Vikipetã gnwiki https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuatia_%C3%91epyr%C5%A9ha MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.15 first-letter Medio Mba'echĩchĩ Myangekõi Puruhára Puruhára myangekõi Vikipetã Vikipetã myangekõi Ta'ãnga Ta'ãnga myangekõi MediaWiki MediaWiki myangekõi Tembiecharã Tembiecharã myangekõi Pytyvõ Pytyvõ myangekõi Ñemohenda Ñemohenda myangekõi TimedText TimedText talk Módulo Módulo discusión Evento Evento discusión 0 3285 138207 131853 2026-08-18T04:17:23Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138207 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hendrick Andriessen - Vanity Piece - 1914-DE - Museum of Fine Arts Ghent (MSK).jpg|alt=A 17th century painting of various objects, the most prominent of which is a human skull.|thumb|Yvypóra [[akã kangue]] is used universally as a symbol of death.]] '''Mano''' ha'e [[tekove]] paha; mba'e ndaikatúiva oñemboguevi ojehúva opávo oimeraẽ [[tekove rete ñemboguata]] omomba'apóva peteĩ [[oikovéva]]pe.<ref>{{Dictionary.com|death|access-date=2021-02-27}}</ref> Oikovéva retekue oñepyrũ [[Ñembyai (mano)|oñembyai]] omano riremi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayman |first=Jarvis |title=Human body decomposition |author2=Marc Oxenham |date=2016 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-803713-3 |location=Amsterdam |oclc=945734521}}</ref> Opaite umi oikovéva sapy'ánte ha ojejoko'ỹre omanokuaáta. Oĩ umi oikovéva, ha'eháicha [[medúsa nomanóiva]] (''[[Turritopsis dohrnii]]''), nomanói itujaitévo, hákatu omanokuaa gueteri ambueháicha ndaha'éirõ itujaitégui.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Masamoto |first1=Yui |last2=Piraino |first2=Stefano |last3=Miglietta |first3=Maria Pia |date=1 December 2019 |title=Transcriptome Characterization of Reverse Development in Turritopsis dohrnii (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) |journal=G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=4127–4138 |doi=10.1534/g3.119.400487 |pmc=6893190 |pmid=31619459 | issn=2160-1836}}</ref> Peteĩ mba'e ndojehechakuaáiva peteĩ oikovéva ramo, ha'eháicha peteĩ [[virus|víru]], ikatu oñehundipa térã oñemboguete ha katu ndaikatúi ja'e omanoha, peteĩ víru ndojehechakuaáigui peteĩ oikovéva ramo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Louten |first=Jennifer |title=Essential Human Virology |date=2016 |publisher=[[Elsevier Science]] |isbn=978-0-12-801171-3 |page=6}}</ref> Sa'ary XXI ñepyrũ jave, ojeipapa amo 56 sua tapicha omanóva ary ha ary. Hetave omano [[ñe'ãrasy|iñe'ãrasýgui]], ápe oĩ umi mba'asy ombyaíva ñande [[korasõ]] ha omopa'ãva ñande [[Tuguy syryha ypykatu|ruguy rape]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Richtie |first1=Hannah |last2=Spooner |first2=Fiona |last3=Roser |first3=Max |date=February 2018 |title=Causes of death |url=https://ourworldindata.org/causes-of-death#:~:text=Cardiovascular%20diseases%20are%20the%20leading,second%20biggest%20cause%20are%20cancers. |url-status=live |journal=Our World in Data |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520193352/https://ourworldindata.org/causes-of-death#:~:text=Cardiovascular%20diseases%20are%20the%20leading,second%20biggest%20cause%20are%20cancers. |archive-date=20 May 2018 |access-date=February 14, 2023}}</ref> Yvypóra ombopukukuaa hekove pukukue, ndaha'éiramo jepe opa árape guarã, ho'u porãitévo, oguejývo ''caloria'' ha ojetepysóvo.<ref name="Fontana-2010">{{Cite journal |last1=Fontana |first1=Luigi |last2=Partridge |first2=Linda |last3=Longo |first3=Valter L. |date=April 16, 2010 |title=Extending Healthy Life Span—From Yeast to Humans |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2010-04-16_328_5976/page/321 |journal=Science |volume=328 |issue=5976 |pages=321–326 |doi=10.1126/science.1172539 |pmid=20395504 |pmc=3607354 |bibcode=2010Sci...328..321F }}</ref> Ojehechakuaáma hasyha jaikuaaporã hag̃ua omanoite peteĩ tapicha. Ñepyrũme, ojehechakuaa omanoha peteĩ tapicha naipytuhẽvéirõ ha iñe'ã ndaipuvéima, kóva hína ojehechakuaa gueteri mano ''clínico'' ramo.<ref name="US President's Commission -1981">{{Cite book |last=United States. President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fd3sFRTejuIC |title=Defining Death: A Report on the Medical, Legal and Ethical Issues in the Determination of Death · Part 34 |publisher=The Commission |year=1981 |page=63 |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817193515/https://books.google.com/books?id=fd3sFRTejuIC |url-status=live }}</ref> Upéicharõ jepe, ojeguerojera rire ñemoingove jey ñe'ã ha ñe'ãvevúi ñemomba'apo rupive (RPC, héra karaiñe'ẽgui: ''reanimación cardiopulmonar'') sapy'ánte oñemboguevikuaa upe mano ''clínico'', ojeguerekóramo opa mba'e tekotevẽva ñemoingove jeyrã.<ref name="US Department of the Army-1999">{{Cite book |last=United States Department of the Army |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YLdfpIvnkZQC&q=CPR |title=Leadership Education and Training (LET 1) |publisher=United States Department of the Army |year=1999 |page=188 |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817193517/https://books.google.com/books?id=YLdfpIvnkZQC&q=CPR |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Apytu'ũ mano]] oiko porãve oñemyesakã hag̃ua omanópa peteĩ tapicha, hákatu nde'iséi peteĩ mba'e añónte. Oĩ he'íva oñemboguete va'erãha opaite apytu'ũ rembiapo. Oĩ ambue oguerovia oĩramo jepe apytu'ũ rembiapo michimĩ, okañypáma tapicha mandu'a, rekotee ha jepy'amongeta, ha upéva noñemboguevikuaái, upéicharõ ojehechakuaa va'erã omanohague.<ref name="Zaner-2011">{{Cite book |last=Zaner |first=Richard M. |title=Death: Beyond Whole-Brain Criteria |date=2011 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing Company|Springer]] |isbn=978-94-010-7720-0 |edition=1st |pages=77, 125}}</ref> Leikuéra he tekome'ẽ kuatiápe sapy'apy'a ojeiporu ko apytu'ũ mano omyesakã hag̃ua mano.<ref>{{Dictionary.com|brain death|access-date=2021-02-27}}</ref> Jepivénte ojejuhu va'erã mba'érepa omano, ha upévare oñeikytĩ va'erã omanóva retekue ha oñehesa'ỹijo va'erã mba'épa ojehecha. Heta [[arandupy]] ha [[jeroviapy]] oguerovia oĩha [[mano rire tekove]] ikatuhápe oiko oñembohovakéva mba'épa ojapo tapicha hekovépe, imarangatúrõ térã iñañárõ. Upéicha avei ojehecha opaichagua ogueromandu'áva omanóvare ha oñangarekóva hetekuére, taha'e ha'éva oñembyatývo hapichakuéra oñoty térã ohapy hag̃ua hetekue.<ref name="Newcomb-2019">{{Cite web |last=Newcomb |first=Tim |date=October 17, 2019 |title=7 Unique Burial Rituals Across the World |url=https://www.britannica.com/list/7-unique-burial-rituals-across-the-world |access-date=February 16, 2023 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |archive-date=1 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401042544/https://www.britannica.com/list/7-unique-burial-rituals-across-the-world |url-status=live }}</ref> == Mandu'apy == {{reflist}} [[Ñemohenda:Mano| ]] k23sunj9r2xpc1wzewpjoyu5rzwut49 0 6662 138213 137811 2026-08-18T04:31:44Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ficha de país | nombre_oficial = 日本国<br />''Nihon-koku''<br />''Nippon-koku''<br />Tetã Hapõ | nombre_común = Hapõ | de = de | imagen_bandera = Flag of Japan.svg | imagen_escudo = Imperial Seal of Japan.svg | símbolos = Mburuvi Ekúdo | lema_nacional = 平和と進歩 ''Heiwa To Shinpo''<br />(hapõñe'ẽme: 'Py'aguapy ha Tekotenonde') | imagen_mapa = Japan (orthographic projection).svg | himno_nacional = 君が代 ''[[Kimi ga yo]]''<br />(hapõñe'ẽme: 'Tove iporokuái ndopamo'ãi') | archivo_himno_nacional = Kimi ga Yo instrumental.ogg | capital = [[Tókio]] [[Ta'ãnga:Symbol of Tokyo Metropolis.svg|right|20px]] | capital_población = 12&nbsp;526&nbsp;574 | capital_coor_fmt = | capital_coord = {{Coord|35|41|22|N|139|41|30|E|type:city|display=inline}} | ciudad_más_poblada = [[Tókio]] [[Ta'ãnga:Symbol of Tokyo Metropolis.svg|right|20px]] | idioma_oficial = [[Hapõñe'ẽ]]<ref>{{cita web|url=http://houseikyoku.sangiin.go.jp/column/column068.htm|título=法制執務コラム集「法律と国語・日本語」|fechaacceso=19 de enero de 2009|editorial=Legislative Bureau of the House of Councillors|idioma=japonés}}</ref> | gobierno = [[Porokuái peteĩme léi guasúre]] | dirigentes_títulos = [[Mburuvicha Hapõgua|Mburuvicha guasu]]<br />Primer Ministro | dirigentes_nombres = [[Naruhito]]<br />[[Sanae Takaichi]] | fundación = Ñepyrũ | fundación_hitos = &nbsp;• [[Hapõ Iñepyrũ Ára|Ñepyrũ]]<br /><br />&nbsp;• [[Meiji ñembopyahu]]<br />&nbsp;• [[Léi guasu Hapõgua|Léi guasu ko'ãguagua]]<br />&nbsp;• Ñe'ẽme'ẽ San Francisco pegua | fundación_fechas =<br /> [[11 jasykõi]] ary 660 Kirito mboyve<br />[[3 jasyteĩ]] ary [[1868]]<br /><br />[[3 jasypo]] ary [[1947]]<br /><br />[[28 jasyrundy]] ary [[1952]] | superficie = 377&nbsp;835 | superficie_puesto = 61 | superficie_agua = 0,8 % | fronteras = 0 [[km]] | costas = 29&nbsp;751 km | población = 127&nbsp;094&nbsp;745<ref>https://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/kokusei/2015/final_en/pdf/s01.pdf</ref> | población_puesto = 10 | población_densidad = 337,1 | población_año = 2012 | PIB_nominal = [[US$]] 5&nbsp;963&nbsp;969 mill.<ref name=imf2>{{cita web |title=Japan|editorial=Fondo Monetario Internacional|fechaacceso=22 de octubre de 2013|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=82&pr.y=17&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=158&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=}}</ref> | PIB_nominal_año = 2012 | PIB_nominal_puesto = 3 | PIB_nominal_per_cápita = [[US$]] 46&nbsp;735<ref name=imf2 /> (2012) | PIB = [[US$]] 4&nbsp;627&nbsp;891 mill.<ref name=imf2 /> | PIB_año = 2012 | PIB_puesto = 4 | PIB_per_cápita = [[US$]] 36&nbsp;265<ref name=imf2 /> | IDH = 0,912<ref name="IDH">{{cita web|autor=PNUD| url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/es/paises/perfiles/JPN.html | título= "Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano 2013" |editor= pnud |ubicación= [[Washington]], [[Estados Unidos]]|año = 14 de marzo de 2013|idioma = castellano | fechaacceso= 15/03/13|formato= PDF}}</ref> | IDH_año = 2012 | IDH_puesto = 10 | IDH_categoría = <span style="color:#009900;">'''Tuichaeterei'''</span><ref>http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf Human Development Report 2009 (p. 171, 204)</ref> | moneda = [[Iéne]] (¥, <code>[[ISO 4217|JPY]]</code>) | gentilicio = Hapõygua<br />Hapone | horario = [[UTC]] + 9 | horario_verano = Ndorekói | miembro_de = [[ONU]], [[OSCE]], [[APEC]], [[G-8]] }} '''Hapõ''' ([[Hapõñe'ẽ|Hapõ ñe'ẽ]]me: 日本, ''<small>Nihon</small>'' térã ''<small>Nippon</small>''), héra tee hína '''Hapõ Retã''' (日本国 ''<small>Nippon-koku</small>'') [[tetã|tetã hekosãsóva]] ojejuhúva ypa'ũnguérape [[Ásia]] [[Kuarahyresẽ Asia|kuarahyresẽguápe]]. Hapõ ypa'ũnguéra oĩ [[Paraguasu Py'aguapy|paraguasu Pacífico]]-pe; ijerére ojejuhu kuarahyreike gotyo [[para Hapõ]], [[Chína Tetarã Retã]], [[Yvate Koréa]], [[Ñemby Koréa]] ha [[Rrúsia]], yvate gotyo ojejuhu [[para Ojotsk]], ñemby ha kuarahyresẽ ngotyo [[para Kuarahyresẽ Chína]] ha [[Taiuã]]. Hapõ yvy niko ypa'ũ aty oĩháme 14 125 ypa'ũ oguerekojoáva 377 978 km<small>²</small> [[para Pacífico Tata Kuãirũ]]<nowiki/>me. Umi ijypa'ũ iguasuvéva, yvate guive ñemby peve, [[Hokkaidō]], [[Honshū]], [[Shikoku]], [[Kyūshū]] ha [[Okinawa]]. Itavusu ha táva iguasuvéva héra [[Tókio]], ko tetãme katu oĩ ambue táva imba'eguasuetéva, oñongatúgui ijarandupy ha omongu'égui iviru, héra [[Yokohama]], [[Osaka]], [[Nagoya]], [[Sapporo]], [[Fukuoka]], [[Kōbe]] ha [[Kióto|Kioto]]. Hapõ tetã ijavavéva pateĩha, avei umi ijoaripáva ha itavapáva. Haimete 75 % ijyvýgui niko yvyty, ha umi 126 sua ava oiko iñupyso pépe. Oñemboja'o 47 tetãvorépe ha poapy yvyrenda, oĩháme [[Tókio Guasu Pehẽngue]], táva iguasuvéva arapýpe, 37 sua ava ndive. Ko'ãga Hapõ oĩ umi tetã ipokatuvéva ha mbaretevéva apytépe.<ref name="cia">{{Cita web |título=World Factbook: Japan |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html |editorial=[[CIA]] |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2020-11-16 |archivedate=2018-12-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226010157/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html%20 |urlarchivo=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226010157/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html%20 |fechaarchivo=2018-12-26 |fechaacceso=2020-11-16 }}</ref> Hapõ oĩ heta aty mba'eguasúvape, umíva apytépe oĩ [[Tetãnguéra Joaju]], [[G7]], [[G4]] ha [[w:es:APEC|APEC]]. Hapõ niko pe tetã mokõiha ojehechahápe sa'ive yvypóra ojukáva ambuévape, [[Singapúra]] mante upe peteĩha,<ref>{{Cita web |url=http://www.unodc.org/pdf/research/9th_survey/CTS9ByIndicatorExtract.pdf |título=Ninth United Nations survey of crime trends and operations of criminal justice systems |editorial=UN Office on Drugs and Crime |páginas=1-9 }}</ref> ha'e avei pe tetã mokõiha ojehechahápe kuña hekove pukukue hi'arevéva<ref>{{Cita web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-19008870 |título=BBC News - Japanese women fall behind Hong Kong in longevity |editorial=Bbc.co.uk |fecha=27 de julio de 2012}}</ref> ha, he'iháicha [[ONU]], ko tetã niko pe tetã mbohapyha ojehechahápe sa'ive mitã omanóva, opaite tetã ambuéva apytépe.<ref name="haaretz.com">{{Cita publicación |título=WHO: Life expectancy in Israel among highest in the world |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/who-life-expectancy-in-israel-among-highest-in-the-world-1.276618 |periódico=Haaretz |fecha=mayo de 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208075044/http://www.haaretz.com/news/who-life-expectancy-in-israel-among-highest-in-the-world-1.276618 |archivedate=2015-02-08 |accessdate=2020-11-16 }}</ref><ref name="Table A.17">{{Cita web |título=Table A.17 |url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/WPP2006_Highlights_rev.pdf |obra=United Nations World Population Prospects'', 2006 revisión'&#39; |editorial=ONU}}</ref> == Héra ypy == Hapõ réra (''Nippon/Nihon'' 日本, he'iséva: «kuarahy ypy») ijypy niko [[Chinañe'ẽ]]me: rì běn, [[kuarahyresẽ]], osẽhápe [[kuarahy]]. [[kanji|Tai]] 日 ijypy niko peteĩ apu'a omoha'angáva kuarahy, ha 本 omoha'anga [[tapo|yvyra rapo]] ha he'ise "ypy". Upévare ko tetã ojehero avei "Kuarahy osẽva Retã". Hapõ réra, Nippon, ojeipuru umi amandaje guasúpe ha atýpe oñembyatyhápe heta tetã, ha ko téra Nihon ojeipuru Hapõ pype. Ko tetã réra [[avañe'ẽ]]me ou [[karaiñe'ẽ]]gui (''Japón'') ha upe ou [[Chinañe'ẽ]]gui. Karai Europagua [[Marco Polo]] ohórõguare Chínape ary 1270-pe omoĩ kuatiápe '''Cipangu''', ikatu he'iséne '''rìběnguó'''. [[Malájo ñe'ẽ|Malájo ñe'ẽme]] upe ñe'ẽngue Chinañe'ẽgua oñemoambue ha oiko chugui '''Japang''', ha upéi umi karai omoñemúva [[Poytuga]] retãygua oñepyrũ oipuru ko ñe'ẽngue [[saro'y XVI]]-me, umíva niko oraha va'ekue ko Hapõ réra [[Európa]]-pe. == Marandeko == === Marandeko-mboyve ha Ára Mbytegua === [[File:Emperor Jimmu.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Karai guasu [[Jinmu Tennō]].]] Yvypóra rekoha peteĩha ojeikuaáva oikoraẽ Hapõ ypa'ũnguérape ojapo 30.000 Kirito mboyve, [[marandeko-mboyve]] aja.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ono |first1=Akira |last2=Sato |first2=Hiroyuki |last3=Tsutsumi |first3=Takashi |last4=Kudo |first4=Yuichiro |title=Radiocarbon Dates and Archaeology of the Late Pleistocene in the Japanese Islands |journal=Radiocarbon |date=2002 |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=477–494 |doi=10.1017/S0033822200031854 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/radiocarbon/article/radiocaron-dates-and-archaeology-of-the-late-pleistocene-in-the-japanese-islands/580E3E8E6F7C0E9E65D9FA8EC7FB6553}}</ref> Upe rire oñepyrũ ára pukukue hérava [[Jōmon Ára]] (amo 14&nbsp;500&nbsp;Kirito mboyve) ojehecha va'ekue tapichakuéra omymbajukáva hembi'urãre ha [[Ñemitỹ|oñemitỹkuaamíva]], sapy'ánte omopu'ã hekoharã opytami hag̃ua.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Habu |first1=Junko |title=Ancient Jomon of Japan |year=2004 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-77670-7 |page=43 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Ancient_Jomon_of_Japan/vGnAbTyTynsC }}</ref> Hembipurukue ha hembiapokue [[ñay'ũ]]gui ijapopyre ha'e mba'e tujavéva ñay'ũgui ikatu jajuhu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/jomo/hd_jomo.htm|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|title=Jōmon Culture (ca. 10,500–ca. 300 B.C.)|accessdate=Agosto 28, 2020}}</ref> Amo ary 1000&nbsp;Kirito mboyve aja, [[Yayoi Ára|tetãma yayoi]] oñepyrũ oike ypa'ũ atýpe yvy hérava [[Kyūshū|Kyushu]] guive, ojejehe'a hikuái umi [[tetãma Jōmon|Jōmon]] reheve;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Oh |first1=ChungHae Amana |title=Cosmogonical Worldview of Jomon Pottery |year=2011 |publisher=Sankeisha |isbn=978-4-88361-924-5 |page=37 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Cosmogonical_Worldview_of_Jomon_Pottery/hxulspIN_2UC }}</ref> ára pukukue hérava [[Yayoi Ára]] jave ojehecha oñepyrũhague oñemitỹ [[arro]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Road of rice plant|url=http://www.kahaku.go.jp/special/past/japanese/ipix/5/5-25.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430010530/http://www.kahaku.go.jp/special/past/japanese/ipix/5/5-25.html|archivedate=Abril 30, 2011|publisher=National Science Museum of Japan|accessdate=Enero 15, 2011}}</ref> oĩhague tembiapokue pyahu ñay'ũgui ijapopyre,<ref>{{cite web|title=Kofun Period (ca. 300–710)|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/kofu/hd_kofu.htm|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|accessdate=Agosto 28, 2020}}</ref> ha oikehague avei [[Kuarepotikuaa|tembiapokue órogui ha kuarepotígui]] ijapopyre oúva [[Chína]] ha [[Korea|Koréagui]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Yayoi Culture (ca. 300 B.C.–300 A.D.)|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/yayo/hd_yayo.htm|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|accessdate=Agosto 28, 2020}}</ref> [[Mombe'ugua'ukuaa|Mombe'ugua'u]] Hapõ megua he'i, amo ary 660&nbsp;Kirito mboyve, mburuvihára [[Jinmu Tennō|Jinmu]] omoheñói peteĩ [[Yamatai|tavetã]] Hapõ mbytépe, upépe oje'e oñepyrũhague [[Hapõ mburuvi rogaygua]].<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Routledge|page=9|last=Hendry|first=Joy|title=Understanding Japanese Society|year=2012|isbn=9781136279188}}</ref> Hapõ ojechaukaraẽ jehaipýpe upe ''[[Han Aranduka|Han Arandukápe]]'', ojehai va'ekue ary 111&nbsp;Kirito rire.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Delmer M. |last2=Hall |first2=John Whitney |last3=Jansen |first3=Marius B. |last4=Shively |first4=Donald H. |last5=Twitchett |first5=Denis |title=The Cambridge History of Japan|volume= 1 |year=1988 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-22352-2 |page=275 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/A3_6lp8IOK8C }}</ref> [[Vúda rape]] oike ko tetãme ary 552 oukuévo tavetã Koréa mba'éva hérava [[Baekje]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Delmer M. |last2=Hall |first2=John Whitney |last3=Jansen |first3=Marius B. |last4=Shively |first4=Donald H. |last5=Twitchett |first5=Denis |title=The Cambridge History of Japan|volume=1|year=1988 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-22352-2 |pages=140–149 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/A3_6lp8IOK8C }}</ref> Jepémo iñepyrũhápe ojejokose ku jeroviapy, mbeguekatúpe mburuvichakuéra oñepyrũ oguerovia hese ha oikuaauka imbo'epy, umíva apytépe oĩ va'ekue [[mburuvicha Shōtoku]], oparupi oñemosarambi ára pukukue hérava [[Asuka Ára]] aja (592–710).<ref>{{cite book |title=The Japanese Experience: A Short History of Japan |first=William Gerald|last=Beasley |publisher=University of California Press |year=1999 |page=42 |isbn=978-0-520-22560-2|url={{Google books|9AivK7yMICgC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> [[Taika Ñemyatyrõ]] oiko ary 645 jave ha upekuévo tetã oñemomba'epa yvykuérare ha upéi omboja'o ñemitỹhára apytépe, upéicha avei mburuvichakuéra ohaipa kuatiápe ojeikuaaporã hag̃ua ogakuéra Hapõ tuichakuévo omono'õ hag̃ua [[impuésto]].<ref name="Sansom " /> [[Jinshin Ñorairõ]] oiko ary 672 jave, oñombohováirõguare [[Tenmu Tennō|mburuvicha Ōama]] ha ipehẽngue ra'y, [[Kōbun Tennō|mburuvicha Ōtomo]], ko ñorairõ omoñepyrũ ñemyatyõ pyahu tetã ñesãmbyhýpe ha upégui heñói [[Teko me'ẽ Taihō]], ko kuatia rupive oñemombarete tetã ñesãmbyhy.<ref name="Sansom ">{{cite book |first=George|last=Sansom |year=1961 |title=A History of Japan: 1334–1615 |publisher=Stanford University Press|pages=57, 68|isbn=978-0-8047-0525-7|url={{Google books|0syC6L77dpAC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} }}</ref> Upe rupive oñemoheñói tetã [[Ritsuryō]], tetã guasu oiko va'ekue 500 ary pukuévo.<ref name="ritsuryo">{{cite book |first=Conrad|last=Totman |year=2002 |title=A History of Japan |publisher=Blackwell |pages=107–108 |isbn=978-1-4051-2359-4|url={{Google books|Z_a_QgAACAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} }}</ref> Ára pukukue hérava [[Nara Ára]] (710–784) jave ojehecha Hapõ ojerehague Mburuvihára Róga jerére, ojejuhúva [[Heijō Róga guasu|Heijō-kyō]]-pe, ko'ãga hína táva [[Nara (Nara)|Nara]]. Upekuévo oñembohetave [[aranduka]] apo ha oñemomba'eguasu [[Hapõ ñe'ẽporãhaipyre]] ojeikuaaukávo aranduka herakuãporãva ha'éva ''[[Kojiki]]'' (712) ha ''[[Nihonshoki]]'' (720), upéicha avei tembiapoporã guasu ha óga ñemopu'ã ojoguáva Vúda rape reko.<ref>{{cite book |first=Conrad|last=Totman |year=2002 |title=A History of Japan |publisher=Blackwell |pages=64–79 |isbn=978-1-4051-2359-4|url={{Google books|Z_a_QgAACAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} }}</ref><ref name=courtiers>{{cite book|chapter=Of Courtiers and Warriors: Early and Medieval History (710–1600)|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyjapanfrom00hens_137/page/n38 24]–52|author=Henshall, Kenneth|title=A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower|url=https://archive.org/details/historyjapanfrom00hens_137|isbn=978-0-230-36918-4|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2012}}</ref> Oñeimo'ã ary 735 ha 737 mbytépe oikohague Hapõ tuichakuévo [[mbiru'a]] ñemosarambi guasu ha ikatuhague omano mbohapýgui peteĩ opaite Hapõ retãyguágui.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hays|first=J.N.|title=Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-658-9|page=31|url={{Google books|GyE8Qt-kS1kC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref><ref name=courtiers/> Ary 784 jave [[Kanmu Tennō|mburuvihára Kanmu]] oguerova tetã tavusu amo táva [[Heian-kyō]]-pe, ãga katu táva [[Kioto]].<ref name=courtiers/> Upéicha oñepyrũ va'ekue ára pukukue hérava [[Heian Ára]] (794-1185), ojehecha heñoihague Hapõ arandupy hekoteére ojeréva. ''[[Genji Monogatari|Genji Rembiasa]]'' ojapo [[Murasaki Shikibu]] ha Hapõ retã momorãhéi, ''[[Kimigayo]]'', upe jave ojehai.<ref>{{cite book |first=Conrad|last=Totman |year=2002 |title=A History of Japan |publisher=Blackwell |pages=79–87, 122–123 |isbn=978-1-4051-2359-4|url={{Google books|Z_a_QgAACAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} }}</ref> === Ára Mbytegua === [[File:Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba Mongol Invasion Takezaki Suenaga 2 Page 5-7.jpg|thumb|Ñorairõhára [[samurái]] aty ombohováivo umi Mongoliagua, ''[[Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba]]''.]] Ára Mbytegua Hapõme ha'e ojehechárõguare umi ñorairõhára [[samurái]]gui oiko mburuvichakuéra.<ref name="Leibo2015">{{cite book|first=Steven A. |last=Leibo|title=East and Southeast Asia 2015–2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1yX-CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA99|year=2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4758-1875-8|pages=99–104}}</ref> Ary 1185 jave, ndaipu'akái rire umi [[Taira ñemoñare]] oikokuévo [[Genpei Ñorairõ]], upe samurái [[Minamoto no Yoritomo]] omoñepyrũ [[Kapaju rekuái|ñesãmbyhy milíko]] amo táva [[Kamakura (Kanagawa)|Kamakura]]-pe.<ref>{{cite book|title=World Monarchies and Dynasties|last=Middleton|first=John|year=2015|page=616|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> [[Hōjō ñemoñare]] oñepyrũ oisãmbyhy omano rire Yoritomo,<ref name="courtiers" /> omoguahẽ hikuái ''[[zen]]'' mbo'epy ou va'ekue Chína Vúda rapégui ha pya'e oñemosarambi umi samurái apytépe [[Kamakura Ára]] (1185-1333) jave.<ref>{{cite book|last=Totman|first=Conrad|title=A History of Japan |edition=2nd |year=2005|publisher=Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-2359-4|pages=106–112|url={{Google books|Z_a_QgAACAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> [[Shogunato Kamakura]] (tetã omyakãhápe peteĩ ''[[shogun]]'') omosẽ Hapõgui umi [[Mongólia ondyrýrõguare Hapõre|Mongoliagua ondyryséva hese]] 1274 ha 1281 jave, hákatu ojeipe'a hikuái tetã ñesãmbyhýgui oiko rire [[Kenmu Ñemyatyrõ]] ojapo [[Go-Daigo Tennō|mburuvihára Go-Daigo]].<ref name=courtiers/> Ko mburuvihára avei ojeipe'a omosẽkuévo chupe karai [[Ashikaga Takauji]] ary 1336 jave, upéicha oñepyrũ [[Muromachi Ára]] (1336-1573),<ref name="Shirane2012a">{{cite book|first=Haruo |last=Shirane|title=Traditional Japanese Literature: An Anthology, Beginnings to 1600|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E8qq6zhhM5kC&pg=PA409|year=2012|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-15730-8|page=409}}</ref> jepémo, upe rire oiko [[shogunato Ashikaga]] ha ndaipu'akái oñeha'ãmbávo ojoko hag̃ua umi mburuvicha yvy jára (hérava ''daimyōs'') ha oñepyrũ [[Ōnin Ñorairõ]] ary 1467-pe, upéicha oiko [[Sengoku Ára]] ha Hapõ ohasa 100 ary ñorairõ guýpe.<ref>{{cite book |first=George|last=Sansom |year=1961 |title=A History of Japan: 1334–1615 |publisher=Stanford University Press|pages=42, 217 |isbn=978-0-8047-0525-7|url={{Google books|0syC6L77dpAC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} }}</ref> Sa'ary XVI pukuévo, Hapõ oñepyrũ oñemu ha omoguahẽ ijyvýpe arandupy pytagua oikeraẽ rire ypa'ũ atýpe umi [[Poytuga|Poytugagua]] ha [[Hesu Irũ Aty|pa'i hesuíta]].<ref name=courtiers/><ref>{{cite book|title=Tanegashima|year=2005|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=0203479572|last=Lidin|first=Olof}}</ref> Karai ''daimyō'' [[Oda Nobunaga]] oipuru mboka ha tembireka Európagui oúva ipu'akave ha oñemomba'e hag̃ua umi ''daimyō'' ambuéva rehe;<ref>{{cite journal|title=The impact of firearms on Japanese warfare, 1543–98|last=Brown|first=Delmer|journal=The Far Eastern Quarterly|volume=7|issue=3|date=Mayo 1948|doi=10.2307/2048846 |pages=236–253|jstor=2048846}}</ref> ipu'akavévo hetã ñesambyhývo oñepyrũ [[Azuchi-Momoyama Ára]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collections.dma.org/essay/dAg2pDvx|publisher=Dallas Museum of Art|title=Azuchi-Momoyama period (1573–1603)|accessdate=Octubre 3, 2020}}</ref> Omano rire Nobunaga ary 1582-me, mburuvicha ou hapykuéri [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] omopeteĩ hetã amo ary 1590 jave ha oñeha'ã ondyrysévo Koréa rehe.<ref name=courtiers/> Karai [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] omba'apo hetãre ha mbeguekatúpe ipu'akave milíko ha mburuvicha ramo.<ref name="Turnbull2011">{{cite book|last=Turnbull|first=Stephen|title=Toyotomi Hideyoshi|year=2011|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-84603-960-7|page=61|url={{Google books|x8govgAACAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> Oikórõguare ñorairõ guasu, Ieyasu ipu'aka umi oñemoĩvare tetã ñesãmbyhýre ha oiko chugui peteĩ ''shōgun'' ohechakuaa rire chupe [[Go-Yōzei Tennō|mburuvihára Go-Yōzei]] ary 1603-pe ha omoheñói upe [[shogunato Tokugawa]] amo [[Edo]]-pe (ko'ãga hína [[Tókio]]).<ref name=closed>{{cite book|chapter=The Closed Country: the Tokugawa Period (1600–1868)|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyjapanfrom00hens_137/page/n67 53]–74|author=Henshall, Kenneth|title=A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower|url=https://archive.org/details/historyjapanfrom00hens_137|isbn=978-0-230-36918-4|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2012}}</ref> Ko shogunato pyahu oikuaauka tembapoukapy ojokóva umi yvy jára ''daimyō'',<ref>{{cite book|last=Totman|first=Conrad|title=A History of Japan |edition=2nd |year=2005|publisher=Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-2359-4|pages=142–143|url={{Google books|Z_a_QgAACAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> ha ombotýva tetã ani hag̃ua oñemu umi pytaguándi, upéicha oiko [[Edo Ára]] (1603-1868).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Toby|first=Ronald P.|title=Reopening the Question of Sakoku: Diplomacy in the Legitimation of the Tokugawa Bakufu|journal=Journal of Japanese Studies|year=1977|volume=3|issue=2|pages=323–363|doi=10.2307/132115|jstor=132115}}</ref><ref name=closed/> Upe jave ojehecha heta mba'e pyahu omongakuaa va'ekue Hapõ [[virurekokuaa]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Origins of Japanese Trade Supremacy |author=Howe, Christopher |publisher=Hurst & Company |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-85065-538-1|pages=58ff|url={{Google books|XkCRcv0iXn0C|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} }}</ref> === Ára javegua === [[File:Meiji tenno1.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Mburuvihára Meiji]], ''Meiji-tennō''; 1852-1912).]] Ary 1854-pe, ygapóra ruvicha [[Matthew C. Perry|Matthew Perry]] ha umi «[[ygarata hũ]]» [[Amérika Retãvorekuéra Joaju]] mba'éva oñeha'amba toñemboty'o hag̃ua Hapõ ojapokuévo [[jekupytyha Kanagawa pegua]].<ref name=closed/> Umi jekupytyha ambuéva ojejapo hapykuéri heta ombyai Hapõ virurekokuaa ha ñesãmbyhy.<ref name=closed/> Oheja rire tetã ñesãmbyhy upe ''shōgun'', oñepyrũ [[Boshin Ñorairõ]] ha ndojerevéi mburuvihárare añónte tetã rekuái (oikoháicha oiko rire [[Meiji ñemyatyrõ]]).<ref>{{cite book|last=Totman|first=Conrad|title=A History of Japan |edition=2nd |year=2005|publisher=Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-2359-4|pages=289–296|url={{Google books|Z_a_QgAACAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> Hapõ ombojehegua hetã remimoĩmbyre ojapoháicha umi tet{a Yvy pehẽngue kuarahyreikeguáva pegua ha ojapo iléi guasu pyahurã.<ref name=modernnation>{{cite book|chapter=Building a Modern Nation: the Meiji Period (1868–1912)|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyjapanfrom00hens_137/page/n89 75]–107|author=Henshall, Kenneth|title=A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower|url=https://archive.org/details/historyjapanfrom00hens_137|isbn=978-0-230-36918-4|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2012}}</ref> [[Ára Meiji]] (1868-1912) pukukuévo, [[Hapõ Mburuvi|Hapõ Mburuvígui]] oiko tetã mbaretevéva Ásiape ha ojechauka opavavépe tetã ipu'akasevéva ohekávo ñorairõ.<ref>{{cite book|last=McCargo|first=Duncan|title=Contemporary Japan|year=2000|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-333-71000-5 |pages=18–19|url={{Google books|8au8QgAACAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Political Economy of Growth|last=Baran|first=Paul|publisher=Monthly Review Press|year=1962|isbn=|page=160}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Totman|first=Conrad|title=A History of Japan |edition=2nd |year=2005|publisher=Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-2359-4|pages=312–314|url={{Google books|Z_a_QgAACAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> Ipu'aka rire oikóvo [[Chína-Hapõ ñorairõ peteĩha]] (1894-1895) ha [[Rrúsia-Hapõ ñorairõ]] (1904-1905), Hapõ oñemomba'e [[Taiuã]], Koréa ha [[ypa'ũ Sajalín]] vorekue yvyvogua rehe.<ref>{{cite book|last=Matsusaka|first=Y. Tak|title=Companion to Japanese History|year=2009|publisher=Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-1690-9|pages=224–241|editor=Tsutsui, William M.|chapter=The Japanese Empire}}</ref><ref name=modernnation/> Hapõ retãyguakuéra oñembohetave mokõire ohasávo 35 suágui ary 1873-pe amove 70 sua ary 1935-pe, hetaite umi oho tavaguasúpe oiko hag̃ua.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hiroshi|first=Shimizu|title=Japan and Singapore in the world economy: Japan's economic advance into Singapore, 1870–1965|year=1999|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-19236-1|author2=Hitoshi, Hirakawa|page=17|url={{Google books|7k0F8YoZ6P0C|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref><ref name=excesses>{{cite book|chapter=The Excesses of Ambition: the Pacific War and its Lead-Up|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyjapanfrom00hens_137/page/n122 108]–141|author=Henshall, Kenneth|title=A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower|url=https://archive.org/details/historyjapanfrom00hens_137|isbn=978-0-230-36918-4|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2012}}</ref> Oñepyrũ aja sa'ary XX, oiko sapy'ami ára pukukue osegíva ha ohekáva jekopytyjoja, [[Taishō Ára]] (1912-1926), jepémo ikangyve Hapõ ombotuichavese gueteri ijyvy ha iñorairõha mbaretekue.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Pursuit of Power in Modern Japan 1825–1995|chapter=Taisho Democracy and the First World War|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205890.001.0001|last=Tsuzuki|first=Chushichi|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198205890}}</ref><ref name=ramesh>{{cite book|chapter=The Taisho Period (1912–1926): Transition from Democracy to a Military Economy|title=China's Economic Rise|last=Ramesh|first=S|pages=173–209|isbn=978-3-030-49811-5|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2020}}</ref> [[Ñorairõ Guasu Peteĩha]] rupive Hapõ ikatu oñemomba'e heta yvy [[Alemáña]] mba'ekuéva ypa'ũre [[Paraguasu Py'aguapy|paraguasu Py'aguapýpe]] ha Chíname.<ref name=ramesh/> Arykuéra 1930 peve hetave umi ombotuichasevéva Hapõ ha omboykéva jekopytyjoja, upéicha ary 1931 jave, Hapõ [[Hapõ ondyrýrõguare Manchúriare|ondyry ha oñemomba'e Manchúriare]]; upévare oñemosẽ chugui [[Tetãnguéra Irũjoa|Tetãnguéra Irũjoágui]].<ref name="Inc1945">{{cite magazine|title= The Japanese Nation: It has a history of feudalism, nationalism, war and now defeat|magazine=LIFE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t0kEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA109|date=Septiembre 17, 1945|pages=109–111}}</ref> Ary 1936 jave, Hapõ ojapo [[Antikomintern Ñe'ẽme'ẽ]] [[Alemáña nási]] ndive ha ary 1940 jave oiko chugui peteĩ [[Ñorairõ Guasu Mokõiha Retã Mbaretete Mbyteguágui|tetã mbaretete mbyteguágui]].<ref name=excesses/> [[File:Imperio Japonés.JPG|miniatura|[[Hapõ Mburuvi]] 1942 jave]] Hapõ Mburuvi ondyry jey Chínare 1937 jave, omoñepyrũvo upéicha [[Chína-Hapõ ñorairõ mokõiha]] (1937-1945).<ref name="Paine2012">{{cite book|first=S. C. M. |last=Paine|title=The Wars for Asia, 1911–1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bAYgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA123|year=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-56087-0|pages=123–125}}</ref> Ary 1940-pe, ondyry Indochína [[Hyãsia]] mba'éva, upe rire [[Amérika Retãvorekuéra Joaju]] ojoko opaite [[itakyra]] ñemu oúva Hapõgui.<Ref name=excesses/><ref>{{cite book |first=Roland H., Jr. |last=Worth |title=No Choice But War: the United States Embargo Against Japan and the Eruption of War in the Pacific |publisher=McFarland |year=1995 |pages=56, 86|isbn=978-0-7864-0141-3|url={{Google books|ezBnAAAAMAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} }}</ref> Ára 7 ha 8 jasypakõi 1941, Hapõ [[Pearl Harbor rehe oñendyrýrõguare|ondyry Pearl Harbor]] rehe ha heta yvy ambuévare, upéicha oñepyrũ [[Paraguasu Py'aguapy Ñorairõ (1937-1945)|Ñorairõ Guasu Mokõiha paraguasu Py'aguapýpe]].<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Introduction: December 7/8, 1941|last1=Bailey|first1=Beth|last2=Farber|first2=David|pages=1–8|title=Beyond Pearl Harbor: A Pacific History|year=2019|publisher=University Press of Kansas}}</ref> Opa umi yvýpe oĩ va'ekue Hapõ poguýpe ojehecha heta oporombohasa'asy vai, oporojuka ha [[Poreno|oiporeno]] kuñáre noiporenoséiva, [[Poreno rairõme|orairõvo]] hese.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Yōko|first=Hayashi|title=Issues Surrounding the Wartime "Comfort Women"|journal=Review of Japanese Culture and Society|year=1999–2000|volume=11/12|issue=Special Issue|pages=54–65|jstor=42800182}}</ref> Ipu'aka rire [[Ñorairõ Guasu Mokõiha Oñoirũvakuéra|Tetã Oñoirũvakuéra]], tuichaitépe oipe'árõguare Hapõgui Manchúria ha [[Hirochíma ha Nagasáki ojekapupárõguare]] 1945 jave, Hapõ oñeme'ẽ ha ohechakuaa ndaipu'akaiha.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pape|first=Robert A.|title=Why Japan Surrendered|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-security_fall-1993_18_2/page/n155|journal=International Security|year=1993|volume=18|issue=2|pages=154–201|doi=10.2307/2539100|jstor=2539100}}</ref> Ñorairõ rupive ojeipe'apa Hapõgui umi ikolónia ha heta hetãygua omano.<ref>{{cite book|last=Watt|first=Lori|title=When Empire Comes Home: Repatriation and Reintegration in Postwar Japan|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-674-05598-8|pages=1–4|url={{Google books|_F3AN6x6AQ8C|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref><ref name=phoenix>{{cite book|chapter=A Phoenix from the Ashes: Postwar Successes and Beyond|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyjapanfrom00hens_137/page/n156 142]–180|author=Henshall, Kenneth|title=A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower|url=https://archive.org/details/historyjapanfrom00hens_137|isbn=978-0-230-36918-4|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2012}}</ref> Ary 1947 jave, Hapõ ojapo [[léi guasu]] pyahu osegíva [[jekopytyjoja]].<ref name=phoenix/> [[Ñorairõ Guasu Mokõiha Oñoirũvakuéra|Tetã Oñoirũvakuéra]] osẽ Hapõgui oiko rire [[Jekupytyha San Francisco pegua]] ary 1952-me,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2007/03/06/national/52-coup-plot-bid-to-rearm-japan-cia/ |title='52 coup plot bid to rearm Japan: CIA |first=Joseph |last=Coleman |date=Marzo 6, 2007 |newspaper=The Japan Times |fechaacceso=12 de diciembre de 2020 |fechaarchivo=11 de abril de 2016 |urlarchivo=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411091335/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2007/03/06/national/52-coup-plot-bid-to-rearm-japan-cia/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ha Hapõ oike [[Tetãnguéra Joaju|Tetãnguéra Joajúpe]] ary 1956-me.<ref name=phoenix/> Pya'eite okakuaa Hapõ ha oiko chugui [[tetã mbaretete]] ipu'akavéva mokõiha yvy ape ári;<ref name=phoenix/> oñemomichĩ arykuéra 1990 pukuévo oiko rire heta apañuái virurekokuaápe.<Ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/1467-9701.00522|title=The bubble and the lost decade|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_world-economy_2003-03_26_3/page/267|last1=Saxonhouse|first1=Gary|last2=Stern|first2=Robert|journal=The World Economy|year=2003|pages=267–281|volume=26|issue=3}}</ref> Ára 11 jasyapy 2011, oiko Hapõme [[yvyryrýi ha sunámi Hapõme 2011 jave|yvyryrýi mbaretevéva]] ojehechámava ijyvýpe, upéicha oiko [[teko'ỹngatu tumingue'a mbaretekue apohápe táva Fukushima-pe]].<ref name="nytimes-tsunami">{{cite news|last1=Fackler|first1=Martin|last2=Drew|first2= Kevin|title=Devastation as Tsunami Crashes Into Japan|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/12/world/asia/12japan.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=Marzo 11, 2011}}</ref> Ára 1 jasypo 2019, oheja rire tetã ñesãmbyhýgui mburuvihára [[Akihito]], ita'ýra [[Naruhito]] ojupi mburuvihára pyahu ramo, upéicha oñepyrũ [[Reiwa Ára]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Japan's emperor thanks country, prays for peace before abdication |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Japan-s-Reiwa-era/Japan-s-emperor-thanks-country-prays-for-peace-before-abdication |website=Nikkei Asian Review |date=Abril 30, 2019}}</ref> Ára 22 jasypoapy 2023, Hapõ oikuaauka oñepyrũhague omosẽ [[Paraguasu Py'aguapy|paraguasúpe]] y [[randipytu]] (''radiación'') orekóva oñemopotĩmava (oiko [[sunámi]] vai omoguahẽ va'ekue y peteĩ tumingue'a mbaretekue apohápe táva Fukushima-pe), jepémo oĩ va'ekue heta tetã ndoipotáiva.<ref>{{Cita noticia|título=Fukushima nuclear disaster: Japan to release treated water in 48 hours|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-66578158|periódico=BBC News|fecha=2023-08-22|fechaacceso=2023-08-25|idioma=en-GB}}</ref>​ ==Mandu'apy== {{listaref|2}} == Joajuha == {{commons|Japan}} {{Asia}} [[Ñemohenda:Hapõ| ]] 7ezwqtqkpeirzttup9dytohro5be58m 0 8595 138219 109245 2026-08-18T04:38:21Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ficha de enfermedad | Name = Crup | Image =Croup steeple sign.jpg | Caption = [[Signo del campanario]] ojeheróva, ojekuaáva radiografia mitâ orekóva crup ajúra atukupéguio rupive | DiseasesDB = 13233 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|J|05|0|j|00}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|464.4}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 000959 | eMedicineSubj = ped | eMedicineTopic = 510 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|emerg|370}} {{eMedicine2|radio|199}} | MeshID = D003440 }} '''Crup''' (térã '''laringotraqueobronquitis''') ningo peteĩ mba'asy ñanemopytuhẽ asýva, oĩgui virus ombyaíva ñande pytu rape tuichavéva. Infección oĩva upépe, omboruru ñande ahy'o, ñanepytuhẽ jokóvo, ha ome'ẽ ñandéve [[hu'u puku]], [[pyti'a chiã]], ha [[ñe'ẽ parãrã]]. Ikatu hina oñeñanduka ñandéve vevuimi, , hatãmiẽ ha mbareteporã, ha hetajey ikatu ipohyieteve pyharekue. Akóinte ikatu ñaipohano peteĩ [[esteroides]] dosis rupive; heta jey ikatu ojeporu avei [[epinefrina]] oporombohasy vaieterei mba'érõ. Araka'eve nunga noikotevẽi hospital-pe jeho. Oñemboyke rire heta mba'e oporombohasykuaáva, oje'e ojeguerekoha crup observación clínica rupive (ikatu hina [[epiglotitis]] térã peteĩ [[mba'e ky'a ñande pytu rapépe]]. Araka'eve nunga noñeikotevẽi estudio uperiregua – tuguy jevichea,[[rayos-X]] térã cultivos oje'éva-. Kóva peteĩ mba'asy ojehecuaitemíva amo 15% mitãnguéra apytépe, hako'ýte umi orekóva 6 jasy ha 5 térã 6 ary. Araka'eve nunga ndojehechamo'ãi mitãkuña ha mitãrusu térã okakuaapámava apytépe. Jepéramo oñepyrũ ypy [[difteria]] rupive, mundo occidental peguarã, ko'ágã rupi upéva opytáma tapykuépe [[vacunación]] ombohovake porãiterei rupi chupe,avei ojeiko potĩ ha porãvére ko'ñagã rupi guarã. ==Mba'éichapa ojehechakuaa== {{listen | filename = Stridor 2OGG.ogg | title = Estridor Pyti'a chiã title = Pyti'a chiã | description = Pyti'a chiã ojehecháva mitã 13 jasy, orekóva crup ipytuhẽnguévo. | format = [[Ogg]] }} Crup ojekaracteriza ou rupi hendive ko'ãva: [[hu'u puku]], [[pyti'a chiã]], [[ñe'ẽ parãrã]]ha [[Pytuhẽ pa'ã pa'ã | Pytuhẽ asy]], pyharekue imbaretevéva jepi. Hu'u puku oje'éva, ojogua nunga umi [[Pinnípedo |foca]] térã [[lobo marino]] rasẽme. Pyti'a chiã imbareteve py'a perere térã [[tasẽ]] omoirũramo chupe, ha mitã opytu'uhñape mba'e ojehechakuaáramo ipyti'a chiãveha, he'ise ipytu rape oñembyaiveha ohóvo. Pyti'a chiã ikatu ojehasave,crup ivaivérõ. Ambue mba'e ikatúva oñeñandu ningo [[akãnundu]], [[rinitis pohýi]] (ojekuaaitéva voi peteĩ [[resfriado común]])-pe, upéicha avei hasyeterei jepi ñande [[tórax yke]].<ref name=Au10>{{cite journal | author = Rajapaksa S, Starr M | title = Croup – assessment and management | journal = Aust Fam Physician | volume = 39 | issue = 5 | pages = 280–2 |date=May 2010 | pmid = 20485713 | doi = }}</ref><ref name=Alberta07>{{cite web |url=http://www.childhealthbc.ca/resources/category/5-croup?download=13%3Acroup-guideline |format=PDF|title=Diagnosis and Management of Croup | work=BC Children's Hospital Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Clinical Practice Guidelines |accessdate=}}</ref> [[Tendy syry]] térã oñeimérõ hina hasyetévaicha, he'ise hina ikatuha oñeiméma ambue mba'asy rehe.<ref name=Alberta07/> ==Mba'eichakuépa== Maymave he'i crup ojeguerekoha oĩ rupi peteĩ infección virus oproducíva.<ref name=Au10/><ref name=PedN09/> Oĩoipurúva ko ñe'ẽ -crup- ohero hag̃ua pytuhẽ mba'asykuéra tuichaháicha, taha'e [[laringotraqueítis aguda]], crup espasmódico, difteria laríngea, [[ traqueítis bacteriana]], laringotraqueobronquitis,ha laringotraqueobronconeumonía. ===Virus-kuére=== Crup virus-kuére tétã laringotraqueítis pohýi, ojeguereko [[virus de la parainfluenza]] oikérõ ñanderehe, ko'ýte umi 1 térã 2 ichagua, 75% hasýva apytégui. <ref name=Croup09/> Ambue mba'asy virus-kuére ikatu hina:[[gripe]] A ha B, [[sarampión]], [[adenovirus]] y [[ virus respiratorio sincicial]] (VRS).<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> Crup hasyvaíva ome'ẽ pe mávape, laringotraqueítis pohýi ome'ẽva virus aty ojeguereko rupi avei, katu kó'ápe ndojekuaaái umi infección ohechaukáva (tha'e akãnundu, hay'o rasy térã oñembohetavérõ [[conteo glóbulo blanco-kuéra rehegua]]).<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> Iñepohano ha upévapeojehupytýva avei ojojogua. ===Bacteria-kuére=== Bacteria-kuéra aty oñemboja'o kóicha: difteria laríngea, traqueítis bacteriana, laringotraqueobronquitis ha laringotraqueo-bronconeumonía.<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> Difteria laríngea ojeguereko ''[[Corynebacterium diphtheriae]]'' rupi, katu traqueítis bacteriana, laringotraqueobronquitis ha laringotraqueo- bronconeumonía ojeguerekokuaa infección primaria virus-kuére ha desarroll secundario bacteria-kuére rupi. Bacteria-kuéra ojehechavéva ko'ãva: ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'', ''[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]'', ''[[Hemophilus influenzae]]'', ha ''[[Moraxella catarrhalis]]''.<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> ==Patofisiología== Pe infección virus-kuére oñe'ẽva ñandéve crup omboruru ñandehegui ñane [[laringe]], [[vertebrado-kuéra tráquea |tráquea]] ha [[bronquio-kuéra]] tuicháva <ref name=PedN09/> oikére umírupi [[ umi glóbulo blanco]] (ha mbareteve vo umi [[histiocitos]], [[linfocitos]], [[células plasmáticas]], ha[[neutrófilos]]. ]]).<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> Pe irurukue, omboty ñane pytuhẽ rape, ha iruru tuichaitereíramo, hasyeteve ñane pytuhẽ hag̃ua, omoirũvo chupe tyapu katuete oñehendúva péicha jave, ojeheróva pyti'a chiã. ==Ñehesa'ỹijo== {| class="wikitable" style = "float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center" |+ ''' Westley Escala: crup rasykue oñeha'ã ha ojehechakuaa hag̃ua '''<ref name=Croup09/><ref name=Peds99/> ! rowspan="2" |Heko ! colspan="6" |Papapy oñeme'ẽva kocaracterística-pe |- !0 !1 !2 !3 !4 !5 |- |Pyti'a yke <br /> rasy | style="width:80px;"| Ndahasýi | style="width:80px;"| Hasy kangy | style="width:80px;"| Hasy nunga | style="width:80px;"| Hayeterei | style="width:80px;"| | style="width:80px;"| |- | [[Estridor]] [[pyti'a chiã]] | Ndojekuaái | Py'a perere <br /> l rehe | Pytu'uhápe | | | |- | [[Cianosis]] | Ndojekuaái | | | | Py'a perere <br /> l rehe | Pytu'uhápe |- | [[Py'apykuaa|Py'apykuaa<br />]] | Jepiveguáicha | | | | Oho oimehépe rei | Pytu oikeha |- | Jepiveguáicha | Oñemomichĩve | Ojekuaa oñemomichĩveha | | | | |} Crup ojeguerekoha oñemoneĩ tasyópe. <ref name=PedN09/> Tenonderaite oñemboykeva'erã ambue mba'e ohape omopa'ãva ñande pytu rape yvatevegua, ko'ýte ha'éramo [[epiglotitis], mba'e ky'a [[pytu rape]], [[estenosis subglótica]], [[angioedema]], [[absceso retrofaríngeo]], ha [[traqueítis bacteriana]]-pe.<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/><ref name=PedN09/> Péicha péichante ndojejapói estudio[[rayos X]-pe tenondéguio, <ref name=PedN09/> katu ojejapóramo, ohechaukáta ñande tráquea oñemomichiha, ha upévape ojehero [[signo del campanario]], estenosis subglótica rupi, ha'éva hina [[(Arquitectura de)campanario |campanario]] joguaha. Signo del campanario oje'éva hina pe oikuaaukáva oĩha mba'asy, katu heta jey kóva ndojekuaagusúi. <ref name=Alberta07/> Avei naiporãi ojejapo ambue estudio, tha'e [[tuguy jevichea]] ha [[cultivo viral]], ikatúre hina ko'ãva oporombopy'a perere rei, ombyaivévo hina pe apañuãi ojeguerekóva. <ref name=PedN09/> Jepéramo umi cultivo viral, oñeguenohẽva aspiración [[nasofaríngea]] rupive, ikatu hina ojeporu ojehechakuaa hag̃ua mba'etépa ojeguereko, ojeporuve kóva tembiapo jeporekápe. <ref name=Au10/> Pe máva ndokueráiramo ñepohano jepiveguápe,ikatúntema ojehecha ndaha'éi mba'épa hina peteĩ infección bacteriana,upéicha mba'érõ oñehesa'ỹijova'erã ambue mba'e ñepohano ári. ===Ivaikue=== Tembipuru ojeipyaháva ojehecha hag̃ua crup vaikue ningo hina pe Escala de Westley. Ojeporuve tembiapo jeporekápe, nahániri ñeppihanóme. <ref name="Cherry08_NEJM">{{cite journal | author = Cherry JD | title = Clinical practice. Croup | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2008-01-24_358_4/page/384 | journal = N. Engl. J. Med. | volume = 358 | issue = 4 | pages = 384–91 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18216359 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMcp072022 }}</ref> Kóvape ojeipapa po mba'e oporombohasykuaáva: Mba'éichapa hasýva remiandu, cianosis (pe máva pire ha hendy oñembohovy), pyti'a chiã, yvytu ñemokõ ha contracciónes. .<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> Papapy oñeme'ẽva Cada factor-pe ojehechauka tabla-pe, akatúa gotyo, ha ipahaitépe ojehupytýva ikatu hina 0hó 0 ha 17 rupi peve. ref name=Peds99/> * Ojehupytýramo ≤&nbsp;2 he'ise ojeguerkoha crup “leve”. Ko'ápe ikatu pe máva hasýva ihu'u puku, iñe'ẽ parãrã, katu naipyti'a chiãiri. <ref name=Croup09/> * Ojehupytýramo 3 térã 5 ojeekuaa ojeguerekoha crup moderado. Ko'ápe pe máva ipyti'a chiã, ha katuete oñehendu, hi'ári oĩve heta mba'e ojehechakuaáva <ref name=Croup09/> * Ojehupytýramo 6 ha 11 papapy, he'ise crup ivaietereiha. Avei upéicharõ pemáva ipyti'a chiã ha upévaojekuaaporãiterei, katu avei ojekuaa ñande [[pyti'a yképe]] ñande ro'o ñande kostilla kangue mbytepegua oikeve ñande ryepy gotyo. <ref name=Croup09/> * Ojehupytýramo ≥&nbsp;12 h'eise ikatuha ñande [[pytuho]]. Hu'u puku ha pyti'a chiã nd'imo'ãi mba'eve guasu kóicha jave. <ref name=Croup09/> 85% mitã ojegueraha pya'éva tasyópe apytépe, ojekuaa ko mba'asy en forma leve, araka'eve nunga ndojejuhúi crup grave: (<1%).<ref name=Croup09/> ==Ojejoko hag̃ua== Heta jey crup ojehape joko [[immunización]]rupive, ojejapóva [[influenza]] ha [[diferia]] jejokorã. Ymave, crup oje'e ojoajuha difteria rehe, katu vakuna rupive, hasy nunga difteria heói ha imbarete hag̃ua, jahecháre tuichaiterei oñakãrapu'ãha ñand erekopy. <ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> ==Mba'éichapa oñeñangarekóta== Mitã oguerekóva crup oikova'erã pya'aguapýpe porã <ref name=PedN09/> Jepivérõ, pe hasývape oñeme'ẽ esteroides, ha hasyetéramo oñeme'ẽ [[epinefrina]]. <ref name=PedN09/> Mitã ojehecháva oguerekoko [[saturación de oxígeno]] 92% guýrepe, oñeme'ẽva'erã oxigeno, <ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> ha ikatu ojegueraha ojejesareko hag̃ua hese tasyópe, umioguerekóva crup grave. <ref name=Alberta07/> Oikotevẽramo oxígeneo, iporãne oñeme'ẽ chupe konductos rupive (ojejokóvo peteĩ oxígeno rape pe mitã rova ykére)upéva sa'ive ombopy'apererétare chupe oiporúramo pe [[máscara de oxígeno |máscara]]. ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> Tratamiento rehe, 0.2% población apytégui oikotevẽ [[intubación endotraqueal]]. <ref name=Peds99>{{cite journal | author = Klassen TP | title = Croup. A current perspective | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatric-clinics-of-north-america_1999-12_46_6/page/1167 | journal = Pediatr. Clin. North Am. | volume = 46 | issue = 6 | pages = 1167–78 | year = 1999 | month = December | pmid = 10629679 | doi = 10.1016/S0031-3955(05)70180-2 }}</ref> ===Esteroides=== Ojehechauka ningo umi [[corticoesteroides]], [[dexametasona]] ha [[budesónida]] -icha avei, pohã porãha mitã orekóva crup-peguarã, toĩko'ãva oĩháicha.<ref name=Cochrane11>{{cite journal | author = Russell KF, Liang Y, O'Gorman K, Johnson DW, Klassen TP | title = Glucocorticoids for croup | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = CD001955 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21249651 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001955.pub3 }}</ref> Ohasávo 6 aravo oñeme'ẽ hagué rupi, ojekuaáma tuichaiterei oñeimeporãveha<ref name=Cochrane11/> Ohupytýramo jeje ojehupytyséva oje'u rire [[parenteral]], térã oñehetũrmao, iporãve voi oje'úramo. ref name=PedN09/> Pe oñeikotevẽva ningo hina peteĩ dosis ha heta jey upéva ou porã<ref name=PedN09/> Dexametasona dosis 0.15, 0.3 ha 0.6 &nbsp;mg/kg orekóva, peteĩchaiténte vaicha iporã <ref>{{cite journal | author = Port C | title = Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. BET 4. Dose of dexamethasone in croup | journal = Emerg Med J | volume = 26 | issue = 4 | pages = 291–2 | year = 2009 | month = April | pmid = 19307398 | doi = 10.1136/emj.2009.072090 }}</ref> ===Epinefrina=== Crup hasy térã hasyetereíva, ikatu ojehape joko [[epinefrina]] [[nebulizada | nebulizador]] rupive. <ref name=PedN09>{{cite journal | author = Everard ML | title = Acute bronchiolitis and croup | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatric-clinics-of-north-america_2009-02_56_1/page/119 | journal = Pediatr. Clin. North Am. | volume = 56 | issue = 1 | pages = 119–33, x–xi | year = 2009 | month = February | pmid = 19135584 | doi = 10.1016/j.pcl.2008.10.007 }}</ref> Epinefrina omboguejyve aja crup rasykue 10 térã 30 aravo'i ramo guarã, ombopytu'ukuaa mba'asy 2 aravopukukue aja <ref name=Au10/><ref name=PedN09/> mba'asy opytu'úmaramo 2 téra 4&nbsp aravo aja ñepohano rire, ha noñemoĩvaivéimaramo, mitã oñeguenohẽntema jepi tasyógui. <ref name=Au10/><ref name=PedN09/> ===Ambue ñepohano=== Jepéramo oñemboguatéva ambue ñepohano cup peguarã, peteĩnte jepe ndohechaukái iporãha ojeporu haguãicha. Y timbo aku térã yvytu aku ñehetũ ha'e peteĩ ñepohano ogapypegua ojeheróva [[auto-cuidado]], katu estudio clínico ojejapóvako'agã meve ndohechaukái kóva iporãha <ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/><ref name=PedN09/> upévare sa'ietemíma ojeporu <ref name=Hist2001>{{cite journal | author = Marchessault V | title = Historical review of croup | journal = Can J Infect Dis | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | pages = 337–9 | year = 2001 | month = November | pmid = 18159359 | pmc = 2094841 | doi = }}</ref> [[ Hu'u pohã]] heta jey oguerekóva [[dextrometorfano]] térã [[guaifenesina]], jeporu, avei naiporãmbái<ref>{{cite journal | author = Vorwerk C, Coats T | title = Heliox for croup in children | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = CD006822 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20166089 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006822.pub2 }}</ref> Heta jey crup ha'ére peteĩmba'asy ojeguerekóva virus kuére, ndojeporúi hese [[antibióticos]], oñeimo'ã mba'érõ oĩmaha infección bacteriana secundaria. <ref name=Au10/> Ejeguereko mba'émaramo peteĩ infección bacteriana, iporãne oje'u antibioticos <ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/>gripe Mba'asy ivaietereíramo, gripe &nbsp;A térã B kuéreikatúne oje'uka hasývape [[droga antiviral |antiviral]] [[ inhibidores de la neuraminidasa]], <ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> ==Oñeha'arõkuaáva== Crup virus kuére guare, heta jey hina peteĩ mba'asy [[Auto-limitante (biología)| auto-limitada]] ka tu araka'eve nunga ndaikatúi oporojuka, respiratoria]] ha [[paro cardíaco]]. <ref name=Au10/> Oñeñandúva, katuete okuerave ohóvo mokõi&nbsp;ára rire, ha katu ipukukuaa avei pokõi&nbsp; ára aja <ref name=Croup09/> Ambue mba'e oñembyaíva jepi,katu sa'ive,: traqueítis bacteriana, [[neumonía]], y [[edema pulmonar]] <ref name=Croup09>{{cite journal | author = Johnson D | title = Croup | journal = Clin Evid (Online) | volume = 2009 | issue = | pages = | year = 2009 | pmid = 19445760 | pmc = 2907784 | doi = }}</ref> ==Epidemiología== Crup katuete ombohasy 15% mitã orekóva 6 jasy ha 5térã 6 ary apytégui. .<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/><ref name=PedN09/>. Umívagui 5% mitã oikéva tasyópe.<ref name=Croup09/> Ojehecha ave, katu asýpe, mitã michĩ orekóva mbohapy jasy rupi hasýrõ, ha upéicha avei tuichamiẽmava, orekóva 15 ary. <ref name=Croup09/> Mitãkuimba'e hasyvekatuete mitãkuñágui, amo 50% ári rupi voi, haupéva ojupive vi ohóvo araroguekúi jave ha ojehero [[prevalencia]]. <ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> ==Hembiasakue== Crup ou ñe'ẽtéva crup-gui, ha'éva [[Inglés Moderno Temprano]]ha he'iséva sapukái parãrã; péicha ojehero ypy ko mba'asýpe amo Escocia-pe ha isarambi siglo 18 aja <ref>Online Etymological Dictionary, [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=croup croup]. Accessed 2010-09-13.</ref> Crup difterico ojeikuaáma amo [[Antigua Grecia]] [[Homero]]rekohague guivéma, katu 1826 rupi ae kuri [[Pierre Bretonneau|Bretonneau]] ombojoavy ojuegui crup virus kueregua ha crup [[difteria]] rupive ojeguerekóva. <ref name=history>{{cite book |author=Feigin, Ralph D. |title=Textbook of pediatric infectious diseases |publisher=Saunders |location=Philadelphia |year=2004 |page=252 |isbn=0-7216-9329-6 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> Franciaguakuéra oherómiva crup viral-pe “crup gua'u”, crup ojeheróre upérõ guare peteĩ mba'asy ojeguerekóva difteria bacteria rupive. <ref name=Hist2001/> Crup difteria-gui ojeguerekóva, ndojekuaaguasúi, vacunación avei ojeheróva [[immunización]] rupive. <ref name=history/> ==Moõguipa osẽ marandu== {{Reflist|2}} [[Ñemohenda:Mba'asy]] g1axknadf60ly6ach4zvpzgu4ili0qb 0 8614 138212 126114 2026-08-18T04:29:36Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ficha de enfermedad | nombre = Faringitis estreptocócica | imagen = Pos strep.JPG | tamaño = | pie = Faringitis estreptocócica cultivo osê añetéva, amigdala [[omborurúva]] peteî hasýva 16 ary oguerekóva rehe. | CIE-10 = {{CIE-10|J|02|0|J|00}} | CIE-9 = {{CIE-9|034.0}} | CIE-O = | CIAP-2 = | OMIM = | DSM-IV = | DiseasesDB = 12507 | Medline = | MedlinePlus = 000639 | MedlinePlus_mult = | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 1811 | eMedicine_mult = | MeshID = | GeneReviewsID = | GeneReviewsName = | sinónimos = }} '''Faringitis estreptocócica, amigdalitis estreptocócica''', terã '''ahy’o rasy''' ojeheróva ningo [[mba'asy]] ojeguereko kuaáva peteĩ bacteria hérava [[estreptococo del grupo A]] rupive. <ref>{{DorlandsDict|nine/100014400|streptococcal pharyngitis}}</ref> Ombyai ñane [[faringe]], [[amígdalas]] ha heta jey ñane [[laringe]]. Kóva reguerekórõ katuete reñandúta [[akãnundu]], [[ahy’o rasy]] ha [[ganglios linfáticos]] iruru kuaa. 37% mitã ijahy'o rasýva, <ref name=Peds2010/>, oguahẽ ichupekuéra ko mba'asy rupive. Ko mba'asy ovakuaa nde rehe reñemo'aguĩrõ peteĩ tapicha hasývare. Jaikuaa porã hag̃ua ha'epa ko mba'asy, pohanohára omoinge va'erã pe hasýva ahy'ópe [[hisopado de garganta]]. Natekotevẽi oñehesa’ỹijo katuete, ikatu rupi oñepohano pe mba’asy ojehechakuaáva rupive. Ñehesa’ỹijo rupive ojehechakuaáta ha'épa hina pe mba'asy, ha'érõ oje’ukántema chupe [[antibióticos]] ani haguã hasyeteve ha okuera pya’eve haguã.<ref name=Review09/> ==Mba’éichapa ojehecha kuaa== Faringitis estreptocócica oñeñanduka péicha: [[ahy’o rasy]], [[akãnundu]] ha ambue mba’e {{convert|38|C|F}}, ipéu ([[amígdalas]] jerére), ha [[ganglios linfáticos]] iruru kuaa.<ref name=Review09>{{cite journal |author = Choby BA | title = Diagnosis and treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis | journal = Am Fam Physician | volume = 79 | issue = 5 | pages = 383–90 | year = 2009 | month = March | pmid = 19275067 | doi = | url =http://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0301/p383.html }}</ref> Ambue hendáicha ikatu avei ojehecha kuaa: [[akã rasy]], [[py’ajere]] ha [[gue’ẽ]], [[py'a rasy]]<ref name="Review06">{{cite journal| author = Brook I, Dohar JE | title = Management of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis in children | journal = J Fam Pract | volume = 55 | issue = 12 |pages = S1–11; quiz S12 | year = 2006 | month = December |pmid = 17137534 | doi = }}</ref>, [[tajygue rasy]]<ref name=Review2001/>, [[pire térã ahy'o apeno]] terã [[tãimbíra jeka]]. Ko ipahapegua ndojehechaguasúi, ha katu akóinte omoirũva ko mba’asy.<ref name=Review09/> Ko mba’asy oguereko [[período de incubación]] mbohapy ára oike rire pe máva retepýpe, oñepyrũvo upépe ojekuaa ypy.<ref name=Review09/> Ndaipóriramo akãnundu, [[conjunctivitis|tesa pytã]], pytuhẽ korõrõ, tĩ syry terã juru ai, ikatu hina ndaha’éi faringitis estreptocócica.<ref name=IDSA2012/> <center><gallery caption="" widths="200px" heights="175px"> File:StrepAug2010.JPG|Jurupe'a ojehechauka haguã hay'o</br> Ahy’o ruru, kultivo rupive oñemoneĩva ningo ha’e estreptococos A aty pegua. Tojehecha kuaa amígdalas iruruha [[ipéu]] morõtĩ reheve. File:Streptococcal pharyngitis.jpg|Jurupe’a ohechauka ijahy’o</br>toje kuaa [[petequias]] terã ai pytã [[tãimbíra hu’ũ]]. Kóva ndojekuaaguasúi, katu ha’e peteĩ mba’e osẽva [[Sensitivity and specificity|ha akóinte]] faringitis estreptocócica aja.<ref name=Review09/> File:Strep throat2010.JPG|Amígdalas iruru ahy’o ruguápe, orekóva ipéu morotĩ.</br> Kóva hina faringitis estreptocócica Kultivo ohechaukáva positivo ipéu morotĩ rehe, peteĩ mitã 8 ary orekóva amígdalas rehe. <!-- |title is optional; default for |width & |height is 180 – may be changed as needed; |lines is number of lines needed for biggest caption --> </gallery></center> ==Mba’eichakuépa Faringitis estreptocócica ojeguereko kuaa peteĩ bacteria hérava [[estreptococo beta-hemolítico del grupo A]] rupive (avei ojeheróva GAS).<ref name=Review10>{{cite journal | author = Baltimore RS | title = Re-evaluation of antibiotic treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis | journal = Curr. Opin. Pediatr. | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 77–82 | year = 2010 | month = February | pmid = 19996970 | doi = 10.1097/MOP.0b013e32833502e7 }}</ref> Ambue bacteria, taha’e [[estreptococos beta-hemolíticos ndaha'éiva A aty pegua]] ha umi [[fusobacterias]] ikatu avei oporombohasy [[faringitis]]-gui.<ref name=Review09/><ref name=Review2001/> Ova kuaa pe mba'asy jajaite terã ña ñe mo aguĩ ramo pe hasýva rehe. Heta tapicha oĩhame nda hasyive ova haguã pe mba'asy (cuartel ha mbo'ehao kuéra rupi).<ref name=Review2001>{{cite journal | author = Hayes CS, Williamson H | title = Management of Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis | journal = Am Fam Physician | volume = 63 | issue = 8 | pages = 1557–64 |year = 2001 | month = April | pmid = 11327431 | doi = | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/20010415/1557.html }}</ref><ref name="pmid15765640">{{cite journal | author = Lindbaek M, Høiby EA, Lermark G, Steinsholt IM, Hjortdahl P | title = Predictors for spread of clinical group A streptococcal tonsillitis within the household | journal = Scand J Prim Health Care | volume = 22 | issue = 4 | pages = 239–43 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15765640 | doi = 10.1080/02813430410006729 }}</ref> Ojejuhu umi bacteria he’õ’ỹva, oikóva yvytimbo terã mba’e ku’i apytépe ndoguerovaiha ko mba’asy, katu umi he’õ ha oĩva cepillo tãi mopotĩha terã ambue tembiporu ijoguaháre, ikatuha oikove 15 ára pukukue.<ref name=Review2001/> Amo 12% rupi mitãnguéra apytégui, ndojehecháiva hese kuéra hasyha, oguereko bacteria GAS ifaringe-pe. <ref name=Peds2010>{{cite journal | author = Shaikh N, Leonard E, Martin JM | title = Prevalence of streptococcal pharyngitis and streptococcal carriage in children: a meta-analysis | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 126| issue = 3 | pages = e557–64 | year = 2010 | month = September | pmid = 20696723 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2009-2648}}</ref> ==Ñehesa’ỹijo== {| class="wikitable" style = "float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center" |+ Centor papapy oñemoambue !Punto-kuéra||Ikatu ojeguereko Strep||Ñemboheko |- | 1 térã sa'ive|| <10%||Antibiótico'ỹre térã ojeikuaamiháicha |- | 2 ||11–17%||rowspan="2"|Antibiotico oñembosako'íva RADT térã ojeikuaamíva rupive |- | 3 ||28–35% |- | 4 térã 5 ||52%||[[Antibiotico-oĩva ñande jerére]] |} Ojehecha haguã mba’eichatépa oñepohanóta tapicha hasýva faringitis-gui, ikatu ojeporu pe ojeheróva [[criterios de Centor]] oñemoambuéva. Ko’ãva ohechauka ojeguereko mba’érõ infección estreptocócica 5 mba’e tasyópe ojehechaukáva ári. <ref name=Review09/> Oñemoĩ 1 punto peteĩ teĩ ko’ã mba’épe:<ref name=Review09/> *Hu’u’ỹ *Ganglios ajúra pegua iruru ha hasýrõ *Akãnundu >{{convert|38.0|C|F}} *Amígdalas ipéu ramo terã irurúramo. *15 arýgui imitãvérõ (ojeipe’ava’erã 1 punto ohasárõ 44 ary) Upéicharõ jepe [[Sociedad de Enfermedades Infecciosas de América]] ndohecha porãmbái pe máva oñepohanóramo ijehegui rei ha he’i katu oje’u va’erãha antibiótico pe kultivo ohechaukárõ añoite oĩha mba’asy.<ref name=IDSA2012/> Mitãnguéra 3 arýgui yvygotyorépe, natekotevẽi ojehecha tasyópe, estreptococos A aty pegua ha [[akãnundu]] ndojehecha guasúire, ndoguerekói mba’érõ hogaygua hasýva hina avei.<ref name=IDSA2012/> ===Ñehesa’ỹijo laboratorio-pe=== Peteĩ [[hisopado de fauces]] ningo [[gold standard (test)|iporãvéva ojejapo]]<ref>{{Cite book|author1=Smith, Ellen Reid|author2=Kahan, Scott |author3=Miller, Redonda G. |title=In A Page Signs & Symptoms |series=In a Page Series|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstown, Maryland |year=2008 |pages=312 |isbn=0-7817-7043-2|oclc=}}</ref> ojehecha kuaa haguã faringitis estreptocócica 90–95% rupi voi.<ref name=Review09/> Ikatu avei ojeporu peteĩ [estreptococos jehecha pya’erã]] (ojeheróva avei jehecha pya’e terã RADT). Jepéramo kóva ipya’e, oguereko peteĩ [[sensitivity (tests)|sensibilidad]] sa’ivéva (70%)-gui ha peteĩ [[specificity (tests)|especifidad]] ojojáva (98%) rehe, taha’e ha’éva al hisopado de fauces.<ref name=Review09/> Peteĩ hisopado de fauces terã RADT rupive ojehecháva osẽramo positivo, ha hi’ári umi oñandúva hina pe hasýva, ikatu oje’e ha oñemoneĩ mba’asy, noñemoneĩri gueteri ramo hina kuri.<ref name=IDSAGuideline2002/> tapicha kakuaávape, tekotevẽnte osẽ negativo pe RADT oje’e hag̃ua upe máva ndoguerekoiha ko mba’asy, katu mitãnguérape iporãne ojejapo peteĩ kultivo ijahy’óre ojehecha hag̃ua mba’etépa pe oguerekóva.<ref name=IDSA2012/> Hi’ã ndojejapói hina hisopado de fauces terã RADT ojejapojapogui reínte, pe máva rehe ndojekuaáirõ hasy mba’eha, heta tapicha oguereko voi ijahy’ópe umi bacteria estreptococo ombyai’ỹre chupe.<ref name=IDSAGuideline2002/> ===Ñehesa'ỹijo ojuavýva ojuehegui=== {{See also|Acute pharyngitis}} Faringitis estreptocócica rehe oñeñandúva ojo’áramo oñeñandúva ambue mba’asýpe ndive, ikatu hina hasy ojehecha kuaa hag̃ua, ndojejapói mba’érõ peteĩ estudio upevarãva.<ref name=Review09/> Hu’u, tĩ syry, [[chiri]] ha [[conjunctivitis|tesa pytã jopi]] ojo’áva akãnundu ha ahy’o rasy ndie, ohechaukave hina ojeguerekónteha peteĩ [[ahy’o rasy virus-kuére]] ha ndaha’eiha faringitis estreptocócica.<ref name=Review09/> Ganglios ñande ajúra pegua iruruetereíramo ha hendive ahy’o rasy, akãnundu ha amigdals rasy, ikatu hina avei oiko[[mononucleosis infecciosa]]-pe.<ref name="pmid15508538">{{cite journal | author = Ebell MH | title = Epstein-Barr virus infectious mononucleosis | journal = Am Fam Physician | volume = 70 | issue = 7 | pages = 1279–87 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15508538 | doi = | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/20041001/1279.html }}</ref> ==Ojejoko haguã== [[Amigdalectomía]] terã operación amígdalas rehegua ikatu hina ojeporu ojejoko haguã mba’asy, umi tapicha akói hasýva ijahy’ópe ndive g̃uarã (3 terã hetave jey peteĩ ary pukukue)<ref>{{cite journal | author = Johnson BC, Alvi A | title = Cost-effective workup for tonsillitis. Testing, treatment, and potential complications | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_postgraduate-medicine_2003-03_113_3/page/115 | journal = Postgrad Med | volume = 113 | issue = 3 | pages = 115–8, 121 | year = 2003 | month = March | pmid = 12647478 | doi = }}</ref> Upéicharamo jepe, ndahetai mba’épe ou porã ha aremi rire ikatu oñemokangy ha ou jey mba’asy, jepéramo eñeñangareko hese. <ref>{{cite journal|last=van Staaij|first=BK|coauthors=van den Akker, EH; van der Heijden, GJ; Schilder, AG; Hoes, AW|title=Adenotonsillectomy for upper respiratory infections: evidence based?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-disease-in-childhood_2005-01_90_1/page/n26|journal=Archives of disease in childhood|date=2005 Jan|volume=90|issue=1|pages=19-25|pmid=15613505}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Burton|first=MJ|coauthors=Glasziou, PP|title=Tonsillectomy or adeno-tonsillectomy versus non-surgical treatment for chronic/recurrent acute tonsillitis.|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2009 Jan 21|issue=1|pages=CD001802|pmid=19160201}}</ref> Faringitis ojapyhy jey jeýva ha osẽ terã ojehecháva GAS positivo ramo, ikatu avei ãva ojekuaa peteĩ tapicha imbaretemavare hina GAS, ha opokóva jey jey hina hese infección viral.<ref name=IDSA2012/> Hi’ã noñepohanói peteĩ tapicha oñemboja va’ekue hasývare, noñeñanduvaíri aja.<ref name=IDSA2012/> Hi’ãavei noñepohanói umi tapicha portadora de GAS, ojehecháre ijetu’uhavoi hina hasyete ha oporoguerova hag̃ua.<ref name=IDSA2012/> ==Ñepohano rehegua== Faringitis estreptocócica oñepohano’ỹva, heta jey okuera hi’are eterei mboyve <ref name=Review09/> Antibiótico-pe ñepohano, omonguera pya’eve ko mba’asy, hi’are kuaa 16 aravo rupinte.<ref name=Review09/> Antibiótico rupive ñepohano oiko hina oñeñeha’ã haguã ojejoko heta mba’e oporombyaive kuaáva, taha’e [[Akãnundu]] ha [[absceso retrofaríngeo]] <ref name=Review09/> ha iporãiterei ojeporúramo 9 ára aja, oñepyrũ guive ojehecha kuaa mba’asy.<ref name=Review10/> ===Analgésicos=== Analgésico-kuéra ningo hina umi [[antinflamatorios ndaha’éiva esteróideos]] (AINE) ha [[paracetamol]] (acetaminofeno) joguaha, tuicha ikatu oporopytyvõ oĩramo mba’e hasyeteríva faringitis estreptocócica kuére.<ref name=Review00>{{cite journal | author = Thomas M, Del Mar C, Glasziou P | title = How effective are treatments other than antibiotics for acute sore throat? |journal = Br J Gen Pract | volume = 50 | issue = 459 | pages = 817–20 | year = 2000 | month = October | pmid = 11127175| pmc = 1313826 | doi = }}</ref> Pe [[lidocaína]] viscosa ojeheróva ikatu avei ou porãiterei hasývape.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.medicinenet.com/lidocaine_viscous/article.htm |title=Generic Name: Lidocaine Viscous (Xylocaine Viscous) side effects, medical uses, and drug interactions |work=MedicineNet.com |accessdate=2010-05-07}}</ref> Jepéramo umi [[esteróide]] oipytyvõ kuaa oĩramo hasýva<ref name=Review10/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123372200/abstract |title=Effectiveness of Corticosteroid Treatment in Acute Pharyngitis: A Systematic Review of the Literature.|work=Andrew Wing. 2010; Academic Emergency Medicine |accessdate=}}</ref> naiporãi ojepory akói.<ref name=IDSA2012/> Tapicha kakuaáva ikatu ho’u aspirina, katu mitãnguéra ndo’uiva’erã ikatúre hina opyta orekóvo pe mba’asy [[síndrome de Reye]] ojeheróva.<ref name=Review10/> ===Antibióticos=== Antibiótico ojeporavo ha ojeporúva Estados Unidos-pe oñepohano haguã faringitis estreptocócica ningo hina[[Phenoxymethylpenicillin|penicilina V]] Iporã, ojejuhu kuaa ha ndahepýire.<ref name=Review09/> Europa-pe ojeporuseve [[amoxicilina]].<ref>{{cite journal| author = Bonsignori F, Chiappini E, De Martino M | title = The infections of the upper respiratory tract in children| journal = Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol | volume = 23 | issue = 1 Suppl | pages = 16–9 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20152073| doi = }}</ref> India, akãnundu terã fiebre reumática oĩ etemiha, ojeporu [[penicilina benzatínica]] G, oñemoĩva hasýva ro’okuápe, ñepyrũrãite voi.<ref name=Review10/> Antibiótico hekoitepegua, omonguera pya’eve mba’asy, 3-5 ára mba’e ipukúrõ jepi, peteĩ árape ikatú ojekuera, ha upekuévo sa’ive ojeporoguerova kuaa.<ref name=IDSAGuideline2002/> Ejeporu ko pohã ojejokove hag̃ua umi ojo’áva mba’asy ndie, taha’e [[Akãnundu terã fiebre reumática]] terã [[absceso retrofaríngeo]] ojeheróva.<ref name=InternalMedPosition2001>{{cite journal | author = Snow V, Mottur-Pilson C, Cooper RJ, Hoffman JR | title = Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for acute pharyngitis in adults | journal = Ann Intern Med | volume = 134 |issue = 6 | pages = 506–8 | year = 2001 | month = March | pmid = 11255529 | doi = | url =http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/134/6/506.pdf }}</ref> Ojejuhu ramo jepe iporãveha ojeporu antibiótico, upeichavére tekotevẽ ojehecha kuaa ikatuha oporombyai ambue hendápe<ref name=Review2001/>. Upévare nda tekotevẽi ñaipohano okakuaapamavape oimérõ ndouporãichupe pe pohã. <ref name=InternalMedPosition2001/> Ojeporu rasama hina antibiótico faringitis estreptocócica-pe guarã ojekuaaitereima rupi.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Linder JA, Bates DW, Lee GM, Finkelstein JA | title = Antibiotic treatment of children with sore throat | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2005-11-09_294_18/page/n58 | journal = J Am Med Assoc | volume = 294 | issue = 18 | pages = 2315–22 | year = 2005 | month = November | pmid = 16278359 | doi = 10.1001/jama.294.18.2315 }}</ref> Iporãne oñeme’ẽ [[eritromicina]] ha ambue[[macrólidos]] terã [[clindamicina]] tapicha orekóva [[penicillin allergy|alergia penicilina-pe]].<ref name=Review09/><ref name=IDSA2012/> Tenonderã ikatu ojeporu [[cefalosporinas]] tuicha háicha, tapicha oguerekóva alergia kangymi rehe.<ref name=Review09/> Umi infección ojeguerekóva estreptococo-kuére, ikatu avei oporombohasy [[glomerulonefritis aguda]]-gui, upéicharamo jepe, antibiótico jeporu, ndohapejokói ko ojehupytykuaáva.<ref name=Review10/> ==Oñeha’arõ kuaáva== Faringitis mba’asy jepivérõ okuera oñepohano terã noñepohanoípe, hi’are rire 3 terã 5 ára.<ref name=IDSAGuideline2002>{{cite journal | author = Bisno AL, Gerber MA, Gwaltney JM, Kaplan EL, Schwartz RH | title = Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis. [[Infectious Diseases Society of America]] | journal = Clin. Infect. Dis. | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 113–25 | year = 2002 | month = July | pmid = 12087516 | doi = 10.1086/340949 }}</ref> Antibiótico-pe ñepohano oipytyvõ ani haguã pe máva hasy vai eterei, ha avei sa’ive ikatu oporoguerova, mitãnguéra ikatúma oho jey mbo’ehaópe ohasávo 24 aravo ho’u haguépe antibiótico. <ref name=Review09/> Kakuaávape ombohasyete hag̃ua ijetu’u nunga.<ref name=IDSA2012>{{cite journal|last=Shulman|first=ST|coauthors=Bisno, AL; Clegg, HW; Gerber, MA; Kaplan, EL; Lee, G; Martin, JM; Van Beneden, C|title=Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis: 2012 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.|journal=Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America|date=2012 Sep 9|pmid=22965026}}</ref> Akãnundu terã fiebre reumática aguda ojeheróva, sa’i nunga ojehecha mitãnguéra oikóva pe mundo desarrollado oje’éva rupi, ha katu kóva kuére India, África subsahariana ha heta hendáre Australia rupi, hetaiteve mitãnguéra oguereko cardiopatía adquirida oje’éva.<ref name=IDSA2012/> Faringitis estreptococo-kuére ikatu oporombyai ko’ã mba’épe: {{Multicol}} * [[Rheumatic fever|Akanundu vai]]<ref name=Review06/> * [[Escarlatina]]<ref name=Uptodate/> * [[Toxic shock syndrome|Síndrome de shock tóxico estreptocócico]]<ref name=Uptodate>{{Cite web|url=http://www.utdol.com/online/content/topic.do?topicKey=upp_resp/4610 |title=UpToDate Inc. |work=|accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Stevens DL, Tanner MH, Winship J, ''et al.'' | title = Severe group A streptococcal infections associated with a toxic shock-like syndrome and scarlet fever toxin A | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1989-07-06_321_1/page/1 | journal = N. Engl. J. Med. | volume = 321 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–7 | year = 1989 | month = July | pmid = 2659990 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM198907063210101 }}</ref> * [[Glomerulonefritis]]<ref name=Review05/> {{Multicol-break}} * [[PANDAS|Síndrome PANDAS]]<ref name=Review05>{{cite journal | author = Hahn RG, Knox LM, Forman TA | title = Evaluation of poststreptococcal illness | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2005-05-15_71_10/page/1949 | journal = Am Fam Physician | volume = 71 | issue = 10 | pages = 1949–54 |year = 2005 | month = May | pmid = 15926411 | doi = }}</ref> *[[Absceso periamigdalino]]<ref name=IDSA2012/> *[[Linfadenitis cervical]]<ref name=IDSA2012/> *[[Mastoiditis]]<ref name=IDSA2012/> {{Multicol-end}} Viru ojeporúva ko mba’asýre Estados Unidos-pe mitãnguéra rehe, ohypyty $350.000.000 rupi.<ref name=IDSA2012/> ==Epidemiología== [[Faringitis]] hina pe kategoría tuichavéva ojejuhuha ko faringitis estreptocócica ojeheróva, ojehecha kuaáva 11 millones tapicháre peteĩ ary aja Estados Unidos-pe.<ref name=Review09/> Jepéramo ãva apytépe hetaiteve hasýva virus-kuére, estreptococos A beta-hemolítico atypegua hina pe ombohasýva 15-30% faringitis mitã apytégui ha 5-20% kakuaáva apytégui.<ref name=Review09/> Ko mba’asy ojehechaiteve araro’y opaha ha arapoty ñepyrũ jave.<ref name=Review09/> ==Moõguipa osẽ marandu== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} [[Ñemohenda:Mba'asy]] 55b8u46qt6e6ayf9u2znxnati1q1qz2 0 8782 138209 129807 2026-08-18T04:25:15Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 8 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguir|Mba'asypararã}} {{Ficha de enfermedad | nombre = '''Tĩpa'ã''' | imagen = Rhinovirus.PNG | pie = Rhinovirus rete, víru oñembohasyvéva tipa'ãme | sinónimos = * Tĩsyry * Resfriado * Resfrío }} <!-- Mba’éichapa ojekuaa ha mba’eichakuñepa ojeguereko --> Ko '''[[tĩpa'ã]]''' (avei ojeheróva '''nasofaringitis''', '''rinofaringitis''', térã '''resfriado''') ningo hína peteĩ mba'asy oñeinfectáva, ñane pytuhẽ rapépegua, ojekuaáva tenonderãite ñane [[tĩ]]re. Ojekuavéva kóicha jave ningo hu'u, ahy'o rasy, tĩsyry ha [[akãnundu]], hi'arekatuete 7 térã 10 ára pukukue, katu heta jey avei hi'are mbohapy arapokõindy. Oĩ amo 200 [[popĩami|víru]] rupi ikatúva ñanembohasy tĩpa'ãgui, katu umi ojekuavéva hína ''[[rrinovíru]]''. <!-- Ijejoko, ijehechakuaa ha ijevichea --> Ñane pytuhẽ rape ñembyai oñemohenda moõitépa [[Yvypóra rete|ñande rete]] rehe opokógui [[mba'asy]]. Hetave jey, tĩpa'ã ombyai tĩ, [[ahy'o]], [[tĩngua]]. Umi oñeñandúva oiko ñande rete oñemombarete rupi mba'asýpe ha ndaha'eivoi oñembyaire umi tejido víru rupi. Ikatu ojejoko [[Jepohéi|ojejepohéiramo]] hekópe, avei oje'e ojeporúramo jurumbotyha oikoiteha avei. <!-- Ñepohãno, epidemiología ha tembiasa --> Tĩpa'ã ndaikatúi ojejoko, hákatu ikatu oñepohãno mbeguekatu. Ko mba'asy heta oĩva yvypóra apytépe: kakuaa hasy mokõi térã mbohapy jey ha [[mitã]] katu hasy poteĩ térã pakõi jey, ary pukukuépe. Ko'ã mba'asy oiko [[yvypóra]] apytépe ymaite guive. ==Ijehechakuaa ha Iñeñandu== Resfrío ojehechakuaa oĩ rupi hu’u, tĩsyry ha tĩpa’ã ha ahy’orasy. Oĩ jey tajyguerasy, kangypa, akãrasy ha karuse’ỹ.<ref name=E24>Eccles Pg. 24</ref> 40% jey katuete oĩ ahy’orasy, ha 50% oĩ hu’u<ref name=CE11/> ha tajyguerasy.<ref name=Eccles2005/> Kakuaa naiñakãnundúi, hákatu mitã iñakãnundu. <ref name=Eccles2005>{{cite journal | author = Eccles R |title = Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza | journal = Lancet Infect Dis | volume = 5 | issue = 11 | pages = 718–25 | year = 2005 | month = November | pmid = 16253889 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X }}</ref> Hu’u resfrío pe ivevyive ndaha’éi influenza peguáicha.<ref name=Eccles2005/> Hu’u ha akãnundu katuete he’ise kakuaa orekoha influenza, ojojoguaiterei mokõive mba’asy.<ref>Eccles Pg.26</ref> Umi virus ojapóva resfrío común avei ikatu ojapo mba’asy oñeñandukuaa’ỹva.<ref>Eccles Pg. 129</ref><ref>Eccles Pg.50</ref> Tĩsyry ikatu hesakã, sa’yju térã sa’yky ha péva nde’iséi mba’eichagua virus-pa ojapo infección.<ref>Eccles Pg.30</ref> ===Mba’éichapa oho hese=== Resfrío oñepyrũvo ningo katuete pe máva hete kane’õ rasypa, iro’y, iñatĩa ha iñakãrasy. Upe riremínte oñepyrũma itĩsyry ha ihu’u. <ref name=E24/> Oñeñandúetéva resfriope ikatu ojekuaa 16 aravo rire <ref>{{cite book|first=editors, Richard A. Helms|title=Textbook of therapeutics : drug and disease management|year=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia, Pa. [u.a.]|isbn=9780781757348|pages=1882|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=aVmRWrknaWgC&pg=PA1882|edition=8.}}</ref> ha oñepyrũ imbareteve mokõi térã irundy ára rire.<ref name=Eccles2005/><ref>{{cite book|last=al.]|first=edited by Helga Rübsamen-Waigmann ... [et|title=Viral Infections and Treatment.|year=2003|publisher=Informa Healthcare|location=Hoboken|isbn=9780824756413|pages=111|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=AltZnmbIhbwC&pg=PA111}}</ref> Jepivérõ, pokõi térã pa ára rire opaitéma,ha katu upéicha avei hi’arekuaa mbohapy arapokõindy.<ref name=Heik2003>{{cite journal | author = Heikkinen T, Järvinen A | title = The common cold | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2003-01-04_361_9351/page/51 | journal = Lancet | volume = 361 | issue = 9351 | pages = 51–9 | year = 2003 | month = January | pmid = 12517470 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12162-9 }}</ref> Amo 35-40% mitãnguéra apytépe, hu’u hi’are jepi pa ára térã, ha 25 árarasa 10% rupi.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Goldsobel AB, Chipps BE | title = Cough in the pediatric population | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-pediatrics_2010-03_156_3/page/352 | journal = J. Pediatr. | volume = 156 | issue = 3 | pages = 352–358.e1 | year = 2010 | month = March | pmid = 20176183 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.12.004 }}</ref> ==Mba’éicha rupípa== ===Virus=== [[Image:Coronaviruses 004 lores.jpg|thumb|Umi [[Koronavíru|coronavirus]] ningo hína virus aty ojeikuaáva oporombohasýre resfrío comúm-gui. Oñema’ẽramo hese peteĩ microscopio electrónico ruive, ojehechakuaáta heteha halo térã corona-icha.]] Resfriado común ningo hína peteĩ infección virus-kuére ojeguerekóva ñane pytyhẽ rape yvateguáre. Pe virus hetaitevejey oporombohasýva hína pe rinovirus (30–80%) ojeheróva, peteĩchagua picornavirus amo 99 serotipos hesegua rupi ojeikuaáva.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Palmenberg AC, Spiro D, Kuzmickas R, Wang S, Djikeng A, Rathe JA, Fraser-Liggett CM, Liggett SB | title = Sequencing and Analyses of All Known Human Rhinovirus Genomes Reveals Structure and Evolution | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2009-04-03_324_5923/page/55 | journal = Science | volume = 324 |issue = 5923 | pages = 55–9 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19213880 | doi = 10.1126/science.1165557 }}</ref><ref>Eccles Pg.77</ref> Ambue oguereko: [[Koronavíru|coronavirus]] (10–15%), influenza (5–15%),<ref name=Eccles2005/> parainfluenza, virus sincitial yvypóra pytuhẽ rehegua, adenovirus, enterovirus, ha metapneumovirus.<ref name="NIAID2006">{{cite web | title = Common Cold | publisher = [[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]] | date = 27 November 2006 | url =http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/healthscience/healthtopics/colds/ | accessdate = 11 June 2007}}</ref> Heta jey ndaha’éi peteĩ virus añónte oĩva, hetave peteĩgui.<ref>Eccles Pg.107</ref> Oñondivepaite, ojoaju amo 200-ichagua virus resfrío-kuéra rehe.<ref name=Eccles2005/> ===Mba’éichapa ova=== Virus resfrío comun rehegua ovakuaa mba’e ky’a oúva yvytúre rupive (aerosol ojeheróva), ojepoko térã ojejáramo hasýva tĩsyrýre, upéicha avei ojeporúramo tembipory hasýva oiporupyre.<ref name=CE11/><ref name=Cold197>{{cite book|last=editors|first=Ronald Eccles, Olaf Weber,|title=Common cold|year=2009|publisher=Birkhäuser|location=Basel|isbn=978-3-7643-9894-1|pages=197|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=rRIdiGE42IEC&pg=PA197|edition=Online-Ausg.}}</ref> Ko’ágã meve ndojeikuaái gueteri mávaitéva rupivépa, ko’ãva apytégui, oguerova pya’evéva mba’asy.<ref name=E211>Eccles Pg.211</ref> Virus-kuéra ikatu oikove areterei ñande jerére ha mayma tapicha ikatu oguereko ipo, hesa térã itĩme, ha upépe oñepyrũ oñeinfecta ypy.<ref name=Cold197/> Mitã rekoha, mbo’ehao umía rupi, mitãnguéra ikanguýva ha naipotĩguasúiva oĩha oñondivepa, pya’eterei ova komba’asy.<ref name=Text2007/> Péicha ovávo hese mba’asy, ogueraháma hógape ha orova ambue.<ref name=Text2007>{{cite book|last=al.]|first=edited by Arie J. Zuckerman ... [et|title=Principles and practice of clinical virology|year=2007|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken, N.J.|isbn=978-0-470-51799-4|pages=496|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=OgbcUWpUCXsC&pg=PA496|edition=6th}}</ref>Ndojehechaukái gueteri yvytu ojere ha ojeréva umi avión ryepýpe rupive ikatuneha ova ko mba’asy.<ref name=Cold197/>Ñande rapicha oguapýva hasýva yketére katu ha’ete ku ikatuvéva ova hese mba’asy.<ref name=E211/> Virus oporombohasýva rinovirus rupive, oñeinfectakuaave mbohapy ára oñepyrũ rire oñeñandu mba’asy, upe rire ikangymiẽma.<ref name="contagiousness">{{cite journal | author = Gwaltney JM Jr, Halstead SB | title = Contagiousness of the common cold| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_1997-07-16_278_3/page/n103 | journal = Journal of the American Medical Association | volume = 278 | issue = 3 | pages = 256| year = 1997 | month = July | pmid = | doi = 10.1001/jama.1997.03550030096050 }}</ref> ===Arareko=== Tavayguakuéra remimo’ã he’i pe máva hasykuaaha resfrío-gui oĩ arehaguére araro’ysã, ama térã araro’ýpe, ha upévare voi ojehero péicha, ro’y España ñe’ẽme oje’ére frio.<ref>{{cite news |author=Zuger, Abigail |title='You'll Catch Your Death!' An Old Wives' Tale? Well.. |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=4 March 2003|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/04/science/you-ll-catch-your-death-an-old-wives-tale-well.html}}</ref> Ñande rete ro'ỹsãmba ombyaikuaaveha resfrío jaguerekóva ningo peteĩ mba'e ndojeikuaaporãitiva.<ref name="Mourtzoukou">{{cite journal | author = Mourtzoukou EG, Falagas ME | title = Exposure to cold and respiratory tract infections | journal = The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease | volume = 11 | issue = 9 | pages = 938–43 | year = 2007 | month = September | pmid = 17705968 | doi = }}</ref> Heta umi virus oporombohasýva resfrío común-gui apytégui ningo oĩ peteĩ estación ajánte, upévare ojekuaave ára ro'y ha [[te'õ|he'õ]] jave.<ref>Eccles Pg.79</ref> Heta oĩ oimo'ãva oñeimehaguére are peteĩ tenda oñembotypávape ha ambue tapichágui aguĩ;<ref name="EcclesPg">Eccles Pg.80</ref> mitã ou ramóva mbo'ehaógui umía rehe oje'eporãiteséramo guarã.<ref name=Text2007/> Katu avei, ikatu hína pytuhẽ rape iñambue ha omoporokangyvehaguére.<ref name="EcclesPg" /> Ñande jere nahe’õguasúiramo virus pya’eve ikatu ova, yvytu he'õ'ỹva ruive ikatúre umi virus oho mombyry mbyryve ha oikove arevekuaa.<ref>Eccles Pg. 157</ref> ===Ambue mba'e=== Ñepohano oñondivepa, ojejapóva mba'asy resfrío virus oporombohasy rire, tuichaiterei mba'e ojehape joko haguã mba’asy sarambi, ojekuaaháicha mitãkuña térã mitãrusukuéra rehe, hasyvégui ãma manterei ipytyhẽ rapépe.<ref name=E78/> Ambue mba’e ikatúha hína oporombohasy ningo sa'i oñeñepohanóramo.<ref name=E78/><ref>Eccles Pg.166</ref> Jekeporã’ỹ ha desnutrición oje’e ojeguerekokuaaha ojeguereko rire mba'asy rinovirus-kuére. Oje’e ikatuha hína upéva opoko pe sistema inmune rehe.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Cohen S, Doyle WJ, Alper CM, Janicki-Deverts D, Turner RB | title = Sleep habits and susceptibility to the common cold | journal = Arch. Intern. Med. | volume = 169 | issue = 1 | pages = 62–7 | year = 2009 | month = January | pmid = 19139325 | pmc = 2629403 | doi = 10.1001/archinternmed.2008.505 }}</ref><ref>Eccles Pg.160–165</ref> ==Ijevichea== [[Image:Illu conducting passages.svg|thumb| Resfrío ningo hína peteĩ mba’asy ñane pytuhẽ rape yvatevogua rehegua]] Oje'e umi oñeñandúva resfrío-pe, ha’eha hína ñande rete ombohováiva virus-pe.<ref name=E112>Eccles Pg. 112</ref> Ñande rete ñembohovai, oiko ojehecha rire mba'eichaguaite virus-pa hína ojeguerekóva. Techapyrã, rinovirus jepivérõ ova oñeimégui oñondive térã ojoypýpe; ojoaju umi receptor ICAM-1 humano mecanismo ojeikuaa’ỹva rupi ombyapuráva mediador de inflamación oiko haguã.<ref name=E112/> Mediador ojapo oñeñandu térã ojehecháva mba’asýpe.<ref name=E112/> Jepivérõ nombyaíri epitelio nasal.<ref name=Eccles2005/> Ambueháguio, pe virus sincitial respiratorio (VSR) oike ñandepype jajágui ojuehe térã ojoypýpe térã otykýgui ojeikoha rupi. Upéi oñepyrũ tĩ ha ahy’ópe, ohasa mboyve umi kua ñanepytuhẽha rupi.<ref name=E116>Eccles Pg.116</ref> VSR ombyai ñande pire.<ref name=E116/> Virus parainfluenza rehegua, jeyvérõ omboruru ñane tĩ, ñande hay’o ha bronquio-kuéra.<ref name=E122>Eccles Pg.122</ref> Mitã michĩvape, traque ombyaírõ, ikatu oñandu crup-pe oñeñandúva, ipo’íre ipytuhẽ rape.<ref name=E122/> ==Ijehechakuaa== Ojehechakuaa haguã infección virus-kuére ñane pytuhẽ rapepegua, ojehecha mba’etépa pe oñeñandúva. Resfrío común ombyai heta jey ñane tĩ, faringitis katu ñande hay’o ha bronquitis ñane pulmón.<ref name=CE11/> Upéicharamo jepe, ikatu oĩ heta tenda, maymave ã mba’asy ombyaikuaáva.<ref name=CE11/> Resfrío común, jeyvéro ojehero rinitis térã tĩ pa’ã, oñembyaimimívo avei ñande hay’o.<ref name=E51>Eccles Pg. 51–52</ref> Katuete peteĩ hasýva, ijeheguínte ohechakuaa oguerekóva.<ref name=Eccles2005/> Heta jey, noñemboykéi pe virus <ref name=E51/> ha ndaikatúi voi peteĩ virus ojehechakuaa oñema’ẽvo umi oñeñandúva añonte.<ref name=Eccles2005/> ==Ijejokorã== Ikatu ojejoko hekoitépe virus resfriado rehegua ani haguã ñanderasy chugui.<ref name=E209>Eccles Pg.209</ref> Ojejepohéiva’erã ha ojeiporuva’erà jururehegua. Ha tasyópe katu ojeiporuva’erã guante ha aopuku.<ref name=E209/> Natekotevèi repytu´u térã reñeno ko mba’asýgui ojeikuaaporãitereígui chupe ha avave ndoikuaaporãi mba’ éichaitépa ko mba’asy. Ndaipóri vacuna oikoitéva oĩgui hetaiterei virus pype ha pya’eterei oñemboheta.<ref name=E209/> Upévare hasynunga ojajapo haguã peteĩ vacuna oikoitéva.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Lawrence DM | title = Gene studies shed light on rhinovirus diversity | journal = Lancet Infect Dis | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = 278| year = 2009 |month = May | pmid = | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70123-9 }}</ref> Akóinte ojejepojohéi oikoite ojejoko haguã virus resfriado rehegua, ha oikoite mitãnguérape guarã.<ref name=CochP11>{{cite journal | author = Jefferson T, Del Mar CB, Dooley L, Ferroni E, Al-Ansary LA, Bawazeer GA, van Driel ML, Nair S, Jones MA, Thorning S, Conly JM | title = Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = | issue = 7 |pages = CD006207| year = 2011 | month = July | pmid = 21735402 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub4 | editor1-last = Jefferson | editor1-first = Tom }}</ref> Ndojeikuaaporãi ojeporúrõ antiviral ha antivacterial ojepohéi haguã-pa iporãve térãpa nahániri mba’asy ojejoko haguã.<ref name=CochP11/> Ojeporúrõ jururehegua oñeiméramo ambue apytépe oikoite ani haguà mba’asy ovatei ambue rehe; péicharõ jepe ndaipóri mba’eve ohechaukáva upéva añeteha oñeñemombyry haguã.<ref name=CochP11/> Ojeporúramo suplemento oguerekóva zinc ikatu oikoite sa’ive haguã mba’asy.<ref name=Zinc11>{{cite journal | author = Singh M, Das RR | title = Zinc for the common cold | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = | issue = 2 | pages = CD001364| year = 2011 | month = February |pmid = 21328251 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001364.pub3 | editor1-last = Singh | editor1-first = Meenu }}</ref> Oje’úramo akóinte suplemento oguerekóva vitamina C nomboguejýi mba’asy resfriado rehegua, hákatu ikatu omombykyve upe mba’asy.<ref name="Hemilä2010"/> ==Ñepohano== [[Image:Pneumonia strikes like a man eating shark.jpg|thumb| Kuatia vusu omokyre’ỹva tavayguakuérape oho haguã ojehechauka pohanohárape ha toñepohano resfrío común ojeguerekóvo]] Ko’ágã meve ndojeikuaái guetri pohã ñana térã ambueichagua iporãva oñemboguevi hagua ko mba’asy ojeguereko rire.<ref>{{cite web| title = Common Cold: Treatments and Drugs| publisher = Mayo Clinic| url =http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/common-cold/DS00056/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs| accessdate = 9 January 2010}}</ref> Upévare, oñepohanóramo, ojao oñembovevuive haguã mba’asýnte.<ref name=AFP07/> Ikatu hína upevarã, ojepytu’u, ojey’u heta ñande rete oikotevẽháicha, ha jajapogargara jukyry akuvýve, ãva oipytyvõne katuete.<ref name="NIAID2006"/> Ñepohano rupive ou porãva ñandeve oje’e oikoha efecto placebo rupive.<ref>Eccles Pg.261</ref> ===Oñeñandúva=== Ñepohanorã ojeguereko pohãnguéra ojeheróva analgésicos ha antipiréticos simples, ibuprofeno <ref>{{cite journal | author = Kim SY, Chang YJ, Cho HM, Hwang YW, Moon YS | title = Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the common cold | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = | issue = 3 | pages = CD006362| year = 2009 | pmid = 19588387 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006362.pub2 | editor1-last = Kim | editor1-first = Soo Young }}</ref> ha paracetamol.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Eccles R | title = Efficacy and safety of over-the-counter analgesics in the treatment of common cold and flu | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-pharmacy-and-therapeutics_2006-08_31_4/page/309 | journal = Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics | volume = 31 | issue = 4 | pages = 309–319 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16882099 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2006.00754.x }}</ref> Ndojehechaukái gueteri hu’u pohã iporãveha umi analgésico simple-gui <ref>{{cite journal | author = Smith SM, Schroeder K, Fahey T | title = Over-the-counter (OTC) medications for acute cough in children and adults in ambulatory settings | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume = | issue = 1 | pages = CD001831| year = 2008 | pmid = 18253996 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001831.pub3 |editor1-last = Smith | editor1-first = Susan M }}</ref> ha naiporãioje’uka mitãme, ndojeikuaaporãi rupi ou porãtapa chupekuéra.<ref name=CFP09>{{cite journal | author = Shefrin AE, Goldman RD | title = Use of over-the-counter cough and cold medications in children | journal = Can Fam Physician |volume = 55 | issue = 11 | pages = 1081–3 | year = 2009 | month = November | pmid = 19910592 | pmc = 2776795 | doi = |url = http://www.cfp.ca/content/55/11/1081.full.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Vassilev ZP, Kabadi S, Villa R | title = Safety and efficacy of over-the-counter cough and cold medicines for use in children | journal = Expert opinion on drug safety | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = 233–42 | year = 2010 | month = Mar | pmid = 20001764 | doi = 10.1517/14740330903496410 }}</ref> Ary 2009-pe, Canada ojoko pohã resfrío ha hu’u-pe guarã ñevende, mitã michĩvéva 6 arýgui peguarã, ndojehechaukái rupi iporãha ha ndojekuaaporãi rupi mba’etépepa oporombyaikuaa.<ref name=CFP09/> Dextrometorfano (peteĩ hu’u poha oñevendeva oimehápente) jeporuvaikue rupi, heta tetãme ojejoko iñevende.<ref>Eccles Pg. 246</ref> Kakuaávape, ikatu oñembovevuive tĩ syry, antihistamínicos, de primera generación ojeheróva, ñane tĩ rupive jeporu rupive; katu upéa katuete oporomongeparei.<ref name=AFP07/> Ambue tĩ pa’ã pohanoha hína pseudoefedrina, avei ou porã péicha hasývape.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Taverner D, Latte GJ | title = Nasal decongestants for the common cold | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = | issue = 1 | pages = CD001953| year = 2007 | pmid = 17253470 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001953.pub3 | editor1-last = Latte | editor1-first = G. Jenny }}</ref> Ipratropio aerosol-pegua ikatu avei ombovevuive tĩ syry, katu naiporãmbái tĩ pa’ãme guarã. <ref>{{cite journal | author = Albalawi ZH, Othman SS, Alfaleh K | title = Intranasal ipratropium bromide for the common cold | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = | issue = 7 | pages = CD008231|year = 2011 | month = July | pmid = 21735425 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD008231.pub2 | editor1-last = Albalawi |editor1-first = Zaina H }}</ref> Umi antihistamínicos de segunda generación oje’eha, ndaha’éi ku iporãmbáva.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Pratter MR | title = Cough and the common cold: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines |journal = Chest | volume = 129 | issue = 1 Suppl | pages = 72S–74S | year = 2006 | month = Jan | pmid = 16428695 | doi = 10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.72S }}</ref> Noñehesa’ỹijo porãi rupi, ndojeikuaái ojeyu heta javépa oporomoñandu porãve térãpa omboguevi mba’asy ñane pytuhẽ rehegua <ref>{{cite journal | author = Guppy MP, Mickan SM, Del Mar CB, Thorning S, Rack A | title = Advising patients to increase fluid intake for treating acute respiratory infections | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews| volume = | issue = 2 | pages = CD004419| year = 2011 | month = February | pmid = 21328268 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004419.pub3 | editor1-last = Guppy | editor1-first = Michelle PB }}</ref> ha upéicha avei ndojeikuaái mba’eve ytaku timbo jeporú rehe.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Singh M, Singh M | title = Heated, humidified air for the common cold | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = | issue = 5 | pages = CD001728| year = 2011 | month = May | pmid = 21563130 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001728.pub4 | editor1-last = Singh| editor1-first = Meenu }}</ref> Peteĩ estudio rupive ojehechakuaa pomada mentolado oñemoĩva ñande pyti’áre ikatuha omboguevi’imi hu’u pyhare, tĩ pa’ã ha jeke porã’ỹ.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Paul IM, Beiler JS, King TS, Clapp ER, Vallati J, Berlin CM | title = Vapor rub, petrolatum, and no treatment for children with nocturnal cough and cold symptoms | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 126 | issue = 6 | pages = 1092–9 | year = 2010 | month = December |pmid = 21059712 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2010-1601 }}</ref> ===Antibiótico ha antiviral kuéra=== Umi antibiótico ndaha’aéi la ou porãva mba’asy virus-kuére guarépe, upévare naiporãiete voi virus resfrío común rehegua oñemonguera hagua.<ref name=CochraneAR2005>{{cite journal | author = Arroll B, Kenealy T | title = Antibiotics for the common cold and acute purulent rhinitis | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = | issue = 3 | pages = CD000247|year = 2005 | pmid = 16034850 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000247.pub2 | editor1-last = Arroll | editor1-first = Bruce}}</ref> Oguerekóre efecto secundario, ikatu opombyai, upéicha ramo jepe, akói ojeuka hasývape.<ref name=CochraneAR2005/><ref>Eccles Pg.238</ref> Pe sýva ipy’a tarova rupi, heta jey oje’uka chupe antibiótico, upéicha avei pohanohára oipytyvõséramo asýva térã ohape joko haguã mba’e ivaivéva, ikatukuaátava ojejoko antibiótico-pe.<ref>Eccles Pg.234</ref> Naipóri droga antiviral omonguerakuaáva resfrío común,jepéramo heta investigación ohechauka oĩha umi ou porãtava hasývape.<ref name=AFP07/><ref name="EcclesPg_b">Eccles Pg.218</ref> ===Ambueichagua ñepohano=== Jepéramo oĩ heta ambueichagua ñepohano, científicamente ndoje’ekuaái umíva iporãne haguã.<ref name=AFP07/> Ary 2010-pe naipóri ohechauka térã he’ikuaáva toje’u térã toñemboyke eíra térã irrigación nasal.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Oduwole O, Meremikwu MM, Oyo-Ita A, Udoh EE | title = Honey for acute cough in children | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = | issue = 1 | pages = CD007094| year = 2010 | month = January | pmid = 20091616 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD007094.pub2 | editor1-last = Oduwole | editor1-first = Olabisi }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Kassel JC, King D, Spurling GK | title = Saline nasal irrigation for acute upper respiratory tract infections | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = | issue = 3 | pages = CD006821| year = 2010 | month = March | pmid = 20238351 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006821.pub2 | editor1-last = King | editor1-first = David }}</ref> Oĩ estudio he’íva oje’úrõ zing 24 aravo oñepyrũhaguépe mba’asy, omonguera pya’eveha resfrío común umi tapicha ndahasyguasúivagui.<ref name=Zinc11/> Umi estudio oĩva ojoavy tuichaitereíre, tekotevẽ ojejapove ambue ojehecha haguã araka’e ha mamoite pevépe iporãkuaa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhs.uk/news/2011/02February/Pages/zinc-for-the-common-cold.aspx |title=Zinc for the common cold&nbsp;—Health News&nbsp;— NHS Choices |first= |last= |work=nhs.uk |year=2012 [last update] |quote=In this review, there was a high level of heterogeneity between the studies that were pooled to determine the effect of zinc on the duration of cold symptoms. This may suggest that it was inappropriate to pool them. It certainly makes this particular finding less conclusive. |accessdate=24 February 2012}}</ref> Vitamina C jeporu resfrío común aja ningo peteĩ mba’e hetáma ojestudiáva, katu ojehupyty’ỹre mba’eve guasu, sa’imimi javénte ojehecha oikoha, ha umi tapicha ojapoitéva ejercicio físico tenda ho’ysãháre umía rehente.<ref name="Hemilä2010">{{cite journal | author = Hemilä H, Chalker E, Douglas B, Hemilä H | title = Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = |issue = 3 | pages = CD000980| year = 2007 | pmid = 17636648 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000980.pub3 | editor1-last = Hemilä | editor1-first = Harri }}</ref><ref name="Heimer2009">{{cite journal | author = Heiner KA, Hart AM, Martin LG, Rubio-Wallace S | title = Examining the evidence for the use of vitamin C in the prophylaxis and treatment of the common cold | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners | volume = 21 | issue = 5 | pages = 295–300 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19432914 | doi = 10.1111/j.1745-7599.2009.00409.x }}</ref> Echinacea iporãha ningo peteĩ mba’e ndojekuaaporãmbáiva.<ref name=CochE06>{{cite journal | author = Linde K, Barrett B, Wölkart K, Bauer R, Melchart D | title = Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume = | issue = 1 | pages = CD000530| year = 2006 | pmid = 16437427 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000530.pub2 |editor1-last = Linde | editor1-first = Klaus }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Sachin A Shah, Stephen Sander, C Michael White, Mike Rinaldi, Craig I Coleman | title = Evaluation of echinacea for the prevention and treatment of the common cold: a meta-analysis | journal = The Lancet Infectious Diseases | volume = 7 | issue = 7 | pages = 473–480 |year = 2007 | pmid = 17597571 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70160-3 }}</ref> Umi pohã orekóva echinacea, ikatu iñambue ojuehegui iporãnguépe.<ref name=CochE06/> Añetehápe ndojeikuaái ajo-pa iporã.<ref>{{cite journal |author = Lissiman E, Bhasale AL, Cohen M | title = Garlic for the common cold | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume = 3 | issue = | pages = CD006206 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22419312 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006206.pub3 |editor1-last = Lissiman | editor1-first = Elizabeth }}</ref> Ni peteĩ jey ejevicheahápe vitamina D ndojejuhúi iporãne haguã.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Murdoch|first=David R.|title=Effect of Vitamin D₃ Supplementation on Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Healthy Adults<subtitle>The VIDARIS Randomized Controlled Trial</subtitle><alt-title>Vitamin D₃ and Upper Respiratory Tract Infections</alt-title>|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2012-10-03_308_13/page/n52|journal=JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association|date=3 October 2012|volume=308|issue=13|pages=1333|doi=10.1001/jama.2012.12505}}</ref> ==Oñeha’arõva== Resfrío común ningo ikangy, ha opaite jey hi’are peteĩ arapokõindy ajánte.<ref name=CE11/> Ivaieterei jave, upéva katuete hina peteĩ tapicha ituja térã iguaguĩetereímavare, térã avei um imitã ha hesãieterei’ỹva rehe.<ref name=E1/> Ikatu oiko infección bacteria-kuére resfrío árima, oporombohasýva sinusitis, faringitis térã otitis aguda-gui.<ref>Eccles Pg.76</ref> Ojehecha oñeguahẽha 8% rupi akã rasyvaipe (sinusitis) ha 30% rupi otitis-pe oje’eha.<ref name="EcclesPg_a">Eccles Pg.90</ref> ==Mba’asy guasu iñasai pya’éva jekuaa rehegua== Resfrío común ningo yvypóra mba’asy ojeikuaaitevéva <ref name=E1>Eccles Pg. 1</ref> kóva oguahẽ opavave táva oïva ko yvy apérepe.<ref name=Text2007/> Tapicha kakuaávape, ombohasy jepi mokõi térã po jey paeteĩ ary pukukue <ref name=CE11>{{cite journal |author = Arroll B | title = Common cold | journal = Clinical evidence | volume = 2011 | issue = 3 | pages = | year = 2011 | month = March | pmid = 21406124 | doi = }}</ref><ref name=Eccles2005/> ha mitãnguéra katu poteĩ térã pa jey voi peteĩ ary pukukue, (katu umi mbo’ehaópe oikéva, pakõi jey hamba’e voi).<ref name=AFP07>{{cite journal | author = Simasek M, Blandino DA | title = Treatment of the common cold | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 75 | issue = 4 | pages = 515–20 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17323712 | doi = | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070215/515.html }}</ref> Infecciones oñeñandúva, hetaiteve umi tapicha ituja térã iguaĩva rehe, ha’ekuéra sa’ivema voi hesãire.<ref name=E78>Eccles Pg. 78</ref> ==Hembiasakue== Jepéramo amo 1950 guive ramo ojeikuaa mba’eichakuépa ñande rasy resfrío comúngui, ko mba’asy oĩmava’ekue voi yvypóra apytépe ymaite ára guive.<ref>Eccles Pg. 3</ref> Oñeñandúva ha iñepohano oñemombe’u peteĩ papiro egipcio Ebers ojeheróvape, jehaipyre pohano rehegua itujavéva ojeikuaáva, ojehaíva siglo 16 AC mboyve.<ref>Eccles Pg.6</ref> Héra inglés ñe’ẽme, “common cold”, ojeiporu ypy siglo 16 rupi, oñeñandúva ape ojoguatereíre oñeñandúva ñande rete ro’ỹsãmba jave ndive. <ref>{{cite web | publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary | url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cold |title=Cold | accessdate=12 January 2008 }}</ref> Reino Unido-pe, Medical Research Council creó la Common Cold Unit en-pe 1946 jave, ha upépe ojejuhu ypy rinovirus 1956-pe.<ref>Eccles Pg.20</ref> Ary 70 rupi, CCU ohechauka ñepohano interferones rupive rinovirus infección incubación aja, ojokoha ko mba’asy,<ref name="pmid2438740">{{cite journal | author = Tyrrell DA | title = Interferons and their clinical value | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_march-april-1987_9_2/page/n6 | journal = Rev. Infect. Dis. | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = 243–9 | year = 1987 | pmid = 2438740 | doi = 10.1093/clinids/9.2.243 }}</ref> katu ndaikatúiojeporu oñemongueraite haguã. Ary 1989 oñemboty ko unidad, mokõi ary ohasami rire ojejapo hague investigación tabletas de gluconato de zinc rehegua ojeiporúva ojejoko haguã resfrío rinovirus-kuére ojeguerekóva, kóva añoite hína pe ñepohano osẽ porãva’ekue ko unidad rembiapo apytépe.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Al-Nakib W | title = Prophylaxis and treatment of rhinovirus colds with zinc gluconate lozenges | journal = J Antimicrob Chemother. | volume = 20 | issue = 6 | pages = 893–901 | year = 1987 |month = December | pmid = 3440773 | doi = 10.1093/jac/20.6.893 | last2 = Higgins | first2 = P.G. | last3 = Barrow |first3 = I. | last4 = Batstone | first4 = G. | last5 = Tyrrell | first5 = D.A.J. }}</ref> ==Viru ñemongu’e== [[Image:The Cost Of The Common Cold & Influenza.jpg|thumb|Jehaiha guasu Britanico Arapy Ñorãirõ Guasu Mokõihape guare, ohechaukáva resfrío común repy. <ref>{{cite web |title=The Cost of the Common Cold and Influenza |work=Imperial War Museum: Posters of Conflict |publisher=vads|url=http://vads.bath.ac.uk/flarge.php?uid=33443&sos=0}}</ref>]] Heta hendáre, arapy tuichakue, ndojehechakuaái mba’eichaitépa hepy ha heta viru omongu’e resfrío. <ref name="EcclesPg_a" /> Estados Unidos-pe, resfrío común ogueraha 75-100 millones taicha consultas médicas rapykuéri peteĩ ary aja, ha ojehecha upéva ohupytyha térã hepyha amo 7700 millones de dólares rupi opaite ary aja. Umi estadounidenses ohepyme’ẽ 2900 millones rupi pohã oñevendéva oimehápe joguápe ha 400 millones poha receta ári oñevendévare, oñeñandúva oñemonguerapotávo.<ref name=Frend03>{{cite journal | author = Fendrick AM, Monto AS, Nightengale B, Sarnes M | title = The economic burden of non-influenza-related viral respiratory tract infection in the United States| journal = Arch. Intern. Med. | volume = 163 | issue = 4 | pages = 487–94 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12588210 | doi = 10.1001/archinte.163.4.487 }}</ref> Un tercio tapicha ohóva pohanohára apytépeguipe, oñeme’ẽ antibiótico, ha upéva ou vai hetápe upéi oikotevẽ añetétavo ko pohã.<ref name=Frend03/> Oje’e hína amo mitãnguéra estadounidense operdeha amo 22-189 millones ára rupi peteĩ ary aja, resfrío-gui hasy haguére. Kóva ykére oñemoĩrõ umi 150 millones ára tembiapópe ojeperdéva resfrío rupi, viru oku’éva ohasapa 20 millon dólar peteì ary aja.<ref name="NIAID2006"/><ref name=Frend03/> Resfrío común-gui mba’asy rupive, Estados Unidos-pe tembiapo ojeperdéva apytégui,ojejuhu 40 %.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Kirkpatrick GL | title = The common cold| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_primary-care-clinics-in-office-practice_1996-12_23_4/page/n16 | journal = Prim. Care | volume = 23 | issue = 4 | pages = 657–75 | year = 1996 | month = December | pmid = 8890137 |doi = 10.1016/S0095-4543(05)70355-9 }}</ref> ==Tembiapo Jeporeka== Heta pohã virus oñembohovake haguãma oñeha’ã, katu 2009 peve peteĩnte jepe ndojejuhúi iporãva resfrío común-peguarã.<ref name="EcclesPg_b" /> Oñeha’ã hín aojeporu droga antiviral pleconaril hérava, iporãva picornavirus ñemboguevípe, avei droga BTA-798.<ref name=E226>Eccles Pg.226</ref> Pleconaril je’u ojehecha kuri naiporãmbaiha, upévare oñeñeha’ã hína oñeguenohẽvo aerosol rupive oñembochivivi haguã.<ref name=E226/> Jeporekaharakuéra Universidad de Maryland, College Par ha Universidad de Wisconsin-Madison pegua ojeporeka ha omohenda maymave virus ojeikuaáva oporombohasyha resfrío común-gui.<ref name="CTgov">{{cite news| url =http://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/02/12/cold.genome/| title = Genetic map of cold virus a step toward cure, scientists say| date = February 12, 2009 | accessdate = 28 April 2009| publisher = CNN| author = Val Willingham}}</ref> {{-}} ==Moõgui osẽ marandu== {{Reflist|2}} ==Arandukaporupyre== * {{cita libro|last=Ronald Eccles|first=Olaf Weber (eds)|title=Common cold|year=2009|publisher=Birkhäuser|location=Basel|isbn=978-3-7643-9894-1 }} ==Ambue marandu ohóva hese== {{Commonscat|Common cold}} [[Ñemohenda:Mba'asy ruru]] [[Ñemohenda:Mba'asy víru]] 9ey7dgki1uurmkszd169bw9i1iywb6v 0 9423 138208 134005 2026-08-18T04:19:34Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jekopytyjoja}} [[Ta'ãnga:2019 Democracy index.svg|thumb|300px]] '''Jekopytyjoja''' térã '''Tetarãkuái''' ha'e peteĩ [[avano'õ]] jeiko reko, omohendáva [[jokuaikuaa|tekuái]], tekove aty tuichavéva jeporavópe. Ha'etehápe, jekopytyjoja he'ise tetãygua oiporavo mba'épa ojapo [[Tetã]] térã oiporavo imburuvicharã, he'ise opa kuimba'e térã kuña tetãygua ijojaha ha hekosãsoha, orekoha hikuái [[yvypóra tekoiterape]] ha Tetã oñangareko va'erã hesekuéra. Jekopytyjoja ojehechauka avei upe [[tekuái reko]] rupive ojapo peteĩháme [[Platõ]], ha upéi [[Aristóteles]]: [[Porokuái peteĩme]] (mburuvicha peteĩnte ojokuái), [[aranduverekuái]] (tekuái «umi porãvéva» pegua he'i Platõ, «umi sa'ivéva», he'i Aristóteles), tavayguarekuái (tekuái «umi hetave pegua» he'i Platõ ha «umi hetavéva» pegua, he'i Aristóteles).<ref name="Bobbio democracia y dictadura">Bobbio, Norberto (1978). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140826165638/http://www.robertexto.com/archivo3/democr_dictadura.htm#top ''Democracia y dictadura''], enciclopedia Einaudi.</ref> Jekopytyjoja reko ojoavy umi tekuái reko ambuéva rehe omoĩva opaite tembikuái peteĩ tekovépe — upe [[porokuái peteĩme]] guáicha — térã umi tekuái reko omoĩva tembikuái tekove mbovýpe térã peteĩ tapicha aty michĩme — upe "sa'íva rekuái". Hákatu, umi tekuái reko ombohovái va'ekue jekopytyjojápe, pe oúva Gyresia arandúgui,<ref>{{cite book|last=Barker|first=Ernest|title=The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle|year=1906|publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons|location=Chapter VII, Section 2|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1HUrAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> nombohovavéima, heta tetã ombojoparágui umi tekuái reko ha jekopytyjoja mba'e kuéra, upéicha ojokuáiporãve hetãnguéra. Karai [[Karl Popper]] he'íkuri jekopytyjoja ombohovái [[porokuái milíko]] ha umi tetã ojokuáiva hatãme, upévare oheja tekove kuéra tetãygua oisãmbyhy imburuvicháre ha oheja chupe avei omosẽ imburuvicha porokuáigui, ñorairõ'ỹme ha ñemopu'ã'ỹme.<ref>Jarvie, 2006, pp.&nbsp;218–9</ref> Oĩ [[jekopytyjoja oporombuekoviáva|jekopytyjoja tee'ỹ térã oporombuekoviáva]], peteĩ mburuvicha ojokuáivo ha oiporavóvo ombuekoviarã umi tetãygua oiporavo akue chupe. Oĩ [[jekopytyjoja mboja'opy]] ohejáva umi tetãygua oike joja peteĩ atýpe térã ojapo peteĩ [[aty ojokuaikuaáva]] oiporavo hag̃ua hetã raperã. Ha ipahápe oĩ upe [[jekopytyjoja tee]], umi tetãygua oiporavóvo oporomopa'ũ'ỹva, ikatu oiporavo hetã rekorã ha mba'éichapa ojeipurúta hetã pirapire. Umi mbohapy jekopytyjoja reko ikatu oiko joja ha jehe'ápe. Haimete opa [[Opaite tetã yvygua|tetãnguéra]] ko'ãga ojokuái jekopytyjoja oporombuekoviáva rupive ha ombojehe'a ambue tekuái reko hi'ã ichupekuéra iporãvéta hetã raperã, hetáva avei umi omba'apo jekopytyjoja tee rupi térã ombojopara kóva upe jekopytyjoja oporombuekoviáva ndive, [[Suisa|Suísa]] retã techapyrãme, ku tetã ojapo heta tetãygua amandaje oiporavo hag̃ua mba'épa ojejapóta oisãmbyhy hag̃ua tetãre ha oiporavo tetã raperã,<ref>{{cita libro|apellidos=Ordás Menéndez|nombre=Daniel|año=2012|título=ESPAÑA SE MERECE… DEMOCRACIA DIRECTA|url=http://www.editorialzumaque.es/web/index.php?página=shop.product_details&product_id=90&flypage=flypage-ask.tpl&pop=1&option=com_virtuemart&Itemid=95&vmcchk=1&Itemid=95|lugar-publicación=España|editorial=Zumaque|fecha-publicación=2012|idioma=Español|páginas=108|isbn=978-84-938222-86}}</ref> [[Tetã peteĩ reko Amérikagua|Tetãvore Joapykuéra]] avei, hákatu omba'apo jekopytyjoja oporombuekoviáva rupive. == Ñepyrũ == Ko ñe'ẽ ''tavayguarekuái'' oñembohasa va'ekue [[gyresiañe'ẽ]] ymaguare pegua (δημοκρατία) ha ojejapo táva [[Atenas]]-pe saro'y V Kirito mboyvépe umi ñe'ẽ δῆμος pegua (''[dḗmos'', ikatu he'ise «umi tetãygua») ha ñe'ẽ κράτος pegua (''krátos'', ikatu he'ise «tekuái»).<ref>{{Cita web |title=Ochoa del Río, José Augusto. ''La Democracia: aportes para un análisis conceptual'', Biblioteca Jurídica |url=http://www.eldial.com/suplementos/constitucional/tcdNP.asp?id=2696&id_publicar=2099&fecha_publicar=13/12/2006&camara=Doctrina |accessdate=2014-11-26 |archivedate=2007-02-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208114733/http://www.eldial.com/suplementos/constitucional/tcdNP.asp?id=2696&id_publicar=2099&fecha_publicar=13%2F12%2F2006&camara=Doctrina |título=Archive copy |urlarchivo=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208114733/http://www.eldial.com/suplementos/constitucional/tcdNP.asp?id=2696&id_publicar=2099&fecha_publicar=13%2F12%2F2006&camara=Doctrina |fechaarchivo=2007-02-08 |fechaacceso=2014-11-26 }}</ref> Oĩ umi ava arandu he'íva [[Gyresia jekopytyjoja]] ha'e teko jekopytyjojáva peteĩha, hákatu oĩ tapicha arandu ambuéva he'íva opa tendápe ymaguare ojejuhu [[avano'õ]] ojekopytyjoja sa'imíva térã hetáva,<ref>Mann, Charles (2005), ''1491'', Madrid:Taurus</ref> ha he'i avei máva sa'i (10% opa tetãyguágui) ikatúnte oike upe Gyresia jekopytyjojápe, ha umi mba'apohára, ñemitỹhára, tembiguái ha kuñanguéra ndoikéi. Ko'ãga oñemoambueiterei ko ñe'ẽ he'iseha, saro'y XVIII ipaha guive, tavayguarekuái oikégui heta tetãme ha ojekuaatee opa tekove (taha'e ha'éva kuimba'e térã kuña) ikatu oiporavo imburuvicharã ha hetã raperã. Ko'ãga, tavayguarekuái ndaha'evéima Gyresia jekopytyjojáicha, upévare ojeipuru avañe'ẽme ko ñe'ẽ pyahu "jekopytyjoja", omohechaukáva peteĩ teko joja porã, kuimba'e ha kuña ijojáva ha tetãygua oiko joajúpe, [[yvypóra tekoiterape]] ha jekupyty guýpe. == Jekopytyjoja reko == [[File:2016 Freedom House world map.png|thumb|300px|Tetãnguéra ñemohenda omohechaukáva peteĩ ñehesa'ỹijo ojapo Freedom House ary 2016-pe: {{leyenda|#179C86|Hekosãso}} {{leyenda|#F6DD4F|Hekosãsovy}} {{leyenda|#706EA4|Hekosãso'ỹ}}]] [[File:Electoral democracies.svg|thumb|300px|Tetãnguéra <span style="color: navy">'''hovy'''</span> ha'e umíva "jekopytyjojáva jeporavo rupive" upe ñehesa'ỹijo ''[http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2013 Freedom in the World]'' ary 2013-pegua, he'íva [[Freedom House]].]] Jekopytyjoja ikatu ojehechauka mokõi tekópe tenondegua: [[Jekopytyjoja tee]] térã [[jekopytyjoja oporombuekoviáva|oporombuekoviáva]]. * Jekopytyjoja tee'ỹ térã oporombuekoviáva: Umi tetãygua oiporavo mante imburuvicharã, ha umi mburuvicha oiporavóta ha ojokuáita tetãygua rupive, ha'etehápe he'ise upe mburuvicha ombuekoviáta umi tetãygua oiporavo akue chupe. * Jekopytyjoja mboja'opy: Umi tetãygua ikatu oñemboaty joja ha ikatu oiporavo joja tetã taperã, tekove aty ikatu ojapo peteĩ tekorã térã [[teko me'ẽ]] pyahu, ikatu omoĩ peteĩ mburuvicha pyahu térã omosẽ peteĩ mburuvicha ojeporavo akue. * Jekopytyjoja tee: Ha'e umi tetãygua oiporavóvo opa mba'e, upe [[Suisa]] retãicha, tetãygua hekosãsóva oiporavo amandajépe. Ndaipóri máva oporombuekoviáva ha umi tekove tetãygua oiporavo mba'éichapa omba'apóta hetã ha mávapa omba'apóta hetãre. Ndaipóri peteĩ ñe'ẽhe'iseha tee jekopytyjoja pegua, hákatu ojeikuaa katuete tekojoja, tekosãso ha tetã omba'apóva tekoiterapépe ha'e umi mba'e oñeikotevẽ jekopytyjoja rekópe ymaguere guive.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/markets/rankings/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8908438 Liberty and justice for some] at [[The Economist|Economist.com]]</ref><ref name="AristotlePol1317b">{{cite web|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0058%3Abook%3D6%3Asection%3D1317b |title=Aristotle, Politics.1317b (Book 6, Part II) |publisher=Perseus.tufts.edu |date= |accessdate=22 de agosto de 2010}}</ref> Tekovekuéra ikatu ohecha umi mba'e opa tekove mburuvicharã ohekojojávo [[teko me'ẽ]] rupive ha mayma ohupytývo umi mba'e tekojojágui. Techarãme, peteĩ [[jekopytyjoja oporombuekoviáva]], opa vóto hekojoja, ndaipóri jokoha hatã umíva ha'eséva mburuvichápe, ha umíva tekove mburuvicharã oñeñangareko léi guasúre.<ref name="BKMIT">R. Alan Dahl, I. Shapiro, J. A. Cheibub, ''The Democracy Sourcebook'', MIT Press 2003, ISBN 0-262-54147-5, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B8THIuSkiqgC Google Books link]</ref><ref name="BKHenaff">M. Hénaff, T. B. Strong, ''Public Space and Democracy'', University of Minnesota Press, ISBN 0-8166-3387-8</ref> Peteĩ mba'ekuaarã he'i jekopytyjoja oguereko va'erã mbohapy ypy: 1) tekosãso opyta porokuái imba'e michĩme; 2) jokuaikuaa hekojoja ha 3) avano'õ rekorã ojapóva umíva tekove he'i mba'e porã ha'e opa mba'e oñesãmbyhy ypy peteĩha ha ypy mokõiha rupive.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kimber|first=Richard|title=On Democracy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_scandinavian-political-studies_1989_12_3/page/201|journal=Scandinavian Political Studies|year=1989|volume=12|issue=3|pages=201, 199–219|issn=0080-6757}}</ref> [[Tavakuairetã]] reko oñembojoja jekopytyjojápe, hákatu, heta jey ojeipuru ko ñe'ẽ "tavakuairetã" umi tetã milíkope ha umi tetã jekopytyjojáva avei.<ref>Montesquieu, ''Spirit of the Laws'', Bk. II, ch. 2–3.</ref><ref name="William R. Everdell 2000">William R. Everdell. The End of Kings: A History of Republics and Republicans. University of Chicago Press, 2000.</ref> Oĩ umi tetã jekopytyjojáva [[porokuái peteĩme|oporokuái peteĩme léi guasúre]] ymaguareterei, techarãme oiko upe [[Tavetã Joaju]] Európape ha upe [[Hapõ]] Ásiape. == Apañuãinguéra == Umi karai arandu Italiagua, saro'y XX pegua, Vilfredo Pareto ha Gaetano Mosca, he'i va'ekue jekopytyjoja niko ñanembotavyse, ha oipytyvõnte umi poguasúre ha mba'ehetávare, oisãmbyhy hikuái ha'eño hag̃ua. Añetehápe, oñe'ẽ hikuái umi sa'i poguasu rekuái (''oligarquía de la élite'') niko tekorã akóinte ojehecha [[avano'õ]] rekópe, oikoitégui [[a'e'ỹ]] remiandu ha avano'õ ñemboja'óre (ombohováiva avano'õ hekojoaju ha [[Tekojoja|hekojoja]] rehe), ha umi jekopytyjojáva omoambuesénte porokuái hatã oiko hag̃ua upe porokuái oporojapoukáva kañymihápe.<ref>Femia, Joseph V. "Against the Masses", Oxford 2001</ref> Upéicha oñe'ẽ akue Louis Brandeis, "Ñande ikatu jareko jekopytyjoja térã ikatu jareko mba'ehetaitéva sa'imi tapichakuéra pópente, hákatu ndaikatúi jareko ã mokõiva."<ref>Dilliard, Iriving. "Mr. Justice Brandeis, Great American", Modern View Press 1941, p. 42. Quoting Raymond Lonergan. See, http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015009170443;seq=56;view=1up;num=42</ref> == Ehecha avei == Umi ñe'ẽ pytã he'iséva nde ikatu rehai chupe Vikipetã ndoguerekóigui ko'ãgaite ko'ã mba'e marandu. <div style="font-size:100%; -moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> * [[Tavakuairetã]] * [[Jekopytyjoja rembiasakue]] * [[Jekopytyjoja tekorãhápe]] * [[Jekopytyjoja tee]] * [[Jekopytyjoja amandajerapépe]] * [[Jekopytyjoja mburuvicharapépe]] * [[Jekopytyjoja mboja'opy]] * [[Porokuái peteĩme jekopytyjojáva]] * [[Tavakuairetã jekopytyjojáva]] * [[Jekopytyjoja Ára]] * [[Tekuái reko]] * [[Jokuaikuaa]] * [[Porokuái peteĩme]] * ''[[Golpe de Estado]]'' </div> == Mandu'apy == {{listaref}} == Arandukapurupyre == * Alejandro Agafonow (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20071008000056/http://www.economiainstitucional.com/pdf/No16/aagafonow16.pdf "Los Límites de la Eficiencia Económica en una Sociedad Democrática"] en ''Revista de Economía Institucional'', Vol.9, Nº 16. * Pablo Pozzoni. (2008). [http://www.uruguayinforme.com/news/06022009/06022009_pablo_martin_pozzoni.php "La democracia entre la propiedad privada y la cosa pública"] en ''Informe Uruguay'', Nº 324-330. * Johannes Reich. (2008) [http://ssrn.com/abstract=1154019 "An Interactional Model of Direct Democracy - Lessons from the Swiss Experience"]. SSRN Working Paper. * Giovanni Sartori. (1987, 1988) 2005. ''Teoría de la democracia'' (2 vols.). Alianza. Madrid. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100630104919/http://www.alianzaeditorial.es/cgigeneral/newFichaProducto.pl?obrcod=28632&id_sello_editorial_web=34 ''1. El debate contemporáneo'']. ISBN 978-84-206-2566-9, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100630105004/http://www.alianzaeditorial.es/cgigeneral/newFichaProducto.pl?obrcod=28634&id_sello_editorial_web=34 ''2. Los problemas clásicos'']. ISBN 978-84-206-2567-6. [http://www.lapaginadefinitiva.com/2006/08/30/teoria-de-la-democracia-giovanni-sartori/ <small>(Reseña de la obra)</small>] == Joaju == {{commonscat|Democracy}} {{wikcionario|jekopytyjoja}} * Bantaba, [https://web.archive.org/web/20141122201529/http://www.bantaba.ehu.es/obs/ocont/pd/ Participación y democracia] * Obbio, Norberto (1978). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140826165638/http://www.robertexto.com/archivo3/democr_dictadura.htm#top ''Democracia y dictadura''], enciclopedia Einaudi. * Anthony de Jasay [http://www.abc.es/20110114/latercera/abcp-esto-pone-raro-20110114.html ''Lo mejor dentro de lo peor: lo que hemos de pagar por la democracia''], comentado por Álvaro Delgado Gal, ABC, 14/01/2010 {{democracia}} [[Ñemohenda:Jekopytyjoja| ]] pf5u94apnomhlsq0etz8fmuvurtz8g6 0 9841 138216 100966 2026-08-18T04:34:35Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ficha de enfermedad | nombre = Enfermedad de Chagas | imagen = Trypanosoma cruzi crithidia.jpeg | pie = Fotomicrografía de ''Trypanosoma cruzi'' teñido con Giemsa | DiseasesDB = 13415 | CIE-10 = {{CIE-10|B|57||b|50}} | CIE-9 = {{CIE-9|086}} | MedlinePlus =001372 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic =327 | MeshID = D014355 }} '''Chagas Mba'asy''', térã '''Trypanosomiasis america peguáva''', hína peteĩ [[Mba’asy arahaku renda peguáva|arahaku renda]] [[parasitaria]] omyasãiva [[protozoario]] ''[[Trypanosoma cruzi]]''.<ref name=WHO2013/> ko mba’asy omosarambi vícho hérava [[chichã guasu]].<ref name=WHO2013/> Iñambue ohóvo ojehechakuaáva hasýva rehe ko mba’asy pukukue jave. Ñepyrũrã ndojekuaaguasúi térã sa’imínte ojekuaa, umíva ikatu: akãnundu, rurupa [[ganglios linfáticos]], akã rasy, térã iruru vícho ojopihaguépe.<ref name=WHO2013/> 8–12 arapokõindýpe tapichakuéra hasy ohóvo peteĩ 60–70%-pe, ha ndojekuaái gueteri mba’eve hesekuéra.<ref name=Rassi2010>{{cite journal |author=Rassi A, Rassi A, Marin-Neto JA |title=Chagas disease |journal=Lancet |volume=375 |issue=9723 |pages=1388–402 |date=April 2010 |pmid=20399979 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60061-X}}</ref><ref name=Rassi2012>{{cite journal|last=Rassi A|first=Jr|author2=Rassi, A|author3=Marcondes de Rezende, J|title=American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease).|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_infectious-disease-clinics-of-north-america_2012-06_26_2/page/275|journal=Infectious disease clinics of North America|date=June 2012|volume=26|issue=2|pages=275–91|pmid=22632639|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.002}}</ref> Oï 30-40% tapicha hasýva 10 ary guive 30 ary peve ipuku pe vícho ojopihague chupekuéra.<ref name=Rassi2012/> Upéva pa’ũme okakuaa [[ventrículos del corazón]] peteĩ 20 ha 30%-pe, ha hasy avei [[insuficiencia cardíaca]].<ref name=WHO2013/> Peteï 10% ko mba’asy oguerekóvape okakuaa [[megaesófago|esófago agrandado]] térã [[megacolon|colon agrandado]].<ref name=WHO2013/> <!--Mba’érepa ha mba’eichaguápa ko mba’asy--> ''T. cruzi'' iñasãi tapichakuéra ha ambue mymba okambúva rehe vichokuéra rupive [[hematófagos|chupadores de sangre]] ha’éva avei [[Triatominos]] rehegua. <ref name=CDC>{{cite web|publisher=Centers for Disease Control (CDC) |url= http://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/trypanosomiasisAmerican/ |title=DPDx&nbsp;– Trypanosomiasis, American. Fact Sheet |accessdate=12 May 2010}}</ref> Ko’ã vícho ojekuaa heta téra rupive, avei:''vinchuca'' Argentina, Bolivia, Chile-pe ‘chichã guasu’ Paraguay-pe,  ''barbeiro'' (el [[barbero cirujano|barbero]]) Brasil-pe, ''pito'' en Colombia-pe,''chinche'' América Central-pe, ha ''chipo'' Venezuela-pe. Ko mba’asy ovakuaa avei [[transfusión sanguínea]], [[transplante de órganos]], tembi’u oguerekóva mba’asy, ha [[transmisión vertical|de la madre al feto]] rupive.<ref name=WHO2013/> Ñepyrũrã ko mba’asy ojejuhukuaa peteĩ microscopía ohekáva tuguýpe pe parásito.<ref name=Rassi2012/> Ko mba’asy ojekuaa ojejuhúramo [[anticuerpos]] ''T. cruzi'' tuguýpe.<ref name=Rassi2012/> <!--Ñehenonde’a ha iñepohãno  --> Oñehenonde’a hag̃uã ko mba’asy ojeipe’apaiteva’erä chichã guasu renda ani hag̃uã ko’ãva oporojopi.<ref name=WHO2013/> Avei ojejesareko porãva’erã tuguy oñembohasáva ambue tapicha oikotevëvape.<ref name=WHO2013/> Ary 2013 peve ndojejapói gueteri peteï vacuna.<ref name=WHO2013/> Mba’asy ipyahúpe ikuatu oñepohäno  [[benznidazole]] térä [[nifurtimox]]-pe,<ref name=WHO2013/> oporomomonguera kuaáva ndaipukuetéiramo tapicha rehe ko mba’asy. <ref name=WHO2013/> Ojeporúramo mba’asy okakuaa riréma ikatu omboguevi’imi ani haguã okakuaave oguahẽvo hu’ãme.<ref name=WHO2013/> Benznidazole ha nifurtimox ikatu ijefecto secundario peteĩ 40% tapichakuérape, <ref name=WHO2013/> oñembyai sapy’akuaa ipire, iñapytu’ũ ha ipy’a.<ref name="Rassi2010"/><ref name=Bern>{{cite journal |author=Bern C, Montgomery SP, Herwaldt BL, et al.|title=Evaluation and treatment of chagas disease in the United States: a systematic review |journal=JAMA |volume=298 |issue=18 |pages=2171–81 |date=November 2007|pmid=18000201 |doi=10.1001/jama.298.18.2171}}</ref><ref name=Rassi2>{{cite journal|author=Rassi A, Dias JC, Marin-Neto JA, Rassi A |title=Challenges and opportunities for primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of Chagas' disease |journal=Heart |volume=95|issue=7 |pages=524–34 |date=April 2009 |pmid=19131444 |doi=10.1136/hrt.2008.159624|url=http://heart.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=19131444}}</ref> <!-- Epidemiología --> Oje’e oïha 7 ha 8 millones tapicha oguerekóva Chagas mba’asy, hetave hína [[México]], [[América Central]] ha [[América del Sur]]-pe.<ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis)  Fact sheet N°340|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs340/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=23 February 2014|date=March 2013}}</ref> ko’ãva apytégui omano 12 500 tapicha rupi peteĩ ary pukukuépe 2006 javéramo.<ref name=Rassi2010/> Ipa’ümekuéra hetave mboriahu oguereko ko mba’asy<ref name=Rassi2010/> ha heta jey ndoikuaái oguerekómaha ko mba’asy ijehe.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Capinera|editor-first=John L.|title=Encyclopedia of entomology|year=2008|publisher=Springer|location=Dordrecht|isbn=9781402062421|page=824|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC&pg=PA824|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref> Tapichakuéra omýimeme rupi ko’ágã hetave tendápe ojejuhukuaa Chagas mba'asy ha ko'ágã oikéma avei ipa´ũmekuéra tetã Europa peguáva ha avei EE.UU.<ref name=WHO2013/> Ko’ã tendápe okakuaa avei ohóvo ary pukukue jave 2014 peve.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bonney|first=KM|title=Chagas disease in the 21st Century: a public health success or an emerging threat?|journal=Parasite |date=2014|volume=21|pages=11|pmid=24626257|doi=10.1051/parasite/2014012|pmc=3952655}}  {{open access}}</ref> Ko mba’asy ojekuaa ypy 1909-pe [[Carlos Chagas]] rupive, ombohérava’ekue.<ref name=WHO2013/> Avei ombohasykuaa 150 mymba iñambuévape.<ref name=Rassi2010/> ==Heseguáva== <references /> [[Ñemohenda:Mba'asy]] d3mn1x8j4v75k71rqt723l8chr4wsql 0 9860 138220 125669 2026-08-18T04:39:14Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ficha de enfermedad | nombre = Hepatitis A | imagen = Jaundice eye.jpg | pie = Tirísia hepatitis A rehe | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|15||b|15}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|070.0}}, {{ICD9|070.1}} | DiseasesDB = 5757 | MedlinePlus = 000278 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 991 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|ped|977}} | MeshID = D006506 }} '''Hepatitis A''' (ymave ojekuaava'ekue '''hepatitis infecciosa-ramo''') ha'e peteĩ mba'asy [[ígado]] oñepámo rehegua, omoñepyrũva mba'asy hepatitis A (HAV), i[[víru]] rupive.<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th | pages = 541–4 | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-8385-8529-9 }}</ref> Heta jey ndojekuaái mba'eve umi tapicha oguerekóva ko mba'asy, ko'ýte umi ipyahuvéva rehe.<ref name=AFP2012/> Mokõi ha poteĩ arapokõipe apytépe rupi ojekuaa ramo ko mba'asy. <ref name="pmid16271543">{{cite journal| author=Connor BA| title=Hepatitis A vaccine in the last-minute traveler| journal=Am. J. Med.| volume=118 |issue=Suppl 10A| pages=58S–62S| year=2005| pmid=16271543| doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.07.018}}</ref> Iñapysẽramo ko mba'asy ojekuaa ohóvo poapy arapokõndýpe, upéva apytépe oikokuaa, py'ajere, gue'ẽ, tye [[tirísia]] orekóva, akãnundu, ha tyerasy. <ref name=AFP2012/> Amo 10-15% tapicha rehe ojekuaa ohóvo mba'asy 6 jasy pukukuépe kóva oñepyrũ rire.<ref name=AFP2012/> Ígado hasyvai ojehecha haguã, katu ojekuaameme tapicha itujavéva rehe.<ref name=AFP2012/> == Iñepyrũha == Ojejapyhy jepi ko mba'asy, tembi'u térã y oñembyaiva'ekue tekaka oguerekóva ko mba'asy rehe.<ref name=AFP2012>{{cite journal|last=Matheny|first=SC|last2=Kingery |first2=JE|title=Hepatitis A.|journal=Am Fam Physician |date=1 December 2012|volume=86|issue=11|pages=1027–34; quiz 1010–2|pmid=23198670 |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/1201/p1027.html}}</ref> Jatyta parapegua noñembojyporãiva'ekue ha'e jepi avei pe ojekuaa meméva.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bellou | first1 = M. | last2 = Kokkinos | first2 = P. | last3 = Vantarakis | first3 = A. | title = Shellfish-borne viral outbreaks: a systematic review. | journal = Food Environ Virol | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 13–23 |date=March 2013 | doi = 10.1007/s12560-012-9097-6 | pmid = 23412719 }}</ref> Avei ikatu ova ojepokóramo tapicha hasýva rehe.<ref name=AFP2012/> Ndojekuaairamo jepe mitãnguéra rehe ko mba'asy, ikatukuaa gueteri oguerova ambue tapicha rehe.<ref name=AFP2012/> Tapicha hasýramo peteĩ jey, araka'evéma ndaikatúi jey ojapyhy chupe ko mba'asy.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Hepatitis and Other Liver Diseases|year=2006|publisher=Infobase |isbn=9780816069903|page=105|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=HfPU99jIfboC&pg=PA105}}</ref> Ojejuhu haguã mba'asy ojehesa'ỹijova'erã tuguy ojejapoháicha avei ambue mba'asykuéra ojejuhu haguã.<ref name=AFP2012/> Kóva ha'e peteĩva umi po [[hepatitis]] víru ojekuaáva pegua: A, [[hepatitis B|B]], [[hepatitis C|C]], [[hepatitis D|D]], ha [[hepatitis E|E]]. == Mba'éichapa ojehapojokokuaa == Pohã Hepatitis A hag̃ua oiko ojehapejoko haguã.<ref name=AFP2012/><ref name=Irv2012>{{Cite journal | last1 = Irving | first1 = GJ. | last2 = Holden | first2 = J. | last3 = Yang | first3 = R. | last4 = Pope | first4 = D. | title = Hepatitis A immunisation in persons not previously exposed to hepatitis A. | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = 7 | issue = | pages = CD009051 | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009051.pub2 | pmid = 22786522 }}</ref> Oĩ tetã oñevakunahápe mayma mitanguérape, katu umi ndaivakunáivape ikatukuaave ojapyhy chupekuéra ko mba'asy vai.<ref name=AFP2012/><ref name=WHO2013/> Ha'ete ku oikóva tekove pukukue javeve.<ref name=AFP2012/> Ojehapejokokuaa avei ko mba'asy ojepohéi ha tembi'u ñembojy porã rupive.<ref name=AFP2012/> Ndaipóri pohã heseguaitéva katu jepytu'u ha pohãita py'ajere térã chivivi peguarã oñeikotevẽva.<ref name=AFP2012/> Opaite jepi mba'asy ombyai'ỹme tapicha hasyva'ekue py'a.<ref name=AFP2012/> Oñembyai vaíramo tapicha hasýva py'a ojejapova'erã ígado ñemoambue.<ref name=AFP2012/> == Mba'asy ñembosarambi == Amo 1.5 sua tapichápe rupi ojepyhy ko mba'asy arapy tuichakue javeve peteĩ arýpe <ref name=AFP2012/> ha hetaiteve tapicha hasýva ha katu ndojekuaáiva hese ko mba'asy.<ref name=Was2006>{{cite journal|last=Wasley|first=A|author2=Fiore, A |author3=Bell, BP |title=Hepatitis A in the era of vaccination.|journal=Epidemiol Rev |year=2006|volume=28|pages=101–11|pmid=16775039 |doi=10.1093/epirev/mxj012 |url=http://epirev.oxfordjournals.org/content/28/1/101.long}}</ref> Ko mba'asy ojekuaa meme umi tetã iky'ávape ha ndaipórihápe y potĩ.<ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Hepatitis A Fact sheet N°328|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs328/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=20 February 2014|date=July 2013}}</ref> Umi tetã mboriahúvape amo 90% mitãnguérape ojepyhy ko mba'asy 10 ary pukukuépe ha upéicha rupi tuicha rire ndahasyvéima.<ref name=WHO2013/> Ojekuaave jepi avei umi tetã iñakarapuã'ívape hetavehápe mitã ha mitãrusu ha ndaiporihápe tasymo'ãha (''vacunación'').<ref name=WHO2013/> 2010-pe, Mba'asy hepatitis A ojuka amo 102,000 tapichápe.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0}}</ref> Ára 28 jasypokõi jave hína [[Hepatitis Ára]] ojegueromandu'áva oñeñangareko haguã hendaitépe hepatitis víru rehe .<ref name=WHO2013/> == Mandu'apy == <references /> [[Ñemohenda:Mba'asy]] 4erqh9o1j34iv25gtl1a8lzp1qpq1hm 0 10269 138217 127280 2026-08-18T04:35:29Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138217 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ta'ãnga:Dog with rabies.jpg|thumb|200px|Peteĩ jagua oguerekóva Rabia akuruchĩ (pochy rire) ararasápe]] '''Rabia''' (ojeheróva avei [[Jagua Mba'asy]]) ha'e peteĩ [[Mymbachu'ĩ ñarõ|mymbachu'ĩ ñarõgua]] mba'asy, oguerúva [[apytu'ũ ruru]] hakuáva tapicha ha ambue [[Mymba huguy akúva|mymba huguy akúvape]].<ref name="WHO2013" /> Umi [[mba'asyapypẽ]] ñepyrũmby apytépe oĩ: akãnundu ha jehýi upe tenda heñoiháme ko mba'asy.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Umi mba'asyapypẽ rapykuéri ou jepi ko'ãva: ñemomýi mbarete, py'atarova ndaikatúiva ojejoko, [[ykyhyje|ýgui jekyhyje]], tete pehẽngue akuruchĩ, akãjavy ha [[py'amano]].<ref name=WHO2013/> Oñepyrũ rire ã mba'asyapypẽ, Rabia katuetei oporojuka.<ref name=WHO2013/> Ko mba'asy oñepyrũ guive ojehechauka peve mba'asyapypẽ ohasa jepi 1-3 jasy. Upéicharõ jepe, ikatu hi'are peteĩ arapokõi ohasapa mboyvénte térã hi'arekuaa peteĩ ary ári.<ref name=WHO2013/> Hi'arekue iñambuekuaa upe mymbachu'ĩ ñarõ og̃uahẽháicha [[tajygue tapereko rusu]] peve.<ref name=Robbins>{{cite book |author=Cotran RS |title=Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease |edition=7th |publisher=Elsevier/Saunders |year=2005 |page=1375 |isbn=0-7216-0187-1 |author2=Kumar V |author3=Fausto N }}</ref> {{TOC limit|n=2}} == Mba'e omoñepyrũ ha mba'éicha oñehesa'ỹijo== Ambue mymba ombohasa Rabia tapichápe. Rabia ikatu oñembohasa peteĩ mymba hasýmava oikarãi térã oisu'úrõ ambue mymba térã tapichápe.<ref name=WHO2013/> Mymba hasýva rendy ikatu avei ombohasa Rabia og̃uahẽrõ ambue mymba térã tapicha ambýu pirepererĩme.<ref name=WHO2013/> Tapichápe, Rabia oñepyrũve jagua su'upy rupive.<ref name=WHO2013/> Umi tetãme oguerekóva heta jagua hasýva, 99% Rabia oñepyrũ jagua su'upy rupive.<ref name=Tint2010>{{cite book |author=Tintinalli, Judith E. |title=Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli))|publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2010 |pages=Chapter 152 |isbn=0-07-148480-9}}</ref> Umi tetã [[Amérika|América]]-guávape, [[mbopi]] su'upy hína upe omoñepyrũvéva Rabia tapicha apytépe; ha 5% ndohupytýi Rabia oñepyrũva jagua su'upy rupive.<ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=Tint2010/> Mymba oñapi'ũva ndoguereko guasúi Rabia.<ref name=Tint2010/> Upe [[Rabia mymbachu'ĩ ñarõ]] og̃uahẽ apytu'ũme [[tajygue apejereguáva]] rupive. Ko mba'asy oñehesa'ỹijokuaa oñepyrũ rire mba'asyapypẽ mante.<ref name=WHO2013/> == Jehapejoko ha ñepohãnopuku == Heta tenda rupi, mymba jesareko ha mba'asymombiaha apopy rupive opave ohóvo Rabia oñepyrũva jagua su'upýgui.<ref name=WHO2013/> Ñepohãno oñepyrũ mboyve ko mba'asy ningo iporã umi hasykuaavévape g̃uarã. Ko'ãichagua tapicha hína umi omba'apóva mbopi apytépe térã opyta aréva umi tenda py'ỹi isarambiháme Rabia.<ref name=WHO2013/> Umi tapicha hasykuaávape g̃uarã, [[Rabia mba'asymombiaha]], ha sapy'ánte Rabia [[peu'ỹrã]], iporã ohapejoko hag̃ua ko mba'asy oñepohãnokáramo oñepyrũ mboyve Rabia mba'asyapypẽ.<ref name=WHO2013/> Su'upy ha ñekarãi ojejohéiramo 15 aravo'i pukukue ojeipurúvo havõ ha y, [[Iodopovidona]] térã hyjuirãry, ikatúrõ ojuka mymbachu'ĩ ñarõ, iporã nunga avei Rabia ñembohasa ojehapejoko hag̃ua.<ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Rabies Fact Sheet N°99|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=28 February 2014|date=July 2013}}</ref> Ndahetaiete tapicha oikovéva Rabia mba'asyapypẽ rire. Umíva heta oñepohãnoka [[Milwaukee ñangarekokuaa]] rupive.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Hemachudha T, Ugolini G, Wacharapluesadee S, Sungkarat W, Shuangshoti S, Laothamatas J | title = Human rabies: neuropathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. | journal = Lancet neurology | volume = 12 | issue = 5 | pages = 498–513 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23602163 | doi = 10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70038-3 }}</ref> ===Mba'asymombiaha=== Upe '''Rabia mba'asymombiaha''' ha'e peteĩ [[mba'asymombiaha]] ojeipurúva ojehapejoko hag̃ua [[Rabia]].<ref name=WHO2010>{{cite journal|title=Rabies vaccines: WHO position paper|journal=Weekly epidemiological record|date=Aug 6, 2010|volume=32|issue=85|pages=309-320|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8532.pdf?ua=1}}</ref> Ojetopakuaa hetaichagua ijeroviapýva ha oiko porãva.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Ikatu ojeipuru ojehapejoko hag̃ua Rabia oñepyrũ mboyve térã mymbachu'ĩ ñarõ oike riremínte tetépe jagua térã mbopi su'upy rupive.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Teteñeñangareko oiko are mbohapy pohãnokutu rire.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Ã pohã ojeikutu jepi pire térã takyguépe.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Oike rire mba'asy tetépe, mba'asymombiaha ojeipuru jepi [[Rabia peu'ỹrã]] ndive.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Oñemomarandu umi tapicha hasykuaavévape tomoĩka mba'asymombiaha oĩmétarõ peteĩ tenda ikatuhápe ojehu chupe ko mba'e vai.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Mba'asymombiaha iporã tapicha ha mymbáme g̃uarã.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Jagua ñepohãno ningo iporãiterei ojehapejoko hag̃ua ko mba'asy tapicha apytépe.<ref name=WHO2010/> ==== Ñangareko ==== Hetaiterei tapicha omoĩkáma mba'asymombiaha, ha opa ary 250.000 ári tapicha oikove hasy rire.<ref name=WHO2010/> Tapicha oimeraẽ arygua omoĩkakuaa ko pohã.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Oĩ 35% guive 45% meve tapichakuéra oñandúva hasy térã ipire pytãva oñepohãnokutuhaguéme.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Oĩ 5% guive 15% meve tapichakuéra ikatúva [[Akãnundu|iñakãnundu]], [[Akãrasy|iñakãrasy]] térã [[Py'ajere|ipy'ajere]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Tapicha oguerekóramo Rabia, ko mba'asymombiaha ndive ikatu ojeipuru ambue pohã.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Mba'asymombiaha ndoguerekói jepi [[Timerosal]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Umi mba'asymombiaha ojejapóva tajygue pyahapyrégui ojeipuru jepi sa'i tetã [[Ásia|Asia]] ha Latinoamérica-guávape, ha katu ndaha'éi oiko porãmbáva ha hetave mba'easy ijykére ogueru.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Ijepuru ndoguerohorýiri upe [[Tesãi Arapygua Atyguasu]].<ref name=WHO2010/> Ary 2014 jave oñehepyme'ẽ tuichaháicha USD44 ha USD78-re peteĩ ñepohãnopukurã.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vaccine, Rabies|url=http://erc.msh.org/dmpguide/resultsdetail.cfm?language=english&code=RAB000X&s_year=2014&year=2014&str=&desc=Vaccine%2C%20Rabies&pack=new&frm=VIAL&rte=INJ&class_code2=19%2E3%2E&supplement=&class_name=%2819%2E3%2E%29Vaccines%3Cbr%3E|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|accessdate=6 December 2015}}</ref> [[Tetãvore Joapykuéra|Estados Unidos]]-me, Rabia mba'asymombiaha pohãnopukurã oñehepyme'ẽ USD750 árire.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Shlim|first1=David|title=Perspectives: Intradermal Rabies Preexposure Immunization|url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/perspectives-intradermal-rabies-preexposure-immunization|accessdate=6 December 2015|date=June 30, 2015}}</ref> ==Mba'asy Ñemosarambi Guasu Reheguáva== Opa ary, Rabia ojuka 26.000-55.000 tapichápe arapy tuichakue javeve.<ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal | author = Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Adair T, Aggarwal R | title = Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095 | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9859 | pages = 2095–128 | date = Dec 15, 2012 | pmid = 23245604 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> Ko'ã ñemano apytépe, 95% ári oiko [[Ásia|Asia]] ha [[Áfrika|África]]-pe.<ref name=WHO2013/> Rabia oĩ 150 ári tetãme ha opa yvyguasu ndaha'éiva [[Antártida]]-me.<ref name=WHO2013/> Oĩ 3 su sua ári tapicha oikóva umi tenda oĩháme Rabia arapy tuichakue javeve.<ref name=WHO2013/> Heta tenda [[Európa|Europa]] ha [[Autaralia|Australia]]-pe, mbopi añónte oguereko Rabia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Presence / absence of rabies in 2007|url=http://www.who.int/rabies/Absence_Presence_Rabies_07_large.jpg?ua=1|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=1 March 2014|year=2007}}</ref> Heta tetã ha'éva ypa'ũ'i ndoguerekoiete Rabia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rabies-Free Countries and Political Units|url=http://www.cdc.gov/animalimportation/rabies-free-countries.html|work=CDC|accessdate=1 March 2014}}</ref> ==Mandu'apy== <references /> [[Ñemohenda:Mba'asy víru]] 11afmw3tt1e9vsthiiilew0s932pt0h 0 10451 138214 130451 2026-08-18T04:32:21Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138214 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Opened Oral Birth Control.jpg|thumb|300px|Pohã apu'a memby'ỹrã rehegua.]] '''Memby'ỹrã''', ojeikuaáva avei '''membyryme''' ha '''ñemoñakatu jehapejokóicha''', ha'e tembiaporape térã mba'ejepuru ani hag̃ua oñepyrũ [[tyeguasu]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Definition of Birth control|url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=53351|work=MedicineNet|accessdate=9 August 2012}}</ref> Memby'ỹrã ñembohaperã, jepurukuaa ha ijepuru ojehero [[ogaygua ñembohaperã]].<ref name=OED2012>{{cite book|title=Oxford English Dictionary|date=June 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/19395}}</ref><ref name=WHO-health-topic>{{cite web|last=World Health Organization (WHO)|title=Family planning|url=http://www.who.int/topics/family_planning/en/|work=Health topics|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)}}</ref> Memby'ỹrã tembiaporape ojeipuru ymaite guive, ha katu ijepuru porã ha oñangarekóva osẽ ramo [[XX sa ro'ý]]pente.<ref name=Hopkins2010>{{cite book|last1=Hanson|first1=S.J.|last2=Burke|first2=Anne E.|date=21 December 2010|chapter=Fertility control: contraception, sterilization, and abortion|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PR232|editor1-last=Hurt|editor1-first=K. Joseph|editor2-last=Guile|editor2-first=Matthew W.|editor3-last=Bienstock|editor3-first=Jessica L.|editor4-last=Fox|editor4-first=Harold E.|editor5-last=Wallach|editor5-first=Edward E.|title=The Johns Hopkins manual of gynecology and obstetrics|edition=4th|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|pages=382–395|isbn=978-1-60547-433-5}}</ref> Oĩ arandupy omboapýrava térã omokangýva memby'ỹrã jepuru oimo'ãre oĩ vaiha tekoporã, tupã jeroviaha térã tetã jokuairapépe g̃uarã.<ref name=Hopkins2010/> <!-- Methods --> Umi memby'ỹrã tembiaporape oiko porãvéva ha'e [[Ñemboguéro (ñepohãnokuaapy)|ñemboguéro]], ojejapóva [[mombary rape ñeñapytĩ]] rupive kuimba'épe, ha [[tupi'aky mitãrã rape ñeñapytĩ]] rupive kuñáme, [[membyryru apytegua mba'ejepuru]] ha [[membyryme oñemoingéva|memby'ỹrã oñemoingekuaáva]].<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011/> --> Ko'ãva rire ou [[tajyguery membyryme|tajyguery tembiaporape]]; umíva apytépe oĩ [[Membyryme pohã apu'a jurugua jopara|pohã apu'a jurugua]], [[membyryme ñembovyvy|ñembovyvy]], [[mba'e jere takopegua]], ha [[membyryme ojeikutukuaáva|pohãkutu]].<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011/> --> Umi tembiaporape ndaha'éiva ku oiko porãitereíva ha'e umi [[Membyryme jokoha|jokoha atã]] , ha'éva hína [[mombaryryru]], [[Mba'embotyha (membyryme)|mba'embotyha]], avei [[membyryme haviru|memby'ỹrã haviru]] ha [[ñemoñakatu jeikuaauka]].<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011/> --> Umi tembiaporape oiko'ỹvéva ha'e [[mombaryjukaha]] ha [[jehekýi|ojehekýivo]] kuimba'e [[Mombapoi|omombapoi]] mboyve.<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011/> --> Ñemboguéro oikoitérõ jepe, ndaikatúi jepi oñembojevy; opa ambue tembiaporape ikatu oñembojevy ndojejapoveivove.<ref name="WHO_FP2011">{{cite book|author=World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research|title=Family planning: A global handbook for providers: Evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration|year=2011|publisher=WHO and Center for Communication Programs|location=Geneva, Switzerland|isbn=978-0-9788563-7-3|url=http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf|edition=Rev. and Updated}}</ref> [[Poreno ñeñangarekóre]], ojeipurúvo kuimba'e térã [[kuña mombaryryru]], ikatu avei ohapejoko [[mba'asy oñemosarambíva poreno rupive]].<ref name="pmid22423463">{{cite journal |last1 = Taliaferro | first1 = L. A. |last2 = Sieving | first2 = R. |last3 = Brady | first3 = S. S. |last4 = Bearinger | first4 = L. H. |title = We have the evidence to enhance adolescent sexual and reproductive health--do we have the will? |journal = Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews |volume = 22 |issue = 3 |pages = 521–543, xii |year = 2011 |pmid = 22423463}}</ref><ref name="pmid22341164">{{cite journal |last1 = Chin | first1 = H. B. |last2 = Sipe | first2 = T. A. |last3 = Elder | first3 = R. |last4 = Mercer | first4 = S. L. |last5 = Chattopadhyay | first5 = S. K. |last6 = Jacob | first6 = V. |last7 = Wethington | first7 = H. R. |last8 = Kirby | first8 = D. |last9 = Elliston | first9 = D. B. |doi = 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.11.006 |title = The Effectiveness of Group-Based Comprehensive Risk-Reduction and Abstinence Education Interventions to Prevent or Reduce the Risk of Adolescent Pregnancy, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Sexually Transmitted Infections |journal = American Journal of Preventive Medicine |volume = 42 |issue = 3 |pages = 272–294 |year = 2012 |pmid = 22341164 |pmc = |url = http://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(11)00906-8/abstract}}</ref> [[Purupya'erã membyryme|Purupya'erã memby'ỹrã]] ikatu ohapejoko tyeguasu ohasa rire peteĩ mokõi ára oiko rire poreno ñeñangareko'ỹre.<ref name=Gizzo2012>{{cite journal|last=Gizzo|first=S|last2=Fanelli |first2=T |last3=Di Gangi |first3=S |last4=Saccardi |first4=C |last5=Patrelli |first5=TS |last6=Zambon |first6=A |last7=Omar |first7=A |last8=D'Antona |first8=D |last9=Nardelli |first9=GB|title=Nowadays which emergency contraception? Comparison between past and present: latest news in terms of clinical efficacy, side effects and contraindications.|journal=Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology|date=October 2012|volume=28|issue=10|pages=758–63|pmid=22390259|doi=10.3109/09513590.2012.662546}}</ref> Oĩ tapicha he'íva [[poreno jejoko|poreno'ỹ]] ha'eha memby'ỹrã, ha katu [[tekombo'e poreno'ỹnte ohechakuaáva]] ikatu ombohetave [[mitãkuñarusu hyeguasúva]] oñembo'éramo upévante memby'ỹrã tekombo'e'ỹre, ikatuhaguére ndojejapói upe oñembo'éva.<ref name="pmid12065267">{{cite journal |author=DiCenso A, Guyatt G, Willan A, Griffith L |title=Interventions to reduce unintended pregnancies among adolescents: systematic review of randomised controlled trials |journal=BMJ |volume=324 |issue=7351|pages=1426 |date=June 2002 |pmid=12065267 |pmc=115855 |doi= 10.1136/bmj.324.7351.1426|url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18923389">{{cite journal |last1 = Duffy | first1 = K. |last2 = Lynch | first2 = D. A. |last3 = Santinelli | first3 = J. |doi = 10.1038/clpt.2008.188 |title = Government Support for Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage Education |journal = Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics |volume = 84 |issue = 6 |pages = 746–748 |year = 2008|pmid = 18923389 |pmc = |url = http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v84/n6/full/clpt2008188a.html}}</ref> <!--Special populations --> Umi [[Mitãkuñarusu hyeguasúva|mitãkuñarusukuérape]], tyeguasu ikatuve opa mba'e vaípe.<!-- <ref name="pmid22764559"/> --> Oĩrõ [[porenogua tekombo'e]] ha memby'ỹrã ikatúva ojeipuru, oguejy tyeguasu ojeipota'ỹva umi mitãkuñarusu apytépe.<ref name="pmid22764559">{{Cite journal |last1 = Black | first1 = A. Y. |last2 = Fleming | first2 = N. A. |last3 = Rome | first3 = E. S. |title = Pregnancy in adolescents |journal = Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews |volume = 23 |issue = 1 |pages = 123–138, xi |year = 2012 |pmid = 22764559}}</ref><ref name="pmid22764557">{{cite journal |last1 = Rowan | first1 = S. P. |last2 = Someshwar | first2 = J. |last3 = Murray | first3 = P. |title = Contraception for primary care providers|journal = Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews |volume = 23 |issue = 1 |pages = 95–110, x–xi|year = 2012 |pmid = 22764557}}</ref> Mitãkuñarusukuéra ikatúramo jepe oipuru opa memby'ỹrãichagua,<ref name=WHO_FP2011p260/> umi [[memby'ỹrã ikatúva oñembojevy ha oiko pukúva]], ha'éva hína: membyryme oñemoingéva, membyryru apytegua mba'ejepuru, térã mba'e jere takopegua, ou porãiterei oguejy hag̃ua tyeguasu mitãkuñarusu apytépe.<ref name="pmid22764557"/> Imemby rire, kuña nomokambúinteva ikatu hyeguasu jey irundy térã poteĩ arapokõindy riremínte.<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011p260/>--> Oĩ memby'ỹrã tembiaporape ikatúva umi kuña omoñepyrũ imemby riremínte; ambue katu oñemoñepyrũkuaa poteĩ jasy rire raẽ.<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011p260/>--> Umi kuña omokambúvape, [[Progestágeno-añónte membyryme|Progestina-añónte tembiaporape]] iporãve umi membyryme pohã apu'a jurugua joparágui.<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011p260/>--> Umi kuña [[Kuñaruguysẽpa|ikuñaruguysẽpávape]] g̃uarã oje'eka iporãha ombopuku upe memby'ỹrã peteĩ ary [[Kuñaruguysẽ|ikuñaruguysẽ]] paha rire.<ref name=WHO_FP2011p260>{{cite book|author=World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research|title=Family planning: A global handbook for providers: Evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration|year=2011|pages=260–300|publisher=WHO and Center for Communication Programs|location=Geneva, Switzerland|isbn=978-0-9788563-7-3|url=http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf|edition=Rev. and Updated}}</ref> <!-- Prevalence and effects --> Oĩ 222&nbsp;sua kuñanguéra ndahyeguasuséiva umi [[tetã kakuaátava|tetã kakuaátavape]] ndoipurúiva memby'ỹrã tembiaporape ko'ag̃agua.<ref name="Guttmacher2012">{{cite web|title=Costs and Benefits of Contraceptive Services: Estimates for 2012|url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/AIU-2012-estimates.pdf|work=United Nations Population Fund|pages=1|format=pdf|date=June 2012}}</ref><ref name="pmid22784540">{{cite journal |last1 = Carr |first1 = B. |last2 = Gates | first2 = M. F. |last3 = Mitchell | first3 = A. |last4 = Shah | first4 = R.|title = Giving women the power to plan their families |doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60905-2 |journal = The Lancet |volume = 380 |issue = 9837 |pages = 80–82 |year = 2012 |pmid = 22784540 |pmc = |url =http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60905-2/fulltext}}</ref> Umi tetã kakuaátavape, memby'ỹrã jepuru ombosa'ive [[sy mano|ñemano tyeguasu jave térã kuña hyeguasukuaa javépe]] 40% rupi (270.000 ñemano ojehapejoko 2008-pe), ha ikatu ojehapejoko 70% oñeme'ẽmbaite guive memby'ỹrã umi oikotevẽvape.<ref name="pmid22784533">{{cite journal|last=Cleland|first=J|author2=Conde-Agudelo, A |author3=Peterson, H |author4=Ross, J |author5= Tsui, A |title=Contraception and health.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_july-14-20-2012_380_9837/page/149|journal=Lancet|date=Jul 14, 2012|volume=380|issue=9837|pages=149–56|pmid=22784533|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60609-6}}</ref><ref name="pmid22784531">{{cite journal|last1 = Ahmed | first1 = S. |last2 = Li | first2 = Q. |last3 = Liu | first3 = L. |last4 = Tsui |first4 = A. O. |title = Maternal deaths averted by contraceptive use: An analysis of 172 countries |doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60478-4 |journal = The Lancet |volume = 380 |issue = 9837 |pages = 111–125|year = 2012 |pmid = 22784531 |pmc = |url =http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60478-4/fulltext}}</ref> Oñembopukuve rupive ára hyeguasu jey hag̃ua, memby'ỹrã ikatu ogueru mba'e porã kuñáme imembyvove ha avei imemby oikove hag̃ua.<ref name="pmid22784533"/> Arapy kakuaátavape, kuña viru mbyaty, [[mba'erepy]], [[tete mba'ehu'ũ rechaukaha|pohyikue]], ha imemby rekombo'e ha resãi iporãveta ikatúrõ oipuruve memby'ỹrã.<ref name="pmid22784535">{{cite journal |last1 = Canning | first1 = D. |last2 = Schultz | first2 = T. P. |doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60827-7 |title = The economic consequences of reproductive health and family planning |journal = The Lancet |volume = 380 |issue = 9837 |pages = 165–171 |year = 2012 |pmid = 22784535 |pmc = |url =http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60827-7/fulltext}}</ref> Memby'ỹrã ohupive [[virupurukuaa ñembokakuaa]] kuña imemby'i sa'imiehaguére, hetave kuña [[mba'apo|omba'apo]]haguére, ha oipuru'ỹvehaguére katupururã ipokãva.<ref name="pmid22784535" /><ref name="pmid22784542">{{cite journal |last1 = Van Braeckel | first1 = D. |last2 = Temmerman | first2 = M.|last3 = Roelens | first3 = K. |last4 = Degomme | first4 = O. |title = Slowing population growth for wellbeing and development |doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60902-7 |journal = The Lancet |volume = 380|issue = 9837 |pages = 84–85 |year = 2012 |pmid = 22784542 |pmc = |url =http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60902-7/fulltext}}</ref> ==Mandu'apy== <references /> [[Ñemohenda:Memby'ỹrã]] 4ncy7f0ebjxux2b4xypt961sq85dp14 0 10453 138215 117138 2026-08-18T04:33:31Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138215 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Postpartum baby2.jpg|thumb|300px|Sy ha imemby, membysẽ riremínte.]] '''Membysẽ''' ([[karaiñe'ẽ]]me: ''parto''), ojeikuaáva avei '''ñemomembýicha''', oiko hína opakuévo [[tyeguasu]], peteĩ térã hetave [[mitãra'y]] osẽ rupi kuña [[membyryru|membyryrú]]gui.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Elizabeth|title=Concise Colour Medical Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199687992|page=375|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=2_EkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA375|language=en}}</ref> Ary 2015-pe, oiko 135 sua membysẽ rupi arapy tuichakue javevépe.<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html|website=www.cia.gov|accessdate=30 July 2016|date=July 11, 2016}}</ref> Umíva apytépe, 15 sua heñói [[hi'ára mboyve|37 arapokõindy mboyve]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Preterm birth Fact sheet N°363|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs363/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=30 July 2016|date=November 2015}}</ref> ha 3% guive 12% peve heñói [[tyeguasu ára rire|42 arapokõindy rire]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Buck|first1=Germaine M.|last2=Platt|first2=Robert W.|title=Reproductive and perinatal epidemiology|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780199857746|page=163|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=by1lwSpfruQC&pg=PA163}}</ref> Upe [[arapy kakuaáva|arapy kakuaávape]], hetave membysẽ oiko tasyópe,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Co-Operation|first1=Organisation for Economic|last2=Development|title=Doing better for children|date=2009|publisher=OECD|location=Paris|isbn=9789264059344|page=105|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=0Q_WAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Olsen|first1=O|last2=Clausen|first2=JA|title=Planned hospital birth versus planned home birth.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=12 September 2012|issue=9|pages=CD000352|pmid=22972043}}</ref> ha katu umi [[tetã kakuaátava|tetã kakuaátavape]], hetave membysẽ oiko ógape, oipytyvõháme peteĩ [[machu chae]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fossard|first1=Esta de|last2=Bailey|first2=Michael|title=Communication for Behavior Change: Volume lll: Using Entertainment–Education for Distance Education|date=2016|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=9789351507581|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=PWElDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT138|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref> <!-- Method --> Itapiaguavéva ha'e upe [[membysẽ tako rupi]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Memon|first1=HU|last2=Handa|first2=VL|title=Vaginal childbirth and pelvic floor disorders.|journal=Women's health (London, England)|date=May 2013|volume=9|issue=3|pages=265-77; quiz 276-7|pmid=23638782}}</ref> Oguereko mbohapy arapehẽ: [[atúa ñembopo'i|atúa ñemombyky]] ha [[Atúa jepysove|atúa ñembopyso]], guejy ha [[teñói]], ha ñemyaña [[aupa]] ryepýgui.<ref name=Col2016/> Pe arapehẽ peteĩha hi'are jepi pakõi aravo guive paporundy aravo peve; arapehẽ mokõiha katu mokõipa aravo'i guive mokõi aravo peve, ha upe arapehẽ mbohapyha katu po aravo'i guive mbohapypa aravo'i peve.<ref name=NIH2010/> Upe arapehẽ peteĩha oñepyrũ tye apa térã atukupe rasy reheve, hi'aréva peteĩ aravo'i mbytere, ha oiko jeýva pa térã mbohapypa aravo'ípe.<ref name=Col2016>{{cite web |title= Birth |url= http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/birth.aspx#5 |work= [[Columbia Encyclopedia|The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia]] | edition = 6| publisher= [[Columbia University Press]] |year= 2016 |accessdate= 2016-07-30 from Encyclopedia.com}}</ref> Apa hasyve ha py'ỹive oiko jey ára ohasávo.<ref name=NIH2010>{{cite web|title=Pregnancy Labor and Birth|url=http://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy//childbirth-beyond/labor-birth.html|website=Women's Health|accessdate=31 July 2016|date=September 27, 2010}}</ref> Arapehẽ mokõiháme, ñemyaña apa hasýva ndive ikatu oiko.<ref name=NIH2010/> Arapehẽ mbohapyháme [[sã ñepichãi oñemboaréva|puru'ã sã ñepichãi oñemboaréva]] oje'e jepi iporãha.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=McDonald|first1=SJ|last2=Middleton|first2=P|last3=Dowswell|first3=T|last4=Morris|first4=PS|title=Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=11 July 2013|issue=7|pages=CD004074|pmid=23843134}}</ref> Oĩ tembiaporape ikatúva oipytyvõ [[Tasy|tasýpe]], ha'éva hína teteñeme'ẽ mba'aporeko, [[tasype'aha]] ha [[ape kangue ñemonge]].<ref name=NIH2010/> <!-- Recommendations --> Hetave mitã heñói iñakã gotyo; upéicharõ jepe, 4% heñói ipy gotyo térã [[humby gotyo]] raẽ; upéva ojeikuaa [[teñói tumbykuévo|tumbykuévo]].<ref name=NIH2010/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hofmeyr|first1=GJ|last2=Hannah|first2=M|last3=Lawrie|first3=TA|title=Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=21 July 2015|issue=7|pages=CD000166|pmid=26196961}}</ref> Imembysẽta jave, kuña ikatu okaru ha omýi oipotaháicha; ñemyaña naiporãi peteĩha arapehẽ jave térã osẽnguévo mitã akã, ha [[enéma]] naiporãi ojejapo.<ref>{{cite book|title=Childbirth: Labour, Delivery and Immediate Postpartum Care|date=2015|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154935-6|page=Chapter D|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326674/|accessdate=31 July 2016|language=en}}</ref> Upe ñeikytĩ ojejapóva [[tako]] jurúpe, ojeheróva [[tako pehẽ okapeguáva ñekytĩ]], py'ỹi ojejpo, ha katu noñeikotevẽi jepi.<ref name=NIH2010/> Ary 2012-me, 23 sua membysẽ ojejapo pirekytĩ rupive; upéva ojehero [[tye pirekytĩ]].<ref name=Mol2015>{{cite journal|last1=Molina|first1=G|last2=Weiser|first2=TG|last3=Lipsitz|first3=SR|last4=Esquivel|first4=MM|last5=Uribe-Leitz | first5=T|last6=Azad|first6=T|last7=Shah|first7=N|last8=Semrau|first8=K|last9=Berry|first9=WR|last10=Gawande|first10=AA|last11=Haynes|first11=AB|title=Relationship Between Cesarean Delivery Rate and Maternal and Neonatal Mortality |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2015-12-01_314_21/page/2263|journal=JAMA|date=1 December 2015| volume=314| issue=21| pages=2263–70| pmid=26624825| doi=10.1001/jama.2015.15553}}</ref> Tye pirekytĩ ikatu ou porã kuña [[membykõi|imembykõirõ]], [[Mitãrã ojehechavaíva|mitãra'y ohechaukárõ ojehechavaiha]], térã oĩrõ tumbykuévo.<ref name=NIH2010/> Ko membysẽ tembiaporape ikatu hi'areve okuera hag̃ua.<ref name=NIH2010/> <!-- Complications --> Opa ary, tyeguasu ha membysẽ apañuãi opa 500.000 [[Sy mano|sy manóme]], 7 sua kuña opyta hasy puku, ha 50 sua opyta hasy imemby rire.<ref name=WHO2008Ed/> Hetave ãvaichagua oiko [[arapy kakuaátava]]pe.<ref name=WHO2008Ed/> Ã apañuãi apytépe oĩ: [[membysẽ pa'ã]], [[tuguyñehẽ memby rire]], [[External|eklámpsia]] ha [[Membysẽ rire pámo|pámo memby rire]].<ref name=WHO2008Ed>{{cite book|title=Education material for teachers of midwifery : midwifery education modules|date=2008|publisher=World Health Organisation|location=Geneva [Switzerland]|isbn=978-92-4-154666-9|edition=2nd|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241546669_4_eng.pdf?ua=1|page=3}}</ref> Mitãra'y apañuãi apytépe oĩ [[teñói pytupa]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Richard J.|last2=Fanaroff|first2=Avroy A.|last3=Walsh|first3=Michele C.|title=Fanaroff and Martin's Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine: Diseases of the Fetus and Infant|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323295376|page=116|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=AnVYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA116|language=en}}</ref> ==Mandu'apy== <references /> [[Ñemohenda:Tekovekuaaty]] nspbstnt7zd6rksxbm4by1f5zy2xie7 0 16476 138211 127253 2026-08-18T04:26:47Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ficha de enfermedad |nombre = Parkinson mba'asy |imagen = Sir William Richard Gowers Parkinson Disease sketch 1886.jpg |tamaño de imagen = |pie de imagen = Karai Parkinson mba'ay orekóva. |complicaciones = [[Teko tarova]], [[tekokangy]], [[jejopy]]<ref name="statpearls"/> |duración = Heko'aréva |causas = Ndojeikuaái |frecuencia = 6,5 sua (2015) |letalidad = 117&nbsp;400 (2015) |CIE-10 = {{CIE-10|G|20||g|20}}, {{CIE-10|F|02|3|f|00}} |CIE-9 = {{CIE-9|332.0}} |CIAP-2 = N87 |OMIM = 168600 |DiseasesDB = 9651 |Medline = parkinson's+disease |MedlinePlus = 000755 |sinónimos = IDAT }} '''Parkinson mba'asy''' ojeheróva avei '''parkinson''' añónte, ha'e peteĩ [[tajyapỹi mba'asy]] [[mba'asy vai|vaiete]] oikóva umi [[Tajyapỹi ñembyai|tajyapỹi oñembyaívo]] ha ohundíva [[Ypykatu ku'erã|yvypóra rete pehẽnguekuéra ku'erã]] ha ambuéva pehẽngue. Mbeguekatúpe ojehechauka ko mba'asy, ivaivévo, ojehechaukave mba'asyapypẽ yvypóra rete pehẽngue ku'erãme.<ref name=NIH2016/><ref name=Lancet2015>{{cite journal|vauthors=Kalia LV, Lang AE|s2cid=5502904|title=Parkinson's disease|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_the-lancet_august-29-september-4-2015_386_9996/page/896|journal=Lancet|volume=386|issue=9996|pages=896–912|date=August 2015|pmid=25904081|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61393-3}}</ref> Umi [[mba'asyapypẽ]] ojehechavéva tapicha hasývape iñepyrũme niko ipo ryrýiva, hete nomýi porãiva ha oku'e mbegue, ha hasy ichupe oguata hag̃ua.<ref name=NIH2016/> Ikatu avei hasy ichupe ojepy'amongeta hag̃ua, oke porã ha oñeñandukuaa hag̃ua.<ref name="NIH2016" /><ref name="Sv2016">{{cite journal|vauthors=Sveinbjornsdottir S|date=October 2016|title=The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease|journal=Journal of Neurochemistry|volume=139 | issue = Suppl 1|pages=318–324|doi=10.1111/jnc.13691|pmid=27401947|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Teko tarova]] oúva ko mba'asýgui ojehechave heta ára rire umi tapicha hasývape. Yvypóra rete pehẽnguekuéra ku'erã oñembyai omanógui umi [[tekoveapỹi]] oĩva peteĩ vorekuépe yvypóra [[apytu'ũ]]me ojejapohápe [[dopamína]] (ko dopamína ha'e tekoveapỹi ogueraháva marandu tekoveapỹi ambuévape, upéicha ikatu jajapo ñande retépe mba'e jajaposéva).<ref>National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. "Ninds Parkinson's Disease Information Page." Health and Wellness Resource Center.National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 2004. Health and Wellness Resource Center. 2011.</ref><ref name="galenet.galegroup.com">{{Cite web|url = http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/HWRC/hits?r=d&origSearch=false&o=&bucket=pamp&rlt=4&n=10&l=d&basicSearchOption=KE&c=1&tcit=1_1_1_1_1_1&docNum=A267026953&locID=palo88030&secondary=false&t=RK&s=1&SU=parkinson%27s+disease&finalAuth=true|title = NINDS Parkinson's disease information page|website = Health and Wellness Resource Center|accessdate = February 22, 2016}}</ref>) Ne'ĩra ojeikuaa porãite mba'érepa omano umi [[tekoveapỹi]] apytu'ũme.<ref name="Lancet2015" /> Ndojeikuaa porãi avei moõguipa ou ko mba'asy, oje'e ouha ojoajúvo mba'e [[Heñoi'ypy|heñoi'ypýva]] (mba'e ñande retépe oúva ypykuekuéragui) ha mba'e ñande rekohágui ikatúva ome'ẽ ko mba'asy.<ref name="Lancet2015" /> Umíva oreko peteĩ hasýva ijypykue térã iñemoñare apytépe ojehechave tesaparápe. Mba'e ñande rekohágui ikatu ha'e ñane aguĩetérõ umi tymbachu'i jukahágui, oñembota vaírõ térã ojeikutúrõ ñane akã;<ref name="Lancet2015" /> térã heta ára pukukuévo ñane aguĩetérõ peteĩ ''[[solvente]]''-gui hérava ''[[tricloroetileno]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dorsey ER, Zafar M, Lettenberger SE, et al |title=Trichloroethylene: An Invisible Cause of Parkinson's Disease? |journal=J Parkinsons Dis |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=203–218 |date=2023 |pmid=36938742 |doi=10.3233/JPD-225047 |pmc=10041423 }}</ref> Ambuéicha rupi, ojehecha oñangarekoha ko mba'asýgui yvypóra retére umi [[cafeína]] ha [[nicotína]] .<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Kumar V |title=Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease |year=2021 |edition=10th}}</ref><ref name="Lancet2015" /><ref name="nutri2009">{{cite journal|vauthors=Barranco Quintana JL, Allam MF, Del Castillo AS, Navajas RF|s2cid=26605333|title=Parkinson's disease and tea: a quantitative review|journal=Journal of the American College of Nutrition|volume=28|issue=1|pages=1–6|date=February 2009|pmid=19571153|doi=10.1080/07315724.2009.10719754}}</ref> Jaikuaa hag̃ua ñande rasýrõ, jahecha va'erã mba'épa umi [[mba'asyapypẽ]], ikatu jajapo apytu'ũ ra'anga resa'ỹijo jaikuaa porã hag̃ua ndaha'eiha mba'asy ambuéva.<ref name=NIH2016/> Parkinson mba'asy jepínte ojehecha tapichakuéra orekóva hetave 60 arýgui, umíva niko amo 1% opaite yvypóra yvy ape ári oreko ko mba'asy.<ref name=NIH2016/><ref name=Car2016>{{cite book|vauthors=Carroll WM|title=International Neurology|date=2016|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1118777367|pages = 188|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRl6DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA188|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908154209/https://books.google.com/books?id=mRl6DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA188|archive-date=8 September 2017}}</ref> Ary 2015 jave, ko mba'asy ombohasa'asy 6.2&nbsp;sua tapichápe ha amo 117.400 omano.<ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal | collaboration = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 }}</ref><ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal | collaboration = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 }}</ref> Oikuaa rire hasyha, ikatu oiko gueteri 7 térã 15 ary omano mboyve.<ref name=Sv2016/> Ndaipóri mba'e omonguerakuaáva ko mba'asy; oñempohanónte ani hag̃ua ivaive umi mba'asyapypẽ.<ref name=NIH2016>{{cite web |title=Parkinson's Disease Information Page |url= https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Parkinsons-Disease-Information-Page |website=NINDS |access-date=18 July 2016 |date=30 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="pmid15172778">{{cite journal | vauthors = Samii A, Nutt JG, Ransom BR | title = Parkinson's disease | journal = Lancet | volume = 363 | issue = 9423 | pages = 1783–1793 | date = May 2004 | pmid = 15172778 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16305-8 | s2cid = 35364322 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1259791 }}</ref> Ko mba'asy réra ou pohanohára Ingyatérra pegua [[James Parkinson]], oikuaauka va'ekue ary 1817-pe aranduka peteĩha omombe'úva hesakãitépe ko mba'asy rehegua.<ref name= ParkinsonJEssay>{{cite book | vauthors= Parkinson J |date=1817 | publisher = Whittingham and Roland for Sherwood, Neely, and Jones |location= London |url= http://www.gutenberg.org/files/23777/23777-h/23777-h.htm |title=An Essay on the Shaking Palsy |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924210730/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/23777/23777-h/23777-h.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Shulman JM, De Jager PL, Feany MB |s2cid=8328666 |title=Parkinson's disease: genetics and pathogenesis |journal=Annual Review of Pathology |volume=6 |pages=193–222 |date=February 2011 |pmid=21034221 |doi=10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130242 |orig-date=25 October 2010}}</ref> == Mandu'apy == {{reflist}} [[Ñemohenda:Mba'asy]] tr9u5pmja7z6zbqp9pr5ct7a95gd6gd 0 16687 138221 135628 2026-08-18T04:39:37Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ficha de persona | nombre = James Clerk Maxwell | imagen = James Clerk Maxwell big.jpg | tamaño de imagen = 300px | fecha de nacimiento = [[13 jasyoateĩ]] [[1831]] | lugar de nacimiento = [[Edimburgo]], [[Ekósia]], [[Tavetã Joaju]] | fecha de fallecimiento = [[5 jasypateĩ]] [[1879]] <br>(48 ary) | lugar de fallecimiento = [[Cambridge]], [[Ingyatérra]], [[Tavetã Joaju]] | causa muerte = [[Akytã'ai]] | residencia = | nacionalidad = [[Tavetã Joaju]] | educación = Marischal College [[Aberdeen]] pegua, [[King's College Lóndyre pegua]], [[Cambridge Mbo'ehaovusu]] | alma máter = [[Edimburgo Mbo'ehaovusu]] <br>[[Cambridge Mbo'ehaovusu|Cambridge]] | ocupación = Mbo'ehára mbo'ehaovusúpe | padres = John Clerk Maxwell de Middlebie ha Frances Cay | cónyuge = Katherine Clerk Maxwell | supervisor doctoral = William Hopkins | estudiantes doctorales = [[John Henry Poynting]] <br>[[George Chrystal]] | área = [[Tendyryñohasa]] }} '''James Clerk Maxwell''' ([[13 jasyoateĩ]] [[1831]]-[[5 jasypateĩ]] [[1879]])<ref name=BRIT>{{cita web|apellidos1=Cyril Domb|título=James Clerk Maxwell; Scottish mathematician and physicist|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Clerk-Maxwell|obra=Encyclopedia Britannica|idioma=En|fecha=21 de diciembre de 2018|fechaacceso=9 de enero de 2019}}</ref> ha'e akue pateĩ [[papapykuaa|papapykuaahára]]<ref name="mactutor">{{cite web|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Maxwell/|title=James Clerk Maxwell|date=November 1997|publisher=School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences University of St Andrews|last1=O'Connor|first1=J.J.|last2=Robertson|first2=E.F.|access-date=2021-06-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/HistTopics/Knots_and_physics.html|title=Topology and Scottish mathematical physics|publisher=University of St Andrews|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912050227/http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/HistTopics/Knots_and_physics.html|archive-date=2013-09-12|access-date=2013-09-09}}</ref> ha [[tembikuaatyhára]] [[Ekósia]] pegua. Mba'e tuichavéva ohupyty va'ekue ha'e ojapórõguare mba'ekuaarã [[tendyryñohasa randipytu]] rehegua (''radiación electromagnética''), upéicha ombojoajuraẽ [[tendyry]], ''[[magnetismo]]'' ha [[tesape]] ha ohechauka ha'ehague mba'e peteĩete ojehechauka opaichaguáva. [[Maxwell mbojojahakuéra]] (''ecuaciones de Maxwell''), ojapo va'ekue [[tendyryñohasa]] ñehesa'ỹijópe, ojehechakuaa oparupi “[[mba'erekokuaa]] ñemopeteĩ guasu mokõiha” ramo, upe peteĩha ha'e [[Isaac Newton]] mba'éva.<ref>{{cita web | título = Electromagnetism, Maxwell’s Equations, and Microwaves| url = http://www.ieee-virtual-museum.org/exhibit/exhibit.php?id=159265&lid=1&seq=3 |fechaacceso=2 de junio de 2008 |editorial= IEEE Virtual Museum |fecha= 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Maxwell's grand unification|url=https://archive.org/details/ieee-spectrum_1992-03_29_3/page/45|author=Nahin, P.J.|journal=IEEE Spectrum|volume=29|issue=3|page=45|doi=10.1109/6.123329|year=1992|s2cid=28991366}}</ref> Oikuaauka rire ''A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field'' ary [[1865]]-pe, Maxwell ohechauka va'ekue ohoha ñekonícha umi ''campo eléctrico'' (tendyry rendaha) ha ''campo magnético'' (''magnetismo'' rendaha) [[pa'ũ]] tuichakuévo ha ohupyty hikuái [[tesape pya'ekue]]. Maxwell he'i avei [[tesape]] ha'eha ñekoni ohóva ohohápe avei umi [[tendyryñohasa]] mba'e.<ref name="ADTEF2">{{cite journal|url=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/A_Dynamical_Theory_of_the_Electromagnetic_Field.pdf|title=A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London|volume=155|pages=459–512|bibcode=1865RSPT..155..459C|doi=10.1098/rstl.1865.0008|year=1865|last=Maxwell|first=James Clerk|s2cid=186207827|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728140123/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/A_Dynamical_Theory_of_the_Electromagnetic_Field.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-28}} (This article accompanied an 8 December 1864 presentation by Maxwell to the Royal Society. His statement that "light and magnetism are affections of the same substance" is at page 499.)</ref> Oñemopeteĩ rire tesape ha tendyry peteĩetéicha, ikatu oñeimo'ã oĩha umi [[puhoe ñekoni]] (''ondas de radio'')<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://fondationlouisdebroglie.org/AFLB-472/aflb472m972.htm|título=On the direct solution of Maxwell’s equations for electromagnetic waves|fechaacceso=2023-10-09|autor=Eddy L Molina|sitioweb=fondationlouisdebroglie.org}}</ref>. Ojehechakuaa avei Maxwell ha'eha pe omboypy va'ekue [[tendyry mba'eapokuaa]] javeguáva (''ingeniería eléctrica'').<ref>Tapan K. Sakar, Magdalena Salazar-Palma, Dipak L. Sengupta; James Clerk Maxwell: The Founder of Electrical Engineering; 2010 Second Region 8 IEEE Conference on the History of Communications;IEEE</ref> Hembiapokue rupive ikatu jaikepa ko [[mba'erekokuaa ãgagua|mba'erekokuaa ãgaguápe]] ha upe rupive oñemopyenda ojekuaa hag̃ua [[mba'ekuaarã joguerahaviárava ijapýva]] (''relatividad especial'') ha [[mekánika kuántika]] rehegua. Heta he'i Maxwell-gui ha'eha tembikuaatyhára sa'ary XIX pegua oipytyvõvéva mba'erekokuaa sa'ary XX pegua. Heta avei ombojoja hembiapokue tembikuaatýpe [[Isaac Newton]] térã [[Albert Einstein]] mba'évandi.<ref>{{Cite book|title=James Clerk Maxwell : a biography|last=Tolstoy|first=Ivan|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1981|isbn=0-226-80785-1|location=Chicago|page=2|oclc=8688302}}</ref> == Mandu'apy == {{reflist}} [[Ñemohenda:Mba'erekokuaa]] [[Ñemohenda:Tekove Ekosiagua]] jd5wrncmk7rxnzbzw8q9mwuv96b4iet 0 17017 138210 130686 2026-08-18T04:26:15Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} {{Ficha de Patrimonio de la Unesco |Nombre = Reggae |Tipo = '''<span style="color:#C71585">Cultural inmaterial</span>''' |País = {{JAM}} |Criterios = no hay |ID = 01398 |Región = América Latína ha Karíve |Año = 2018 |Tipo_patrimonio = inmaterial |Imagen=ReggaeV4.0.svg|Pie=[[Juda Leõ]] ha [[Rastafari]] sa'ykuéra, mba'e reggae rembiechauka.}} '''''Reggae''''' (oje'e [[Avañe'ẽ|guaraníme]] oje'eháicha [[Epañañe’ẽ|Epañañe'ẽme]] "rrege"<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://dle.rae.es/regué|título=regué {{!}} Diccionario de la lengua española|fechaacceso=2022-02-17|apellido=ASALE|nombre=RAE-|sitioweb=«Diccionario de la lengua española» - Edición del Tricentenario|idioma=es}}</ref>) ha'e [[pupoty]] oñepyrũ va'ekue [[Hamáika]]pe arykuéra 1960 jave. Kóva he'ise avei [[Hamáika pupoty]] tee javeguáva ha pupoty umi osẽ va'ekue Hamáika ha oho ambue tetãme mba'e.<ref>Stephen Davis. "Reggae." ''Grove Music Online''. ''Oxford Music Online''. Oxford University Press. Web.16 Feb 2016.</ref> Peteĩ purahéi ojeikuaauka ary 1968 jave ha ojapo umi [[Toots and the Maytals]], "[[Do the Reggay]]", ha'e oiporuraẽ ko ñe'ẽgue ''reggae'', upe rupive oñembohéra pupoty koichagua ha ojeikuaapa oparupi yvy ape ári.<ref>{{cite web |title=Frederick "Toots" Hibbert Biography |url=http://www.biography.com/people/frederick-toots-hibbert-10673303#acclaimed-musician |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809204903/http://www.biography.com/people/frederick-toots-hibbert-10673303#acclaimed-musician |archive-date=9 August 2016 |access-date=2 July 2016 |website=Biography.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/reggae?s=t |title=reggae |website=Dictionary.com |access-date=10 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813063912/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/reggae?s=t |archive-date=13 August 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jepémo jaiporu "Reggae" ñañe'ẽsérõ jeroky ha purahéi opaichagua Hamáika mba'éva, añetehápe oñepyrũkuévo ''reggae'' he'isete pupoty heta mba'e oguenohẽ va'ekue ''[[mento]]'' (ambue Hamáika pupoty tee), ''[[jazz]]'' ha ''[[rhythm and blues]]'' ([[Amérika Retãvorekuéra Joaju]] pupoty tee), upe jehe'águi osẽ umi pupoty reggae mboyveguáva ha'éva ''[[ska]]'' ha ''[[rocksteady]]''.<ref name="Return of Reggae">{{cite news|author=Geoffey Himes |title=Return of Reggae |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=28 January 1979 }}</ref> Reggae usually relates news, social gossip, and political commentary.<ref>"Reggae." ''The Oxford Dictionary of Music'', 2nd ed. rev. Ed. Michael Kennedy. ''Oxford Music Online''.Oxford University Press. Web. 16 February 2016.</ref> Reggae pupoty ha [[Rastafari]] ojoajuite, kóva ko Hamáika jeroviapy oñepyrũ va'ekue arykuéra 1930 jave ha omomba'eguasúva [[Áfrika]] rekotee.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Warner|first=Keith Q.|date=1988|title=Calypso, reggae, and Rastafarianism: Authentic Caribbean voices|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_popular-music-and-society_spring-1988_12_1/page/53|journal=Popular Music and Society|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=53–62|doi=10.1080/03007768808591306|issn=0300-7766}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite thesis|last=Earl|first=Bunn, Glenn|title=The Influence of Rastafarianism and Reggae Music on Jamaican and International Politics|date=2005|publisher=St. John Fisher College|url=https://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/intlstudies_masters/42/|language=en|access-date=30 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201005104/https://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/intlstudies_masters/42/|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Campbell|first=Horace|date=1988|title=Rastafari as Pan Africanism in the Caribbean and Africa|journal=African Journal of Political Economy|volume=2|issue=1|pages=75–88|jstor=23500303}}</ref> Oñepyrũ riremi Rastafari, reggae pupoty herakuãvévo omyasãi oparupi upe jeroviapy rekombo'e ha marandu.<ref name=":0" /> Reggae oñemyasãi heta tetãre yvy ape ári, jepivénte oñembojehe'ávo pupoty ambuéva reheve. [[Amérika Latína]] tuichakuévo hetaite oñemosarambi Reggae ojeipurahéivo [[Epañañe’ẽ|Epañañe'ẽ]] ha [[Poytugañe'ẽ]]me. Tavetã Joajúpe avei heta ojehecha arykuéra 1960 guive ha upégui ohasa heta tetã Európape. Reggae Áfrikape oñemokyre'ỹite [[Bob Marley]] oho rire oikuaa [[Simbávue]] ary 1980 jave. == Mandu'apy == {{reflist}} [[Ñemohenda:Mba'epu porã]] 57zv935t74iht2q3jf2exg4yh40v6yk 0 17019 138218 130687 2026-08-18T04:36:20Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} [[File:Afrika Bambaataa and DJ Yutaka (2004).jpg|thumb|[[Afrika Bambaataa]] ha DJ Yutaka ombopúvo ha opurahéivo hip hop ary 2004 jave.]] '''''Hip hop'''''<ref>{{cite journal|last=Trapp|first=Erin|date=2005-07-01|title=The Push and Pull of Hip-Hop: A Social Movement Analysis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-behavioral-scientist_2005-07_48_11/page/1482|journal=[[American Behavioral Scientist]]|volume=48|issue=11|page=1482|doi=10.1177/0002764205277427|s2cid=146340783|quote=Much scholarly effort has been devoted to hip-hop (also known as rap) music in the past two decades...}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Leach|first=Andrew|year=2008|title="One Day It'll All Make Sense": Hip-Hop and Rap Resources for Music Librarians|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30163606|journal=Notes|volume=65|issue=1|pages=9–37|doi=10.1353/not.0.0039|jstor=30163606|s2cid=144572911|issn=0027-4380|access-date=2020-12-05|archive-date=2021-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128051605/https://www.jstor.org/stable/30163606}}</ref> térã '''''rap''''' ha'e [[pupoty]] heñói va'ekue [[Amérika Retãvorekuéra Joaju|Amérika Retãvorekuéra Joajúpe]] umi tapichakuéra pirehũva apytépe<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vargas |first1=Andrew S. |title=NPR Recognizes We've Been Here Since Day 1 in ''A Latino History of Hip Hop'' |url=https://remezcla.com/culture/npr-recognizes-weve-been-here-since-day-1-in-a-latino-history-of-hip-hop/ |website=Remezcla |date=2015-04-02 |access-date=2019-05-25 }}</ref> oikóva tavapýpe hérava [[Bronx]] amo [[Táva Nueva York]]-pe arykuéra 1970 javeve. Ojejapo [[purysýi]] jojávagui (''ritmo'') jepivénte oñembojehe'áva [[rrapéo]] purahéi reheve, ha'éva oñemongetávo opurahéi ha osegi aja purysýi jojávare.<ref name="britannica-rap">[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] article on rap, retrieved from [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/665039/rap britannica.com] </ref> Ko pupoty ou upe ojeheróva ''hip hop arandupýgui'', ojejapóva irundy mba'égui ha'éva: [[rrapéo]], DJ/scratching (mba'epujere mbopuha oiporúva), ''[[break dance]]'' (jeroky) ha ''[[graffiti]]'' (ta'anga ha jehai ojejapóva ogykére).<ref>{{cite book|title=Born in the Bronx|last=Kugelberg|first=Johan|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7893-1540-3|page=17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Brown|first=Lauren|title=Hip to the Game – Dance World vs. Music Industry, The Battle for Hip Hop's Legacy|publisher=[[Movmnt]] Magazine|date=2009-02-18|url=http://www.movmnt.com/monsters-of-hip-hop-2_003332.html|access-date=2009-07-30|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5q4R2fdYi?url=http://www.movmnt.com/monsters-of-hip-hop-2_003332.html|archive-date=2010-05-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip Hop Generation|last=Chang|first=Jeff|year=2005|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York|isbn=0-312-30143-X|page=[https://archive.org/details/cantstopwontstop2005chan/page/90 90]|title-link=Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip Hop Generation}}</ref> Ko pupoty oñepyrũ arykuéra 1970 jave, oñemoherakuãvévo umi arete ha vy'aha guasu ojejapóva tavapýpe Nueva York-pe, tuichaitépe tapichakuéra pirehũva apytépe oiko va'ekue Bronx-pe. Umi vy'ahápe, DJ kuéra ombopu purahéi ojeikuaaitéva oiporúvo mokõi mba'epujere mbopuha ha peteĩ purahéi jehe'aha, upéicha ikatu hikuái ombojehe'a oipotaháicha mokõi purahéi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/jan/11/hey-whats-that-sound-turntablism|title=Hey, what's that sound: Turntablism|last=McNamee|first=David|date=2010-01-11|work=The Guardian |access-date=2017-03-22}}</ref> Ary 1979 javénte oguahẽ ko pupoty [[ta'angambyry]] ha [[Puhoe|puhoépe]], heta ohechagíva hese ha ndohechakuaái ichupe peteĩ pupoty teéva ramo.<ref name="Dyson 2007, p. 6">[[Michael Eric Dyson|Dyson, Michael Eric]], 2007, ''Know What I Mean?: Reflections on Hip-Hop'', Basic Civitas Books, p. 6.</ref> Arykuéra 1980 ha 1990 pahápe tuichaiterei ojeikuaa oparupi ko pupoty ha herakuãve ohóvo, oñepyrũ avei ojehecha oñembojehe'aha ambue pupoty rehe ha'éva [[neo soul]], [[nu metal]] ha R&B. Jepivénte hip hop puraheikuéra omombe'u ijapohára rekove, rembipota ha rekoha rembiasa'asy. [[Trap (pupoty)|Trap]] ha [[mumble rap]] ha'e pupoty heñói va'ekue hip hop-gui ha ko'ãga oñehenduite oparupi avei. == Mandu'apy == {{reflist}} [[Ñemohenda:Mba'epu porã]] qql9w0r5872a9kz16znecfaog0iicsu