Q135366295]] | 0 |- | [[Mavie Österreicher]] | | [[An Ostair|Ostarach]] imreoir leadóige (*2002) ♀ | [[imreoir leadóige]] | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002-04-05 | | [[an Ostair]] | | [[:d:Q57242668|Q57242668]] | 4 |- | [[Emily Kraft]] | [[Íomhá:Emily Kraft Lewes FC Women (52384339143).jpg|center|40px]] | imreoir sacair Éireannach (2002-) | [[imreoir sacair]] | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002-02-18 | | [[Frankfurt]] | | [[:d:Q60713591|Q60713591]] | 6 |- | [[Alexandra Troy]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002-03-07 | | | | [[:d:Q65554597|Q65554597]] | 0 |- | [[Emma Austin]] | [[Íomhá:2020-01-14 Alpine skiing at the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics – Women's Slalom (Martin Rulsch) 335.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] sciálaí Alpach (*2002) ♀ | [[sciálaí Alpach]] | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002-08-31 | | | | [[:d:Q81901202|Q81901202]] | 2 |- | [[Melisa Filis]] | [[Íomhá:Melisa Filis 2019.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|Briotanach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] imreoir sacair (*2002) ♀ | [[imreoir sacair]] | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002-07-30 | | [[Essex]] | | [[:d:Q83196933|Q83196933]] | 7 |- | [[Michaela Corcoran]] | | [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Meiriceánach]] lúthchleasaí (*2002) ♀ | [[lúthchleasaí]] | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002-08-07 | | [[Houston, Texas|Houston]] | | [[:d:Q90898291|Q90898291]] | 3 |- | [[Adeyemi Talabi]] | | Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*2002) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002-12-25 | | | | [[:d:Q113864217|Q113864217]] | 1 |- | [[Sabhbh Edwards Murphy]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2002) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002-07-17 | | | | [[:d:Q119549084|Q119549084]] | 0 |- | [[Erin Maguire]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2002) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002-12-16 | | | | [[:d:Q119550959|Q119550959]] | 0 |- | [[Maria Godden]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*2002) ♀ | [[snámhóir]] | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002-08-31 | | | | [[:d:Q124671917|Q124671917]] | 1 |- | [[Laura Mooney]] | [[Íomhá:Laura Mooney 01.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*2002) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002 | | | | [[:d:Q126623596|Q126623596]] | 2 |- | [[Madison Corcoran]] | [[Íomhá:2022 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships - Madison Corcoran - Ireland - by 2eight - 9SC6114.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] canúálaí (*2002) ♀ | [[canúálaí]] | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002-08-07 | | | | [[:d:Q127784722|Q127784722]] | 5 |- | [[Lauryn Homan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2002) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002-05-20 | | | | [[:d:Q135356265|Q135356265]] | 0 |- | [[Sarah Flemming]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2002) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002-02-06 | | | | [[:d:Q135358786|Q135358786]] | 0 |- | [[Jasmine Burke]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2002) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002-03-02 | | | | [[:d:Q135358788|Q135358788]] | 0 |- | [[Fatimah Akorede]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2002) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002-08-03 | | | | [[:d:Q135362059|Q135362059]] | 0 |- | [[Gillian Wheeler]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2002) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002-01-05 | | | | [[:d:Q135362060|Q135362060]] | 0 |- | [[Sinead Boyle]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2002) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002-06-01 | | | | [[:d:Q135362061|Q135362061]] | 0 |- | [[Siofra O'Shea]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2002) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002-01-10 | | | | [[:d:Q135362062|Q135362062]] | 0 |- | [[Abigail Rafferty]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2002) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002-05-28 | | | | [[:d:Q135362063|Q135362063]] | 0 |- | [[Kate Hickey]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2002) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002-10-15 | | | | [[:d:Q135362064|Q135362064]] | 0 |- | [[Lisa Blaney]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2002) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002-05-02 | | | | [[:d:Q135362170|Q135362170]] | 0 |- | [[Ciara Byrne]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2002) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002-07-26 | | | | [[:d:Q135362171|Q135362171]] | 0 |- | [[Shauna Dooley]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2002) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002-02-17 | | | | [[:d:Q135362172|Q135362172]] | 0 |- | [[Abbie Sheridan]] | | Lúthchleasaí agus iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*2002) ♀ | [[lúthchleasaí]]<br/>[[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002-03-20 | | | | [[:d:Q141053116|Q141053116]] | 0 |- | [[Fiona McAdams]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003-12-12 | | | | [[:d:Q65554282|Q65554282]] | 0 |- | [[Nicola Tuthill]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta agus caiteoir oird (*2003) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]<br/>[[caiteoir oird]] | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003-12-22 | | | | [[:d:Q115651644|Q115651644]] | 6 |- | [[Molly Moffitt]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|meiriceánach]] cispheileadóir (*2003) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003-03-02 | | | | [[:d:Q119536967|Q119536967]] | 0 |- | [[Ella O'Donnell]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2003) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003-09-29 | | | | [[:d:Q119554886|Q119554886]] | 0 |- | [[Paris McCarthy]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2003) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003-12-13 | | | | [[:d:Q119564680|Q119564680]] | 0 |- | [[Ava O'Connor]] | | Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*2003) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003-09-19 | | | | [[:d:Q125188526|Q125188526]] | 1 |- | [[Ellie Glavin]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2003) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003-12-30 | | | | [[:d:Q135358579|Q135358579]] | 0 |- | [[Shannon Cunningham]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2003) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003-06-19 | | | | [[:d:Q135359457|Q135359457]] | 0 |- | [[Rebecca Anne Hynes]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2003) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003-08-21 | | | | [[:d:Q135359458|Q135359458]] | 0 |- | [[Emma Glavin]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2003) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003-12-30 | | | | [[:d:Q135359460|Q135359460]] | 0 |- | [[Casey Mulvey]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2003) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003-04-06 | | | | [[:d:Q135360144|Q135360144]] | 0 |- | [[Miah Ryan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2003) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003-04-19 | | | | [[:d:Q135360147|Q135360147]] | 0 |- | [[Kara McCleane]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2003) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003-05-23 | | | | [[:d:Q135360148|Q135360148]] | 0 |- | [[Kate Kelly]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2003) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003-07-09 | | | | [[:d:Q135360149|Q135360149]] | 0 |- | [[Sinead Keane]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2003) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003-05-13 | | | | [[:d:Q135360151|Q135360151]] | 0 |- | [[Sophie Moore]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2003) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003-03-25 | | | | [[:d:Q135360152|Q135360152]] | 0 |- | [[Hazel Finn]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2003) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003-05-22 | | | | [[:d:Q135362040|Q135362040]] | 0 |- | [[Elizabeth Golding]] | | Scátálaí fíorach (*2004) ♀ | [[scátálaí fíorach]] | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004-09-28 | | [[Moscó]] | | [[:d:Q56395775|Q56395775]] | 0 |- | [[Jenna Slattery]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir sacair (*2004) ♀ | [[imreoir sacair]] | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004-03-17 | | | | [[:d:Q98090913|Q98090913]] | 1 |- | [[Emma Jeffers]] | [[Íomhá:Emma Jeffers - Présentation TCFIA 2024.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|Briotanach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] rothaí spóirt (*2004) ♀ | [[rothaí spóirt]] | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004-11-11 | | [[Eccleston]] | | [[:d:Q119104466|Q119104466]] | 1 |- | [[Amy Duggan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2004) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004-08-16 | | | | [[:d:Q119540104|Q119540104]] | 0 |- | [[Maeve O'Neill]] | | Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*2004) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004-03-09 | | | | [[:d:Q122806335|Q122806335]] | 2 |- | [[Kate O'Connell]] | | Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*2004) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004-08-11 | | | | [[:d:Q122808599|Q122808599]] | 1 |- | [[Orla Dullaghan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2004) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004-12-16 | | | | [[:d:Q135352415|Q135352415]] | 0 |- | [[Leilani Turner]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|meiriceánach]] cispheileadóir (*2004) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004-11-11 | | | | [[:d:Q135352416|Q135352416]] | 0 |- | [[Katie Flanagan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2004) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004-06-28 | | | | [[:d:Q135353433|Q135353433]] | 0 |- | [[Emily Smyth]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2004) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004-05-01 | | | | [[:d:Q135353434|Q135353434]] | 0 |- | [[Rachel Callery]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2004) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004-02-04 | | | | [[:d:Q135356074|Q135356074]] | 0 |- | [[Niamh Tolan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2004) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004-06-04 | | | | [[:d:Q135356077|Q135356077]] | 0 |- | [[Niamh O'Leary]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2004) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004-02-05 | | | | [[:d:Q135356078|Q135356078]] | 0 |- | [[Erica Egan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2004) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004-01-09 | | | | [[:d:Q135356079|Q135356079]] | 0 |- | [[Micaiah Fubara]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2004) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004-10-10 | | | | [[:d:Q135356080|Q135356080]] | 0 |- | [[Lucy Coogan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2004) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004-04-12 | | | | [[:d:Q135358581|Q135358581]] | 0 |- | [[Maria Kealy]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2004) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004-07-02 | | | | [[:d:Q135359459|Q135359459]] | 0 |- | [[Tania Salvado-McCormack]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2004) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004-03-18 | | | | [[:d:Q135360141|Q135360141]] | 0 |- | [[Michelle Ugwah]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2004) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004-12-07 | | | | [[:d:Q135360142|Q135360142]] | 0 |- | [[Sarah Hickey]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2004) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004-04-12 | | | | [[:d:Q135360150|Q135360150]] | 0 |- | [[Anna Gavigan]] | | Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*2004) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004-05-19 | | | | [[:d:Q135467791|Q135467791]] | 1 |- | [[Trisha Kanyamarala]] | [[Íomhá:TrishaKanyamarala23.jpg|center|40px]] | [[An India|Indiach]] imreoir fichille (*2005) ♀ | [[imreoir fichille]] | data-sort-value="2005" | 2005 | | | | [[:d:Q81826781|Q81826781]] | 4 |- | [[Ava Rochford]] | | Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*2005) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="2005" | 2005-12-31 | | | | [[:d:Q113302787|Q113302787]] | 1 |- | [[Elizabeth Ndudi]] | | Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*2005) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="2005" | 2005-03-21 | | | | [[:d:Q121338851|Q121338851]] | 4 |- | [[Gandy Malou-Mamel]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2005) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2005" | 2005-12-31 | | | | [[:d:Q135352417|Q135352417]] | 1 |- | [[Emer Dunne]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2005) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2005" | 2005-10-29 | | | | [[:d:Q135354136|Q135354136]] | 0 |- | [[Katie O'Sullivan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2005) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2005" | 2005-11-26 | | | | [[:d:Q135354521|Q135354521]] | 0 |- | [[Rachel Lynch]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2005) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2005" | 2005-12-21 | | | | [[:d:Q135358213|Q135358213]] | 0 |- | [[Alannah O'Connell]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2005) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2005" | 2005-07-17 | | | | [[:d:Q135358214|Q135358214]] | 0 |- | [[Priya Doyle]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2005) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2005" | 2005-12-28 | | | | [[:d:Q135358215|Q135358215]] | 0 |- | [[Bree Shelley]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2005) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2005" | 2005-06-18 | | | | [[:d:Q135358239|Q135358239]] | 0 |- | [[Rebecca Sexton]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2005) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2005" | 2005-08-17 | | | | [[:d:Q135358240|Q135358240]] | 0 |- | [[Isabelle McSweeney]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2005) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2005" | 2005-07-18 | | | | [[:d:Q135358245|Q135358245]] | 0 |- | [[Emma Gribben]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2005) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2005" | 2005-04-08 | | | | [[:d:Q135358246|Q135358246]] | 0 |- | [[Caitlin Gloeckner]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2005) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2005" | 2005-10-03 | | | | [[:d:Q135358247|Q135358247]] | 0 |- | [[Lucy Devoy]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2005) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2005" | 2005-03-09 | | | | [[:d:Q135358248|Q135358248]] | 0 |- | [[Izzy Sullivan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|meiriceánach]] cispheileadóir (*2005) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2005" | 2005-05-26 | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q136380575|Q136380575]] | 0 |- | [[Sarah Courtney]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2006) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2006" | 2006-12-18 | | | | [[:d:Q135351864|Q135351864]] | 0 |- | [[Laura McFarland]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2006) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2006" | 2006-05-31 | | | | [[:d:Q135351865|Q135351865]] | 0 |- | [[Karolina Gierszal]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[An Pholainn|polannach]] cispheileadóir (*2006) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2006" | 2006-04-24 | | | | [[:d:Q135355491|Q135355491]] | 0 |- | [[Ava Walshe]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2006) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2006" | 2006-07-21 | | | | [[:d:Q135355954|Q135355954]] | 0 |- | [[Clara Boyce]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2006) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2006" | 2006-03-03 | | | | [[:d:Q135355996|Q135355996]] | 0 |- | [[Shannon Quigley]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2006) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2006" | 2006-10-25 | | | | [[:d:Q135356011|Q135356011]] | 0 |- | [[Kelly Bracken]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2006) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2006" | 2006-03-31 | | | | [[:d:Q135356012|Q135356012]] | 0 |- | [[Grace Prenter]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2006) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2006" | 2006-12-05 | | | | [[:d:Q135356014|Q135356014]] | 0 |- | [[Emma Tolan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2006) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2006" | 2006-03-23 | | | | [[:d:Q135356015|Q135356015]] | 0 |- | [[Caoimhe Gilligan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2006) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2006" | 2006-10-07 | | | | [[:d:Q135356017|Q135356017]] | 0 |- | [[Leah McMahon]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2006) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2006" | 2006-06-02 | | | | [[:d:Q135358238|Q135358238]] | 0 |- | [[Aisling Moran]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2006) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2006" | 2006-11-23 | | | | [[:d:Q135358244|Q135358244]] | 0 |- | [[Shauna Curran]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2006) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2006" | 2006-02-02 | | | | [[:d:Q135358249|Q135358249]] | 0 |- | [[Rachel Bowdren]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2006) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2006" | 2006-02-01 | | | | [[:d:Q135358250|Q135358250]] | 0 |- | [[Fatima Amusan]] | | Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*2006) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="2006" | 2006-05-30 | | | | [[:d:Q135742833|Q135742833]] | 1 |- | [[Precious Akpe-Moses]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta agus rábálaí (*2006) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]<br/>[[rábálaí]] | data-sort-value="2006" | 2006-07-09 | | | | [[:d:Q135747915|Q135747915]] | 1 |- | [[Lucy Hynes]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|meiriceánach]] cispheileadóir (*2006) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2006" | 2006-12-05 | | | | [[:d:Q136380942|Q136380942]] | 0 |- | [[Grace Davison]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*2007) ♀ | [[snámhóir]] | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007-08-26 | | | | [[:d:Q130220494|Q130220494]] | 2 |- | [[Lara Putar]] | | Imreoir fichille (*2007) ♀ | [[imreoir fichille]] | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007-02-12 | | | | [[:d:Q131767687|Q131767687]] | 0 |- | [[Una O'Brien]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2007) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007-12-05 | | | | [[:d:Q135353330|Q135353330]] | 0 |- | [[Sophie Staunton]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2007) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007-02-03 | | | | [[:d:Q135353331|Q135353331]] | 0 |- | [[Riodhna McGrath]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2007) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007-03-11 | | | | [[:d:Q135353332|Q135353332]] | 0 |- | [[Kira Lynch]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2007) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007-09-21 | | | | [[:d:Q135353333|Q135353333]] | 0 |- | [[Sidney Quinn]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|meiriceánach]] cispheileadóir (*2007) ♀; child of Kieran Quinn agus Jen Critchley | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007-04-16 | | | | [[:d:Q135353335|Q135353335]] | 0 |- | [[Faye McDonnell]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2007) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007-05-08 | | | | [[:d:Q135353337|Q135353337]] | 0 |- | [[Andrea Jude]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[An India|indiach]] cispheileadóir (*2007) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007-02-19 | | | | [[:d:Q135353338|Q135353338]] | 0 |- | [[Helena Keane]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2007) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007-12-18 | | | | [[:d:Q135356013|Q135356013]] | 0 |- | [[Ciara Brogan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2007) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007-10-16 | | | | [[:d:Q135356016|Q135356016]] | 0 |- | [[Stephanie Nnabuihe]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[An Nigéir|nigéarach]] cispheileadóir (*2007) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007-03-22 | | | | [[:d:Q136381435|Q136381435]] | 0 |- | [[Siofra Flynn]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007-02-05 | | | | [[:d:Q136793711|Q136793711]] | 0 |- | [[Eve O'Carroll]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|briotanach]] imreoir sacair (*2007) ♀ | [[imreoir sacair]] | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007-01-17 | | | | [[:d:Q138107884|Q138107884]] | 2 |- | [[Mia McEntee]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2007) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007-09-19 | | | | [[:d:Q140468897|Q140468897]] | 0 |- | [[Michelle Shochan]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007-12-17 | | | | [[:d:Q140664853|Q140664853]] | 0 |- | [[Amber Buchanan]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="2008" | 2008-05-21 | | | | [[:d:Q62393479|Q62393479]] | 0 |- | [[Naomi Farrington]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2008) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2008" | 2008-04-23 | | | | [[:d:Q135352455|Q135352455]] | 0 |- | [[Muireann Teahan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2008) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2008" | 2008-10-24 | | | | [[:d:Q135352456|Q135352456]] | 0 |- | [[Maebh Purtill]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2008) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2008" | 2008-06-10 | | | | [[:d:Q135352459|Q135352459]] | 0 |- | [[Lucy Walsh]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2008) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2008" | 2008-12-19 | | | | [[:d:Q135352460|Q135352460]] | 0 |- | [[Katie Behan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2008) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2008" | 2008-05-25 | | | | [[:d:Q135352464|Q135352464]] | 0 |- | [[Eabha Booth]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2008) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2008" | 2008-02-05 | | | | [[:d:Q135352465|Q135352465]] | 0 |- | [[Caoimhe Timmons]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2008) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2008" | 2008-02-14 | | | | [[:d:Q135352518|Q135352518]] | 0 |- | [[Abbie Lyons]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2008) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2008" | 2008-10-23 | | | | [[:d:Q135352519|Q135352519]] | 0 |- | [[Kaitlyn Summers]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|meiriceánach]] cispheileadóir (*2008) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2008" | 2008-10-18 | | | | [[:d:Q135353334|Q135353334]] | 0 |- | [[Francesca Kyamagero]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Uganda|ugandach]] cispheileadóir (*2008) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2008" | 2008-08-11 | | | | [[:d:Q135353336|Q135353336]] | 0 |- | [[Aoibheann Donnelly]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|meiriceánach]] cispheileadóir (*2008) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2008" | 2008-08-01 | | | | [[:d:Q135353339|Q135353339]] | 0 |- | [[Erin Friel]] | | Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*2008) ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | data-sort-value="2008" | 2008-02-15 | | | | [[:d:Q135987798|Q135987798]] | 1 |- | [[Nicole Joy]] | | imreoir badmantain | [[imreoir badmantain]] | data-sort-value="2008" | 2008-05-06 | | | | [[:d:Q140658372|Q140658372]] | 0 |- | [[Aimee O'Reilly]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2008) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2008" | 2008-06-04 | | | | [[:d:Q140672252|Q140672252]] | 0 |- | [[Madelyn Hartigan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2009) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009-08-18 | | | | [[:d:Q135352457|Q135352457]] | 0 |- | [[Sofia Lopez O'Sullivan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|briotanach]]-[[An Spáinn|spáinneach]] cispheileadóir (*2009) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009-08-25 | | | | [[:d:Q136381554|Q136381554]] | 0 |- | [[Shekinah Djoussa]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2009) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009-12-09 | | | | [[:d:Q136381556|Q136381556]] | 0 |- | [[Laura Buckley]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2009) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009-07-29 | | | | [[:d:Q136381558|Q136381558]] | 0 |- | [[Julie Mai O'Connor]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2009) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009-08-02 | | | | [[:d:Q136381679|Q136381679]] | 0 |- | [[Jean Aherne]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2009) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009-08-25 | | | | [[:d:Q136381680|Q136381680]] | 0 |- | [[Hannah Cassin]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|briotanach]] cispheileadóir (*2009) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009-05-11 | | | | [[:d:Q136381681|Q136381681]] | 0 |- | [[Amy Elliott]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2009) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009-03-28 | | | | [[:d:Q136381682|Q136381682]] | 0 |- | [[Maryna Petrenko]] | | Imreoir fichille (*2009) ♀ | [[imreoir fichille]] | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009-02-11 | | | | [[:d:Q139276715|Q139276715]] | 0 |- | [[Ayotade Ademokun]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2010) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2010" | 2010-01-11 | | | | [[:d:Q136381552|Q136381552]] | 0 |- | [[Sorcha Kelly]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2010) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2010" | 2010-03-02 | | | | [[:d:Q136381553|Q136381553]] | 0 |- | [[Robyn Walsh]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2010) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2010" | 2010-02-23 | | | | [[:d:Q136381557|Q136381557]] | 0 |- | [[Katie Rose Harrison]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2010) ♀ | [[cispheileadóir]] | data-sort-value="2010" | 2010-02-04 | | | | [[:d:Q136381678|Q136381678]] | 0 |- | [[Samthann]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] [[File|file]] agus [[Scríbhneoir|scríbhneoir]] (†739) ♀ | [[file]]<br/>[[scríbhneoir]] | | data-sort-value="739" | 739-12-19 | | | [[:d:Q1278739|Q1278739]] | 4 |- | [[Juanita Wilson]] | | stiúrthóir scannán | [[stiúrthóir scannán]]<br/>[[léiritheoir scannáin]]<br/>[[scríbhneoir scripte]] | | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q1710722|Q1710722]] | 7 |- | [[Mairéad Phelan]] | | amhránaí Éireannach | [[amhránaí]] | | | | | [[:d:Q1941074|Q1941074]] | 1 |- | [[Vyvienne Long]] | | ceoltóir Éireannach | [[ceoltóir]] | | | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | | [[:d:Q2069395|Q2069395]] | 4 |- | [[Teresa Kidd]] | | Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta ♀ | [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]] | | | | | [[:d:Q2311088|Q2311088]] | 1 |- | [[Eleanor Shanley]] | [[Íomhá:Eleanor Shanly Paul Kelly Frankie Lane Dublin 2011.png|center|40px]] | amhránaí Éireannach | [[amhránaí]] | | | | | [[:d:Q2390709|Q2390709]] | 3 |- | [[Áine Furey]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] [[Amhránaí|amhránaí]] ♀; child of Finbar Furey | [[amhránaí]] | | | | | [[:d:Q2528271|Q2528271]] | 2 |- | [[Maeve Donnelly]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] veidhleadóir ♀ | [[veidhleadóir]] | | | [[Contae na Gaillimhe]] | | [[:d:Q2541341|Q2541341]] | 2 |- | [[Rosena Horan]] | [[Íomhá:Rosena Horan.jpg|center|40px]] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cumadóir ♀ | [[cumadóir]] | | | | | [[:d:Q3442530|Q3442530]] | 1 |- | [[Mary Brannagan]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir fichille ♀ | [[imreoir fichille]] | | | | | [[:d:Q110161410|Q110161410]] | 2 |- | [[Tanya O'Neill]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir snúcair ♀ | [[imreoir snúcair]] | | | | | [[:d:Q137163054|Q137163054]] | 0 |- | [[Paula Judge]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir snúcair ♀ | [[imreoir snúcair]] | | | | | [[:d:Q137163055|Q137163055]] | 0 |- | [[Margaret O'Driscoll]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir snúcair ♀ | [[imreoir snúcair]] | | | | | [[:d:Q137163056|Q137163056]] | 0 |- | [[Ella O'Connor]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir snúcair ♀ | [[imreoir snúcair]] | | | | | [[:d:Q137163057|Q137163057]] | 0 |- | [[Michelle Sherwin]] | | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir snúcair ♀ | [[imreoir snúcair]] | | | | | [[:d:Q137163058|Q137163058]] | 0 |} ---- &sum; 982 items. {{wikidata list end}} [[Catagóir:Mná Éireannacha|*]] 3i49a4gww95i2rnq1wd04jkne23t6y6 0 98413 1325147 1307513 2026-08-15T17:57:13Z TGcoa 21229 1325147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}} [[Íomhá:Omagh Bomb Memorial (23), January 2010.JPG|mion|Lower Market Street, áit a tharla an eachtra, agus cuimhneachán ann inniu|330x330px]] [[Íomhá:Omagh Bomb Memorial (03), January 2010.JPG|mion|Cuimhneachán<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.omaghbombmemorial.com/|teideal=Cuimhneachán|údar=omaghbombmemorial.com|work=www.omaghbombmemorial.com|dátarochtana=2021-07-25}}</ref> 'Garden of Light', Drumragh Avenue|220x220px]] [[Íomhá:Plaque, Omagh bomb site - geograph.org.uk - 921236.jpg|mion|Market Street|220x220px]] [[Íomhá:Omagh Bomb Memorial (22), January 2010.JPG|mion|croí tríthoiseach|330x330px]] Tharla '''Buamáil na hÓmaí''' nó '''Sléacht na hÓmaí''' ar an [[15 Lúnasa]] [[1998]] nuair a phléasc [[buama]] i gcarr san [[An Ómaigh|Ómaigh]], buama de chuid an 'Fhíor-IRA'.<ref name=":0">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/sleacht-na-homai-1998-2018-ceisteanna-go-leor-fos-gan-aon-fhreagra-orthu/|teideal=SLÉACHT NA hÓMAÍ 1998-2018: Ceisteanna go leor fós gan aon fhreagra orthu…|údar=Anton Mac Cába|dáta=2018|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2021-07-24}}</ref> Maraíodh 31 (beirt leanbh gan saolú ina measc); gortaíodh dhá chéad agus scriosadh an baile. B'é seo an buama ba mheasa ó thús na d[[Na Trioblóidí|Trioblóidí]] i d[[Tuaisceart Éireann]] (maraíodh 33 duine, leanbh gan saolú ina measc, sna [[Buamálacha Bhaile Átha Cliath agus Mhuineacháin]] sa bhliain 1974). An [[Fíor-IRA|'Fíor-IRA']] a bhí freagrach as an ionsaí ach níor ciontaíodh éinne. Is iomaí [[Náisiúnachas in Éirinn|náisiúnaí]] Éireannach a ghlac col leis na heasaontóirí Poblachtánacha i ndiaidh an bhuama seo. Tá ceisteanna ann nach bhfuil freagra fós orthu faoin eolas a bhí ag na fórsaí slándála roimh ré, agus faoin dóigh gur fhiosraigh siad an scéal. == Cúlra == Síníodh [[Comhaontú Aoine an Chéasta]] ar an [[10 Aibreán]] [[1998]]. Bhí Poblachtánaigh áirithe thar a bheith míshásta leis. Gan dabht theastaigh ón bhFíor-IRA an tsíocháin a scrios ach d’aontaigh na polaiteoirí nach ngéillfí dóibh,<ref name=":1">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/is-baolach-nach-bhfuil-i-ndan-do-mhuintir-na-homai-ach-cliseadh-agus-dioma/|teideal=Is baolach nach bhfuil i ndán do mhuintir na hÓmaí ach cliseadh agus díomá|údar=Póilín Ní Chiaráin|dáta=2016|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2022-01-02}}</ref> ceithre mhí i ndiaidh Chomhaontú Aoine an Chéasta. Is eol go bhfuair na fórsaí slándála ar a laghad dhá rabhadh. Chuir fear anaithnid glaoch gutháin ar bhleachtairí an RUC san Ómaigh ar an 4 Lúnasa. Mhair an comhrá deich mbomaite. Dúradh go raibh raidhfil AK47 agus dhá theilgeoir roicéid le haistriú chuig teach ó dheas den Ómaigh D’ainmnigh an té a ghlaoigh ar na póilíní triúr fear agus teaghlach a dúirt sé a bhí bainteach leis seo. (Cé gur ghlac an [[Fíor-IRA]] freagracht as an bhuama, bhí lámh ag daoine ón [[IRA Leanúnach]] ann). Dúirt an fear go raibh an IRA Leanúnach le hionsaí a dhéanamh ar na péas san Ómaigh ar an 15 Lúnasa.<ref name=":0" /> Ar an 12 Lúnasa, trí lá roimh an tubaiste, thug an brathadóir nó spiaire Peter Keeley (aka Kevin Fulton) faisnéis don phéas a bhí ag déileáil leis. Ag an am sin bhí beagnach scór bliain caite ag Keeley san IRA Oifigiúil, san IRA Sealadach agus ansin san Fhíor-IRA. Bhuail Keeley le Patrick Joseph ‘Mooch’ Blair, comhalta aitheanta den bhFíor-IRA in aice le Dún Dealgan. Bhí Blair ag déanamh buama. Níorbh eol do Keeley cá gcuirfí an buama, ach bhí sé le cur áit éigin go luath agus le cur ó thuaidh.<ref name=":0" /> Ba i g[[Contae Mhuineacháin|Co Mhuineacháin]] a goideadh an gluaisteán inar fágadh an buama; ba ar an taobh ó dheas den teorainn a cuireadh an buama i dtoll a chéile, b'fhéidir (ba i gceantar Thuaisceart Lú/Deisceart Ard Mhacha a rinneadh buama na hÓmaí, agus b’as an gceantar sin an fhoireann buamála, a scríobh Anton Mac Cába in 2018);<ref name=":0" /> agus cuid de na daoine a bhí freagrach as an mbuamáil, ba sa Phoblacht a bhí cónaí orthu (a mhaígh gaolta na marbh níos déanaí).<ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title='Ceisteanna le freagairt ag Rialtas na hÉireann faoi ár na hÓmaí'|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2025/0226/1499063-ceisteanna-le-freagairt-ag-rialtas-na-heireann-faoi-ar-na-homai/|date=2025-02-26|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}</ref> == Imeachtaí == Ar lá an bhuama féin, de réir eolais a tugadh ag an Choiste Cróinéara, ní raibh péas ar bith ar dualgas i lár bhaile na hÓmaí thart ar an am gur tugadh an buama isteach. Bhí dhá charr patróil amuigh. Nuair a tháinig an rabhadh faoin bhuama, bhí dream amháin ag fiosrú eachtra in eastát tithíochta ar an taobh ó thuaidh den bhaile agus an ceann eile ag fiosrú eachtra faoin tuath. Bhí an baile plódaithe le siopadóirí, cuairteoirí agus teaghlaigh idir shean agus óg ar an Satharn breá samhraidh sin nuair a phléasc an gaireas 500 punt ag deich nóiméad tar éis a trí. Bhí dhá leanbh, seachtar páistí scoile, seisear mac léinn, trí ghlúin d’aon chlann amháin, oibrithe sna siopaí, fir agus mná, Spáinnigh, daoine ón bPoblacht agus muintir Thír Eoghain go háirithe, i measc na marbh.<ref name=":1">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/is-baolach-nach-bhfuil-i-ndan-do-mhuintir-na-homai-ach-cliseadh-agus-dioma/|teideal=Is baolach nach bhfuil i ndán do mhuintir na hÓmaí ach cliseadh agus díomá|údar=Póilín Ní Chiaráin|dáta=2016|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2022-01-02}}</ref> Ní raibh péas ar bith ar dualgas i lár an bhaile nuair a phléasc an buama. Ba ghnáth le Divisional Mobile Support Unit a bheith ar phatról faoi éide i gcarranna sibhialta fán bhaile. Bhí dhá phatról amuigh: ceann faoin dtuath, ceann eile ar an taobh ó thuaidh den bhaile. Ba ghnách le haonad, ina raibh 25 péas, a bheith ar patról faoi éide i gcarranna sibhialta fán cheantar. Ar an 15 Lúnasa bhí 15 acu as láthair. Bhí cuid acu ar lá saor agus iad ag freastal ar bhainis. Bhí an deichniúr eile le cur chuig paráid i g[[Cill Chaoil]], i g[[Contae an Dúin]]. Tá an Chill Chaoil beagnach ar an bhall is faide ón Ómaigh sa Tuaisceart. Ach d’uireasa péas i lár an bhaile, bhí rudaí trína chéile nuair a cuireadh trí rabhadh ar an fhón, chuig na Samaritans (dhá uair) agus chuig UTV. Bhí an foláireamh doiléir lochtach.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.itv.com/news/utv/2023-08-11/what-happened-on-the-day-of-the-omagh-bomb-in-1998|teideal=what-happened-on-the-day-of-the-omagh-bomb-in-1998|údar=UTV|dáta=2026}}</ref> Ag 14:32 ar lá an bhuama féin, thug an [[Fíor-IRA]] glaoch ar UTV; bhain an sceimhlitheoir úsáid as an códfhocal "Martha Pope", cód aitheanta, ag rá "There’s a bomb, courthouse, Omagh, main street, 500lb, explosion 30 minutes." Ag 14:35, chuir sé glaoch ar na Samaritans, agus an teachtaireacht céanna aige. Ag 14:38, chuir sé glaoch arís ar na Samaritans.<ref name=":5">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://omagh.independent-inquiry.uk/hearings/|teideal=Hearings – Omagh Bombing Inquiry|dáta=2026-03-20|language=en-GB|dátarochtana=2026-04-12}}</ref> == Na híospartaigh == De réir mar a chuaigh an t-am thart, fógraíodh ainmneacha na marbh. Cúpla lá níos déanaí, reáchtáladh trí thórramh san aon lá amháin: san Eaglais Chaitliceach, in Eaglais na hÉireann agus san Eaglais Mhodhach.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/mairfidh-an-boladh-go-deo-i-mo-chuimhne-buama-na-homai-25-bliain-o-shin/|teideal=‘Mairfidh an boladh go deo i mo chuimhne’ -Buama na hÓmaí, 25 bliain ó shin|údar=Anton Mac Cába|dáta=15 Lúnasa 2023|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2023-08-15}}</ref> Ba mhná iad 17 den 29 duine a maraíodh, bean a bhí ag súil le cúpla ina measc. Bhí Caitlicigh agus Protastúnaigh ina measc. Daoine ó áiteanna éagsúla ina measc, triúr buachaillí óga as Bun Cranncha, beirt as an Spáinn, daoine gur trí thimpiste a tharla ar an bhaile iad.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Rialtas le comhoibriú le fiosrúchán faoi bhuamáil na hÓmaí|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2023/0815/1399837-rialtas-le-comhoibriu-le-fiosruchan-faoi-bhuamail-na-homai/|date=2023-08-15|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}</ref> Dúnmharaíodh Maura Monaghan (1), Breda Devine (1), Oran Doherty (8), James Barker (12), Fernando Blasco Baselga (12), Sean McLaughlin (12), Lorraine Wilson (15), Alan Radford (16), Brenda Logue (17), Jolene Marlow (17), Samantha McFarland (17), Gareth Conway (18), Deborah-Anne Cartwright (20), Julia Hughes (21), Aidan Gallagher (21), Rocío Abad Ramos (23), Bryan White (27), Avril Monaghan (30) agus a cúpla sa bhroinn, Esther Gibson (36), Philomena Skelton (39), Geraldine Breslin (43), Ann McCombe (48), Brian McCrory (54), Veda Short (56), Elizabeth Rush (57), Olive Hawkes (60), Frederick White (60), Mary Grimes (66), agus Sean McGrath (61).<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/sutton/chron/1998.html|teideal=CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths|work=cain.ulster.ac.uk|dátarochtana=2023-08-15}}</ref> == Cóir == Ní raibh duine ar bith ciontaithe as an mbuamáil agus ní bhfuair gaolta na ndaoine a maraíodh i sléacht na hÓmaí ceart sna cúirteanna.<ref name=":1">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/is-baolach-nach-bhfuil-i-ndan-do-mhuintir-na-homai-ach-cliseadh-agus-dioma/|teideal=Is baolach nach bhfuil i ndán do mhuintir na hÓmaí ach cliseadh agus díomá|údar=Póilín Ní Chiaráin|dáta=2016|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2022-01-02}}</ref> Cé gur fuarthas Colm Murphy ciontach in 2002, cuireadh an breithiúnas sin ar neamhní sa bhliain 2005 mar gur athraigh Gardaí ráiteas dá gcuid. In 2003 gearradh príosúnacht ar [[Michael McKevitt]], ceannaire an Fhíor-IRA ag an am, as 'stiúir sceimhlitheoireachta' – coir nua a tugadh isteach de bharr uafás na hÓmaí.<ref name=":2">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/an-bhfuil-seans-ar-bith-ag-muintir-na-homai-ar-an-bhfirinne/|teideal=An bhfuil seans ar bith ag muintir na hÓmaí ar an bhfírinne?|údar=Póilín Ní Chiaráin|dáta=2017|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2022-01-02}}</ref> Chaith sé téarma '20 bliain' i bpríosún. Níor éirigh le héileamh McKevitt sa bhliain 2014 go scaoilfí as an bpríosún é.<ref>D’éiligh McKevitt go raibh sé i dteideal go scaoilfí saor luath ón bpríosún é mar gur ghlac sé páirt i ranganna éagsúla agus é ann, ina measc ranganna drámaíochta, ióga, Fraincise, ríomhaireachta agus rinne sé cúrsa maidir le scríbhneoireacht chruthaitheach leis an Ollscoil Oscailte freisin.</ref><ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Theip ar iarratas Michael McKevitt san Ard-Chúirt inniu|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2014/1209/665700-theip-ar-iarratas-michael-mckevitt-san-ard-chuirt-inniu/|date=2014-12-09|language=ga|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}</ref> Ach scaoileadh as an bpríosún é in 2016. Theip ar chás in aghaidh Sean Hoey sa bhliain 2006/2007. Sa bhliain 2016, tarraingíodh siar na cúisimh in aghaidh Seamus Daly mar nach raibh an fhianaise ina choinne iontaofa.<ref name=":1">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/is-baolach-nach-bhfuil-i-ndan-do-mhuintir-na-homai-ach-cliseadh-agus-dioma/|teideal=Is baolach nach bhfuil i ndán do mhuintir na hÓmaí ach cliseadh agus díomá|údar=Póilín Ní Chiaráin|dáta=2016|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2022-01-02}}</ref> Níor ceistíodh duine ar bith díobh siúd a ainmníodh sa ghlaoch gutháin ar an 4 Lúnasa 1998, ar a laghad go dtí 2002 agus ní raibh a fhios ag beirt acu ar a laghad gur ainmníodh iad, go dtí gur labhair an t-iriseoir Anton Mac Cába leo in 2002. Is léir go raibh eolas faoin bhuama ag an duine a ghlaoigh ar na póilíní an lá sin, agus go raibh faltanas idir é agus na daoine a d’ainmnigh sé. Níor fiosraíodh sin ag an am. Baineann ceisteanna freisin le ról Sean O’Callaghan, nach maireann, iarchomhalta sinsearach den IRA a bhí ina spiaire ag MI5 agus i mbun poiblíochta do ghrúpa tacaíochta ghaolta na n-íospartach.<ref name=":0" /> ==== Cás sibhialta ==== D’éirigh le cás sibhialta sa bhliain 2009 (tá fianaise níos láidre riachtanach i gcás coiriúil). Bhí an cás in aghaidh Seamus Daly, Colm Murphy, Liam Campbell agus [[Michael McKevitt]], ceannaire an Fhíor-IRA.<ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Cinnlínte Nuachta|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0407/101734-cinnlinte/|date=2008-04-07|language=ga|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}</ref> Ordaíodh cúiteamh £1.6 milliún do na teaghlaigh ón gceathrar ach níor íocadh é. Céim as an gcoitiantacht ab ea an cás seo, ach níor réitigh sé an t-éileamh ar an gceart.<ref name=":2">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/an-bhfuil-seans-ar-bith-ag-muintir-na-homai-ar-an-bhfirinne/|teideal=An bhfuil seans ar bith ag muintir na hÓmaí ar an bhfírinne?|údar=Póilín Ní Chiaráin|dáta=2017|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2022-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Cás faoi bhuamáil na hÓmaí caite amach ag Cúirt Eorpach|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2016/0929/820120-cas-faoi-bhuamail-na-homai-caite-amach-ag-cuirt-eorpach/|date=2016-09-29|language=ga|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}</ref> == Fiosrúcháin == Airíonn na teaghlaigh na ndaoine a maraíodh gur lig an RUC, an PSNI, na Gardaí agus na seirbhísí faisnéise síos iad.<ref name=":1">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/is-baolach-nach-bhfuil-i-ndan-do-mhuintir-na-homai-ach-cliseadh-agus-dioma/|teideal=Is baolach nach bhfuil i ndán do mhuintir na hÓmaí ach cliseadh agus díomá|údar=Póilín Ní Chiaráin|dáta=2016|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2022-01-02}}</ref> D’aithin athbhreithniú de chuid na bpóilíní iad féin in 2000 go raibh an fiosrú easnamhach agus go raibh gá le breis acmhainní ach níor rinneadh tada faoi go ceann deich mí eile.<ref name=":2" /> Chinn Ombudsman na bPóilíní, Nuala O’Loan, i 2001 go raibh fiosrú an RUC easnamhach. Níor tugadh aon eolas faoin ghlaoch gutháin ar an 4 Lúnasa 1998 do na péas a bhí ag fiosrú an bhuama in 1998. Níor tháinig an chuid sin den scéal chun solais go dtí go ndearna O’Loan a fiosrúchán in 2001. Sa gcomhad a chonaic an tOmbudsman bhí nóta faoin rabhadh ag rá “ní bhaineann leis an Ómaigh”. Thairis sin níor insíodh don RUC san Ómaigh faoin bhfoláireamh. Anuas air sin chinn Nuala O’Loan nár roinneadh faisnéis leis na bleachtairí a bhí ag fiosrú an ionsaithe ina dhiaidh.<ref name=":2" /> ==== 2010--2020 ==== [[Íomhá:Lord Turnbull 2006.jpg|mion|330x330px|An ''Right Honourable'' Alan Turnbull, PC, breitheamh as Albain, in 2006<ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Alan Turnbull, Lord Turnbull|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turnbull,_Lord_Turnbull&oldid=1346672572|journal=Wikipedia|date=2026-04-02|language=en}}</ref>]]Thug Laurence Rush cás cúirte in aghaidh an Ardchonstábla agus an Státrúnaí in 2010;<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://cdn.websitebuilder.service.justice.gov.uk/uploads/sites/42/2025/06/OBI-Day-2-Transcript-Opening-Statement-24-June-2025.pdf|teideal=Opening-Statement: "The stance adopted by Laurence Rush drew virtually no support from any quarter in society and this had a profound effect on him, impact on him. He was very much alone in his search for truth and accountability. "|údar=justice.gov.uk/|dáta=24-Meitheamh-2025|dátarochtana=2026}}</ref> maraíodh a bhean sa bhuama. Fuair sé bás in 2012. Thug Michael Gallagher (gaol eile) cás eile in aghaidh an Státrúnaí in 2013. Phléigh an Ardchúirt i mBéal Feirste an cás in 2015 agus aithníodh go raibh ceisteanna ann fós faoin eolas a bhí ag na fórsaí slándála roimh ré, agus faoin dóigh gur fhiosraigh siad an scéal. Ligeadh don athbhreithniú breithiúnach dul ar aghaidh. '''2021''' Sa bhliain 2021, bhí sé tugtha le fios ag breitheamh Ardchúirte i mBéal Feirste gur róchosúil go bhféadfadh na seirbhísí slándála ionsaí buamála na hÓmaí i 1998 a chosc dá ngníomhóidís mar ba cheart roimh ré.<ref name=":3">{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Fiosrúcháin chearta daonna faoi bhuamáil na hÓmaí molta|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2021/0723/1236829-fiosruchain-chearta-daonna-faoi-bhuamail-na-homai-molta/|date=2021-07-23|language=ga|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}</ref> Mhol an Breitheamh Horner do [[Rialtas na Ríochta Aontaithe|Rialtas na Breataine]] fiosrúchán [[cearta daonna]] a bhunú faoi conas a tharla an t-uafás. '''2023'''<ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Iar-Aire Dlí ag moladh go mbunófaí fiosrúchán faoin Ómaí anseo|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2025/0202/1494295-iar-aire-dli-ag-moladh-go-mbunofai-fiosruchan-faoin-omai-anseo/|date=2025-02-02|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}</ref> Bhí fiosrúchán neamhspleách bunaithe ag Rialtas na Breataine sa bhliain 2023.<ref name=":3" /> '''2024''' Ar an 30 Iúil 2024, is fearr go mall ná go brách,<ref>Bhí fiosrúchán poiblí faoin uafás á éileamh ag cuid de ghaolta na marbh le blianta fada.</ref> cuireadh tús le réamhéisteacht sa chuid phoiblí den fhiosrúchán a bhí bunaithe faoi bhuamáil na hÓmaí. Bunaíodh an fiosrúchán lena fháil amach an bhféadfaí an t-ionsaí a chosc ó bhí a fhios roimhe go raibh a leithéid á bheartú ag an ngrúpa úd. Ina ráiteas oscailte, dúirt cathaoirleach an fhiosrúcháin an Tiarna Alan Turnbull go raibh sé meáite ar an gcuspóir sin a bhaint amach.<ref name=":02">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/riar-na-cora-agus-oidhreacht-na-dtriobloidi-i-lar-an-aonaigh-aris/|teideal=Riar na córa agus oidhreacht na dTrioblóidí i lár an aonaigh arís|údar=Póilín Ní Chiaráin|dáta=5 Eanáir 2025|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2025-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Tús le réamhéisteacht faoi bhuamáil na hÓmaí|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2024/0730/1462542-tus-le-reamheisteacht-faoi-bhuamail-na-homai/|date=2024-07-30|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}</ref> '''2025''' Thug gaolta na marbh fianaise i rith 2025.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Gaolta ag tabhairt fianaise ag fiosrúchán na hÓmaí|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2025/0203/1494452-gaolta-ag-tabhairt-fianaise-ag-fiosruchan-na-homai/|date=2025-02-03|language=ga-IE|author=Ailbhe Ó Monacháin / Nuacht RTÉ}}</ref> Creideann gaolta na marbh go mb'fhéidir go bhfuil cuid den fhaisnéis ábhartha úd ag iar-shaighdiúirí agus iar-Ghardaí a bhí ag coinneáil súil ar lucht an Fhíor-IRA i 1998.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/22505936/|teideal=Antóin Mac Cába : Saor-iriseoir ar an Ómaigh.|údar=RnaG/ Nuacht a hAon|dáta=16 Aibreán 25 •|language=ga-IE|work=RTE Radio|dátarochtana=2026-04-12}}</ref> * Mhaígh [[Gavin Robinson]] (ceannaire an [[DUP]]) go raibh ceisteanna le freagairt ag Rialtas agus ag Stát na hÉireann maidir leis an mbuamáil. Is cinnte go bhfuil daoine sa Stát seo a bhfuil faisnéis ábhartha acu, arsa sé, ach de bhrí nach féidir iallach a chur orthu fianaise a thabhairt ag fiosrúchán sa Bhreatain is ceart do Rialtas na hÉireann fiosrúchán dá chuid féin a bhunú. * Dúirt iar-Aire Dlí is Cirt, [[Charles Flanagan|Charlie Flanagan]], go bhféadfadh sé go mbeadh fianaise thábhachtach i dtaca le buamáil na hÓmaí nach mbeadh ar fáil don fhiosrúchán sa Ríocht Aontaithe mar nach bhfuil a mhacasamhail d'éisteacht anseo sa Phoblacht. 'Níl sé de chumhacht ag rialtas an stáit seo iallach a chur ar dhaoine atá ina gcónaí ar an taobh seo den teorainn dul agus fianaise a thabhairt i ndlínse eile' agus gur aontaigh sé le tuairim roinnt de mhuintir na n-íospartach a bhí ag iarraidh a mhacasamhail d'éisteacht ann i bPoblacht na hÉireann.<ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Iar-Aire Dlí ag moladh go mbunófaí fiosrúchán faoin Ómaí anseo|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2025/0202/1494295-iar-aire-dli-ag-moladh-go-mbunofai-fiosruchan-faoin-omai-anseo/|date=2025-02-02|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}</ref> Bhí £11.1 milliún caite ar an fhiosrúchán ó Iúil 2024 go dtí deireadh mhí na Nollag 2025. Bhí tromlach an airgid sin, £9 milliún, caite ar chostais dhlíthiúla. Caitheadh méid suntasach airgid, níos mó ná £400,000, ar theicneolaíocht faisnéise.<ref name=":4">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://xn--anpipar-jwa8e.ie/2026/04/costas-nios-mo-na-11-milliun-caite-ar-fhiosruchan-bhuama-na-homai/|teideal=Costas níos mó na £11 milliún caite ar fhiosrúchán bhuama na hÓmaí|údar=Jack Mac Íomhair|dáta=2026-04-10|language=ga-IE|work=An Páipéar|dátarochtana=2026-04-12}}</ref> '''2026''' Bhí reachtaíocht á cur tríd i d[[An tOireachtas|Tithe an Oireachtais]] le linn 2026, más mall is mithid, a ligfidh do bhaill reatha nó iar-bhaill den Gharda Síochána, arm na hÉireann, an státseirbhís nó rialtas na hÉireann, páirt a ghlacadh san fhiosrúchán.<ref name=":4" /> (Bhí sé tugtha le fios ag [[Mícheál Ó Máirtín|Micheál Martin]] in 2023 go gcomhoibreoidh Rialtas na hÉireann go hiomlán le fiosrúchán reachtúil na Breataine). == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:1998]] [[Catagóir:Eachtraí foréigin le linn na dTrioblóidí]] [[Catagóir:Stair Chontae Thír Eoghain]] [[Catagóir:Fíor-IRA]] 2r5pk77p86hk7kyhz8vj4htfkhcx9u3 1325148 1325147 2026-08-15T18:00:46Z TGcoa 21229 1325148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}} [[Íomhá:Omagh Bomb Memorial (23), January 2010.JPG|mion|Lower Market Street, áit a tharla an eachtra, agus cuimhneachán ann inniu|330x330px]] [[Íomhá:Omagh Bomb Memorial (03), January 2010.JPG|mion|Cuimhneachán<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.omaghbombmemorial.com/|teideal=Cuimhneachán|údar=omaghbombmemorial.com|work=www.omaghbombmemorial.com|dátarochtana=2021-07-25}}</ref> 'Garden of Light', Drumragh Avenue|220x220px]] [[Íomhá:Plaque, Omagh bomb site - geograph.org.uk - 921236.jpg|mion|Market Street|220x220px]] [[Íomhá:Omagh Bomb Memorial (22), January 2010.JPG|mion|croí tríthoiseach|330x330px]] Tharla '''Buamáil na hÓmaí''' nó '''Sléacht na hÓmaí''' ar an [[15 Lúnasa]] [[1998]] nuair a phléasc [[buama]] i gcarr san [[An Ómaigh|Ómaigh]], buama de chuid an 'Fhíor-IRA'.<ref name=":0">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/sleacht-na-homai-1998-2018-ceisteanna-go-leor-fos-gan-aon-fhreagra-orthu/|teideal=SLÉACHT NA hÓMAÍ 1998-2018: Ceisteanna go leor fós gan aon fhreagra orthu…|údar=Anton Mac Cába|dáta=2018|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2021-07-24}}</ref> Maraíodh 31 (beirt leanbh gan saolú ina measc); gortaíodh dhá chéad agus scriosadh an baile. B'é seo an buama ba mheasa ó thús na d[[Na Trioblóidí|Trioblóidí]] i d[[Tuaisceart Éireann]] (maraíodh 33 duine, leanbh sa bhroinn ina measc, sna [[Buamálacha Bhaile Átha Cliath agus Mhuineacháin]] sa bhliain 1974). An [[Fíor-IRA|'Fíor-IRA']] a bhí freagrach as an ionsaí ach níor ciontaíodh éinne. Is iomaí [[Náisiúnachas in Éirinn|náisiúnaí]] Éireannach a ghlac col leis na heasaontóirí Poblachtánacha i ndiaidh an bhuama seo. Tá ceisteanna ann nach bhfuil freagra fós orthu faoin eolas a bhí ag na fórsaí slándála roimh ré, agus faoin dóigh gur fhiosraigh siad an scéal. == Cúlra == Síníodh [[Comhaontú Aoine an Chéasta]] ar an [[10 Aibreán]] [[1998]]. Bhí Poblachtánaigh áirithe thar a bheith míshásta leis. Gan dabht theastaigh ón bhFíor IRA an tsíocháin a scrios ach d’aontaigh na polaiteoirí nach ngéillfí dóibh,<ref name=":1">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/is-baolach-nach-bhfuil-i-ndan-do-mhuintir-na-homai-ach-cliseadh-agus-dioma/|teideal=Is baolach nach bhfuil i ndán do mhuintir na hÓmaí ach cliseadh agus díomá|údar=Póilín Ní Chiaráin|dáta=2016|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2022-01-02}}</ref> ceithre mhí i ndiaidh Chomhaontú Aoine an Chéasta. Is eol go bhfuair na fórsaí slándála ar a laghad dhá rabhadh. Chuir fear anaithnid glaoch guthán ar bhleachtairí an RUC ar an Ómaigh ar an 4 Lúnasa. Mhair an comhrá deich mbomaite. Dúradh go raibh raidhfil AK47 agus dhá theilgeoir roicéid le haistriú go teach ó dheas den Ómaigh D’ainmnigh an té a ghlaoigh ar na póilíní triúr fear agus teaghlach a dúirt sé a bhí bainteach leis seo. (Cé gur ghlac an [[Fíor-IRA]] freagracht as an bhuama, bhí lámh ag daoine ón [[IRA Leanúnach]] ann). Dúirt an fear go raibh an IRA Leanúnach le hionsaí a dhéanamh ar an phéas ar an Ómaigh ar an 15 Lúnasa.<ref name=":0" /> Ar an 12 Lúnasa, trí lá roimh an tubaiste, thug an brathadóir nó spiaire Peter Keeley (aka Kevin Fulton) faisnéis don phéas a bhí ag déileáil leis. Ag an am sin bhí beagnach scór bliain caite ag Keeley san IRA Oifigiúil, san IRA (Sealadach) agus ansin san Fhíor IRA. Bhuail Keeley le Patrick Joseph ‘Mooch’ Blair, comhalta aitheanta den bhFíor IRA in aice le Dún Dealgan. Bhí Blair ag déanamh buama. Níorbh eol do Keeley cá gcuirfí an buama, ach bhí sé le cur áit éigin go luath agus le cur ó thuaidh.<ref name=":0" /> Ba i g[[Contae Mhuineacháin|Co Mhuineacháin]] a goideadh an gluaisteán inar fágadh an buama; ba ar an taobh ó dheas den teorainn a cuireadh an buama i dtoll a chéile, b'fhéidir (ba i gceantar Thuaisceart Lú/Deisceart Ard Mhacha a rinneadh buama na hÓmaí, agus b’as an gceantar sin an fhoireann buamála, a scríobh Anton Mac Cába in 2018);<ref name=":0" /> agus cuid de na daoine a bhí freagrach as an mbuamáil, ba sa Phoblacht a bhí cónaí orthu (a mhaígh gaolta na marbh níos déanaí).<ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title='Ceisteanna le freagairt ag Rialtas na hÉireann faoi ár na hÓmaí'|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2025/0226/1499063-ceisteanna-le-freagairt-ag-rialtas-na-heireann-faoi-ar-na-homai/|date=2025-02-26|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}</ref> == Imeachtaí == Ar lá an bhuama féin, de réir eolais a tugadh ag an Choiste Cróinéara, ní raibh péas ar bith ar dualgas i lár an bhaile ar an Ómaigh thart ar an am gur tugadh an buama isteach. Bhí dhá charr patróil amuigh. Nuair a tháinig an rabhadh faoin bhuama, bhí dream amháin ag fiosrú eachtra in eastát tithíochta ar an taobh ó thuaidh den bhaile agus an ceann eile ag fiosrú eachtra faoin tuath. Bhí an baile plódaithe le siopadóirí, cuairteoirí agus teaghlaigh idir shean agus óg ar an Satharn breá samhraidh sin nuair a phléasc an gaireas 500 punt ag deich nóiméad tar éis a trí. Bhí dhá leanbh, seachtar páistí scoile, seisear mac léinn, trí ghlúin d’aon chlann amháin, oibrithe sna siopaí, fir agus mná, Spáinnigh, daoine ón bPoblacht agus muintir Thír Eoghain go háirithe, i measc na marbh.<ref name=":1">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/is-baolach-nach-bhfuil-i-ndan-do-mhuintir-na-homai-ach-cliseadh-agus-dioma/|teideal=Is baolach nach bhfuil i ndán do mhuintir na hÓmaí ach cliseadh agus díomá|údar=Póilín Ní Chiaráin|dáta=2016|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2022-01-02}}</ref> Ní raibh péas ar bith ar dualgas i lár an bhaile nuair a phléasc an buama. Ba ghnáth le Divisional Mobile Support Unit a bheith ar phatról faoi éide i gcarranna sibhialta fán bhaile. Bhí dhá phatról amuigh: ceann faoin dtuath, ceann eile ar an taobh ó thuaidh den bhaile. Ba ghnách le haonad, ina raibh 25 péas, a bheith ar patról faoi éide i gcarranna sibhialta fán cheantar. Ar an 15 Lúnasa bhí 15 acu as láthair. Bhí chuid acu ar lá saor agus iad ag freastal ar bhainis. Bhí an deichniúr eile le cur chuig paráid ar an [[Cill Chaoil|Chill Chaoil]] ar [[Contae an Dúin|an Dún]]. Tá an Chill Caoil beagnach ar an bhall is faide ón Ómaigh sa Tuaisceart. Ach d’uireasa péas i lár an bhaile, bhí rudaí trína chéile nuair a cuireadh trí rabhadh ar an fhón, chuig na Samaritans (dhá uair) agus chuig UTV. Bhí an foláireamh doiléir lochtach.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.itv.com/news/utv/2023-08-11/what-happened-on-the-day-of-the-omagh-bomb-in-1998|teideal=what-happened-on-the-day-of-the-omagh-bomb-in-1998|údar=UTV|dáta=2026}}</ref> Ag 14:32 ar lá an bhuama féin, thug an [[Fíor-IRA]] glaoch ar UTV; bhain an sceimhlitheoir úsáid as an códfhocal "Martha Pope", cód aitheanta, ag dúirt "There’s a bomb, courthouse, Omagh, main street, 500lb, explosion 30 minutes." Ag 14:35, chuir sé glaoch ar na Samaritans, agus an teachtaireacht céanna aige. Ag 14:38, chuir sé glaoch arís ar na Samaritans.<ref name=":5">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://omagh.independent-inquiry.uk/hearings/|teideal=Hearings – Omagh Bombing Inquiry|dáta=2026-03-20|language=en-GB|dátarochtana=2026-04-12}}</ref> == Na híospartaigh == De réir mar a chuaigh an t-am thart, fógraíodh ainmneacha na marbh. Cúpla lá níos déanaí, reáchtáladh thrí thórramh san aon lá amháin: san Eaglais Chaitliceach, in Eaglais na hÉireann agus san Eaglais Mhodhach.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/mairfidh-an-boladh-go-deo-i-mo-chuimhne-buama-na-homai-25-bliain-o-shin/|teideal=‘Mairfidh an boladh go deo i mo chuimhne’ -Buama na hÓmaí, 25 bliain ó shin|údar=Anton Mac Cába|dáta=15 Lúnasa 2023|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2023-08-15}}</ref> Ba mhná iad 17 den 29 duine a maraíodh, bean a bhí ag súil le cúpla ina measc. Bhí Caitlicigh agus Protastúnaigh ina measc. Daoine ó áiteanna éagsúla ina measc, triúr buachaillí óga as Bun Cranncha, beirt as an Spáinn, daoine gur trí thimpiste a tharla ar an bhaile iad.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Rialtas le comhoibriú le fiosrúchán faoi bhuamáil na hÓmaí|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2023/0815/1399837-rialtas-le-comhoibriu-le-fiosruchan-faoi-bhuamail-na-homai/|date=2023-08-15|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}</ref> Dúnmharaíodh Maura Monaghan (1), Breda Devine (1), Oran Doherty (8), James Barker (12), Fernando Blasco Baselga (12), Sean McLaughlin (12), Lorraine Wilson (15), Alan Radford (16), Brenda Logue (17), Jolene Marlow (17), Samantha McFarland (17), Gareth Conway (18), Deborah-Anne Cartwright (20), Julia Hughes (21), Adian Gallagher (21), Rocío Abad Ramos (23), Bryan White (27), Avril Monaghan (30) agus a cúpla sa bhroinn, Esther Gibson (36), Philomena Skelton (39), Geraldine Breslin (43), Ann McCombe (48), Brian McCrory (54), Veda Short (56), Elizabeth Rush (57), Olive Hawkes (60), Frederick White (60), Mary Grimes (66), agus Sean McGrath (61).<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/sutton/chron/1998.html|teideal=CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths|work=cain.ulster.ac.uk|dátarochtana=2023-08-15}}</ref> == Cóir == Ní raibh duine ar bith ciontaithe as an mbuamáil agus ní bhfuair gaolta na ndaoine a maraíodh i sléacht na hÓmaí ceart sna cúirteanna.<ref name=":1">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/is-baolach-nach-bhfuil-i-ndan-do-mhuintir-na-homai-ach-cliseadh-agus-dioma/|teideal=Is baolach nach bhfuil i ndán do mhuintir na hÓmaí ach cliseadh agus díomá|údar=Póilín Ní Chiaráin|dáta=2016|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2022-01-02}}</ref> Cé gur fritheadh Colm Murphy ciontach in 2002, cuireadh an breithiúnas sin ar neamhní sa bhliain 2005 mar gur athraigh Gardaí ráiteas dá chuid. In 2003 gearradh príosúnacht ar [[Michael McKevitt]], ceannaire an Fíor IRA ag an am, as 'stiúir sceimhlitheoireachta' – coir nua a tugadh isteach de bharr uafás na hÓmaí.<ref name=":2">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/an-bhfuil-seans-ar-bith-ag-muintir-na-homai-ar-an-bhfirinne/|teideal=An bhfuil seans ar bith ag muintir na hÓmaí ar an bhfírinne?|údar=Póilín Ní Chiaráin|dáta=2017|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2022-01-02}}</ref> Chuir sé téarma príosúin '20 bliain' isteach. Níor éirigh le héileamh McKevitt sa bhliain 2014 go scaoilfí as an bpríosún é.<ref>D’éiligh McKevitt go raibh sé i dteideal go scaoilfí saor luath ón bpríosún é mar gur ghlac sé páirt i ranganna éagsúla agus é ann, ina measc ranganna drámaíochta, ióga, Fraincise, ríomhaireachta agus rinne sé cúrsa maidir le scríbhneoireacht chruthaitheach leis an Ollscoil Oscailte freisin.</ref><ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Theip ar iarratas Michael McKevitt san Ard-Chúirt inniu|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2014/1209/665700-theip-ar-iarratas-michael-mckevitt-san-ard-chuirt-inniu/|date=2014-12-09|language=ga|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}</ref> Ach scaoileadh as an bpríosún é in 2016. Theip ar chás in aghaidh Sean Hoey sa bhliain 2006/2007. Sa bhliain 2016, tarraingíodh siar na cúisimh in aghaidh Seamus Daly mar nach raibh an fhianaise ina choinne iontaofa.<ref name=":1">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/is-baolach-nach-bhfuil-i-ndan-do-mhuintir-na-homai-ach-cliseadh-agus-dioma/|teideal=Is baolach nach bhfuil i ndán do mhuintir na hÓmaí ach cliseadh agus díomá|údar=Póilín Ní Chiaráin|dáta=2016|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2022-01-02}}</ref> Níor ceistíodh duine ar bith díobh siúd a ainmníodh  sa ghlaoch gutháin ar an 4 Lúnasa 1998, ar a laghad go dtí 2002 agus ní raibh a fhios ag beirt acu ar a laghad gur ainmníodh iad, go dtí gur labhair an t-iriseoir Anton Mac Cába leo in 2002. Is léir go raibh eolas faoin bhuama ag an duine a ghlaoigh ar na póilíní an lá sin, agus go raibh faltanas idir é agus na daoine a d’ainmnigh sé. Níor fiosraíodh sin ag an am. Baineann ceisteanna freisin le ról Sean O’Callaghan, nach maireann, iarchomhalta sinsearach den IRA a bhí ina spiaire ag MI5 agus i mbun poiblíochta do ghrúpa tacaíochta ghaolta na n-íospartach.<ref name=":0" /> ==== Cás sibhialta ==== D’éirigh le cás sibhialta sa bhliain 2009 (tá fianaise níos láidre riachtanach i gcás coiriúil). Bhí an cás in aghaidh Seamus Daly, Colm Murphy, Liam Campbell agus [[Michael McKevitt]], ceannaire an Fíor IRA.<ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Cinnlínte Nuachta|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0407/101734-cinnlinte/|date=2008-04-07|language=ga|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}</ref> Ordaíodh cúiteamh £1.6 milliún do na teaghlaigh ón gceathrar ach níor íocadh é. Céim as an gcoitiantacht ab ea an cás seo, ach níor réitigh sé an t-éileamh ar an gceart.<ref name=":2">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/an-bhfuil-seans-ar-bith-ag-muintir-na-homai-ar-an-bhfirinne/|teideal=An bhfuil seans ar bith ag muintir na hÓmaí ar an bhfírinne?|údar=Póilín Ní Chiaráin|dáta=2017|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2022-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Cás faoi bhuamáil na hÓmaí caite amach ag Cúirt Eorpach|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2016/0929/820120-cas-faoi-bhuamail-na-homai-caite-amach-ag-cuirt-eorpach/|date=2016-09-29|language=ga|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}</ref> == Fiosrúcháin == Airíonn na teaghlaigh na ndaoine a maraíodh gur lig an RUC, an PSNI, na Gardaí agus na seirbhísí faisnéise síos iad.<ref name=":1">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/is-baolach-nach-bhfuil-i-ndan-do-mhuintir-na-homai-ach-cliseadh-agus-dioma/|teideal=Is baolach nach bhfuil i ndán do mhuintir na hÓmaí ach cliseadh agus díomá|údar=Póilín Ní Chiaráin|dáta=2016|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2022-01-02}}</ref> D’aithin athbhreithniú de chuid na bpóilíní iad féin in 2000 go raibh an fiosrú easnamhach agus go raibh gá le breis acmhainní ach níor rinneadh tada faoi go ceann deich mí eile.<ref name=":2" /> Chinn Ombudsman na bPóilíní, Nuala O’Loan, i 2001 go raibh fiosrú an RUC easnamhach. Níor tugadh aon eolas faoin ghlaoch guthán ar an 4 Lúnasa 1998 do na péas a bhí ag fiosrú an bhuama in 1998. Níor tháinig an chuid sin den scéal chun solais go dtí go ndearna O’Loan a fiosrúchán in 2001. Sa gcomhad a chonaic an tOmbudsman bhí nóta faoin rabhadh ag rá “ní bhaineann leis an Ómaigh”. Thairis sin níor insíodh don RUC san Ómaigh faoin bhfoláireamh. Anuas air sin chinn Nuala O’Loan nár roinneadh faisnéis leis na bleachtairí a bhí ag fiosrú an ionsaithe ina dhiaidh.<ref name=":2" /> ==== 2010--2020 ==== [[Íomhá:Lord Turnbull 2006.jpg|mion|330x330px|An ''Right Honourable'' Alan Turnbull, PC, breitheamh as Albain, in 2006<ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Alan Turnbull, Lord Turnbull|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turnbull,_Lord_Turnbull&oldid=1346672572|journal=Wikipedia|date=2026-04-02|language=en}}</ref>]]Thug Laurence Rush cás cúirte in aghaidh an Ardchonstábla agus an Státrúnaí in 2010;<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://cdn.websitebuilder.service.justice.gov.uk/uploads/sites/42/2025/06/OBI-Day-2-Transcript-Opening-Statement-24-June-2025.pdf|teideal=Opening-Statement: "The stance adopted by Laurence Rush drew virtually no support from any quarter in society and this had a profound effect on him, impact on him. He was very much alone in his search for truth and accountability. "|údar=justice.gov.uk/|dáta=24-Meitheamh-2025|dátarochtana=2026}}</ref> maraíodh a bhean sa bhuama. Fuair sé bás in 2012. Thug Michael Gallagher (gaol eile) cás eile in aghaidh an Státrúnaí in 2013. Phléigh an Ardchúirt i mBéal Feirste an cás in 2015 agus aithníodh go raibh ceisteanna ann fós faoin eolas a bhí ag na fórsaí slándála roimh ré, agus faoin dóigh gur fhiosraigh siad an scéal. Ligeadh athbhreithniú breithiúnach dul ar aghaidh. '''2021''' Sa bhliain 2021, bhí sé tugtha le fios ag breitheamh Ardchúirte i mBéal Feirste gur róchosúil go bhféadfadh na seirbhísí slándála ionsaí buamála na hÓmaí i 1998 a chosc dá ngníomhóidís mar ba cheart roimh ré.<ref name=":3">{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Fiosrúcháin chearta daonna faoi bhuamáil na hÓmaí molta|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2021/0723/1236829-fiosruchain-chearta-daonna-faoi-bhuamail-na-homai-molta/|date=2021-07-23|language=ga|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}</ref> Mhol an Breitheamh Horner do [[Rialtas na Ríochta Aontaithe|Rialtas na Breataine]] fiosrúchán [[cearta daonna]] a bhunú faoi conas mar a tharla an t-uafás. '''2023'''<ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Iar-Aire Dlí ag moladh go mbunófaí fiosrúchán faoin Ómaí anseo|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2025/0202/1494295-iar-aire-dli-ag-moladh-go-mbunofai-fiosruchan-faoin-omai-anseo/|date=2025-02-02|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}</ref> Bhí fiosrúchán neamhspleách bunaithe ag Rialtas na Breataine.sa bhliain 2023.<ref name=":3" /> '''2024''' Ar an 30 Iúil 2024, is fearr go mall ná go brách,<ref>Bhí fiosrúchán poiblí faoin uafás á éileamh ag cuid de ghaolta na marbh le blianta fada.</ref> cuireadh tús le réamhéisteacht sa chuid phoiblí den fhiosrúchán a bhí bunaithe faoi bhuamáil na hÓmaí. Bunaíodh an fiosrúchán lena fháil amach an bhféadfaí an t-ionsaí a chosc ó bhí a fhios roimhe go raibh a leithéid á bheartú ag an ngrúpa úd. Ina ráiteas oscailte, dúirt cathaoirleach an fhiosrúcháin an Tiarna Alan Turnbull go raibh sé meáite ar an gcuspóir sin a bhaint amach.<ref name=":02">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/riar-na-cora-agus-oidhreacht-na-dtriobloidi-i-lar-an-aonaigh-aris/|teideal=Riar na córa agus oidhreacht na dTrioblóidí i lár an aonaigh arís|údar=Póilín Ní Chiaráin|dáta=5 Eanáir 2025|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2025-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Tús le réamhéisteacht faoi bhuamáil na hÓmaí|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2024/0730/1462542-tus-le-reamheisteacht-faoi-bhuamail-na-homai/|date=2024-07-30|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}</ref> '''2025''' Thug gaolta na marbh fianaise i rith 2025.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Gaolta ag tabhairt fianaise ag fiosrúchán na hÓmaí|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2025/0203/1494452-gaolta-ag-tabhairt-fianaise-ag-fiosruchan-na-homai/|date=2025-02-03|language=ga-IE|author=Ailbhe Ó Monacháin / Nuacht RTÉ}}</ref> Creideann gaolta na marbh go mb'fhéidir go bhfuil cuid den fhaisnéis ábhartha úd ag iarshaighdiúirí agus iarGhardaí a bhí ag coinneáil súil ar lucht an Fhíor-IRA i 1998.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/22505936/|teideal=Antóin Mac Cába : Saor-iriseoir ar an Ómaigh.|údar=RnaG/ Nuacht a hAon|dáta=16 Aibreán 25 •|language=ga-IE|work=RTE Radio|dátarochtana=2026-04-12}}</ref> * Mhaígh [[Gavin Robinson]] (ceannaire an [[DUP]]) go raibh ceisteanna le freagairt ag Rialtas agus ag Stát na hÉireann maidir leis an mbuamáil. Is cinnte go bhfuil daoine sa Stát seo a bhfuil faisnéis ábhartha acu, arsa sé, ach de bhrí nach féidir iallach a chur orthu fianaise a thabhairt ag fiosrúchán sa Bhreatain is ceart do Rialtas na hÉireann fiosrúchán dá gcuid féin a bhunú. * Dúirt iar-Aire Dlí is Cirt, [[Charles Flanagan|Charlie Flanagan]], go bhféadfadh sé go mbeadh fianaise thábhachtach i dtaca le buamáil na hÓmaí nach mbeadh ar fáil don fhiosrúchán sa Ríocht Aontaithe mar nach bhfuil a mhacasamhail d'éisteacht anseo sa Phoblacht. 'Níl sé de chumhacht ag rialtas an stáit seo iallach a chur ar dhaoine atá ina gcónaí an taobh seo den teorainn dul agus fianaise a thabhairt i ndlínse eile' agus gur aontaigh sé le tuairim roinnt de mhuintir na n-íosbartach a bhí ag iarraidh a mhacasamhail d'éisteacht ann i bPoblacht na hÉireann.<ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Iar-Aire Dlí ag moladh go mbunófaí fiosrúchán faoin Ómaí anseo|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2025/0202/1494295-iar-aire-dli-ag-moladh-go-mbunofai-fiosruchan-faoin-omai-anseo/|date=2025-02-02|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}</ref> Bhí £11.1 milliún caite ar an fhiosrúchán ó Iúil 2024 go dtí deireadh mhí na Nollag 2025. Bhí tromlach an airgid sin, £9 milliún, caite ar chostais dhlíthiúla. Caitheadh méid suntasach airgid, níos mó ná £400,000, ar theicneolaíocht faisnéise.<ref name=":4">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://xn--anpipar-jwa8e.ie/2026/04/costas-nios-mo-na-11-milliun-caite-ar-fhiosruchan-bhuama-na-homai/|teideal=Costas níos mó na £11 milliún caite ar fhiosrúchán bhuama na hÓmaí|údar=Jack Mac Íomhair|dáta=2026-04-10|language=ga-IE|work=An Páipéar|dátarochtana=2026-04-12}}</ref> '''2026''' Bhí reachtaíocht á chur tríd i d[[An tOireachtas|Tithe an Oireachtais]] le linn 2026, más mall is mithid, a ligfidh do bhaill reatha nó iar-bhaill den Gharda Síochána, arm na hÉireann, an státseirbhís nó rialtas na hÉireann, páirt a ghlacadh san fhiosrúchán.<ref name=":4" /> (Bhí sé tugtha le fios ag [[Mícheál Ó Máirtín|Micheál Martin]] in 2023 go gcomhoibreoidh Rialtas na hÉireann go hiomlán le fiosrúchán reachtúil na Breataine). == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:1998]] [[Catagóir:Eachtraí foréigin le linn na dTrioblóidí]] [[Catagóir:Stair Chontae Thír Eoghain]] [[Catagóir:Fíor-IRA]] pg55r5hca64v355z0kgmdaec39tzlxa 14 105999 1325128 1120980 2026-08-15T13:53:47Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 1325128 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Catagóir:Phasianoidea]] g1b7cbscc75pp0sfr73ned0dazhxl7x 0 110894 1325204 1210094 2026-08-16T00:16:02Z TGcoa 21229 1325204 wikitext text/x-wiki Éagóir sibhialta ar féidir leat a agairt ina leith. Mar shampla, is tort iad faillí, clúmhilleadh agus foghail.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.citizensinformation.ie/ga/justice/legal-terms-explained/#lffcd7|teideal=Téarmaí dlíthiúla mínithe|údar=Citizensinformation.ie|language=ga-IE|work=www.citizensinformation.ie|dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> Réimse den dlí coiteann is ea '''tort'''.<ref name='FGB'>{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.teanglann.ie/ga/fgb/tort|title=Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla (Ó Dónaill): tort|editor=[[Niall Ó Dónaill]], eag.|year=1977|publisher=[[An Gúm]]|location=[[Baile Átha Cliath]]|isbn=978-1857910384|access-date=2024-04-08|language=ga|work=Teanglann.ie}}</ref> Baineann dlí tort le héagóracha sibhialta. Ní hionann é agus an dlí [[Coiriúlacht|coiriúil]] (ina mbíonn an [[Stiúrthóir na nIonchúiseamh Poiblí|SIP]] (ionchúisitheoir an stáit) i mbun ionchúisimh) agus dlí conartha (ina mbíonn sárú ar chonradh faoi chaibidil). Déanann tort iarracht damáistí airgid a bhronnadh ar dhuine a d'fhulaing éagóir. Is féidir le cás coiriúil agus cúis tort eascairt ón eachtra céanna. I measc na dtort coitianta, tá * [[clúmhilleadh]] * [[neamart]] (faillí) - pléann an tort seo le dualgais chúraim (mar shampla an dualgas cúraim atá ar thiománaithe maidir le tiománaithe eile) * [[foghail]] (treaspás) - mar shampla: ionsaí nó príosúnú mídhleathach == Féach freisin == * [[Clúmhilleadh]] == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Téarmaí dlí]] [[Catagóir:Tort]] 0znrpqu2ndki56ero4j174bnvmmod6z 2 120000 1325143 1325111 2026-08-15T15:34:08Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Fit for 55 */ 1325143 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] === Cúiseanna nua === # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission # [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] # ''[[:en:Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development|Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development]] - [[Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]] # ''[[:en:Horizon 2020|Horizon 2020]]'' - [[Fís 2020]], #* [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]] # ''[[:en:Fit for 55|Fit for 55]] - [[Fit for 55]] === Eile === # ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] == Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch == '' The '''Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development''', also called '''Framework Programmes''' or abbreviated '''FP1''' to '''FP9''', are funding programmes created by the [[Aontas Eorpach]]/[[Coimisiún Eorpach]] to support and foster research in the [[European Research Area]] (ERA). Starting in 2014, the funding programmes were named '''Horizon'''. '' The funding programmes began in 1984 and continue to the present day. The most recent programme, [[Fís Eorpach]], has a budget of 95.5 billion Euros to be distributed over seven years. '' The specific objectives and actions vary between funding periods. In FP6 and FP7, focus was on technological research. In [[Fís 2020]], the focus was on innovation, delivering economic growth faster, and delivering solutions to end users that are often governmental agencies. == Stair Conducting European research policies and implementing European research programmes is an obligation under the [[Conradh Amstardam]], which includes a chapter on research and technological development. The programmes are defined by commission civil servants who are aided by various official advisory group and lobby groups. To advise the an Coimisiún Eorpach on the overall strategy to be followed in carrying out the Information and Communication Technology thematic priority, the Information Society Technologies Advisory Group (ISTAG) was set up. <ref name=:0>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | teideal = ISTAG website | foilsitheoir = cordis.lu | dáta = 20 Deireadh Fómhair 2011 | dátarochtana = 29 Samhain 2011 | archive-date=26 April 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426010836/http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | url-status=dead}}</ref> == The framework programmes '' The framework programmes, up until Framework Programme 6 (FP6), covered five-year periods; but from Framework Programme 7 (FP7) onward, programmes run for seven years. The Framework Programmes, and their budgets in billions of Euros, are presented in the table below. <ref name=>Artis, M. J. and F. Nixson, Eds. "The Economics of the European Union: Policy and Analysis" (4th ed.), Oxford University Press 2007</ref> For FP1–FP5, program expenditures were made in [[Aonad Airgeadra Eorpach]]; from FP6 onward budgets were in Euros. The values presented below are in Euros. {| class="wikitable" |- ! ID !! Framework programme !! Period !! Budget (billion €) |- | FP1 || First <ref name=céad>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31983Y0804(01) Council resolution of 25 July 1983 on framework programmes for Community research, development and demonstration activities and a first framework programme 1984 to 1987]; OJ C208 – 04/08/1983; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1984–1987 || 3.8 |- | FP2 || Second <ref name=dara>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31987D0516 Council Decision of 28 September 1987 concerning the framework programme for Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1987 to 1991)]; OJ L302 – 24 October 1987; 87/516/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1987–1991 || 5.4 |- | FP3 || Third <ref name=triú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31990D0221 Council Decision of 23 April 1990 concerning the framework Programme of Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1990 to 1994)]; OJ L117 – 08/05/1990; 90/221/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1990–1994 || 6.6 |- | FP4 || Fourth <ref name=ceathrú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31994D1110 Decision No 1110/94/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 April 1994 concerning the fourth framework programme of the European Community activities in the field of research and technological development and demonstration]; OJ L126 – 18 May 1994; No 1110/94/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1994–1998 || 13.2 |- | FP5 || Fifth <ref name=cúigiú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31999D0182 Decision No 182/1999/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 December 1998 concerning the fifth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities (1998 to 2002)]; OJ L26 – 01/02/1999; No 182/1999/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1998–2002 || 15.0 |- | FP6 || Sixth <ref name=seu>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32002D1513 Decision No 1513/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2002 concerning the sixth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities, contributing to the creation of the European Research Area and to innovation (2002 to 2006)]; OJ L232 – 29 August 2002; No 1513/2002/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 2002–2006 || 16.3 |- | FP7 || Seventh || 2007–2013 || 50.5 over seven years<br />+ 2.7 for [[Euratom]] over five years <ref name=fp7>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/understanding/fp7inbrief/structure_en.html | teideal = How is FP 7 structured? from FP7 in Brief | foilsitheoir = European Commission | dátarochtana = 31 Iúil 2011}}</ref> |- | FP8 || [[Fís 2020]] (ochtú) <ref name=Cordis2020>{{lua idirlín | teideal = The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_ga.cfm?pg=h2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Iúil 2012}}</ref> || 2014–2020 || 77 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/horizon2020/document.cfm?doc_id=17607 | teideal = Research and innovation funding: making a real difference | dáta =2016|website=European Commission |dátarochtana = 30 Eanáir 2018}}</ref> |- | FP9 || [[Fís Eorpach]] <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir =Cordis| teideal =The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_en.cfm?pg=h2020https://ec.europa.eu/info/horizon-europe-next-research-and-innovation-framework-programme_en|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> || 2021–2027 || 95.5 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/funding/funding-opportunities/funding-programmes-and-open-calls/horizon-europe_ga | teideal =Horizon Europe | dáta=22 December 2025 }}</ref> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://eufunds.me/what-is-the-budget-of-horizon-europe/ | teideal =What is the budget of Horizon Europe? | date=6 May 2021 }}</ref> |- | FP10 | Horizon Europe | 2028-2034 | 175 (''proposal'') <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal =EU budget 2028-2034 | url = https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/eu-budget/long-term-eu-budget/eu-budget-2028-2034_en |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=commission.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> |} == Funding instruments === FP6 and FP7 === {{anchor|Framework Programme 7}} '' Framework Programme 6 and 7 (2002–2013) projects were generally funded through '''instruments''', the most important of which included: * Integrating Project (IP) * Network of Excellence (NoE) * Specific Targeted Research Projects (STReP) * Joint Technology Initiatives (JTI) === Fís 2020<!--athsheolann 'Fís 2020' anseo --> === [[Íomhá:Horizon 2020 Logo.png | mion | Lógó Fhís 2020]] '' '''Horizon 2020''' was the eighth framework programme (FP8) funding research, technological development, and innovation. The programme's name has been modified to "Framework Programme for Research and Innovation".<ref name=Cordis2020 /> == Feedback and improvements '' The programmes have been criticized on various grounds, such as actually diminishing Europe's industrial competitiveness <ref name=>''Financial Control and Fraud in the Community''. House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, 12th Report. London: HMSO (1994).</ref> and failing to deliver fundamental excellence and global economic competitiveness. <ref name=>H. Matthews, The 7th EU research framework programme. ''Nanotechnol. Perceptions'' '''1''' (2005) 99–105.</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = }} == Fit for 55 == Caoi chun 55 Is pacáiste airgeadais de chuid an [[Aontas Eorpach|Aontais Eorpaigh]] é '''Oiriúnach do 55'''<ref name=iate /> nó ''Caoi chun 55'' (Béarla: '''Fit for 55''') chun [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] a laghdú le 55% faoin mbliain 2030.<ref name=Politico /> Is cuid den {{h|Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip}}, leagtha amach ar dtús i mí Nollag 2019.<ref name=egd /> '' The package was proposed by the [[an Coimisiún Eorpach]] in July 2021.<ref name=carbonbrief /> After being tabled in 2021, the plans were passed in 2023.<ref name=ec2023 /> Measures include additional support for clean transport, [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], and a tariff called the [[EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism|Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism]] on emissions for high-carbon imports from countries lacking sufficient greenhouse gas reduction measures of their own.<ref name=Politico /> It proposes to extend the [[European Union Emissions Trading System]] to transport and heat. Compared to the net-zero scenario from the [[International Energy Agency]], the plan contains more measures to ensure that energy remains affordable.<ref name=Pavlovic2021 /> '' As of August 2024, all Fit for 55 proposals had been adopted by the European Parliament and the Council, except the Energy Taxation Directive.<ref name=epthink2024 /> == Reachtaíocht '' The legislation is complicated due to the high level of democratic processes in the European Union. The [[European Commission|Commission]] sent proposals of the new law to the [[European Council|council]] and [[European Parliament]]. The Council started discussions including representatives of all 27 member states on the legislative proposals in working parties on an expert level. Based on that exchange the Permanent Representative Committee continues discussions preparing the ground for the council meeting of ministers. The Fit for 55 package proposals are discussed in multiple council formations such as environment, energy, transport, economy and finance. After the ministers of each branch found joint positions trilogues including meetings with representatives of the council, parliament and commission start. The larger part of the proposals stick to the regular legislative process of trilogues.<ref name=consilium2023 /> == Téamaí * Trádáil agus ísliú astaíochtaí * Ciste Aeráide Sóisialta * Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar theorainneacha (SCCT) * Úsáid talún agus foraoiseacht * Breosla mhalartaigh * Fuinneamh glas * Éifeachtúlacht fuinnimh * Sustainable buildings * Hidrigin * Cáin fuinnimh<ref name=consiliumff55 /> == Próiseas '' When the bill for carbon market legislation was designed, the conservative fraction in the European Parliament initially weakened the bill. The amended bill was defeated as the social democrats voted against. The final accepted compromise became stronger in {{CO2}} emission reduction than the proposal from the European Commission.<ref name=Chahim2022 /> == Criticism '' The environmental organization [[Greenpeace]] criticized the package for not being suitable for halting [[global warming]] and the associated destruction of important life-support systems because the target envisaged was too low. The organization criticized the classification of [[bioenergy]] as [[renewable energy]] and the sale of non-emission-free cars by 2035.<ref name=greenpeace /> '' In August 2023, the Polish government filed a series of complaints with the [[Court of Justice of the European Union|European Court of Justice]] against provisions that are part of the Fit for 55 package, claiming that EU climate policies threaten [[Poland]]'s economy and [[energy security]].<ref name=euronews2023 /> == Employment impact '' The EU's Fit for 55 climate package is projected to create a net 204,000 jobs by 2030, adding to the baseline growth of 6.7 million jobs. Employment effects will vary by region, with negative impacts likely in eastern Europe due to reliance on [[carbon-intensive]] industries, and positive impacts in regions with [[green energy]] infrastructure.<ref name=eurofound2023 /> == Féach freisin * [[Climate change in Europe#Climate targets]] * [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/3591091/ga | teideal = Téarma: Oiriúnach do 55 | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 2026-08-10}}</ref> <ref name=Politico>{{cite news | sloinne = Oroschakoff | ainm = Kalina | teideal = 5 things to know about EU's Fit for 55 climate package | url = https://www.politico.eu/article/fit-for-55-eu-5-things-to-know/ | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = politico.eu | dáta = 21 Meitheamh 2021}}</ref> <ref name=Pavlovic2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Pavlovic | ainm = Ivan | teideal = Comparing the EU's 'Fit for 55' roadmap and the IEA's net-zero scenario | url = https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/opinion/comparing-the-eus-fit-for-55-roadmap-and-the-ieas-net-zero-scenario/ | work = Euractiv | dáta = 12 Samhain 2021}}</ref> <ref name=egd>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Coimisiún Eorpach]] | dáta = 11 Nollaig 2019 | teideal = The European Green Deal | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/ip_19_6691 | work = ec.europa.eu/}}</ref> <ref name=carbonbrief>{{cite news | teideal = Q&A: How 'Fit for 55' reforms will help EU meet its climate goals | url = https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-fit-for-55-reforms-will-help-eu-meet-its-climate-goals | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = Carbon Brief | dáta = 20 Iúil 2021 | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=ec2023>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Fáilte curtha ag an gCoimisiún roimh chur i gcrích phríomhreachtaíocht ‘Oiriúnach do 55', rud a chuir an tAontas ar an mbóthar ceart chun spriocanna 2030 a shárú | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/IP_23_4754 | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2024 | work = European Commission | dáta = 9 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | teanga = ga}}</ref> <ref name=epthink2024>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 1 Lúnasa 2024 | teideal = Fit for 55 package | url = https://epthinktank.eu/2024/08/01/fit-for-55-package/ | dátarochtana = 12 Deireadh Fómhair 2025 | work = European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS)}}</ref> <ref name=consilium2023>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]] | dáta = 3 Bealtaine 2023 | teideal = Infographic - Oiriúnach do 55: an chaoi a ndéanfaidh an tAontas dlí de spriocanna aeráide | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/infographics/fit-for-55-how-the-eu-will-turn-climate-goals-into-law/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=consiliumff55>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = European council | teideal = Oiriúnach do 55 | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/policies/green-deal/fit-for-55-the-eu-plan-for-a-green-transition/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=Chahim2022>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2022-10-12 | teideal = Mohammed Chahim | url = https://www.politico.eu/list/green-28-class-of-2023-the-ranking/mohammed-chahim/ | dátarochtana = 2023-10-10 | work = Politico | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=greenpeace>{{lua idirlín | teideal = EU Commission 'Fit for 55' package unfit to contain climate crisis | url = https://www.greenpeace.org/eu-unit/issues/climate-energy/45795/eu-commission-fit-for-55-package-unfit-to-contain-climate-crisis | dátarochtana = 2023-04-08 | work = Greenpeace European Unit | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=euronews2023>{{cite news | teideal = Poland files lawsuit against key EU climate policies | url = https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/08/28/poland-asks-eu-court-of-justice-to-cancel-three-eu-climate-policies | work = Euractiv | dáta = 29 Lúnasa 2023}}</ref> <ref name=eurofound2023>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Fit for 55 climate package: Impact on EU employment by 2030 | url = https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ga/publications/2023/fit-55-climate-package-impact-eu-employment-2030 | dátarochtana = 2024-01-20 | work = www.eurofound.europa.eu | teanga = en}}</ref> }} [[Category:Carbon emissions in the European Union]] [[Category:Climate change in the European Union]] [[Category:Energy policies and initiatives of the European Union]] [[Category:Renewable energy law]] [[Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ c1wbxa4bfrwn5koc5pitsovx7ggxoaj 1325144 1325143 2026-08-15T15:41:37Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 1325144 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] === Cúiseanna nua === # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission # [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] # ''[[:en:Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development|Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development]] - [[Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]] # ''[[:en:Horizon 2020|Horizon 2020]]'' - [[Fís 2020]], #* [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]] # ''[[:en:Fit for 55|Fit for 55]] - [[Fit for 55]] === Eile === # ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] == Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch == '' The '''Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development''', also called '''Framework Programmes''' or abbreviated '''FP1''' to '''FP9''', are funding programmes created by the [[Aontas Eorpach]]/[[Coimisiún Eorpach]] to support and foster research in the [[European Research Area]] (ERA). Starting in 2014, the funding programmes were named '''Horizon'''. '' The funding programmes began in 1984 and continue to the present day. The most recent programme, [[Fís Eorpach]], has a budget of 95.5 billion Euros to be distributed over seven years. '' The specific objectives and actions vary between funding periods. In FP6 and FP7, focus was on technological research. In [[Fís 2020]], the focus was on innovation, delivering economic growth faster, and delivering solutions to end users that are often governmental agencies. == Stair Conducting European research policies and implementing European research programmes is an obligation under the [[Conradh Amstardam]], which includes a chapter on research and technological development. The programmes are defined by commission civil servants who are aided by various official advisory group and lobby groups. To advise the an Coimisiún Eorpach on the overall strategy to be followed in carrying out the Information and Communication Technology thematic priority, the Information Society Technologies Advisory Group (ISTAG) was set up. <ref name=:0>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | teideal = ISTAG website | foilsitheoir = cordis.lu | dáta = 20 Deireadh Fómhair 2011 | dátarochtana = 29 Samhain 2011 | archive-date=26 April 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426010836/http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | url-status=dead}}</ref> == The framework programmes '' The framework programmes, up until Framework Programme 6 (FP6), covered five-year periods; but from Framework Programme 7 (FP7) onward, programmes run for seven years. The Framework Programmes, and their budgets in billions of Euros, are presented in the table below. <ref name=>Artis, M. J. and F. Nixson, Eds. "The Economics of the European Union: Policy and Analysis" (4th ed.), Oxford University Press 2007</ref> For FP1–FP5, program expenditures were made in [[Aonad Airgeadra Eorpach]]; from FP6 onward budgets were in Euros. The values presented below are in Euros. {| class="wikitable" |- ! ID !! Framework programme !! Period !! Budget (billion €) |- | FP1 || First <ref name=céad>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31983Y0804(01) Council resolution of 25 July 1983 on framework programmes for Community research, development and demonstration activities and a first framework programme 1984 to 1987]; OJ C208 – 04/08/1983; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1984–1987 || 3.8 |- | FP2 || Second <ref name=dara>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31987D0516 Council Decision of 28 September 1987 concerning the framework programme for Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1987 to 1991)]; OJ L302 – 24 October 1987; 87/516/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1987–1991 || 5.4 |- | FP3 || Third <ref name=triú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31990D0221 Council Decision of 23 April 1990 concerning the framework Programme of Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1990 to 1994)]; OJ L117 – 08/05/1990; 90/221/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1990–1994 || 6.6 |- | FP4 || Fourth <ref name=ceathrú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31994D1110 Decision No 1110/94/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 April 1994 concerning the fourth framework programme of the European Community activities in the field of research and technological development and demonstration]; OJ L126 – 18 May 1994; No 1110/94/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1994–1998 || 13.2 |- | FP5 || Fifth <ref name=cúigiú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31999D0182 Decision No 182/1999/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 December 1998 concerning the fifth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities (1998 to 2002)]; OJ L26 – 01/02/1999; No 182/1999/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1998–2002 || 15.0 |- | FP6 || Sixth <ref name=seu>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32002D1513 Decision No 1513/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2002 concerning the sixth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities, contributing to the creation of the European Research Area and to innovation (2002 to 2006)]; OJ L232 – 29 August 2002; No 1513/2002/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 2002–2006 || 16.3 |- | FP7 || Seventh || 2007–2013 || 50.5 over seven years<br />+ 2.7 for [[Euratom]] over five years <ref name=fp7>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/understanding/fp7inbrief/structure_en.html | teideal = How is FP 7 structured? from FP7 in Brief | foilsitheoir = European Commission | dátarochtana = 31 Iúil 2011}}</ref> |- | FP8 || [[Fís 2020]] (ochtú) <ref name=Cordis2020>{{lua idirlín | teideal = The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_ga.cfm?pg=h2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Iúil 2012}}</ref> || 2014–2020 || 77 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/horizon2020/document.cfm?doc_id=17607 | teideal = Research and innovation funding: making a real difference | dáta =2016|website=European Commission |dátarochtana = 30 Eanáir 2018}}</ref> |- | FP9 || [[Fís Eorpach]] <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir =Cordis| teideal =The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_en.cfm?pg=h2020https://ec.europa.eu/info/horizon-europe-next-research-and-innovation-framework-programme_en|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> || 2021–2027 || 95.5 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/funding/funding-opportunities/funding-programmes-and-open-calls/horizon-europe_ga | teideal =Horizon Europe | dáta=22 December 2025 }}</ref> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://eufunds.me/what-is-the-budget-of-horizon-europe/ | teideal =What is the budget of Horizon Europe? | date=6 May 2021 }}</ref> |- | FP10 | Horizon Europe | 2028-2034 | 175 (''proposal'') <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal =EU budget 2028-2034 | url = https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/eu-budget/long-term-eu-budget/eu-budget-2028-2034_en |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=commission.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> |} == Funding instruments === FP6 and FP7 === {{anchor|Framework Programme 7}} '' Framework Programme 6 and 7 (2002–2013) projects were generally funded through '''instruments''', the most important of which included: * Integrating Project (IP) * Network of Excellence (NoE) * Specific Targeted Research Projects (STReP) * Joint Technology Initiatives (JTI) === Fís 2020<!--athsheolann 'Fís 2020' anseo --> === [[Íomhá:Horizon 2020 Logo.png | mion | Lógó Fhís 2020]] '' '''Horizon 2020''' was the eighth framework programme (FP8) funding research, technological development, and innovation. The programme's name has been modified to "Framework Programme for Research and Innovation".<ref name=Cordis2020 /> == Feedback and improvements '' The programmes have been criticized on various grounds, such as actually diminishing Europe's industrial competitiveness <ref name=>''Financial Control and Fraud in the Community''. House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, 12th Report. London: HMSO (1994).</ref> and failing to deliver fundamental excellence and global economic competitiveness. <ref name=>H. Matthews, The 7th EU research framework programme. ''Nanotechnol. Perceptions'' '''1''' (2005) 99–105.</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = }} == Fit for 55 == Caoi chun 55 Is pacáiste airgeadais de chuid an [[Aontas Eorpach|Aontais Eorpaigh]] é '''Oiriúnach do 55'''<ref name=iate /> nó ''Caoi chun 55'' (Béarla: '''Fit for 55''') chun [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] a laghdú le 55% faoin mbliain 2030.<ref name=Politico /> Is cuid den {{h|Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip}}, leagtha amach ar dtús i mí Nollag 2019.<ref name=egd /> Tar dó a bheith molta ag [[an Coimisiún Eorpach|gCoimisiún]] i mí Iúil 2021,<ref name=carbonbrief /> glacadh é sa bhliain 2023.<ref name=ec2023 /> I measc BBB san phacáiste, tá tacaíocht d'iompar glan, [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], agus taraif darb ainm [[EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism|Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism]] (SCCT) ar astaíochtaí '' for high-carbon imports from countries lacking sufficient greenhouse gas reduction measures of their own.<ref name=Politico /> It proposes to extend the [[European Union Emissions Trading System]] to transport and heat. Compared to the net-zero scenario from the [[International Energy Agency]], the plan contains more measures to ensure that energy remains affordable.<ref name=Pavlovic2021 /> '' As of August 2024, all Fit for 55 proposals had been adopted by the European Parliament and the Council, except the Energy Taxation Directive.<ref name=epthink2024 /> == Reachtaíocht '' The legislation is complicated due to the high level of democratic processes in the European Union. The [[European Commission|Commission]] sent proposals of the new law to the [[European Council|council]] and [[European Parliament]]. The Council started discussions including representatives of all 27 member states on the legislative proposals in working parties on an expert level. Based on that exchange the Permanent Representative Committee continues discussions preparing the ground for the council meeting of ministers. The Fit for 55 package proposals are discussed in multiple council formations such as environment, energy, transport, economy and finance. After the ministers of each branch found joint positions trilogues including meetings with representatives of the council, parliament and commission start. The larger part of the proposals stick to the regular legislative process of trilogues.<ref name=consilium2023 /> == Téamaí * Trádáil agus ísliú astaíochtaí * Ciste Aeráide Sóisialta * Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar theorainneacha (SCCT) * Úsáid talún agus foraoiseacht * Breosla mhalartaigh * Fuinneamh glas * Éifeachtúlacht fuinnimh * Sustainable buildings * Hidrigin * Cáin fuinnimh<ref name=consiliumff55 /> == Próiseas '' When the bill for carbon market legislation was designed, the conservative fraction in the European Parliament initially weakened the bill. The amended bill was defeated as the social democrats voted against. The final accepted compromise became stronger in {{CO2}} emission reduction than the proposal from the European Commission.<ref name=Chahim2022 /> == Criticism '' The environmental organization [[Greenpeace]] criticized the package for not being suitable for halting [[global warming]] and the associated destruction of important life-support systems because the target envisaged was too low. The organization criticized the classification of [[bioenergy]] as [[renewable energy]] and the sale of non-emission-free cars by 2035.<ref name=greenpeace /> '' In August 2023, the Polish government filed a series of complaints with the [[Court of Justice of the European Union|European Court of Justice]] against provisions that are part of the Fit for 55 package, claiming that EU climate policies threaten [[Poland]]'s economy and [[energy security]].<ref name=euronews2023 /> == Employment impact '' The EU's Fit for 55 climate package is projected to create a net 204,000 jobs by 2030, adding to the baseline growth of 6.7 million jobs. Employment effects will vary by region, with negative impacts likely in eastern Europe due to reliance on [[carbon-intensive]] industries, and positive impacts in regions with [[green energy]] infrastructure.<ref name=eurofound2023 /> == Féach freisin * [[Climate change in Europe#Climate targets]] * [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/3591091/ga | teideal = Téarma: Oiriúnach do 55 | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 2026-08-10}}</ref> <ref name=Politico>{{cite news | sloinne = Oroschakoff | ainm = Kalina | teideal = 5 things to know about EU's Fit for 55 climate package | url = https://www.politico.eu/article/fit-for-55-eu-5-things-to-know/ | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = politico.eu | dáta = 21 Meitheamh 2021}}</ref> <ref name=Pavlovic2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Pavlovic | ainm = Ivan | teideal = Comparing the EU's 'Fit for 55' roadmap and the IEA's net-zero scenario | url = https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/opinion/comparing-the-eus-fit-for-55-roadmap-and-the-ieas-net-zero-scenario/ | work = Euractiv | dáta = 12 Samhain 2021}}</ref> <ref name=egd>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Coimisiún Eorpach]] | dáta = 11 Nollaig 2019 | teideal = The European Green Deal | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/ip_19_6691 | work = ec.europa.eu/}}</ref> <ref name=carbonbrief>{{cite news | teideal = Q&A: How 'Fit for 55' reforms will help EU meet its climate goals | url = https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-fit-for-55-reforms-will-help-eu-meet-its-climate-goals | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = Carbon Brief | dáta = 20 Iúil 2021 | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=ec2023>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Fáilte curtha ag an gCoimisiún roimh chur i gcrích phríomhreachtaíocht ‘Oiriúnach do 55', rud a chuir an tAontas ar an mbóthar ceart chun spriocanna 2030 a shárú | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/IP_23_4754 | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2024 | work = European Commission | dáta = 9 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | teanga = ga}}</ref> <ref name=epthink2024>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 1 Lúnasa 2024 | teideal = Fit for 55 package | url = https://epthinktank.eu/2024/08/01/fit-for-55-package/ | dátarochtana = 12 Deireadh Fómhair 2025 | work = European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS)}}</ref> <ref name=consilium2023>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]] | dáta = 3 Bealtaine 2023 | teideal = Infographic - Oiriúnach do 55: an chaoi a ndéanfaidh an tAontas dlí de spriocanna aeráide | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/infographics/fit-for-55-how-the-eu-will-turn-climate-goals-into-law/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=consiliumff55>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = European council | teideal = Oiriúnach do 55 | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/policies/green-deal/fit-for-55-the-eu-plan-for-a-green-transition/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=Chahim2022>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2022-10-12 | teideal = Mohammed Chahim | url = https://www.politico.eu/list/green-28-class-of-2023-the-ranking/mohammed-chahim/ | dátarochtana = 2023-10-10 | work = Politico | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=greenpeace>{{lua idirlín | teideal = EU Commission 'Fit for 55' package unfit to contain climate crisis | url = https://www.greenpeace.org/eu-unit/issues/climate-energy/45795/eu-commission-fit-for-55-package-unfit-to-contain-climate-crisis | dátarochtana = 2023-04-08 | work = Greenpeace European Unit | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=euronews2023>{{cite news | teideal = Poland files lawsuit against key EU climate policies | url = https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/08/28/poland-asks-eu-court-of-justice-to-cancel-three-eu-climate-policies | work = Euractiv | dáta = 29 Lúnasa 2023}}</ref> <ref name=eurofound2023>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Fit for 55 climate package: Impact on EU employment by 2030 | url = https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ga/publications/2023/fit-55-climate-package-impact-eu-employment-2030 | dátarochtana = 2024-01-20 | work = www.eurofound.europa.eu | teanga = en}}</ref> }} [[Category:Carbon emissions in the European Union]] [[Category:Climate change in the European Union]] [[Category:Energy policies and initiatives of the European Union]] [[Category:Renewable energy law]] [[Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ cjbr9ptcwof5putl0cpg2xxduvesr3l 1325146 1325144 2026-08-15T17:49:33Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 1325146 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] === Cúiseanna nua === # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission # [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] # ''[[:en:Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development|Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development]] - [[Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]] # ''[[:en:Horizon 2020|Horizon 2020]]'' - [[Fís 2020]], #* [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]] # ''[[:en:Fit for 55|Fit for 55]] - [[Fit for 55]] === Eile === # ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] == Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch == '' The '''Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development''', also called '''Framework Programmes''' or abbreviated '''FP1''' to '''FP9''', are funding programmes created by the [[Aontas Eorpach]]/[[Coimisiún Eorpach]] to support and foster research in the [[European Research Area]] (ERA). Starting in 2014, the funding programmes were named '''Horizon'''. '' The funding programmes began in 1984 and continue to the present day. The most recent programme, [[Fís Eorpach]], has a budget of 95.5 billion Euros to be distributed over seven years. '' The specific objectives and actions vary between funding periods. In FP6 and FP7, focus was on technological research. In [[Fís 2020]], the focus was on innovation, delivering economic growth faster, and delivering solutions to end users that are often governmental agencies. == Stair Conducting European research policies and implementing European research programmes is an obligation under the [[Conradh Amstardam]], which includes a chapter on research and technological development. The programmes are defined by commission civil servants who are aided by various official advisory group and lobby groups. To advise the an Coimisiún Eorpach on the overall strategy to be followed in carrying out the Information and Communication Technology thematic priority, the Information Society Technologies Advisory Group (ISTAG) was set up. <ref name=:0>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | teideal = ISTAG website | foilsitheoir = cordis.lu | dáta = 20 Deireadh Fómhair 2011 | dátarochtana = 29 Samhain 2011 | archive-date=26 April 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426010836/http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | url-status=dead}}</ref> == The framework programmes '' The framework programmes, up until Framework Programme 6 (FP6), covered five-year periods; but from Framework Programme 7 (FP7) onward, programmes run for seven years. The Framework Programmes, and their budgets in billions of Euros, are presented in the table below. <ref name=>Artis, M. J. and F. Nixson, Eds. "The Economics of the European Union: Policy and Analysis" (4th ed.), Oxford University Press 2007</ref> For FP1–FP5, program expenditures were made in [[Aonad Airgeadra Eorpach]]; from FP6 onward budgets were in Euros. The values presented below are in Euros. {| class="wikitable" |- ! ID !! Framework programme !! Period !! Budget (billion €) |- | FP1 || First <ref name=céad>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31983Y0804(01) Council resolution of 25 July 1983 on framework programmes for Community research, development and demonstration activities and a first framework programme 1984 to 1987]; OJ C208 – 04/08/1983; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1984–1987 || 3.8 |- | FP2 || Second <ref name=dara>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31987D0516 Council Decision of 28 September 1987 concerning the framework programme for Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1987 to 1991)]; OJ L302 – 24 October 1987; 87/516/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1987–1991 || 5.4 |- | FP3 || Third <ref name=triú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31990D0221 Council Decision of 23 April 1990 concerning the framework Programme of Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1990 to 1994)]; OJ L117 – 08/05/1990; 90/221/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1990–1994 || 6.6 |- | FP4 || Fourth <ref name=ceathrú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31994D1110 Decision No 1110/94/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 April 1994 concerning the fourth framework programme of the European Community activities in the field of research and technological development and demonstration]; OJ L126 – 18 May 1994; No 1110/94/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1994–1998 || 13.2 |- | FP5 || Fifth <ref name=cúigiú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31999D0182 Decision No 182/1999/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 December 1998 concerning the fifth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities (1998 to 2002)]; OJ L26 – 01/02/1999; No 182/1999/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1998–2002 || 15.0 |- | FP6 || Sixth <ref name=seu>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32002D1513 Decision No 1513/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2002 concerning the sixth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities, contributing to the creation of the European Research Area and to innovation (2002 to 2006)]; OJ L232 – 29 August 2002; No 1513/2002/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 2002–2006 || 16.3 |- | FP7 || Seventh || 2007–2013 || 50.5 over seven years<br />+ 2.7 for [[Euratom]] over five years <ref name=fp7>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/understanding/fp7inbrief/structure_en.html | teideal = How is FP 7 structured? from FP7 in Brief | foilsitheoir = European Commission | dátarochtana = 31 Iúil 2011}}</ref> |- | FP8 || [[Fís 2020]] (ochtú) <ref name=Cordis2020>{{lua idirlín | teideal = The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_ga.cfm?pg=h2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Iúil 2012}}</ref> || 2014–2020 || 77 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/horizon2020/document.cfm?doc_id=17607 | teideal = Research and innovation funding: making a real difference | dáta =2016|website=European Commission |dátarochtana = 30 Eanáir 2018}}</ref> |- | FP9 || [[Fís Eorpach]] <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir =Cordis| teideal =The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_en.cfm?pg=h2020https://ec.europa.eu/info/horizon-europe-next-research-and-innovation-framework-programme_en|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> || 2021–2027 || 95.5 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/funding/funding-opportunities/funding-programmes-and-open-calls/horizon-europe_ga | teideal =Horizon Europe | dáta=22 December 2025 }}</ref> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://eufunds.me/what-is-the-budget-of-horizon-europe/ | teideal =What is the budget of Horizon Europe? | date=6 May 2021 }}</ref> |- | FP10 | Horizon Europe | 2028-2034 | 175 (''proposal'') <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal =EU budget 2028-2034 | url = https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/eu-budget/long-term-eu-budget/eu-budget-2028-2034_en |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=commission.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> |} == Funding instruments === FP6 and FP7 === {{anchor|Framework Programme 7}} '' Framework Programme 6 and 7 (2002–2013) projects were generally funded through '''instruments''', the most important of which included: * Integrating Project (IP) * Network of Excellence (NoE) * Specific Targeted Research Projects (STReP) * Joint Technology Initiatives (JTI) === Fís 2020<!--athsheolann 'Fís 2020' anseo --> === [[Íomhá:Horizon 2020 Logo.png | mion | Lógó Fhís 2020]] '' '''Horizon 2020''' was the eighth framework programme (FP8) funding research, technological development, and innovation. The programme's name has been modified to "Framework Programme for Research and Innovation".<ref name=Cordis2020 /> == Feedback and improvements '' The programmes have been criticized on various grounds, such as actually diminishing Europe's industrial competitiveness <ref name=>''Financial Control and Fraud in the Community''. House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, 12th Report. London: HMSO (1994).</ref> and failing to deliver fundamental excellence and global economic competitiveness. <ref name=>H. Matthews, The 7th EU research framework programme. ''Nanotechnol. Perceptions'' '''1''' (2005) 99–105.</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = }} == Fit for 55 == Caoi chun 55 Is pacáiste airgeadais de chuid an [[Aontas Eorpach|Aontais Eorpaigh]] é '''Oiriúnach do 55'''<ref name=iate /> nó ''Caoi chun 55'' (Béarla: '''Fit for 55''') chun [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] a laghdú le 55% faoin mbliain 2030.<ref name=Politico /> Is cuid den {{h|Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip}}, leagtha amach ar dtús i mí Nollag 2019.<ref name=egd /> Tar éis dó a bheith molta ag [[an Coimisiún Eorpach|gCoimisiún]] i mí Iúil 2021,<ref name=carbonbrief /> glacadh é sa bhliain 2023.<ref name=ec2023 /> I measc BBB san phacáiste, tá tacaíocht d'iompar glan, [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], agus taraif darb ainm [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha]] (SCCT) ar astaíochtaí carbóin ó thíortha nach bhfuil bearta acu chun gáis ceaptha teasa a laghdú.<ref name=Politico /> Moltar ann go gcuirfí iompair agus sa [[Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí an Aontais|Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí]] isteach. I gcomórtas leis an bplean neodrachta molta ag an n[[Gníomhaireacht Fuinnimh Idirnáisiúnta]], tá ann níos mó beart chun fuinneamh inacmhainne a chur ar fáil.<ref name=Pavlovic2021 /> '' As of August 2024, all Fit for 55 proposals had been adopted by the European Parliament and the Council, except the Energy Taxation Directive.<ref name=epthink2024 /> == Reachtaíocht '' The legislation is complicated due to the high level of democratic processes in the European Union. The [[European Commission|Commission]] sent proposals of the new law to the [[European Council|council]] and [[European Parliament]]. The Council started discussions including representatives of all 27 member states on the legislative proposals in working parties on an expert level. Based on that exchange the Permanent Representative Committee continues discussions preparing the ground for the council meeting of ministers. The Fit for 55 package proposals are discussed in multiple council formations such as environment, energy, transport, economy and finance. After the ministers of each branch found joint positions trilogues including meetings with representatives of the council, parliament and commission start. The larger part of the proposals stick to the regular legislative process of trilogues.<ref name=consilium2023 /> == Téamaí * Trádáil agus ísliú astaíochtaí * Ciste Aeráide Sóisialta * Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar theorainneacha (SCCT) * Úsáid talún agus foraoiseacht * Breosla mhalartaigh * Fuinneamh glas * Éifeachtúlacht fuinnimh * Sustainable buildings * Hidrigin * Cáin fuinnimh<ref name=consiliumff55 /> == Próiseas '' When the bill for carbon market legislation was designed, the conservative fraction in the European Parliament initially weakened the bill. The amended bill was defeated as the social democrats voted against. The final accepted compromise became stronger in {{CO2}} emission reduction than the proposal from the European Commission.<ref name=Chahim2022 /> == Criticism '' The environmental organization [[Greenpeace]] criticized the package for not being suitable for halting [[global warming]] and the associated destruction of important life-support systems because the target envisaged was too low. The organization criticized the classification of [[bioenergy]] as [[renewable energy]] and the sale of non-emission-free cars by 2035.<ref name=greenpeace /> '' In August 2023, the Polish government filed a series of complaints with the [[Court of Justice of the European Union|European Court of Justice]] against provisions that are part of the Fit for 55 package, claiming that EU climate policies threaten [[Poland]]'s economy and [[energy security]].<ref name=euronews2023 /> == Employment impact '' The EU's Fit for 55 climate package is projected to create a net 204,000 jobs by 2030, adding to the baseline growth of 6.7 million jobs. Employment effects will vary by region, with negative impacts likely in eastern Europe due to reliance on [[carbon-intensive]] industries, and positive impacts in regions with [[green energy]] infrastructure.<ref name=eurofound2023 /> == Féach freisin * [[Climate change in Europe#Climate targets]] * [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/3591091/ga | teideal = Téarma: Oiriúnach do 55 | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 2026-08-10}}</ref> <ref name=Politico>{{cite news | sloinne = Oroschakoff | ainm = Kalina | teideal = 5 things to know about EU's Fit for 55 climate package | url = https://www.politico.eu/article/fit-for-55-eu-5-things-to-know/ | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = politico.eu | dáta = 21 Meitheamh 2021}}</ref> <ref name=Pavlovic2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Pavlovic | ainm = Ivan | teideal = Comparing the EU's 'Fit for 55' roadmap and the IEA's net-zero scenario | url = https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/opinion/comparing-the-eus-fit-for-55-roadmap-and-the-ieas-net-zero-scenario/ | work = Euractiv | dáta = 12 Samhain 2021}}</ref> <ref name=egd>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Coimisiún Eorpach]] | dáta = 11 Nollaig 2019 | teideal = The European Green Deal | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/ip_19_6691 | work = ec.europa.eu/}}</ref> <ref name=carbonbrief>{{cite news | teideal = Q&A: How 'Fit for 55' reforms will help EU meet its climate goals | url = https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-fit-for-55-reforms-will-help-eu-meet-its-climate-goals | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = Carbon Brief | dáta = 20 Iúil 2021 | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=ec2023>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Fáilte curtha ag an gCoimisiún roimh chur i gcrích phríomhreachtaíocht ‘Oiriúnach do 55', rud a chuir an tAontas ar an mbóthar ceart chun spriocanna 2030 a shárú | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/IP_23_4754 | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2024 | work = European Commission | dáta = 9 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | teanga = ga}}</ref> <ref name=epthink2024>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 1 Lúnasa 2024 | teideal = Fit for 55 package | url = https://epthinktank.eu/2024/08/01/fit-for-55-package/ | dátarochtana = 12 Deireadh Fómhair 2025 | work = European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS)}}</ref> <ref name=consilium2023>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]] | dáta = 3 Bealtaine 2023 | teideal = Infographic - Oiriúnach do 55: an chaoi a ndéanfaidh an tAontas dlí de spriocanna aeráide | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/infographics/fit-for-55-how-the-eu-will-turn-climate-goals-into-law/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=consiliumff55>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = European council | teideal = Oiriúnach do 55 | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/policies/green-deal/fit-for-55-the-eu-plan-for-a-green-transition/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=Chahim2022>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2022-10-12 | teideal = Mohammed Chahim | url = https://www.politico.eu/list/green-28-class-of-2023-the-ranking/mohammed-chahim/ | dátarochtana = 2023-10-10 | work = Politico | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=greenpeace>{{lua idirlín | teideal = EU Commission 'Fit for 55' package unfit to contain climate crisis | url = https://www.greenpeace.org/eu-unit/issues/climate-energy/45795/eu-commission-fit-for-55-package-unfit-to-contain-climate-crisis | dátarochtana = 2023-04-08 | work = Greenpeace European Unit | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=euronews2023>{{cite news | teideal = Poland files lawsuit against key EU climate policies | url = https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/08/28/poland-asks-eu-court-of-justice-to-cancel-three-eu-climate-policies | work = Euractiv | dáta = 29 Lúnasa 2023}}</ref> <ref name=eurofound2023>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Fit for 55 climate package: Impact on EU employment by 2030 | url = https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ga/publications/2023/fit-55-climate-package-impact-eu-employment-2030 | dátarochtana = 2024-01-20 | work = www.eurofound.europa.eu | teanga = en}}</ref> }} [[Category:Carbon emissions in the European Union]] [[Category:Climate change in the European Union]] [[Category:Energy policies and initiatives of the European Union]] [[Category:Renewable energy law]] [[Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ oqyddvz4f5bqsa1w0j22h74ribr3vjj 1325149 1325146 2026-08-15T18:05:06Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Fit for 55 */ 1325149 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] === Cúiseanna nua === # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission # [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] # ''[[:en:Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development|Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development]] - [[Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]] # ''[[:en:Horizon 2020|Horizon 2020]]'' - [[Fís 2020]], #* [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]] # ''[[:en:Fit for 55|Fit for 55]] - [[Fit for 55]] === Eile === # ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] == Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch == '' The '''Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development''', also called '''Framework Programmes''' or abbreviated '''FP1''' to '''FP9''', are funding programmes created by the [[Aontas Eorpach]]/[[Coimisiún Eorpach]] to support and foster research in the [[European Research Area]] (ERA). Starting in 2014, the funding programmes were named '''Horizon'''. '' The funding programmes began in 1984 and continue to the present day. The most recent programme, [[Fís Eorpach]], has a budget of 95.5 billion Euros to be distributed over seven years. '' The specific objectives and actions vary between funding periods. In FP6 and FP7, focus was on technological research. In [[Fís 2020]], the focus was on innovation, delivering economic growth faster, and delivering solutions to end users that are often governmental agencies. == Stair Conducting European research policies and implementing European research programmes is an obligation under the [[Conradh Amstardam]], which includes a chapter on research and technological development. The programmes are defined by commission civil servants who are aided by various official advisory group and lobby groups. To advise the an Coimisiún Eorpach on the overall strategy to be followed in carrying out the Information and Communication Technology thematic priority, the Information Society Technologies Advisory Group (ISTAG) was set up. <ref name=:0>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | teideal = ISTAG website | foilsitheoir = cordis.lu | dáta = 20 Deireadh Fómhair 2011 | dátarochtana = 29 Samhain 2011 | archive-date=26 April 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426010836/http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | url-status=dead}}</ref> == The framework programmes '' The framework programmes, up until Framework Programme 6 (FP6), covered five-year periods; but from Framework Programme 7 (FP7) onward, programmes run for seven years. The Framework Programmes, and their budgets in billions of Euros, are presented in the table below. <ref name=>Artis, M. J. and F. Nixson, Eds. "The Economics of the European Union: Policy and Analysis" (4th ed.), Oxford University Press 2007</ref> For FP1–FP5, program expenditures were made in [[Aonad Airgeadra Eorpach]]; from FP6 onward budgets were in Euros. The values presented below are in Euros. {| class="wikitable" |- ! ID !! Framework programme !! Period !! Budget (billion €) |- | FP1 || First <ref name=céad>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31983Y0804(01) Council resolution of 25 July 1983 on framework programmes for Community research, development and demonstration activities and a first framework programme 1984 to 1987]; OJ C208 – 04/08/1983; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1984–1987 || 3.8 |- | FP2 || Second <ref name=dara>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31987D0516 Council Decision of 28 September 1987 concerning the framework programme for Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1987 to 1991)]; OJ L302 – 24 October 1987; 87/516/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1987–1991 || 5.4 |- | FP3 || Third <ref name=triú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31990D0221 Council Decision of 23 April 1990 concerning the framework Programme of Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1990 to 1994)]; OJ L117 – 08/05/1990; 90/221/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1990–1994 || 6.6 |- | FP4 || Fourth <ref name=ceathrú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31994D1110 Decision No 1110/94/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 April 1994 concerning the fourth framework programme of the European Community activities in the field of research and technological development and demonstration]; OJ L126 – 18 May 1994; No 1110/94/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1994–1998 || 13.2 |- | FP5 || Fifth <ref name=cúigiú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31999D0182 Decision No 182/1999/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 December 1998 concerning the fifth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities (1998 to 2002)]; OJ L26 – 01/02/1999; No 182/1999/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1998–2002 || 15.0 |- | FP6 || Sixth <ref name=seu>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32002D1513 Decision No 1513/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2002 concerning the sixth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities, contributing to the creation of the European Research Area and to innovation (2002 to 2006)]; OJ L232 – 29 August 2002; No 1513/2002/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 2002–2006 || 16.3 |- | FP7 || Seventh || 2007–2013 || 50.5 over seven years<br />+ 2.7 for [[Euratom]] over five years <ref name=fp7>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/understanding/fp7inbrief/structure_en.html | teideal = How is FP 7 structured? from FP7 in Brief | foilsitheoir = European Commission | dátarochtana = 31 Iúil 2011}}</ref> |- | FP8 || [[Fís 2020]] (ochtú) <ref name=Cordis2020>{{lua idirlín | teideal = The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_ga.cfm?pg=h2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Iúil 2012}}</ref> || 2014–2020 || 77 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/horizon2020/document.cfm?doc_id=17607 | teideal = Research and innovation funding: making a real difference | dáta =2016|website=European Commission |dátarochtana = 30 Eanáir 2018}}</ref> |- | FP9 || [[Fís Eorpach]] <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir =Cordis| teideal =The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_en.cfm?pg=h2020https://ec.europa.eu/info/horizon-europe-next-research-and-innovation-framework-programme_en|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> || 2021–2027 || 95.5 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/funding/funding-opportunities/funding-programmes-and-open-calls/horizon-europe_ga | teideal =Horizon Europe | dáta=22 December 2025 }}</ref> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://eufunds.me/what-is-the-budget-of-horizon-europe/ | teideal =What is the budget of Horizon Europe? | date=6 May 2021 }}</ref> |- | FP10 | Horizon Europe | 2028-2034 | 175 (''proposal'') <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal =EU budget 2028-2034 | url = https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/eu-budget/long-term-eu-budget/eu-budget-2028-2034_en |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=commission.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> |} == Funding instruments === FP6 and FP7 === {{anchor|Framework Programme 7}} '' Framework Programme 6 and 7 (2002–2013) projects were generally funded through '''instruments''', the most important of which included: * Integrating Project (IP) * Network of Excellence (NoE) * Specific Targeted Research Projects (STReP) * Joint Technology Initiatives (JTI) === Fís 2020<!--athsheolann 'Fís 2020' anseo --> === [[Íomhá:Horizon 2020 Logo.png | mion | Lógó Fhís 2020]] '' '''Horizon 2020''' was the eighth framework programme (FP8) funding research, technological development, and innovation. The programme's name has been modified to "Framework Programme for Research and Innovation".<ref name=Cordis2020 /> == Feedback and improvements '' The programmes have been criticized on various grounds, such as actually diminishing Europe's industrial competitiveness <ref name=>''Financial Control and Fraud in the Community''. House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, 12th Report. London: HMSO (1994).</ref> and failing to deliver fundamental excellence and global economic competitiveness. <ref name=>H. Matthews, The 7th EU research framework programme. ''Nanotechnol. Perceptions'' '''1''' (2005) 99–105.</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = }} == Fit for 55 == Caoi chun 55 Is pacáiste airgeadais de chuid an [[Aontas Eorpach|Aontais Eorpaigh]] é '''Oiriúnach do 55'''<ref name=iate /> nó ''Caoi chun 55'' (Béarla: '''Fit for 55''') chun [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] a laghdú le 55% faoin mbliain 2030.<ref name=Politico /> Is cuid den {{h|Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip}}, leagtha amach ar dtús i mí Nollag 2019.<ref name=egd /> Tar éis dó a bheith molta ag [[an Coimisiún Eorpach|gCoimisiún]] i mí Iúil 2021,<ref name=carbonbrief /> glacadh é sa bhliain 2023.<ref name=ec2023 /> I measc BBB san phacáiste, tá tacaíocht d'iompar glan, [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], agus taraif darb ainm [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha]] (SCCT) ar astaíochtaí carbóin ó thíortha nach bhfuil bearta acu chun gáis ceaptha teasa a laghdú.<ref name=Politico /> Moltar ann go gcuirfí iompair agus sa [[Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí an Aontais Eorpaigh|Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí]] isteach. I gcomórtas leis an bplean neodrachta molta ag an n[[Gníomhaireacht Fuinnimh Idirnáisiúnta]], tá ann níos mó beart chun fuinneamh inacmhainne a chur ar fáil.<ref name=Pavlovic2021 /> '' As of August 2024, all Fit for 55 proposals had been adopted by the European Parliament and the Council, except the Energy Taxation Directive.<ref name=epthink2024 /> == Reachtaíocht '' The legislation is complicated due to the high level of democratic processes in the European Union. The [[European Commission|Commission]] sent proposals of the new law to the [[European Council|council]] and [[European Parliament]]. The Council started discussions including representatives of all 27 member states on the legislative proposals in working parties on an expert level. Based on that exchange the Permanent Representative Committee continues discussions preparing the ground for the council meeting of ministers. The Fit for 55 package proposals are discussed in multiple council formations such as environment, energy, transport, economy and finance. After the ministers of each branch found joint positions trilogues including meetings with representatives of the council, parliament and commission start. The larger part of the proposals stick to the regular legislative process of trilogues.<ref name=consilium2023 /> == Téamaí * Trádáil agus ísliú astaíochtaí * Ciste Aeráide Sóisialta * Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar theorainneacha (SCCT) * Úsáid talún agus foraoiseacht * Breosla mhalartaigh * Fuinneamh glas * Éifeachtúlacht fuinnimh * Sustainable buildings * Hidrigin * Cáin fuinnimh<ref name=consiliumff55 /> == Próiseas '' When the bill for carbon market legislation was designed, the conservative fraction in the European Parliament initially weakened the bill. The amended bill was defeated as the social democrats voted against. The final accepted compromise became stronger in {{CO2}} emission reduction than the proposal from the European Commission.<ref name=Chahim2022 /> == Criticism '' The environmental organization [[Greenpeace]] criticized the package for not being suitable for halting [[global warming]] and the associated destruction of important life-support systems because the target envisaged was too low. The organization criticized the classification of [[bioenergy]] as [[renewable energy]] and the sale of non-emission-free cars by 2035.<ref name=greenpeace /> '' In August 2023, the Polish government filed a series of complaints with the [[Court of Justice of the European Union|European Court of Justice]] against provisions that are part of the Fit for 55 package, claiming that EU climate policies threaten [[Poland]]'s economy and [[energy security]].<ref name=euronews2023 /> == Employment impact '' The EU's Fit for 55 climate package is projected to create a net 204,000 jobs by 2030, adding to the baseline growth of 6.7 million jobs. Employment effects will vary by region, with negative impacts likely in eastern Europe due to reliance on [[carbon-intensive]] industries, and positive impacts in regions with [[green energy]] infrastructure.<ref name=eurofound2023 /> == Féach freisin * [[Climate change in Europe#Climate targets]] * [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/3591091/ga | teideal = Téarma: Oiriúnach do 55 | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 2026-08-10}}</ref> <ref name=Politico>{{cite news | sloinne = Oroschakoff | ainm = Kalina | teideal = 5 things to know about EU's Fit for 55 climate package | url = https://www.politico.eu/article/fit-for-55-eu-5-things-to-know/ | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = politico.eu | dáta = 21 Meitheamh 2021}}</ref> <ref name=Pavlovic2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Pavlovic | ainm = Ivan | teideal = Comparing the EU's 'Fit for 55' roadmap and the IEA's net-zero scenario | url = https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/opinion/comparing-the-eus-fit-for-55-roadmap-and-the-ieas-net-zero-scenario/ | work = Euractiv | dáta = 12 Samhain 2021}}</ref> <ref name=egd>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Coimisiún Eorpach]] | dáta = 11 Nollaig 2019 | teideal = The European Green Deal | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/ip_19_6691 | work = ec.europa.eu/}}</ref> <ref name=carbonbrief>{{cite news | teideal = Q&A: How 'Fit for 55' reforms will help EU meet its climate goals | url = https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-fit-for-55-reforms-will-help-eu-meet-its-climate-goals | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = Carbon Brief | dáta = 20 Iúil 2021 | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=ec2023>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Fáilte curtha ag an gCoimisiún roimh chur i gcrích phríomhreachtaíocht ‘Oiriúnach do 55', rud a chuir an tAontas ar an mbóthar ceart chun spriocanna 2030 a shárú | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/IP_23_4754 | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2024 | work = European Commission | dáta = 9 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | teanga = ga}}</ref> <ref name=epthink2024>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 1 Lúnasa 2024 | teideal = Fit for 55 package | url = https://epthinktank.eu/2024/08/01/fit-for-55-package/ | dátarochtana = 12 Deireadh Fómhair 2025 | work = European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS)}}</ref> <ref name=consilium2023>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]] | dáta = 3 Bealtaine 2023 | teideal = Infographic - Oiriúnach do 55: an chaoi a ndéanfaidh an tAontas dlí de spriocanna aeráide | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/infographics/fit-for-55-how-the-eu-will-turn-climate-goals-into-law/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=consiliumff55>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = European council | teideal = Oiriúnach do 55 | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/policies/green-deal/fit-for-55-the-eu-plan-for-a-green-transition/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=Chahim2022>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2022-10-12 | teideal = Mohammed Chahim | url = https://www.politico.eu/list/green-28-class-of-2023-the-ranking/mohammed-chahim/ | dátarochtana = 2023-10-10 | work = Politico | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=greenpeace>{{lua idirlín | teideal = EU Commission 'Fit for 55' package unfit to contain climate crisis | url = https://www.greenpeace.org/eu-unit/issues/climate-energy/45795/eu-commission-fit-for-55-package-unfit-to-contain-climate-crisis | dátarochtana = 2023-04-08 | work = Greenpeace European Unit | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=euronews2023>{{cite news | teideal = Poland files lawsuit against key EU climate policies | url = https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/08/28/poland-asks-eu-court-of-justice-to-cancel-three-eu-climate-policies | work = Euractiv | dáta = 29 Lúnasa 2023}}</ref> <ref name=eurofound2023>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Fit for 55 climate package: Impact on EU employment by 2030 | url = https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ga/publications/2023/fit-55-climate-package-impact-eu-employment-2030 | dátarochtana = 2024-01-20 | work = www.eurofound.europa.eu | teanga = en}}</ref> }} [[Category:Carbon emissions in the European Union]] [[Category:Climate change in the European Union]] [[Category:Energy policies and initiatives of the European Union]] [[Category:Renewable energy law]] [[Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ cdazltpcdlspcdl03hw4dwpkeltq0au 1325150 1325149 2026-08-15T18:14:22Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Fit for 55 */ 1325150 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] === Cúiseanna nua === # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission # [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] # ''[[:en:Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development|Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development]] - [[Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]] # ''[[:en:Horizon 2020|Horizon 2020]]'' - [[Fís 2020]], #* [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]] # ''[[:en:Fit for 55|Fit for 55]] - [[Fit for 55]] === Eile === # ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] == Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch == '' The '''Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development''', also called '''Framework Programmes''' or abbreviated '''FP1''' to '''FP9''', are funding programmes created by the [[Aontas Eorpach]]/[[Coimisiún Eorpach]] to support and foster research in the [[European Research Area]] (ERA). Starting in 2014, the funding programmes were named '''Horizon'''. '' The funding programmes began in 1984 and continue to the present day. The most recent programme, [[Fís Eorpach]], has a budget of 95.5 billion Euros to be distributed over seven years. '' The specific objectives and actions vary between funding periods. In FP6 and FP7, focus was on technological research. In [[Fís 2020]], the focus was on innovation, delivering economic growth faster, and delivering solutions to end users that are often governmental agencies. == Stair Conducting European research policies and implementing European research programmes is an obligation under the [[Conradh Amstardam]], which includes a chapter on research and technological development. The programmes are defined by commission civil servants who are aided by various official advisory group and lobby groups. To advise the an Coimisiún Eorpach on the overall strategy to be followed in carrying out the Information and Communication Technology thematic priority, the Information Society Technologies Advisory Group (ISTAG) was set up. <ref name=:0>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | teideal = ISTAG website | foilsitheoir = cordis.lu | dáta = 20 Deireadh Fómhair 2011 | dátarochtana = 29 Samhain 2011 | archive-date=26 April 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426010836/http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | url-status=dead}}</ref> == The framework programmes '' The framework programmes, up until Framework Programme 6 (FP6), covered five-year periods; but from Framework Programme 7 (FP7) onward, programmes run for seven years. The Framework Programmes, and their budgets in billions of Euros, are presented in the table below. <ref name=>Artis, M. J. and F. Nixson, Eds. "The Economics of the European Union: Policy and Analysis" (4th ed.), Oxford University Press 2007</ref> For FP1–FP5, program expenditures were made in [[Aonad Airgeadra Eorpach]]; from FP6 onward budgets were in Euros. The values presented below are in Euros. {| class="wikitable" |- ! ID !! Framework programme !! Period !! Budget (billion €) |- | FP1 || First <ref name=céad>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31983Y0804(01) Council resolution of 25 July 1983 on framework programmes for Community research, development and demonstration activities and a first framework programme 1984 to 1987]; OJ C208 – 04/08/1983; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1984–1987 || 3.8 |- | FP2 || Second <ref name=dara>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31987D0516 Council Decision of 28 September 1987 concerning the framework programme for Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1987 to 1991)]; OJ L302 – 24 October 1987; 87/516/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1987–1991 || 5.4 |- | FP3 || Third <ref name=triú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31990D0221 Council Decision of 23 April 1990 concerning the framework Programme of Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1990 to 1994)]; OJ L117 – 08/05/1990; 90/221/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1990–1994 || 6.6 |- | FP4 || Fourth <ref name=ceathrú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31994D1110 Decision No 1110/94/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 April 1994 concerning the fourth framework programme of the European Community activities in the field of research and technological development and demonstration]; OJ L126 – 18 May 1994; No 1110/94/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1994–1998 || 13.2 |- | FP5 || Fifth <ref name=cúigiú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31999D0182 Decision No 182/1999/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 December 1998 concerning the fifth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities (1998 to 2002)]; OJ L26 – 01/02/1999; No 182/1999/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1998–2002 || 15.0 |- | FP6 || Sixth <ref name=seu>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32002D1513 Decision No 1513/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2002 concerning the sixth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities, contributing to the creation of the European Research Area and to innovation (2002 to 2006)]; OJ L232 – 29 August 2002; No 1513/2002/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 2002–2006 || 16.3 |- | FP7 || Seventh || 2007–2013 || 50.5 over seven years<br />+ 2.7 for [[Euratom]] over five years <ref name=fp7>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/understanding/fp7inbrief/structure_en.html | teideal = How is FP 7 structured? from FP7 in Brief | foilsitheoir = European Commission | dátarochtana = 31 Iúil 2011}}</ref> |- | FP8 || [[Fís 2020]] (ochtú) <ref name=Cordis2020>{{lua idirlín | teideal = The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_ga.cfm?pg=h2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Iúil 2012}}</ref> || 2014–2020 || 77 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/horizon2020/document.cfm?doc_id=17607 | teideal = Research and innovation funding: making a real difference | dáta =2016|website=European Commission |dátarochtana = 30 Eanáir 2018}}</ref> |- | FP9 || [[Fís Eorpach]] <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir =Cordis| teideal =The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_en.cfm?pg=h2020https://ec.europa.eu/info/horizon-europe-next-research-and-innovation-framework-programme_en|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> || 2021–2027 || 95.5 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/funding/funding-opportunities/funding-programmes-and-open-calls/horizon-europe_ga | teideal =Horizon Europe | dáta=22 December 2025 }}</ref> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://eufunds.me/what-is-the-budget-of-horizon-europe/ | teideal =What is the budget of Horizon Europe? | date=6 May 2021 }}</ref> |- | FP10 | Horizon Europe | 2028-2034 | 175 (''proposal'') <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal =EU budget 2028-2034 | url = https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/eu-budget/long-term-eu-budget/eu-budget-2028-2034_en |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=commission.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> |} == Funding instruments === FP6 and FP7 === {{anchor|Framework Programme 7}} '' Framework Programme 6 and 7 (2002–2013) projects were generally funded through '''instruments''', the most important of which included: * Integrating Project (IP) * Network of Excellence (NoE) * Specific Targeted Research Projects (STReP) * Joint Technology Initiatives (JTI) === Fís 2020<!--athsheolann 'Fís 2020' anseo --> === [[Íomhá:Horizon 2020 Logo.png | mion | Lógó Fhís 2020]] '' '''Horizon 2020''' was the eighth framework programme (FP8) funding research, technological development, and innovation. The programme's name has been modified to "Framework Programme for Research and Innovation".<ref name=Cordis2020 /> == Feedback and improvements '' The programmes have been criticized on various grounds, such as actually diminishing Europe's industrial competitiveness <ref name=>''Financial Control and Fraud in the Community''. House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, 12th Report. London: HMSO (1994).</ref> and failing to deliver fundamental excellence and global economic competitiveness. <ref name=>H. Matthews, The 7th EU research framework programme. ''Nanotechnol. Perceptions'' '''1''' (2005) 99–105.</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = }} == Fit for 55 == Caoi chun 55 Is pacáiste airgeadais de chuid an [[Aontas Eorpach|Aontais Eorpaigh]] é '''Oiriúnach do 55'''<ref name=iate /> nó ''Caoi chun 55'' (Béarla: '''Fit for 55''') chun [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] a laghdú le 55% faoin mbliain 2030.<ref name=Politico /> Is cuid den {{h|Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip}}, leagtha amach ar dtús i mí Nollag 2019.<ref name=egd /> Tar éis dó a bheith molta ag [[an Coimisiún Eorpach|gCoimisiún]] i mí Iúil 2021,<ref name=carbonbrief /> glacadh é sa bhliain 2023.<ref name=ec2023 /> I measc BBB san phacáiste, tá tacaíocht d'iompar glan, [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], agus taraif darb ainm [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha]] (SCCT) ar astaíochtaí carbóin ó thíortha nach bhfuil bearta acu chun gáis ceaptha teasa a laghdú.<ref name=Politico /> Moltar ann go gcuirfí iompair agus sa [[Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí an Aontais Eorpaigh|Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí]] isteach. I gcomórtas leis an bplean neodrachta molta ag an n[[Gníomhaireacht Fuinnimh Idirnáisiúnta]], tá ann níos mó beart chun fuinneamh inacmhainne a chur ar fáil.<ref name=Pavlovic2021 /> As mí Lúnasa 2024 ar aghaidh, tá gach moladh in ''Fit for 55'' glactha ag [[Parlaimint na hEorpa]] agus [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]], seachas an Treoir maidir le Cánachas Fuinnimh.<ref name=epthink2024 /> == Reachtaíocht '' The legislation is complicated due to the high level of democratic processes in the European Union. The [[European Commission|Commission]] sent proposals of the new law to the [[European Council|council]] and [[European Parliament]]. The Council started discussions including representatives of all 27 member states on the legislative proposals in working parties on an expert level. Based on that exchange the Permanent Representative Committee continues discussions preparing the ground for the council meeting of ministers. The Fit for 55 package proposals are discussed in multiple council formations such as environment, energy, transport, economy and finance. After the ministers of each branch found joint positions trilogues including meetings with representatives of the council, parliament and commission start. The larger part of the proposals stick to the regular legislative process of trilogues.<ref name=consilium2023 /> == Téamaí * Trádáil agus ísliú astaíochtaí * Ciste Aeráide Sóisialta * Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar theorainneacha (SCCT) * Úsáid talún agus foraoiseacht * Breosla mhalartaigh * Fuinneamh glas * Éifeachtúlacht fuinnimh * Sustainable buildings * Hidrigin * Cáin fuinnimh<ref name=consiliumff55 /> == Próiseas '' When the bill for carbon market legislation was designed, the conservative fraction in the European Parliament initially weakened the bill. The amended bill was defeated as the social democrats voted against. The final accepted compromise became stronger in {{CO2}} emission reduction than the proposal from the European Commission.<ref name=Chahim2022 /> == Criticism '' The environmental organization [[Greenpeace]] criticized the package for not being suitable for halting [[global warming]] and the associated destruction of important life-support systems because the target envisaged was too low. The organization criticized the classification of [[bioenergy]] as [[renewable energy]] and the sale of non-emission-free cars by 2035.<ref name=greenpeace /> '' In August 2023, the Polish government filed a series of complaints with the [[Court of Justice of the European Union|European Court of Justice]] against provisions that are part of the Fit for 55 package, claiming that EU climate policies threaten [[Poland]]'s economy and [[energy security]].<ref name=euronews2023 /> == Employment impact '' The EU's Fit for 55 climate package is projected to create a net 204,000 jobs by 2030, adding to the baseline growth of 6.7 million jobs. Employment effects will vary by region, with negative impacts likely in eastern Europe due to reliance on [[carbon-intensive]] industries, and positive impacts in regions with [[green energy]] infrastructure.<ref name=eurofound2023 /> == Féach freisin * [[Climate change in Europe#Climate targets]] * [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/3591091/ga | teideal = Téarma: Oiriúnach do 55 | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 2026-08-10}}</ref> <ref name=Politico>{{cite news | sloinne = Oroschakoff | ainm = Kalina | teideal = 5 things to know about EU's Fit for 55 climate package | url = https://www.politico.eu/article/fit-for-55-eu-5-things-to-know/ | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = politico.eu | dáta = 21 Meitheamh 2021}}</ref> <ref name=Pavlovic2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Pavlovic | ainm = Ivan | teideal = Comparing the EU's 'Fit for 55' roadmap and the IEA's net-zero scenario | url = https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/opinion/comparing-the-eus-fit-for-55-roadmap-and-the-ieas-net-zero-scenario/ | work = Euractiv | dáta = 12 Samhain 2021}}</ref> <ref name=egd>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Coimisiún Eorpach]] | dáta = 11 Nollaig 2019 | teideal = The European Green Deal | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/ip_19_6691 | work = ec.europa.eu/}}</ref> <ref name=carbonbrief>{{cite news | teideal = Q&A: How 'Fit for 55' reforms will help EU meet its climate goals | url = https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-fit-for-55-reforms-will-help-eu-meet-its-climate-goals | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = Carbon Brief | dáta = 20 Iúil 2021 | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=ec2023>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Fáilte curtha ag an gCoimisiún roimh chur i gcrích phríomhreachtaíocht ‘Oiriúnach do 55', rud a chuir an tAontas ar an mbóthar ceart chun spriocanna 2030 a shárú | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/IP_23_4754 | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2024 | work = European Commission | dáta = 9 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | teanga = ga}}</ref> <ref name=epthink2024>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 1 Lúnasa 2024 | teideal = Fit for 55 package | url = https://epthinktank.eu/2024/08/01/fit-for-55-package/ | dátarochtana = 12 Deireadh Fómhair 2025 | work = European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS)}}</ref> <ref name=consilium2023>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]] | dáta = 3 Bealtaine 2023 | teideal = Infographic - Oiriúnach do 55: an chaoi a ndéanfaidh an tAontas dlí de spriocanna aeráide | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/infographics/fit-for-55-how-the-eu-will-turn-climate-goals-into-law/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=consiliumff55>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = European council | teideal = Oiriúnach do 55 | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/policies/green-deal/fit-for-55-the-eu-plan-for-a-green-transition/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=Chahim2022>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2022-10-12 | teideal = Mohammed Chahim | url = https://www.politico.eu/list/green-28-class-of-2023-the-ranking/mohammed-chahim/ | dátarochtana = 2023-10-10 | work = Politico | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=greenpeace>{{lua idirlín | teideal = EU Commission 'Fit for 55' package unfit to contain climate crisis | url = https://www.greenpeace.org/eu-unit/issues/climate-energy/45795/eu-commission-fit-for-55-package-unfit-to-contain-climate-crisis | dátarochtana = 2023-04-08 | work = Greenpeace European Unit | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=euronews2023>{{cite news | teideal = Poland files lawsuit against key EU climate policies | url = https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/08/28/poland-asks-eu-court-of-justice-to-cancel-three-eu-climate-policies | work = Euractiv | dáta = 29 Lúnasa 2023}}</ref> <ref name=eurofound2023>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Fit for 55 climate package: Impact on EU employment by 2030 | url = https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ga/publications/2023/fit-55-climate-package-impact-eu-employment-2030 | dátarochtana = 2024-01-20 | work = www.eurofound.europa.eu | teanga = en}}</ref> }} [[Category:Carbon emissions in the European Union]] [[Category:Climate change in the European Union]] [[Category:Energy policies and initiatives of the European Union]] [[Category:Renewable energy law]] [[Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ mp3eej9fushptsoolr0zuitic7jzq6i 1325151 1325150 2026-08-15T18:19:17Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Aontas Eorpach */ 1325151 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] === Cúiseanna nua === # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission # [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] # ''[[:en:Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development|Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development]] - [[Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]] # ''[[:en:Horizon 2020|Horizon 2020]]'' - [[Fís 2020]], #* [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]] # ''[[:en:Fit for 55|Fit for 55]] - [[Fit for 55]] # ''[[:en:EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism]]'' - [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Eile === # ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] == Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch == '' The '''Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development''', also called '''Framework Programmes''' or abbreviated '''FP1''' to '''FP9''', are funding programmes created by the [[Aontas Eorpach]]/[[Coimisiún Eorpach]] to support and foster research in the [[European Research Area]] (ERA). Starting in 2014, the funding programmes were named '''Horizon'''. '' The funding programmes began in 1984 and continue to the present day. The most recent programme, [[Fís Eorpach]], has a budget of 95.5 billion Euros to be distributed over seven years. '' The specific objectives and actions vary between funding periods. In FP6 and FP7, focus was on technological research. In [[Fís 2020]], the focus was on innovation, delivering economic growth faster, and delivering solutions to end users that are often governmental agencies. == Stair Conducting European research policies and implementing European research programmes is an obligation under the [[Conradh Amstardam]], which includes a chapter on research and technological development. The programmes are defined by commission civil servants who are aided by various official advisory group and lobby groups. To advise the an Coimisiún Eorpach on the overall strategy to be followed in carrying out the Information and Communication Technology thematic priority, the Information Society Technologies Advisory Group (ISTAG) was set up. <ref name=:0>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | teideal = ISTAG website | foilsitheoir = cordis.lu | dáta = 20 Deireadh Fómhair 2011 | dátarochtana = 29 Samhain 2011 | archive-date=26 April 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426010836/http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | url-status=dead}}</ref> == The framework programmes '' The framework programmes, up until Framework Programme 6 (FP6), covered five-year periods; but from Framework Programme 7 (FP7) onward, programmes run for seven years. The Framework Programmes, and their budgets in billions of Euros, are presented in the table below. <ref name=>Artis, M. J. and F. Nixson, Eds. "The Economics of the European Union: Policy and Analysis" (4th ed.), Oxford University Press 2007</ref> For FP1–FP5, program expenditures were made in [[Aonad Airgeadra Eorpach]]; from FP6 onward budgets were in Euros. The values presented below are in Euros. {| class="wikitable" |- ! ID !! Framework programme !! Period !! Budget (billion €) |- | FP1 || First <ref name=céad>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31983Y0804(01) Council resolution of 25 July 1983 on framework programmes for Community research, development and demonstration activities and a first framework programme 1984 to 1987]; OJ C208 – 04/08/1983; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1984–1987 || 3.8 |- | FP2 || Second <ref name=dara>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31987D0516 Council Decision of 28 September 1987 concerning the framework programme for Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1987 to 1991)]; OJ L302 – 24 October 1987; 87/516/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1987–1991 || 5.4 |- | FP3 || Third <ref name=triú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31990D0221 Council Decision of 23 April 1990 concerning the framework Programme of Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1990 to 1994)]; OJ L117 – 08/05/1990; 90/221/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1990–1994 || 6.6 |- | FP4 || Fourth <ref name=ceathrú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31994D1110 Decision No 1110/94/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 April 1994 concerning the fourth framework programme of the European Community activities in the field of research and technological development and demonstration]; OJ L126 – 18 May 1994; No 1110/94/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1994–1998 || 13.2 |- | FP5 || Fifth <ref name=cúigiú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31999D0182 Decision No 182/1999/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 December 1998 concerning the fifth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities (1998 to 2002)]; OJ L26 – 01/02/1999; No 182/1999/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1998–2002 || 15.0 |- | FP6 || Sixth <ref name=seu>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32002D1513 Decision No 1513/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2002 concerning the sixth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities, contributing to the creation of the European Research Area and to innovation (2002 to 2006)]; OJ L232 – 29 August 2002; No 1513/2002/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 2002–2006 || 16.3 |- | FP7 || Seventh || 2007–2013 || 50.5 over seven years<br />+ 2.7 for [[Euratom]] over five years <ref name=fp7>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/understanding/fp7inbrief/structure_en.html | teideal = How is FP 7 structured? from FP7 in Brief | foilsitheoir = European Commission | dátarochtana = 31 Iúil 2011}}</ref> |- | FP8 || [[Fís 2020]] (ochtú) <ref name=Cordis2020>{{lua idirlín | teideal = The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_ga.cfm?pg=h2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Iúil 2012}}</ref> || 2014–2020 || 77 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/horizon2020/document.cfm?doc_id=17607 | teideal = Research and innovation funding: making a real difference | dáta =2016|website=European Commission |dátarochtana = 30 Eanáir 2018}}</ref> |- | FP9 || [[Fís Eorpach]] <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir =Cordis| teideal =The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_en.cfm?pg=h2020https://ec.europa.eu/info/horizon-europe-next-research-and-innovation-framework-programme_en|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> || 2021–2027 || 95.5 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/funding/funding-opportunities/funding-programmes-and-open-calls/horizon-europe_ga | teideal =Horizon Europe | dáta=22 December 2025 }}</ref> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://eufunds.me/what-is-the-budget-of-horizon-europe/ | teideal =What is the budget of Horizon Europe? | date=6 May 2021 }}</ref> |- | FP10 | Horizon Europe | 2028-2034 | 175 (''proposal'') <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal =EU budget 2028-2034 | url = https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/eu-budget/long-term-eu-budget/eu-budget-2028-2034_en |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=commission.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> |} == Funding instruments === FP6 and FP7 === {{anchor|Framework Programme 7}} '' Framework Programme 6 and 7 (2002–2013) projects were generally funded through '''instruments''', the most important of which included: * Integrating Project (IP) * Network of Excellence (NoE) * Specific Targeted Research Projects (STReP) * Joint Technology Initiatives (JTI) === Fís 2020<!--athsheolann 'Fís 2020' anseo --> === [[Íomhá:Horizon 2020 Logo.png | mion | Lógó Fhís 2020]] '' '''Horizon 2020''' was the eighth framework programme (FP8) funding research, technological development, and innovation. The programme's name has been modified to "Framework Programme for Research and Innovation".<ref name=Cordis2020 /> == Feedback and improvements '' The programmes have been criticized on various grounds, such as actually diminishing Europe's industrial competitiveness <ref name=>''Financial Control and Fraud in the Community''. House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, 12th Report. London: HMSO (1994).</ref> and failing to deliver fundamental excellence and global economic competitiveness. <ref name=>H. Matthews, The 7th EU research framework programme. ''Nanotechnol. Perceptions'' '''1''' (2005) 99–105.</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = }} == Fit for 55 == Caoi chun 55 Is pacáiste airgeadais de chuid an [[Aontas Eorpach|Aontais Eorpaigh]] é '''Oiriúnach do 55'''<ref name=iate /> nó ''Caoi chun 55'' (Béarla: '''Fit for 55''') chun [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] a laghdú le 55% faoin mbliain 2030.<ref name=Politico /> Is cuid den {{h|Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip}}, leagtha amach ar dtús i mí Nollag 2019.<ref name=egd /> Tar éis dó a bheith molta ag [[an Coimisiún Eorpach|gCoimisiún]] i mí Iúil 2021,<ref name=carbonbrief /> glacadh é sa bhliain 2023.<ref name=ec2023 /> I measc BBB san phacáiste, tá tacaíocht d'iompar glan, [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], agus taraif darb ainm [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha]] (SCCT) ar astaíochtaí carbóin ó thíortha nach bhfuil bearta acu chun gáis ceaptha teasa a laghdú.<ref name=Politico /> Moltar ann go gcuirfí iompair agus sa [[Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí an Aontais Eorpaigh|Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí]] isteach. I gcomórtas leis an bplean neodrachta molta ag an n[[Gníomhaireacht Fuinnimh Idirnáisiúnta]], tá ann níos mó beart chun fuinneamh inacmhainne a chur ar fáil.<ref name=Pavlovic2021 /> As mí Lúnasa 2024 ar aghaidh, tá gach moladh in ''Fit for 55'' glactha ag [[Parlaimint na hEorpa]] agus [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]], seachas an Treoir maidir le Cánachas Fuinnimh.<ref name=epthink2024 /> == Reachtaíocht '' The legislation is complicated due to the high level of democratic processes in the European Union. The [[European Commission|Commission]] sent proposals of the new law to the [[European Council|council]] and [[European Parliament]]. The Council started discussions including representatives of all 27 member states on the legislative proposals in working parties on an expert level. Based on that exchange the Permanent Representative Committee continues discussions preparing the ground for the council meeting of ministers. The Fit for 55 package proposals are discussed in multiple council formations such as environment, energy, transport, economy and finance. After the ministers of each branch found joint positions trilogues including meetings with representatives of the council, parliament and commission start. The larger part of the proposals stick to the regular legislative process of trilogues.<ref name=consilium2023 /> == Téamaí * Trádáil agus ísliú astaíochtaí * Ciste Aeráide Sóisialta * Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar theorainneacha (SCCT) * Úsáid talún agus foraoiseacht * Breosla mhalartaigh * Fuinneamh glas * Éifeachtúlacht fuinnimh * Sustainable buildings * Hidrigin * Cáin fuinnimh<ref name=consiliumff55 /> == Próiseas '' When the bill for carbon market legislation was designed, the conservative fraction in the European Parliament initially weakened the bill. The amended bill was defeated as the social democrats voted against. The final accepted compromise became stronger in {{CO2}} emission reduction than the proposal from the European Commission.<ref name=Chahim2022 /> == Criticism '' The environmental organization [[Greenpeace]] criticized the package for not being suitable for halting [[global warming]] and the associated destruction of important life-support systems because the target envisaged was too low. The organization criticized the classification of [[bioenergy]] as [[renewable energy]] and the sale of non-emission-free cars by 2035.<ref name=greenpeace /> '' In August 2023, the Polish government filed a series of complaints with the [[Court of Justice of the European Union|European Court of Justice]] against provisions that are part of the Fit for 55 package, claiming that EU climate policies threaten [[Poland]]'s economy and [[energy security]].<ref name=euronews2023 /> == Employment impact '' The EU's Fit for 55 climate package is projected to create a net 204,000 jobs by 2030, adding to the baseline growth of 6.7 million jobs. Employment effects will vary by region, with negative impacts likely in eastern Europe due to reliance on [[carbon-intensive]] industries, and positive impacts in regions with [[green energy]] infrastructure.<ref name=eurofound2023 /> == Féach freisin * [[Climate change in Europe#Climate targets]] * [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/3591091/ga | teideal = Téarma: Oiriúnach do 55 | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 2026-08-10}}</ref> <ref name=Politico>{{cite news | sloinne = Oroschakoff | ainm = Kalina | teideal = 5 things to know about EU's Fit for 55 climate package | url = https://www.politico.eu/article/fit-for-55-eu-5-things-to-know/ | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = politico.eu | dáta = 21 Meitheamh 2021}}</ref> <ref name=Pavlovic2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Pavlovic | ainm = Ivan | teideal = Comparing the EU's 'Fit for 55' roadmap and the IEA's net-zero scenario | url = https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/opinion/comparing-the-eus-fit-for-55-roadmap-and-the-ieas-net-zero-scenario/ | work = Euractiv | dáta = 12 Samhain 2021}}</ref> <ref name=egd>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Coimisiún Eorpach]] | dáta = 11 Nollaig 2019 | teideal = The European Green Deal | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/ip_19_6691 | work = ec.europa.eu/}}</ref> <ref name=carbonbrief>{{cite news | teideal = Q&A: How 'Fit for 55' reforms will help EU meet its climate goals | url = https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-fit-for-55-reforms-will-help-eu-meet-its-climate-goals | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = Carbon Brief | dáta = 20 Iúil 2021 | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=ec2023>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Fáilte curtha ag an gCoimisiún roimh chur i gcrích phríomhreachtaíocht ‘Oiriúnach do 55', rud a chuir an tAontas ar an mbóthar ceart chun spriocanna 2030 a shárú | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/IP_23_4754 | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2024 | work = European Commission | dáta = 9 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | teanga = ga}}</ref> <ref name=epthink2024>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 1 Lúnasa 2024 | teideal = Fit for 55 package | url = https://epthinktank.eu/2024/08/01/fit-for-55-package/ | dátarochtana = 12 Deireadh Fómhair 2025 | work = European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS)}}</ref> <ref name=consilium2023>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]] | dáta = 3 Bealtaine 2023 | teideal = Infographic - Oiriúnach do 55: an chaoi a ndéanfaidh an tAontas dlí de spriocanna aeráide | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/infographics/fit-for-55-how-the-eu-will-turn-climate-goals-into-law/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=consiliumff55>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = European council | teideal = Oiriúnach do 55 | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/policies/green-deal/fit-for-55-the-eu-plan-for-a-green-transition/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=Chahim2022>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2022-10-12 | teideal = Mohammed Chahim | url = https://www.politico.eu/list/green-28-class-of-2023-the-ranking/mohammed-chahim/ | dátarochtana = 2023-10-10 | work = Politico | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=greenpeace>{{lua idirlín | teideal = EU Commission 'Fit for 55' package unfit to contain climate crisis | url = https://www.greenpeace.org/eu-unit/issues/climate-energy/45795/eu-commission-fit-for-55-package-unfit-to-contain-climate-crisis | dátarochtana = 2023-04-08 | work = Greenpeace European Unit | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=euronews2023>{{cite news | teideal = Poland files lawsuit against key EU climate policies | url = https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/08/28/poland-asks-eu-court-of-justice-to-cancel-three-eu-climate-policies | work = Euractiv | dáta = 29 Lúnasa 2023}}</ref> <ref name=eurofound2023>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Fit for 55 climate package: Impact on EU employment by 2030 | url = https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ga/publications/2023/fit-55-climate-package-impact-eu-employment-2030 | dátarochtana = 2024-01-20 | work = www.eurofound.europa.eu | teanga = en}}</ref> }} [[Category:Carbon emissions in the European Union]] [[Category:Climate change in the European Union]] [[Category:Energy policies and initiatives of the European Union]] [[Category:Renewable energy law]] [[Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ m2rvkjthwa9jengqkk8ijjtsga49x2t 1325152 1325151 2026-08-15T18:19:53Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Aontas Eorpach */ 1325152 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] === Cúiseanna nua === # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission # [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] # ''[[:en:Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development|Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development]] - [[Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]] # ''[[:en:Horizon 2020|Horizon 2020]]'' - [[Fís 2020]], #* [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]] # ''[[:en:Fit for 55|Fit for 55]] - [[Fit for 55]] # ''[[:en:EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism|EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism]]'' - [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Eile === # ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] == Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch == '' The '''Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development''', also called '''Framework Programmes''' or abbreviated '''FP1''' to '''FP9''', are funding programmes created by the [[Aontas Eorpach]]/[[Coimisiún Eorpach]] to support and foster research in the [[European Research Area]] (ERA). Starting in 2014, the funding programmes were named '''Horizon'''. '' The funding programmes began in 1984 and continue to the present day. The most recent programme, [[Fís Eorpach]], has a budget of 95.5 billion Euros to be distributed over seven years. '' The specific objectives and actions vary between funding periods. In FP6 and FP7, focus was on technological research. In [[Fís 2020]], the focus was on innovation, delivering economic growth faster, and delivering solutions to end users that are often governmental agencies. == Stair Conducting European research policies and implementing European research programmes is an obligation under the [[Conradh Amstardam]], which includes a chapter on research and technological development. The programmes are defined by commission civil servants who are aided by various official advisory group and lobby groups. To advise the an Coimisiún Eorpach on the overall strategy to be followed in carrying out the Information and Communication Technology thematic priority, the Information Society Technologies Advisory Group (ISTAG) was set up. <ref name=:0>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | teideal = ISTAG website | foilsitheoir = cordis.lu | dáta = 20 Deireadh Fómhair 2011 | dátarochtana = 29 Samhain 2011 | archive-date=26 April 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426010836/http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | url-status=dead}}</ref> == The framework programmes '' The framework programmes, up until Framework Programme 6 (FP6), covered five-year periods; but from Framework Programme 7 (FP7) onward, programmes run for seven years. The Framework Programmes, and their budgets in billions of Euros, are presented in the table below. <ref name=>Artis, M. J. and F. Nixson, Eds. "The Economics of the European Union: Policy and Analysis" (4th ed.), Oxford University Press 2007</ref> For FP1–FP5, program expenditures were made in [[Aonad Airgeadra Eorpach]]; from FP6 onward budgets were in Euros. The values presented below are in Euros. {| class="wikitable" |- ! ID !! Framework programme !! Period !! Budget (billion €) |- | FP1 || First <ref name=céad>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31983Y0804(01) Council resolution of 25 July 1983 on framework programmes for Community research, development and demonstration activities and a first framework programme 1984 to 1987]; OJ C208 – 04/08/1983; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1984–1987 || 3.8 |- | FP2 || Second <ref name=dara>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31987D0516 Council Decision of 28 September 1987 concerning the framework programme for Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1987 to 1991)]; OJ L302 – 24 October 1987; 87/516/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1987–1991 || 5.4 |- | FP3 || Third <ref name=triú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31990D0221 Council Decision of 23 April 1990 concerning the framework Programme of Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1990 to 1994)]; OJ L117 – 08/05/1990; 90/221/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1990–1994 || 6.6 |- | FP4 || Fourth <ref name=ceathrú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31994D1110 Decision No 1110/94/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 April 1994 concerning the fourth framework programme of the European Community activities in the field of research and technological development and demonstration]; OJ L126 – 18 May 1994; No 1110/94/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1994–1998 || 13.2 |- | FP5 || Fifth <ref name=cúigiú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31999D0182 Decision No 182/1999/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 December 1998 concerning the fifth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities (1998 to 2002)]; OJ L26 – 01/02/1999; No 182/1999/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1998–2002 || 15.0 |- | FP6 || Sixth <ref name=seu>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32002D1513 Decision No 1513/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2002 concerning the sixth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities, contributing to the creation of the European Research Area and to innovation (2002 to 2006)]; OJ L232 – 29 August 2002; No 1513/2002/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 2002–2006 || 16.3 |- | FP7 || Seventh || 2007–2013 || 50.5 over seven years<br />+ 2.7 for [[Euratom]] over five years <ref name=fp7>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/understanding/fp7inbrief/structure_en.html | teideal = How is FP 7 structured? from FP7 in Brief | foilsitheoir = European Commission | dátarochtana = 31 Iúil 2011}}</ref> |- | FP8 || [[Fís 2020]] (ochtú) <ref name=Cordis2020>{{lua idirlín | teideal = The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_ga.cfm?pg=h2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Iúil 2012}}</ref> || 2014–2020 || 77 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/horizon2020/document.cfm?doc_id=17607 | teideal = Research and innovation funding: making a real difference | dáta =2016|website=European Commission |dátarochtana = 30 Eanáir 2018}}</ref> |- | FP9 || [[Fís Eorpach]] <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir =Cordis| teideal =The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_en.cfm?pg=h2020https://ec.europa.eu/info/horizon-europe-next-research-and-innovation-framework-programme_en|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> || 2021–2027 || 95.5 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/funding/funding-opportunities/funding-programmes-and-open-calls/horizon-europe_ga | teideal =Horizon Europe | dáta=22 December 2025 }}</ref> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://eufunds.me/what-is-the-budget-of-horizon-europe/ | teideal =What is the budget of Horizon Europe? | date=6 May 2021 }}</ref> |- | FP10 | Horizon Europe | 2028-2034 | 175 (''proposal'') <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal =EU budget 2028-2034 | url = https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/eu-budget/long-term-eu-budget/eu-budget-2028-2034_en |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=commission.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> |} == Funding instruments === FP6 and FP7 === {{anchor|Framework Programme 7}} '' Framework Programme 6 and 7 (2002–2013) projects were generally funded through '''instruments''', the most important of which included: * Integrating Project (IP) * Network of Excellence (NoE) * Specific Targeted Research Projects (STReP) * Joint Technology Initiatives (JTI) === Fís 2020<!--athsheolann 'Fís 2020' anseo --> === [[Íomhá:Horizon 2020 Logo.png | mion | Lógó Fhís 2020]] '' '''Horizon 2020''' was the eighth framework programme (FP8) funding research, technological development, and innovation. The programme's name has been modified to "Framework Programme for Research and Innovation".<ref name=Cordis2020 /> == Feedback and improvements '' The programmes have been criticized on various grounds, such as actually diminishing Europe's industrial competitiveness <ref name=>''Financial Control and Fraud in the Community''. House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, 12th Report. London: HMSO (1994).</ref> and failing to deliver fundamental excellence and global economic competitiveness. <ref name=>H. Matthews, The 7th EU research framework programme. ''Nanotechnol. Perceptions'' '''1''' (2005) 99–105.</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = }} == Fit for 55 == Caoi chun 55 Is pacáiste airgeadais de chuid an [[Aontas Eorpach|Aontais Eorpaigh]] é '''Oiriúnach do 55'''<ref name=iate /> nó ''Caoi chun 55'' (Béarla: '''Fit for 55''') chun [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] a laghdú le 55% faoin mbliain 2030.<ref name=Politico /> Is cuid den {{h|Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip}}, leagtha amach ar dtús i mí Nollag 2019.<ref name=egd /> Tar éis dó a bheith molta ag [[an Coimisiún Eorpach|gCoimisiún]] i mí Iúil 2021,<ref name=carbonbrief /> glacadh é sa bhliain 2023.<ref name=ec2023 /> I measc BBB san phacáiste, tá tacaíocht d'iompar glan, [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], agus taraif darb ainm [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha]] (SCCT) ar astaíochtaí carbóin ó thíortha nach bhfuil bearta acu chun gáis ceaptha teasa a laghdú.<ref name=Politico /> Moltar ann go gcuirfí iompair agus sa [[Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí an Aontais Eorpaigh|Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí]] isteach. I gcomórtas leis an bplean neodrachta molta ag an n[[Gníomhaireacht Fuinnimh Idirnáisiúnta]], tá ann níos mó beart chun fuinneamh inacmhainne a chur ar fáil.<ref name=Pavlovic2021 /> As mí Lúnasa 2024 ar aghaidh, tá gach moladh in ''Fit for 55'' glactha ag [[Parlaimint na hEorpa]] agus [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]], seachas an Treoir maidir le Cánachas Fuinnimh.<ref name=epthink2024 /> == Reachtaíocht '' The legislation is complicated due to the high level of democratic processes in the European Union. The [[European Commission|Commission]] sent proposals of the new law to the [[European Council|council]] and [[European Parliament]]. The Council started discussions including representatives of all 27 member states on the legislative proposals in working parties on an expert level. Based on that exchange the Permanent Representative Committee continues discussions preparing the ground for the council meeting of ministers. The Fit for 55 package proposals are discussed in multiple council formations such as environment, energy, transport, economy and finance. After the ministers of each branch found joint positions trilogues including meetings with representatives of the council, parliament and commission start. The larger part of the proposals stick to the regular legislative process of trilogues.<ref name=consilium2023 /> == Téamaí * Trádáil agus ísliú astaíochtaí * Ciste Aeráide Sóisialta * Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar theorainneacha (SCCT) * Úsáid talún agus foraoiseacht * Breosla mhalartaigh * Fuinneamh glas * Éifeachtúlacht fuinnimh * Sustainable buildings * Hidrigin * Cáin fuinnimh<ref name=consiliumff55 /> == Próiseas '' When the bill for carbon market legislation was designed, the conservative fraction in the European Parliament initially weakened the bill. The amended bill was defeated as the social democrats voted against. The final accepted compromise became stronger in {{CO2}} emission reduction than the proposal from the European Commission.<ref name=Chahim2022 /> == Criticism '' The environmental organization [[Greenpeace]] criticized the package for not being suitable for halting [[global warming]] and the associated destruction of important life-support systems because the target envisaged was too low. The organization criticized the classification of [[bioenergy]] as [[renewable energy]] and the sale of non-emission-free cars by 2035.<ref name=greenpeace /> '' In August 2023, the Polish government filed a series of complaints with the [[Court of Justice of the European Union|European Court of Justice]] against provisions that are part of the Fit for 55 package, claiming that EU climate policies threaten [[Poland]]'s economy and [[energy security]].<ref name=euronews2023 /> == Employment impact '' The EU's Fit for 55 climate package is projected to create a net 204,000 jobs by 2030, adding to the baseline growth of 6.7 million jobs. Employment effects will vary by region, with negative impacts likely in eastern Europe due to reliance on [[carbon-intensive]] industries, and positive impacts in regions with [[green energy]] infrastructure.<ref name=eurofound2023 /> == Féach freisin * [[Climate change in Europe#Climate targets]] * [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/3591091/ga | teideal = Téarma: Oiriúnach do 55 | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 2026-08-10}}</ref> <ref name=Politico>{{cite news | sloinne = Oroschakoff | ainm = Kalina | teideal = 5 things to know about EU's Fit for 55 climate package | url = https://www.politico.eu/article/fit-for-55-eu-5-things-to-know/ | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = politico.eu | dáta = 21 Meitheamh 2021}}</ref> <ref name=Pavlovic2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Pavlovic | ainm = Ivan | teideal = Comparing the EU's 'Fit for 55' roadmap and the IEA's net-zero scenario | url = https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/opinion/comparing-the-eus-fit-for-55-roadmap-and-the-ieas-net-zero-scenario/ | work = Euractiv | dáta = 12 Samhain 2021}}</ref> <ref name=egd>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Coimisiún Eorpach]] | dáta = 11 Nollaig 2019 | teideal = The European Green Deal | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/ip_19_6691 | work = ec.europa.eu/}}</ref> <ref name=carbonbrief>{{cite news | teideal = Q&A: How 'Fit for 55' reforms will help EU meet its climate goals | url = https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-fit-for-55-reforms-will-help-eu-meet-its-climate-goals | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = Carbon Brief | dáta = 20 Iúil 2021 | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=ec2023>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Fáilte curtha ag an gCoimisiún roimh chur i gcrích phríomhreachtaíocht ‘Oiriúnach do 55', rud a chuir an tAontas ar an mbóthar ceart chun spriocanna 2030 a shárú | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/IP_23_4754 | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2024 | work = European Commission | dáta = 9 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | teanga = ga}}</ref> <ref name=epthink2024>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 1 Lúnasa 2024 | teideal = Fit for 55 package | url = https://epthinktank.eu/2024/08/01/fit-for-55-package/ | dátarochtana = 12 Deireadh Fómhair 2025 | work = European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS)}}</ref> <ref name=consilium2023>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]] | dáta = 3 Bealtaine 2023 | teideal = Infographic - Oiriúnach do 55: an chaoi a ndéanfaidh an tAontas dlí de spriocanna aeráide | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/infographics/fit-for-55-how-the-eu-will-turn-climate-goals-into-law/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=consiliumff55>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = European council | teideal = Oiriúnach do 55 | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/policies/green-deal/fit-for-55-the-eu-plan-for-a-green-transition/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=Chahim2022>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2022-10-12 | teideal = Mohammed Chahim | url = https://www.politico.eu/list/green-28-class-of-2023-the-ranking/mohammed-chahim/ | dátarochtana = 2023-10-10 | work = Politico | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=greenpeace>{{lua idirlín | teideal = EU Commission 'Fit for 55' package unfit to contain climate crisis | url = https://www.greenpeace.org/eu-unit/issues/climate-energy/45795/eu-commission-fit-for-55-package-unfit-to-contain-climate-crisis | dátarochtana = 2023-04-08 | work = Greenpeace European Unit | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=euronews2023>{{cite news | teideal = Poland files lawsuit against key EU climate policies | url = https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/08/28/poland-asks-eu-court-of-justice-to-cancel-three-eu-climate-policies | work = Euractiv | dáta = 29 Lúnasa 2023}}</ref> <ref name=eurofound2023>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Fit for 55 climate package: Impact on EU employment by 2030 | url = https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ga/publications/2023/fit-55-climate-package-impact-eu-employment-2030 | dátarochtana = 2024-01-20 | work = www.eurofound.europa.eu | teanga = en}}</ref> }} [[Category:Carbon emissions in the European Union]] [[Category:Climate change in the European Union]] [[Category:Energy policies and initiatives of the European Union]] [[Category:Renewable energy law]] [[Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ 21bnf6vkqyf2o2mm6mddol7keu5zhbz 1325153 1325152 2026-08-15T18:30:41Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Fit for 55 */ 1325153 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] === Cúiseanna nua === # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission # [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] # ''[[:en:Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development|Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development]] - [[Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]] # ''[[:en:Horizon 2020|Horizon 2020]]'' - [[Fís 2020]], #* [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]] # ''[[:en:Fit for 55|Fit for 55]] - [[Fit for 55]] # ''[[:en:EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism|EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism]]'' - [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Eile === # ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] == Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch == '' The '''Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development''', also called '''Framework Programmes''' or abbreviated '''FP1''' to '''FP9''', are funding programmes created by the [[Aontas Eorpach]]/[[Coimisiún Eorpach]] to support and foster research in the [[European Research Area]] (ERA). Starting in 2014, the funding programmes were named '''Horizon'''. '' The funding programmes began in 1984 and continue to the present day. The most recent programme, [[Fís Eorpach]], has a budget of 95.5 billion Euros to be distributed over seven years. '' The specific objectives and actions vary between funding periods. In FP6 and FP7, focus was on technological research. In [[Fís 2020]], the focus was on innovation, delivering economic growth faster, and delivering solutions to end users that are often governmental agencies. == Stair Conducting European research policies and implementing European research programmes is an obligation under the [[Conradh Amstardam]], which includes a chapter on research and technological development. The programmes are defined by commission civil servants who are aided by various official advisory group and lobby groups. To advise the an Coimisiún Eorpach on the overall strategy to be followed in carrying out the Information and Communication Technology thematic priority, the Information Society Technologies Advisory Group (ISTAG) was set up. <ref name=:0>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | teideal = ISTAG website | foilsitheoir = cordis.lu | dáta = 20 Deireadh Fómhair 2011 | dátarochtana = 29 Samhain 2011 | archive-date=26 April 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426010836/http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | url-status=dead}}</ref> == The framework programmes '' The framework programmes, up until Framework Programme 6 (FP6), covered five-year periods; but from Framework Programme 7 (FP7) onward, programmes run for seven years. The Framework Programmes, and their budgets in billions of Euros, are presented in the table below. <ref name=>Artis, M. J. and F. Nixson, Eds. "The Economics of the European Union: Policy and Analysis" (4th ed.), Oxford University Press 2007</ref> For FP1–FP5, program expenditures were made in [[Aonad Airgeadra Eorpach]]; from FP6 onward budgets were in Euros. The values presented below are in Euros. {| class="wikitable" |- ! ID !! Framework programme !! Period !! Budget (billion €) |- | FP1 || First <ref name=céad>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31983Y0804(01) Council resolution of 25 July 1983 on framework programmes for Community research, development and demonstration activities and a first framework programme 1984 to 1987]; OJ C208 – 04/08/1983; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1984–1987 || 3.8 |- | FP2 || Second <ref name=dara>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31987D0516 Council Decision of 28 September 1987 concerning the framework programme for Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1987 to 1991)]; OJ L302 – 24 October 1987; 87/516/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1987–1991 || 5.4 |- | FP3 || Third <ref name=triú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31990D0221 Council Decision of 23 April 1990 concerning the framework Programme of Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1990 to 1994)]; OJ L117 – 08/05/1990; 90/221/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1990–1994 || 6.6 |- | FP4 || Fourth <ref name=ceathrú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31994D1110 Decision No 1110/94/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 April 1994 concerning the fourth framework programme of the European Community activities in the field of research and technological development and demonstration]; OJ L126 – 18 May 1994; No 1110/94/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1994–1998 || 13.2 |- | FP5 || Fifth <ref name=cúigiú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31999D0182 Decision No 182/1999/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 December 1998 concerning the fifth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities (1998 to 2002)]; OJ L26 – 01/02/1999; No 182/1999/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1998–2002 || 15.0 |- | FP6 || Sixth <ref name=seu>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32002D1513 Decision No 1513/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2002 concerning the sixth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities, contributing to the creation of the European Research Area and to innovation (2002 to 2006)]; OJ L232 – 29 August 2002; No 1513/2002/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 2002–2006 || 16.3 |- | FP7 || Seventh || 2007–2013 || 50.5 over seven years<br />+ 2.7 for [[Euratom]] over five years <ref name=fp7>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/understanding/fp7inbrief/structure_en.html | teideal = How is FP 7 structured? from FP7 in Brief | foilsitheoir = European Commission | dátarochtana = 31 Iúil 2011}}</ref> |- | FP8 || [[Fís 2020]] (ochtú) <ref name=Cordis2020>{{lua idirlín | teideal = The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_ga.cfm?pg=h2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Iúil 2012}}</ref> || 2014–2020 || 77 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/horizon2020/document.cfm?doc_id=17607 | teideal = Research and innovation funding: making a real difference | dáta =2016|website=European Commission |dátarochtana = 30 Eanáir 2018}}</ref> |- | FP9 || [[Fís Eorpach]] <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir =Cordis| teideal =The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_en.cfm?pg=h2020https://ec.europa.eu/info/horizon-europe-next-research-and-innovation-framework-programme_en|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> || 2021–2027 || 95.5 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/funding/funding-opportunities/funding-programmes-and-open-calls/horizon-europe_ga | teideal =Horizon Europe | dáta=22 December 2025 }}</ref> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://eufunds.me/what-is-the-budget-of-horizon-europe/ | teideal =What is the budget of Horizon Europe? | date=6 May 2021 }}</ref> |- | FP10 | Horizon Europe | 2028-2034 | 175 (''proposal'') <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal =EU budget 2028-2034 | url = https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/eu-budget/long-term-eu-budget/eu-budget-2028-2034_en |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=commission.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> |} == Funding instruments === FP6 and FP7 === {{anchor|Framework Programme 7}} '' Framework Programme 6 and 7 (2002–2013) projects were generally funded through '''instruments''', the most important of which included: * Integrating Project (IP) * Network of Excellence (NoE) * Specific Targeted Research Projects (STReP) * Joint Technology Initiatives (JTI) === Fís 2020<!--athsheolann 'Fís 2020' anseo --> === [[Íomhá:Horizon 2020 Logo.png | mion | Lógó Fhís 2020]] '' '''Horizon 2020''' was the eighth framework programme (FP8) funding research, technological development, and innovation. The programme's name has been modified to "Framework Programme for Research and Innovation".<ref name=Cordis2020 /> == Feedback and improvements '' The programmes have been criticized on various grounds, such as actually diminishing Europe's industrial competitiveness <ref name=>''Financial Control and Fraud in the Community''. House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, 12th Report. London: HMSO (1994).</ref> and failing to deliver fundamental excellence and global economic competitiveness. <ref name=>H. Matthews, The 7th EU research framework programme. ''Nanotechnol. Perceptions'' '''1''' (2005) 99–105.</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = }} == Fit for 55 == Caoi chun 55 Is pacáiste airgeadais de chuid an [[Aontas Eorpach|Aontais Eorpaigh]] é '''Oiriúnach do 55'''<ref name=iate /> nó ''Caoi chun 55'' (Béarla: '''Fit for 55''') chun [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] a laghdú le 55% faoin mbliain 2030.<ref name=Politico /> Is cuid den {{h|Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip}}, leagtha amach ar dtús i mí Nollag 2019.<ref name=egd /> Tar éis dó a bheith molta ag [[an Coimisiún Eorpach|gCoimisiún]] i mí Iúil 2021,<ref name=carbonbrief /> glacadh é sa bhliain 2023.<ref name=ec2023 /> I measc BBB san phacáiste, tá tacaíocht d'iompar glan, [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], agus taraif darb ainm [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha]] (SCCT) ar astaíochtaí carbóin ó thíortha nach bhfuil bearta acu chun gáis ceaptha teasa a laghdú.<ref name=Politico /> Moltar ann go gcuirfí iompair agus sa [[Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí an Aontais Eorpaigh|Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí]] isteach. I gcomórtas leis an bplean neodrachta molta ag an n[[Gníomhaireacht Fuinnimh Idirnáisiúnta]], tá ann níos mó beart chun fuinneamh inacmhainne a chur ar fáil.<ref name=Pavlovic2021 /> As mí Lúnasa 2024 ar aghaidh, tá gach moladh in ''Fit for 55'' glactha ag [[Parlaimint na hEorpa]] agus [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]], seachas an Treoir maidir le Cánachas Fuinnimh.<ref name=epthink2024 /> == Reachtaíocht '' The legislation is complicated due to the high level of democratic processes in the European Union. The [[European Commission|Commission]] sent proposals of the new law to the [[European Council|council]] and [[European Parliament]]. The Council started discussions including representatives of all 27 member states on the legislative proposals in working parties on an expert level. Based on that exchange the Permanent Representative Committee continues discussions preparing the ground for the council meeting of ministers. The Fit for 55 package proposals are discussed in multiple council formations such as environment, energy, transport, economy and finance. After the ministers of each branch found joint positions trilogues including meetings with representatives of the council, parliament and commission start. The larger part of the proposals stick to the regular legislative process of trilogues.<ref name=consilium2023 /> == Téamaí * Trádáil agus ísliú astaíochtaí * Ciste Aeráide Sóisialta * Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar theorainneacha (SCCT) * Úsáid talún agus foraoiseacht * Breosla mhalartaigh * Fuinneamh glas * Éifeachtúlacht fuinnimh * Sustainable buildings * Hidrigin * Cáin fuinnimh<ref name=consiliumff55 /> == Próiseas '' When the bill for carbon market legislation was designed, the conservative fraction in the European Parliament initially weakened the bill. The amended bill was defeated as the social democrats voted against. The final accepted compromise became stronger in {{CO2}} emission reduction than the proposal from the European Commission.<ref name=Chahim2022 /> == Criticism '' The environmental organization [[Greenpeace]] criticized the package for not being suitable for halting [[athrú aeráide]] and the associated destruction of important life-support systems because the target envisaged was too low. The organization criticized the classification of [[bioenergy]] as [[renewable energy]] and the sale of non-emission-free cars by 2035.<ref name=greenpeace /> '' In August 2023, the Polish government filed a series of complaints with the [[Court of Justice of the European Union|European Court of Justice]] against provisions that are part of the Fit for 55 package, claiming that EU climate policies threaten [[Poland]]'s economy and [[energy security]].<ref name=euronews2023 /> == Employment impact '' The EU's Fit for 55 climate package is projected to create a net 204,000 jobs by 2030, adding to the baseline growth of 6.7 million jobs. Employment effects will vary by region, with negative impacts likely in eastern Europe due to reliance on [[carbon-intensive]] industries, and positive impacts in regions with [[green energy]] infrastructure.<ref name=eurofound2023 /> == Féach freisin * [[Climate change in Europe#Climate targets]] * [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/3591091/ga | teideal = Téarma: Oiriúnach do 55 | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 2026-08-10}}</ref> <ref name=Politico>{{cite news | sloinne = Oroschakoff | ainm = Kalina | teideal = 5 things to know about EU's Fit for 55 climate package | url = https://www.politico.eu/article/fit-for-55-eu-5-things-to-know/ | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = politico.eu | dáta = 21 Meitheamh 2021}}</ref> <ref name=Pavlovic2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Pavlovic | ainm = Ivan | teideal = Comparing the EU's 'Fit for 55' roadmap and the IEA's net-zero scenario | url = https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/opinion/comparing-the-eus-fit-for-55-roadmap-and-the-ieas-net-zero-scenario/ | work = Euractiv | dáta = 12 Samhain 2021}}</ref> <ref name=egd>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Coimisiún Eorpach]] | dáta = 11 Nollaig 2019 | teideal = The European Green Deal | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/ip_19_6691 | work = ec.europa.eu/}}</ref> <ref name=carbonbrief>{{cite news | teideal = Q&A: How 'Fit for 55' reforms will help EU meet its climate goals | url = https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-fit-for-55-reforms-will-help-eu-meet-its-climate-goals | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = Carbon Brief | dáta = 20 Iúil 2021 | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=ec2023>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Fáilte curtha ag an gCoimisiún roimh chur i gcrích phríomhreachtaíocht ‘Oiriúnach do 55', rud a chuir an tAontas ar an mbóthar ceart chun spriocanna 2030 a shárú | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/IP_23_4754 | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2024 | work = European Commission | dáta = 9 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | teanga = ga}}</ref> <ref name=epthink2024>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 1 Lúnasa 2024 | teideal = Fit for 55 package | url = https://epthinktank.eu/2024/08/01/fit-for-55-package/ | dátarochtana = 12 Deireadh Fómhair 2025 | work = European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS)}}</ref> <ref name=consilium2023>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]] | dáta = 3 Bealtaine 2023 | teideal = Infographic - Oiriúnach do 55: an chaoi a ndéanfaidh an tAontas dlí de spriocanna aeráide | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/infographics/fit-for-55-how-the-eu-will-turn-climate-goals-into-law/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=consiliumff55>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = European council | teideal = Oiriúnach do 55 | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/policies/green-deal/fit-for-55-the-eu-plan-for-a-green-transition/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=Chahim2022>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2022-10-12 | teideal = Mohammed Chahim | url = https://www.politico.eu/list/green-28-class-of-2023-the-ranking/mohammed-chahim/ | dátarochtana = 2023-10-10 | work = Politico | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=greenpeace>{{lua idirlín | teideal = EU Commission 'Fit for 55' package unfit to contain climate crisis | url = https://www.greenpeace.org/eu-unit/issues/climate-energy/45795/eu-commission-fit-for-55-package-unfit-to-contain-climate-crisis | dátarochtana = 2023-04-08 | work = Greenpeace European Unit | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=euronews2023>{{cite news | teideal = Poland files lawsuit against key EU climate policies | url = https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/08/28/poland-asks-eu-court-of-justice-to-cancel-three-eu-climate-policies | work = Euractiv | dáta = 29 Lúnasa 2023}}</ref> <ref name=eurofound2023>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Fit for 55 climate package: Impact on EU employment by 2030 | url = https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ga/publications/2023/fit-55-climate-package-impact-eu-employment-2030 | dátarochtana = 2024-01-20 | work = www.eurofound.europa.eu | teanga = en}}</ref> }} [[Category:Carbon emissions in the European Union]] [[Category:Climate change in the European Union]] [[Category:Energy policies and initiatives of the European Union]] [[Category:Renewable energy law]] [[Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ 7w5m8pgenpcwgf165b9rp14x979gwoh 1325154 1325153 2026-08-15T19:15:41Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Fit for 55 */ 1325154 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] === Cúiseanna nua === # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission # [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] # ''[[:en:Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development|Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development]] - [[Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]] # ''[[:en:Horizon 2020|Horizon 2020]]'' - [[Fís 2020]], #* [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]] # ''[[:en:Fit for 55|Fit for 55]] - [[Fit for 55]] # ''[[:en:EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism|EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism]]'' - [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Eile === # ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] == Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch == '' The '''Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development''', also called '''Framework Programmes''' or abbreviated '''FP1''' to '''FP9''', are funding programmes created by the [[Aontas Eorpach]]/[[Coimisiún Eorpach]] to support and foster research in the [[European Research Area]] (ERA). Starting in 2014, the funding programmes were named '''Horizon'''. '' The funding programmes began in 1984 and continue to the present day. The most recent programme, [[Fís Eorpach]], has a budget of 95.5 billion Euros to be distributed over seven years. '' The specific objectives and actions vary between funding periods. In FP6 and FP7, focus was on technological research. In [[Fís 2020]], the focus was on innovation, delivering economic growth faster, and delivering solutions to end users that are often governmental agencies. == Stair Conducting European research policies and implementing European research programmes is an obligation under the [[Conradh Amstardam]], which includes a chapter on research and technological development. The programmes are defined by commission civil servants who are aided by various official advisory group and lobby groups. To advise the an Coimisiún Eorpach on the overall strategy to be followed in carrying out the Information and Communication Technology thematic priority, the Information Society Technologies Advisory Group (ISTAG) was set up. <ref name=:0>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | teideal = ISTAG website | foilsitheoir = cordis.lu | dáta = 20 Deireadh Fómhair 2011 | dátarochtana = 29 Samhain 2011 | archive-date=26 April 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426010836/http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | url-status=dead}}</ref> == The framework programmes '' The framework programmes, up until Framework Programme 6 (FP6), covered five-year periods; but from Framework Programme 7 (FP7) onward, programmes run for seven years. The Framework Programmes, and their budgets in billions of Euros, are presented in the table below. <ref name=>Artis, M. J. and F. Nixson, Eds. "The Economics of the European Union: Policy and Analysis" (4th ed.), Oxford University Press 2007</ref> For FP1–FP5, program expenditures were made in [[Aonad Airgeadra Eorpach]]; from FP6 onward budgets were in Euros. The values presented below are in Euros. {| class="wikitable" |- ! ID !! Framework programme !! Period !! Budget (billion €) |- | FP1 || First <ref name=céad>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31983Y0804(01) Council resolution of 25 July 1983 on framework programmes for Community research, development and demonstration activities and a first framework programme 1984 to 1987]; OJ C208 – 04/08/1983; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1984–1987 || 3.8 |- | FP2 || Second <ref name=dara>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31987D0516 Council Decision of 28 September 1987 concerning the framework programme for Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1987 to 1991)]; OJ L302 – 24 October 1987; 87/516/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1987–1991 || 5.4 |- | FP3 || Third <ref name=triú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31990D0221 Council Decision of 23 April 1990 concerning the framework Programme of Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1990 to 1994)]; OJ L117 – 08/05/1990; 90/221/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1990–1994 || 6.6 |- | FP4 || Fourth <ref name=ceathrú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31994D1110 Decision No 1110/94/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 April 1994 concerning the fourth framework programme of the European Community activities in the field of research and technological development and demonstration]; OJ L126 – 18 May 1994; No 1110/94/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1994–1998 || 13.2 |- | FP5 || Fifth <ref name=cúigiú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31999D0182 Decision No 182/1999/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 December 1998 concerning the fifth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities (1998 to 2002)]; OJ L26 – 01/02/1999; No 182/1999/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1998–2002 || 15.0 |- | FP6 || Sixth <ref name=seu>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32002D1513 Decision No 1513/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2002 concerning the sixth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities, contributing to the creation of the European Research Area and to innovation (2002 to 2006)]; OJ L232 – 29 August 2002; No 1513/2002/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 2002–2006 || 16.3 |- | FP7 || Seventh || 2007–2013 || 50.5 over seven years<br />+ 2.7 for [[Euratom]] over five years <ref name=fp7>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/understanding/fp7inbrief/structure_en.html | teideal = How is FP 7 structured? from FP7 in Brief | foilsitheoir = European Commission | dátarochtana = 31 Iúil 2011}}</ref> |- | FP8 || [[Fís 2020]] (ochtú) <ref name=Cordis2020>{{lua idirlín | teideal = The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_ga.cfm?pg=h2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Iúil 2012}}</ref> || 2014–2020 || 77 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/horizon2020/document.cfm?doc_id=17607 | teideal = Research and innovation funding: making a real difference | dáta =2016|website=European Commission |dátarochtana = 30 Eanáir 2018}}</ref> |- | FP9 || [[Fís Eorpach]] <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir =Cordis| teideal =The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_en.cfm?pg=h2020https://ec.europa.eu/info/horizon-europe-next-research-and-innovation-framework-programme_en|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> || 2021–2027 || 95.5 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/funding/funding-opportunities/funding-programmes-and-open-calls/horizon-europe_ga | teideal =Horizon Europe | dáta=22 December 2025 }}</ref> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://eufunds.me/what-is-the-budget-of-horizon-europe/ | teideal =What is the budget of Horizon Europe? | date=6 May 2021 }}</ref> |- | FP10 | Horizon Europe | 2028-2034 | 175 (''proposal'') <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal =EU budget 2028-2034 | url = https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/eu-budget/long-term-eu-budget/eu-budget-2028-2034_en |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=commission.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> |} == Funding instruments === FP6 and FP7 === {{anchor|Framework Programme 7}} '' Framework Programme 6 and 7 (2002–2013) projects were generally funded through '''instruments''', the most important of which included: * Integrating Project (IP) * Network of Excellence (NoE) * Specific Targeted Research Projects (STReP) * Joint Technology Initiatives (JTI) === Fís 2020<!--athsheolann 'Fís 2020' anseo --> === [[Íomhá:Horizon 2020 Logo.png | mion | Lógó Fhís 2020]] '' '''Horizon 2020''' was the eighth framework programme (FP8) funding research, technological development, and innovation. The programme's name has been modified to "Framework Programme for Research and Innovation".<ref name=Cordis2020 /> == Feedback and improvements '' The programmes have been criticized on various grounds, such as actually diminishing Europe's industrial competitiveness <ref name=>''Financial Control and Fraud in the Community''. House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, 12th Report. London: HMSO (1994).</ref> and failing to deliver fundamental excellence and global economic competitiveness. <ref name=>H. Matthews, The 7th EU research framework programme. ''Nanotechnol. Perceptions'' '''1''' (2005) 99–105.</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = }} == Fit for 55 == Caoi chun 55 Is pacáiste airgeadais de chuid an [[Aontas Eorpach|Aontais Eorpaigh]] é '''Oiriúnach do 55'''<ref name=iate /> nó ''Caoi chun 55'' (Béarla: '''Fit for 55''') chun [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] a laghdú le 55% faoin mbliain 2030.<ref name=Politico /> Is cuid den {{h|Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip}}, leagtha amach ar dtús i mí Nollag 2019.<ref name=egd /> Tar éis dó a bheith molta ag [[an Coimisiún Eorpach|gCoimisiún]] i mí Iúil 2021,<ref name=carbonbrief /> glacadh é sa bhliain 2023.<ref name=ec2023 /> I measc BBB san phacáiste, tá tacaíocht d'iompar glan, [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], agus taraif darb ainm [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha]] (SCCT) ar astaíochtaí carbóin ó thíortha nach bhfuil bearta acu chun gáis ceaptha teasa a laghdú.<ref name=Politico /> Moltar ann go gcuirfí iompair agus sa [[Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí an Aontais Eorpaigh|Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí]] isteach. I gcomórtas leis an bplean neodrachta molta ag an n[[Gníomhaireacht Fuinnimh Idirnáisiúnta]], tá ann níos mó beart chun fuinneamh inacmhainne a chur ar fáil.<ref name=Pavlovic2021 /> As mí Lúnasa 2024 ar aghaidh, tá gach moladh in ''Fit for 55'' glactha ag [[Parlaimint na hEorpa]] agus [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]], seachas an Treoir maidir le Cánachas Fuinnimh.<ref name=epthink2024 /> == Reachtaíocht '' The legislation is complicated due to the high level of democratic processes in the European Union. The [[an Coimisiún Eorpach|Coimisiún]] sent proposals of the new law to the [[an Chomhairle Eorpach|Chomhairle]] agus [[Parlaimint na hEorpa]]. The Council started discussions including representatives of all 27 member states on the legislative proposals in working parties on an expert level. Based on that exchange the Permanent Representative Committee continues discussions preparing the ground for the council meeting of ministers. The Fit for 55 package proposals are discussed in multiple council formations such as environment, energy, transport, economy and finance. After the ministers of each branch found joint positions trilogues including meetings with representatives of the council, parliament and commission start. The larger part of the proposals stick to the regular legislative process of trilogues.<ref name=consilium2023 /> == Téamaí * Trádáil agus ísliú astaíochtaí * Ciste Aeráide Sóisialta * Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar theorainneacha (SCCT) * Úsáid talún agus foraoiseacht * Breosla mhalartaigh * Fuinneamh glas * Éifeachtúlacht fuinnimh * Sustainable buildings * Hidrigin * Cáin fuinnimh<ref name=consiliumff55 /> == Próiseas '' When the bill for carbon market legislation was designed, the conservative fraction in the European Parliament initially weakened the bill. The amended bill was defeated as the social democrats voted against. The final accepted compromise became stronger in CO² emission reduction than the proposal from the European Commission.<ref name=Chahim2022 /> == Criticism '' The environmental organization [[Greenpeace]] criticized the package for not being suitable for halting [[athrú aeráide]] and the associated destruction of important life-support systems because the target envisaged was too low. The organization criticized the classification of [[bithfhuinneamh]] as [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] and the sale of non-emission-free cars by 2035.<ref name=greenpeace /> '' In August 2023, the Polish government filed a series of complaints with the [[Chomhairle]] against provisions that are part of the Fit for 55 package, claiming that EU climate policies threaten [[an Pholainn|na Polainne]] economy agus [[slándáil fuinnimh]].<ref name=euronews2023 /> == Employment impact '' The EU's Fit for 55 climate package is projected to create a net 204,000 jobs by 2030, adding to the baseline growth of 6.7 million jobs. Employment effects will vary by region, with negative impacts likely in eastern Europe due to reliance on [[carbon-intensive]] industries, and positive impacts in regions with [[fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]] infrastructure.<ref name=eurofound2023 /> == Féach freisin * [[Climate change in Europe#Climate targets]] * [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/3591091/ga | teideal = Téarma: Oiriúnach do 55 | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 2026-08-10}}</ref> <ref name=Politico>{{cite news | sloinne = Oroschakoff | ainm = Kalina | teideal = 5 things to know about EU's Fit for 55 climate package | url = https://www.politico.eu/article/fit-for-55-eu-5-things-to-know/ | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = politico.eu | dáta = 21 Meitheamh 2021}}</ref> <ref name=Pavlovic2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Pavlovic | ainm = Ivan | teideal = Comparing the EU's 'Fit for 55' roadmap and the IEA's net-zero scenario | url = https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/opinion/comparing-the-eus-fit-for-55-roadmap-and-the-ieas-net-zero-scenario/ | work = Euractiv | dáta = 12 Samhain 2021}}</ref> <ref name=egd>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Coimisiún Eorpach]] | dáta = 11 Nollaig 2019 | teideal = The European Green Deal | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/ip_19_6691 | work = ec.europa.eu/}}</ref> <ref name=carbonbrief>{{cite news | teideal = Q&A: How 'Fit for 55' reforms will help EU meet its climate goals | url = https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-fit-for-55-reforms-will-help-eu-meet-its-climate-goals | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = Carbon Brief | dáta = 20 Iúil 2021 | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=ec2023>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Fáilte curtha ag an gCoimisiún roimh chur i gcrích phríomhreachtaíocht ‘Oiriúnach do 55', rud a chuir an tAontas ar an mbóthar ceart chun spriocanna 2030 a shárú | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/IP_23_4754 | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2024 | work = European Commission | dáta = 9 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | teanga = ga}}</ref> <ref name=epthink2024>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 1 Lúnasa 2024 | teideal = Fit for 55 package | url = https://epthinktank.eu/2024/08/01/fit-for-55-package/ | dátarochtana = 12 Deireadh Fómhair 2025 | work = European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS)}}</ref> <ref name=consilium2023>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]] | dáta = 3 Bealtaine 2023 | teideal = Infographic - Oiriúnach do 55: an chaoi a ndéanfaidh an tAontas dlí de spriocanna aeráide | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/infographics/fit-for-55-how-the-eu-will-turn-climate-goals-into-law/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=consiliumff55>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = European council | teideal = Oiriúnach do 55 | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/policies/green-deal/fit-for-55-the-eu-plan-for-a-green-transition/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=Chahim2022>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2022-10-12 | teideal = Mohammed Chahim | url = https://www.politico.eu/list/green-28-class-of-2023-the-ranking/mohammed-chahim/ | dátarochtana = 2023-10-10 | work = Politico | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=greenpeace>{{lua idirlín | teideal = EU Commission 'Fit for 55' package unfit to contain climate crisis | url = https://www.greenpeace.org/eu-unit/issues/climate-energy/45795/eu-commission-fit-for-55-package-unfit-to-contain-climate-crisis | dátarochtana = 2023-04-08 | work = Greenpeace European Unit | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=euronews2023>{{cite news | teideal = Poland files lawsuit against key EU climate policies | url = https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/08/28/poland-asks-eu-court-of-justice-to-cancel-three-eu-climate-policies | work = Euractiv | dáta = 29 Lúnasa 2023}}</ref> <ref name=eurofound2023>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Fit for 55 climate package: Impact on EU employment by 2030 | url = https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ga/publications/2023/fit-55-climate-package-impact-eu-employment-2030 | dátarochtana = 2024-01-20 | work = www.eurofound.europa.eu | teanga = en}}</ref> }} [[Category:Carbon emissions in the European Union]] [[Category:Climate change in the European Union]] [[Category:Energy policies and initiatives of the European Union]] [[Category:Renewable energy law]] [[Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ amjmzt8t8nc94ittbvncl1d6fu5s7d4 1325173 1325154 2026-08-15T20:34:11Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 1325173 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] === Cúiseanna nua === # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission # [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] # ''[[:en:Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development|Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development]] - [[Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]] # ''[[:en:Horizon 2020|Horizon 2020]]'' - [[Fís 2020]], #* [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]] # ''[[:en:Fit for 55|Fit for 55]] - [[Fit for 55]] # ''[[:en:EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism|EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism]]'' - [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Eile === # ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] == Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch == '' The '''Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development''', also called '''Framework Programmes''' or abbreviated '''FP1''' to '''FP9''', are funding programmes created by the [[Aontas Eorpach]]/[[Coimisiún Eorpach]] to support and foster research in the [[European Research Area]] (ERA). Starting in 2014, the funding programmes were named '''Horizon'''. '' The funding programmes began in 1984 and continue to the present day. The most recent programme, [[Fís Eorpach]], has a budget of 95.5 billion Euros to be distributed over seven years. '' The specific objectives and actions vary between funding periods. In FP6 and FP7, focus was on technological research. In [[Fís 2020]], the focus was on innovation, delivering economic growth faster, and delivering solutions to end users that are often governmental agencies. == Stair Conducting European research policies and implementing European research programmes is an obligation under the [[Conradh Amstardam]], which includes a chapter on research and technological development. The programmes are defined by commission civil servants who are aided by various official advisory group and lobby groups. To advise the an Coimisiún Eorpach on the overall strategy to be followed in carrying out the Information and Communication Technology thematic priority, the Information Society Technologies Advisory Group (ISTAG) was set up. <ref name=:0>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | teideal = ISTAG website | foilsitheoir = cordis.lu | dáta = 20 Deireadh Fómhair 2011 | dátarochtana = 29 Samhain 2011 | archive-date=26 April 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426010836/http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | url-status=dead}}</ref> == The framework programmes '' The framework programmes, up until Framework Programme 6 (FP6), covered five-year periods; but from Framework Programme 7 (FP7) onward, programmes run for seven years. The Framework Programmes, and their budgets in billions of Euros, are presented in the table below. <ref name=>Artis, M. J. and F. Nixson, Eds. "The Economics of the European Union: Policy and Analysis" (4th ed.), Oxford University Press 2007</ref> For FP1–FP5, program expenditures were made in [[Aonad Airgeadra Eorpach]]; from FP6 onward budgets were in Euros. The values presented below are in Euros. {| class="wikitable" |- ! ID !! Framework programme !! Period !! Budget (billion €) |- | FP1 || First <ref name=céad>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31983Y0804(01) Council resolution of 25 July 1983 on framework programmes for Community research, development and demonstration activities and a first framework programme 1984 to 1987]; OJ C208 – 04/08/1983; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1984–1987 || 3.8 |- | FP2 || Second <ref name=dara>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31987D0516 Council Decision of 28 September 1987 concerning the framework programme for Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1987 to 1991)]; OJ L302 – 24 October 1987; 87/516/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1987–1991 || 5.4 |- | FP3 || Third <ref name=triú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31990D0221 Council Decision of 23 April 1990 concerning the framework Programme of Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1990 to 1994)]; OJ L117 – 08/05/1990; 90/221/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1990–1994 || 6.6 |- | FP4 || Fourth <ref name=ceathrú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31994D1110 Decision No 1110/94/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 April 1994 concerning the fourth framework programme of the European Community activities in the field of research and technological development and demonstration]; OJ L126 – 18 May 1994; No 1110/94/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1994–1998 || 13.2 |- | FP5 || Fifth <ref name=cúigiú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31999D0182 Decision No 182/1999/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 December 1998 concerning the fifth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities (1998 to 2002)]; OJ L26 – 01/02/1999; No 182/1999/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1998–2002 || 15.0 |- | FP6 || Sixth <ref name=seu>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32002D1513 Decision No 1513/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2002 concerning the sixth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities, contributing to the creation of the European Research Area and to innovation (2002 to 2006)]; OJ L232 – 29 August 2002; No 1513/2002/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 2002–2006 || 16.3 |- | FP7 || Seventh || 2007–2013 || 50.5 over seven years<br />+ 2.7 for [[Euratom]] over five years <ref name=fp7>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/understanding/fp7inbrief/structure_en.html | teideal = How is FP 7 structured? from FP7 in Brief | foilsitheoir = European Commission | dátarochtana = 31 Iúil 2011}}</ref> |- | FP8 || [[Fís 2020]] (ochtú) <ref name=Cordis2020>{{lua idirlín | teideal = The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_ga.cfm?pg=h2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Iúil 2012}}</ref> || 2014–2020 || 77 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/horizon2020/document.cfm?doc_id=17607 | teideal = Research and innovation funding: making a real difference | dáta =2016|website=European Commission |dátarochtana = 30 Eanáir 2018}}</ref> |- | FP9 || [[Fís Eorpach]] <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir =Cordis| teideal =The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_en.cfm?pg=h2020https://ec.europa.eu/info/horizon-europe-next-research-and-innovation-framework-programme_en|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> || 2021–2027 || 95.5 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/funding/funding-opportunities/funding-programmes-and-open-calls/horizon-europe_ga | teideal =Horizon Europe | dáta=22 December 2025 }}</ref> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://eufunds.me/what-is-the-budget-of-horizon-europe/ | teideal =What is the budget of Horizon Europe? | date=6 May 2021 }}</ref> |- | FP10 | Horizon Europe | 2028-2034 | 175 (''proposal'') <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal =EU budget 2028-2034 | url = https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/eu-budget/long-term-eu-budget/eu-budget-2028-2034_en |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=commission.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> |} == Funding instruments === FP6 and FP7 === {{anchor|Framework Programme 7}} '' Framework Programme 6 and 7 (2002–2013) projects were generally funded through '''instruments''', the most important of which included: * Integrating Project (IP) * Network of Excellence (NoE) * Specific Targeted Research Projects (STReP) * Joint Technology Initiatives (JTI) === Fís 2020<!--athsheolann 'Fís 2020' anseo --> === [[Íomhá:Horizon 2020 Logo.png | mion | Lógó Fhís 2020]] '' '''Horizon 2020''' was the eighth framework programme (FP8) funding research, technological development, and innovation. The programme's name has been modified to "Framework Programme for Research and Innovation".<ref name=Cordis2020 /> == Feedback and improvements '' The programmes have been criticized on various grounds, such as actually diminishing Europe's industrial competitiveness <ref name=>''Financial Control and Fraud in the Community''. House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, 12th Report. London: HMSO (1994).</ref> and failing to deliver fundamental excellence and global economic competitiveness. <ref name=>H. Matthews, The 7th EU research framework programme. ''Nanotechnol. Perceptions'' '''1''' (2005) 99–105.</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = }} == Fit for 55 == Caoi chun 55 Is pacáiste airgeadais de chuid an [[Aontas Eorpach|Aontais Eorpaigh]] é '''Oiriúnach do 55'''<ref name=iate /> nó ''Caoi chun 55'' (Béarla: '''Fit for 55''') chun [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] a laghdú le 55% faoin mbliain 2030.<ref name=Politico /> Is cuid den {{h|Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip}}, leagtha amach ar dtús i mí Nollag 2019.<ref name=egd /> Tar éis dó a bheith molta ag [[an Coimisiún Eorpach|gCoimisiún]] i mí Iúil 2021,<ref name=carbonbrief /> glacadh é sa bhliain 2023.<ref name=ec2023 /> I measc BBB san phacáiste, tá tacaíocht d'iompar glan, [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], agus taraif darb ainm [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha]] (SCCT) ar astaíochtaí carbóin ó thíortha nach bhfuil bearta acu chun gáis ceaptha teasa a laghdú.<ref name=Politico /> Moltar ann go gcuirfí iompair agus sa [[Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí an Aontais Eorpaigh|Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí]] isteach. I gcomórtas leis an bplean neodrachta molta ag an n[[Gníomhaireacht Fuinnimh Idirnáisiúnta]], tá ann níos mó beart chun fuinneamh inacmhainne a chur ar fáil.<ref name=Pavlovic2021 /> As mí Lúnasa 2024 ar aghaidh, tá gach moladh in ''Fit for 55'' glactha ag [[Parlaimint na hEorpa]] agus [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]], seachas an Treoir maidir le Cánachas Fuinnimh.<ref name=epthink2024 /> == Reachtaíocht '' The legislation is complicated due to the high level of democratic processes in the European Union. The [[an Coimisiún Eorpach|Coimisiún]] sent proposals of the new law to the [[an Chomhairle Eorpach|Chomhairle]] agus [[Parlaimint na hEorpa]]. The Council started discussions including representatives of all 27 member states on the legislative proposals in working parties on an expert level. Based on that exchange the Permanent Representative Committee continues discussions preparing the ground for the council meeting of ministers. The Fit for 55 package proposals are discussed in multiple council formations such as environment, energy, transport, economy and finance. After the ministers of each branch found joint positions trilogues including meetings with representatives of the council, parliament and commission start. The larger part of the proposals stick to the regular legislative process of trilogues.<ref name=consilium2023 /> == Téamaí * Trádáil agus ísliú astaíochtaí * Ciste Aeráide Sóisialta * Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar theorainneacha (SCCT) * Úsáid talún agus foraoiseacht * Breosla mhalartaigh * Fuinneamh glas * Éifeachtúlacht fuinnimh * Sustainable buildings * Hidrigin * Cáin fuinnimh<ref name=consiliumff55 /> == Próiseas Agus an the acht á phlé, d'éirigh ar dtús leis na Coimeádacha é a lagú. Theo ar an leagan seo nuair a vótáil na Daonlathaigh Shóisialta ina choinne. Nuair a glacadh an t-acht sa deireadh thiar, bhí sé níos láidre fud ó thaobh laghdú astaíocht CO².<ref name=Chahim2022 /> == Criticism '' The environmental organization [[Greenpeace]] criticized the package for not being suitable for halting [[athrú aeráide]] and the associated destruction of important life-support systems because the target envisaged was too low. The organization criticized the classification of [[bithfhuinneamh]] as [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] and the sale of non-emission-free cars by 2035.<ref name=greenpeace /> '' In August 2023, the Polish government filed a series of complaints with the [[Chomhairle]] against provisions that are part of the Fit for 55 package, claiming that EU climate policies threaten [[an Pholainn|na Polainne]] economy agus [[slándáil fuinnimh]].<ref name=euronews2023 /> == Employment impact '' The EU's Fit for 55 climate package is projected to create a net 204,000 jobs by 2030, adding to the baseline growth of 6.7 million jobs. Employment effects will vary by region, with negative impacts likely in eastern Europe due to reliance on [[carbon-intensive]] industries, and positive impacts in regions with [[fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]] infrastructure.<ref name=eurofound2023 /> == Féach freisin * [[Climate change in Europe#Climate targets]] * [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/3591091/ga | teideal = Téarma: Oiriúnach do 55 | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 2026-08-10}}</ref> <ref name=Politico>{{cite news | sloinne = Oroschakoff | ainm = Kalina | teideal = 5 things to know about EU's Fit for 55 climate package | url = https://www.politico.eu/article/fit-for-55-eu-5-things-to-know/ | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = politico.eu | dáta = 21 Meitheamh 2021}}</ref> <ref name=Pavlovic2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Pavlovic | ainm = Ivan | teideal = Comparing the EU's 'Fit for 55' roadmap and the IEA's net-zero scenario | url = https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/opinion/comparing-the-eus-fit-for-55-roadmap-and-the-ieas-net-zero-scenario/ | work = Euractiv | dáta = 12 Samhain 2021}}</ref> <ref name=egd>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Coimisiún Eorpach]] | dáta = 11 Nollaig 2019 | teideal = The European Green Deal | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/ip_19_6691 | work = ec.europa.eu/}}</ref> <ref name=carbonbrief>{{cite news | teideal = Q&A: How 'Fit for 55' reforms will help EU meet its climate goals | url = https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-fit-for-55-reforms-will-help-eu-meet-its-climate-goals | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = Carbon Brief | dáta = 20 Iúil 2021 | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=ec2023>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Fáilte curtha ag an gCoimisiún roimh chur i gcrích phríomhreachtaíocht ‘Oiriúnach do 55', rud a chuir an tAontas ar an mbóthar ceart chun spriocanna 2030 a shárú | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/IP_23_4754 | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2024 | work = European Commission | dáta = 9 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | teanga = ga}}</ref> <ref name=epthink2024>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 1 Lúnasa 2024 | teideal = Fit for 55 package | url = https://epthinktank.eu/2024/08/01/fit-for-55-package/ | dátarochtana = 12 Deireadh Fómhair 2025 | work = European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS)}}</ref> <ref name=consilium2023>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]] | dáta = 3 Bealtaine 2023 | teideal = Infographic - Oiriúnach do 55: an chaoi a ndéanfaidh an tAontas dlí de spriocanna aeráide | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/infographics/fit-for-55-how-the-eu-will-turn-climate-goals-into-law/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=consiliumff55>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = European council | teideal = Oiriúnach do 55 | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/policies/green-deal/fit-for-55-the-eu-plan-for-a-green-transition/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=Chahim2022>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2022-10-12 | teideal = Mohammed Chahim | url = https://www.politico.eu/list/green-28-class-of-2023-the-ranking/mohammed-chahim/ | dátarochtana = 2023-10-10 | work = Politico | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=greenpeace>{{lua idirlín | teideal = EU Commission 'Fit for 55' package unfit to contain climate crisis | url = https://www.greenpeace.org/eu-unit/issues/climate-energy/45795/eu-commission-fit-for-55-package-unfit-to-contain-climate-crisis | dátarochtana = 2023-04-08 | work = Greenpeace European Unit | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=euronews2023>{{cite news | teideal = Poland files lawsuit against key EU climate policies | url = https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/08/28/poland-asks-eu-court-of-justice-to-cancel-three-eu-climate-policies | work = Euractiv | dáta = 29 Lúnasa 2023}}</ref> <ref name=eurofound2023>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Fit for 55 climate package: Impact on EU employment by 2030 | url = https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ga/publications/2023/fit-55-climate-package-impact-eu-employment-2030 | dátarochtana = 2024-01-20 | work = www.eurofound.europa.eu | teanga = en}}</ref> }} [[Category:Carbon emissions in the European Union]] [[Category:Climate change in the European Union]] [[Category:Energy policies and initiatives of the European Union]] [[Category:Renewable energy law]] [[Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ 6deaaikugeyt2nxcj6z02w02cuqmil8 1325191 1325173 2026-08-15T22:27:15Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 1325191 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] === Cúiseanna nua === # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission # [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] # ''[[:en:Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development|Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development]] - [[Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]] # ''[[:en:Horizon 2020|Horizon 2020]]'' - [[Fís 2020]], #* [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]] # ''[[:en:Fit for 55|Fit for 55]] - [[Fit for 55]] # ''[[:en:EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism|EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism]]'' - [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Eile === # ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] == Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch == '' The '''Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development''', also called '''Framework Programmes''' or abbreviated '''FP1''' to '''FP9''', are funding programmes created by the [[Aontas Eorpach]]/[[Coimisiún Eorpach]] to support and foster research in the [[European Research Area]] (ERA). Starting in 2014, the funding programmes were named '''Horizon'''. '' The funding programmes began in 1984 and continue to the present day. The most recent programme, [[Fís Eorpach]], has a budget of 95.5 billion Euros to be distributed over seven years. '' The specific objectives and actions vary between funding periods. In FP6 and FP7, focus was on technological research. In [[Fís 2020]], the focus was on innovation, delivering economic growth faster, and delivering solutions to end users that are often governmental agencies. == Stair Conducting European research policies and implementing European research programmes is an obligation under the [[Conradh Amstardam]], which includes a chapter on research and technological development. The programmes are defined by commission civil servants who are aided by various official advisory group and lobby groups. To advise the an Coimisiún Eorpach on the overall strategy to be followed in carrying out the Information and Communication Technology thematic priority, the Information Society Technologies Advisory Group (ISTAG) was set up. <ref name=:0>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | teideal = ISTAG website | foilsitheoir = cordis.lu | dáta = 20 Deireadh Fómhair 2011 | dátarochtana = 29 Samhain 2011 | archive-date=26 April 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426010836/http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | url-status=dead}}</ref> == The framework programmes '' The framework programmes, up until Framework Programme 6 (FP6), covered five-year periods; but from Framework Programme 7 (FP7) onward, programmes run for seven years. The Framework Programmes, and their budgets in billions of Euros, are presented in the table below. <ref name=>Artis, M. J. and F. Nixson, Eds. "The Economics of the European Union: Policy and Analysis" (4th ed.), Oxford University Press 2007</ref> For FP1–FP5, program expenditures were made in [[Aonad Airgeadra Eorpach]]; from FP6 onward budgets were in Euros. The values presented below are in Euros. {| class="wikitable" |- ! ID !! Framework programme !! Period !! Budget (billion €) |- | FP1 || First <ref name=céad>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31983Y0804(01) Council resolution of 25 July 1983 on framework programmes for Community research, development and demonstration activities and a first framework programme 1984 to 1987]; OJ C208 – 04/08/1983; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1984–1987 || 3.8 |- | FP2 || Second <ref name=dara>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31987D0516 Council Decision of 28 September 1987 concerning the framework programme for Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1987 to 1991)]; OJ L302 – 24 October 1987; 87/516/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1987–1991 || 5.4 |- | FP3 || Third <ref name=triú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31990D0221 Council Decision of 23 April 1990 concerning the framework Programme of Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1990 to 1994)]; OJ L117 – 08/05/1990; 90/221/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1990–1994 || 6.6 |- | FP4 || Fourth <ref name=ceathrú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31994D1110 Decision No 1110/94/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 April 1994 concerning the fourth framework programme of the European Community activities in the field of research and technological development and demonstration]; OJ L126 – 18 May 1994; No 1110/94/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1994–1998 || 13.2 |- | FP5 || Fifth <ref name=cúigiú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31999D0182 Decision No 182/1999/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 December 1998 concerning the fifth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities (1998 to 2002)]; OJ L26 – 01/02/1999; No 182/1999/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1998–2002 || 15.0 |- | FP6 || Sixth <ref name=seu>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32002D1513 Decision No 1513/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2002 concerning the sixth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities, contributing to the creation of the European Research Area and to innovation (2002 to 2006)]; OJ L232 – 29 August 2002; No 1513/2002/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 2002–2006 || 16.3 |- | FP7 || Seventh || 2007–2013 || 50.5 over seven years<br />+ 2.7 for [[Euratom]] over five years <ref name=fp7>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/understanding/fp7inbrief/structure_en.html | teideal = How is FP 7 structured? from FP7 in Brief | foilsitheoir = European Commission | dátarochtana = 31 Iúil 2011}}</ref> |- | FP8 || [[Fís 2020]] (ochtú) <ref name=Cordis2020>{{lua idirlín | teideal = The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_ga.cfm?pg=h2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Iúil 2012}}</ref> || 2014–2020 || 77 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/horizon2020/document.cfm?doc_id=17607 | teideal = Research and innovation funding: making a real difference | dáta =2016|website=European Commission |dátarochtana = 30 Eanáir 2018}}</ref> |- | FP9 || [[Fís Eorpach]] <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir =Cordis| teideal =The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_en.cfm?pg=h2020https://ec.europa.eu/info/horizon-europe-next-research-and-innovation-framework-programme_en|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> || 2021–2027 || 95.5 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/funding/funding-opportunities/funding-programmes-and-open-calls/horizon-europe_ga | teideal =Horizon Europe | dáta=22 December 2025 }}</ref> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://eufunds.me/what-is-the-budget-of-horizon-europe/ | teideal =What is the budget of Horizon Europe? | date=6 May 2021 }}</ref> |- | FP10 | Horizon Europe | 2028-2034 | 175 (''proposal'') <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal =EU budget 2028-2034 | url = https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/eu-budget/long-term-eu-budget/eu-budget-2028-2034_en |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=commission.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> |} == Funding instruments === FP6 and FP7 === {{anchor|Framework Programme 7}} '' Framework Programme 6 and 7 (2002–2013) projects were generally funded through '''instruments''', the most important of which included: * Integrating Project (IP) * Network of Excellence (NoE) * Specific Targeted Research Projects (STReP) * Joint Technology Initiatives (JTI) === Fís 2020<!--athsheolann 'Fís 2020' anseo --> === [[Íomhá:Horizon 2020 Logo.png | mion | Lógó Fhís 2020]] '' '''Horizon 2020''' was the eighth framework programme (FP8) funding research, technological development, and innovation. The programme's name has been modified to "Framework Programme for Research and Innovation".<ref name=Cordis2020 /> == Feedback and improvements '' The programmes have been criticized on various grounds, such as actually diminishing Europe's industrial competitiveness <ref name=>''Financial Control and Fraud in the Community''. House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, 12th Report. London: HMSO (1994).</ref> and failing to deliver fundamental excellence and global economic competitiveness. <ref name=>H. Matthews, The 7th EU research framework programme. ''Nanotechnol. Perceptions'' '''1''' (2005) 99–105.</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = }} == Fit for 55 == Caoi chun 55 Is pacáiste airgeadais de chuid an [[Aontas Eorpach|Aontais Eorpaigh]] é '''Oiriúnach do 55'''<ref name=iate /> nó ''Caoi chun 55'' (Béarla: '''Fit for 55''') chun [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] a laghdú le 55% faoin mbliain 2030.<ref name=Politico /> Is cuid den {{h|Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip}}, leagtha amach ar dtús i mí Nollag 2019.<ref name=egd /> Tar éis dó a bheith molta ag [[an Coimisiún Eorpach|gCoimisiún]] i mí Iúil 2021,<ref name=carbonbrief /> glacadh é sa bhliain 2023.<ref name=ec2023 /> I measc BBB san phacáiste, tá tacaíocht d'iompar glan, [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], agus taraif darb ainm [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha]] (SCCT) ar astaíochtaí carbóin ó thíortha nach bhfuil bearta acu chun gáis ceaptha teasa a laghdú.<ref name=Politico /> Moltar ann go gcuirfí iompair agus sa [[Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí an Aontais Eorpaigh|Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí]] isteach. I gcomórtas leis an bplean neodrachta molta ag an n[[Gníomhaireacht Fuinnimh Idirnáisiúnta]], tá ann níos mó beart chun fuinneamh inacmhainne a chur ar fáil.<ref name=Pavlovic2021 /> As mí Lúnasa 2024 ar aghaidh, tá gach moladh in ''Fit for 55'' glactha ag [[Parlaimint na hEorpa]] agus [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]], seachas an Treoir maidir le Cánachas Fuinnimh.<ref name=epthink2024 /> == Reachtaíocht '' The legislation is complicated due to the high level of democratic processes in the European Union. The [[an Coimisiún Eorpach|Coimisiún]] sent proposals of the new law to the [[an Chomhairle Eorpach|Chomhairle]] agus [[Parlaimint na hEorpa]]. The Council started discussions including representatives of all 27 member states on the legislative proposals in working parties on an expert level. Based on that exchange the Permanent Representative Committee continues discussions preparing the ground for the council meeting of ministers. The Fit for 55 package proposals are discussed in multiple council formations such as environment, energy, transport, economy and finance. After the ministers of each branch found joint positions trilogues including meetings with representatives of the council, parliament and commission start. The larger part of the proposals stick to the regular legislative process of trilogues.<ref name=consilium2023 /> == Téamaí * Trádáil agus ísliú astaíochtaí * Ciste Aeráide Sóisialta * Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar theorainneacha (SCCT) * Úsáid talún agus foraoiseacht * Breosla mhalartaigh * Fuinneamh glas * Éifeachtúlacht fuinnimh * Sustainable buildings * Hidrigin * Cáin fuinnimh<ref name=consiliumff55 /> == Próiseas Agus an the acht á phlé, d'éirigh ar dtús leis na Coimeádacha é a lagú. Theo ar an leagan seo nuair a vótáil na Daonlathaigh Shóisialta ina choinne. Nuair a glacadh an t-acht sa deireadh thiar, bhí sé níos láidre fud ó thaobh laghdú astaíocht CO².<ref name=Chahim2022 /> == Cáineadh Dar le [[Greenpeace]], tá aidhmeanna an phacáiste ró lag chun cosc a chur ar [[athrú aeráide]] agus an timpeallacht a chosaint. Cáineadh an eagraíocht aicmiú [[bithfhuinneamh|bithfhuinneamh]] mar {{h|fuinneamh in-athnuaite}} agus díolachán carranna bhreosla iontaise.<ref name=greenpeace /> I mí Lúnasa 2023, ': the Polish government filed a series of complaints with the [[Chomhairle]] against provisions that are part of the Fit for 55 package, claiming that EU climate policies threaten [[an Pholainn|na Polainne]] economy agus [[slándáil fuinnimh]].<ref name=euronews2023 /> == Employment impact '' The EU's Fit for 55 climate package is projected to create a net 204,000 jobs by 2030, adding to the baseline growth of 6.7 million jobs. Employment effects will vary by region, with negative impacts likely in eastern Europe due to reliance on [[carbon-intensive]] industries, and positive impacts in regions with [[fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]] infrastructure.<ref name=eurofound2023 /> == Féach freisin * [[Climate change in Europe#Climate targets]] * [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/3591091/ga | teideal = Téarma: Oiriúnach do 55 | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 2026-08-10}}</ref> <ref name=Politico>{{cite news | sloinne = Oroschakoff | ainm = Kalina | teideal = 5 things to know about EU's Fit for 55 climate package | url = https://www.politico.eu/article/fit-for-55-eu-5-things-to-know/ | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = politico.eu | dáta = 21 Meitheamh 2021}}</ref> <ref name=Pavlovic2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Pavlovic | ainm = Ivan | teideal = Comparing the EU's 'Fit for 55' roadmap and the IEA's net-zero scenario | url = https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/opinion/comparing-the-eus-fit-for-55-roadmap-and-the-ieas-net-zero-scenario/ | work = Euractiv | dáta = 12 Samhain 2021}}</ref> <ref name=egd>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Coimisiún Eorpach]] | dáta = 11 Nollaig 2019 | teideal = The European Green Deal | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/ip_19_6691 | work = ec.europa.eu/}}</ref> <ref name=carbonbrief>{{cite news | teideal = Q&A: How 'Fit for 55' reforms will help EU meet its climate goals | url = https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-fit-for-55-reforms-will-help-eu-meet-its-climate-goals | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = Carbon Brief | dáta = 20 Iúil 2021 | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=ec2023>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Fáilte curtha ag an gCoimisiún roimh chur i gcrích phríomhreachtaíocht ‘Oiriúnach do 55', rud a chuir an tAontas ar an mbóthar ceart chun spriocanna 2030 a shárú | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/IP_23_4754 | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2024 | work = European Commission | dáta = 9 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | teanga = ga}}</ref> <ref name=epthink2024>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 1 Lúnasa 2024 | teideal = Fit for 55 package | url = https://epthinktank.eu/2024/08/01/fit-for-55-package/ | dátarochtana = 12 Deireadh Fómhair 2025 | work = European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS)}}</ref> <ref name=consilium2023>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]] | dáta = 3 Bealtaine 2023 | teideal = Infographic - Oiriúnach do 55: an chaoi a ndéanfaidh an tAontas dlí de spriocanna aeráide | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/infographics/fit-for-55-how-the-eu-will-turn-climate-goals-into-law/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=consiliumff55>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = European council | teideal = Oiriúnach do 55 | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/policies/green-deal/fit-for-55-the-eu-plan-for-a-green-transition/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=Chahim2022>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2022-10-12 | teideal = Mohammed Chahim | url = https://www.politico.eu/list/green-28-class-of-2023-the-ranking/mohammed-chahim/ | dátarochtana = 2023-10-10 | work = Politico | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=greenpeace>{{lua idirlín | teideal = EU Commission 'Fit for 55' package unfit to contain climate crisis | url = https://www.greenpeace.org/eu-unit/issues/climate-energy/45795/eu-commission-fit-for-55-package-unfit-to-contain-climate-crisis | dátarochtana = 2023-04-08 | work = Greenpeace European Unit | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=euronews2023>{{cite news | teideal = Poland files lawsuit against key EU climate policies | url = https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/08/28/poland-asks-eu-court-of-justice-to-cancel-three-eu-climate-policies | work = Euractiv | dáta = 29 Lúnasa 2023}}</ref> <ref name=eurofound2023>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Fit for 55 climate package: Impact on EU employment by 2030 | url = https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ga/publications/2023/fit-55-climate-package-impact-eu-employment-2030 | dátarochtana = 2024-01-20 | work = www.eurofound.europa.eu | teanga = en}}</ref> }} [[Category:Carbon emissions in the European Union]] [[Category:Climate change in the European Union]] [[Category:Energy policies and initiatives of the European Union]] [[Category:Renewable energy law]] [[Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ chp7bfmaanwjzwz81sg0mhonmopp82g 1325192 1325191 2026-08-15T23:18:27Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 1325192 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] === Cúiseanna nua === # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission # [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] # ''[[:en:Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development|Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development]] - [[Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]] # ''[[:en:Horizon 2020|Horizon 2020]]'' - [[Fís 2020]], #* [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]] # ''[[:en:Fit for 55|Fit for 55]] - [[Fit for 55]] # ''[[:en:EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism|EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism]]'' - [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Eile === # ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] == Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch == '' The '''Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development''', also called '''Framework Programmes''' or abbreviated '''FP1''' to '''FP9''', are funding programmes created by the [[Aontas Eorpach]]/[[Coimisiún Eorpach]] to support and foster research in the [[European Research Area]] (ERA). Starting in 2014, the funding programmes were named '''Horizon'''. '' The funding programmes began in 1984 and continue to the present day. The most recent programme, [[Fís Eorpach]], has a budget of 95.5 billion Euros to be distributed over seven years. '' The specific objectives and actions vary between funding periods. In FP6 and FP7, focus was on technological research. In [[Fís 2020]], the focus was on innovation, delivering economic growth faster, and delivering solutions to end users that are often governmental agencies. == Stair Conducting European research policies and implementing European research programmes is an obligation under the [[Conradh Amstardam]], which includes a chapter on research and technological development. The programmes are defined by commission civil servants who are aided by various official advisory group and lobby groups. To advise the an Coimisiún Eorpach on the overall strategy to be followed in carrying out the Information and Communication Technology thematic priority, the Information Society Technologies Advisory Group (ISTAG) was set up. <ref name=:0>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | teideal = ISTAG website | foilsitheoir = cordis.lu | dáta = 20 Deireadh Fómhair 2011 | dátarochtana = 29 Samhain 2011 | archive-date=26 April 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426010836/http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | url-status=dead}}</ref> == The framework programmes '' The framework programmes, up until Framework Programme 6 (FP6), covered five-year periods; but from Framework Programme 7 (FP7) onward, programmes run for seven years. The Framework Programmes, and their budgets in billions of Euros, are presented in the table below. <ref name=>Artis, M. J. and F. Nixson, Eds. "The Economics of the European Union: Policy and Analysis" (4th ed.), Oxford University Press 2007</ref> For FP1–FP5, program expenditures were made in [[Aonad Airgeadra Eorpach]]; from FP6 onward budgets were in Euros. The values presented below are in Euros. {| class="wikitable" |- ! ID !! Framework programme !! Period !! Budget (billion €) |- | FP1 || First <ref name=céad>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31983Y0804(01) Council resolution of 25 July 1983 on framework programmes for Community research, development and demonstration activities and a first framework programme 1984 to 1987]; OJ C208 – 04/08/1983; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1984–1987 || 3.8 |- | FP2 || Second <ref name=dara>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31987D0516 Council Decision of 28 September 1987 concerning the framework programme for Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1987 to 1991)]; OJ L302 – 24 October 1987; 87/516/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1987–1991 || 5.4 |- | FP3 || Third <ref name=triú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31990D0221 Council Decision of 23 April 1990 concerning the framework Programme of Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1990 to 1994)]; OJ L117 – 08/05/1990; 90/221/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1990–1994 || 6.6 |- | FP4 || Fourth <ref name=ceathrú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31994D1110 Decision No 1110/94/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 April 1994 concerning the fourth framework programme of the European Community activities in the field of research and technological development and demonstration]; OJ L126 – 18 May 1994; No 1110/94/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1994–1998 || 13.2 |- | FP5 || Fifth <ref name=cúigiú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31999D0182 Decision No 182/1999/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 December 1998 concerning the fifth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities (1998 to 2002)]; OJ L26 – 01/02/1999; No 182/1999/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1998–2002 || 15.0 |- | FP6 || Sixth <ref name=seu>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32002D1513 Decision No 1513/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2002 concerning the sixth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities, contributing to the creation of the European Research Area and to innovation (2002 to 2006)]; OJ L232 – 29 August 2002; No 1513/2002/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 2002–2006 || 16.3 |- | FP7 || Seventh || 2007–2013 || 50.5 over seven years<br />+ 2.7 for [[Euratom]] over five years <ref name=fp7>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/understanding/fp7inbrief/structure_en.html | teideal = How is FP 7 structured? from FP7 in Brief | foilsitheoir = European Commission | dátarochtana = 31 Iúil 2011}}</ref> |- | FP8 || [[Fís 2020]] (ochtú) <ref name=Cordis2020>{{lua idirlín | teideal = The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_ga.cfm?pg=h2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Iúil 2012}}</ref> || 2014–2020 || 77 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/horizon2020/document.cfm?doc_id=17607 | teideal = Research and innovation funding: making a real difference | dáta =2016|website=European Commission |dátarochtana = 30 Eanáir 2018}}</ref> |- | FP9 || [[Fís Eorpach]] <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir =Cordis| teideal =The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_en.cfm?pg=h2020https://ec.europa.eu/info/horizon-europe-next-research-and-innovation-framework-programme_en|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> || 2021–2027 || 95.5 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/funding/funding-opportunities/funding-programmes-and-open-calls/horizon-europe_ga | teideal =Horizon Europe | dáta=22 December 2025 }}</ref> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://eufunds.me/what-is-the-budget-of-horizon-europe/ | teideal =What is the budget of Horizon Europe? | date=6 May 2021 }}</ref> |- | FP10 | Horizon Europe | 2028-2034 | 175 (''proposal'') <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal =EU budget 2028-2034 | url = https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/eu-budget/long-term-eu-budget/eu-budget-2028-2034_en |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=commission.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> |} == Funding instruments === FP6 and FP7 === {{anchor|Framework Programme 7}} '' Framework Programme 6 and 7 (2002–2013) projects were generally funded through '''instruments''', the most important of which included: * Integrating Project (IP) * Network of Excellence (NoE) * Specific Targeted Research Projects (STReP) * Joint Technology Initiatives (JTI) === Fís 2020<!--athsheolann 'Fís 2020' anseo --> === [[Íomhá:Horizon 2020 Logo.png | mion | Lógó Fhís 2020]] '' '''Horizon 2020''' was the eighth framework programme (FP8) funding research, technological development, and innovation. The programme's name has been modified to "Framework Programme for Research and Innovation".<ref name=Cordis2020 /> == Feedback and improvements '' The programmes have been criticized on various grounds, such as actually diminishing Europe's industrial competitiveness <ref name=>''Financial Control and Fraud in the Community''. House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, 12th Report. London: HMSO (1994).</ref> and failing to deliver fundamental excellence and global economic competitiveness. <ref name=>H. Matthews, The 7th EU research framework programme. ''Nanotechnol. Perceptions'' '''1''' (2005) 99–105.</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = }} == Fit for 55 == Caoi chun 55 Is pacáiste airgeadais de chuid an [[Aontas Eorpach|Aontais Eorpaigh]] é '''Oiriúnach do 55'''<ref name=iate /> nó ''Caoi chun 55'' (Béarla: '''Fit for 55''') chun [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] a laghdú le 55% faoin mbliain 2030.<ref name=Politico /> Is cuid den {{h|Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip}}, leagtha amach ar dtús i mí Nollag 2019.<ref name=egd /> Tar éis dó a bheith molta ag [[an Coimisiún Eorpach|gCoimisiún]] i mí Iúil 2021,<ref name=carbonbrief /> glacadh é sa bhliain 2023.<ref name=ec2023 /> I measc BBB san phacáiste, tá tacaíocht d'iompar glan, [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], agus taraif darb ainm [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha]] (SCCT) ar astaíochtaí carbóin ó thíortha nach bhfuil bearta acu chun gáis ceaptha teasa a laghdú.<ref name=Politico /> Moltar ann go gcuirfí iompair agus sa [[Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí an Aontais Eorpaigh|Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí]] isteach. I gcomórtas leis an bplean neodrachta molta ag an n[[Gníomhaireacht Fuinnimh Idirnáisiúnta]], tá ann níos mó beart chun fuinneamh inacmhainne a chur ar fáil.<ref name=Pavlovic2021 /> As mí Lúnasa 2024 ar aghaidh, tá gach moladh in ''Fit for 55'' glactha ag [[Parlaimint na hEorpa]] agus [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]], seachas an Treoir maidir le Cánachas Fuinnimh.<ref name=epthink2024 /> == Reachtaíocht '' The legislation is complicated due to the high level of democratic processes in the European Union. The [[an Coimisiún Eorpach|Coimisiún]] sent proposals of the new law to the [[an Chomhairle Eorpach|Chomhairle]] agus [[Parlaimint na hEorpa]]. The Council started discussions including representatives of all 27 member states on the legislative proposals in working parties on an expert level. Based on that exchange the Permanent Representative Committee continues discussions preparing the ground for the council meeting of ministers. The Fit for 55 package proposals are discussed in multiple council formations such as environment, energy, transport, economy and finance. After the ministers of each branch found joint positions trilogues including meetings with representatives of the council, parliament and commission start. The larger part of the proposals stick to the regular legislative process of trilogues.<ref name=consilium2023 /> == Téamaí * Trádáil agus ísliú astaíochtaí * Ciste Aeráide Sóisialta * Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar theorainneacha (SCCT) * Úsáid talún agus foraoiseacht * Breosla mhalartaigh * Fuinneamh glas * Éifeachtúlacht fuinnimh * Sustainable buildings * Hidrigin * Cáin fuinnimh<ref name=consiliumff55 /> == Próiseas Agus an the acht á phlé, d'éirigh ar dtús leis na Coimeádacha é a lagú. Theo ar an leagan seo nuair a vótáil na Daonlathaigh Shóisialta ina choinne. Nuair a glacadh an t-acht sa deireadh thiar, bhí sé níos láidre fud ó thaobh laghdú astaíocht CO².<ref name=Chahim2022 /> == Cáineadh Dar le [[Greenpeace]], tá aidhmeanna an phacáiste ró lag chun cosc a chur ar [[athrú aeráide]] agus an timpeallacht a chosaint. Cáineadh an eagraíocht aicmiú [[bithfhuinneamh|bithfhuinneamh]] mar {{h|fuinneamh in-athnuaite}} agus díolachán carranna bhreosla iontaise.<ref name=greenpeace /> I mí Lúnasa 2023, rinne rialtas [[an Pholainn|na Polainne]] gearán leis an gComhairle i gcoinne forálacha in Fit for 55, ag maíomh go ndéanann EU climate policies bagairt ar gheilleagar na tíre agus ar a [[slándáil fuinnimh]].<ref name=euronews2023 /> == Employment impact '' The EU's Fit for 55 climate package is projected to create a net 204,000 jobs by 2030, adding to the baseline growth of 6.7 million jobs. Employment effects will vary by region, with negative impacts likely in eastern Europe due to reliance on [[carbon-intensive]] industries, and positive impacts in regions with [[fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]] infrastructure.<ref name=eurofound2023 /> == Féach freisin * [[Climate change in Europe#Climate targets]] * [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/3591091/ga | teideal = Téarma: Oiriúnach do 55 | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 2026-08-10}}</ref> <ref name=Politico>{{cite news | sloinne = Oroschakoff | ainm = Kalina | teideal = 5 things to know about EU's Fit for 55 climate package | url = https://www.politico.eu/article/fit-for-55-eu-5-things-to-know/ | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = politico.eu | dáta = 21 Meitheamh 2021}}</ref> <ref name=Pavlovic2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Pavlovic | ainm = Ivan | teideal = Comparing the EU's 'Fit for 55' roadmap and the IEA's net-zero scenario | url = https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/opinion/comparing-the-eus-fit-for-55-roadmap-and-the-ieas-net-zero-scenario/ | work = Euractiv | dáta = 12 Samhain 2021}}</ref> <ref name=egd>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Coimisiún Eorpach]] | dáta = 11 Nollaig 2019 | teideal = The European Green Deal | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/ip_19_6691 | work = ec.europa.eu/}}</ref> <ref name=carbonbrief>{{cite news | teideal = Q&A: How 'Fit for 55' reforms will help EU meet its climate goals | url = https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-fit-for-55-reforms-will-help-eu-meet-its-climate-goals | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = Carbon Brief | dáta = 20 Iúil 2021 | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=ec2023>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Fáilte curtha ag an gCoimisiún roimh chur i gcrích phríomhreachtaíocht ‘Oiriúnach do 55', rud a chuir an tAontas ar an mbóthar ceart chun spriocanna 2030 a shárú | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/IP_23_4754 | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2024 | work = European Commission | dáta = 9 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | teanga = ga}}</ref> <ref name=epthink2024>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 1 Lúnasa 2024 | teideal = Fit for 55 package | url = https://epthinktank.eu/2024/08/01/fit-for-55-package/ | dátarochtana = 12 Deireadh Fómhair 2025 | work = European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS)}}</ref> <ref name=consilium2023>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]] | dáta = 3 Bealtaine 2023 | teideal = Infographic - Oiriúnach do 55: an chaoi a ndéanfaidh an tAontas dlí de spriocanna aeráide | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/infographics/fit-for-55-how-the-eu-will-turn-climate-goals-into-law/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=consiliumff55>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = European council | teideal = Oiriúnach do 55 | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/policies/green-deal/fit-for-55-the-eu-plan-for-a-green-transition/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=Chahim2022>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2022-10-12 | teideal = Mohammed Chahim | url = https://www.politico.eu/list/green-28-class-of-2023-the-ranking/mohammed-chahim/ | dátarochtana = 2023-10-10 | work = Politico | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=greenpeace>{{lua idirlín | teideal = EU Commission 'Fit for 55' package unfit to contain climate crisis | url = https://www.greenpeace.org/eu-unit/issues/climate-energy/45795/eu-commission-fit-for-55-package-unfit-to-contain-climate-crisis | dátarochtana = 2023-04-08 | work = Greenpeace European Unit | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=euronews2023>{{cite news | teideal = Poland files lawsuit against key EU climate policies | url = https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/08/28/poland-asks-eu-court-of-justice-to-cancel-three-eu-climate-policies | work = Euractiv | dáta = 29 Lúnasa 2023}}</ref> <ref name=eurofound2023>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Fit for 55 climate package: Impact on EU employment by 2030 | url = https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ga/publications/2023/fit-55-climate-package-impact-eu-employment-2030 | dátarochtana = 2024-01-20 | work = www.eurofound.europa.eu | teanga = en}}</ref> }} [[Category:Carbon emissions in the European Union]] [[Category:Climate change in the European Union]] [[Category:Energy policies and initiatives of the European Union]] [[Category:Renewable energy law]] [[Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ dm7elkjf93px3rka4wkrpq4nj2zku69 1325193 1325192 2026-08-15T23:28:29Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 1325193 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] === Cúiseanna nua === # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission # [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] # ''[[:en:Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development|Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development]] - [[Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]] # ''[[:en:Horizon 2020|Horizon 2020]]'' - [[Fís 2020]], #* [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]] # ''[[:en:Fit for 55|Fit for 55]] - [[Fit for 55]] # ''[[:en:EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism|EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism]]'' - [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Eile === # ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] == Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch == '' The '''Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development''', also called '''Framework Programmes''' or abbreviated '''FP1''' to '''FP9''', are funding programmes created by the [[Aontas Eorpach]]/[[Coimisiún Eorpach]] to support and foster research in the [[European Research Area]] (ERA). Starting in 2014, the funding programmes were named '''Horizon'''. '' The funding programmes began in 1984 and continue to the present day. The most recent programme, [[Fís Eorpach]], has a budget of 95.5 billion Euros to be distributed over seven years. '' The specific objectives and actions vary between funding periods. In FP6 and FP7, focus was on technological research. In [[Fís 2020]], the focus was on innovation, delivering economic growth faster, and delivering solutions to end users that are often governmental agencies. == Stair Conducting European research policies and implementing European research programmes is an obligation under the [[Conradh Amstardam]], which includes a chapter on research and technological development. The programmes are defined by commission civil servants who are aided by various official advisory group and lobby groups. To advise the an Coimisiún Eorpach on the overall strategy to be followed in carrying out the Information and Communication Technology thematic priority, the Information Society Technologies Advisory Group (ISTAG) was set up. <ref name=:0>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | teideal = ISTAG website | foilsitheoir = cordis.lu | dáta = 20 Deireadh Fómhair 2011 | dátarochtana = 29 Samhain 2011 | archive-date=26 April 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426010836/http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | url-status=dead}}</ref> == The framework programmes '' The framework programmes, up until Framework Programme 6 (FP6), covered five-year periods; but from Framework Programme 7 (FP7) onward, programmes run for seven years. The Framework Programmes, and their budgets in billions of Euros, are presented in the table below. <ref name=>Artis, M. J. and F. Nixson, Eds. "The Economics of the European Union: Policy and Analysis" (4th ed.), Oxford University Press 2007</ref> For FP1–FP5, program expenditures were made in [[Aonad Airgeadra Eorpach]]; from FP6 onward budgets were in Euros. The values presented below are in Euros. {| class="wikitable" |- ! ID !! Framework programme !! Period !! Budget (billion €) |- | FP1 || First <ref name=céad>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31983Y0804(01) Council resolution of 25 July 1983 on framework programmes for Community research, development and demonstration activities and a first framework programme 1984 to 1987]; OJ C208 – 04/08/1983; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1984–1987 || 3.8 |- | FP2 || Second <ref name=dara>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31987D0516 Council Decision of 28 September 1987 concerning the framework programme for Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1987 to 1991)]; OJ L302 – 24 October 1987; 87/516/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1987–1991 || 5.4 |- | FP3 || Third <ref name=triú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31990D0221 Council Decision of 23 April 1990 concerning the framework Programme of Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1990 to 1994)]; OJ L117 – 08/05/1990; 90/221/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1990–1994 || 6.6 |- | FP4 || Fourth <ref name=ceathrú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31994D1110 Decision No 1110/94/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 April 1994 concerning the fourth framework programme of the European Community activities in the field of research and technological development and demonstration]; OJ L126 – 18 May 1994; No 1110/94/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1994–1998 || 13.2 |- | FP5 || Fifth <ref name=cúigiú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31999D0182 Decision No 182/1999/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 December 1998 concerning the fifth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities (1998 to 2002)]; OJ L26 – 01/02/1999; No 182/1999/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1998–2002 || 15.0 |- | FP6 || Sixth <ref name=seu>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32002D1513 Decision No 1513/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2002 concerning the sixth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities, contributing to the creation of the European Research Area and to innovation (2002 to 2006)]; OJ L232 – 29 August 2002; No 1513/2002/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 2002–2006 || 16.3 |- | FP7 || Seventh || 2007–2013 || 50.5 over seven years<br />+ 2.7 for [[Euratom]] over five years <ref name=fp7>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/understanding/fp7inbrief/structure_en.html | teideal = How is FP 7 structured? from FP7 in Brief | foilsitheoir = European Commission | dátarochtana = 31 Iúil 2011}}</ref> |- | FP8 || [[Fís 2020]] (ochtú) <ref name=Cordis2020>{{lua idirlín | teideal = The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_ga.cfm?pg=h2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Iúil 2012}}</ref> || 2014–2020 || 77 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/horizon2020/document.cfm?doc_id=17607 | teideal = Research and innovation funding: making a real difference | dáta =2016|website=European Commission |dátarochtana = 30 Eanáir 2018}}</ref> |- | FP9 || [[Fís Eorpach]] <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir =Cordis| teideal =The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_en.cfm?pg=h2020https://ec.europa.eu/info/horizon-europe-next-research-and-innovation-framework-programme_en|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> || 2021–2027 || 95.5 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/funding/funding-opportunities/funding-programmes-and-open-calls/horizon-europe_ga | teideal =Horizon Europe | dáta=22 December 2025 }}</ref> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://eufunds.me/what-is-the-budget-of-horizon-europe/ | teideal =What is the budget of Horizon Europe? | date=6 May 2021 }}</ref> |- | FP10 | Horizon Europe | 2028-2034 | 175 (''proposal'') <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal =EU budget 2028-2034 | url = https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/eu-budget/long-term-eu-budget/eu-budget-2028-2034_en |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=commission.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> |} == Funding instruments === FP6 and FP7 === {{anchor|Framework Programme 7}} '' Framework Programme 6 and 7 (2002–2013) projects were generally funded through '''instruments''', the most important of which included: * Integrating Project (IP) * Network of Excellence (NoE) * Specific Targeted Research Projects (STReP) * Joint Technology Initiatives (JTI) === Fís 2020<!--athsheolann 'Fís 2020' anseo --> === [[Íomhá:Horizon 2020 Logo.png | mion | Lógó Fhís 2020]] '' '''Horizon 2020''' was the eighth framework programme (FP8) funding research, technological development, and innovation. The programme's name has been modified to "Framework Programme for Research and Innovation".<ref name=Cordis2020 /> == Feedback and improvements '' The programmes have been criticized on various grounds, such as actually diminishing Europe's industrial competitiveness <ref name=>''Financial Control and Fraud in the Community''. House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, 12th Report. London: HMSO (1994).</ref> and failing to deliver fundamental excellence and global economic competitiveness. <ref name=>H. Matthews, The 7th EU research framework programme. ''Nanotechnol. Perceptions'' '''1''' (2005) 99–105.</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = }} == Caoi chun 55 == Oiriúnach do 55 Is pacáiste airgeadais agus bearta timpeallachta de chuid an [[Aontas Eorpach|Aontais Eorpaigh]] é '''Oiriúnach do 55'''<ref name=iate /> nó ''Caoi chun 55'' (Béarla: '''Fit for 55''') chun [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] a laghdú le 55% faoin mbliain 2030.<ref name=Politico /> Is cuid den {{h|Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip}}, leagtha amach ar dtús i mí Nollag 2019.<ref name=egd /> Tar éis dó a bheith molta ag [[an Coimisiún Eorpach|gCoimisiún]] i mí Iúil 2021,<ref name=carbonbrief /> glacadh é sa bhliain 2023.<ref name=ec2023 /> I measc BBB san phacáiste, tá tacaíocht d'iompar glan, [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], agus taraif darb ainm [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha]] (SCCT) ar astaíochtaí carbóin ó thíortha nach bhfuil bearta acu chun gáis ceaptha teasa a laghdú.<ref name=Politico /> Moltar ann go gcuirfí iompair agus sa [[Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí an Aontais Eorpaigh|Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí]] isteach. I gcomórtas leis an bplean neodrachta molta ag an n[[Gníomhaireacht Fuinnimh Idirnáisiúnta]], tá ann níos mó beart chun fuinneamh inacmhainne a chur ar fáil.<ref name=Pavlovic2021 /> Ó mhí Lúnasa 2024 ar aghaidh, tá gach moladh in ''Fit for 55'' glactha ag [[Parlaimint na hEorpa]] agus [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]], seachas an Treoir maidir le Cánachas Fuinnimh.<ref name=epthink2024 /> == Téamaí * Trádáil agus ísliú astaíochtaí * Ciste Aeráide Sóisialta * Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar theorainneacha (SCCT) * Úsáid talún agus foraoiseacht * Breosla mhalartaigh * Fuinneamh glas * Éifeachtúlacht fuinnimh * Tógáil inbhuanaithe * Hidrigin * Cáin fuinnimh<ref name=consiliumff55 /> == Próiseas Agus an t-acht á phlé, d'éirigh ar dtús le Coimeádacha é a maolú. Theip ar an leagan seo nuair a vótáil na Daonlathaigh Shóisialta ina choinne. Nuair a glacadh an t-acht sa deireadh thiar, bhí sé níos láidre fós ó thaobh laghdú astaíocht CO².<ref name=Chahim2022 /> == Cáineadh Dar le [[Greenpeace]], tá aidhmeanna an phacáiste ró lag chun cosc a chur ar [[athrú aeráide]] agus an timpeallacht a chosaint. Cáineadh an eagraíocht gur aicmiodh [[bithfhuinneamh]] mar {{h|fuinneamh in-athnuaite}} agus gur ceadaíodh díolachán carranna bhreosla iontaise go dtí 2035.<ref name=greenpeace /> I mí Lúnasa 2023, rinne rialtas [[an Pholainn|na Polainne]] gearán leis an gComhairle i gcoinne forálacha in Fit for 55, ag maíomh go ndéanann EU climate policies bagairt ar gheilleagar na tíre agus ar a [[slándáil fuinnimh]].<ref name=euronews2023 /> == Féach freisin * [[Climate change in Europe#Climate targets]] * [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/3591091/ga | teideal = Téarma: Oiriúnach do 55 | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 2026-08-10}}</ref> <ref name=Politico>{{cite news | sloinne = Oroschakoff | ainm = Kalina | teideal = 5 things to know about EU's Fit for 55 climate package | url = https://www.politico.eu/article/fit-for-55-eu-5-things-to-know/ | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = politico.eu | dáta = 21 Meitheamh 2021}}</ref> <ref name=Pavlovic2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Pavlovic | ainm = Ivan | teideal = Comparing the EU's 'Fit for 55' roadmap and the IEA's net-zero scenario | url = https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/opinion/comparing-the-eus-fit-for-55-roadmap-and-the-ieas-net-zero-scenario/ | work = Euractiv | dáta = 12 Samhain 2021}}</ref> <ref name=egd>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Coimisiún Eorpach]] | dáta = 11 Nollaig 2019 | teideal = The European Green Deal | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/ip_19_6691 | work = ec.europa.eu/}}</ref> <ref name=carbonbrief>{{cite news | teideal = Q&A: How 'Fit for 55' reforms will help EU meet its climate goals | url = https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-fit-for-55-reforms-will-help-eu-meet-its-climate-goals | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = Carbon Brief | dáta = 20 Iúil 2021 | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=ec2023>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Fáilte curtha ag an gCoimisiún roimh chur i gcrích phríomhreachtaíocht ‘Oiriúnach do 55', rud a chuir an tAontas ar an mbóthar ceart chun spriocanna 2030 a shárú | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/IP_23_4754 | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2024 | work = European Commission | dáta = 9 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | teanga = ga}}</ref> <ref name=epthink2024>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 1 Lúnasa 2024 | teideal = Fit for 55 package | url = https://epthinktank.eu/2024/08/01/fit-for-55-package/ | dátarochtana = 12 Deireadh Fómhair 2025 | work = European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS)}}</ref> <ref name=consilium2023>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]] | dáta = 3 Bealtaine 2023 | teideal = Infographic - Oiriúnach do 55: an chaoi a ndéanfaidh an tAontas dlí de spriocanna aeráide | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/infographics/fit-for-55-how-the-eu-will-turn-climate-goals-into-law/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=consiliumff55>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = European council | teideal = Oiriúnach do 55 | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/policies/green-deal/fit-for-55-the-eu-plan-for-a-green-transition/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=Chahim2022>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2022-10-12 | teideal = Mohammed Chahim | url = https://www.politico.eu/list/green-28-class-of-2023-the-ranking/mohammed-chahim/ | dátarochtana = 2023-10-10 | work = Politico | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=greenpeace>{{lua idirlín | teideal = EU Commission 'Fit for 55' package unfit to contain climate crisis | url = https://www.greenpeace.org/eu-unit/issues/climate-energy/45795/eu-commission-fit-for-55-package-unfit-to-contain-climate-crisis | dátarochtana = 2023-04-08 | work = Greenpeace European Unit | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=euronews2023>{{cite news | teideal = Poland files lawsuit against key EU climate policies | url = https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/08/28/poland-asks-eu-court-of-justice-to-cancel-three-eu-climate-policies | work = Euractiv | dáta = 29 Lúnasa 2023}}</ref> <ref name=eurofound2023>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Fit for 55 climate package: Impact on EU employment by 2030 | url = https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ga/publications/2023/fit-55-climate-package-impact-eu-employment-2030 | dátarochtana = 2024-01-20 | work = www.eurofound.europa.eu | teanga = en}}</ref> }} [[Category:Carbon emissions in the European Union]] [[Category:Climate change in the European Union]] [[Category:Energy policies and initiatives of the European Union]] [[Category:Renewable energy law]] [[Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ 2pktlgj2goft2pt11egtx0cjyn6uwkv 1325194 1325193 2026-08-15T23:29:41Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Caoi chun 55 */ 1325194 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] === Cúiseanna nua === # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission # [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] # ''[[:en:Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development|Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development]] - [[Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]] # ''[[:en:Horizon 2020|Horizon 2020]]'' - [[Fís 2020]], #* [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]] # ''[[:en:Fit for 55|Fit for 55]] - [[Fit for 55]] # ''[[:en:EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism|EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism]]'' - [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Eile === # ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] == Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch == '' The '''Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development''', also called '''Framework Programmes''' or abbreviated '''FP1''' to '''FP9''', are funding programmes created by the [[Aontas Eorpach]]/[[Coimisiún Eorpach]] to support and foster research in the [[European Research Area]] (ERA). Starting in 2014, the funding programmes were named '''Horizon'''. '' The funding programmes began in 1984 and continue to the present day. The most recent programme, [[Fís Eorpach]], has a budget of 95.5 billion Euros to be distributed over seven years. '' The specific objectives and actions vary between funding periods. In FP6 and FP7, focus was on technological research. In [[Fís 2020]], the focus was on innovation, delivering economic growth faster, and delivering solutions to end users that are often governmental agencies. == Stair Conducting European research policies and implementing European research programmes is an obligation under the [[Conradh Amstardam]], which includes a chapter on research and technological development. The programmes are defined by commission civil servants who are aided by various official advisory group and lobby groups. To advise the an Coimisiún Eorpach on the overall strategy to be followed in carrying out the Information and Communication Technology thematic priority, the Information Society Technologies Advisory Group (ISTAG) was set up. <ref name=:0>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | teideal = ISTAG website | foilsitheoir = cordis.lu | dáta = 20 Deireadh Fómhair 2011 | dátarochtana = 29 Samhain 2011 | archive-date=26 April 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426010836/http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | url-status=dead}}</ref> == The framework programmes '' The framework programmes, up until Framework Programme 6 (FP6), covered five-year periods; but from Framework Programme 7 (FP7) onward, programmes run for seven years. The Framework Programmes, and their budgets in billions of Euros, are presented in the table below. <ref name=>Artis, M. J. and F. Nixson, Eds. "The Economics of the European Union: Policy and Analysis" (4th ed.), Oxford University Press 2007</ref> For FP1–FP5, program expenditures were made in [[Aonad Airgeadra Eorpach]]; from FP6 onward budgets were in Euros. The values presented below are in Euros. {| class="wikitable" |- ! ID !! Framework programme !! Period !! Budget (billion €) |- | FP1 || First <ref name=céad>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31983Y0804(01) Council resolution of 25 July 1983 on framework programmes for Community research, development and demonstration activities and a first framework programme 1984 to 1987]; OJ C208 – 04/08/1983; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1984–1987 || 3.8 |- | FP2 || Second <ref name=dara>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31987D0516 Council Decision of 28 September 1987 concerning the framework programme for Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1987 to 1991)]; OJ L302 – 24 October 1987; 87/516/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1987–1991 || 5.4 |- | FP3 || Third <ref name=triú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31990D0221 Council Decision of 23 April 1990 concerning the framework Programme of Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1990 to 1994)]; OJ L117 – 08/05/1990; 90/221/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1990–1994 || 6.6 |- | FP4 || Fourth <ref name=ceathrú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31994D1110 Decision No 1110/94/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 April 1994 concerning the fourth framework programme of the European Community activities in the field of research and technological development and demonstration]; OJ L126 – 18 May 1994; No 1110/94/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1994–1998 || 13.2 |- | FP5 || Fifth <ref name=cúigiú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31999D0182 Decision No 182/1999/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 December 1998 concerning the fifth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities (1998 to 2002)]; OJ L26 – 01/02/1999; No 182/1999/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1998–2002 || 15.0 |- | FP6 || Sixth <ref name=seu>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32002D1513 Decision No 1513/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2002 concerning the sixth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities, contributing to the creation of the European Research Area and to innovation (2002 to 2006)]; OJ L232 – 29 August 2002; No 1513/2002/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 2002–2006 || 16.3 |- | FP7 || Seventh || 2007–2013 || 50.5 over seven years<br />+ 2.7 for [[Euratom]] over five years <ref name=fp7>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/understanding/fp7inbrief/structure_en.html | teideal = How is FP 7 structured? from FP7 in Brief | foilsitheoir = European Commission | dátarochtana = 31 Iúil 2011}}</ref> |- | FP8 || [[Fís 2020]] (ochtú) <ref name=Cordis2020>{{lua idirlín | teideal = The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_ga.cfm?pg=h2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Iúil 2012}}</ref> || 2014–2020 || 77 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/horizon2020/document.cfm?doc_id=17607 | teideal = Research and innovation funding: making a real difference | dáta =2016|website=European Commission |dátarochtana = 30 Eanáir 2018}}</ref> |- | FP9 || [[Fís Eorpach]] <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir =Cordis| teideal =The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_en.cfm?pg=h2020https://ec.europa.eu/info/horizon-europe-next-research-and-innovation-framework-programme_en|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> || 2021–2027 || 95.5 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/funding/funding-opportunities/funding-programmes-and-open-calls/horizon-europe_ga | teideal =Horizon Europe | dáta=22 December 2025 }}</ref> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://eufunds.me/what-is-the-budget-of-horizon-europe/ | teideal =What is the budget of Horizon Europe? | date=6 May 2021 }}</ref> |- | FP10 | Horizon Europe | 2028-2034 | 175 (''proposal'') <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal =EU budget 2028-2034 | url = https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/eu-budget/long-term-eu-budget/eu-budget-2028-2034_en |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=commission.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> |} == Funding instruments === FP6 and FP7 === {{anchor|Framework Programme 7}} '' Framework Programme 6 and 7 (2002–2013) projects were generally funded through '''instruments''', the most important of which included: * Integrating Project (IP) * Network of Excellence (NoE) * Specific Targeted Research Projects (STReP) * Joint Technology Initiatives (JTI) === Fís 2020<!--athsheolann 'Fís 2020' anseo --> === [[Íomhá:Horizon 2020 Logo.png | mion | Lógó Fhís 2020]] '' '''Horizon 2020''' was the eighth framework programme (FP8) funding research, technological development, and innovation. The programme's name has been modified to "Framework Programme for Research and Innovation".<ref name=Cordis2020 /> == Feedback and improvements '' The programmes have been criticized on various grounds, such as actually diminishing Europe's industrial competitiveness <ref name=>''Financial Control and Fraud in the Community''. House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, 12th Report. London: HMSO (1994).</ref> and failing to deliver fundamental excellence and global economic competitiveness. <ref name=>H. Matthews, The 7th EU research framework programme. ''Nanotechnol. Perceptions'' '''1''' (2005) 99–105.</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = }} == Caoi chun 55 == Oiriúnach do 55 Is pacáiste airgeadais agus bearta timpeallachta de chuid an [[Aontas Eorpach|Aontais Eorpaigh]] é '''Oiriúnach do 55'''<ref name=iate /> nó ''Caoi chun 55'' (Béarla: '''Fit for 55''') chun [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] a laghdú le 55% faoin mbliain 2030.<ref name=Politico /> Is cuid den {{h|Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip}}, leagtha amach ar dtús i mí Nollag 2019.<ref name=egd /> Tar éis dó a bheith molta ag [[an Coimisiún Eorpach|gCoimisiún]] i mí Iúil 2021,<ref name=carbonbrief /> glacadh é sa bhliain 2023.<ref name=ec2023 /> I measc BBB san phacáiste, tá tacaíocht d'iompar glan, [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], agus taraif darb ainm [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha]] (SCCT) ar astaíochtaí carbóin ó thíortha nach bhfuil bearta acu chun gáis ceaptha teasa a laghdú.<ref name=Politico /> Moltar ann go gcuirfí iompair agus sa [[Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí an Aontais Eorpaigh|Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí]] isteach. I gcomórtas leis an bplean neodrachta molta ag an n[[Gníomhaireacht Fuinnimh Idirnáisiúnta]], tá ann níos mó beart chun fuinneamh inacmhainne a chur ar fáil.<ref name=Pavlovic2021 /> Ó mhí Lúnasa 2024 ar aghaidh, tá gach moladh in ''Fit for 55'' glactha ag [[Parlaimint na hEorpa]] agus [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]], seachas an Treoir maidir le Cánachas Fuinnimh.<ref name=epthink2024 /><ref name=consilium2023> == Téamaí * Trádáil agus ísliú astaíochtaí * Ciste Aeráide Sóisialta * Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar theorainneacha (SCCT) * Úsáid talún agus foraoiseacht * Breosla mhalartaigh * Fuinneamh glas * Éifeachtúlacht fuinnimh * Tógáil inbhuanaithe * Hidrigin * Cáin fuinnimh<ref name=consiliumff55 /> == Próiseas Agus an t-acht á phlé, d'éirigh ar dtús le Coimeádacha é a maolú. Theip ar an leagan seo nuair a vótáil na Daonlathaigh Shóisialta ina choinne. Nuair a glacadh an t-acht sa deireadh thiar, bhí sé níos láidre fós ó thaobh laghdú astaíocht CO².<ref name=Chahim2022 /> == Cáineadh Dar le [[Greenpeace]], tá aidhmeanna an phacáiste ró lag chun cosc a chur ar [[athrú aeráide]] agus an timpeallacht a chosaint. Cáineadh an eagraíocht gur aicmiodh [[bithfhuinneamh]] mar {{h|fuinneamh in-athnuaite}} agus gur ceadaíodh díolachán carranna bhreosla iontaise go dtí 2035.<ref name=greenpeace /> I mí Lúnasa 2023, rinne rialtas [[an Pholainn|na Polainne]] gearán leis an gComhairle i gcoinne forálacha in Fit for 55, ag maíomh go ndéanann EU climate policies bagairt ar gheilleagar na tíre agus ar a [[slándáil fuinnimh]].<ref name=euronews2023 /> == Féach freisin * [[Climate change in Europe#Climate targets]] * [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/3591091/ga | teideal = Téarma: Oiriúnach do 55 | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 2026-08-10}}</ref> <ref name=Politico>{{cite news | sloinne = Oroschakoff | ainm = Kalina | teideal = 5 things to know about EU's Fit for 55 climate package | url = https://www.politico.eu/article/fit-for-55-eu-5-things-to-know/ | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = politico.eu | dáta = 21 Meitheamh 2021}}</ref> <ref name=Pavlovic2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Pavlovic | ainm = Ivan | teideal = Comparing the EU's 'Fit for 55' roadmap and the IEA's net-zero scenario | url = https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/opinion/comparing-the-eus-fit-for-55-roadmap-and-the-ieas-net-zero-scenario/ | work = Euractiv | dáta = 12 Samhain 2021}}</ref> <ref name=egd>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Coimisiún Eorpach]] | dáta = 11 Nollaig 2019 | teideal = The European Green Deal | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/ip_19_6691 | work = ec.europa.eu/}}</ref> <ref name=carbonbrief>{{cite news | teideal = Q&A: How 'Fit for 55' reforms will help EU meet its climate goals | url = https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-fit-for-55-reforms-will-help-eu-meet-its-climate-goals | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = Carbon Brief | dáta = 20 Iúil 2021 | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=ec2023>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Fáilte curtha ag an gCoimisiún roimh chur i gcrích phríomhreachtaíocht ‘Oiriúnach do 55', rud a chuir an tAontas ar an mbóthar ceart chun spriocanna 2030 a shárú | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/IP_23_4754 | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2024 | work = European Commission | dáta = 9 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | teanga = ga}}</ref> <ref name=epthink2024>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 1 Lúnasa 2024 | teideal = Fit for 55 package | url = https://epthinktank.eu/2024/08/01/fit-for-55-package/ | dátarochtana = 12 Deireadh Fómhair 2025 | work = European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS)}}</ref> <ref name=consilium2023>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]] | dáta = 3 Bealtaine 2023 | teideal = Infographic - Oiriúnach do 55: an chaoi a ndéanfaidh an tAontas dlí de spriocanna aeráide | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/infographics/fit-for-55-how-the-eu-will-turn-climate-goals-into-law/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=consiliumff55>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = European council | teideal = Oiriúnach do 55 | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/policies/green-deal/fit-for-55-the-eu-plan-for-a-green-transition/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=Chahim2022>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2022-10-12 | teideal = Mohammed Chahim | url = https://www.politico.eu/list/green-28-class-of-2023-the-ranking/mohammed-chahim/ | dátarochtana = 2023-10-10 | work = Politico | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=greenpeace>{{lua idirlín | teideal = EU Commission 'Fit for 55' package unfit to contain climate crisis | url = https://www.greenpeace.org/eu-unit/issues/climate-energy/45795/eu-commission-fit-for-55-package-unfit-to-contain-climate-crisis | dátarochtana = 2023-04-08 | work = Greenpeace European Unit | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=euronews2023>{{cite news | teideal = Poland files lawsuit against key EU climate policies | url = https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/08/28/poland-asks-eu-court-of-justice-to-cancel-three-eu-climate-policies | work = Euractiv | dáta = 29 Lúnasa 2023}}</ref> }} [[Category:Carbon emissions in the European Union]] [[Category:Climate change in the European Union]] [[Category:Energy policies and initiatives of the European Union]] [[Category:Renewable energy law]] [[Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ 1hiyduj0ggu92n71cb0s17y57bg73vt 1325195 1325194 2026-08-15T23:30:03Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Caoi chun 55 */ 1325195 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] === Cúiseanna nua === # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission # [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] # ''[[:en:Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development|Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development]] - [[Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]] # ''[[:en:Horizon 2020|Horizon 2020]]'' - [[Fís 2020]], #* [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]] # ''[[:en:Fit for 55|Fit for 55]] - [[Fit for 55]] # ''[[:en:EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism|EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism]]'' - [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Eile === # ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] == Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch == '' The '''Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development''', also called '''Framework Programmes''' or abbreviated '''FP1''' to '''FP9''', are funding programmes created by the [[Aontas Eorpach]]/[[Coimisiún Eorpach]] to support and foster research in the [[European Research Area]] (ERA). Starting in 2014, the funding programmes were named '''Horizon'''. '' The funding programmes began in 1984 and continue to the present day. The most recent programme, [[Fís Eorpach]], has a budget of 95.5 billion Euros to be distributed over seven years. '' The specific objectives and actions vary between funding periods. In FP6 and FP7, focus was on technological research. In [[Fís 2020]], the focus was on innovation, delivering economic growth faster, and delivering solutions to end users that are often governmental agencies. == Stair Conducting European research policies and implementing European research programmes is an obligation under the [[Conradh Amstardam]], which includes a chapter on research and technological development. The programmes are defined by commission civil servants who are aided by various official advisory group and lobby groups. To advise the an Coimisiún Eorpach on the overall strategy to be followed in carrying out the Information and Communication Technology thematic priority, the Information Society Technologies Advisory Group (ISTAG) was set up. <ref name=:0>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | teideal = ISTAG website | foilsitheoir = cordis.lu | dáta = 20 Deireadh Fómhair 2011 | dátarochtana = 29 Samhain 2011 | archive-date=26 April 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426010836/http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | url-status=dead}}</ref> == The framework programmes '' The framework programmes, up until Framework Programme 6 (FP6), covered five-year periods; but from Framework Programme 7 (FP7) onward, programmes run for seven years. The Framework Programmes, and their budgets in billions of Euros, are presented in the table below. <ref name=>Artis, M. J. and F. Nixson, Eds. "The Economics of the European Union: Policy and Analysis" (4th ed.), Oxford University Press 2007</ref> For FP1–FP5, program expenditures were made in [[Aonad Airgeadra Eorpach]]; from FP6 onward budgets were in Euros. The values presented below are in Euros. {| class="wikitable" |- ! ID !! Framework programme !! Period !! Budget (billion €) |- | FP1 || First <ref name=céad>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31983Y0804(01) Council resolution of 25 July 1983 on framework programmes for Community research, development and demonstration activities and a first framework programme 1984 to 1987]; OJ C208 – 04/08/1983; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1984–1987 || 3.8 |- | FP2 || Second <ref name=dara>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31987D0516 Council Decision of 28 September 1987 concerning the framework programme for Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1987 to 1991)]; OJ L302 – 24 October 1987; 87/516/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1987–1991 || 5.4 |- | FP3 || Third <ref name=triú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31990D0221 Council Decision of 23 April 1990 concerning the framework Programme of Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1990 to 1994)]; OJ L117 – 08/05/1990; 90/221/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1990–1994 || 6.6 |- | FP4 || Fourth <ref name=ceathrú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31994D1110 Decision No 1110/94/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 April 1994 concerning the fourth framework programme of the European Community activities in the field of research and technological development and demonstration]; OJ L126 – 18 May 1994; No 1110/94/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1994–1998 || 13.2 |- | FP5 || Fifth <ref name=cúigiú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31999D0182 Decision No 182/1999/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 December 1998 concerning the fifth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities (1998 to 2002)]; OJ L26 – 01/02/1999; No 182/1999/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1998–2002 || 15.0 |- | FP6 || Sixth <ref name=seu>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32002D1513 Decision No 1513/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2002 concerning the sixth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities, contributing to the creation of the European Research Area and to innovation (2002 to 2006)]; OJ L232 – 29 August 2002; No 1513/2002/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 2002–2006 || 16.3 |- | FP7 || Seventh || 2007–2013 || 50.5 over seven years<br />+ 2.7 for [[Euratom]] over five years <ref name=fp7>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/understanding/fp7inbrief/structure_en.html | teideal = How is FP 7 structured? from FP7 in Brief | foilsitheoir = European Commission | dátarochtana = 31 Iúil 2011}}</ref> |- | FP8 || [[Fís 2020]] (ochtú) <ref name=Cordis2020>{{lua idirlín | teideal = The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_ga.cfm?pg=h2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Iúil 2012}}</ref> || 2014–2020 || 77 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/horizon2020/document.cfm?doc_id=17607 | teideal = Research and innovation funding: making a real difference | dáta =2016|website=European Commission |dátarochtana = 30 Eanáir 2018}}</ref> |- | FP9 || [[Fís Eorpach]] <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir =Cordis| teideal =The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_en.cfm?pg=h2020https://ec.europa.eu/info/horizon-europe-next-research-and-innovation-framework-programme_en|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> || 2021–2027 || 95.5 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/funding/funding-opportunities/funding-programmes-and-open-calls/horizon-europe_ga | teideal =Horizon Europe | dáta=22 December 2025 }}</ref> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://eufunds.me/what-is-the-budget-of-horizon-europe/ | teideal =What is the budget of Horizon Europe? | date=6 May 2021 }}</ref> |- | FP10 | Horizon Europe | 2028-2034 | 175 (''proposal'') <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal =EU budget 2028-2034 | url = https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/eu-budget/long-term-eu-budget/eu-budget-2028-2034_en |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=commission.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> |} == Funding instruments === FP6 and FP7 === {{anchor|Framework Programme 7}} '' Framework Programme 6 and 7 (2002–2013) projects were generally funded through '''instruments''', the most important of which included: * Integrating Project (IP) * Network of Excellence (NoE) * Specific Targeted Research Projects (STReP) * Joint Technology Initiatives (JTI) === Fís 2020<!--athsheolann 'Fís 2020' anseo --> === [[Íomhá:Horizon 2020 Logo.png | mion | Lógó Fhís 2020]] '' '''Horizon 2020''' was the eighth framework programme (FP8) funding research, technological development, and innovation. The programme's name has been modified to "Framework Programme for Research and Innovation".<ref name=Cordis2020 /> == Feedback and improvements '' The programmes have been criticized on various grounds, such as actually diminishing Europe's industrial competitiveness <ref name=>''Financial Control and Fraud in the Community''. House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, 12th Report. London: HMSO (1994).</ref> and failing to deliver fundamental excellence and global economic competitiveness. <ref name=>H. Matthews, The 7th EU research framework programme. ''Nanotechnol. Perceptions'' '''1''' (2005) 99–105.</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = }} == Caoi chun 55 == Oiriúnach do 55 Is pacáiste airgeadais agus bearta timpeallachta de chuid an [[Aontas Eorpach|Aontais Eorpaigh]] é '''Oiriúnach do 55'''<ref name=iate /> nó ''Caoi chun 55'' (Béarla: '''Fit for 55''') chun [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] a laghdú le 55% faoin mbliain 2030.<ref name=Politico /> Is cuid den {{h|Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip}}, leagtha amach ar dtús i mí Nollag 2019.<ref name=egd /> Tar éis dó a bheith molta ag [[an Coimisiún Eorpach|gCoimisiún]] i mí Iúil 2021,<ref name=carbonbrief /> glacadh é sa bhliain 2023.<ref name=ec2023 /> I measc BBB san phacáiste, tá tacaíocht d'iompar glan, [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], agus taraif darb ainm [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha]] (SCCT) ar astaíochtaí carbóin ó thíortha nach bhfuil bearta acu chun gáis ceaptha teasa a laghdú.<ref name=Politico /> Moltar ann go gcuirfí iompair agus sa [[Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí an Aontais Eorpaigh|Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí]] isteach. I gcomórtas leis an bplean neodrachta molta ag an n[[Gníomhaireacht Fuinnimh Idirnáisiúnta]], tá ann níos mó beart chun fuinneamh inacmhainne a chur ar fáil.<ref name=Pavlovic2021 /> Ó mhí Lúnasa 2024 ar aghaidh, tá gach moladh in ''Fit for 55'' glactha ag [[Parlaimint na hEorpa]] agus [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]], seachas an Treoir maidir le Cánachas Fuinnimh.<ref name=epthink2024 /><ref name=consilium2023 /> == Téamaí * Trádáil agus ísliú astaíochtaí * Ciste Aeráide Sóisialta * Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar theorainneacha (SCCT) * Úsáid talún agus foraoiseacht * Breosla mhalartaigh * Fuinneamh glas * Éifeachtúlacht fuinnimh * Tógáil inbhuanaithe * Hidrigin * Cáin fuinnimh<ref name=consiliumff55 /> == Próiseas Agus an t-acht á phlé, d'éirigh ar dtús le Coimeádacha é a maolú. Theip ar an leagan seo nuair a vótáil na Daonlathaigh Shóisialta ina choinne. Nuair a glacadh an t-acht sa deireadh thiar, bhí sé níos láidre fós ó thaobh laghdú astaíocht CO².<ref name=Chahim2022 /> == Cáineadh Dar le [[Greenpeace]], tá aidhmeanna an phacáiste ró lag chun cosc a chur ar [[athrú aeráide]] agus an timpeallacht a chosaint. Cáineadh an eagraíocht gur aicmiodh [[bithfhuinneamh]] mar {{h|fuinneamh in-athnuaite}} agus gur ceadaíodh díolachán carranna bhreosla iontaise go dtí 2035.<ref name=greenpeace /> I mí Lúnasa 2023, rinne rialtas [[an Pholainn|na Polainne]] gearán leis an gComhairle i gcoinne forálacha in Fit for 55, ag maíomh go ndéanann EU climate policies bagairt ar gheilleagar na tíre agus ar a [[slándáil fuinnimh]].<ref name=euronews2023 /> == Féach freisin * [[Climate change in Europe#Climate targets]] * [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/3591091/ga | teideal = Téarma: Oiriúnach do 55 | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 2026-08-10}}</ref> <ref name=Politico>{{cite news | sloinne = Oroschakoff | ainm = Kalina | teideal = 5 things to know about EU's Fit for 55 climate package | url = https://www.politico.eu/article/fit-for-55-eu-5-things-to-know/ | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = politico.eu | dáta = 21 Meitheamh 2021}}</ref> <ref name=Pavlovic2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Pavlovic | ainm = Ivan | teideal = Comparing the EU's 'Fit for 55' roadmap and the IEA's net-zero scenario | url = https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/opinion/comparing-the-eus-fit-for-55-roadmap-and-the-ieas-net-zero-scenario/ | work = Euractiv | dáta = 12 Samhain 2021}}</ref> <ref name=egd>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Coimisiún Eorpach]] | dáta = 11 Nollaig 2019 | teideal = The European Green Deal | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/ip_19_6691 | work = ec.europa.eu/}}</ref> <ref name=carbonbrief>{{cite news | teideal = Q&A: How 'Fit for 55' reforms will help EU meet its climate goals | url = https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-fit-for-55-reforms-will-help-eu-meet-its-climate-goals | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = Carbon Brief | dáta = 20 Iúil 2021 | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=ec2023>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Fáilte curtha ag an gCoimisiún roimh chur i gcrích phríomhreachtaíocht ‘Oiriúnach do 55', rud a chuir an tAontas ar an mbóthar ceart chun spriocanna 2030 a shárú | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/IP_23_4754 | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2024 | work = European Commission | dáta = 9 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | teanga = ga}}</ref> <ref name=epthink2024>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 1 Lúnasa 2024 | teideal = Fit for 55 package | url = https://epthinktank.eu/2024/08/01/fit-for-55-package/ | dátarochtana = 12 Deireadh Fómhair 2025 | work = European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS)}}</ref> <ref name=consilium2023>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]] | dáta = 3 Bealtaine 2023 | teideal = Infographic - Oiriúnach do 55: an chaoi a ndéanfaidh an tAontas dlí de spriocanna aeráide | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/infographics/fit-for-55-how-the-eu-will-turn-climate-goals-into-law/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=consiliumff55>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = European council | teideal = Oiriúnach do 55 | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/policies/green-deal/fit-for-55-the-eu-plan-for-a-green-transition/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=Chahim2022>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2022-10-12 | teideal = Mohammed Chahim | url = https://www.politico.eu/list/green-28-class-of-2023-the-ranking/mohammed-chahim/ | dátarochtana = 2023-10-10 | work = Politico | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=greenpeace>{{lua idirlín | teideal = EU Commission 'Fit for 55' package unfit to contain climate crisis | url = https://www.greenpeace.org/eu-unit/issues/climate-energy/45795/eu-commission-fit-for-55-package-unfit-to-contain-climate-crisis | dátarochtana = 2023-04-08 | work = Greenpeace European Unit | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=euronews2023>{{cite news | teideal = Poland files lawsuit against key EU climate policies | url = https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/08/28/poland-asks-eu-court-of-justice-to-cancel-three-eu-climate-policies | work = Euractiv | dáta = 29 Lúnasa 2023}}</ref> }} [[Category:Carbon emissions in the European Union]] [[Category:Climate change in the European Union]] [[Category:Energy policies and initiatives of the European Union]] [[Category:Renewable energy law]] [[Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ ddnx40g53wghbiqqk0w5r30gwxfrvq3 1325196 1325195 2026-08-15T23:32:11Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Caoi chun 55 */ 1325196 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] === Cúiseanna nua === # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission # [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] # ''[[:en:Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development|Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development]] - [[Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]] # ''[[:en:Horizon 2020|Horizon 2020]]'' - [[Fís 2020]], #* [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]] # ''[[:en:Fit for 55|Fit for 55]] - [[Fit for 55]] # ''[[:en:EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism|EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism]]'' - [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Eile === # ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] == Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch == '' The '''Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development''', also called '''Framework Programmes''' or abbreviated '''FP1''' to '''FP9''', are funding programmes created by the [[Aontas Eorpach]]/[[Coimisiún Eorpach]] to support and foster research in the [[European Research Area]] (ERA). Starting in 2014, the funding programmes were named '''Horizon'''. '' The funding programmes began in 1984 and continue to the present day. The most recent programme, [[Fís Eorpach]], has a budget of 95.5 billion Euros to be distributed over seven years. '' The specific objectives and actions vary between funding periods. In FP6 and FP7, focus was on technological research. In [[Fís 2020]], the focus was on innovation, delivering economic growth faster, and delivering solutions to end users that are often governmental agencies. == Stair Conducting European research policies and implementing European research programmes is an obligation under the [[Conradh Amstardam]], which includes a chapter on research and technological development. The programmes are defined by commission civil servants who are aided by various official advisory group and lobby groups. To advise the an Coimisiún Eorpach on the overall strategy to be followed in carrying out the Information and Communication Technology thematic priority, the Information Society Technologies Advisory Group (ISTAG) was set up. <ref name=:0>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | teideal = ISTAG website | foilsitheoir = cordis.lu | dáta = 20 Deireadh Fómhair 2011 | dátarochtana = 29 Samhain 2011 | archive-date=26 April 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426010836/http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | url-status=dead}}</ref> == The framework programmes '' The framework programmes, up until Framework Programme 6 (FP6), covered five-year periods; but from Framework Programme 7 (FP7) onward, programmes run for seven years. The Framework Programmes, and their budgets in billions of Euros, are presented in the table below. <ref name=>Artis, M. J. and F. Nixson, Eds. "The Economics of the European Union: Policy and Analysis" (4th ed.), Oxford University Press 2007</ref> For FP1–FP5, program expenditures were made in [[Aonad Airgeadra Eorpach]]; from FP6 onward budgets were in Euros. The values presented below are in Euros. {| class="wikitable" |- ! ID !! Framework programme !! Period !! Budget (billion €) |- | FP1 || First <ref name=céad>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31983Y0804(01) Council resolution of 25 July 1983 on framework programmes for Community research, development and demonstration activities and a first framework programme 1984 to 1987]; OJ C208 – 04/08/1983; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1984–1987 || 3.8 |- | FP2 || Second <ref name=dara>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31987D0516 Council Decision of 28 September 1987 concerning the framework programme for Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1987 to 1991)]; OJ L302 – 24 October 1987; 87/516/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1987–1991 || 5.4 |- | FP3 || Third <ref name=triú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31990D0221 Council Decision of 23 April 1990 concerning the framework Programme of Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1990 to 1994)]; OJ L117 – 08/05/1990; 90/221/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1990–1994 || 6.6 |- | FP4 || Fourth <ref name=ceathrú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31994D1110 Decision No 1110/94/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 April 1994 concerning the fourth framework programme of the European Community activities in the field of research and technological development and demonstration]; OJ L126 – 18 May 1994; No 1110/94/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1994–1998 || 13.2 |- | FP5 || Fifth <ref name=cúigiú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31999D0182 Decision No 182/1999/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 December 1998 concerning the fifth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities (1998 to 2002)]; OJ L26 – 01/02/1999; No 182/1999/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1998–2002 || 15.0 |- | FP6 || Sixth <ref name=seu>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32002D1513 Decision No 1513/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2002 concerning the sixth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities, contributing to the creation of the European Research Area and to innovation (2002 to 2006)]; OJ L232 – 29 August 2002; No 1513/2002/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 2002–2006 || 16.3 |- | FP7 || Seventh || 2007–2013 || 50.5 over seven years<br />+ 2.7 for [[Euratom]] over five years <ref name=fp7>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/understanding/fp7inbrief/structure_en.html | teideal = How is FP 7 structured? from FP7 in Brief | foilsitheoir = European Commission | dátarochtana = 31 Iúil 2011}}</ref> |- | FP8 || [[Fís 2020]] (ochtú) <ref name=Cordis2020>{{lua idirlín | teideal = The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_ga.cfm?pg=h2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Iúil 2012}}</ref> || 2014–2020 || 77 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/horizon2020/document.cfm?doc_id=17607 | teideal = Research and innovation funding: making a real difference | dáta =2016|website=European Commission |dátarochtana = 30 Eanáir 2018}}</ref> |- | FP9 || [[Fís Eorpach]] <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir =Cordis| teideal =The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_en.cfm?pg=h2020https://ec.europa.eu/info/horizon-europe-next-research-and-innovation-framework-programme_en|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> || 2021–2027 || 95.5 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/funding/funding-opportunities/funding-programmes-and-open-calls/horizon-europe_ga | teideal =Horizon Europe | dáta=22 December 2025 }}</ref> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://eufunds.me/what-is-the-budget-of-horizon-europe/ | teideal =What is the budget of Horizon Europe? | date=6 May 2021 }}</ref> |- | FP10 | Horizon Europe | 2028-2034 | 175 (''proposal'') <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal =EU budget 2028-2034 | url = https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/eu-budget/long-term-eu-budget/eu-budget-2028-2034_en |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=commission.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> |} == Funding instruments === FP6 and FP7 === {{anchor|Framework Programme 7}} '' Framework Programme 6 and 7 (2002–2013) projects were generally funded through '''instruments''', the most important of which included: * Integrating Project (IP) * Network of Excellence (NoE) * Specific Targeted Research Projects (STReP) * Joint Technology Initiatives (JTI) === Fís 2020<!--athsheolann 'Fís 2020' anseo --> === [[Íomhá:Horizon 2020 Logo.png | mion | Lógó Fhís 2020]] '' '''Horizon 2020''' was the eighth framework programme (FP8) funding research, technological development, and innovation. The programme's name has been modified to "Framework Programme for Research and Innovation".<ref name=Cordis2020 /> == Feedback and improvements '' The programmes have been criticized on various grounds, such as actually diminishing Europe's industrial competitiveness <ref name=>''Financial Control and Fraud in the Community''. House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, 12th Report. London: HMSO (1994).</ref> and failing to deliver fundamental excellence and global economic competitiveness. <ref name=>H. Matthews, The 7th EU research framework programme. ''Nanotechnol. Perceptions'' '''1''' (2005) 99–105.</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = }} == Caoi chun 55 == Oiriúnach do 55 Is pacáiste airgeadais agus bearta timpeallachta de chuid an [[Aontas Eorpach|Aontais Eorpaigh]] é '''Oiriúnach do 55'''<ref name=iate /> nó ''Caoi chun 55'' (Béarla: '''Fit for 55''') chun [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] a laghdú le 55% faoin mbliain 2030.<ref name=Politico /> Is cuid den {{h|Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip}}, leagtha amach ar dtús i mí Nollag 2019.<ref name=egd /> Tar éis dó a bheith molta ag [[an Coimisiún Eorpach|gCoimisiún]] i mí Iúil 2021,<ref name=carbonbrief /> glacadh é sa bhliain 2023.<ref name=ec2023 /> I measc BBB san phacáiste, tá tacaíocht d'iompar glan, [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], agus taraif darb ainm [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha]] (SCCT) ar astaíochtaí carbóin ó thíortha nach bhfuil bearta acu chun gáis ceaptha teasa a laghdú.<ref name=Politico /> Moltar ann go gcuirfí iompair agus sa [[Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí an Aontais Eorpaigh|Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí]] isteach. I gcomórtas leis an bplean neodrachta molta ag an n[[Gníomhaireacht Fuinnimh Idirnáisiúnta]], tá ann níos mó beart chun fuinneamh inacmhainne a chur ar fáil.<ref name=Pavlovic2021 /> Ó mhí Lúnasa 2024 ar aghaidh, tá gach moladh in ''Fit for 55'' glactha ag [[Parlaimint na hEorpa]] agus [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]], seachas an Treoir maidir le Cánachas Fuinnimh.<ref name=epthink2024 /><ref name=consilium2023 /> == Téamaí * Trádáil agus ísliú astaíochtaí * Ciste Aeráide Sóisialta * Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar theorainneacha (SCCT) * Úsáid talún agus foraoiseacht * Breosla mhalartaigh * Fuinneamh glas * Éifeachtúlacht fuinnimh * Tógáil inbhuanaithe * Hidrigin * Cáin fuinnimh<ref name=consiliumff55 /> == Próiseas Agus an t-acht á phlé, d'éirigh ar dtús le Coimeádacha é a maolú. Theip ar an leagan seo nuair a vótáil na Daonlathaigh Shóisialta ina choinne. Nuair a glacadh an t-acht sa deireadh thiar, bhí sé níos láidre fós ó thaobh laghdú astaíocht CO².<ref name=Chahim2022 /> == Cáineadh Dar le [[Greenpeace]], tá aidhmeanna an phacáiste ró lag chun cosc a chur ar [[athrú aeráide]] agus an timpeallacht a chosaint. Cáineadh an eagraíocht gur aicmiodh [[bithfhuinneamh]] mar {{h|fuinneamh in-athnuaite}} agus gur ceadaíodh díolachán carranna bhreosla iontaise go dtí 2035.<ref name=greenpeace /> I mí Lúnasa 2023, rinne rialtas [[an Pholainn|na Polainne]] gearán leis an gComhairle i gcoinne forálacha in Fit for 55, ag maíomh go ndéanann EU climate policies bagairt ar gheilleagar na tíre agus ar a [[slándáil fuinnimh]].<ref name=euronews2023 /> == Féach freisin * [[Athrú aeráide san Eoraip#Climate targets]] * [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/3591091/ga | teideal = Téarma: Oiriúnach do 55 | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 2026-08-10}}</ref> <ref name=Politico>{{cite news | sloinne = Oroschakoff | ainm = Kalina | teideal = 5 things to know about EU's Fit for 55 climate package | url = https://www.politico.eu/article/fit-for-55-eu-5-things-to-know/ | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = politico.eu | dáta = 21 Meitheamh 2021}}</ref> <ref name=Pavlovic2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Pavlovic | ainm = Ivan | teideal = Comparing the EU's 'Fit for 55' roadmap and the IEA's net-zero scenario | url = https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/opinion/comparing-the-eus-fit-for-55-roadmap-and-the-ieas-net-zero-scenario/ | work = Euractiv | dáta = 12 Samhain 2021}}</ref> <ref name=egd>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Coimisiún Eorpach]] | dáta = 11 Nollaig 2019 | teideal = The European Green Deal | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/ip_19_6691 | work = ec.europa.eu/}}</ref> <ref name=carbonbrief>{{cite news | teideal = Q&A: How 'Fit for 55' reforms will help EU meet its climate goals | url = https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-fit-for-55-reforms-will-help-eu-meet-its-climate-goals | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = Carbon Brief | dáta = 20 Iúil 2021 | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=ec2023>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Fáilte curtha ag an gCoimisiún roimh chur i gcrích phríomhreachtaíocht ‘Oiriúnach do 55', rud a chuir an tAontas ar an mbóthar ceart chun spriocanna 2030 a shárú | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/IP_23_4754 | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2024 | work = European Commission | dáta = 9 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | teanga = ga}}</ref> <ref name=epthink2024>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 1 Lúnasa 2024 | teideal = Fit for 55 package | url = https://epthinktank.eu/2024/08/01/fit-for-55-package/ | dátarochtana = 12 Deireadh Fómhair 2025 | work = European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS)}}</ref> <ref name=consilium2023>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]] | dáta = 3 Bealtaine 2023 | teideal = Infographic - Oiriúnach do 55: an chaoi a ndéanfaidh an tAontas dlí de spriocanna aeráide | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/infographics/fit-for-55-how-the-eu-will-turn-climate-goals-into-law/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=consiliumff55>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = European council | teideal = Oiriúnach do 55 | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/policies/green-deal/fit-for-55-the-eu-plan-for-a-green-transition/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=Chahim2022>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2022-10-12 | teideal = Mohammed Chahim | url = https://www.politico.eu/list/green-28-class-of-2023-the-ranking/mohammed-chahim/ | dátarochtana = 2023-10-10 | work = Politico | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=greenpeace>{{lua idirlín | teideal = EU Commission 'Fit for 55' package unfit to contain climate crisis | url = https://www.greenpeace.org/eu-unit/issues/climate-energy/45795/eu-commission-fit-for-55-package-unfit-to-contain-climate-crisis | dátarochtana = 2023-04-08 | work = Greenpeace European Unit | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=euronews2023>{{cite news | teideal = Poland files lawsuit against key EU climate policies | url = https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/08/28/poland-asks-eu-court-of-justice-to-cancel-three-eu-climate-policies | work = Euractiv | dáta = 29 Lúnasa 2023}}</ref> }} [[Category:Carbon emissions in the European Union]] [[Category:Climate change in the European Union]] [[Category:Energy policies and initiatives of the European Union]] [[Category:Renewable energy law]] [[Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ 06voganwwvvtsbrkitjmqamhpfjl9fs 1325197 1325196 2026-08-15T23:33:26Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Caoi chun 55 */ 1325197 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] === Cúiseanna nua === # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission # [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] # ''[[:en:Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development|Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development]] - [[Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]] # ''[[:en:Horizon 2020|Horizon 2020]]'' - [[Fís 2020]], #* [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]] # ''[[:en:Fit for 55|Fit for 55]] - [[Fit for 55]] # ''[[:en:EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism|EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism]]'' - [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Eile === # ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] == Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch == '' The '''Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development''', also called '''Framework Programmes''' or abbreviated '''FP1''' to '''FP9''', are funding programmes created by the [[Aontas Eorpach]]/[[Coimisiún Eorpach]] to support and foster research in the [[European Research Area]] (ERA). Starting in 2014, the funding programmes were named '''Horizon'''. '' The funding programmes began in 1984 and continue to the present day. The most recent programme, [[Fís Eorpach]], has a budget of 95.5 billion Euros to be distributed over seven years. '' The specific objectives and actions vary between funding periods. In FP6 and FP7, focus was on technological research. In [[Fís 2020]], the focus was on innovation, delivering economic growth faster, and delivering solutions to end users that are often governmental agencies. == Stair Conducting European research policies and implementing European research programmes is an obligation under the [[Conradh Amstardam]], which includes a chapter on research and technological development. The programmes are defined by commission civil servants who are aided by various official advisory group and lobby groups. To advise the an Coimisiún Eorpach on the overall strategy to be followed in carrying out the Information and Communication Technology thematic priority, the Information Society Technologies Advisory Group (ISTAG) was set up. <ref name=:0>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | teideal = ISTAG website | foilsitheoir = cordis.lu | dáta = 20 Deireadh Fómhair 2011 | dátarochtana = 29 Samhain 2011 | archive-date=26 April 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426010836/http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | url-status=dead}}</ref> == The framework programmes '' The framework programmes, up until Framework Programme 6 (FP6), covered five-year periods; but from Framework Programme 7 (FP7) onward, programmes run for seven years. The Framework Programmes, and their budgets in billions of Euros, are presented in the table below. <ref name=>Artis, M. J. and F. Nixson, Eds. "The Economics of the European Union: Policy and Analysis" (4th ed.), Oxford University Press 2007</ref> For FP1–FP5, program expenditures were made in [[Aonad Airgeadra Eorpach]]; from FP6 onward budgets were in Euros. The values presented below are in Euros. {| class="wikitable" |- ! ID !! Framework programme !! Period !! Budget (billion €) |- | FP1 || First <ref name=céad>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31983Y0804(01) Council resolution of 25 July 1983 on framework programmes for Community research, development and demonstration activities and a first framework programme 1984 to 1987]; OJ C208 – 04/08/1983; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1984–1987 || 3.8 |- | FP2 || Second <ref name=dara>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31987D0516 Council Decision of 28 September 1987 concerning the framework programme for Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1987 to 1991)]; OJ L302 – 24 October 1987; 87/516/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1987–1991 || 5.4 |- | FP3 || Third <ref name=triú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31990D0221 Council Decision of 23 April 1990 concerning the framework Programme of Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1990 to 1994)]; OJ L117 – 08/05/1990; 90/221/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1990–1994 || 6.6 |- | FP4 || Fourth <ref name=ceathrú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31994D1110 Decision No 1110/94/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 April 1994 concerning the fourth framework programme of the European Community activities in the field of research and technological development and demonstration]; OJ L126 – 18 May 1994; No 1110/94/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1994–1998 || 13.2 |- | FP5 || Fifth <ref name=cúigiú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31999D0182 Decision No 182/1999/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 December 1998 concerning the fifth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities (1998 to 2002)]; OJ L26 – 01/02/1999; No 182/1999/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1998–2002 || 15.0 |- | FP6 || Sixth <ref name=seu>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32002D1513 Decision No 1513/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2002 concerning the sixth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities, contributing to the creation of the European Research Area and to innovation (2002 to 2006)]; OJ L232 – 29 August 2002; No 1513/2002/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 2002–2006 || 16.3 |- | FP7 || Seventh || 2007–2013 || 50.5 over seven years<br />+ 2.7 for [[Euratom]] over five years <ref name=fp7>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/understanding/fp7inbrief/structure_en.html | teideal = How is FP 7 structured? from FP7 in Brief | foilsitheoir = European Commission | dátarochtana = 31 Iúil 2011}}</ref> |- | FP8 || [[Fís 2020]] (ochtú) <ref name=Cordis2020>{{lua idirlín | teideal = The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_ga.cfm?pg=h2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Iúil 2012}}</ref> || 2014–2020 || 77 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/horizon2020/document.cfm?doc_id=17607 | teideal = Research and innovation funding: making a real difference | dáta =2016|website=European Commission |dátarochtana = 30 Eanáir 2018}}</ref> |- | FP9 || [[Fís Eorpach]] <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir =Cordis| teideal =The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_en.cfm?pg=h2020https://ec.europa.eu/info/horizon-europe-next-research-and-innovation-framework-programme_en|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> || 2021–2027 || 95.5 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/funding/funding-opportunities/funding-programmes-and-open-calls/horizon-europe_ga | teideal =Horizon Europe | dáta=22 December 2025 }}</ref> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://eufunds.me/what-is-the-budget-of-horizon-europe/ | teideal =What is the budget of Horizon Europe? | date=6 May 2021 }}</ref> |- | FP10 | Horizon Europe | 2028-2034 | 175 (''proposal'') <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal =EU budget 2028-2034 | url = https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/eu-budget/long-term-eu-budget/eu-budget-2028-2034_en |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=commission.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> |} == Funding instruments === FP6 and FP7 === {{anchor|Framework Programme 7}} '' Framework Programme 6 and 7 (2002–2013) projects were generally funded through '''instruments''', the most important of which included: * Integrating Project (IP) * Network of Excellence (NoE) * Specific Targeted Research Projects (STReP) * Joint Technology Initiatives (JTI) === Fís 2020<!--athsheolann 'Fís 2020' anseo --> === [[Íomhá:Horizon 2020 Logo.png | mion | Lógó Fhís 2020]] '' '''Horizon 2020''' was the eighth framework programme (FP8) funding research, technological development, and innovation. The programme's name has been modified to "Framework Programme for Research and Innovation".<ref name=Cordis2020 /> == Feedback and improvements '' The programmes have been criticized on various grounds, such as actually diminishing Europe's industrial competitiveness <ref name=>''Financial Control and Fraud in the Community''. House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, 12th Report. London: HMSO (1994).</ref> and failing to deliver fundamental excellence and global economic competitiveness. <ref name=>H. Matthews, The 7th EU research framework programme. ''Nanotechnol. Perceptions'' '''1''' (2005) 99–105.</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = }} == Caoi chun 55 == Oiriúnach do 55 Is pacáiste airgeadais agus bearta timpeallachta de chuid an [[Aontas Eorpach|Aontais Eorpaigh]] é '''Oiriúnach do 55'''<ref name=iate /> nó ''Caoi chun 55'' (Béarla: '''Fit for 55''') chun [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] a laghdú le 55% faoin mbliain 2030.<ref name=Politico /> Is cuid den {{h|Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip}}, leagtha amach ar dtús i mí Nollag 2019.<ref name=egd /> Tar éis dó a bheith molta ag [[an Coimisiún Eorpach|gCoimisiún]] i mí Iúil 2021,<ref name=carbonbrief /> glacadh é sa bhliain 2023.<ref name=ec2023 /> I measc BBB san phacáiste, tá tacaíocht d'iompar glan, [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], agus taraif darb ainm [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha]] (SCCT) ar astaíochtaí carbóin ó thíortha nach bhfuil bearta acu chun gáis ceaptha teasa a laghdú.<ref name=Politico /> Moltar ann go gcuirfí iompair agus sa [[Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí an Aontais Eorpaigh|Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí]] isteach. I gcomórtas leis an bplean neodrachta molta ag an n[[Gníomhaireacht Fuinnimh Idirnáisiúnta]], tá ann níos mó beart chun fuinneamh inacmhainne a chur ar fáil.<ref name=Pavlovic2021 /> Ó mhí Lúnasa 2024 ar aghaidh, tá gach moladh in ''Fit for 55'' glactha ag [[Parlaimint na hEorpa]] agus [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]], seachas an Treoir maidir le Cánachas Fuinnimh.<ref name=epthink2024 /><ref name=consilium2023 /> == Téamaí * Trádáil agus ísliú astaíochtaí * Ciste Aeráide Sóisialta * Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar theorainneacha (SCCT) * Úsáid talún agus foraoiseacht * Breosla mhalartaigh * Fuinneamh glas * Éifeachtúlacht fuinnimh * Tógáil inbhuanaithe * Hidrigin * Cáin fuinnimh<ref name=consiliumff55 /> == Próiseas Agus an t-acht á phlé, d'éirigh ar dtús le Coimeádacha é a maolú. Theip ar an leagan seo nuair a vótáil na Daonlathaigh Shóisialta ina choinne. Nuair a glacadh an t-acht sa deireadh thiar, bhí sé níos láidre fós ó thaobh laghdú astaíocht CO².<ref name=Chahim2022 /> == Cáineadh Dar le [[Greenpeace]], tá aidhmeanna an phacáiste ró lag chun cosc a chur ar [[athrú aeráide]] agus an timpeallacht a chosaint. Cáineadh an eagraíocht gur aicmiodh [[bithfhuinneamh]] mar {{h|fuinneamh in-athnuaite}} agus gur ceadaíodh díolachán carranna bhreosla iontaise go dtí 2035.<ref name=greenpeace /> I mí Lúnasa 2023, rinne rialtas [[an Pholainn|na Polainne]] gearán leis an gComhairle i gcoinne forálacha in Fit for 55, ag maíomh go ndéanann EU climate policies bagairt ar gheilleagar na tíre agus ar a [[slándáil fuinnimh]].<ref name=euronews2023 /> == Féach freisin * [[Athrú aeráide san Eoraip]] * [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/3591091/ga | teideal = Téarma: Oiriúnach do 55 | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 2026-08-10}}</ref> <ref name=Politico>{{cite news | sloinne = Oroschakoff | ainm = Kalina | teideal = 5 things to know about EU's Fit for 55 climate package | url = https://www.politico.eu/article/fit-for-55-eu-5-things-to-know/ | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = politico.eu | dáta = 21 Meitheamh 2021}}</ref> <ref name=Pavlovic2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Pavlovic | ainm = Ivan | teideal = Comparing the EU's 'Fit for 55' roadmap and the IEA's net-zero scenario | url = https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/opinion/comparing-the-eus-fit-for-55-roadmap-and-the-ieas-net-zero-scenario/ | work = Euractiv | dáta = 12 Samhain 2021}}</ref> <ref name=egd>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Coimisiún Eorpach]] | dáta = 11 Nollaig 2019 | teideal = The European Green Deal | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/ip_19_6691 | work = ec.europa.eu/}}</ref> <ref name=carbonbrief>{{cite news | teideal = Q&A: How 'Fit for 55' reforms will help EU meet its climate goals | url = https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-fit-for-55-reforms-will-help-eu-meet-its-climate-goals | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = Carbon Brief | dáta = 20 Iúil 2021 | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=ec2023>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Fáilte curtha ag an gCoimisiún roimh chur i gcrích phríomhreachtaíocht ‘Oiriúnach do 55', rud a chuir an tAontas ar an mbóthar ceart chun spriocanna 2030 a shárú | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/IP_23_4754 | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2024 | work = European Commission | dáta = 9 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | teanga = ga}}</ref> <ref name=epthink2024>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 1 Lúnasa 2024 | teideal = Fit for 55 package | url = https://epthinktank.eu/2024/08/01/fit-for-55-package/ | dátarochtana = 12 Deireadh Fómhair 2025 | work = European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS)}}</ref> <ref name=consilium2023>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]] | dáta = 3 Bealtaine 2023 | teideal = Infographic - Oiriúnach do 55: an chaoi a ndéanfaidh an tAontas dlí de spriocanna aeráide | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/infographics/fit-for-55-how-the-eu-will-turn-climate-goals-into-law/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=consiliumff55>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = European council | teideal = Oiriúnach do 55 | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/policies/green-deal/fit-for-55-the-eu-plan-for-a-green-transition/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=Chahim2022>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2022-10-12 | teideal = Mohammed Chahim | url = https://www.politico.eu/list/green-28-class-of-2023-the-ranking/mohammed-chahim/ | dátarochtana = 2023-10-10 | work = Politico | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=greenpeace>{{lua idirlín | teideal = EU Commission 'Fit for 55' package unfit to contain climate crisis | url = https://www.greenpeace.org/eu-unit/issues/climate-energy/45795/eu-commission-fit-for-55-package-unfit-to-contain-climate-crisis | dátarochtana = 2023-04-08 | work = Greenpeace European Unit | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=euronews2023>{{cite news | teideal = Poland files lawsuit against key EU climate policies | url = https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/08/28/poland-asks-eu-court-of-justice-to-cancel-three-eu-climate-policies | work = Euractiv | dáta = 29 Lúnasa 2023}}</ref> }} [[Category:Carbon emissions in the European Union]] [[Category:Climate change in the European Union]] [[Category:Energy policies and initiatives of the European Union]] [[Category:Renewable energy law]] [[Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ mutiw5asrbw9vvykoi5yaaft0c5xbvi 1325198 1325197 2026-08-15T23:33:56Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Oiriúnach do 55 */ 1325198 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] === Cúiseanna nua === # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission # [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] # ''[[:en:Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development|Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development]] - [[Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]] # ''[[:en:Horizon 2020|Horizon 2020]]'' - [[Fís 2020]], #* [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]] # ''[[:en:Fit for 55|Fit for 55]] - [[Fit for 55]] # ''[[:en:EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism|EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism]]'' - [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Eile === # ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] == Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch == '' The '''Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development''', also called '''Framework Programmes''' or abbreviated '''FP1''' to '''FP9''', are funding programmes created by the [[Aontas Eorpach]]/[[Coimisiún Eorpach]] to support and foster research in the [[European Research Area]] (ERA). Starting in 2014, the funding programmes were named '''Horizon'''. '' The funding programmes began in 1984 and continue to the present day. The most recent programme, [[Fís Eorpach]], has a budget of 95.5 billion Euros to be distributed over seven years. '' The specific objectives and actions vary between funding periods. In FP6 and FP7, focus was on technological research. In [[Fís 2020]], the focus was on innovation, delivering economic growth faster, and delivering solutions to end users that are often governmental agencies. == Stair Conducting European research policies and implementing European research programmes is an obligation under the [[Conradh Amstardam]], which includes a chapter on research and technological development. The programmes are defined by commission civil servants who are aided by various official advisory group and lobby groups. To advise the an Coimisiún Eorpach on the overall strategy to be followed in carrying out the Information and Communication Technology thematic priority, the Information Society Technologies Advisory Group (ISTAG) was set up. <ref name=:0>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | teideal = ISTAG website | foilsitheoir = cordis.lu | dáta = 20 Deireadh Fómhair 2011 | dátarochtana = 29 Samhain 2011 | archive-date=26 April 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426010836/http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | url-status=dead}}</ref> == The framework programmes '' The framework programmes, up until Framework Programme 6 (FP6), covered five-year periods; but from Framework Programme 7 (FP7) onward, programmes run for seven years. The Framework Programmes, and their budgets in billions of Euros, are presented in the table below. <ref name=>Artis, M. J. and F. Nixson, Eds. "The Economics of the European Union: Policy and Analysis" (4th ed.), Oxford University Press 2007</ref> For FP1–FP5, program expenditures were made in [[Aonad Airgeadra Eorpach]]; from FP6 onward budgets were in Euros. The values presented below are in Euros. {| class="wikitable" |- ! ID !! Framework programme !! Period !! Budget (billion €) |- | FP1 || First <ref name=céad>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31983Y0804(01) Council resolution of 25 July 1983 on framework programmes for Community research, development and demonstration activities and a first framework programme 1984 to 1987]; OJ C208 – 04/08/1983; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1984–1987 || 3.8 |- | FP2 || Second <ref name=dara>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31987D0516 Council Decision of 28 September 1987 concerning the framework programme for Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1987 to 1991)]; OJ L302 – 24 October 1987; 87/516/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1987–1991 || 5.4 |- | FP3 || Third <ref name=triú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31990D0221 Council Decision of 23 April 1990 concerning the framework Programme of Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1990 to 1994)]; OJ L117 – 08/05/1990; 90/221/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1990–1994 || 6.6 |- | FP4 || Fourth <ref name=ceathrú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31994D1110 Decision No 1110/94/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 April 1994 concerning the fourth framework programme of the European Community activities in the field of research and technological development and demonstration]; OJ L126 – 18 May 1994; No 1110/94/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1994–1998 || 13.2 |- | FP5 || Fifth <ref name=cúigiú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31999D0182 Decision No 182/1999/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 December 1998 concerning the fifth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities (1998 to 2002)]; OJ L26 – 01/02/1999; No 182/1999/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1998–2002 || 15.0 |- | FP6 || Sixth <ref name=seu>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32002D1513 Decision No 1513/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2002 concerning the sixth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities, contributing to the creation of the European Research Area and to innovation (2002 to 2006)]; OJ L232 – 29 August 2002; No 1513/2002/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 2002–2006 || 16.3 |- | FP7 || Seventh || 2007–2013 || 50.5 over seven years<br />+ 2.7 for [[Euratom]] over five years <ref name=fp7>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/understanding/fp7inbrief/structure_en.html | teideal = How is FP 7 structured? from FP7 in Brief | foilsitheoir = European Commission | dátarochtana = 31 Iúil 2011}}</ref> |- | FP8 || [[Fís 2020]] (ochtú) <ref name=Cordis2020>{{lua idirlín | teideal = The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_ga.cfm?pg=h2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Iúil 2012}}</ref> || 2014–2020 || 77 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/horizon2020/document.cfm?doc_id=17607 | teideal = Research and innovation funding: making a real difference | dáta =2016|website=European Commission |dátarochtana = 30 Eanáir 2018}}</ref> |- | FP9 || [[Fís Eorpach]] <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir =Cordis| teideal =The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_en.cfm?pg=h2020https://ec.europa.eu/info/horizon-europe-next-research-and-innovation-framework-programme_en|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> || 2021–2027 || 95.5 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/funding/funding-opportunities/funding-programmes-and-open-calls/horizon-europe_ga | teideal =Horizon Europe | dáta=22 December 2025 }}</ref> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://eufunds.me/what-is-the-budget-of-horizon-europe/ | teideal =What is the budget of Horizon Europe? | date=6 May 2021 }}</ref> |- | FP10 | Horizon Europe | 2028-2034 | 175 (''proposal'') <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal =EU budget 2028-2034 | url = https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/eu-budget/long-term-eu-budget/eu-budget-2028-2034_en |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=commission.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> |} == Funding instruments === FP6 and FP7 === {{anchor|Framework Programme 7}} '' Framework Programme 6 and 7 (2002–2013) projects were generally funded through '''instruments''', the most important of which included: * Integrating Project (IP) * Network of Excellence (NoE) * Specific Targeted Research Projects (STReP) * Joint Technology Initiatives (JTI) === Fís 2020<!--athsheolann 'Fís 2020' anseo --> === [[Íomhá:Horizon 2020 Logo.png | mion | Lógó Fhís 2020]] '' '''Horizon 2020''' was the eighth framework programme (FP8) funding research, technological development, and innovation. The programme's name has been modified to "Framework Programme for Research and Innovation".<ref name=Cordis2020 /> == Feedback and improvements '' The programmes have been criticized on various grounds, such as actually diminishing Europe's industrial competitiveness <ref name=>''Financial Control and Fraud in the Community''. House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, 12th Report. London: HMSO (1994).</ref> and failing to deliver fundamental excellence and global economic competitiveness. <ref name=>H. Matthews, The 7th EU research framework programme. ''Nanotechnol. Perceptions'' '''1''' (2005) 99–105.</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = }} == Oiriúnach do 55 == Is pacáiste airgeadais agus bearta timpeallachta de chuid an [[Aontas Eorpach|Aontais Eorpaigh]] é '''Oiriúnach do 55'''<ref name=iate /> nó ''Caoi chun 55'' (Béarla: '''Fit for 55''') chun [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] a laghdú le 55% faoin mbliain 2030.<ref name=Politico /> Is cuid den {{h|Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip}}, leagtha amach ar dtús i mí Nollag 2019.<ref name=egd /> Tar éis dó a bheith molta ag [[an Coimisiún Eorpach|gCoimisiún]] i mí Iúil 2021,<ref name=carbonbrief /> glacadh é sa bhliain 2023.<ref name=ec2023 /> I measc BBB san phacáiste, tá tacaíocht d'iompar glan, [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], agus taraif darb ainm [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha]] (SCCT) ar astaíochtaí carbóin ó thíortha nach bhfuil bearta acu chun gáis ceaptha teasa a laghdú.<ref name=Politico /> Moltar ann go gcuirfí iompair agus sa [[Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí an Aontais Eorpaigh|Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí]] isteach. I gcomórtas leis an bplean neodrachta molta ag an n[[Gníomhaireacht Fuinnimh Idirnáisiúnta]], tá ann níos mó beart chun fuinneamh inacmhainne a chur ar fáil.<ref name=Pavlovic2021 /> Ó mhí Lúnasa 2024 ar aghaidh, tá gach moladh in ''Fit for 55'' glactha ag [[Parlaimint na hEorpa]] agus [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]], seachas an Treoir maidir le Cánachas Fuinnimh.<ref name=epthink2024 /><ref name=consilium2023 /> == Téamaí * Trádáil agus ísliú astaíochtaí * Ciste Aeráide Sóisialta * Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar theorainneacha (SCCT) * Úsáid talún agus foraoiseacht * Breosla mhalartaigh * Fuinneamh glas * Éifeachtúlacht fuinnimh * Tógáil inbhuanaithe * Hidrigin * Cáin fuinnimh<ref name=consiliumff55 /> == Próiseas Agus an t-acht á phlé, d'éirigh ar dtús le Coimeádacha é a maolú. Theip ar an leagan seo nuair a vótáil na Daonlathaigh Shóisialta ina choinne. Nuair a glacadh an t-acht sa deireadh thiar, bhí sé níos láidre fós ó thaobh laghdú astaíocht CO².<ref name=Chahim2022 /> == Cáineadh Dar le [[Greenpeace]], tá aidhmeanna an phacáiste ró lag chun cosc a chur ar [[athrú aeráide]] agus an timpeallacht a chosaint. Cáineadh an eagraíocht gur aicmiodh [[bithfhuinneamh]] mar {{h|fuinneamh in-athnuaite}} agus gur ceadaíodh díolachán carranna bhreosla iontaise go dtí 2035.<ref name=greenpeace /> I mí Lúnasa 2023, rinne rialtas [[an Pholainn|na Polainne]] gearán leis an gComhairle i gcoinne forálacha in Fit for 55, ag maíomh go ndéanann EU climate policies bagairt ar gheilleagar na tíre agus ar a [[slándáil fuinnimh]].<ref name=euronews2023 /> == Féach freisin * [[Athrú aeráide san Eoraip]] * [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/3591091/ga | teideal = Téarma: Oiriúnach do 55 | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 2026-08-10}}</ref> <ref name=Politico>{{cite news | sloinne = Oroschakoff | ainm = Kalina | teideal = 5 things to know about EU's Fit for 55 climate package | url = https://www.politico.eu/article/fit-for-55-eu-5-things-to-know/ | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = politico.eu | dáta = 21 Meitheamh 2021}}</ref> <ref name=Pavlovic2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Pavlovic | ainm = Ivan | teideal = Comparing the EU's 'Fit for 55' roadmap and the IEA's net-zero scenario | url = https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/opinion/comparing-the-eus-fit-for-55-roadmap-and-the-ieas-net-zero-scenario/ | work = Euractiv | dáta = 12 Samhain 2021}}</ref> <ref name=egd>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Coimisiún Eorpach]] | dáta = 11 Nollaig 2019 | teideal = The European Green Deal | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/ip_19_6691 | work = ec.europa.eu/}}</ref> <ref name=carbonbrief>{{cite news | teideal = Q&A: How 'Fit for 55' reforms will help EU meet its climate goals | url = https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-fit-for-55-reforms-will-help-eu-meet-its-climate-goals | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = Carbon Brief | dáta = 20 Iúil 2021 | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=ec2023>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Fáilte curtha ag an gCoimisiún roimh chur i gcrích phríomhreachtaíocht ‘Oiriúnach do 55', rud a chuir an tAontas ar an mbóthar ceart chun spriocanna 2030 a shárú | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/IP_23_4754 | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2024 | work = European Commission | dáta = 9 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | teanga = ga}}</ref> <ref name=epthink2024>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 1 Lúnasa 2024 | teideal = Fit for 55 package | url = https://epthinktank.eu/2024/08/01/fit-for-55-package/ | dátarochtana = 12 Deireadh Fómhair 2025 | work = European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS)}}</ref> <ref name=consilium2023>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]] | dáta = 3 Bealtaine 2023 | teideal = Infographic - Oiriúnach do 55: an chaoi a ndéanfaidh an tAontas dlí de spriocanna aeráide | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/infographics/fit-for-55-how-the-eu-will-turn-climate-goals-into-law/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=consiliumff55>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = European council | teideal = Oiriúnach do 55 | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/policies/green-deal/fit-for-55-the-eu-plan-for-a-green-transition/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=Chahim2022>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2022-10-12 | teideal = Mohammed Chahim | url = https://www.politico.eu/list/green-28-class-of-2023-the-ranking/mohammed-chahim/ | dátarochtana = 2023-10-10 | work = Politico | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=greenpeace>{{lua idirlín | teideal = EU Commission 'Fit for 55' package unfit to contain climate crisis | url = https://www.greenpeace.org/eu-unit/issues/climate-energy/45795/eu-commission-fit-for-55-package-unfit-to-contain-climate-crisis | dátarochtana = 2023-04-08 | work = Greenpeace European Unit | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=euronews2023>{{cite news | teideal = Poland files lawsuit against key EU climate policies | url = https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/08/28/poland-asks-eu-court-of-justice-to-cancel-three-eu-climate-policies | work = Euractiv | dáta = 29 Lúnasa 2023}}</ref> }} [[Category:Carbon emissions in the European Union]] [[Category:Climate change in the European Union]] [[Category:Energy policies and initiatives of the European Union]] [[Category:Renewable energy law]] [[Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ ghr9h8bl750blu45ohp1eeo91d8tzib 1325199 1325198 2026-08-15T23:34:17Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 1325199 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] === Cúiseanna nua === # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission # [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] # ''[[:en:Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development|Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development]] - [[Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]] # ''[[:en:Horizon 2020|Horizon 2020]]'' - [[Fís 2020]], #* [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]] # ''[[:en:Fit for 55|Fit for 55]] - [[Fit for 55]] # ''[[:en:EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism|EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism]]'' - [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Eile === # ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] == Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch == '' The '''Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development''', also called '''Framework Programmes''' or abbreviated '''FP1''' to '''FP9''', are funding programmes created by the [[Aontas Eorpach]]/[[Coimisiún Eorpach]] to support and foster research in the [[European Research Area]] (ERA). Starting in 2014, the funding programmes were named '''Horizon'''. '' The funding programmes began in 1984 and continue to the present day. The most recent programme, [[Fís Eorpach]], has a budget of 95.5 billion Euros to be distributed over seven years. '' The specific objectives and actions vary between funding periods. In FP6 and FP7, focus was on technological research. In [[Fís 2020]], the focus was on innovation, delivering economic growth faster, and delivering solutions to end users that are often governmental agencies. == Stair Conducting European research policies and implementing European research programmes is an obligation under the [[Conradh Amstardam]], which includes a chapter on research and technological development. The programmes are defined by commission civil servants who are aided by various official advisory group and lobby groups. To advise the an Coimisiún Eorpach on the overall strategy to be followed in carrying out the Information and Communication Technology thematic priority, the Information Society Technologies Advisory Group (ISTAG) was set up. <ref name=:0>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | teideal = ISTAG website | foilsitheoir = cordis.lu | dáta = 20 Deireadh Fómhair 2011 | dátarochtana = 29 Samhain 2011 | archive-date=26 April 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426010836/http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | url-status=dead}}</ref> == The framework programmes '' The framework programmes, up until Framework Programme 6 (FP6), covered five-year periods; but from Framework Programme 7 (FP7) onward, programmes run for seven years. The Framework Programmes, and their budgets in billions of Euros, are presented in the table below. <ref name=>Artis, M. J. and F. Nixson, Eds. "The Economics of the European Union: Policy and Analysis" (4th ed.), Oxford University Press 2007</ref> For FP1–FP5, program expenditures were made in [[Aonad Airgeadra Eorpach]]; from FP6 onward budgets were in Euros. The values presented below are in Euros. {| class="wikitable" |- ! ID !! Framework programme !! Period !! Budget (billion €) |- | FP1 || First <ref name=céad>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31983Y0804(01) Council resolution of 25 July 1983 on framework programmes for Community research, development and demonstration activities and a first framework programme 1984 to 1987]; OJ C208 – 04/08/1983; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1984–1987 || 3.8 |- | FP2 || Second <ref name=dara>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31987D0516 Council Decision of 28 September 1987 concerning the framework programme for Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1987 to 1991)]; OJ L302 – 24 October 1987; 87/516/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1987–1991 || 5.4 |- | FP3 || Third <ref name=triú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31990D0221 Council Decision of 23 April 1990 concerning the framework Programme of Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1990 to 1994)]; OJ L117 – 08/05/1990; 90/221/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1990–1994 || 6.6 |- | FP4 || Fourth <ref name=ceathrú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31994D1110 Decision No 1110/94/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 April 1994 concerning the fourth framework programme of the European Community activities in the field of research and technological development and demonstration]; OJ L126 – 18 May 1994; No 1110/94/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1994–1998 || 13.2 |- | FP5 || Fifth <ref name=cúigiú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31999D0182 Decision No 182/1999/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 December 1998 concerning the fifth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities (1998 to 2002)]; OJ L26 – 01/02/1999; No 182/1999/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1998–2002 || 15.0 |- | FP6 || Sixth <ref name=seu>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32002D1513 Decision No 1513/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2002 concerning the sixth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities, contributing to the creation of the European Research Area and to innovation (2002 to 2006)]; OJ L232 – 29 August 2002; No 1513/2002/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 2002–2006 || 16.3 |- | FP7 || Seventh || 2007–2013 || 50.5 over seven years<br />+ 2.7 for [[Euratom]] over five years <ref name=fp7>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/understanding/fp7inbrief/structure_en.html | teideal = How is FP 7 structured? from FP7 in Brief | foilsitheoir = European Commission | dátarochtana = 31 Iúil 2011}}</ref> |- | FP8 || [[Fís 2020]] (ochtú) <ref name=Cordis2020>{{lua idirlín | teideal = The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_ga.cfm?pg=h2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Iúil 2012}}</ref> || 2014–2020 || 77 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/horizon2020/document.cfm?doc_id=17607 | teideal = Research and innovation funding: making a real difference | dáta =2016|website=European Commission |dátarochtana = 30 Eanáir 2018}}</ref> |- | FP9 || [[Fís Eorpach]] <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir =Cordis| teideal =The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_en.cfm?pg=h2020https://ec.europa.eu/info/horizon-europe-next-research-and-innovation-framework-programme_en|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> || 2021–2027 || 95.5 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/funding/funding-opportunities/funding-programmes-and-open-calls/horizon-europe_ga | teideal =Horizon Europe | dáta=22 December 2025 }}</ref> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://eufunds.me/what-is-the-budget-of-horizon-europe/ | teideal =What is the budget of Horizon Europe? | date=6 May 2021 }}</ref> |- | FP10 | Horizon Europe | 2028-2034 | 175 (''proposal'') <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal =EU budget 2028-2034 | url = https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/eu-budget/long-term-eu-budget/eu-budget-2028-2034_en |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=commission.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> |} == Funding instruments === FP6 and FP7 === {{anchor|Framework Programme 7}} '' Framework Programme 6 and 7 (2002–2013) projects were generally funded through '''instruments''', the most important of which included: * Integrating Project (IP) * Network of Excellence (NoE) * Specific Targeted Research Projects (STReP) * Joint Technology Initiatives (JTI) === Fís 2020<!--athsheolann 'Fís 2020' anseo --> === [[Íomhá:Horizon 2020 Logo.png | mion | Lógó Fhís 2020]] '' '''Horizon 2020''' was the eighth framework programme (FP8) funding research, technological development, and innovation. The programme's name has been modified to "Framework Programme for Research and Innovation".<ref name=Cordis2020 /> == Feedback and improvements '' The programmes have been criticized on various grounds, such as actually diminishing Europe's industrial competitiveness <ref name=>''Financial Control and Fraud in the Community''. House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, 12th Report. London: HMSO (1994).</ref> and failing to deliver fundamental excellence and global economic competitiveness. <ref name=>H. Matthews, The 7th EU research framework programme. ''Nanotechnol. Perceptions'' '''1''' (2005) 99–105.</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = }} == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ 9zjphhou9lu07074ddvnr3cm5s57wrd 1325200 1325199 2026-08-15T23:34:50Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Aontas Eorpach */ 1325200 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] === Cúiseanna nua === # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission # [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] # ''[[:en:Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development|Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development]] - [[Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]] # ''[[:en:Horizon 2020|Horizon 2020]]'' - [[Fís 2020]], #* [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]] # ''[[:en:Fit for 55|Fit for 55]] - [[Oiriúnach do 55]] # ''[[:en:EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism|EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism]]'' - [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Eile === # ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] == Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch == '' The '''Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development''', also called '''Framework Programmes''' or abbreviated '''FP1''' to '''FP9''', are funding programmes created by the [[Aontas Eorpach]]/[[Coimisiún Eorpach]] to support and foster research in the [[European Research Area]] (ERA). Starting in 2014, the funding programmes were named '''Horizon'''. '' The funding programmes began in 1984 and continue to the present day. The most recent programme, [[Fís Eorpach]], has a budget of 95.5 billion Euros to be distributed over seven years. '' The specific objectives and actions vary between funding periods. In FP6 and FP7, focus was on technological research. In [[Fís 2020]], the focus was on innovation, delivering economic growth faster, and delivering solutions to end users that are often governmental agencies. == Stair Conducting European research policies and implementing European research programmes is an obligation under the [[Conradh Amstardam]], which includes a chapter on research and technological development. The programmes are defined by commission civil servants who are aided by various official advisory group and lobby groups. To advise the an Coimisiún Eorpach on the overall strategy to be followed in carrying out the Information and Communication Technology thematic priority, the Information Society Technologies Advisory Group (ISTAG) was set up. <ref name=:0>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | teideal = ISTAG website | foilsitheoir = cordis.lu | dáta = 20 Deireadh Fómhair 2011 | dátarochtana = 29 Samhain 2011 | archive-date=26 April 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426010836/http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | url-status=dead}}</ref> == The framework programmes '' The framework programmes, up until Framework Programme 6 (FP6), covered five-year periods; but from Framework Programme 7 (FP7) onward, programmes run for seven years. The Framework Programmes, and their budgets in billions of Euros, are presented in the table below. <ref name=>Artis, M. J. and F. Nixson, Eds. "The Economics of the European Union: Policy and Analysis" (4th ed.), Oxford University Press 2007</ref> For FP1–FP5, program expenditures were made in [[Aonad Airgeadra Eorpach]]; from FP6 onward budgets were in Euros. The values presented below are in Euros. {| class="wikitable" |- ! ID !! Framework programme !! Period !! Budget (billion €) |- | FP1 || First <ref name=céad>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31983Y0804(01) Council resolution of 25 July 1983 on framework programmes for Community research, development and demonstration activities and a first framework programme 1984 to 1987]; OJ C208 – 04/08/1983; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1984–1987 || 3.8 |- | FP2 || Second <ref name=dara>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31987D0516 Council Decision of 28 September 1987 concerning the framework programme for Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1987 to 1991)]; OJ L302 – 24 October 1987; 87/516/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1987–1991 || 5.4 |- | FP3 || Third <ref name=triú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31990D0221 Council Decision of 23 April 1990 concerning the framework Programme of Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1990 to 1994)]; OJ L117 – 08/05/1990; 90/221/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1990–1994 || 6.6 |- | FP4 || Fourth <ref name=ceathrú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31994D1110 Decision No 1110/94/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 April 1994 concerning the fourth framework programme of the European Community activities in the field of research and technological development and demonstration]; OJ L126 – 18 May 1994; No 1110/94/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1994–1998 || 13.2 |- | FP5 || Fifth <ref name=cúigiú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31999D0182 Decision No 182/1999/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 December 1998 concerning the fifth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities (1998 to 2002)]; OJ L26 – 01/02/1999; No 182/1999/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1998–2002 || 15.0 |- | FP6 || Sixth <ref name=seu>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32002D1513 Decision No 1513/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2002 concerning the sixth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities, contributing to the creation of the European Research Area and to innovation (2002 to 2006)]; OJ L232 – 29 August 2002; No 1513/2002/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 2002–2006 || 16.3 |- | FP7 || Seventh || 2007–2013 || 50.5 over seven years<br />+ 2.7 for [[Euratom]] over five years <ref name=fp7>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/understanding/fp7inbrief/structure_en.html | teideal = How is FP 7 structured? from FP7 in Brief | foilsitheoir = European Commission | dátarochtana = 31 Iúil 2011}}</ref> |- | FP8 || [[Fís 2020]] (ochtú) <ref name=Cordis2020>{{lua idirlín | teideal = The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_ga.cfm?pg=h2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Iúil 2012}}</ref> || 2014–2020 || 77 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/horizon2020/document.cfm?doc_id=17607 | teideal = Research and innovation funding: making a real difference | dáta =2016|website=European Commission |dátarochtana = 30 Eanáir 2018}}</ref> |- | FP9 || [[Fís Eorpach]] <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir =Cordis| teideal =The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_en.cfm?pg=h2020https://ec.europa.eu/info/horizon-europe-next-research-and-innovation-framework-programme_en|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> || 2021–2027 || 95.5 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/funding/funding-opportunities/funding-programmes-and-open-calls/horizon-europe_ga | teideal =Horizon Europe | dáta=22 December 2025 }}</ref> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://eufunds.me/what-is-the-budget-of-horizon-europe/ | teideal =What is the budget of Horizon Europe? | date=6 May 2021 }}</ref> |- | FP10 | Horizon Europe | 2028-2034 | 175 (''proposal'') <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal =EU budget 2028-2034 | url = https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/eu-budget/long-term-eu-budget/eu-budget-2028-2034_en |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=commission.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> |} == Funding instruments === FP6 and FP7 === {{anchor|Framework Programme 7}} '' Framework Programme 6 and 7 (2002–2013) projects were generally funded through '''instruments''', the most important of which included: * Integrating Project (IP) * Network of Excellence (NoE) * Specific Targeted Research Projects (STReP) * Joint Technology Initiatives (JTI) === Fís 2020<!--athsheolann 'Fís 2020' anseo --> === [[Íomhá:Horizon 2020 Logo.png | mion | Lógó Fhís 2020]] '' '''Horizon 2020''' was the eighth framework programme (FP8) funding research, technological development, and innovation. The programme's name has been modified to "Framework Programme for Research and Innovation".<ref name=Cordis2020 /> == Feedback and improvements '' The programmes have been criticized on various grounds, such as actually diminishing Europe's industrial competitiveness <ref name=>''Financial Control and Fraud in the Community''. House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, 12th Report. London: HMSO (1994).</ref> and failing to deliver fundamental excellence and global economic competitiveness. <ref name=>H. Matthews, The 7th EU research framework programme. ''Nanotechnol. Perceptions'' '''1''' (2005) 99–105.</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = }} == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ 6qs48xgl5bf58rr9zik4w27s6vv501e 1325202 1325200 2026-08-15T23:40:04Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Aontas Eorpach */ 1325202 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] === Cúiseanna nua === # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission # [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] # ''[[:en:Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development|Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development]] - [[Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]] # ''[[:en:Horizon 2020|Horizon 2020]]'' - [[Fís 2020]], #* [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]] # ''[[:en:EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism|EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism]]'' - [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Eile === # ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] == Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch == '' The '''Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development''', also called '''Framework Programmes''' or abbreviated '''FP1''' to '''FP9''', are funding programmes created by the [[Aontas Eorpach]]/[[Coimisiún Eorpach]] to support and foster research in the [[European Research Area]] (ERA). Starting in 2014, the funding programmes were named '''Horizon'''. '' The funding programmes began in 1984 and continue to the present day. The most recent programme, [[Fís Eorpach]], has a budget of 95.5 billion Euros to be distributed over seven years. '' The specific objectives and actions vary between funding periods. In FP6 and FP7, focus was on technological research. In [[Fís 2020]], the focus was on innovation, delivering economic growth faster, and delivering solutions to end users that are often governmental agencies. == Stair Conducting European research policies and implementing European research programmes is an obligation under the [[Conradh Amstardam]], which includes a chapter on research and technological development. The programmes are defined by commission civil servants who are aided by various official advisory group and lobby groups. To advise the an Coimisiún Eorpach on the overall strategy to be followed in carrying out the Information and Communication Technology thematic priority, the Information Society Technologies Advisory Group (ISTAG) was set up. <ref name=:0>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | teideal = ISTAG website | foilsitheoir = cordis.lu | dáta = 20 Deireadh Fómhair 2011 | dátarochtana = 29 Samhain 2011 | archive-date=26 April 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426010836/http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | url-status=dead}}</ref> == The framework programmes '' The framework programmes, up until Framework Programme 6 (FP6), covered five-year periods; but from Framework Programme 7 (FP7) onward, programmes run for seven years. The Framework Programmes, and their budgets in billions of Euros, are presented in the table below. <ref name=>Artis, M. J. and F. Nixson, Eds. "The Economics of the European Union: Policy and Analysis" (4th ed.), Oxford University Press 2007</ref> For FP1–FP5, program expenditures were made in [[Aonad Airgeadra Eorpach]]; from FP6 onward budgets were in Euros. The values presented below are in Euros. {| class="wikitable" |- ! ID !! Framework programme !! Period !! Budget (billion €) |- | FP1 || First <ref name=céad>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31983Y0804(01) Council resolution of 25 July 1983 on framework programmes for Community research, development and demonstration activities and a first framework programme 1984 to 1987]; OJ C208 – 04/08/1983; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1984–1987 || 3.8 |- | FP2 || Second <ref name=dara>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31987D0516 Council Decision of 28 September 1987 concerning the framework programme for Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1987 to 1991)]; OJ L302 – 24 October 1987; 87/516/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1987–1991 || 5.4 |- | FP3 || Third <ref name=triú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31990D0221 Council Decision of 23 April 1990 concerning the framework Programme of Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1990 to 1994)]; OJ L117 – 08/05/1990; 90/221/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1990–1994 || 6.6 |- | FP4 || Fourth <ref name=ceathrú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31994D1110 Decision No 1110/94/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 April 1994 concerning the fourth framework programme of the European Community activities in the field of research and technological development and demonstration]; OJ L126 – 18 May 1994; No 1110/94/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1994–1998 || 13.2 |- | FP5 || Fifth <ref name=cúigiú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31999D0182 Decision No 182/1999/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 December 1998 concerning the fifth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities (1998 to 2002)]; OJ L26 – 01/02/1999; No 182/1999/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1998–2002 || 15.0 |- | FP6 || Sixth <ref name=seu>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32002D1513 Decision No 1513/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2002 concerning the sixth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities, contributing to the creation of the European Research Area and to innovation (2002 to 2006)]; OJ L232 – 29 August 2002; No 1513/2002/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 2002–2006 || 16.3 |- | FP7 || Seventh || 2007–2013 || 50.5 over seven years<br />+ 2.7 for [[Euratom]] over five years <ref name=fp7>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/understanding/fp7inbrief/structure_en.html | teideal = How is FP 7 structured? from FP7 in Brief | foilsitheoir = European Commission | dátarochtana = 31 Iúil 2011}}</ref> |- | FP8 || [[Fís 2020]] (ochtú) <ref name=Cordis2020>{{lua idirlín | teideal = The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_ga.cfm?pg=h2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Iúil 2012}}</ref> || 2014–2020 || 77 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/horizon2020/document.cfm?doc_id=17607 | teideal = Research and innovation funding: making a real difference | dáta =2016|website=European Commission |dátarochtana = 30 Eanáir 2018}}</ref> |- | FP9 || [[Fís Eorpach]] <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir =Cordis| teideal =The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_en.cfm?pg=h2020https://ec.europa.eu/info/horizon-europe-next-research-and-innovation-framework-programme_en|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> || 2021–2027 || 95.5 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/funding/funding-opportunities/funding-programmes-and-open-calls/horizon-europe_ga | teideal =Horizon Europe | dáta=22 December 2025 }}</ref> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://eufunds.me/what-is-the-budget-of-horizon-europe/ | teideal =What is the budget of Horizon Europe? | date=6 May 2021 }}</ref> |- | FP10 | Horizon Europe | 2028-2034 | 175 (''proposal'') <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal =EU budget 2028-2034 | url = https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/eu-budget/long-term-eu-budget/eu-budget-2028-2034_en |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=commission.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> |} == Funding instruments === FP6 and FP7 === {{anchor|Framework Programme 7}} '' Framework Programme 6 and 7 (2002–2013) projects were generally funded through '''instruments''', the most important of which included: * Integrating Project (IP) * Network of Excellence (NoE) * Specific Targeted Research Projects (STReP) * Joint Technology Initiatives (JTI) === Fís 2020<!--athsheolann 'Fís 2020' anseo --> === [[Íomhá:Horizon 2020 Logo.png | mion | Lógó Fhís 2020]] '' '''Horizon 2020''' was the eighth framework programme (FP8) funding research, technological development, and innovation. The programme's name has been modified to "Framework Programme for Research and Innovation".<ref name=Cordis2020 /> == Feedback and improvements '' The programmes have been criticized on various grounds, such as actually diminishing Europe's industrial competitiveness <ref name=>''Financial Control and Fraud in the Community''. House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, 12th Report. London: HMSO (1994).</ref> and failing to deliver fundamental excellence and global economic competitiveness. <ref name=>H. Matthews, The 7th EU research framework programme. ''Nanotechnol. Perceptions'' '''1''' (2005) 99–105.</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = }} == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ g04f8r06ch5dmrveb7a6ms2w0mdzusm 1325203 1325202 2026-08-15T23:53:28Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch */ 1325203 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] === Cúiseanna nua === # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission # [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] # ''[[:en:Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development|Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development]] - [[Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]] # ''[[:en:Horizon 2020|Horizon 2020]]'' - [[Fís 2020]], #* [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]] # ''[[:en:EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism|EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism]]'' - [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Eile === # ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] == Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch == '' The '''Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development''', also called '''Framework Programmes''' or abbreviated '''FP1''' to '''FP9''', are funding programmes created by the [[Aontas Eorpach]]/[[Coimisiún Eorpach]] to support and foster research in the [[European Research Area]] (ERA). Starting in 2014, the funding programmes were named '''Horizon'''. '' The funding programmes began in 1984 and continue to the present day. The most recent programme, [[Fís Eorpach]], has a budget of 95.5 billion Euros to be distributed over seven years. '' The specific objectives and actions vary between funding periods. In FP6 and FP7, focus was on technological research. In [[Fís 2020]], the focus was on innovation, delivering economic growth faster, and delivering solutions to end users that are often governmental agencies. == Stair Conducting European research policies and implementing European research programmes is an obligation under the [[Conradh Amstardam]], which includes a chapter on research and technological development. The programmes are defined by commission civil servants who are aided by various official advisory group and lobby groups. To advise the an Coimisiún Eorpach on the overall strategy to be followed in carrying out the Information and Communication Technology thematic priority, the Information Society Technologies Advisory Group (ISTAG) was set up. <ref name=:0>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | teideal = ISTAG website | foilsitheoir = cordis.lu | dáta = 20 Deireadh Fómhair 2011 | dátarochtana = 29 Samhain 2011 | archive-date=26 April 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426010836/http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | url-status=dead}}</ref> == The framework programmes '' The framework programmes, up until Framework Programme 6 (FP6), covered five-year periods; but from Framework Programme 7 (FP7) onward, programmes run for seven years. The Framework Programmes, and their budgets in billions of Euros, are presented in the table below.<ref name=Artis2007 /> For FP1–FP5, program expenditures were made in [[Aonad Airgeadra Eorpach]]; from FP6 onward budgets were in Euros. The values presented below are in Euros. {| class="wikitable" |- ! ID !! Framework programme !! Period !! Budget (billion €) |- | FP1 || First<ref name=céad /> || 1984–1987 || 3.8 |- | FP2 || Second <ref name=dara>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31987D0516 Council Decision of 28 September 1987 concerning the framework programme for Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1987 to 1991)]; OJ L302 – 24 October 1987; 87/516/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1987–1991 || 5.4 |- | FP3 || Third <ref name=triú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31990D0221 Council Decision of 23 April 1990 concerning the framework Programme of Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1990 to 1994)]; OJ L117 – 08/05/1990; 90/221/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1990–1994 || 6.6 |- | FP4 || Fourth <ref name=ceathrú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31994D1110 Decision No 1110/94/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 April 1994 concerning the fourth framework programme of the European Community activities in the field of research and technological development and demonstration]; OJ L126 – 18 May 1994; No 1110/94/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1994–1998 || 13.2 |- | FP5 || Fifth <ref name=cúigiú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31999D0182 Decision No 182/1999/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 December 1998 concerning the fifth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities (1998 to 2002)]; OJ L26 – 01/02/1999; No 182/1999/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1998–2002 || 15.0 |- | FP6 || Sixth <ref name=seu>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32002D1513 Decision No 1513/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2002 concerning the sixth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities, contributing to the creation of the European Research Area and to innovation (2002 to 2006)]; OJ L232 – 29 August 2002; No 1513/2002/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 2002–2006 || 16.3 |- | FP7 || Seventh || 2007–2013 || 50.5 over seven years<br />+ 2.7 for [[Euratom]] over five years <ref name=fp7>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/understanding/fp7inbrief/structure_en.html | teideal = How is FP 7 structured? from FP7 in Brief | foilsitheoir = European Commission | dátarochtana = 31 Iúil 2011}}</ref> |- | FP8 || [[Fís 2020]] (ochtú) <ref name=Cordis2020>{{lua idirlín | teideal = The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_ga.cfm?pg=h2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Iúil 2012}}</ref> || 2014–2020 || 77 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/horizon2020/document.cfm?doc_id=17607 | teideal = Research and innovation funding: making a real difference | dáta =2016|website=European Commission |dátarochtana = 30 Eanáir 2018}}</ref> |- | FP9 || [[Fís Eorpach]] <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir =Cordis| teideal =The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_en.cfm?pg=h2020https://ec.europa.eu/info/horizon-europe-next-research-and-innovation-framework-programme_en|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> || 2021–2027 || 95.5 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/funding/funding-opportunities/funding-programmes-and-open-calls/horizon-europe_ga | teideal =Horizon Europe | dáta=22 December 2025 }}</ref> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://eufunds.me/what-is-the-budget-of-horizon-europe/ | teideal =What is the budget of Horizon Europe? | date=6 May 2021 }}</ref> |- | FP10 | Horizon Europe | 2028-2034 | 175 (''proposal'') <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal =EU budget 2028-2034 | url = https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/eu-budget/long-term-eu-budget/eu-budget-2028-2034_en |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=commission.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> |} == Funding instruments === FP6 and FP7 === {{anchor|Framework Programme 7}} '' Framework Programme 6 and 7 (2002–2013) projects were generally funded through '''instruments''', the most important of which included: * Integrating Project (IP) * Network of Excellence (NoE) * Specific Targeted Research Projects (STReP) * Joint Technology Initiatives (JTI) === Fís 2020<!--athsheolann 'Fís 2020' anseo --> === [[Íomhá:Horizon 2020 Logo.png | mion | Lógó Fhís 2020]] '' '''Horizon 2020''' was the eighth framework programme (FP8) funding research, technological development, and innovation. The programme's name has been modified to "Framework Programme for Research and Innovation".<ref name=Cordis2020 /> == Feedback and improvements '' The programmes have been criticized on various grounds, such as actually diminishing Europe's industrial competitiveness <ref name=>''Financial Control and Fraud in the Community''. House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, 12th Report. London: HMSO (1994).</ref> and failing to deliver fundamental excellence and global economic competitiveness. <ref name=>H. Matthews, The 7th EU research framework programme. ''Nanotechnol. Perceptions'' '''1''' (2005) 99–105.</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=Artis2007>Artis, M. J. and F. Nixson, Eds. "The Economics of the European Union: Policy and Analysis" (4th ed.), Oxford University Press 2007</ref> <ref name=céad>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31983Y0804(01) Council resolution of 25 July 1983 on framework programmes for Community research, development and demonstration activities and a first framework programme 1984 to 1987]; OJ C208 – 04/08/1983; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> }} == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ n91besj0k2cgi7yq7x5fr4ofhdffcuu 1325207 1325203 2026-08-16T07:10:27Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch */ 1325207 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] === Cúiseanna nua === # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission # [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] # ''[[:en:Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development|Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development]] - [[Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]] # ''[[:en:Horizon 2020|Horizon 2020]]'' - [[Fís 2020]], #* [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]] # ''[[:en:EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism|EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism]]'' - [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Eile === # ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] == Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch == '' The '''Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development''', also called '''Framework Programmes''' or abbreviated '''FP1''' to '''FP9''', are funding programmes created by the [[Aontas Eorpach]]/[[Coimisiún Eorpach]] to support and foster research in the [[European Research Area]] (ERA). Starting in 2014, the funding programmes were named '''Horizon'''. '' The funding programmes began in 1984 and continue to the present day. The most recent programme, [[Fís Eorpach]], has a budget of 95.5 billion Euros to be distributed over seven years. '' The specific objectives and actions vary between funding periods. In FP6 and FP7, focus was on technological research. In [[Fís 2020]], the focus was on innovation, delivering economic growth faster, and delivering solutions to end users that are often governmental agencies. == Stair Conducting European research policies and implementing European research programmes is an obligation under the [[Conradh Amstardam]], which includes a chapter on research and technological development. The programmes are defined by commission civil servants who are aided by various official advisory group and lobby groups. To advise the an Coimisiún Eorpach on the overall strategy to be followed in carrying out the Information and Communication Technology thematic priority, the Information Society Technologies Advisory Group (ISTAG) was set up. <ref name=:0>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | teideal = ISTAG website | foilsitheoir = cordis.lu | dáta = 20 Deireadh Fómhair 2011 | dátarochtana = 29 Samhain 2011 | archive-date=26 April 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426010836/http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | url-status=dead}}</ref> == The framework programmes '' The framework programmes, up until Framework Programme 6 (FP6), covered five-year periods; but from Framework Programme 7 (FP7) onward, programmes run for seven years. The Framework Programmes, and their budgets in billions of Euros, are presented in the table below.<ref name=Artis2007 /> For FP1–FP5, program expenditures were made in [[Aonad Airgeadra Eorpach]]; from FP6 onward budgets were in Euros. The values presented below are in Euros. {| class="wikitable" |- ! ID !! Framework programme !! Period !! Budget (billion €) |- | FP1 || First<ref name=céad /> || 1984–1987 || 3.8 |- | FP2 || Second<ref name=dara /> || 1987–1991 || 5.4 |- | FP3 || Third <ref name=triú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31990D0221 Council Decision of 23 April 1990 concerning the framework Programme of Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1990 to 1994)]; OJ L117 – 08/05/1990; 90/221/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1990–1994 || 6.6 |- | FP4 || Fourth <ref name=ceathrú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31994D1110 Decision No 1110/94/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 April 1994 concerning the fourth framework programme of the European Community activities in the field of research and technological development and demonstration]; OJ L126 – 18 May 1994; No 1110/94/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1994–1998 || 13.2 |- | FP5 || Fifth <ref name=cúigiú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31999D0182 Decision No 182/1999/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 December 1998 concerning the fifth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities (1998 to 2002)]; OJ L26 – 01/02/1999; No 182/1999/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 1998–2002 || 15.0 |- | FP6 || Sixth <ref name=seu>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32002D1513 Decision No 1513/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2002 concerning the sixth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities, contributing to the creation of the European Research Area and to innovation (2002 to 2006)]; OJ L232 – 29 August 2002; No 1513/2002/EC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> || 2002–2006 || 16.3 |- | FP7 || Seventh || 2007–2013 || 50.5 over seven years<br />+ 2.7 for [[Euratom]] over five years <ref name=fp7>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/understanding/fp7inbrief/structure_en.html | teideal = How is FP 7 structured? from FP7 in Brief | foilsitheoir = European Commission | dátarochtana = 31 Iúil 2011}}</ref> |- | FP8 || [[Fís 2020]] (ochtú) <ref name=Cordis2020>{{lua idirlín | teideal = The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_ga.cfm?pg=h2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Iúil 2012}}</ref> || 2014–2020 || 77 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/horizon2020/document.cfm?doc_id=17607 | teideal = Research and innovation funding: making a real difference | dáta =2016|website=European Commission |dátarochtana = 30 Eanáir 2018}}</ref> |- | FP9 || [[Fís Eorpach]] <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir =Cordis| teideal =The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_en.cfm?pg=h2020https://ec.europa.eu/info/horizon-europe-next-research-and-innovation-framework-programme_en|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> || 2021–2027 || 95.5 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/funding/funding-opportunities/funding-programmes-and-open-calls/horizon-europe_ga | teideal =Horizon Europe | dáta=22 December 2025 }}</ref> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://eufunds.me/what-is-the-budget-of-horizon-europe/ | teideal =What is the budget of Horizon Europe? | date=6 May 2021 }}</ref> |- | FP10 | Horizon Europe | 2028-2034 | 175 (''proposal'') <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal =EU budget 2028-2034 | url = https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/eu-budget/long-term-eu-budget/eu-budget-2028-2034_en |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=commission.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> |} == Funding instruments === FP6 and FP7 === {{anchor|Framework Programme 7}} '' Framework Programme 6 and 7 (2002–2013) projects were generally funded through '''instruments''', the most important of which included: * Integrating Project (IP) * Network of Excellence (NoE) * Specific Targeted Research Projects (STReP) * Joint Technology Initiatives (JTI) === Fís 2020<!--athsheolann 'Fís 2020' anseo --> === [[Íomhá:Horizon 2020 Logo.png | mion | Lógó Fhís 2020]] '' '''Horizon 2020''' was the eighth framework programme (FP8) funding research, technological development, and innovation. The programme's name has been modified to "Framework Programme for Research and Innovation".<ref name=Cordis2020 /> == Feedback and improvements '' The programmes have been criticized on various grounds, such as actually diminishing Europe's industrial competitiveness <ref name=>''Financial Control and Fraud in the Community''. House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, 12th Report. London: HMSO (1994).</ref> and failing to deliver fundamental excellence and global economic competitiveness. <ref name=>H. Matthews, The 7th EU research framework programme. ''Nanotechnol. Perceptions'' '''1''' (2005) 99–105.</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=Artis2007>Artis, M. J. and F. Nixson, Eds. "The Economics of the European Union: Policy and Analysis" (4th ed.), Oxford University Press 2007</ref> <ref name=céad>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31983Y0804(01) Council resolution of 25 July 1983 on framework programmes for Community research, development and demonstration activities and a first framework programme 1984 to 1987]; OJ C208 – 04/08/1983; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> <ref name=dara>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31987D0516 Council Decision of 28 September 1987 concerning the framework programme for Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1987 to 1991)]; OJ L302 – 24 October 1987; 87/516/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Official Journal of the European Union]]''</ref> }} == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ pn86klygtbrij50wsfp7sikl8dhkmgm 1325208 1325207 2026-08-16T09:23:02Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch */ 1325208 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] === Cúiseanna nua === # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission # [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] # ''[[:en:Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development|Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development]] - [[Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]] # ''[[:en:Horizon 2020|Horizon 2020]]'' - [[Fís 2020]], #* [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]] # ''[[:en:EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism|EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism]]'' - [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Eile === # ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] == Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch == '' The '''Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development''', also called '''Framework Programmes''' or abbreviated '''FP1''' to '''FP9''', are funding programmes created by the [[Aontas Eorpach]]/[[Coimisiún Eorpach]] to support and foster research in the [[European Research Area]] (ERA). Starting in 2014, the funding programmes were named '''Horizon'''. '' The funding programmes began in 1984 and continue to the present day. The most recent programme, [[Fís Eorpach]], has a budget of 95.5 billion Euros to be distributed over seven years. '' The specific objectives and actions vary between funding periods. In FP6 and FP7, focus was on technological research. In [[Fís 2020]], the focus was on innovation, delivering economic growth faster, and delivering solutions to end users that are often governmental agencies. == Stair Conducting European research policies and implementing European research programmes is an obligation under the [[Conradh Amstardam]], which includes a chapter on research and technological development. The programmes are defined by commission civil servants who are aided by various official advisory group and lobby groups. To advise the an Coimisiún Eorpach on the overall strategy to be followed in carrying out the Information and Communication Technology thematic priority, the Information Society Technologies Advisory Group (ISTAG) was set up. <ref name=:0>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | teideal = ISTAG website | foilsitheoir = cordis.lu | dáta = 20 Deireadh Fómhair 2011 | dátarochtana = 29 Samhain 2011 | archive-date=26 April 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426010836/http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | url-status=dead}}</ref> == The framework programmes '' The framework programmes, up until Framework Programme 6 (FP6), covered five-year periods; but from Framework Programme 7 (FP7) onward, programmes run for seven years. The Framework Programmes, and their budgets in billions of Euros, are presented in the table below.<ref name=Artis2007 /> For FP1–FP5, program expenditures were made in [[Aonad Airgeadra Eorpach]]; from FP6 onward budgets were in Euros. The values presented below are in Euros. {| class="wikitable" |- ! ID !! Framework programme !! Period !! Budget (billion €) |- | FP1 || First<ref name=céad /> || 1984–1987 || 3.8 |- | FP2 || Second<ref name=dara /> || 1987–1991 || 5.4 |- | FP3 || Third<ref name=triú /> || 1990–1994 || 6.6 |- | FP4 || Fourth<ref name=ceathrú /> || 1994–1998 || 13.2 |- | FP5 || Fifth<ref name=cúigiú /> || 1998–2002 || 15.0 |- | FP6 || Sixth<ref name=seu /> || 2002–2006 || 16.3 |- | FP7 || Seventh || 2007–2013 || 50.5 over seven years<br />+ 2.7 for [[Euratom]] over five years<ref name=fp7 /> |- | FP8 || [[Fís 2020]] <ref name=Cordis2020>{{lua idirlín | teideal = The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_ga.cfm?pg=h2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Iúil 2012}}</ref> || 2014–2020 || 77 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/horizon2020/document.cfm?doc_id=17607 | teideal = Research and innovation funding: making a real difference | dáta =2016|website=European Commission |dátarochtana = 30 Eanáir 2018}}</ref> |- | FP9 || [[Fís Eorpach]] <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir =Cordis| teideal =The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_en.cfm?pg=h2020https://ec.europa.eu/info/horizon-europe-next-research-and-innovation-framework-programme_en|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> || 2021–2027 || 95.5 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/funding/funding-opportunities/funding-programmes-and-open-calls/horizon-europe_ga | teideal =Horizon Europe | dáta=22 December 2025 }}</ref> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://eufunds.me/what-is-the-budget-of-horizon-europe/ | teideal =What is the budget of Horizon Europe? | date=6 May 2021 }}</ref> |- | FP10 | Horizon Europe | 2028-2034 | 175 (''proposal'') <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal =EU budget 2028-2034 | url = https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/eu-budget/long-term-eu-budget/eu-budget-2028-2034_en |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=commission.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> |} == Funding instruments === FP6 and FP7 === {{anchor|Framework Programme 7}} '' Framework Programme 6 and 7 (2002–2013) projects were generally funded through '''instruments''', the most important of which included: * Integrating Project (IP) * Network of Excellence (NoE) * Specific Targeted Research Projects (STReP) * Joint Technology Initiatives (JTI) === Fís 2020<!--athsheolann 'Fís 2020' anseo --> === [[Íomhá:Horizon 2020 Logo.png | mion | Lógó Fhís 2020]] '' '''Horizon 2020''' was the eighth framework programme (FP8) funding research, technological development, and innovation. The programme's name has been modified to "Framework Programme for Research and Innovation".<ref name=Cordis2020 /> == Feedback and improvements '' The programmes have been criticized on various grounds, such as actually diminishing Europe's industrial competitiveness <ref name=>''Financial Control and Fraud in the Community''. House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, 12th Report. London: HMSO (1994).</ref> and failing to deliver fundamental excellence and global economic competitiveness. <ref name=>H. Matthews, The 7th EU research framework programme. ''Nanotechnol. Perceptions'' '''1''' (2005) 99–105.</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=Artis2007>Artis, M. J. and F. Nixson, Eds. "The Economics of the European Union: Policy and Analysis" (4th ed.), Oxford University Press 2007</ref> <ref name=céad>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/GA/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31983Y0804(01) Council resolution of 25 July 1983 on framework programmes for Community research, development and demonstration activities and a first framework programme 1984 to 1987]; OJ C208 – 04/08/1983; ''[[Iris Oifigiúil an Aontais Eorpaigh]]''</ref> <ref name=dara>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/GA/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31987D0516 Council Decision of 28 September 1987 concerning the framework programme for Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1987 to 1991)]; OJ L302 – 24 October 1987; 87/516/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Iris Oifigiúil an Aontais Eorpaigh]]''</ref> <ref name=triú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/GA/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31990D0221 Council Decision of 23 April 1990 concerning the framework Programme of Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1990 to 1994)]; OJ L117 – 08/05/1990; 90/221/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Iris Oifigiúil an Aontais Eorpaigh]]''</ref> <ref name=ceathrú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/GA/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31994D1110 Decision No 1110/94/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 April 1994 concerning the fourth framework programme of the European Community activities in the field of research and technological development and demonstration]; OJ L126 – 18 May 1994; No 1110/94/EC; ''[[Iris Oifigiúil an Aontais Eorpaigh]]''</ref> <ref name=cúigiú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/GA/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31999D0182 Decision No 182/1999/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 December 1998 concerning the fifth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities (1998 to 2002)]; OJ L26 – 01/02/1999; No 182/1999/EC; ''[[Iris Oifigiúil an Aontais Eorpaigh]]''</ref> <ref name=seu>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/GA/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32002D1513 Decision No 1513/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2002 concerning the sixth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities, contributing to the creation of the European Research Area and to innovation (2002 to 2006)]; OJ L232 – 29 August 2002; No 1513/2002/EC; ''[[Iris Oifigiúil an Aontais Eorpaigh]]''</ref> <ref name=fp7>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/understanding/fp7inbrief/structure_ga.html | teideal = How is FP 7 structured? from FP7 in Brief | foilsitheoir = European Commission | dátarochtana = 31 Iúil 2011}}</ref> }} == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ 1ocqsd2vtpc9eojoghbr6b18hkd31h7 1325214 1325208 2026-08-16T09:42:16Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch */ 1325214 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] === Cúiseanna nua === # [[Gás ceaptha teasa]] &rightarrow; [[Astaíochtaí charbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] '' Carbon / greenhouse gas emission # [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]] '' Greenhouse gas emission due to agriculture === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] # ''[[:en:Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development|Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development]] - [[Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]] # ''[[:en:Horizon 2020|Horizon 2020]]'' - [[Fís 2020]], #* [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]] # ''[[:en:EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism|EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism]]'' - [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Eile === # ''[[:en:Renewable energy|Renewable energy]]'' - [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] == Ceartchláir um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch == '' The '''Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development''', also called '''Framework Programmes''' or abbreviated '''FP1''' to '''FP9''', are funding programmes created by the [[Aontas Eorpach]]/[[Coimisiún Eorpach]] to support and foster research in the [[European Research Area]] (ERA). Starting in 2014, the funding programmes were named '''Horizon'''. '' The funding programmes began in 1984 and continue to the present day. The most recent programme, [[Fís Eorpach]], has a budget of 95.5 billion Euros to be distributed over seven years. '' The specific objectives and actions vary between funding periods. In FP6 and FP7, focus was on technological research. In [[Fís 2020]], the focus was on innovation, delivering economic growth faster, and delivering solutions to end users that are often governmental agencies. == Stair Conducting European research policies and implementing European research programmes is an obligation under the [[Conradh Amstardam]], which includes a chapter on research and technological development. The programmes are defined by commission civil servants who are aided by various official advisory group and lobby groups. To advise the an Coimisiún Eorpach on the overall strategy to be followed in carrying out the Information and Communication Technology thematic priority, the Information Society Technologies Advisory Group (ISTAG) was set up. <ref name=:0>{{lua idirlín | url = http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | teideal = ISTAG website | foilsitheoir = cordis.lu | dáta = 20 Deireadh Fómhair 2011 | dátarochtana = 29 Samhain 2011 | archive-date=26 April 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426010836/http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm | url-status=dead}}</ref> == The framework programmes '' The framework programmes, up until Framework Programme 6 (FP6), covered five-year periods; but from Framework Programme 7 (FP7) onward, programmes run for seven years. The Framework Programmes, and their budgets in billions of Euros, are presented in the table below.<ref name=Artis2007 /> For FP1–FP5, program expenditures were made in [[Aonad Airgeadra Eorpach]]; from FP6 onward budgets were in Euros. The values presented below are in Euros. {| class="wikitable" |- ! ID !! Framework programme !! Period !! Budget (billion €) |- | FP1 || First<ref name=céad /> || 1984–1987 || 3.8 |- | FP2 || Second<ref name=dara /> || 1987–1991 || 5.4 |- | FP3 || Third<ref name=triú /> || 1990–1994 || 6.6 |- | FP4 || Fourth<ref name=ceathrú /> || 1994–1998 || 13.2 |- | FP5 || Fifth<ref name=cúigiú /> || 1998–2002 || 15.0 |- | FP6 || Sixth<ref name=seu /> || 2002–2006 || 16.3 |- | FP7 || Seventh || 2007–2013 || 50.5 over seven years<br />+ 2.7 for [[Euratom]] over five years<ref name=fp7 /> |- | FP8 || [[Fís 2020]] <ref name=Cordis2020>{{lua idirlín | teideal = The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_ga.cfm?pg=h2020 | dátarochtana = 19 Iúil 2012}}</ref> || 2014–2020 || 77 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/horizon2020/document.cfm?doc_id=17607 | teideal = Research and innovation funding: making a real difference | dáta =2016|website=European Commission |dátarochtana = 30 Eanáir 2018}}</ref> |- | FP9 || [[Fís Eorpach]] <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir =Cordis| teideal =The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_en.cfm?pg=h2020https://ec.europa.eu/info/horizon-europe-next-research-and-innovation-framework-programme_en|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> || 2021–2027 || 95.5 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/funding/funding-opportunities/funding-programmes-and-open-calls/horizon-europe_ga | teideal =Horizon Europe | dáta=22 December 2025 }}</ref> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://eufunds.me/what-is-the-budget-of-horizon-europe/ | teideal =What is the budget of Horizon Europe? | date=6 May 2021 }}</ref> |- | FP10 | Fís Europe | 2028-2034 | 175 (''proposal'') <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal =EU budget 2028-2034 | url = https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/eu-budget/long-term-eu-budget/eu-budget-2028-2034_en |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=commission.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> |} == Funding instruments === FP6 and FP7 === {{anchor|Framework Programme 7}} '' Framework Programme 6 and 7 (2002–2013) projects were generally funded through '''instruments''', the most important of which included: * Integrating Project (IP) * Network of Excellence (NoE) * Specific Targeted Research Projects (STReP) * Joint Technology Initiatives (JTI) === Fís 2020<!--athsheolann 'Fís 2020' anseo --> === [[Íomhá:Horizon 2020 Logo.png | mion | Lógó Fhís 2020]] '' '''Horizon 2020''' was the eighth framework programme (FP8) funding research, technological development, and innovation. The programme's name has been modified to "Framework Programme for Research and Innovation".<ref name=Cordis2020 /> == Feedback and improvements '' The programmes have been criticized on various grounds, such as actually diminishing Europe's industrial competitiveness <ref name=>''Financial Control and Fraud in the Community''. House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, 12th Report. London: HMSO (1994).</ref> and failing to deliver fundamental excellence and global economic competitiveness. <ref name=>H. Matthews, The 7th EU research framework programme. ''Nanotechnol. Perceptions'' '''1''' (2005) 99–105.</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=Artis2007>Artis, M. J. and F. Nixson, Eds. "The Economics of the European Union: Policy and Analysis" (4th ed.), Oxford University Press 2007</ref> <ref name=céad>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/GA/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31983Y0804(01) Council resolution of 25 July 1983 on framework programmes for Community research, development and demonstration activities and a first framework programme 1984 to 1987]; OJ C208 – 04/08/1983; ''[[Iris Oifigiúil an Aontais Eorpaigh]]''</ref> <ref name=dara>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/GA/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31987D0516 Council Decision of 28 September 1987 concerning the framework programme for Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1987 to 1991)]; OJ L302 – 24 October 1987; 87/516/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Iris Oifigiúil an Aontais Eorpaigh]]''</ref> <ref name=triú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/GA/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31990D0221 Council Decision of 23 April 1990 concerning the framework Programme of Community activities in the field of research and technological development (1990 to 1994)]; OJ L117 – 08/05/1990; 90/221/Euratom, EEC; ''[[Iris Oifigiúil an Aontais Eorpaigh]]''</ref> <ref name=ceathrú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/GA/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31994D1110 Decision No 1110/94/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 April 1994 concerning the fourth framework programme of the European Community activities in the field of research and technological development and demonstration]; OJ L126 – 18 May 1994; No 1110/94/EC; ''[[Iris Oifigiúil an Aontais Eorpaigh]]''</ref> <ref name=cúigiú>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/GA/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31999D0182 Decision No 182/1999/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 December 1998 concerning the fifth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities (1998 to 2002)]; OJ L26 – 01/02/1999; No 182/1999/EC; ''[[Iris Oifigiúil an Aontais Eorpaigh]]''</ref> <ref name=seu>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/GA/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32002D1513 Decision No 1513/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2002 concerning the sixth framework programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities, contributing to the creation of the European Research Area and to innovation (2002 to 2006)]; OJ L232 – 29 August 2002; No 1513/2002/EC; ''[[Iris Oifigiúil an Aontais Eorpaigh]]''</ref> <ref name=fp7>{{lua idirlín | url = http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/understanding/fp7inbrief/structure_ga.html | teideal = How is FP 7 structured? from FP7 in Brief | foilsitheoir = an Coimisiún Eorpach | dátarochtana = 31 Iúil 2011}}</ref> }} == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ hhb6l5thx4u4862e3ihsaq8ohfq9ifr 0 120737 1325145 1324732 2026-08-15T16:42:17Z ListeriaBot 25319 Wikidata list updated [V2] 1325145 wikitext text/x-wiki <imagemap>File:2020 EU MAP.svg | 250px | thumb | lang=ga | Léarscáil (inchliceáilte) den AE poly 261 28 273 39 279 59 284 61 286 66 271 97 275 105 275 116 284 122 308 111 320 83 308 75 310 71 302 60 305 54 297 46 298 36 290 32 291 16 282 16 277 22 280 28 275 33 270 32 264 26 [[An Fhionlainn]] poly 260 29 259 38 252 37 252 42 248 41 244 54 238 64 238 72 235 77 237 83 226 83 223 100 227 106 230 111 227 115 229 121 223 127 220 141 229 160 227 163 231 173 238 171 238 168 242 164 250 164 254 135 261 130 262 117 252 115 257 93 270 83 271 66 279 59 273 39 [[an tSualainn]] poly 312 142 307 131 311 123 294 123 279 132 280 142 290 137 295 138 304 141 [[an Eastóin]] poly 310 164 319 155 318 148 313 142 295 140 298 153 288 149 282 142 277 161 295 158 [[an Laitvia]] poly 288 180 295 184 301 184 309 178 307 170 312 168 308 162 294 157 279 161 279 174 289 174 [[an Liotuáin]] poly 300 198 294 182 290 180 270 183 265 184 264 179 250 182 248 186 238 190 238 197 234 199 239 203 241 223 249 225 251 229 255 226 261 230 265 232 268 235 270 237 273 235 276 240 281 237 283 237 289 236 296 242 297 239 297 234 301 223 305 222 304 217 301 214 296 201 [[an Pholainn]] poly 254 250 257 245 261 244 269 236 272 235 276 240 279 238 289 235 297 243 274 250 269 253 269 257 259 254 [[an tSlóvaic]] poly 299 251 291 245 270 252 269 257 258 252 249 268 254 271 260 279 268 278 275 274 290 272 294 258 [[an Ungáir]] poly 355 291 354 280 361 274 355 269 349 272 346 270 343 259 332 248 330 243 328 242 324 247 314 250 312 248 301 250 294 255 292 265 288 271 282 274 288 281 293 284 293 288 296 290 302 287 301 291 308 294 308 297 317 297 322 297 329 295 339 287 347 288 [[an Rómáin]] poly 309 327 312 322 309 318 305 316 305 310 308 305 302 298 304 294 309 295 310 298 328 297 340 287 354 291 350 297 352 301 348 304 355 309 348 314 347 311 340 316 339 317 339 321 329 324 323 321 316 325 [[an Bhulgáir]] poly 308 383 305 376 306 374 293 368 294 359 289 351 289 344 294 339 295 333 301 332 304 328 310 326 317 326 322 322 329 325 340 321 340 316 342 319 340 328 328 329 320 331 325 335 339 340 336 342 348 344 350 348 347 358 344 353 348 352 349 348 343 347 345 344 334 341 335 338 328 335 317 341 313 337 311 342 320 350 332 359 339 365 358 359 340 377 331 380 335 376 337 378 342 373 340 370 345 372 353 362 337 366 328 363 327 367 320 367 326 372 319 374 320 382 334 393 355 393 372 372 372 378 368 383 368 377 364 384 365 390 361 387 355 396 340 400 339 395 329 397 329 393 332 392 320 380 314 384 311 378 [[an Ghréig]] poly 419 384 415 381 421 378 421 373 428 371 435 365 430 374 434 376 424 383 [[an Chipir]] poly 236 248 224 238 221 231 225 227 236 221 240 220 249 225 254 226 260 231 266 230 267 236 261 243 249 245 244 243 [[an tSeicia]] poly 198 263 201 257 204 260 207 258 213 260 224 255 233 248 238 248 241 244 245 244 248 246 255 246 253 250 256 254 250 265 249 268 238 272 229 271 220 268 218 263 210 264 208 266 [[an Ostair]] poly 249 267 253 273 242 279 244 284 236 282 230 281 227 277 229 271 238 272 [[an tSlóivéin]] poly 179 298 180 293 174 292 176 287 173 283 178 282 178 278 176 275 181 274 185 273 189 269 189 273 195 273 197 269 199 272 204 269 207 267 210 265 218 263 220 269 230 271 226 281 219 283 222 289 219 290 220 297 231 304 236 319 247 323 253 325 250 327 274 341 273 349 269 341 260 341 257 348 262 355 261 358 257 360 257 364 251 371 248 369 244 377 244 378 244 386 237 386 237 383 230 381 222 375 219 376 219 370 226 368 238 370 245 367 250 365 253 358 248 346 246 347 241 342 241 341 237 340 234 336 230 332 224 331 184 357 181 355 183 343 182 333 185 333 190 329 193 330 196 339 194 340 193 352 224 331 211 317 209 317 203 309 204 308 202 298 190 292 184 297 [[an Iodáil]] rect 224 394 251 405 [[Málta]] poly 14 333 21 334 24 337 27 339 29 333 36 329 33 325 40 319 39 311 43 312 49 298 57 295 54 292 55 289 43 284 42 281 39 280 36 291 36 292 19 313 24 314 20 317 23 318 19 324 19 327 [[an Phortaingéil]] poly 41 358 38 355 35 355 37 345 32 338 28 338 29 333 37 329 33 326 39 319 39 311 42 312 49 300 56 295 55 292 54 290 43 283 39 280 42 270 39 269 45 266 50 268 51 264 58 266 69 274 71 272 80 279 89 280 95 283 99 287 102 287 114 299 119 301 120 298 124 301 124 304 127 305 135 308 140 309 140 314 145 339 140 337 133 343 126 339 116 349 113 342 120 345 128 337 132 335 136 338 143 335 139 312 136 316 131 317 128 317 114 320 116 322 104 331 100 338 106 345 98 346 92 353 92 356 85 354 76 361 73 357 71 361 66 357 53 354 53 357 46 355 [[an Spáinn]] poly 100 286 111 297 118 300 119 298 126 302 128 302 128 305 139 307 140 301 144 298 152 296 155 300 157 298 165 304 169 305 189 328 195 318 195 306 192 312 188 311 187 327 170 305 178 298 180 294 173 292 176 288 174 284 179 281 176 276 179 272 175 266 170 267 175 262 180 258 178 255 182 256 186 244 190 240 178 234 173 232 169 227 169 225 165 225 162 220 157 216 155 212 151 212 147 218 142 222 137 221 137 224 133 223 125 220 121 218 124 225 121 230 113 227 111 223 107 224 101 223 97 223 97 232 109 241 111 251 115 258 107 284 [[an Fhrainc]] poly 202 178 209 178 211 181 218 182 216 185 218 187 231 181 235 184 231 187 238 189 238 197 235 201 238 203 240 222 236 220 234 224 223 228 221 230 224 238 232 247 224 255 217 258 211 259 207 257 203 261 199 256 189 255 183 256 185 244 190 241 181 235 178 224 181 214 180 207 185 201 190 195 192 187 197 187 199 189 202 186 [[an Ghearmáin]] poly 177 225 174 229 172 235 180 237 180 229 [[an Lucsamburg]] poly 155 210 157 220 166 225 175 232 173 226 178 225 177 215 171 210 164 212 160 209 [[an Bheilg]] poly 191 188 178 189 162 209 167 209 171 207 170 210 179 215 180 207 188 204 184 200 188 198 [[an Ísiltír]] poly 201 177 209 177 222 181 228 176 227 159 219 170 221 177 216 175 214 163 218 158 215 143 202 157 [[an Danmhairg]] poly 102 181 92 179 82 181 79 179 75 173 78 168 89 162 84 159 89 151 98 154 100 153 97 150 104 146 109 147 100 156 108 166 106 174 103 177 [[Éire]] desc bottom-left </imagemap> == Bosca sonraí == Daonra:<ref name=daonra /> * Is lú: [[Málta]], 542,051 * Is mó: [[an Ghearmáin]], 84,358,845 Achar:<ref name=achar /> * Is lú: [[Málta]], 316 km2² * Is mó: [[an Fhrainc]], 638,475 km2² Rialtais: * [[Daonlathas ionadaíoch]] [[Córas Parlaiminteach | parlaiminteach]] (21) * Daonlathas ionadaíoch [[Córas leath-uachtaránachta | leath-uachtaránachta]] (5) * Daonlathas ionadaíoch [[Córas uachtaránachta | uachtaránachta]] (1) == Réamhrá == Is aontas polaitiúil agus eacnamaíoch an t[[Aontas Eorpach]] (AE). Tá seacht mball is fiche (27) den aontas san le atá inniu ann, atá ina bpáirtí i [[Conartha an Aontais Eorpaigh|gconartha bunaidh]] an AE, agus dá bharr faoi ghéillsine ag pribhléidí agus dualgais de bhallraíocht. Faoi réir na gconartha, aontaíonn na rialtais a gcuid ceannais a roinnt trí [[institiúidí an Aontais Eorpaigh]]. Chun roinnt polasaí a ghlacadh, caithfear comhaontú d'aon ghuth a bheith ann sa [[Comhairle an Aontais Eorpaigh|Chomhairle]]. Do pholasaíthe eile, déantar cinntí le [[vótáil tromlaigh cháilithe]]. De bharr na comhroinnte agus na ndualgas [[aontas fornáisiúnta|fornáisiúnta]]) úd, is aontas ar leith é i measc eagraíochtaí idirnáisiúnta. Tá ord dlí bunaithe aige atá idir [[Príomhacht dlí an Aontais Eorpaigh|ina cheangal dlí]] ar gach ballstát (i ndiaidh [[Costa v ENEL|rialaithe cinniúnaigh]] den [[an Chúirt Bhreithiúnais Eorpach|CBE]] sa bhliain 1964). Is bunphrionsabal an aontais ná [[Prionsabal na coimhdeachta]], 'sé sin, ní thugtar cinntí le le chéile más féidir iad a thógáil ar bhonn indibhidiúil. Ceapann gach ballstát [[coimisinéir Eorpach|coimisinéir]] ar an [[An Coimisiún Eorpach|gCoimisiún Eorpach]]. Ní dhéanann siad ionadaíocht dá stáit féin, ach oibríonn siad ar son an AE go léir. Bunaíodh réamhtheachtaithe an AE na, [[Comhphobail Eorpacha]] (CE), sna 1950í ag na sé croí-stát ([[an Bheilg]], [[an Fhrainc]], [[an Iodáil]], [[Lucsamburg]], [[an Ísiltír]] agus [[an Ghearmáin Thiar]]). Tháinig tíortha aontacha eile le [[Méadú an Aontais Eorpaigh|méaduithe]] ina dhiaidh sin. Chun aontú, caithfidh atá á glacadh le ceanglais eacnamaíocha agus polaitiúla aitheanta mar {{h|critéir Chóbanhávan}}, 'sé sin, rialtas daonlathach, [[geilleagar saoriomaíochta]] agus meas ar {{h|forlámhas an dlí}}. Caithfidh fosta gach ballstát a thoiliú a thabhairt, agus caithfidh an t-iarrthóir corpas dlí an AE, aitheanta mar ''[[acquis communautaire]]'', a ghlacadh. Tháinig [[an Ríocht Aontaithe]] isteach san CE sa bhliain 1973, ach tharraing sí amach ar an 31ú Eanáir 2020 ag deireadh [[Brexit]]. Níor tharraing aon stát eile amach, [[#Tarraingt amach|ach amháin]] roinnt spleáchríoch nó ceantar leath-féinrialaitheach. == Ballstáit == Seo a leanas liosta de bhallstáit den AE, cruthaithe le sonraí ó Wikidata. {{Wikidata list | SPARQL = SELECT ?item ?itemLabel ?amTosaigh ?amDeiridh ?oti ?otiDáta { ?item wdt:P463 wd:Q458; # cuid de AE wdt:P31 wd:Q6256; # sample de tír p:P463 ?ballRts. ?ballRts ps:P463 wd:Q458. OPTIONAL { ?ballRts pq:P580 ?amTosaigh } OPTIONAL { ?ballRts pq:P582 ?amDeiridh } # fo-iarratas le haghaidh OTI leis an dáta is déanaí is déanaí { SELECT ?item (MAX(?dáta) AS ?uasDáta) WHERE { ?item p:P2131 ?otiRts. ?otiRts pq:P585 ?dáta. } GROUP BY ?item } # OTI le dáta is déanaí ?item p:P2131 ?otiRts. ?otiRts ps:P2131 ?oti; pq:P585 ?otiDáta. FILTER(?otiDáta = ?uasDáta) # label service SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "ga, en". } } ORDER BY DESC(?itemLabel) | columns = number:#, item:Qid, P297:Cód, label:Tír, ?amTosaigh:Am tosaigh, ?amDeiridh:Am deiridh, P1082:Daonra, P2046:Achar, P38:Airgeadra, ?oti:OTI, ?otiDáta:Dáta OTI, P1081:IFD, P37:Teanga }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! # ! Qid ! Cód ! Tír ! Am tosaigh ! Am deiridh ! Daonra ! Achar ! Airgeadra ! OTI ! Dáta OTI ! IFD ! Teanga |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[:d:Q27|Q27]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IE IE] | [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éire]] | 1973-01-01 | | 5149139 | 69797 ciliméadar cearnach | [[Euro]] | 529244870223 | 2022-01-01 | 0.945 | [[an Ghaeilge]]<br/>[[An Béarla|Béarla]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[:d:Q55|Q55]] | | [[an Ísiltír]] | 1957-03-25 | | 17942942 | 37378 ciliméadar cearnach | [[Euro]] | 991114635529 | 2022-01-01 | 0.931 | [[an Ollainnis]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[:d:Q34|Q34]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:SE SE] | [[an tSualainn]] | 1995-01-01 | | 10609460 | 447425.16 ciliméadar cearnach | ''[[:d:Q122922|krona na Sualainne]]'' | 585939170124 | 2022-01-01 | 0.947 | [[an tSualainnis]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[:d:Q214|Q214]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:SK SK] | [[an tSlóvaic]] | 2004-05-01 | | 5409407 | 49033.720839 ciliméadar cearnach | [[Euro]] | 115468803972 | 2022-01-01 | 0.848 | [[an tSlóvaicis]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[:d:Q215|Q215]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:SI SI] | [[an tSlóivéin]] | 2004-05-01 | | 2066880 | 20271 ciliméadar cearnach | [[Euro]] | 62117768015 | 2022-01-01 | 0.918 | [[an tSlóivéinis]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[:d:Q213|Q213]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:CZ CZ] | [[An tSeic|an tSeicia]] | 2004-05-01 | | 10909500 | 78871 ciliméadar cearnach | ''[[:d:Q131016|koruna na Seice]]'' | 250681000000 | 2019-01-01 | 0.889 | [[an tSeicis]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[:d:Q28|Q28]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:HU HU] | [[an Ungáir]] | 2004-05-01 | | 9603634 | 93011.4 ciliméadar cearnach | ''[[:d:Q47190|forint na hUngáire]]'' | 181848022230 | 2021-01-01 | 0.846 | [[an Ungáiris]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[:d:Q29|Q29]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:ES ES] | [[an Spáinn]] | 1986-01-01 | | 48592909 | 505990 ciliméadar cearnach | [[Euro]] | 1397509272054 | 2022-01-01 | 0.905 | [[an Spáinnis]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | [[:d:Q218|Q218]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:RO RO] | [[an Rómáin]] | 2007-01-01 | | 19053815 | 238397 ciliméadar cearnach | ''[[:d:Q131645|leu na Rómáine]]'' | 301261582924 | 2022-01-01 | 0.821 | [[an Rómáinis]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | [[:d:Q145|Q145]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:GB GB] | [[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|an Ríocht Aontaithe]] | 1973-01-01 | 2020-01-31 | 67326569 | 242495 ciliméadar cearnach | [[punt steirling]] | 3070667732359 | 2022-01-01 | 0.929 | [[An Béarla|Béarla]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | [[:d:Q45|Q45]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:PT PT] | [[an Phortaingéil]] | 1986-01-01 | | 10347892 | 92225 ciliméadar cearnach | [[Euro]] | 251945377529 | 2022-01-01 | 0.866 | [[an Phortaingéilis]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | [[:d:Q36|Q36]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:PL PL] | [[an Pholainn]] | 2004-05-01 | | 37563071 | 312683 ciliméadar cearnach | ''[[:d:Q123213|złoty]]'' | 688176605955 | 2022-01-01 | 0.906 am ar leith | [[an Pholainnis]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 13 | [[:d:Q40|Q40]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:AT AT] | [[an Ostair]] | 1995-01-01 | | 8979894 | 83878.99 ciliméadar cearnach | [[Euro]] | 511685203845 | 2023-01-01 | 0.916 | [[an Ghearmáinis]]<br/>''[[:d:Q36668|teanga chomharthaíochta na hOstaire]]'' |- | style='text-align:right'| 14 | [[:d:Q37|Q37]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:LT LT] | [[an Liotuáin]] | 2004-05-01 | | 2860002 | 65300 ciliméadar cearnach | [[Euro]] | 70334299008 | 2022-01-01 | 0.875 | [[an Liotuáinis]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 15 | [[:d:Q211|Q211]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:LV LV] | [[an Laitvia]] | 2004-05-01 | | 1845096 | 64593.77 ciliméadar cearnach<br/>61760.39 ciliméadar cearnach | [[Euro]] | 41153912663 | 2022-01-01 | 0.863 | [[an Laitvis]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 16 | [[:d:Q38|Q38]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IT IT] | [[an Iodáil]] | 1957-03-25 | | 58850717 | 302068 ciliméadar cearnach | [[Euro]] | 2010431598465 | 2022-01-01 | 0.895 | [[an Iodáilis]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 17 | [[:d:Q41|Q41]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:GR GR] | [[an Ghréig]] | 1981-01-01 | | 10482487 | 131957 ciliméadar cearnach | [[Euro]] | 219065872466 | 2022-01-01 | 0.887 | [[an Ghréigis]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 18 | [[:d:Q183|Q183]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:DE DE] | [[an Ghearmáin]] | 1958-01-01 | | 83577140 | 357587.77 ciliméadar cearnach | [[Euro]] | 4121200000000 | 2023-01-01 | 0.942 | [[an Ghearmáinis]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 19 | [[:d:Q142|Q142]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:FR FR] | [[an Fhrainc]] | 1957-03-25 | | 68605616 | 643801 ciliméadar cearnach | [[Euro]]<br/>''[[:d:Q214393|franc CFP]]'' | 2782905325625 | 2022-01-01 | 0.903 | [[an Fhraincis]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 20 | [[:d:Q33|Q33]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:FI FI] | [[an Fhionlainn]] | 1995-01-01 | | 5652881 | 338478.34 ciliméadar cearnach | [[Euro]] | 280825957768 | 2022-01-01 | 0.94 | [[an Fhionlainnis]]<br/>[[an tSualainnis]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 21 | [[:d:Q191|Q191]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:EE EE] | [[an Eastóin]] | 2004-05-01 | | 1369995 | 45335 ciliméadar cearnach | [[Euro]] | 38100812959 | 2022-01-01 | 0.89 | [[an Eastóinis]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 22 | [[:d:Q35|Q35]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:DK DK] | [[an Danmhairg]] | 1973-01-01 | | 5822863 | 42925.46 ciliméadar cearnach | ''[[:d:Q25417|krone na Danmhairge]]'' | 395403906582 | 2022-01-01 | 0.929 | [[an Danmhairgis]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 23 | [[:d:Q224|Q224]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:HR HR] | [[an Chróit]] | 2013-07-01 | | 3871833 | 56594 ciliméadar cearnach | [[Euro]] | 70964606465 | 2022-01-01 | 0.858 | [[an Chróitis]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 24 | [[:d:Q229|Q229]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:CY CY] | [[an Chipir]] | 2004-05-01 | | 1344976 | 9242.45 ciliméadar cearnach | [[Euro]] | 28439052741 | 2022-01-01 | 0.896 | ''[[:d:Q36510|an Nua-Ghréigis]]''<br/>[[an Tuircis]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 25 | [[:d:Q219|Q219]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:BG BG] | [[an Bhulgáir]] | 2007-01-01 | | 6423207 | 110993.6 ciliméadar cearnach | [[Euro]] | 102407653020 | 2023-01-01 | 0.799 | [[an Bhulgáiris]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 26 | [[:d:Q31|Q31]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:BE BE] | [[an Bheilg]] | 1957-03-25 | | 11825551 | 30688 ciliméadar cearnach | [[Euro]] | 644782756682 | 2023-01-01 | 0.937 | [[an Ollainnis]]<br/>[[an Fhraincis]]<br/>[[an Ghearmáinis]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 27 | [[:d:Q233|Q233]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:MT MT] | [[Málta]] | 2004-05-01 | | 553214 | 316 ciliméadar cearnach | [[Euro]] | 17765270015 | 2022-01-01 | 0.918 | [[an Mháltais]]<br/>[[An Béarla|Béarla]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 28 | [[:d:Q32|Q32]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:LU LU] | [[Lucsamburg]] | 1957-03-25 | | 690959 | 2593.05 ciliméadar cearnach | [[Euro]] | 82274812251 | 2022-01-01 | 0.93 | [[an Lucsambuirgis]]<br/>[[an Fhraincis]]<br/>[[an Ghearmáinis]] |} {{Wikidata list end}} == Tagairtí == {{reflist | refs = <ref name=daonra>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/DEMO_GIND__custom_7127262/default/table | teideal=Population change - Demographic balance and crude rates at national level | foilsitheoir = [[Eurostat]] | dátarochtana = 21ú Meitheamh 2024}}</ref> <ref name=achar>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/reg_area3__custom_11352231/bookmark/table?lang=en&bookmarkId=fabcfca6-4abb-4a84-ac1c-7bb335af436a | teideal = Area by NUTS 3 region | foilsitheoir = [[Eurostat]] | dátarochtana = 21ú Meitheamh 2024}}</ref> }} nkzmmk3e7njeszivlispelp95bgw5ax 14 122758 1325213 1296343 2026-08-16T09:39:29Z TGcoa 21229 1325213 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Catagóir:Drugaí]] [[Catagóir:Coirpigh]] [[Catagóir:Andúil]] hiyhouofx617d6fbsv59svo51mofjkz 3 125470 1325218 1324587 2026-08-16T11:44:41Z Aquavitae123 40780 /* Fáilte go Vicipéid! */ Freagra 1325218 wikitext text/x-wiki '''M'alt ar an mbaile Rómhánach Sumelocenna''' Thugas faoi alt ar Sumelocenna toisc go sílim gur fiú fás agus forbairt an bhaile seo a iniúchadh, agus tuilleadh bailte nach é mar fhianaise ar a fheabhas agus a d'éirigh leis an Rómhánaigh gréasán fiúntach láidir sibhialta a bhunú agus a chothú sna críocha seo. Dá ligfí leis an ngréasán sin maireachtáil ar feadh roinnt céadta bliain eile, seans gur teanga Rómánsach a bheadh á labhairt sa cheantar seo inniu seachas Gearmáinis. Anuas ar an alt seo, tá sé d'aidhm agam alt a chur le chéile ar na Agri Decumates, ceantar a bhí faoi smacht na hImpireachta Rómhánaí ó ca. 160 AD go dti ca. 260 AD, a chríocha suite mar a bhfuil iardheisceart na Gearmáine sa lá atá ann inniu. Agus ina dhiaidh sin, tá fúm alt eile a chur le chéile faoin Limes .i. an teorainn idir an Impireacht agus na críocha barbartha lasmuigh di, mar a bhain sé leis na Agri Decumates. == Fáilte go Vicipéid! == Haigh [[Úsáideoir:Aquavitae123|Aquavitae123]], a chara, Fáilte go Vicipéid! Tá áthas orm go bhfuil tú linn. Cúpla nasc úsáideach le tosú: * [[Vicipéid:Réamhrá]] – treoir do rannpháirtithe nua * [[Vicipéid:Cabhair]] – tacaíocht ghinearálta * [[Úsáideoir:Aquavitae123/Clár Dubh|Do Chlár Dubh]] – áit shábháilte le triail a bhaint as eagarthóireacht sula gcuireann tú in eagar go beo * [[Vicipéid:Halla baile]] - áit do nuacht ó phobal Vicipéide Táimid faoi láthair ag forbairt [[Vicipéid:Slí na Vicipéideoirí]] cúrsa nua tacaíochta d'eagarthóirí, ó thosaitheoirí go dtí daoine atá ann le fada. Ós rud é gur tusa i d'úsáideoir nua, ba bhreá linn do thuairim ar na hábhair oiliúna atá á bhforbairt - cad a chuideodh leat, cad atá ag teastáil, srl. Tá [[Plé Vicipéide:Slí na Vicipéideoirí|leathanach plé]] ann más mhaith leat smaoineamh a fhágáil. Má tá aon cheist agat, nó má tá cabhair ag teastáil uait ag am ar bith, is féidir leat teacht orm anseo ar mo leathanach plé, nó ríomhphost a chur chugam ag '''bainisteoir.pobail@wikimedia.ie''' <nowiki>Go raibh maith agat as a bheith linn, ~~~~</nowiki> [[Úsáideoir:Amy Uí Ríordáin|Amy Uí Ríordáin]] ([[Plé úsáideora:Amy Uí Ríordáin|plé]]) 15:52, 13 Lúnasa 2026 (UTC) :Go raibh míle maith agat, a Amy, as scríobh chugam. :Maith dhom an mhoill leis an bhfreagra, bhíos thiar i gConamara ar feadh tamall de laethanta. :Táim gafa go leor anois féin ach beidh mé i dteagmháil i gceart leat i gcionn lá nó dhó eile, le cuidiú Dé. :Beannachtaí móra! :Aquavitae123 (Liam m'ainm baiste!) [[Úsáideoir:Aquavitae123|Aquavitae123]] ([[Plé úsáideora:Aquavitae123|plé]]) 11:44, 16 Lúnasa 2026 (UTC) o62s5gvz16sff756omryorzbh6y2pvg 4 127597 1325174 1324577 2026-08-15T20:34:41Z Wikipidéanach 68935 /* Cláraigh do spéis */ 1325174 wikitext text/x-wiki Fáilte go dtí an leathanach oibre do '''Slí na Vicipéideoirí'''; an spás ina bhfuilimid ag forbairt oiliúint d'eagarthóirí ar an Vicipéid, do dhaoine nua agus do dhaoine atá ag eagrú le tamall. Tá an leathanach seo fós á thógáil. Athrófar agus fásfaidh sé de réir mar a théann an obair chun cinn. == Cúlra == Táimid ag obair ar an gceist seo ó 2023. Obair mhall atá ann – aithnítear é sin. Anuraidh, shocraigh Pobal Éireann Wikimedia ar an gcur chuige don Ghaeilge, agus ar an dóigh ar féidir linn cabhrú le pobal Vicipéid agus leis an nGaeilge tríd an obair seo. Phléamar cuid de na smaointe seo ag cruinniú le grúpa Vicipéideoirí le déanaí. Tá an leathanach seo ag tosú ón bplé sin. == Cad atá beartaithe == Seo cuid de na réimsí atá á bhforbairt againn faoi láthair. Níl aon rud críochnaithe fós – smaointe agus túsphointe atá ann: * '''An Chéad Chéim''': tús do dhaoine atá go hiomlán nua d'eagarthóireacht * '''Cuir do ladhar ann''' – na chéad chéimeanna praiticiúla eagarthóireachta * '''Ó shíolta go saothar''': forbairt ábhair, ó thús go halt iomlán * '''Tús maith, leath na hoibre''': dea-chleachtas a laghdaíonn obair ghlanta do dhaoine eile Beidh físeáin agus treoracha nasctha leis na modúil seo le himeacht ama. == Conas is féidir leat cabhair a thabhairt == Tá gach leibhéal taithí fáilteach anseo; ó dhaoine atá díreach ag tosú go daoine atá ag eagarthóireacht le blianta. Táimid ag bailiú eolas agus taithí an phobail le chéile. Más mian leat cuidiú: * Cuir do chuid smaointe anseo: [[Plé Vicipéide:Slí na Vicipéideoirí|Plé na leathanaigh seo]] * Luaigh leathanaigh nó struchtúir atá ag teastáil, dar leat * Glac páirt sa phlé ar [[Vicipéid:Halla baile|Halla baile]] * Cruinniú míosúil le Pobal Éireann Wikimedia + níos mó ag teacht ar Fhorbairt Vicipéide amháin === Cláraigh do spéis === Ar mhaith leat a bheith ar an eolas faoi Slí na Vicipéideoirí agus é ag forbairt? Cuir d'ainm leis an liosta thíos - is cuma cén leibhéal taithí atá agat. * [[Úsáideoir:Amy Uí Ríordáin|Amy Uí Ríordáin]] (Bainisteoir Pobail le Pobal Éireann Wikimedia) * [[Úsáideoir:TheCraftyCailleach|TheCraftyCailleach]] * [[Úsáideoir:An Sionnach Rua|An Sionnach Rua]] * [[Úsáideoir:Wikipidéanach‬|Wikipidéanach‬]] * '''Cuir d'ainm anseo - bí linn!''' == Leathanaigh ghaolmhara == * [[Vicipéid:Glanadh]] ---- ''Leanfaidh an leathanach seo ag fás. Fáilte roimh mholtaí ar an [[Plé Vicipéide:Slí na Vicipéideoirí |leathanach Plé]].'' 9o4tl66xhys52u03zt2oonp0f6sueji 1325206 1325174 2026-08-16T02:46:05Z Colin Ryan 3503 /* Cláraigh do spéis */ 1325206 wikitext text/x-wiki Fáilte go dtí an leathanach oibre do '''Slí na Vicipéideoirí'''; an spás ina bhfuilimid ag forbairt oiliúint d'eagarthóirí ar an Vicipéid, do dhaoine nua agus do dhaoine atá ag eagrú le tamall. Tá an leathanach seo fós á thógáil. Athrófar agus fásfaidh sé de réir mar a théann an obair chun cinn. == Cúlra == Táimid ag obair ar an gceist seo ó 2023. Obair mhall atá ann – aithnítear é sin. Anuraidh, shocraigh Pobal Éireann Wikimedia ar an gcur chuige don Ghaeilge, agus ar an dóigh ar féidir linn cabhrú le pobal Vicipéid agus leis an nGaeilge tríd an obair seo. Phléamar cuid de na smaointe seo ag cruinniú le grúpa Vicipéideoirí le déanaí. Tá an leathanach seo ag tosú ón bplé sin. == Cad atá beartaithe == Seo cuid de na réimsí atá á bhforbairt againn faoi láthair. Níl aon rud críochnaithe fós – smaointe agus túsphointe atá ann: * '''An Chéad Chéim''': tús do dhaoine atá go hiomlán nua d'eagarthóireacht * '''Cuir do ladhar ann''' – na chéad chéimeanna praiticiúla eagarthóireachta * '''Ó shíolta go saothar''': forbairt ábhair, ó thús go halt iomlán * '''Tús maith, leath na hoibre''': dea-chleachtas a laghdaíonn obair ghlanta do dhaoine eile Beidh físeáin agus treoracha nasctha leis na modúil seo le himeacht ama. == Conas is féidir leat cabhair a thabhairt == Tá gach leibhéal taithí fáilteach anseo; ó dhaoine atá díreach ag tosú go daoine atá ag eagarthóireacht le blianta. Táimid ag bailiú eolas agus taithí an phobail le chéile. Más mian leat cuidiú: * Cuir do chuid smaointe anseo: [[Plé Vicipéide:Slí na Vicipéideoirí|Plé na leathanaigh seo]] * Luaigh leathanaigh nó struchtúir atá ag teastáil, dar leat * Glac páirt sa phlé ar [[Vicipéid:Halla baile|Halla baile]] * Cruinniú míosúil le Pobal Éireann Wikimedia + níos mó ag teacht ar Fhorbairt Vicipéide amháin === Cláraigh do spéis === Ar mhaith leat a bheith ar an eolas faoi Slí na Vicipéideoirí agus é ag forbairt? Cuir d'ainm leis an liosta thíos - is cuma cén leibhéal taithí atá agat. * [[Úsáideoir:Amy Uí Ríordáin|Amy Uí Ríordáin]] (Bainisteoir Pobail le Pobal Éireann Wikimedia) * [[Úsáideoir:TheCraftyCailleach|TheCraftyCailleach]] * [[Úsáideoir:An Sionnach Rua|An Sionnach Rua]] * [[Úsáideoir:Wikipidéanach‬|Wikipidéanach‬]] * [[Úsáideoir:Colin Ryan‬|Colin Ryan‬]] * '''Cuir d'ainm anseo - bí linn!''' == Leathanaigh ghaolmhara == * [[Vicipéid:Glanadh]] ---- ''Leanfaidh an leathanach seo ag fás. Fáilte roimh mholtaí ar an [[Plé Vicipéide:Slí na Vicipéideoirí |leathanach Plé]].'' 9ivv23l8ynll9o7ta9stf0sfqy445t6 14 127886 1325123 2026-08-15T13:50:59Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 Leathanach cruthaithe le 'Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an ghéineas [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Odontophorinae]]' 1325123 wikitext text/x-wiki Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an ghéineas [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Odontophorinae]] p47f2osom9r87ljuwaoshwz1mnssbkp 14 127887 1325124 2026-08-15T13:51:08Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 Leathanach cruthaithe le 'Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an ghéineas [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Odontophorinae]]' 1325124 wikitext text/x-wiki Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an ghéineas [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Odontophorinae]] p47f2osom9r87ljuwaoshwz1mnssbkp 14 127888 1325125 2026-08-15T13:52:12Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 Leathanach cruthaithe le 'Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an fhofhine [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Odontophoridae]]' 1325125 wikitext text/x-wiki Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an fhofhine [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Odontophoridae]] pj9j4f9vp9yq5df1xwvk43s8s90yhj0 14 127889 1325126 2026-08-15T13:52:53Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 Leathanach cruthaithe le 'Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an fhine [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Phasianoidea]]' 1325126 wikitext text/x-wiki Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an fhine [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Phasianoidea]] 2li6xm98z4edpa7f4cjxk19nf69fkyq 14 127890 1325127 2026-08-15T13:53:23Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 Leathanach cruthaithe le 'Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an fhorfhine [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Galliformes]]' 1325127 wikitext text/x-wiki Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an fhorfhine [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Galliformes]] 32ddukp57n43g5oj6ivl3yfjahnehit 14 127891 1325129 2026-08-15T13:55:57Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 Leathanach cruthaithe le 'Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an ghéineas [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Coturnicini]]' 1325129 wikitext text/x-wiki Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an ghéineas [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Coturnicini]] 2slio0po8u2vaafw4zbkz8bqugcof6w 14 127892 1325130 2026-08-15T13:55:59Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 Leathanach cruthaithe le 'Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an ghéineas [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Coturnicini]]' 1325130 wikitext text/x-wiki Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an ghéineas [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Coturnicini]] 2slio0po8u2vaafw4zbkz8bqugcof6w 14 127893 1325131 2026-08-15T13:56:37Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 Leathanach cruthaithe le 'Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an treibh [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Phasianinae]]' 1325131 wikitext text/x-wiki Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an treibh [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Phasianinae]] fb8t90nkkuuc8a86379k0qdyz051fhf 14 127894 1325133 2026-08-15T13:58:33Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 Leathanach cruthaithe le 'Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an ghéineas [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Coturnicini]]' 1325133 wikitext text/x-wiki Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an ghéineas [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Coturnicini]] 2slio0po8u2vaafw4zbkz8bqugcof6w 14 127895 1325135 2026-08-15T14:04:45Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 Leathanach cruthaithe le 'Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an ghéineas [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Threskiornithinae]]' 1325135 wikitext text/x-wiki Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an ghéineas [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Threskiornithinae]] 3hak0ueo8q192ytsc95992tnr24ka4g 14 127896 1325137 2026-08-15T14:05:43Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 Leathanach cruthaithe le 'Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an ghéineas [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Threskiornithinae]]' 1325137 wikitext text/x-wiki Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an ghéineas [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Threskiornithinae]] 3hak0ueo8q192ytsc95992tnr24ka4g 14 127897 1325140 2026-08-15T14:09:12Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 Leathanach cruthaithe le 'Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an ghéineas [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Threskiornithinae]]' 1325140 wikitext text/x-wiki Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an ghéineas [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Threskiornithinae]] 3hak0ueo8q192ytsc95992tnr24ka4g 14 127898 1325159 2026-08-15T20:23:38Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 Leathanach cruthaithe le 'Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an ghéineas [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Fulicini]]' 1325159 wikitext text/x-wiki Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an ghéineas [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Fulicini]] qfg0113t67l97dh4dlyotc1k2bbumq4 14 127899 1325160 2026-08-15T20:23:57Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 Leathanach cruthaithe le 'Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an ghéineas [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Zapornini]]' 1325160 wikitext text/x-wiki Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an ghéineas [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Zapornini]] j5gyptfs1j559djy83d51vpxr634qg9 14 127900 1325161 2026-08-15T20:24:33Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 Leathanach cruthaithe le 'Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an treibh [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Himantornithinae]]' 1325161 wikitext text/x-wiki Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an treibh [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Himantornithinae]] 85o4xu6rkkzo4ma91bs247kjob9ux0b 14 127901 1325162 2026-08-15T20:24:37Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 Leathanach cruthaithe le 'Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an treibh [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Himantornithinae]]' 1325162 wikitext text/x-wiki Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an treibh [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Himantornithinae]] 85o4xu6rkkzo4ma91bs247kjob9ux0b 14 127902 1325163 2026-08-15T20:25:01Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 Leathanach cruthaithe le 'Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an fhofhine [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Rallidae]]' 1325163 wikitext text/x-wiki Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an fhofhine [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Rallidae]] bodpjs5ifqejfrc7c65yxyldmjza4tr 14 127903 1325164 2026-08-15T20:26:36Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 Leathanach cruthaithe le 'Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an fhine [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Ralli]]' 1325164 wikitext text/x-wiki Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an fhine [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Ralli]] i3gaijpospbaadmaok179789ogmts67 14 127904 1325165 2026-08-15T20:27:27Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 Leathanach cruthaithe le 'Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an fho-ord [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Gruiformes]]' 1325165 wikitext text/x-wiki Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an fho-ord [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Gruiformes]] awn7xdsp5g0q1fibj5qjd1uyzbjc98l 14 127905 1325166 2026-08-15T20:27:37Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 Leathanach cruthaithe le 'Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an ord [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Aves]]' 1325166 wikitext text/x-wiki Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an ord [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Aves]] hbxeab6qj2ka9bx47by59hf54ph3roa 14 127906 1325168 2026-08-15T20:29:15Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 Leathanach cruthaithe le 'Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an ghéineas [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Fulicini]]' 1325168 wikitext text/x-wiki Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an ghéineas [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Fulicini]] qfg0113t67l97dh4dlyotc1k2bbumq4 14 127907 1325175 2026-08-15T20:36:48Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 Leathanach cruthaithe le 'Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an fhofhine [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Thraupidae]]' 1325175 wikitext text/x-wiki Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an fhofhine [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Thraupidae]] gf4wcfzp136xq0472jge6zsf26g1ebu 14 127908 1325176 2026-08-15T20:37:27Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 Leathanach cruthaithe le 'Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an fhine [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Emberizoidea]]' 1325176 wikitext text/x-wiki Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an fhine [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Emberizoidea]] geenji06w4uqedfgtscsurubfqiasc8 14 127909 1325179 2026-08-15T20:43:24Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 Leathanach cruthaithe le 'Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an ghéineas [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Carduelinae]]' 1325179 wikitext text/x-wiki Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an ghéineas [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Carduelinae]] jnl4h81j2h2vli5vps2rdj3ysx70t85 14 127910 1325183 2026-08-15T20:47:22Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 Leathanach cruthaithe le 'Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an ghéineas [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Carduelinae]]' 1325183 wikitext text/x-wiki Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an ghéineas [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Carduelinae]] jnl4h81j2h2vli5vps2rdj3ysx70t85 14 127911 1325184 2026-08-15T20:47:25Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 Leathanach cruthaithe le 'Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an ghéineas [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Carduelinae]]' 1325184 wikitext text/x-wiki Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an ghéineas [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Carduelinae]] jnl4h81j2h2vli5vps2rdj3ysx70t85 14 127912 1325185 2026-08-15T20:47:28Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 Leathanach cruthaithe le 'Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an ghéineas [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Carduelinae]]' 1325185 wikitext text/x-wiki Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an ghéineas [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Carduelinae]] jnl4h81j2h2vli5vps2rdj3ysx70t85 14 127913 1325187 2026-08-15T20:53:44Z An Sionnach Rua 29036 Leathanach cruthaithe le 'Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an ghéineas [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Passeridae]]' 1325187 wikitext text/x-wiki Níor cheart ach ailt a bhaineann leis an ghéineas [[Aves|éin]] seo a chur leis an chatagóir seo. [[Catagóir:Passeridae]] 4r2hk0q7emvl2w4hd8ri1ryxjw6cx7u 0 127914 1325201 2026-08-15T23:38:03Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 Cruthaithe ó enwiki 1325201 wikitext text/x-wiki Is pacáiste airgeadais agus bearta timpeallachta de chuid an [[Aontas Eorpach|Aontais Eorpaigh]] é '''Oiriúnach do 55'''<ref name=iate /> nó ''Caoi chun 55'' (Béarla: '''Fit for 55''') chun [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] a laghdú le 55% faoin mbliain 2030.<ref name=Politico /> Is cuid den {{h|Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip}}, leagtha amach ar dtús i mí Nollag 2019.<ref name=egd /> Tar éis dó a bheith molta ag [[an Coimisiún Eorpach|gCoimisiún]] i mí Iúil 2021,<ref name=carbonbrief /> glacadh é sa bhliain 2023.<ref name=ec2023 /> I measc BBB san phacáiste, tá tacaíocht d'iompar glan, [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], agus taraif darb ainm [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha]] (SCCT) ar astaíochtaí carbóin ó thíortha nach bhfuil bearta acu chun gáis ceaptha teasa a laghdú.<ref name=Politico /> Moltar ann go gcuirfí iompair agus sa [[Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí an Aontais Eorpaigh|Córas Trádála Astaíochtaí]] isteach. I gcomórtas leis an bplean neodrachta molta ag an n[[Gníomhaireacht Fuinnimh Idirnáisiúnta]], tá ann níos mó beart chun fuinneamh inacmhainne a chur ar fáil.<ref name=Pavlovic2021 /> Ó mhí Lúnasa 2024 ar aghaidh, tá gach moladh in ''Fit for 55'' glactha ag [[Parlaimint na hEorpa]] agus [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]], seachas an Treoir maidir le Cánachas Fuinnimh.<ref name=epthink2024 /><ref name=consilium2023 /> == Téamaí == * Trádáil agus ísliú astaíochtaí * Ciste Aeráide Sóisialta * Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar theorainneacha (SCCT) * Úsáid talún agus foraoiseacht * Breosla mhalartaigh * Fuinneamh glas * Éifeachtúlacht fuinnimh * Tógáil inbhuanaithe * Hidrigin * Cáin fuinnimh<ref name=consiliumff55 /> == Próiseas == Agus an t-acht á phlé, d'éirigh ar dtús le Coimeádacha é a maolú. Theip ar an leagan seo nuair a vótáil na Daonlathaigh Shóisialta ina choinne. Nuair a glacadh an t-acht sa deireadh thiar, bhí sé níos láidre fós ó thaobh laghdú astaíocht CO².<ref name=Chahim2022 /> == Cáineadh == Dar le [[Greenpeace]], tá aidhmeanna an phacáiste ró lag chun cosc a chur ar [[athrú aeráide]] agus an timpeallacht a chosaint. Cáineadh an eagraíocht gur aicmiodh [[bithfhuinneamh]] mar {{h|fuinneamh in-athnuaite}} agus gur ceadaíodh díolachán carranna bhreosla iontaise go dtí 2035.<ref name=greenpeace /> I mí Lúnasa 2023, rinne rialtas [[an Pholainn|na Polainne]] gearán leis an gComhairle i gcoinne forálacha in Fit for 55, ag maíomh go ndéanann EU climate policies bagairt ar gheilleagar na tíre agus ar a [[slándáil fuinnimh]].<ref name=euronews2023 /> == Féach freisin == * [[Athrú aeráide san Eoraip]] * [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] == Tagairtí == {{reflist | refs = <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/3591091/ga | teideal = Téarma: Oiriúnach do 55 | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 2026-08-10}}</ref> <ref name=Politico>{{cite news | sloinne = Oroschakoff | ainm = Kalina | teideal = 5 things to know about EU's Fit for 55 climate package | url = https://www.politico.eu/article/fit-for-55-eu-5-things-to-know/ | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = politico.eu | dáta = 21 Meitheamh 2021}}</ref> <ref name=Pavlovic2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Pavlovic | ainm = Ivan | teideal = Comparing the EU's 'Fit for 55' roadmap and the IEA's net-zero scenario | url = https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/opinion/comparing-the-eus-fit-for-55-roadmap-and-the-ieas-net-zero-scenario/ | work = Euractiv | dáta = 12 Samhain 2021}}</ref> <ref name=egd>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Coimisiún Eorpach]] | dáta = 11 Nollaig 2019 | teideal = The European Green Deal | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/ip_19_6691 | work = ec.europa.eu/}}</ref> <ref name=carbonbrief>{{cite news | teideal = Q&A: How 'Fit for 55' reforms will help EU meet its climate goals | url = https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-fit-for-55-reforms-will-help-eu-meet-its-climate-goals | dátarochtana = 27 Samhain 2021 | work = Carbon Brief | dáta = 20 Iúil 2021 | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=ec2023>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Fáilte curtha ag an gCoimisiún roimh chur i gcrích phríomhreachtaíocht ‘Oiriúnach do 55', rud a chuir an tAontas ar an mbóthar ceart chun spriocanna 2030 a shárú | url = https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ga/IP_23_4754 | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2024 | work = European Commission | dáta = 9 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | teanga = ga}}</ref> <ref name=epthink2024>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 1 Lúnasa 2024 | teideal = Fit for 55 package | url = https://epthinktank.eu/2024/08/01/fit-for-55-package/ | dátarochtana = 12 Deireadh Fómhair 2025 | work = European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS)}}</ref> <ref name=consilium2023>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = [[an Chomhairle Eorpach]] | dáta = 3 Bealtaine 2023 | teideal = Infographic - Oiriúnach do 55: an chaoi a ndéanfaidh an tAontas dlí de spriocanna aeráide | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/infographics/fit-for-55-how-the-eu-will-turn-climate-goals-into-law/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=consiliumff55>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = European council | teideal = Oiriúnach do 55 | url = https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/policies/green-deal/fit-for-55-the-eu-plan-for-a-green-transition/ | dátarochtana = 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 | work = consilium.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref name=Chahim2022>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 2022-10-12 | teideal = Mohammed Chahim | url = https://www.politico.eu/list/green-28-class-of-2023-the-ranking/mohammed-chahim/ | dátarochtana = 2023-10-10 | work = Politico | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=greenpeace>{{lua idirlín | teideal = EU Commission 'Fit for 55' package unfit to contain climate crisis | url = https://www.greenpeace.org/eu-unit/issues/climate-energy/45795/eu-commission-fit-for-55-package-unfit-to-contain-climate-crisis | dátarochtana = 2023-04-08 | work = Greenpeace European Unit | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=euronews2023>{{cite news | teideal = Poland files lawsuit against key EU climate policies | url = https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/08/28/poland-asks-eu-court-of-justice-to-cancel-three-eu-climate-policies | work = Euractiv | dáta = 29 Lúnasa 2023}}</ref> }} [[Catagóir:Athrú aeráide san Aontas Eorpach]] [[Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]] 1f17ehqgrq03skudqtxceueiko2f5k1 0 127915 1325205 2026-08-16T00:20:11Z TGcoa 21229 Leathanach cruthaithe le 'Is éard atá i gceist le '''iontaobhas'''<ref>i mBéarla, ''trust'' </ref> ná feiste dhlíthiúil ina bhfuil sócmhainní i seilbh iontaobhaí thar ceann daoine eile (tairbhithe).<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.citizensinformation.ie/ga/justice/legal-terms-explained/#lffcd7|teideal=Téarmaí dlíthiúla mínithe|údar=Citizensinformation.ie|language=ga-IE|work=www.citizensinformation.ie|dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> == Féach freisin == == Tagairtí ==...' 1325205 wikitext text/x-wiki Is éard atá i gceist le '''iontaobhas'''<ref>i mBéarla, ''trust'' </ref> ná feiste dhlíthiúil ina bhfuil sócmhainní i seilbh iontaobhaí thar ceann daoine eile (tairbhithe).<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.citizensinformation.ie/ga/justice/legal-terms-explained/#lffcd7|teideal=Téarmaí dlíthiúla mínithe|údar=Citizensinformation.ie|language=ga-IE|work=www.citizensinformation.ie|dátarochtana=2026-08-16}}</ref> == Féach freisin == == Tagairtí == {{reflist}}{{síol}} [[Catagóir:Téarmaí dlí]] cxe30beutg57koyovr59lcv6bnxynhm