Vikipetã gnwiki https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuatia_%C3%91epyr%C5%A9ha MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.15 first-letter Medio Mba'echĩchĩ Myangekõi Puruhára Puruhára myangekõi Vikipetã Vikipetã myangekõi Ta'ãnga Ta'ãnga myangekõi MediaWiki MediaWiki myangekõi Tembiecharã Tembiecharã myangekõi Pytyvõ Pytyvõ myangekõi Ñemohenda Ñemohenda myangekõi TimedText TimedText talk Módulo Módulo discusión Evento Evento discusión 0 3368 138248 131478 2026-08-18T19:23:14Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138248 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gutenberg Bible, Lenox Copy, New York Public Library, 2009. Pic 01.jpg|alt=|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Tupã ñe'ẽngue ryru Gutenberg pegua]], peteĩ umi aranduka ojeikuaaukaraẽva [[kuatiajopy]]ha ojeiporukuévo.]] '''Aranduka''' térã '''kuatiañe'ẽ''' ha'e peteĩchagua oñeñongatuhápe [[marandu]] [[Taipy|ojehaívo]] térã oñemoĩvo [[ta'anga]]. Jepivénte aranduka ojejapo heta [[Kuatia|kuatiaroguégui]], ojejoapyjoáva ha orekóva hi'ári kuatia ape oñuvã hag̃ua.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Feather |first1=John |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50480180 |title=International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science |last2=Sturges |first2=Paul |date=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-25901-0 |edition=2nd |location=London |pages=41 |oclc=50480180 |access-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-date=November 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125014359/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50480180 |url-status=live }}</ref> Oiko mboyve aranduka jaikuaaháicha, oĩ va'ekue heta ambueichagua oñeñongatuhápe marandu, ha'eháicha umi [[apakua]] térã mba'epe yvyrágui ijapopyre. Jahecháramo he'iseha ambuéva, aranduka niko oimeraẽ tembiapokue ojehai va'ekue ha naimbykýiva, ikatúva oñemonguatia térã oñemoĩ kombutadórape oñemoñe'ẽ hag̃ua, ha'eháicha umi ''[[ebook]]'' ndoiporúiva [[kuatia]]. Umíva ikatu oñemohenda [[gua'u]] ramóva (oreko ñemombe'u añetehápe ndojehúi) ha [[gua'u'ỹ]] (omombe'úva tembiasa añeteguáva). Ko'ã mokõi atýpe oĩ heta aty'i ambuéva, ha'eháicha ñe'ẽporãhaipyre mitãme guarã, ohekáva ojapo hag̃ua tembiapo mitãnguéra ikatu omoñe'ẽ ha oguerohory, [[Ñe’ẽryru|ñe'ẽryru]] ha [[Ñe'ẽryrupavẽ]], orekóva ñe'ẽ he'iseha ha mba'e omoarandúva, ha heta ambuéva. Arandukakuéra ikatu jajuhu jahávo ''bliblioteca'' téra "arandukarendápe", upépe ikatu jaiporu aranduka jahepyme'ẽ'ỹre térã ikatu jaiporuka jahepyme'ẽ'írõ, avei oĩ [[ñemuha]] ovendénteva aranduka. Aranduka ndaha'éi akóinte oreko va'erã ñemoñe'ẽrã: techapyrã, ikatu oreko mba'e oñemoha'angapyre, ta'anga, ñembosarái térã inandipa ikuatiakuéra ojeiporu hag̃ua ñemoha'anga apópe térã jehaípe, ha'eháicha umi aranduka ojeiporúva ohai hag̃ua peteĩ rapicha rekove ñemombe'u. Aranduka apo javeguáva oñeha'ãmba oñemokyre'ỹvo ombohovái hag̃ua heta tembiporu pyahu ombohasy'ỹvéva marandu ñemyasãi. Techapyrã, oĩ tenda sa'ivehápe oñevende aranduka [[Kuatiajopy|oñembokuatiáva]] ha oñevendeve umi ''[[Ebook|eBooks]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Curtis |first=George |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/908077615 |title=The Law of Cybercrimes and Their Investigations. |date=2011 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-4398-5832-5 |location=Hoboken |pages=161 |oclc=908077615}}</ref> Jepémo, aranduka oñembokuatiáva oñevendeve gueteri umi ''eBook''-gui ha heta umi oguerohoryvéva hese.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ang |first=Carmen |date=15 October 2021 |title=Print Has Prevailed: The Staying Power of Physical Books |url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/print-books-versus-e-books/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819191402/https://www.visualcapitalist.com/print-books-versus-e-books/ |archive-date=August 19, 2022 |access-date=August 19, 2022 |website=Visual Capitalist}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Richter |first=Felix |date=21 April 2022 |title=E-Books Still No Match for Printed Books |url=https://www.statista.com/chart/24709/e-book-and-printed-book-penetration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312015607/https://www.statista.com/chart/24709/e-book-and-printed-book-penetration/ |archive-date=March 12, 2023 |access-date=March 12, 2023 |website=[[Statista]]}}</ref> [[Google Books]] he'i amo ary 2010 peve ikatumaha ojeikuaauka amo 130.000.000 aranduka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Books of the world, stand up and be counted! All 129,864,880 of you. |url=http://booksearch.blogspot.com/2010/08/books-of-world-stand-up-and-be-counted.html |access-date=2024-02-02}}</ref> == Ñe'ẽ ypy == Aranduka hína ñe'ẽ pyahu ojejapo [[Avañe'ẽ|guarani ñe'ẽme]], oñeguenohẽ va'ekue "arandúgui", he'iséva [[Tembikuaa|mba'ekuaa]], ha upe katu ou "[[ára]]" ha "[[Temiandu|andúgui]]": oñandukuaa ára. Arandu rehe oñembojoapy ñe'ẽpehẽ "-uka", he'iséva ojapo térã omomba'apo. Upéicha, iñe'ẽ ypýpe aranduka he'ise "mba'e ñanemoarandúva" térã "mba'e ára ñanemoñandúva", he'ihaguéicha karai tembiapoporã apohára [[Ticio Escobar]]: "aranduka se refiere al procedimiento de hacer a uno sabio" (aranduka he'ise tembiaporape ñanemoarandúva).<ref>https://www.ultimahora.com/aranduka-el-libro-el-centro-la-escena-n290235</ref> Kuatiañe'ẽ avei ñe'ẽ pyahu, ojajapo katu oñembojoapývo [[kuatia]] ha [[ñe'ẽ]], ikatu avei he'ise oimeraẽ mba'e jahaíva ha ñamondóva ñande rapichápe. == Marandeko == [[File:PrintMus 038.jpg|alt=|thumb|upright=1.35|Kuatiajopyha ojejaporaẽva, techapyrã ojejuhúva muséope ha ojoguáva upe mákina ojaporaẽ karai [[Gutenberg Bible]]. Mba'e omoambueite tapichakuéra rekove, pya'eve ha porãve omog̃uahẽ opavavépe marandu ha mba'ekuaarã, upéicha hasy'ỹ jajoguasévo aranduka térã jaikuaasévo mba'épa ojehu marandu'asãi ojehaíva rupive.]] Yvypóra ohejaraẽ mba'e oñemoñe'ẽ hag̃ua oiporukuévo mba'epe itágui ijapopyre, upe rire, [[Ára Ymaguare]] oñepyrũ oiporu mba'e [[Togue|yvyramáta rogue]], rakã térã [[papíro]] ka'águi ijapopyre.<ref name="Cummins-2006">{{Cite book |last=Cummins |first=Joan |title=Indian Painting: From Cave Temples to the Colonial Period |publisher=Museum of Fine Arts |year=2006 |location=Boston |pages=11–25 |chapter=Indian Paintings before the Creation of the Mughal Atelier}}</ref> Parchment and paper later emerged as important substrates for bookmaking, introducing greater durability and accessibility.<ref name="Blair-1997">{{Cite book |last1=Blair |first1=Sheila |title=Islamic Arts |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicarts00bloo |last2=Bloom |first2=Jonathan |publisher=Phaidon |year=1997 |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/islamicarts00bloo/page/365 193]–220 |chapter=Penmen and Painters: The Arts of the Book}}</ref> Yma guive ojehecha aranduka apo opaichaguágui heta yvýpe ha'éva [[Chína]], [[Kuarahyresẽ Ag̃uigua]], [[Európe]] ha [[Ñemby Ásia]]. [[Ára Mbytegua]] pukukuévo oñepyrũ ojeikuaaukave umi aranduka katéva ha mba'ekuaáva, ombojehe'áva jehaipy ha ta'anga.<ref name="Hillenbrand-2002">{{Cite book |last=Hillenbrand |first=Robert |title=The Legacy of Genghis Khan |year=2002 |location=New York |pages=134–167 |chapter=The Arts of the Book in Ilkhanid Iran}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sardar |first=Marika |date=October 2003 |title=The Art of the Mughals after 1600 |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mugh_2/hd_mugh_2.htm |journal=Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |location=New York |via=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |access-date=2021-05-21 |archive-date=2021-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601151745/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mugh_2/hd_mugh_2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Ojejaporaẽ mboyve upe mákina aranduka ojapokuaáva, ha'éva [[kuatiajopyha]], omotenonde karai [[Gutenberg Bible]], tapichakuéra ojapo va'erã aranduka ipo jeiporu añónte, upéicha arandukakuéra hepyite ha ijojaha'ỹ.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pearson |first=David |title=Books As History: The Importance of Books Beyond Their Texts |publisher=The British Library and Oak Knoll Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7123-5832-3 |location=London |pages=23}}</ref> Kuatiajopyha ojejaporaẽrõguare sa'ary XV jave mba'eguasu kuatiañe'ẽ apópe, mba'e ombopyahu ha omoporãveite.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Printing Press |url=http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/press.html |access-date=2018-04-11 |website=historyguide.org |archive-date=2018-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408163246/http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/press.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Kuatiajopyha avei oñemoporãve ára jehasávo ojapo pya'eve ha hetave hag̃uáicha umi aranduka. Avéi ojehecharaẽ [[tekoiterape]] apohárape térã haihára ''derecho'', oñangarekokuáava aranduka haihára rembiapóre ani hag̃ua ojekopia reíva.<ref name="Lyons-2011">{{Cite book |last=Lyons |first=Martyn |title=Books: A Living History |publisher=Getty Publications |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-60606-083-4 |location=Los Angeles |page=116}}</ref> Sa'ary XX pukukuévo katu ojehecharaẽ tembiporu pyahu opaichagua, ha'eháicha umi mákina ohaikuaáva, kombutadóra ha mbokuatiaha. Oñemoporãvévo kombutádora rembiporukuéra sa'ary XXI ñepyrũme, oñemotenonde umi mákina omoñe'ẽkuaa ha omombe'ukuaa aranduka umi nomoñe'ẽkuaáivape. Oñepyrũ jave ñemongeta he'íva oiméne opáta térã ikangytaha aranduka apo, hetave oñevende ha ojeikuaaukave arandukakuéra.<ref name="Ballatore-2015">{{cite journal |last1=Ballatore |first1=Andrea |last2=Natale |first2=Simone |date=2015-05-18 |title=E-readers and the death of the book: Or, new media and the myth of the disappearing medium |url=http://nms.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/05/18/1461444815586984 |journal=New Media & Society |volume=18 |issue=10 |pages=2379–2394 |doi=10.1177/1461444815586984 |issn=1461-4448 |s2cid=39026072 |hdl=2318/1768949 |access-date=2015-09-16 |archive-date=2016-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315084006/http://nms.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/05/18/1461444815586984 |url-status=live |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Additionally, efforts to make literature more inclusive emerged, with the development of Braille for the visually impaired and the creation of spoken books, providing alternative ways for individuals to access and enjoy literature.<ref name="BrailleWorks-2018">{{Cite news |title=History of Braille |language=en-US |work=Braille Works |url=https://brailleworks.com/braille-resources/history-of-braille/ |access-date=2018-07-25 |archive-date=2018-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726072258/https://brailleworks.com/braille-resources/history-of-braille/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SilkSoundBooks-2018">{{Cite web |last=Silksoundbooks |title=The History of the audiobooks |url=http://www.silksoundbooks.com/history-of-audiobooks.html |access-date=2018-07-26 |website=silksoundbooks.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726072026/http://www.silksoundbooks.com/history-of-audiobooks.html |archive-date=2018-07-26}}</ref> == Joajuha == {{Commons|Book}} == Mandu'apy == {{reflist}} [[Ñemohenda:Aranduka| ]] senqkrze7semwsk9ofnl7qob1k8yrzb 0 3607 138264 106413 2026-08-19T02:38:07Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 138264 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ta'ãnga:Vuilnis bij Essent Milieu.jpg|thumb|250px|Yty]] [[Ta'ãnga:Basura - panoramio.jpg|miniaturadeimagen|Ytykuéra yvykuápe.]] '''Yty''' ({{es|Basura}}) mba'e rembyre, mba'e ojepuruve'ỹva ha omongy'áva [[Tekoha renda|tekoha]]. Tavaháre oĩ ojehekáva ytýpe oiporavo rire ikatúva ojepurujey. Yty ojapo heta mba'e vai [[Tekoha renda|yvypóra rekohápe]], avakuéra ndojepy'apýi hekoháre, ha omombo oimeraẽ hendápe. Oĩ yty heta mba'éicha, oguerúva yvypórape [[mba'asy]] vai. == Ñepyrũ == Yty oñepyru oiko rogapy mba'apóre, opavave mba'e kuéra ndojeipuruvéima ogapýpe oñemombo, mba'e rembyre ha mba'e ky'a. Yma rire avakuéra oñepyrũ omombo oimeraẽ rendapente, [[Óga|hóga]] ha okápe, nombo'éi imemby ha itajyrakuérape mba'e ojapoarã ichuguikuéra. == Ehecha avei == * [[:es:Basura|Yty karaiñe'ẽme]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180618113323/http://www.monografias.com/trabajos36/la-basura/la-basura.shtml Jajeporeka Yty] [[Ñemohenda:Tembiapo]] 1d1qz4jo6ztbbhpea6zalf89a1owo5u 0 4049 138259 123265 2026-08-19T00:47:07Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 138259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artista | bgcolour = silver | nombre = Juan Crisóstomo Centurión | imagen = Juan Crisótomo 2.jpg | tamañodelaimagen = | piedefoto = | nombredenacimiento = Juan Crisóstomo Centurión | fechadenacimiento = 27 jasyteĩ, [[1840]] | lugar = [[Itauguá]], [[Paraguay]] | fechadefallecimiento = 12 jasyhapy, [[1909]] | lugardefallecimiento = [[Paraguay]], [[Paraguái]] | nacionalidad = [[Paraguayo|Paraguaya]] | area = [[Historia]], [[Periodismo]], [[Política]] | educación = | movimiento = | obrasdestacadas = "Memorias o reminiscencias históricas sobre la Guerra del Paraguay" | patrones = | influenciadopor = | influencó = | premios = }} '''Juan Crisóstomo Centurión''' ha’e kuimba’e paraguái iñarandu porã va’ekue, [[periodista]], [[educador]], [[traductor]], [[diplomático]] ha [[político]] va’ekue. == Infancia y Estudios == Heñói [[27 jasyteĩ]]me ary [[1840]]ramo táva [[Itauguá]]-pe; karai Francisco Antonio Pérez de Centurión kuñakarai Rosalía Martínez y Rodas ra’y. Oñehekombo’e omoñe’ẽ ha ohai haguã kuatia oñemoarandu va’eku upe mbo’ehao opytáva Cañadita-pe. Mbo’ehára Quintana [[Paraguaýpe]] remimbo’epyre va’ekue ha heta ary rire Escuela de Matemáticas Pedro Dupuy mba’épe. Uperire ohekombo’e ichupe mbo’ehára [[Ildefonso Bermejo]], Paraguái Retã sãmbyhyhára ogueru va’ekué ha’egui mbo’ehára ha periodista. Juan Crisóstomo ojeporavo va’ekue oñehekombo’e haguã upe mbo’eha koty [[Filosofía]]-pe, mbo’ehao omyakãva karai Tenondetaite [[Carlos Antonio López]], oha’ãva ha’ete voi umi temimbo’ekuéra katupyry. Ary [[1858]]-pe, López, ojerure rupi, ha’e kuri avei umi oñembondova’ekue becado [[Europa]]-pe. Tetã[[Inglaterra]]-pe oñembokatupyry literatura Francia ha Inglaterra-guape avei ñe’ẽ Alemania-gua. Hetá ára avei oñeha’ã avei oñembokatupyry haguã Derecho Internacional Público y Privado-pe upe [[King’s College]] oĩva Universidad [[Londres]]-pe. Centurión ohupyty va’ekue tuicha ñemoarandu. Umi ha’e iñarandu pypuku rupi ikatu kuri jaikuaa porã mba’etépa umi Paraguái rembihasakue. == Ñorairõguasu Triple Alianza == Ko ñorairõ guasu omondoho va’ekue ko karai Centurión ñemoarandu. Ary [[1863]]ramo oñehenói va’ekue ou jey haguã hetã [[Paraguái]]pe oñemoĩhaguã Tendota [[Francisco Solano López]] jejokuaipyrã. Secretario va’ekue Cancillería-pe y avei pe ombojevýva ñe’ẽkuéra,tembiapo ojapo va’ekue upe ñorairõ aja pukukue. Ndahasyiete jaikuaaporã haguã mba’etépa hi’ise ko Tetã sãmbyhykuérape guarã ko tapicha arandu rembiapokue. Oñeme’ẽ va’ekue ichupe upe condecoración de la Estrella de Caballero de la Orden Nacional al Mérito upe ary[[1866]] ramo. Umi tembiapokuéra oñeme’ẽ va’ekue chupe ári oñemanda avei ichupe omohenda haguã mbo’ehao ombo’ehaguãme geografía, España ñe’ẽ ha ambue ñe’ẽnguéra. Ha avei oipytyvõ ohaívo upe kuatiahai ojejapo va’ekue ñorairõ guasu aja hérava “Cabichu’i”. Opapotávo upe ñorairõ guasu, ary (1969)-pe Juan Crisóstomo ha’ema va’ekue coronel Ejército Paraguayo. Ojuavy va’ekue heseguakuérandive, upéva rupi haimete oñemondo ichupe Consejo de Guerra-pe. Ha karai Tendota López oguereko uvei ichupe ijykére. Upe ñemanomba guasu [[Cerro Corá]]-pe, upe 1 jasyapy jave ary [[1870]]-pe opa va’ekue upe mba’evaiguasu. Omanóvo López, ha ojeapresapávo umi jefekuéra nomanói va’ekue, Centurión-pe ohupytývo peteĩ vála upe hovápe omoirũ upe tropa-pe ou jevy peve puerto Villa Concepción peve. Upepe ojehupipa va’ekue umi jefekuérandi ha ojegueraha [[Rio de Janeiro]]-pe ñorairõ guasu prisionero ramo. == Ñorairõ guasu opa rire== Tetã [[Brasil]] guive ikatu kuri oho[[Hyãsia]]-pe. Táva [[Parĩ]]-pe omenda kuñataĩ Concepción de Zayas y Echavarría-re, heñói va’ekue tetã [[Cuba]]-pe. Centurión omombe’u ikuatia haípe oñembohóga hague [[Estados Unidos]]-pe; Cuba-pe ha [[Jamaica]]isla-pe ou peve hetãme ary [[1878]] ramo. Oguahẽmivovénte omoingéma hekove peridista ramo ha ohai umi periódico “La Reforma” ha “La Democracia-pe” omba’apóvo upe tetã ñembyatyrõ guasúpe. Omba’apo avei abogado ramo a avei peteĩva umi Superior Tribunal de Justicia y Fiscal general del Estado ramo. Omba’apo jetu’u va’ekue avei política-pe ha ha’e peteĩva umi ohai va’ekue upe acta de fundación de la Asociación Nacional Republicana. Karai Tendota [[Patricio Escobar]] ohenói ichupe ministro de Relaciones Exteriores ramo ha upe tembiapópe ohupyty ichupe omba’apóvo umi ñemongeta guasu ñeko’õi [[Chaco]] rehegua. Ary [[1890]]-pe oñemondo va’ekue oiko haguã hetã rérape [[Inglaterra]], [[Francia]] ha [[España]]-pe. [[1895]]-pe ha’e senador ha oĩ upe comisión de estudios de la frontera Bolivia-ndi. Ohai hesegua “Memoria. Reminiscencias históricas sobre la Guerra del Paraguay”, oñemombe’uporaiterei hápe umi oikóva guive upe la Ñorairõ guasu Triple Alianza-di. Ofundador va’ekue upe Instituto Paraguayo. == Iñemano== Omano [[Paraguay]]pe upe 12 jasyasy ary [[1909]]-pe. == Mandu'apy == *“Memorias o reminiscencias históricas sobre la Guerra del Paraguay.” J. C. Centurión *“Forjadores del Paraguay.” M. G. M. de López Moreira == Joaju == * [https://lenguaguarani.blogspot.com/2023/01/juan-crisostomo-centurion.html JUAN CRISÓSTOMO CENTURIÓN]. Ohai: [[David Galeano Olivera]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080705054925/http://www.monografias.com/trabajos/triplealianza/triplealianza.shtml Monografías.com] * [http://nuevomundo.revues.org/document1677.html La guerra del Paraguay] [[Ñemohenda:Tekove Paraguaigua]] 7je0llg508pjzu83cuxigosf78r1vgv 0 4223 138257 91768 2026-08-19T00:17:28Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 138257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artista | bgcolour = silver | nombre = Carlos Villagra Marsal | imagen = | tamañodelaimagen = | piedefoto = | nombredenacimiento = Carlos Villagra Marsal | fechadenacimiento = [[1932]] | lugar = [[Paraguaýpe]], [[Paraguái]] | fechadefallecimiento = | lugardefallecimiento = | nacionalidad = [[Paraguayo|Paraguaya]] | area = | educación = | movimiento = | obrasdestacadas = ''“Antología Mínima”, “ El júbilo difícil”, “Mancuello y la Perdiz”'' | patrones = | influenciadopor = | influencó = | premios = }} '''Carlos Villagra Marsal''' ha’e ñe’eyvoty apoha, narrador, ensayista ha tekove arandu paraguái. Heta mba’e porã ha’e o’hai va’ekue jajuhú Paraguáipe, ndaha’éi haípe añónte, avei editor promotor ramo. ==Imitã ha imitãrusúpe== Heñói [[Paraguay]]pe, táva omyakãva tetã [[Paraguái]], ary 1932 ramo. == Oñembongu’e ypýpe== Imitãmi guive, Villagra Marsal oñepyrũma ohai ñe’ẽyvotykuéra rehegua. Oguereko ramo poteĩ ary 60 kuatiáma ohai kuri ñe’ẽyvotyku´éra rehegua. Ha’e avei abogado, ha ojeikuaa ijupe upe oje’éva "promoción del 50" gua ha, omboguatahaguépe heta ñe’ẽyvotykuéra porã upe [[Academia Universitaria del Paraguay]]-pe. == Trayectoria == Heta ary jevy, Villagra Marsal omyakã va’ekue upe Tertulia Literaria Hispanoamericana de Asunción. Ko’ágã ramo guarã ha’e mbo’ehára literatura guaraní rehegua Universidad Católica-pe ha avei Universidad Nacional Asunción-pe. Ofunda va’ekue José María Gómez Sanjurjo ha Jorge Gómez Rodas ndive Alcándara Editora, omyakã ko tembiapo ary 1982 guive 1988 peve. Omotenonde avei [[Editorial Araverá]] ary 1985 guive 1987 peve. Ko árapeve, Villagra Marsal ohai irundy kuatiahai ha heta ensayo ha comentariokuéra oñeguenohẽ va’ekue heta kuatiahaikuéra ñaneretã ha ambue tetã ambuérupi osẽvape. Imba’e mokõ kuatiahaipyre ñe’ẽpoty rehegua: "Antología mínima", oñemosarambi va’ekue ary 1975ha ha "Guarania del desvelado", oséva 1979-pe. Ko ipahapeguápe jajuhu "Canto a Simón Bolívar", ohava va’ekuke ary 1954-pe. Ko haihárape ojehepyme’ẽ va’ekue ary 1954 ramo upe "juegos florales" "Sociedad Bolivariana del Paraguay" ojapo va’ekue omomorãvo Bolívar-pe. Prosa rehegua, Villagra Marsal ohai "Mancuello y la perdiz", oñemosarambi va’ekue ary 1965 ramo. Ko novela mykymíme oñeme’e va’ekue Primer Premio (narrativa rehegua), ary 1966 ramo diario "La Tribuna". Hembiapo ipyahuvéva oñemosarambi va’ekue ary 1992-pe ha’e "Papeles" de Ultima Altura. Ko’ágã ramo guarã oguereko ñe’ẽpoty rehegua ohaíva hína. == Hembiapokuéra== Ñe’ẽpoty rehegua, Villagra Marsal ohai 'Antología mínima', ary 1975pe; 'Guarania del desvelado', ary 1979-pe; 'El júbilo difícil', ary 1996-pe; ha 'Poesía congregada', tetã México ha España-pe, ko arýpe aveui. Narrativa rehegua, ha’e ohai va’ekue ''Papeles de Ultima Altura', osẽ va’ekue ary 1992-peha 'Mancuello y la perdiz', ohaiva’ekue 1965-pe ha oñeguenohẽ jevy tetã Ecuador-pe ary 1995 ramo. Ko ipahapegua ha’e novela mbykymi, ogana va’ekue Primer Premio (narrativa-pe) ome’ẽ va’ekue 1966-pe upe diario "La Tribuna". [[José María Gómez Sanjurjo]] ha [[Jorge Gómez Rodas]]ndive, Villagra Marsal ofunda ha omyakã Alcándara Editora umi ary 1982 ha 1988-pe, oguenohẽ papoteĩ kuatiahaipyre ñe’ẽpotykuéra paraguái rehegua. Ha’e avei Editorial Araverá myakãhára umi ary 1985 guive 1987 peve. Umi heta jehasa asy [[Stroessner]] omanda mbarete ramo guare, Carlos Villagra Marsal omyakã va’ekue upe herakuã porãva 'Tertulia Hispanoamericana del Paraguay', oñemohenda va’ekue irundy javeve peteĩ jasýpe [[Centro Cultural Juan de Zalazar]]-pe. Villagra Marsal ohai "Mancuello y la Perdiz" omba’a jave ONU- pe táva [[Santiago de Chile]]-pe, oñeme’ẽhaguépe ichupe premio upe kuatiahai osẽva pyhareve hérava La Tribuna rupi. == Enlaces externos == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111025063411/http://www.monografias.com/ Monografias] [[Ñemohenda:Tekove Paraguaigua|Villagra Marsal, Carlos]] 0guq0v8mkercfu61f73bckqmmkx9p4i 0 6498 138252 127713 2026-08-18T19:26:13Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ficha de taxón|right | name = Jagua | image = Assemblage_chien.jpg | image_width = 250 px | image_caption = Jagua jepuru ko'ãga. | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | classis = [[Mammalia]] | subclassis = [[Theria]] | infraclassis = [[Eutheria]] | ordo = [[Carnivora]] | subordo = [[Caniformia]] | familia = [[Canidae]] | genus = [[Canis]] | species = [[Canis lupus]] | subspecies = '''''C. lupus familiaris''''' | trinomial = ''Canis lupus familiaris'' | trinomial_authority = [[Linnaeus]] 1758 | synonyms = * ''Canis familiaris'' <small>Linnaeus 1758</small> * ''Canis familiarus domesticus'' <small>Linnaeus 1758</small> | range_map = Mapa_habitat_casitodo.PNG | range_map_width = 131px }} '''Jagua''' ('''''Canis lupus familiaris''''')<ref>{{cita web |url= http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Canis_lupus_familiaris.html|título= Canis lupus familiaris |autor= Dewey, T. and S. Bhagat |fecha= 2002 |editorial= Animal Diversity Web |idioma= ingyaterrañe'ẽ}}</ref><ref>{{cita web |url= http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000752 |título= Mammal Species of the World (3ª ed.) |fechaacceso= 21 de enero de 2009 |autor= Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M. |editorial= Bucknell Univesity |idioma= ingyaterrañe'ẽ}}</ref><ref>[http://www.organismnames.com/details.htm?lsid=1030291 ION -Index to Organism Name]</ref> ({{es|perro}}) ha'e peteĩ [[mymba]] [[okambúva]] ho'úva [[so'o]] oñemohendáva umi [[jaguapehẽ]] mbytépe, upéicha jagua peteĩ [[jaguaru]] [[juehegua]] (''[[canis lupus]]''). Peteĩ ñehesa'ỹijo osẽ ku kuatia rembikuaáva hérava ''Nature''-pe ohechauka yvypóra osaite'o jaguarúpe ha omoambue hete ha heko, <ref>{{cita publicación|coautores=Erik Axelsson, Kerstin Lindblad-Toh|título=The genomic signature of dog domestication reveals adaptation to a starch-rich diet|publicación=Nature|fecha=11 de diciembre de 2012|año=2012|número=495|páginas=360–364|doi=10.1038/nature11837|url=}}</ref> ha upe guive jagua okarukuaa heta mba'e ha heko iñambue.<ref name="Nature">{{cita web|autor=Revista Nature|título=The genomic signature of dog domestication reveals adaptation to a starch-rich diet|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v495/n7441/full/nature11837.html|fechaacceso=14 de mayo de 2013|fecha=23 de enero de 2013|idioma=inglés|cita=''We identify candidate mutations in key genes and provide functional support for an increased starch digestion in dogs relative to wolves.''}}</ref> Opaichagua ituichakue, ijysaja ha hague irrásare (jagua ñemoñangáre). Ijapysa ha itĩ mbarete, itĩre oñandu porãve mba'ekuéra ijerére. Umi rrása michĩ ikatu oikove 20 ary pukukuévo, oñeñangarekoporãrõ hese, ha umi rrása ambuéva oiko pa térã papo ary aja. Oĩ amo 800&nbsp;jagua rrása, ituichakue, hete ha heko opaichagua, oguereko avei opaichagua [[sa'y]] ha [[tague|hague]]. Jagua niko oiko porãve [[yvypóra]] ndive ha upévare oĩ umi oipurúva jagua oñemoirũ hag̃ua, iñangarekoháraicha, omba'apoháraicha, ogueraháva yvypóra ha mba'ekuéra [[yrypy'a|yrypy'áre]], tymba'apiha, ñañihára, oisãmbyhýva umíva [[ndohecháiva]] ha oĩ avei umi jagua rerekua omboguatakuaáva ovecha ha vaka kuéra. Ary [[2001]] jave, ojeipapami oiko amo 400.000.000 jagua yvy ape ári.<ref name="Coppinger">{{Cite book| author=Coppinger, Ray|title=Dogs: a Startling New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior and Evolution| url=https://archive.org/details/dogsstartlingnew00raym|year=2001|isbn=0-684-85530-5|publisher=Scribner|location= New York|page = 352}}</ref> == Mandu'apy == {{listaref}} == Joaju == {{commonscat|Dogs}}{{wikiquote|Perro|perros|preposición=sobre}}{{wikispecies|Canis lupus familiaris}}{{wikcionario|perro}} * [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/name/Canis_lupus_familiaris Biodiversity Heritage Library bibliography] for ''Canis lupus familiaris'' * [http://www.ancient.eu.com/article/184/ Dogs in the Ancient World], artículo sobre la historia de los perros. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111204212258/http://www.barbastella.org/mastozoologia/atlascraneos/atlascraneos_lobo_perro.htm Vértebras del perro]. * [https://lapkins.ru/dog/ Dogs breed]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141220073116/http://www.barbastella.org/mastozoologia/atlascraneos/atlascraneos.htm Atlas virtual] [[Ñemohenda:Jaguapehẽ]] a03zfo5r9czzov18dmkvlzjl50v36ir 0 6615 138231 128937 2026-08-18T19:12:35Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138231 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="float:right" ! colspan="4" class="cabecera cómics" style="background-color: Lavender" {{!}} Jeroviapy |- | colspan="4" |[[File:Prevailing world religions map.png|500px]] |- ! colspan="4" style="background: Lavender" {{!}} Umi jeroviapy tuichavéva ñemohenda |- | colspan="4" style="padding:0" | <div style="width:100%;overflow-x:auto"><table style="width:100%;margin:0 auto"> {{!}} style="width:25%"{{!}} '''[[Hesu rape]]:''' {{legend|#b580bd|[[Tupãrape Oparupigua|Katóliko]]}} {{legend|#71a0e0|[[Protestantismo|Protestante]]}} {{legend|#cc818f|[[Tupão tape ypýre ombo'éva|Ortodoxo]]}} {{!}} style="width:25%"{{!}} '''[[Islã]]:''' {{legend|#02751c|[[Sunismo]]}} {{legend|#00af35|[[Chiismo]]}} {{legend|#8ade37|[[Anexo:Escuelas y ramas del islam|Ambuéva]]}} {{!}} style="width:25%"{{!}} '''[[Vudismo]]:''' {{legend|#ffd941|[[Theravada]]}} {{legend|#ddf379|[[Mahāyāna]]}} {{legend|#db982b|[[Vajrayāna]]}} {{!}} style="width:25%"{{!}} '''[[Tetama jeroviapy|Tetãygua]]:''' {{legend|#e10026|[[Judaísmo]]}} {{legend|#ff6f1e|[[Indu jerovia]]}} {{legend|#ffb94e|[[Chína jeroviapy tee|Chína]]}} </table></div> |} [[File:ReligijneSymbole.svg|thumb|250px|Jeroviapy]] '''Jeroviapy''', térã '''ajengatu''', niko [[yvypóra]] jegueroviapy kuéra oporombojepokuaáva oporomboguata hag̃ua imbo'epýre ha upéicha ijapaite [[avano'õ]]re ha [[Arandupy|arandupýre]]. Oĩ jeroviapy opaichagua, upéarõ ojehecha heta jegueroviapy aty ha jeroviahakuéra ojoavýva.<ref group="nota">Si bien la religión es difícil de definir, [[Clifford Geertz]] propuso un modelo estándar de la religión, quien simplemente lo llamó un «sistema cultural» (Clifford Geertz, ''Religion as a Cultural System'', 1973). Una crítica del modelo de Geertz por [[Talal Asad]] categorizó la religión como «una categoría [[antropología|antropológica]]». (Talal Asad, ''The Construction of Religion as an Anthropological Category'', 1982).</ref> Ndaipóri ramo jepe ñe'ẽpeteĩ he'i hag̃ua mba'épa he'iseite jeroviapy,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Morreall|first1=John|last2=Sonn|first2=Tamara|title=50 Great Myths of Religion|chapter=Myth 1: All Societies Have Religions|date=2013|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=9780470673508|pages=12–17}}</ref><ref name=Nongbri1>{{cite book |last1=Nongbri |first1=Brent |title=Before Religion: A History of a Modern Concept|url=https://archive.org/details/beforereligionhi0000nong |pages=[https://archive.org/details/beforereligionhi0000nong/page/152 152] |quote=Although the Greeks, Romans, Mesopotamians, and many other peoples have long histories, the stories of their respective "religions" are of recent pedigree. The formation of "ancient religions" as objects of study coincided with the formation of religion itself as a concept of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.|date=2013 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=030015416X}}</ref><ref name="Religion enlightenment1">{{cite book|last1=Harrison|first1=Peter|title='Religion' and the Religions in the English Enlightenment|url=https://archive.org/details/religionreligion00harr|date=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|pages=[https://archive.org/details/religionreligion00harr/page/n11 1]|isbn=0521892937|quote=That there exist in the world such entities as 'the religions' is an uncontroversial claim...However, it was not always so. The concepts 'religion' and 'the religions', as we presently understand them, emerged quite late in Western thought, during the Enlightenment. Between them, these two notions provided a new framework for classifying particular aspects of human life.}}</ref> karai [[Bernard Lonergan]] ohechakuaa jeroviapy ha'eha niko avano'õ remiandu, rembiasa, jegueroviapy, jepokuaaha ha jerovia rembiapo, ha ãva rupi umi ojeroviáva ombohovái iñeimo'ã arapýre ha ijokuaa itupãre térã ijeroviaháre.<ref>{{Cita libro|apellidos=Lonergan|nombre=Bernard|enlaceautor=Bernard Lonergan|título=Método en Teología|url=|fechaacceso=|año=1988|editorial=Sígueme|isbn=84-301-1053-4|editor=|ubicación=Salamanca|página=|idioma=|capítulo=Religión}}</ref> Oĩ heta jeroviapy omohenda imbo'epyrã, upéicha ohechauka umi ojeroviávape mba'éichapa heko porã va'erã ha mba'éichapa hembiapo va'erã opyta hag̃ua jeroviapy ñembyatýpe, upéicha avei ojehecha jeroviapykuéra ojapo henda marangaturã ([[tupão]], tekove marangatu róga, [[opy]], paje róga) térã imbo'epy ojejuhu aranduka marangatúpe ([[Hesu rape]] oreko iñaranduka marangatu héra [[Tupã ñe'ẽngue ryru|Biblia]] ha [[Islã]] oreko [[Korã]], techapyrãme). Jeroviapykuéra ojapo iñembyatyrã, umi ojeroviáva oñembyatyhápe oikuaave hag̃ua ijeroviapýre térã omomba'eguasu hag̃ua ijeroviahápe. Jeroviapykuéra omombe'u avei mba'éichapa oñepyrũ tekove ha [[arapy]], térã omombe'u mba'érepa yvypóra oiko ko [[Yvy|Yvýpe]]. Oĩ ñehesa'ỹijo he'íva ikatu oĩha amo 4200 jeroviapy [[Yvy]] jerekuévo ha hetaveiterei ko'ãga ndaiporivéima ojeroviáva hese.<ref>The Everything World's Religions Book: Explore the Beliefs, Traditions and Cultures of Ancient and Modern Religions, page 1 Kenneth Shouler - 2010</ref><ref>{{cita web|título=Un planeta con 4.200 religiones vivas e incalculables creencias ya extinguidas|url=http://esmateria.com/2013/12/25/un-planeta-con-4-200-religiones-vivas-e-incalculables-creencias-ya-extinguidas/|editorial=Materia|fecha=25 de diciembre de 2013|urlarchivo=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822045451/http://esmateria.com/2013/12/25/un-planeta-con-4-200-religiones-vivas-e-incalculables-creencias-ya-extinguidas/|fechaarchivo=22 de agosto de 2014}}</ref> Ñehesa'ỹijo ojejapo akue ary 2012-me heta tetãme ohechauka 59 % opaite tekovekuéragui «ijeroviapyha» ha 36 % ndorekói jeroviapy (umíva ndive oĩ 13 % ndojeroviái Tupãre).<ref name="gia">{{cita web|url=http://www.wingia.com/web/files/richeditor/filemanager/Global_INDEX_of_Religiosity_and_Atheism_PR__6.pdf|título=Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism|fechaacceso=24 de agosto de 2012|fecha=27 de julio de 2012|editorial=WIN-Gallup International|urlarchivo=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906165952/http://www.wingia.com/web/files/richeditor/filemanager/Global_INDEX_of_Religiosity_and_Atheĩism_PR__6.pdf|fechaarchivo=6 de septiembre de 2012|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2020-11-08|archivedate=2013-01-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117073118/http://www.wingia.com/web/files/richeditor/filemanager/Global_INDEX_of_Religiosity_and_Atheism_PR__6.pdf}}</ref> Heta jeroviapýpe, peteĩ umi jegueroviapykuéra mba'eguasuvéva apytépe oĩ pe jegueroviapy he'íva oĩha peteĩ térã heta tupã ([[Hesu rape]] he'i oĩha [[Ñandejára]] ha [[Islã]] he'i oĩha [[Ala]], techapyrãme), umi jeroviapýpe tupã niko tekove guasu opamba'e ipoguýpe orekóva, upe ojapo opamba'e, upe [[Jerovia|ojejerovia]] va'erã hese ha oñemomba'eguasuva'erã chupe. Oĩ jeroviapy he'íva oĩha peteĩ Tupã mante ha ndaipóri ijeroviaha ambuéva, upéicha avei oĩ jeroviapy he'íva oĩha Tupã opaichagua, techapyrãme peteĩ oñangarekóva yvýre ha ambuéva oñangareko [[Y|ýre]], peteĩ oñangareko umi [[Mano|omanóvare]] ha ambuéva oñangareko umi ñorairõme ohóvare. Heta jeroviapýpe he'i oĩha mba'e pokatu ambuéva, umíva apytépe oĩ [[aña]], tupã remimbou ha tupã rymba, póra iporãva ha póra iñañáva. == Marandu'i == <references group="nota"/> == Mandu'apy == {{Listaref}} [[Ñemohenda:Jerovia]] hh9eufy6yzmkqdo7mzpb5ya02x090q4 0 6662 138242 138213 2026-08-18T19:18:48Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ficha de país | nombre_oficial = 日本国<br />''Nihon-koku''<br />''Nippon-koku''<br />Tetã Hapõ | nombre_común = Hapõ | de = de | imagen_bandera = Flag of Japan.svg | imagen_escudo = Imperial Seal of Japan.svg | símbolos = Mburuvi Ekúdo | lema_nacional = 平和と進歩 ''Heiwa To Shinpo''<br />(hapõñe'ẽme: 'Py'aguapy ha Tekotenonde') | imagen_mapa = Japan (orthographic projection).svg | himno_nacional = 君が代 ''[[Kimi ga yo]]''<br />(hapõñe'ẽme: 'Tove iporokuái ndopamo'ãi') | archivo_himno_nacional = Kimi ga Yo instrumental.ogg | capital = [[Tókio]] [[Ta'ãnga:Symbol of Tokyo Metropolis.svg|right|20px]] | capital_población = 12&nbsp;526&nbsp;574 | capital_coor_fmt = | capital_coord = {{Coord|35|41|22|N|139|41|30|E|type:city|display=inline}} | ciudad_más_poblada = [[Tókio]] [[Ta'ãnga:Symbol of Tokyo Metropolis.svg|right|20px]] | idioma_oficial = [[Hapõñe'ẽ]]<ref>{{cita web|url=http://houseikyoku.sangiin.go.jp/column/column068.htm|título=法制執務コラム集「法律と国語・日本語」|fechaacceso=19 de enero de 2009|editorial=Legislative Bureau of the House of Councillors|idioma=japonés}}</ref> | gobierno = [[Porokuái peteĩme léi guasúre]] | dirigentes_títulos = [[Mburuvicha Hapõgua|Mburuvicha guasu]]<br />Primer Ministro | dirigentes_nombres = [[Naruhito]]<br />[[Sanae Takaichi]] | fundación = Ñepyrũ | fundación_hitos = &nbsp;• [[Hapõ Iñepyrũ Ára|Ñepyrũ]]<br /><br />&nbsp;• [[Meiji ñembopyahu]]<br />&nbsp;• [[Léi guasu Hapõgua|Léi guasu ko'ãguagua]]<br />&nbsp;• Ñe'ẽme'ẽ San Francisco pegua | fundación_fechas =<br /> [[11 jasykõi]] ary 660 Kirito mboyve<br />[[3 jasyteĩ]] ary [[1868]]<br /><br />[[3 jasypo]] ary [[1947]]<br /><br />[[28 jasyrundy]] ary [[1952]] | superficie = 377&nbsp;835 | superficie_puesto = 61 | superficie_agua = 0,8 % | fronteras = 0 [[km]] | costas = 29&nbsp;751 km | población = 127&nbsp;094&nbsp;745<ref>https://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/kokusei/2015/final_en/pdf/s01.pdf</ref> | población_puesto = 10 | población_densidad = 337,1 | población_año = 2012 | PIB_nominal = [[US$]] 5&nbsp;963&nbsp;969 mill.<ref name=imf2>{{cita web |title=Japan|editorial=Fondo Monetario Internacional|fechaacceso=22 de octubre de 2013|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=82&pr.y=17&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=158&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=}}</ref> | PIB_nominal_año = 2012 | PIB_nominal_puesto = 3 | PIB_nominal_per_cápita = [[US$]] 46&nbsp;735<ref name=imf2 /> (2012) | PIB = [[US$]] 4&nbsp;627&nbsp;891 mill.<ref name=imf2 /> | PIB_año = 2012 | PIB_puesto = 4 | PIB_per_cápita = [[US$]] 36&nbsp;265<ref name=imf2 /> | IDH = 0,912<ref name="IDH">{{cita web|autor=PNUD| url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/es/paises/perfiles/JPN.html | título= "Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano 2013" |editor= pnud |ubicación= [[Washington]], [[Estados Unidos]]|año = 14 de marzo de 2013|idioma = castellano | fechaacceso= 15/03/13|formato= PDF}}</ref> | IDH_año = 2012 | IDH_puesto = 10 | IDH_categoría = <span style="color:#009900;">'''Tuichaeterei'''</span><ref>http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf Human Development Report 2009 (p. 171, 204)</ref> | moneda = [[Iéne]] (¥, <code>[[ISO 4217|JPY]]</code>) | gentilicio = Hapõygua<br />Hapone | horario = [[UTC]] + 9 | horario_verano = Ndorekói | miembro_de = [[ONU]], [[OSCE]], [[APEC]], [[G-8]] }} '''Hapõ''' ([[Hapõñe'ẽ|Hapõ ñe'ẽ]]me: 日本, ''<small>Nihon</small>'' térã ''<small>Nippon</small>''), héra tee hína '''Hapõ Retã''' (日本国 ''<small>Nippon-koku</small>'') [[tetã|tetã hekosãsóva]] ojejuhúva ypa'ũnguérape [[Ásia]] [[Kuarahyresẽ Asia|kuarahyresẽguápe]]. Hapõ ypa'ũnguéra oĩ [[Paraguasu Py'aguapy|paraguasu Pacífico]]-pe; ijerére ojejuhu kuarahyreike gotyo [[para Hapõ]], [[Chína Tetarã Retã]], [[Yvate Koréa]], [[Ñemby Koréa]] ha [[Rrúsia]], yvate gotyo ojejuhu [[para Ojotsk]], ñemby ha kuarahyresẽ ngotyo [[para Kuarahyresẽ Chína]] ha [[Taiuã]]. Hapõ yvy niko ypa'ũ aty oĩháme 14 125 ypa'ũ oguerekojoáva 377 978 km<small>²</small> [[para Pacífico Tata Kuãirũ]]<nowiki/>me. Umi ijypa'ũ iguasuvéva, yvate guive ñemby peve, [[Hokkaidō]], [[Honshū]], [[Shikoku]], [[Kyūshū]] ha [[Okinawa]]. Itavusu ha táva iguasuvéva héra [[Tókio]], ko tetãme katu oĩ ambue táva imba'eguasuetéva, oñongatúgui ijarandupy ha omongu'égui iviru, héra [[Yokohama]], [[Osaka]], [[Nagoya]], [[Sapporo]], [[Fukuoka]], [[Kōbe]] ha [[Kióto|Kioto]]. Hapõ tetã ijavavéva pateĩha, avei umi ijoaripáva ha itavapáva. Haimete 75 % ijyvýgui niko yvyty, ha umi 126 sua ava oiko iñupyso pépe. Oñemboja'o 47 tetãvorépe ha poapy yvyrenda, oĩháme [[Tókio Guasu Pehẽngue]], táva iguasuvéva arapýpe, 37 sua ava ndive. Ko'ãga Hapõ oĩ umi tetã ipokatuvéva ha mbaretevéva apytépe.<ref name="cia">{{Cita web |título=World Factbook: Japan |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html |editorial=[[CIA]] |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2020-11-16 |archivedate=2018-12-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226010157/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html%20 |urlarchivo=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226010157/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html%20 |fechaarchivo=2018-12-26 |fechaacceso=2020-11-16 }}</ref> Hapõ oĩ heta aty mba'eguasúvape, umíva apytépe oĩ [[Tetãnguéra Joaju]], [[G7]], [[G4]] ha [[w:es:APEC|APEC]]. Hapõ niko pe tetã mokõiha ojehechahápe sa'ive yvypóra ojukáva ambuévape, [[Singapúra]] mante upe peteĩha,<ref>{{Cita web |url=http://www.unodc.org/pdf/research/9th_survey/CTS9ByIndicatorExtract.pdf |título=Ninth United Nations survey of crime trends and operations of criminal justice systems |editorial=UN Office on Drugs and Crime |páginas=1-9 }}</ref> ha'e avei pe tetã mokõiha ojehechahápe kuña hekove pukukue hi'arevéva<ref>{{Cita web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-19008870 |título=BBC News - Japanese women fall behind Hong Kong in longevity |editorial=Bbc.co.uk |fecha=27 de julio de 2012}}</ref> ha, he'iháicha [[ONU]], ko tetã niko pe tetã mbohapyha ojehechahápe sa'ive mitã omanóva, opaite tetã ambuéva apytépe.<ref name="haaretz.com">{{Cita publicación |título=WHO: Life expectancy in Israel among highest in the world |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/who-life-expectancy-in-israel-among-highest-in-the-world-1.276618 |periódico=Haaretz |fecha=mayo de 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208075044/http://www.haaretz.com/news/who-life-expectancy-in-israel-among-highest-in-the-world-1.276618 |archivedate=2015-02-08 |accessdate=2020-11-16 }}</ref><ref name="Table A.17">{{Cita web |título=Table A.17 |url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/WPP2006_Highlights_rev.pdf |obra=United Nations World Population Prospects'', 2006 revisión'&#39; |editorial=ONU}}</ref> == Héra ypy == Hapõ réra (''Nippon/Nihon'' 日本, he'iséva: «kuarahy ypy») ijypy niko [[Chinañe'ẽ]]me: rì běn, [[kuarahyresẽ]], osẽhápe [[kuarahy]]. [[kanji|Tai]] 日 ijypy niko peteĩ apu'a omoha'angáva kuarahy, ha 本 omoha'anga [[tapo|yvyra rapo]] ha he'ise "ypy". Upévare ko tetã ojehero avei "Kuarahy osẽva Retã". Hapõ réra, Nippon, ojeipuru umi amandaje guasúpe ha atýpe oñembyatyhápe heta tetã, ha ko téra Nihon ojeipuru Hapõ pype. Ko tetã réra [[avañe'ẽ]]me ou [[karaiñe'ẽ]]gui (''Japón'') ha upe ou [[Chinañe'ẽ]]gui. Karai Europagua [[Marco Polo]] ohórõguare Chínape ary 1270-pe omoĩ kuatiápe '''Cipangu''', ikatu he'iséne '''rìběnguó'''. [[Malájo ñe'ẽ|Malájo ñe'ẽme]] upe ñe'ẽngue Chinañe'ẽgua oñemoambue ha oiko chugui '''Japang''', ha upéi umi karai omoñemúva [[Poytuga]] retãygua oñepyrũ oipuru ko ñe'ẽngue [[saro'y XVI]]-me, umíva niko oraha va'ekue ko Hapõ réra [[Európa]]-pe. == Marandeko == === Marandeko-mboyve ha Ára Mbytegua === [[File:Emperor Jimmu.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Karai guasu [[Jinmu Tennō]].]] Yvypóra rekoha peteĩha ojeikuaáva oikoraẽ Hapõ ypa'ũnguérape ojapo 30.000 Kirito mboyve, [[marandeko-mboyve]] aja.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ono |first1=Akira |last2=Sato |first2=Hiroyuki |last3=Tsutsumi |first3=Takashi |last4=Kudo |first4=Yuichiro |title=Radiocarbon Dates and Archaeology of the Late Pleistocene in the Japanese Islands |journal=Radiocarbon |date=2002 |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=477–494 |doi=10.1017/S0033822200031854 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/radiocarbon/article/radiocaron-dates-and-archaeology-of-the-late-pleistocene-in-the-japanese-islands/580E3E8E6F7C0E9E65D9FA8EC7FB6553}}</ref> Upe rire oñepyrũ ára pukukue hérava [[Jōmon Ára]] (amo 14&nbsp;500&nbsp;Kirito mboyve) ojehecha va'ekue tapichakuéra omymbajukáva hembi'urãre ha [[Ñemitỹ|oñemitỹkuaamíva]], sapy'ánte omopu'ã hekoharã opytami hag̃ua.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Habu |first1=Junko |title=Ancient Jomon of Japan |year=2004 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-77670-7 |page=43 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Ancient_Jomon_of_Japan/vGnAbTyTynsC }}</ref> Hembipurukue ha hembiapokue [[ñay'ũ]]gui ijapopyre ha'e mba'e tujavéva ñay'ũgui ikatu jajuhu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/jomo/hd_jomo.htm|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|title=Jōmon Culture (ca. 10,500–ca. 300 B.C.)|accessdate=Agosto 28, 2020}}</ref> Amo ary 1000&nbsp;Kirito mboyve aja, [[Yayoi Ára|tetãma yayoi]] oñepyrũ oike ypa'ũ atýpe yvy hérava [[Kyūshū|Kyushu]] guive, ojejehe'a hikuái umi [[tetãma Jōmon|Jōmon]] reheve;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Oh |first1=ChungHae Amana |title=Cosmogonical Worldview of Jomon Pottery |year=2011 |publisher=Sankeisha |isbn=978-4-88361-924-5 |page=37 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Cosmogonical_Worldview_of_Jomon_Pottery/hxulspIN_2UC }}</ref> ára pukukue hérava [[Yayoi Ára]] jave ojehecha oñepyrũhague oñemitỹ [[arro]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Road of rice plant|url=http://www.kahaku.go.jp/special/past/japanese/ipix/5/5-25.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430010530/http://www.kahaku.go.jp/special/past/japanese/ipix/5/5-25.html|archivedate=Abril 30, 2011|publisher=National Science Museum of Japan|accessdate=Enero 15, 2011}}</ref> oĩhague tembiapokue pyahu ñay'ũgui ijapopyre,<ref>{{cite web|title=Kofun Period (ca. 300–710)|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/kofu/hd_kofu.htm|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|accessdate=Agosto 28, 2020}}</ref> ha oikehague avei [[Kuarepotikuaa|tembiapokue órogui ha kuarepotígui]] ijapopyre oúva [[Chína]] ha [[Korea|Koréagui]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Yayoi Culture (ca. 300 B.C.–300 A.D.)|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/yayo/hd_yayo.htm|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|accessdate=Agosto 28, 2020}}</ref> [[Mombe'ugua'ukuaa|Mombe'ugua'u]] Hapõ megua he'i, amo ary 660&nbsp;Kirito mboyve, mburuvihára [[Jinmu Tennō|Jinmu]] omoheñói peteĩ [[Yamatai|tavetã]] Hapõ mbytépe, upépe oje'e oñepyrũhague [[Hapõ mburuvi rogaygua]].<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Routledge|page=9|last=Hendry|first=Joy|title=Understanding Japanese Society|year=2012|isbn=9781136279188}}</ref> Hapõ ojechaukaraẽ jehaipýpe upe ''[[Han Aranduka|Han Arandukápe]]'', ojehai va'ekue ary 111&nbsp;Kirito rire.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Delmer M. |last2=Hall |first2=John Whitney |last3=Jansen |first3=Marius B. |last4=Shively |first4=Donald H. |last5=Twitchett |first5=Denis |title=The Cambridge History of Japan|volume= 1 |year=1988 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-22352-2 |page=275 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/A3_6lp8IOK8C }}</ref> [[Vúda rape]] oike ko tetãme ary 552 oukuévo tavetã Koréa mba'éva hérava [[Baekje]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Delmer M. |last2=Hall |first2=John Whitney |last3=Jansen |first3=Marius B. |last4=Shively |first4=Donald H. |last5=Twitchett |first5=Denis |title=The Cambridge History of Japan|volume=1|year=1988 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-22352-2 |pages=140–149 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/A3_6lp8IOK8C }}</ref> Jepémo iñepyrũhápe ojejokose ku jeroviapy, mbeguekatúpe mburuvichakuéra oñepyrũ oguerovia hese ha oikuaauka imbo'epy, umíva apytépe oĩ va'ekue [[mburuvicha Shōtoku]], oparupi oñemosarambi ára pukukue hérava [[Asuka Ára]] aja (592–710).<ref>{{cite book |title=The Japanese Experience: A Short History of Japan |first=William Gerald|last=Beasley |publisher=University of California Press |year=1999 |page=42 |isbn=978-0-520-22560-2|url={{Google books|9AivK7yMICgC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> [[Taika Ñemyatyrõ]] oiko ary 645 jave ha upekuévo tetã oñemomba'epa yvykuérare ha upéi omboja'o ñemitỹhára apytépe, upéicha avei mburuvichakuéra ohaipa kuatiápe ojeikuaaporã hag̃ua ogakuéra Hapõ tuichakuévo omono'õ hag̃ua [[impuésto]].<ref name="Sansom " /> [[Jinshin Ñorairõ]] oiko ary 672 jave, oñombohováirõguare [[Tenmu Tennō|mburuvicha Ōama]] ha ipehẽngue ra'y, [[Kōbun Tennō|mburuvicha Ōtomo]], ko ñorairõ omoñepyrũ ñemyatyõ pyahu tetã ñesãmbyhýpe ha upégui heñói [[Teko me'ẽ Taihō]], ko kuatia rupive oñemombarete tetã ñesãmbyhy.<ref name="Sansom ">{{cite book |first=George|last=Sansom |year=1961 |title=A History of Japan: 1334–1615 |publisher=Stanford University Press|pages=57, 68|isbn=978-0-8047-0525-7|url={{Google books|0syC6L77dpAC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} }}</ref> Upe rupive oñemoheñói tetã [[Ritsuryō]], tetã guasu oiko va'ekue 500 ary pukuévo.<ref name="ritsuryo">{{cite book |first=Conrad|last=Totman |year=2002 |title=A History of Japan |publisher=Blackwell |pages=107–108 |isbn=978-1-4051-2359-4|url={{Google books|Z_a_QgAACAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} }}</ref> Ára pukukue hérava [[Nara Ára]] (710–784) jave ojehecha Hapõ ojerehague Mburuvihára Róga jerére, ojejuhúva [[Heijō Róga guasu|Heijō-kyō]]-pe, ko'ãga hína táva [[Nara (Nara)|Nara]]. Upekuévo oñembohetave [[aranduka]] apo ha oñemomba'eguasu [[Hapõ ñe'ẽporãhaipyre]] ojeikuaaukávo aranduka herakuãporãva ha'éva ''[[Kojiki]]'' (712) ha ''[[Nihonshoki]]'' (720), upéicha avei tembiapoporã guasu ha óga ñemopu'ã ojoguáva Vúda rape reko.<ref>{{cite book |first=Conrad|last=Totman |year=2002 |title=A History of Japan |publisher=Blackwell |pages=64–79 |isbn=978-1-4051-2359-4|url={{Google books|Z_a_QgAACAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} }}</ref><ref name=courtiers>{{cite book|chapter=Of Courtiers and Warriors: Early and Medieval History (710–1600)|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyjapanfrom00hens_137/page/n38 24]–52|author=Henshall, Kenneth|title=A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower|url=https://archive.org/details/historyjapanfrom00hens_137|isbn=978-0-230-36918-4|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2012}}</ref> Oñeimo'ã ary 735 ha 737 mbytépe oikohague Hapõ tuichakuévo [[mbiru'a]] ñemosarambi guasu ha ikatuhague omano mbohapýgui peteĩ opaite Hapõ retãyguágui.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hays|first=J.N.|title=Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-658-9|page=31|url={{Google books|GyE8Qt-kS1kC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref><ref name=courtiers/> Ary 784 jave [[Kanmu Tennō|mburuvihára Kanmu]] oguerova tetã tavusu amo táva [[Heian-kyō]]-pe, ãga katu táva [[Kioto]].<ref name=courtiers/> Upéicha oñepyrũ va'ekue ára pukukue hérava [[Heian Ára]] (794-1185), ojehecha heñoihague Hapõ arandupy hekoteére ojeréva. ''[[Genji Monogatari|Genji Rembiasa]]'' ojapo [[Murasaki Shikibu]] ha Hapõ retã momorãhéi, ''[[Kimigayo]]'', upe jave ojehai.<ref>{{cite book |first=Conrad|last=Totman |year=2002 |title=A History of Japan |publisher=Blackwell |pages=79–87, 122–123 |isbn=978-1-4051-2359-4|url={{Google books|Z_a_QgAACAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} }}</ref> === Ára Mbytegua === [[File:Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba Mongol Invasion Takezaki Suenaga 2 Page 5-7.jpg|thumb|Ñorairõhára [[samurái]] aty ombohováivo umi Mongoliagua, ''[[Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba]]''.]] Ára Mbytegua Hapõme ha'e ojehechárõguare umi ñorairõhára [[samurái]]gui oiko mburuvichakuéra.<ref name="Leibo2015">{{cite book|first=Steven A. |last=Leibo|title=East and Southeast Asia 2015–2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1yX-CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA99|year=2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4758-1875-8|pages=99–104}}</ref> Ary 1185 jave, ndaipu'akái rire umi [[Taira ñemoñare]] oikokuévo [[Genpei Ñorairõ]], upe samurái [[Minamoto no Yoritomo]] omoñepyrũ [[Kapaju rekuái|ñesãmbyhy milíko]] amo táva [[Kamakura (Kanagawa)|Kamakura]]-pe.<ref>{{cite book|title=World Monarchies and Dynasties|last=Middleton|first=John|year=2015|page=616|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> [[Hōjō ñemoñare]] oñepyrũ oisãmbyhy omano rire Yoritomo,<ref name="courtiers" /> omoguahẽ hikuái ''[[zen]]'' mbo'epy ou va'ekue Chína Vúda rapégui ha pya'e oñemosarambi umi samurái apytépe [[Kamakura Ára]] (1185-1333) jave.<ref>{{cite book|last=Totman|first=Conrad|title=A History of Japan |edition=2nd |year=2005|publisher=Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-2359-4|pages=106–112|url={{Google books|Z_a_QgAACAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> [[Shogunato Kamakura]] (tetã omyakãhápe peteĩ ''[[shogun]]'') omosẽ Hapõgui umi [[Mongólia ondyrýrõguare Hapõre|Mongoliagua ondyryséva hese]] 1274 ha 1281 jave, hákatu ojeipe'a hikuái tetã ñesãmbyhýgui oiko rire [[Kenmu Ñemyatyrõ]] ojapo [[Go-Daigo Tennō|mburuvihára Go-Daigo]].<ref name=courtiers/> Ko mburuvihára avei ojeipe'a omosẽkuévo chupe karai [[Ashikaga Takauji]] ary 1336 jave, upéicha oñepyrũ [[Muromachi Ára]] (1336-1573),<ref name="Shirane2012a">{{cite book|first=Haruo |last=Shirane|title=Traditional Japanese Literature: An Anthology, Beginnings to 1600|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E8qq6zhhM5kC&pg=PA409|year=2012|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-15730-8|page=409}}</ref> jepémo, upe rire oiko [[shogunato Ashikaga]] ha ndaipu'akái oñeha'ãmbávo ojoko hag̃ua umi mburuvicha yvy jára (hérava ''daimyōs'') ha oñepyrũ [[Ōnin Ñorairõ]] ary 1467-pe, upéicha oiko [[Sengoku Ára]] ha Hapõ ohasa 100 ary ñorairõ guýpe.<ref>{{cite book |first=George|last=Sansom |year=1961 |title=A History of Japan: 1334–1615 |publisher=Stanford University Press|pages=42, 217 |isbn=978-0-8047-0525-7|url={{Google books|0syC6L77dpAC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} }}</ref> Sa'ary XVI pukuévo, Hapõ oñepyrũ oñemu ha omoguahẽ ijyvýpe arandupy pytagua oikeraẽ rire ypa'ũ atýpe umi [[Poytuga|Poytugagua]] ha [[Hesu Irũ Aty|pa'i hesuíta]].<ref name=courtiers/><ref>{{cite book|title=Tanegashima|year=2005|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=0203479572|last=Lidin|first=Olof}}</ref> Karai ''daimyō'' [[Oda Nobunaga]] oipuru mboka ha tembireka Európagui oúva ipu'akave ha oñemomba'e hag̃ua umi ''daimyō'' ambuéva rehe;<ref>{{cite journal|title=The impact of firearms on Japanese warfare, 1543–98|last=Brown|first=Delmer|journal=The Far Eastern Quarterly|volume=7|issue=3|date=Mayo 1948|doi=10.2307/2048846 |pages=236–253|jstor=2048846}}</ref> ipu'akavévo hetã ñesambyhývo oñepyrũ [[Azuchi-Momoyama Ára]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collections.dma.org/essay/dAg2pDvx|publisher=Dallas Museum of Art|title=Azuchi-Momoyama period (1573–1603)|accessdate=Octubre 3, 2020}}</ref> Omano rire Nobunaga ary 1582-me, mburuvicha ou hapykuéri [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] omopeteĩ hetã amo ary 1590 jave ha oñeha'ã ondyrysévo Koréa rehe.<ref name=courtiers/> Karai [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] omba'apo hetãre ha mbeguekatúpe ipu'akave milíko ha mburuvicha ramo.<ref name="Turnbull2011">{{cite book|last=Turnbull|first=Stephen|title=Toyotomi Hideyoshi|year=2011|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-84603-960-7|page=61|url={{Google books|x8govgAACAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> Oikórõguare ñorairõ guasu, Ieyasu ipu'aka umi oñemoĩvare tetã ñesãmbyhýre ha oiko chugui peteĩ ''shōgun'' ohechakuaa rire chupe [[Go-Yōzei Tennō|mburuvihára Go-Yōzei]] ary 1603-pe ha omoheñói upe [[shogunato Tokugawa]] amo [[Edo]]-pe (ko'ãga hína [[Tókio]]).<ref name=closed>{{cite book|chapter=The Closed Country: the Tokugawa Period (1600–1868)|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyjapanfrom00hens_137/page/n67 53]–74|author=Henshall, Kenneth|title=A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower|url=https://archive.org/details/historyjapanfrom00hens_137|isbn=978-0-230-36918-4|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2012}}</ref> Ko shogunato pyahu oikuaauka tembapoukapy ojokóva umi yvy jára ''daimyō'',<ref>{{cite book|last=Totman|first=Conrad|title=A History of Japan |edition=2nd |year=2005|publisher=Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-2359-4|pages=142–143|url={{Google books|Z_a_QgAACAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> ha ombotýva tetã ani hag̃ua oñemu umi pytaguándi, upéicha oiko [[Edo Ára]] (1603-1868).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Toby|first=Ronald P.|title=Reopening the Question of Sakoku: Diplomacy in the Legitimation of the Tokugawa Bakufu|journal=Journal of Japanese Studies|year=1977|volume=3|issue=2|pages=323–363|doi=10.2307/132115|jstor=132115}}</ref><ref name=closed/> Upe jave ojehecha heta mba'e pyahu omongakuaa va'ekue Hapõ [[virurekokuaa]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Origins of Japanese Trade Supremacy |author=Howe, Christopher |publisher=Hurst & Company |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-85065-538-1|pages=58ff|url={{Google books|XkCRcv0iXn0C|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} }}</ref> === Ára javegua === [[File:Meiji tenno1.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Mburuvihára Meiji]], ''Meiji-tennō''; 1852-1912).]] Ary 1854-pe, ygapóra ruvicha [[Matthew C. Perry|Matthew Perry]] ha umi «[[ygarata hũ]]» [[Amérika Retãvorekuéra Joaju]] mba'éva oñeha'amba toñemboty'o hag̃ua Hapõ ojapokuévo [[jekupytyha Kanagawa pegua]].<ref name=closed/> Umi jekupytyha ambuéva ojejapo hapykuéri heta ombyai Hapõ virurekokuaa ha ñesãmbyhy.<ref name=closed/> Oheja rire tetã ñesãmbyhy upe ''shōgun'', oñepyrũ [[Boshin Ñorairõ]] ha ndojerevéi mburuvihárare añónte tetã rekuái (oikoháicha oiko rire [[Meiji ñemyatyrõ]]).<ref>{{cite book|last=Totman|first=Conrad|title=A History of Japan |edition=2nd |year=2005|publisher=Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-2359-4|pages=289–296|url={{Google books|Z_a_QgAACAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> Hapõ ombojehegua hetã remimoĩmbyre ojapoháicha umi tet{a Yvy pehẽngue kuarahyreikeguáva pegua ha ojapo iléi guasu pyahurã.<ref name=modernnation>{{cite book|chapter=Building a Modern Nation: the Meiji Period (1868–1912)|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyjapanfrom00hens_137/page/n89 75]–107|author=Henshall, Kenneth|title=A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower|url=https://archive.org/details/historyjapanfrom00hens_137|isbn=978-0-230-36918-4|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2012}}</ref> [[Ára Meiji]] (1868-1912) pukukuévo, [[Hapõ Mburuvi|Hapõ Mburuvígui]] oiko tetã mbaretevéva Ásiape ha ojechauka opavavépe tetã ipu'akasevéva ohekávo ñorairõ.<ref>{{cite book|last=McCargo|first=Duncan|title=Contemporary Japan|year=2000|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-333-71000-5 |pages=18–19|url={{Google books|8au8QgAACAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Political Economy of Growth|last=Baran|first=Paul|publisher=Monthly Review Press|year=1962|isbn=|page=160}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Totman|first=Conrad|title=A History of Japan |edition=2nd |year=2005|publisher=Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-2359-4|pages=312–314|url={{Google books|Z_a_QgAACAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> Ipu'aka rire oikóvo [[Chína-Hapõ ñorairõ peteĩha]] (1894-1895) ha [[Rrúsia-Hapõ ñorairõ]] (1904-1905), Hapõ oñemomba'e [[Taiuã]], Koréa ha [[ypa'ũ Sajalín]] vorekue yvyvogua rehe.<ref>{{cite book|last=Matsusaka|first=Y. Tak|title=Companion to Japanese History|url=https://archive.org/details/companiontojapan0000unse|year=2009|publisher=Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-1690-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/companiontojapan0000unse/page/n239 224]–241|editor=Tsutsui, William M.|chapter=The Japanese Empire}}</ref><ref name=modernnation/> Hapõ retãyguakuéra oñembohetave mokõire ohasávo 35 suágui ary 1873-pe amove 70 sua ary 1935-pe, hetaite umi oho tavaguasúpe oiko hag̃ua.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hiroshi|first=Shimizu|title=Japan and Singapore in the world economy: Japan's economic advance into Singapore, 1870–1965|year=1999|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-19236-1|author2=Hitoshi, Hirakawa|page=17|url={{Google books|7k0F8YoZ6P0C|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref><ref name=excesses>{{cite book|chapter=The Excesses of Ambition: the Pacific War and its Lead-Up|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyjapanfrom00hens_137/page/n122 108]–141|author=Henshall, Kenneth|title=A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower|url=https://archive.org/details/historyjapanfrom00hens_137|isbn=978-0-230-36918-4|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2012}}</ref> Oñepyrũ aja sa'ary XX, oiko sapy'ami ára pukukue osegíva ha ohekáva jekopytyjoja, [[Taishō Ára]] (1912-1926), jepémo ikangyve Hapõ ombotuichavese gueteri ijyvy ha iñorairõha mbaretekue.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Pursuit of Power in Modern Japan 1825–1995|chapter=Taisho Democracy and the First World War|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205890.001.0001|last=Tsuzuki|first=Chushichi|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198205890}}</ref><ref name=ramesh>{{cite book|chapter=The Taisho Period (1912–1926): Transition from Democracy to a Military Economy|title=China's Economic Rise|last=Ramesh|first=S|pages=173–209|isbn=978-3-030-49811-5|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2020}}</ref> [[Ñorairõ Guasu Peteĩha]] rupive Hapõ ikatu oñemomba'e heta yvy [[Alemáña]] mba'ekuéva ypa'ũre [[Paraguasu Py'aguapy|paraguasu Py'aguapýpe]] ha Chíname.<ref name=ramesh/> Arykuéra 1930 peve hetave umi ombotuichasevéva Hapõ ha omboykéva jekopytyjoja, upéicha ary 1931 jave, Hapõ [[Hapõ ondyrýrõguare Manchúriare|ondyry ha oñemomba'e Manchúriare]]; upévare oñemosẽ chugui [[Tetãnguéra Irũjoa|Tetãnguéra Irũjoágui]].<ref name="Inc1945">{{cite magazine|title= The Japanese Nation: It has a history of feudalism, nationalism, war and now defeat|magazine=LIFE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t0kEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA109|date=Septiembre 17, 1945|pages=109–111}}</ref> Ary 1936 jave, Hapõ ojapo [[Antikomintern Ñe'ẽme'ẽ]] [[Alemáña nási]] ndive ha ary 1940 jave oiko chugui peteĩ [[Ñorairõ Guasu Mokõiha Retã Mbaretete Mbyteguágui|tetã mbaretete mbyteguágui]].<ref name=excesses/> [[File:Imperio Japonés.JPG|miniatura|[[Hapõ Mburuvi]] 1942 jave]] Hapõ Mburuvi ondyry jey Chínare 1937 jave, omoñepyrũvo upéicha [[Chína-Hapõ ñorairõ mokõiha]] (1937-1945).<ref name="Paine2012">{{cite book|first=S. C. M. |last=Paine|title=The Wars for Asia, 1911–1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bAYgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA123|year=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-56087-0|pages=123–125}}</ref> Ary 1940-pe, ondyry Indochína [[Hyãsia]] mba'éva, upe rire [[Amérika Retãvorekuéra Joaju]] ojoko opaite [[itakyra]] ñemu oúva Hapõgui.<Ref name=excesses/><ref>{{cite book |first=Roland H., Jr. |last=Worth |title=No Choice But War: the United States Embargo Against Japan and the Eruption of War in the Pacific |publisher=McFarland |year=1995 |pages=56, 86|isbn=978-0-7864-0141-3|url={{Google books|ezBnAAAAMAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} }}</ref> Ára 7 ha 8 jasypakõi 1941, Hapõ [[Pearl Harbor rehe oñendyrýrõguare|ondyry Pearl Harbor]] rehe ha heta yvy ambuévare, upéicha oñepyrũ [[Paraguasu Py'aguapy Ñorairõ (1937-1945)|Ñorairõ Guasu Mokõiha paraguasu Py'aguapýpe]].<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Introduction: December 7/8, 1941|last1=Bailey|first1=Beth|last2=Farber|first2=David|pages=1–8|title=Beyond Pearl Harbor: A Pacific History|year=2019|publisher=University Press of Kansas}}</ref> Opa umi yvýpe oĩ va'ekue Hapõ poguýpe ojehecha heta oporombohasa'asy vai, oporojuka ha [[Poreno|oiporeno]] kuñáre noiporenoséiva, [[Poreno rairõme|orairõvo]] hese.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Yōko|first=Hayashi|title=Issues Surrounding the Wartime "Comfort Women"|journal=Review of Japanese Culture and Society|year=1999–2000|volume=11/12|issue=Special Issue|pages=54–65|jstor=42800182}}</ref> Ipu'aka rire [[Ñorairõ Guasu Mokõiha Oñoirũvakuéra|Tetã Oñoirũvakuéra]], tuichaitépe oipe'árõguare Hapõgui Manchúria ha [[Hirochíma ha Nagasáki ojekapupárõguare]] 1945 jave, Hapõ oñeme'ẽ ha ohechakuaa ndaipu'akaiha.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pape|first=Robert A.|title=Why Japan Surrendered|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-security_fall-1993_18_2/page/n155|journal=International Security|year=1993|volume=18|issue=2|pages=154–201|doi=10.2307/2539100|jstor=2539100}}</ref> Ñorairõ rupive ojeipe'apa Hapõgui umi ikolónia ha heta hetãygua omano.<ref>{{cite book|last=Watt|first=Lori|title=When Empire Comes Home: Repatriation and Reintegration in Postwar Japan|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-674-05598-8|pages=1–4|url={{Google books|_F3AN6x6AQ8C|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref><ref name=phoenix>{{cite book|chapter=A Phoenix from the Ashes: Postwar Successes and Beyond|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyjapanfrom00hens_137/page/n156 142]–180|author=Henshall, Kenneth|title=A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower|url=https://archive.org/details/historyjapanfrom00hens_137|isbn=978-0-230-36918-4|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2012}}</ref> Ary 1947 jave, Hapõ ojapo [[léi guasu]] pyahu osegíva [[jekopytyjoja]].<ref name=phoenix/> [[Ñorairõ Guasu Mokõiha Oñoirũvakuéra|Tetã Oñoirũvakuéra]] osẽ Hapõgui oiko rire [[Jekupytyha San Francisco pegua]] ary 1952-me,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2007/03/06/national/52-coup-plot-bid-to-rearm-japan-cia/ |title='52 coup plot bid to rearm Japan: CIA |first=Joseph |last=Coleman |date=Marzo 6, 2007 |newspaper=The Japan Times |fechaacceso=12 de diciembre de 2020 |fechaarchivo=11 de abril de 2016 |urlarchivo=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411091335/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2007/03/06/national/52-coup-plot-bid-to-rearm-japan-cia/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ha Hapõ oike [[Tetãnguéra Joaju|Tetãnguéra Joajúpe]] ary 1956-me.<ref name=phoenix/> Pya'eite okakuaa Hapõ ha oiko chugui [[tetã mbaretete]] ipu'akavéva mokõiha yvy ape ári;<ref name=phoenix/> oñemomichĩ arykuéra 1990 pukuévo oiko rire heta apañuái virurekokuaápe.<Ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/1467-9701.00522|title=The bubble and the lost decade|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_world-economy_2003-03_26_3/page/267|last1=Saxonhouse|first1=Gary|last2=Stern|first2=Robert|journal=The World Economy|year=2003|pages=267–281|volume=26|issue=3}}</ref> Ára 11 jasyapy 2011, oiko Hapõme [[yvyryrýi ha sunámi Hapõme 2011 jave|yvyryrýi mbaretevéva]] ojehechámava ijyvýpe, upéicha oiko [[teko'ỹngatu tumingue'a mbaretekue apohápe táva Fukushima-pe]].<ref name="nytimes-tsunami">{{cite news|last1=Fackler|first1=Martin|last2=Drew|first2= Kevin|title=Devastation as Tsunami Crashes Into Japan|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/12/world/asia/12japan.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=Marzo 11, 2011}}</ref> Ára 1 jasypo 2019, oheja rire tetã ñesãmbyhýgui mburuvihára [[Akihito]], ita'ýra [[Naruhito]] ojupi mburuvihára pyahu ramo, upéicha oñepyrũ [[Reiwa Ára]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Japan's emperor thanks country, prays for peace before abdication |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Japan-s-Reiwa-era/Japan-s-emperor-thanks-country-prays-for-peace-before-abdication |website=Nikkei Asian Review |date=Abril 30, 2019}}</ref> Ára 22 jasypoapy 2023, Hapõ oikuaauka oñepyrũhague omosẽ [[Paraguasu Py'aguapy|paraguasúpe]] y [[randipytu]] (''radiación'') orekóva oñemopotĩmava (oiko [[sunámi]] vai omoguahẽ va'ekue y peteĩ tumingue'a mbaretekue apohápe táva Fukushima-pe), jepémo oĩ va'ekue heta tetã ndoipotáiva.<ref>{{Cita noticia|título=Fukushima nuclear disaster: Japan to release treated water in 48 hours|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-66578158|periódico=BBC News|fecha=2023-08-22|fechaacceso=2023-08-25|idioma=en-GB}}</ref>​ ==Mandu'apy== {{listaref|2}} == Joajuha == {{commons|Japan}} {{Asia}} [[Ñemohenda:Hapõ| ]] 7tgmt5hhdfjz7q00yg3nlnr1867lom1 0 6841 138228 130321 2026-08-18T19:10:24Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138228 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ta'ãnga:HMS Liverpool Escorts Russian Carrier Admiral Kuznetsov MOD 45153590 (cropped).jpg|miniaturadeimagen|250x250px|Peteĩ ygarata pepo'atãrupa oguereko va'ekue Rrúsia.]] '''Ygarata pepo'atãrupa''' ({{es|Portaaviones}}) ha'e peteĩ [[ygarata]] mbaretete [[pepo'atãrupa|pepo'atãrupáicha]] ojeiporúva, oikohápe [[ñorairõ ýpe]]. Kóva ko ikatúva ogueraha [[pepo'atã]], [[vevehajere]] ha aviõ ambuéva ojeiporúva ñorairõhápe. Ary 2022 jave, [[Amérika Retãvorekuéra Joaju]] oguereko 11, [[Itália]] ha [[Chína Tetarã Retã]] oguereko mbohapy, [[Tavetã Joaju]] ha [[Índia]] oguereko mokõi ha [[Tailándia]] oguereko peteĩ.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofavia0000wrag |first=David W. |last=Wragg |isbn=9780850451634 |edition=first |publisher=Osprey |year=1973 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofavia0000wrag/page/15 15]}}</ref> ==Mandu'apy== {{reflist}} [[Ñemohenda:Ñorairõ Jereraha]] 2omi09hyu41ca8j2wfdjtwtuxy2bz0k 0 7208 138261 129198 2026-08-19T01:32:14Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 138261 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ta'ãnga:Topographic30deg N0W60.png|thumb|Para Karíve]] '''Para Karíve''' ha'e peteĩ [[para]] oĩ [[Paraguasu Atlántiko]], ijykére ojejuhu kuarahyreike gotyo [[Mbyteamérika]] ha ñemby gotyo [[Ñembyamérika]]. Ituichakue niko 2.763.800 km². Ko yguasúpe oĩ heta [[Ypa'ũnguéra Karíve pegua|ypa'ũ ha ypa'ũ aty]], hekosãsóva ha tetã ambue ipoguýpe. Opa umi yvy ko yguasu rembe'ýre ha opa umi ypa'ũ ojehero avei [[Karíve]]. == Ambue Henda == {{commons|Caribbean Sea}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090228190711/http://www.choroni.com.ve/ Playas de Venezuela hacia el Mar Caribe] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050324030529/http://acs-aec.org/espanol.htm Página oficial Asociación de Estados del Caribe] * [https://web.archive.org/web/19980711200204/http://caricom.org/ Página oficial Secretaría de la Comunidad del Caribe CARICOM] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121113085421/http://www.monografias.com/trabajos5/amcent/amcent.shtml América Central y el Caribe] [[Ñemohenda:Yguasu paraguasu Atlántikope]] j48zsai6hrjovgknjouqyd3h1iu61mu 0 8167 138244 133416 2026-08-18T19:20:40Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138244 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ta'ãnga:Linguistic map of the Italian language.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Italiañe'ẽ]] '''Italiañe'ẽ''' ha'e ko [[Indoeuropa ñe'ẽ]] oñeñe'ẽva Italia, ha heta tetã ojereva Italia ha ambue tetã Afrikape. Italiañe'ẽ añete jehai peteĩha sa ro'y X peguare, ha iñe'ẽporã oñepyrũ sa ro'y XII tenda Toskánape, ha mbaretevépe katu sa ro'y XII tenda Sesíliape. Ko ára peteĩháme ojeipuru jehai ñe'ẽjoavy jopara mba'e, ha tetã yvate gotyo, ojeipuru avei oysitáno ha [[hyãsiañe'ẽ]]. Toskána jopara ñe'ẽporã ipoirãitereígui, sa ro'y XIV guive, oñemombareteterei hetãme ha oñepyrũ italiañe'ẽ mbyky pyrenda jehai. Kóva, oñemopeteĩvo [[Italia]] (ary [[1870]]-pe), oiko chugui ñe'ẽ tetã sambyhyhárõ ha ojeipuru mbo'ehaópe, upéicha rupi sa ro'y XX mbytére, oñeñe'ẽ oparupiete ha ombogue mberekatu mayma ñe'ẽjoavýpe. Jepeve oĩva, imbarete ñe'ẽjoavykuéra, ogapýpe itenonde, ojehai ñe'ẽporã ha oĩmimi avei tembipuru marandurãme. Italiano ñe'ẽjoavy ikatu ñambyeja'o mbphapy atýpe: yvategua, toskáno, ha mbye'iguy gotyo. [[Latinañe'ẽ]] oñeñe'ẽva opu'ã rapykueréicha mayma yvy jopara ha mombyrýva ojoichugui, ikatu ojoavyeterei ha oñeñe'ẽ ramo nahesakãi he'iséva ojupe. <ref>http://feinstein.com.ar/Definiciondeestrella.html</ref> * [[Italia]] * [[Suisa]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Táva Vatikano]] * [[Eloveña]] * [[Erityrea]] * [[Malta]] * [[Somalia]] * [[Livia]] == Mandu'apy == <references /> * {{cite book|last=Simone |first=Raffaele |year=2010 |title=Enciclopedia dell'italiano |publisher=Treccani |ISBN= |ref=simone2010}} * {{cite book|last=Berloco |first=Fabrizio |year=2018 |title=The Big Book of Italian Verbs: 900 Fully Conjugated Verbs in All Tenses. With IPA Transcription, 2nd Edition |publisher=Lengu |ISBN=978-8894034813 |url=https://books.google.es/books?id=DYynDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false |ref=berloco2018}} * {{cite book|last=Palermo |first=Massimo |year=2015 |title=Linguistica italiana |url=https://archive.org/details/linguisticaitali0000pale |publisher=Il Mulino |ISBN=978-8815258847 |ref=palermo2015}} [[Ñemohenda:Európa ñe'ẽnguéra]] [[Ñemohenda:Indoeuropa ñe'ẽ]] [[Ñemohenda:Itália]] [[Ñemohenda:Suísa]] 7i6lpdly5outxrwhsdetir8r7icq3kw 0 8595 138224 138219 2026-08-18T14:50:08Z Himbeerbläuling 23454 /* Mba'éichapa oñeñangarekóta */ - "nbsp" visble in Moñe'ẽ view, wikisyntax repeated ref 138224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ficha de enfermedad | Name = Crup | Image =Croup steeple sign.jpg | Caption = [[Signo del campanario]] ojeheróva, ojekuaáva radiografia mitâ orekóva crup ajúra atukupéguio rupive | DiseasesDB = 13233 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|J|05|0|j|00}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|464.4}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 000959 | eMedicineSubj = ped | eMedicineTopic = 510 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|emerg|370}} {{eMedicine2|radio|199}} | MeshID = D003440 }} '''Crup''' (térã '''laringotraqueobronquitis''') ningo peteĩ mba'asy ñanemopytuhẽ asýva, oĩgui virus ombyaíva ñande pytu rape tuichavéva. Infección oĩva upépe, omboruru ñande ahy'o, ñanepytuhẽ jokóvo, ha ome'ẽ ñandéve [[hu'u puku]], [[pyti'a chiã]], ha [[ñe'ẽ parãrã]]. Ikatu hina oñeñanduka ñandéve vevuimi, , hatãmiẽ ha mbareteporã, ha hetajey ikatu ipohyieteve pyharekue. Akóinte ikatu ñaipohano peteĩ [[esteroides]] dosis rupive; heta jey ikatu ojeporu avei [[epinefrina]] oporombohasy vaieterei mba'érõ. Araka'eve nunga noikotevẽi hospital-pe jeho. Oñemboyke rire heta mba'e oporombohasykuaáva, oje'e ojeguerekoha crup observación clínica rupive (ikatu hina [[epiglotitis]] térã peteĩ [[mba'e ky'a ñande pytu rapépe]]. Araka'eve nunga noñeikotevẽi estudio uperiregua – tuguy jevichea,[[rayos-X]] térã cultivos oje'éva-. Kóva peteĩ mba'asy ojehecuaitemíva amo 15% mitãnguéra apytépe, hako'ýte umi orekóva 6 jasy ha 5 térã 6 ary. Araka'eve nunga ndojehechamo'ãi mitãkuña ha mitãrusu térã okakuaapámava apytépe. Jepéramo oñepyrũ ypy [[difteria]] rupive, mundo occidental peguarã, ko'ágã rupi upéva opytáma tapykuépe [[vacunación]] ombohovake porãiterei rupi chupe,avei ojeiko potĩ ha porãvére ko'ñagã rupi guarã. ==Mba'éichapa ojehechakuaa== {{listen | filename = Stridor 2OGG.ogg | title = Estridor Pyti'a chiã title = Pyti'a chiã | description = Pyti'a chiã ojehecháva mitã 13 jasy, orekóva crup ipytuhẽnguévo. | format = [[Ogg]] }} Crup ojekaracteriza ou rupi hendive ko'ãva: [[hu'u puku]], [[pyti'a chiã]], [[ñe'ẽ parãrã]]ha [[Pytuhẽ pa'ã pa'ã | Pytuhẽ asy]], pyharekue imbaretevéva jepi. Hu'u puku oje'éva, ojogua nunga umi [[Pinnípedo |foca]] térã [[lobo marino]] rasẽme. Pyti'a chiã imbareteve py'a perere térã [[tasẽ]] omoirũramo chupe, ha mitã opytu'uhñape mba'e ojehechakuaáramo ipyti'a chiãveha, he'ise ipytu rape oñembyaiveha ohóvo. Pyti'a chiã ikatu ojehasave,crup ivaivérõ. Ambue mba'e ikatúva oñeñandu ningo [[akãnundu]], [[rinitis pohýi]] (ojekuaaitéva voi peteĩ [[resfriado común]])-pe, upéicha avei hasyeterei jepi ñande [[tórax yke]].<ref name=Au10>{{cite journal | author = Rajapaksa S, Starr M | title = Croup – assessment and management | journal = Aust Fam Physician | volume = 39 | issue = 5 | pages = 280–2 |date=May 2010 | pmid = 20485713 | doi = }}</ref><ref name=Alberta07>{{cite web |url=http://www.childhealthbc.ca/resources/category/5-croup?download=13%3Acroup-guideline |format=PDF|title=Diagnosis and Management of Croup | work=BC Children's Hospital Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Clinical Practice Guidelines |accessdate=}}</ref> [[Tendy syry]] térã oñeimérõ hina hasyetévaicha, he'ise hina ikatuha oñeiméma ambue mba'asy rehe.<ref name=Alberta07/> ==Mba'eichakuépa== Maymave he'i crup ojeguerekoha oĩ rupi peteĩ infección virus oproducíva.<ref name=Au10/><ref name=PedN09/> Oĩoipurúva ko ñe'ẽ -crup- ohero hag̃ua pytuhẽ mba'asykuéra tuichaháicha, taha'e [[laringotraqueítis aguda]], crup espasmódico, difteria laríngea, [[ traqueítis bacteriana]], laringotraqueobronquitis,ha laringotraqueobronconeumonía. ===Virus-kuére=== Crup virus-kuére tétã laringotraqueítis pohýi, ojeguereko [[virus de la parainfluenza]] oikérõ ñanderehe, ko'ýte umi 1 térã 2 ichagua, 75% hasýva apytégui. <ref name=Croup09/> Ambue mba'asy virus-kuére ikatu hina:[[gripe]] A ha B, [[sarampión]], [[adenovirus]] y [[ virus respiratorio sincicial]] (VRS).<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> Crup hasyvaíva ome'ẽ pe mávape, laringotraqueítis pohýi ome'ẽva virus aty ojeguereko rupi avei, katu kó'ápe ndojekuaaái umi infección ohechaukáva (tha'e akãnundu, hay'o rasy térã oñembohetavérõ [[conteo glóbulo blanco-kuéra rehegua]]).<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> Iñepohano ha upévapeojehupytýva avei ojojogua. ===Bacteria-kuére=== Bacteria-kuéra aty oñemboja'o kóicha: difteria laríngea, traqueítis bacteriana, laringotraqueobronquitis ha laringotraqueo-bronconeumonía.<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> Difteria laríngea ojeguereko ''[[Corynebacterium diphtheriae]]'' rupi, katu traqueítis bacteriana, laringotraqueobronquitis ha laringotraqueo- bronconeumonía ojeguerekokuaa infección primaria virus-kuére ha desarroll secundario bacteria-kuére rupi. Bacteria-kuéra ojehechavéva ko'ãva: ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'', ''[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]'', ''[[Hemophilus influenzae]]'', ha ''[[Moraxella catarrhalis]]''.<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> ==Patofisiología== Pe infección virus-kuére oñe'ẽva ñandéve crup omboruru ñandehegui ñane [[laringe]], [[vertebrado-kuéra tráquea |tráquea]] ha [[bronquio-kuéra]] tuicháva <ref name=PedN09/> oikére umírupi [[ umi glóbulo blanco]] (ha mbareteve vo umi [[histiocitos]], [[linfocitos]], [[células plasmáticas]], ha[[neutrófilos]]. ]]).<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> Pe irurukue, omboty ñane pytuhẽ rape, ha iruru tuichaitereíramo, hasyeteve ñane pytuhẽ hag̃ua, omoirũvo chupe tyapu katuete oñehendúva péicha jave, ojeheróva pyti'a chiã. ==Ñehesa'ỹijo== {| class="wikitable" style = "float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center" |+ ''' Westley Escala: crup rasykue oñeha'ã ha ojehechakuaa hag̃ua '''<ref name=Croup09/><ref name=Peds99/> ! rowspan="2" |Heko ! colspan="6" |Papapy oñeme'ẽva kocaracterística-pe |- !0 !1 !2 !3 !4 !5 |- |Pyti'a yke <br /> rasy | style="width:80px;"| Ndahasýi | style="width:80px;"| Hasy kangy | style="width:80px;"| Hasy nunga | style="width:80px;"| Hayeterei | style="width:80px;"| | style="width:80px;"| |- | [[Estridor]] [[pyti'a chiã]] | Ndojekuaái | Py'a perere <br /> l rehe | Pytu'uhápe | | | |- | [[Cianosis]] | Ndojekuaái | | | | Py'a perere <br /> l rehe | Pytu'uhápe |- | [[Py'apykuaa|Py'apykuaa<br />]] | Jepiveguáicha | | | | Oho oimehépe rei | Pytu oikeha |- | Jepiveguáicha | Oñemomichĩve | Ojekuaa oñemomichĩveha | | | | |} Crup ojeguerekoha oñemoneĩ tasyópe. <ref name=PedN09/> Tenonderaite oñemboykeva'erã ambue mba'e ohape omopa'ãva ñande pytu rape yvatevegua, ko'ýte ha'éramo [[epiglotitis], mba'e ky'a [[pytu rape]], [[estenosis subglótica]], [[angioedema]], [[absceso retrofaríngeo]], ha [[traqueítis bacteriana]]-pe.<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/><ref name=PedN09/> Péicha péichante ndojejapói estudio[[rayos X]-pe tenondéguio, <ref name=PedN09/> katu ojejapóramo, ohechaukáta ñande tráquea oñemomichiha, ha upévape ojehero [[signo del campanario]], estenosis subglótica rupi, ha'éva hina [[(Arquitectura de)campanario |campanario]] joguaha. Signo del campanario oje'éva hina pe oikuaaukáva oĩha mba'asy, katu heta jey kóva ndojekuaagusúi. <ref name=Alberta07/> Avei naiporãi ojejapo ambue estudio, tha'e [[tuguy jevichea]] ha [[cultivo viral]], ikatúre hina ko'ãva oporombopy'a perere rei, ombyaivévo hina pe apañuãi ojeguerekóva. <ref name=PedN09/> Jepéramo umi cultivo viral, oñeguenohẽva aspiración [[nasofaríngea]] rupive, ikatu hina ojeporu ojehechakuaa hag̃ua mba'etépa ojeguereko, ojeporuve kóva tembiapo jeporekápe. <ref name=Au10/> Pe máva ndokueráiramo ñepohano jepiveguápe,ikatúntema ojehecha ndaha'éi mba'épa hina peteĩ infección bacteriana,upéicha mba'érõ oñehesa'ỹijova'erã ambue mba'e ñepohano ári. ===Ivaikue=== Tembipuru ojeipyaháva ojehecha hag̃ua crup vaikue ningo hina pe Escala de Westley. Ojeporuve tembiapo jeporekápe, nahániri ñeppihanóme. <ref name="Cherry08_NEJM">{{cite journal | author = Cherry JD | title = Clinical practice. Croup | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2008-01-24_358_4/page/384 | journal = N. Engl. J. Med. | volume = 358 | issue = 4 | pages = 384–91 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18216359 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMcp072022 }}</ref> Kóvape ojeipapa po mba'e oporombohasykuaáva: Mba'éichapa hasýva remiandu, cianosis (pe máva pire ha hendy oñembohovy), pyti'a chiã, yvytu ñemokõ ha contracciónes. .<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> Papapy oñeme'ẽva Cada factor-pe ojehechauka tabla-pe, akatúa gotyo, ha ipahaitépe ojehupytýva ikatu hina 0hó 0 ha 17 rupi peve. ref name=Peds99/> * Ojehupytýramo ≤&nbsp;2 he'ise ojeguerkoha crup “leve”. Ko'ápe ikatu pe máva hasýva ihu'u puku, iñe'ẽ parãrã, katu naipyti'a chiãiri. <ref name=Croup09/> * Ojehupytýramo 3 térã 5 ojeekuaa ojeguerekoha crup moderado. Ko'ápe pe máva ipyti'a chiã, ha katuete oñehendu, hi'ári oĩve heta mba'e ojehechakuaáva <ref name=Croup09/> * Ojehupytýramo 6 ha 11 papapy, he'ise crup ivaietereiha. Avei upéicharõ pemáva ipyti'a chiã ha upévaojekuaaporãiterei, katu avei ojekuaa ñande [[pyti'a yképe]] ñande ro'o ñande kostilla kangue mbytepegua oikeve ñande ryepy gotyo. <ref name=Croup09/> * Ojehupytýramo ≥&nbsp;12 h'eise ikatuha ñande [[pytuho]]. Hu'u puku ha pyti'a chiã nd'imo'ãi mba'eve guasu kóicha jave. <ref name=Croup09/> 85% mitã ojegueraha pya'éva tasyópe apytépe, ojekuaa ko mba'asy en forma leve, araka'eve nunga ndojejuhúi crup grave: (<1%).<ref name=Croup09/> ==Ojejoko hag̃ua== Heta jey crup ojehape joko [[immunización]]rupive, ojejapóva [[influenza]] ha [[diferia]] jejokorã. Ymave, crup oje'e ojoajuha difteria rehe, katu vakuna rupive, hasy nunga difteria heói ha imbarete hag̃ua, jahecháre tuichaiterei oñakãrapu'ãha ñand erekopy. <ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> ==Mba'éichapa oñeñangarekóta== Mitã oguerekóva crup oikova'erã pya'aguapýpe porã <ref name=PedN09/> Jepivérõ, pe hasývape oñeme'ẽ esteroides, ha hasyetéramo oñeme'ẽ [[epinefrina]]. <ref name=PedN09/> Mitã ojehecháva oguerekoko [[saturación de oxígeno]] 92% guýrepe, oñeme'ẽva'erã oxigeno, <ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> ha ikatu ojegueraha ojejesareko hag̃ua hese tasyópe, umioguerekóva crup grave. <ref name=Alberta07/> Oikotevẽramo oxígeneo, iporãne oñeme'ẽ chupe konductos rupive (ojejokóvo peteĩ oxígeno rape pe mitã rova ykére)upéva sa'ive ombopy'apererétare chupe oiporúramo pe [[máscara de oxígeno |máscara]]. <ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> Tratamiento rehe, 0.2% población apytégui oikotevẽ [[intubación endotraqueal]]. <ref name=Peds99>{{cite journal | author = Klassen TP | title = Croup. A current perspective | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatric-clinics-of-north-america_1999-12_46_6/page/1167 | journal = Pediatr. Clin. North Am. | volume = 46 | issue = 6 | pages = 1167–78 | year = 1999 | month = December | pmid = 10629679 | doi = 10.1016/S0031-3955(05)70180-2 }}</ref> ===Esteroides=== Ojehechauka ningo umi [[corticoesteroides]], [[dexametasona]] ha [[budesónida]] -icha avei, pohã porãha mitã orekóva crup-peguarã, toĩko'ãva oĩháicha.<ref name=Cochrane11>{{cite journal | author = Russell KF, Liang Y, O'Gorman K, Johnson DW, Klassen TP | title = Glucocorticoids for croup | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = CD001955 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21249651 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001955.pub3 }}</ref> Ohasávo 6 aravo oñeme'ẽ hagué rupi, ojekuaáma tuichaiterei oñeimeporãveha<ref name=Cochrane11/> Ohupytýramo jeje ojehupytyséva oje'u rire [[parenteral]], térã oñehetũrmao, iporãve voi oje'úramo. ref name=PedN09/> Pe oñeikotevẽva ningo hina peteĩ dosis ha heta jey upéva ou porã<ref name=PedN09/> Dexametasona dosis 0.15, 0.3 ha 0.6 &nbsp;mg/kg orekóva, peteĩchaiténte vaicha iporã <ref>{{cite journal | author = Port C | title = Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. BET 4. Dose of dexamethasone in croup | journal = Emerg Med J | volume = 26 | issue = 4 | pages = 291–2 | year = 2009 | month = April | pmid = 19307398 | doi = 10.1136/emj.2009.072090 }}</ref> ===Epinefrina=== Crup hasy térã hasyetereíva, ikatu ojehape joko [[epinefrina]] [[nebulizada | nebulizador]] rupive. <ref name=PedN09>{{cite journal | author = Everard ML | title = Acute bronchiolitis and croup | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatric-clinics-of-north-america_2009-02_56_1/page/119 | journal = Pediatr. Clin. North Am. | volume = 56 | issue = 1 | pages = 119–33, x–xi | year = 2009 | month = February | pmid = 19135584 | doi = 10.1016/j.pcl.2008.10.007 }}</ref> Epinefrina omboguejyve aja crup rasykue 10 térã 30 aravo'i ramo guarã, ombopytu'ukuaa mba'asy 2 aravopukukue aja <ref name=Au10/><ref name=PedN09/> mba'asy opytu'úmaramo 2 téra 4 aravo aja ñepohano rire, ha noñemoĩvaivéimaramo, mitã oñeguenohẽntema jepi tasyógui. <ref name=Au10/><ref name=PedN09/> ===Ambue ñepohano=== Jepéramo oñemboguatéva ambue ñepohano cup peguarã, peteĩnte jepe ndohechaukái iporãha ojeporu haguãicha. Y timbo aku térã yvytu aku ñehetũ ha'e peteĩ ñepohano ogapypegua ojeheróva [[auto-cuidado]], katu estudio clínico ojejapóvako'agã meve ndohechaukái kóva iporãha <ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/><ref name=PedN09/> upévare sa'ietemíma ojeporu <ref name=Hist2001>{{cite journal | author = Marchessault V | title = Historical review of croup | journal = Can J Infect Dis | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | pages = 337–9 | year = 2001 | month = November | pmid = 18159359 | pmc = 2094841 | doi = }}</ref> [[ Hu'u pohã]] heta jey oguerekóva [[dextrometorfano]] térã [[guaifenesina]], jeporu, avei naiporãmbái<ref>{{cite journal | author = Vorwerk C, Coats T | title = Heliox for croup in children | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = CD006822 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20166089 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006822.pub2 }}</ref> Heta jey crup ha'ére peteĩmba'asy ojeguerekóva virus kuére, ndojeporúi hese [[antibióticos]], oñeimo'ã mba'érõ oĩmaha infección bacteriana secundaria. <ref name=Au10/> Ejeguereko mba'émaramo peteĩ infección bacteriana, iporãne oje'u antibioticos <ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/>gripe Mba'asy ivaietereíramo, gripe &nbsp;A térã B kuéreikatúne oje'uka hasývape [[droga antiviral |antiviral]] [[ inhibidores de la neuraminidasa]], <ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> ==Oñeha'arõkuaáva== Crup virus kuére guare, heta jey hina peteĩ mba'asy [[Auto-limitante (biología)| auto-limitada]] ka tu araka'eve nunga ndaikatúi oporojuka, respiratoria]] ha [[paro cardíaco]]. <ref name=Au10/> Oñeñandúva, katuete okuerave ohóvo mokõi&nbsp;ára rire, ha katu ipukukuaa avei pokõi&nbsp; ára aja <ref name=Croup09/> Ambue mba'e oñembyaíva jepi,katu sa'ive,: traqueítis bacteriana, [[neumonía]], y [[edema pulmonar]] <ref name=Croup09>{{cite journal | author = Johnson D | title = Croup | journal = Clin Evid (Online) | volume = 2009 | issue = | pages = | year = 2009 | pmid = 19445760 | pmc = 2907784 | doi = }}</ref> ==Epidemiología== Crup katuete ombohasy 15% mitã orekóva 6 jasy ha 5térã 6 ary apytégui. .<ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/><ref name=PedN09/>. Umívagui 5% mitã oikéva tasyópe.<ref name=Croup09/> Ojehecha ave, katu asýpe, mitã michĩ orekóva mbohapy jasy rupi hasýrõ, ha upéicha avei tuichamiẽmava, orekóva 15 ary. <ref name=Croup09/> Mitãkuimba'e hasyvekatuete mitãkuñágui, amo 50% ári rupi voi, haupéva ojupive vi ohóvo araroguekúi jave ha ojehero [[prevalencia]]. <ref name="Cherry08_NEJM"/> ==Hembiasakue== Crup ou ñe'ẽtéva crup-gui, ha'éva [[Inglés Moderno Temprano]]ha he'iséva sapukái parãrã; péicha ojehero ypy ko mba'asýpe amo Escocia-pe ha isarambi siglo 18 aja <ref>Online Etymological Dictionary, [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=croup croup]. Accessed 2010-09-13.</ref> Crup difterico ojeikuaáma amo [[Antigua Grecia]] [[Homero]]rekohague guivéma, katu 1826 rupi ae kuri [[Pierre Bretonneau|Bretonneau]] ombojoavy ojuegui crup virus kueregua ha crup [[difteria]] rupive ojeguerekóva. <ref name=history>{{cite book |author=Feigin, Ralph D. |title=Textbook of pediatric infectious diseases |publisher=Saunders |location=Philadelphia |year=2004 |page=252 |isbn=0-7216-9329-6 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> Franciaguakuéra oherómiva crup viral-pe “crup gua'u”, crup ojeheróre upérõ guare peteĩ mba'asy ojeguerekóva difteria bacteria rupive. <ref name=Hist2001/> Crup difteria-gui ojeguerekóva, ndojekuaaguasúi, vacunación avei ojeheróva [[immunización]] rupive. <ref name=history/> ==Moõguipa osẽ marandu== {{Reflist|2}} [[Ñemohenda:Mba'asy]] jomjt57bpuw9f93xa4sgbjwr19riq1u 0 8782 138229 138209 2026-08-18T19:11:39Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguir|Mba'asypararã}} {{Ficha de enfermedad | nombre = '''Tĩpa'ã''' | imagen = Rhinovirus.PNG | pie = Rhinovirus rete, víru oñembohasyvéva tipa'ãme | sinónimos = * Tĩsyry * Resfriado * Resfrío }} <!-- Mba’éichapa ojekuaa ha mba’eichakuñepa ojeguereko --> Ko '''[[tĩpa'ã]]''' (avei ojeheróva '''nasofaringitis''', '''rinofaringitis''', térã '''resfriado''') ningo hína peteĩ mba'asy oñeinfectáva, ñane pytuhẽ rapépegua, ojekuaáva tenonderãite ñane [[tĩ]]re. Ojekuavéva kóicha jave ningo hu'u, ahy'o rasy, tĩsyry ha [[akãnundu]], hi'arekatuete 7 térã 10 ára pukukue, katu heta jey avei hi'are mbohapy arapokõindy. Oĩ amo 200 [[popĩami|víru]] rupi ikatúva ñanembohasy tĩpa'ãgui, katu umi ojekuavéva hína ''[[rrinovíru]]''. <!-- Ijejoko, ijehechakuaa ha ijevichea --> Ñane pytuhẽ rape ñembyai oñemohenda moõitépa [[Yvypóra rete|ñande rete]] rehe opokógui [[mba'asy]]. Hetave jey, tĩpa'ã ombyai tĩ, [[ahy'o]], [[tĩngua]]. Umi oñeñandúva oiko ñande rete oñemombarete rupi mba'asýpe ha ndaha'eivoi oñembyaire umi tejido víru rupi. Ikatu ojejoko [[Jepohéi|ojejepohéiramo]] hekópe, avei oje'e ojeporúramo jurumbotyha oikoiteha avei. <!-- Ñepohãno, epidemiología ha tembiasa --> Tĩpa'ã ndaikatúi ojejoko, hákatu ikatu oñepohãno mbeguekatu. Ko mba'asy heta oĩva yvypóra apytépe: kakuaa hasy mokõi térã mbohapy jey ha [[mitã]] katu hasy poteĩ térã pakõi jey, ary pukukuépe. Ko'ã mba'asy oiko [[yvypóra]] apytépe ymaite guive. ==Ijehechakuaa ha Iñeñandu== Resfrío ojehechakuaa oĩ rupi hu’u, tĩsyry ha tĩpa’ã ha ahy’orasy. Oĩ jey tajyguerasy, kangypa, akãrasy ha karuse’ỹ.<ref name=E24>Eccles Pg. 24</ref> 40% jey katuete oĩ ahy’orasy, ha 50% oĩ hu’u<ref name=CE11/> ha tajyguerasy.<ref name=Eccles2005/> Kakuaa naiñakãnundúi, hákatu mitã iñakãnundu. <ref name=Eccles2005>{{cite journal | author = Eccles R |title = Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza | journal = Lancet Infect Dis | volume = 5 | issue = 11 | pages = 718–25 | year = 2005 | month = November | pmid = 16253889 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X }}</ref> Hu’u resfrío pe ivevyive ndaha’éi influenza peguáicha.<ref name=Eccles2005/> Hu’u ha akãnundu katuete he’ise kakuaa orekoha influenza, ojojoguaiterei mokõive mba’asy.<ref>Eccles Pg.26</ref> Umi virus ojapóva resfrío común avei ikatu ojapo mba’asy oñeñandukuaa’ỹva.<ref>Eccles Pg. 129</ref><ref>Eccles Pg.50</ref> Tĩsyry ikatu hesakã, sa’yju térã sa’yky ha péva nde’iséi mba’eichagua virus-pa ojapo infección.<ref>Eccles Pg.30</ref> ===Mba’éichapa oho hese=== Resfrío oñepyrũvo ningo katuete pe máva hete kane’õ rasypa, iro’y, iñatĩa ha iñakãrasy. Upe riremínte oñepyrũma itĩsyry ha ihu’u. <ref name=E24/> Oñeñandúetéva resfriope ikatu ojekuaa 16 aravo rire <ref>{{cite book|first=editors, Richard A. Helms|title=Textbook of therapeutics : drug and disease management|year=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia, Pa. [u.a.]|isbn=9780781757348|pages=1882|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=aVmRWrknaWgC&pg=PA1882|edition=8.}}</ref> ha oñepyrũ imbareteve mokõi térã irundy ára rire.<ref name=Eccles2005/><ref>{{cite book|last=al.]|first=edited by Helga Rübsamen-Waigmann ... [et|title=Viral Infections and Treatment.|year=2003|publisher=Informa Healthcare|location=Hoboken|isbn=9780824756413|pages=111|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=AltZnmbIhbwC&pg=PA111}}</ref> Jepivérõ, pokõi térã pa ára rire opaitéma,ha katu upéicha avei hi’arekuaa mbohapy arapokõindy.<ref name=Heik2003>{{cite journal | author = Heikkinen T, Järvinen A | title = The common cold | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2003-01-04_361_9351/page/51 | journal = Lancet | volume = 361 | issue = 9351 | pages = 51–9 | year = 2003 | month = January | pmid = 12517470 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12162-9 }}</ref> Amo 35-40% mitãnguéra apytépe, hu’u hi’are jepi pa ára térã, ha 25 árarasa 10% rupi.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Goldsobel AB, Chipps BE | title = Cough in the pediatric population | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-pediatrics_2010-03_156_3/page/352 | journal = J. Pediatr. | volume = 156 | issue = 3 | pages = 352–358.e1 | year = 2010 | month = March | pmid = 20176183 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.12.004 }}</ref> ==Mba’éicha rupípa== ===Virus=== [[Image:Coronaviruses 004 lores.jpg|thumb|Umi [[Koronavíru|coronavirus]] ningo hína virus aty ojeikuaáva oporombohasýre resfrío comúm-gui. Oñema’ẽramo hese peteĩ microscopio electrónico ruive, ojehechakuaáta heteha halo térã corona-icha.]] Resfriado común ningo hína peteĩ infección virus-kuére ojeguerekóva ñane pytyhẽ rape yvateguáre. Pe virus hetaitevejey oporombohasýva hína pe rinovirus (30–80%) ojeheróva, peteĩchagua picornavirus amo 99 serotipos hesegua rupi ojeikuaáva.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Palmenberg AC, Spiro D, Kuzmickas R, Wang S, Djikeng A, Rathe JA, Fraser-Liggett CM, Liggett SB | title = Sequencing and Analyses of All Known Human Rhinovirus Genomes Reveals Structure and Evolution | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2009-04-03_324_5923/page/55 | journal = Science | volume = 324 |issue = 5923 | pages = 55–9 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19213880 | doi = 10.1126/science.1165557 }}</ref><ref>Eccles Pg.77</ref> Ambue oguereko: [[Koronavíru|coronavirus]] (10–15%), influenza (5–15%),<ref name=Eccles2005/> parainfluenza, virus sincitial yvypóra pytuhẽ rehegua, adenovirus, enterovirus, ha metapneumovirus.<ref name="NIAID2006">{{cite web | title = Common Cold | publisher = [[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]] | date = 27 November 2006 | url =http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/healthscience/healthtopics/colds/ | accessdate = 11 June 2007}}</ref> Heta jey ndaha’éi peteĩ virus añónte oĩva, hetave peteĩgui.<ref>Eccles Pg.107</ref> Oñondivepaite, ojoaju amo 200-ichagua virus resfrío-kuéra rehe.<ref name=Eccles2005/> ===Mba’éichapa ova=== Virus resfrío comun rehegua ovakuaa mba’e ky’a oúva yvytúre rupive (aerosol ojeheróva), ojepoko térã ojejáramo hasýva tĩsyrýre, upéicha avei ojeporúramo tembipory hasýva oiporupyre.<ref name=CE11/><ref name=Cold197>{{cite book|last=editors|first=Ronald Eccles, Olaf Weber,|title=Common cold|year=2009|publisher=Birkhäuser|location=Basel|isbn=978-3-7643-9894-1|pages=197|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=rRIdiGE42IEC&pg=PA197|edition=Online-Ausg.}}</ref> Ko’ágã meve ndojeikuaái gueteri mávaitéva rupivépa, ko’ãva apytégui, oguerova pya’evéva mba’asy.<ref name=E211>Eccles Pg.211</ref> Virus-kuéra ikatu oikove areterei ñande jerére ha mayma tapicha ikatu oguereko ipo, hesa térã itĩme, ha upépe oñepyrũ oñeinfecta ypy.<ref name=Cold197/> Mitã rekoha, mbo’ehao umía rupi, mitãnguéra ikanguýva ha naipotĩguasúiva oĩha oñondivepa, pya’eterei ova komba’asy.<ref name=Text2007/> Péicha ovávo hese mba’asy, ogueraháma hógape ha orova ambue.<ref name=Text2007>{{cite book|last=al.]|first=edited by Arie J. Zuckerman ... [et|title=Principles and practice of clinical virology|year=2007|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken, N.J.|isbn=978-0-470-51799-4|pages=496|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=OgbcUWpUCXsC&pg=PA496|edition=6th}}</ref>Ndojehechaukái gueteri yvytu ojere ha ojeréva umi avión ryepýpe rupive ikatuneha ova ko mba’asy.<ref name=Cold197/>Ñande rapicha oguapýva hasýva yketére katu ha’ete ku ikatuvéva ova hese mba’asy.<ref name=E211/> Virus oporombohasýva rinovirus rupive, oñeinfectakuaave mbohapy ára oñepyrũ rire oñeñandu mba’asy, upe rire ikangymiẽma.<ref name="contagiousness">{{cite journal | author = Gwaltney JM Jr, Halstead SB | title = Contagiousness of the common cold| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_1997-07-16_278_3/page/n103 | journal = Journal of the American Medical Association | volume = 278 | issue = 3 | pages = 256| year = 1997 | month = July | pmid = | doi = 10.1001/jama.1997.03550030096050 }}</ref> ===Arareko=== Tavayguakuéra remimo’ã he’i pe máva hasykuaaha resfrío-gui oĩ arehaguére araro’ysã, ama térã araro’ýpe, ha upévare voi ojehero péicha, ro’y España ñe’ẽme oje’ére frio.<ref>{{cite news |author=Zuger, Abigail |title='You'll Catch Your Death!' An Old Wives' Tale? Well.. |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=4 March 2003|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/04/science/you-ll-catch-your-death-an-old-wives-tale-well.html}}</ref> Ñande rete ro'ỹsãmba ombyaikuaaveha resfrío jaguerekóva ningo peteĩ mba'e ndojeikuaaporãitiva.<ref name="Mourtzoukou">{{cite journal | author = Mourtzoukou EG, Falagas ME | title = Exposure to cold and respiratory tract infections | journal = The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease | volume = 11 | issue = 9 | pages = 938–43 | year = 2007 | month = September | pmid = 17705968 | doi = }}</ref> Heta umi virus oporombohasýva resfrío común-gui apytégui ningo oĩ peteĩ estación ajánte, upévare ojekuaave ára ro'y ha [[te'õ|he'õ]] jave.<ref>Eccles Pg.79</ref> Heta oĩ oimo'ãva oñeimehaguére are peteĩ tenda oñembotypávape ha ambue tapichágui aguĩ;<ref name="EcclesPg">Eccles Pg.80</ref> mitã ou ramóva mbo'ehaógui umía rehe oje'eporãiteséramo guarã.<ref name=Text2007/> Katu avei, ikatu hína pytuhẽ rape iñambue ha omoporokangyvehaguére.<ref name="EcclesPg" /> Ñande jere nahe’õguasúiramo virus pya’eve ikatu ova, yvytu he'õ'ỹva ruive ikatúre umi virus oho mombyry mbyryve ha oikove arevekuaa.<ref>Eccles Pg. 157</ref> ===Ambue mba'e=== Ñepohano oñondivepa, ojejapóva mba'asy resfrío virus oporombohasy rire, tuichaiterei mba'e ojehape joko haguã mba’asy sarambi, ojekuaaháicha mitãkuña térã mitãrusukuéra rehe, hasyvégui ãma manterei ipytyhẽ rapépe.<ref name=E78/> Ambue mba’e ikatúha hína oporombohasy ningo sa'i oñeñepohanóramo.<ref name=E78/><ref>Eccles Pg.166</ref> Jekeporã’ỹ ha desnutrición oje’e ojeguerekokuaaha ojeguereko rire mba'asy rinovirus-kuére. Oje’e ikatuha hína upéva opoko pe sistema inmune rehe.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Cohen S, Doyle WJ, Alper CM, Janicki-Deverts D, Turner RB | title = Sleep habits and susceptibility to the common cold | journal = Arch. Intern. Med. | volume = 169 | issue = 1 | pages = 62–7 | year = 2009 | month = January | pmid = 19139325 | pmc = 2629403 | doi = 10.1001/archinternmed.2008.505 }}</ref><ref>Eccles Pg.160–165</ref> ==Ijevichea== [[Image:Illu conducting passages.svg|thumb| Resfrío ningo hína peteĩ mba’asy ñane pytuhẽ rape yvatevogua rehegua]] Oje'e umi oñeñandúva resfrío-pe, ha’eha hína ñande rete ombohováiva virus-pe.<ref name=E112>Eccles Pg. 112</ref> Ñande rete ñembohovai, oiko ojehecha rire mba'eichaguaite virus-pa hína ojeguerekóva. Techapyrã, rinovirus jepivérõ ova oñeimégui oñondive térã ojoypýpe; ojoaju umi receptor ICAM-1 humano mecanismo ojeikuaa’ỹva rupi ombyapuráva mediador de inflamación oiko haguã.<ref name=E112/> Mediador ojapo oñeñandu térã ojehecháva mba’asýpe.<ref name=E112/> Jepivérõ nombyaíri epitelio nasal.<ref name=Eccles2005/> Ambueháguio, pe virus sincitial respiratorio (VSR) oike ñandepype jajágui ojuehe térã ojoypýpe térã otykýgui ojeikoha rupi. Upéi oñepyrũ tĩ ha ahy’ópe, ohasa mboyve umi kua ñanepytuhẽha rupi.<ref name=E116>Eccles Pg.116</ref> VSR ombyai ñande pire.<ref name=E116/> Virus parainfluenza rehegua, jeyvérõ omboruru ñane tĩ, ñande hay’o ha bronquio-kuéra.<ref name=E122>Eccles Pg.122</ref> Mitã michĩvape, traque ombyaírõ, ikatu oñandu crup-pe oñeñandúva, ipo’íre ipytuhẽ rape.<ref name=E122/> ==Ijehechakuaa== Ojehechakuaa haguã infección virus-kuére ñane pytuhẽ rapepegua, ojehecha mba’etépa pe oñeñandúva. Resfrío común ombyai heta jey ñane tĩ, faringitis katu ñande hay’o ha bronquitis ñane pulmón.<ref name=CE11/> Upéicharamo jepe, ikatu oĩ heta tenda, maymave ã mba’asy ombyaikuaáva.<ref name=CE11/> Resfrío común, jeyvéro ojehero rinitis térã tĩ pa’ã, oñembyaimimívo avei ñande hay’o.<ref name=E51>Eccles Pg. 51–52</ref> Katuete peteĩ hasýva, ijeheguínte ohechakuaa oguerekóva.<ref name=Eccles2005/> Heta jey, noñemboykéi pe virus <ref name=E51/> ha ndaikatúi voi peteĩ virus ojehechakuaa oñema’ẽvo umi oñeñandúva añonte.<ref name=Eccles2005/> ==Ijejokorã== Ikatu ojejoko hekoitépe virus resfriado rehegua ani haguã ñanderasy chugui.<ref name=E209>Eccles Pg.209</ref> Ojejepohéiva’erã ha ojeiporuva’erà jururehegua. Ha tasyópe katu ojeiporuva’erã guante ha aopuku.<ref name=E209/> Natekotevèi repytu´u térã reñeno ko mba’asýgui ojeikuaaporãitereígui chupe ha avave ndoikuaaporãi mba’ éichaitépa ko mba’asy. Ndaipóri vacuna oikoitéva oĩgui hetaiterei virus pype ha pya’eterei oñemboheta.<ref name=E209/> Upévare hasynunga ojajapo haguã peteĩ vacuna oikoitéva.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Lawrence DM | title = Gene studies shed light on rhinovirus diversity | journal = Lancet Infect Dis | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = 278| year = 2009 |month = May | pmid = | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70123-9 }}</ref> Akóinte ojejepojohéi oikoite ojejoko haguã virus resfriado rehegua, ha oikoite mitãnguérape guarã.<ref name=CochP11>{{cite journal | author = Jefferson T, Del Mar CB, Dooley L, Ferroni E, Al-Ansary LA, Bawazeer GA, van Driel ML, Nair S, Jones MA, Thorning S, Conly JM | title = Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = | issue = 7 |pages = CD006207| year = 2011 | month = July | pmid = 21735402 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub4 | editor1-last = Jefferson | editor1-first = Tom }}</ref> Ndojeikuaaporãi ojeporúrõ antiviral ha antivacterial ojepohéi haguã-pa iporãve térãpa nahániri mba’asy ojejoko haguã.<ref name=CochP11/> Ojeporúrõ jururehegua oñeiméramo ambue apytépe oikoite ani haguà mba’asy ovatei ambue rehe; péicharõ jepe ndaipóri mba’eve ohechaukáva upéva añeteha oñeñemombyry haguã.<ref name=CochP11/> Ojeporúramo suplemento oguerekóva zinc ikatu oikoite sa’ive haguã mba’asy.<ref name=Zinc11>{{cite journal | author = Singh M, Das RR | title = Zinc for the common cold | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = | issue = 2 | pages = CD001364| year = 2011 | month = February |pmid = 21328251 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001364.pub3 | editor1-last = Singh | editor1-first = Meenu }}</ref> Oje’úramo akóinte suplemento oguerekóva vitamina C nomboguejýi mba’asy resfriado rehegua, hákatu ikatu omombykyve upe mba’asy.<ref name="Hemilä2010"/> ==Ñepohano== [[Image:Pneumonia strikes like a man eating shark.jpg|thumb| Kuatia vusu omokyre’ỹva tavayguakuérape oho haguã ojehechauka pohanohárape ha toñepohano resfrío común ojeguerekóvo]] Ko’ágã meve ndojeikuaái guetri pohã ñana térã ambueichagua iporãva oñemboguevi hagua ko mba’asy ojeguereko rire.<ref>{{cite web| title = Common Cold: Treatments and Drugs| publisher = Mayo Clinic| url =http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/common-cold/DS00056/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs| accessdate = 9 January 2010}}</ref> Upévare, oñepohanóramo, ojao oñembovevuive haguã mba’asýnte.<ref name=AFP07/> Ikatu hína upevarã, ojepytu’u, ojey’u heta ñande rete oikotevẽháicha, ha jajapogargara jukyry akuvýve, ãva oipytyvõne katuete.<ref name="NIAID2006"/> Ñepohano rupive ou porãva ñandeve oje’e oikoha efecto placebo rupive.<ref>Eccles Pg.261</ref> ===Oñeñandúva=== Ñepohanorã ojeguereko pohãnguéra ojeheróva analgésicos ha antipiréticos simples, ibuprofeno <ref>{{cite journal | author = Kim SY, Chang YJ, Cho HM, Hwang YW, Moon YS | title = Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the common cold | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = | issue = 3 | pages = CD006362| year = 2009 | pmid = 19588387 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006362.pub2 | editor1-last = Kim | editor1-first = Soo Young }}</ref> ha paracetamol.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Eccles R | title = Efficacy and safety of over-the-counter analgesics in the treatment of common cold and flu | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-pharmacy-and-therapeutics_2006-08_31_4/page/309 | journal = Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics | volume = 31 | issue = 4 | pages = 309–319 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16882099 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2006.00754.x }}</ref> Ndojehechaukái gueteri hu’u pohã iporãveha umi analgésico simple-gui <ref>{{cite journal | author = Smith SM, Schroeder K, Fahey T | title = Over-the-counter (OTC) medications for acute cough in children and adults in ambulatory settings | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume = | issue = 1 | pages = CD001831| year = 2008 | pmid = 18253996 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001831.pub3 |editor1-last = Smith | editor1-first = Susan M }}</ref> ha naiporãioje’uka mitãme, ndojeikuaaporãi rupi ou porãtapa chupekuéra.<ref name=CFP09>{{cite journal | author = Shefrin AE, Goldman RD | title = Use of over-the-counter cough and cold medications in children | journal = Can Fam Physician |volume = 55 | issue = 11 | pages = 1081–3 | year = 2009 | month = November | pmid = 19910592 | pmc = 2776795 | doi = |url = http://www.cfp.ca/content/55/11/1081.full.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Vassilev ZP, Kabadi S, Villa R | title = Safety and efficacy of over-the-counter cough and cold medicines for use in children | journal = Expert opinion on drug safety | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = 233–42 | year = 2010 | month = Mar | pmid = 20001764 | doi = 10.1517/14740330903496410 }}</ref> Ary 2009-pe, Canada ojoko pohã resfrío ha hu’u-pe guarã ñevende, mitã michĩvéva 6 arýgui peguarã, ndojehechaukái rupi iporãha ha ndojekuaaporãi rupi mba’etépepa oporombyaikuaa.<ref name=CFP09/> Dextrometorfano (peteĩ hu’u poha oñevendeva oimehápente) jeporuvaikue rupi, heta tetãme ojejoko iñevende.<ref>Eccles Pg. 246</ref> Kakuaávape, ikatu oñembovevuive tĩ syry, antihistamínicos, de primera generación ojeheróva, ñane tĩ rupive jeporu rupive; katu upéa katuete oporomongeparei.<ref name=AFP07/> Ambue tĩ pa’ã pohanoha hína pseudoefedrina, avei ou porã péicha hasývape.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Taverner D, Latte GJ | title = Nasal decongestants for the common cold | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = | issue = 1 | pages = CD001953| year = 2007 | pmid = 17253470 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001953.pub3 | editor1-last = Latte | editor1-first = G. Jenny }}</ref> Ipratropio aerosol-pegua ikatu avei ombovevuive tĩ syry, katu naiporãmbái tĩ pa’ãme guarã. <ref>{{cite journal | author = Albalawi ZH, Othman SS, Alfaleh K | title = Intranasal ipratropium bromide for the common cold | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = | issue = 7 | pages = CD008231|year = 2011 | month = July | pmid = 21735425 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD008231.pub2 | editor1-last = Albalawi |editor1-first = Zaina H }}</ref> Umi antihistamínicos de segunda generación oje’eha, ndaha’éi ku iporãmbáva.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Pratter MR | title = Cough and the common cold: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines |journal = Chest | volume = 129 | issue = 1 Suppl | pages = 72S–74S | year = 2006 | month = Jan | pmid = 16428695 | doi = 10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.72S }}</ref> Noñehesa’ỹijo porãi rupi, ndojeikuaái ojeyu heta javépa oporomoñandu porãve térãpa omboguevi mba’asy ñane pytuhẽ rehegua <ref>{{cite journal | author = Guppy MP, Mickan SM, Del Mar CB, Thorning S, Rack A | title = Advising patients to increase fluid intake for treating acute respiratory infections | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews| volume = | issue = 2 | pages = CD004419| year = 2011 | month = February | pmid = 21328268 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004419.pub3 | editor1-last = Guppy | editor1-first = Michelle PB }}</ref> ha upéicha avei ndojeikuaái mba’eve ytaku timbo jeporú rehe.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Singh M, Singh M | title = Heated, humidified air for the common cold | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = | issue = 5 | pages = CD001728| year = 2011 | month = May | pmid = 21563130 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001728.pub4 | editor1-last = Singh| editor1-first = Meenu }}</ref> Peteĩ estudio rupive ojehechakuaa pomada mentolado oñemoĩva ñande pyti’áre ikatuha omboguevi’imi hu’u pyhare, tĩ pa’ã ha jeke porã’ỹ.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Paul IM, Beiler JS, King TS, Clapp ER, Vallati J, Berlin CM | title = Vapor rub, petrolatum, and no treatment for children with nocturnal cough and cold symptoms | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 126 | issue = 6 | pages = 1092–9 | year = 2010 | month = December |pmid = 21059712 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2010-1601 }}</ref> ===Antibiótico ha antiviral kuéra=== Umi antibiótico ndaha’aéi la ou porãva mba’asy virus-kuére guarépe, upévare naiporãiete voi virus resfrío común rehegua oñemonguera hagua.<ref name=CochraneAR2005>{{cite journal | author = Arroll B, Kenealy T | title = Antibiotics for the common cold and acute purulent rhinitis | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = | issue = 3 | pages = CD000247|year = 2005 | pmid = 16034850 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000247.pub2 | editor1-last = Arroll | editor1-first = Bruce}}</ref> Oguerekóre efecto secundario, ikatu opombyai, upéicha ramo jepe, akói ojeuka hasývape.<ref name=CochraneAR2005/><ref>Eccles Pg.238</ref> Pe sýva ipy’a tarova rupi, heta jey oje’uka chupe antibiótico, upéicha avei pohanohára oipytyvõséramo asýva térã ohape joko haguã mba’e ivaivéva, ikatukuaátava ojejoko antibiótico-pe.<ref>Eccles Pg.234</ref> Naipóri droga antiviral omonguerakuaáva resfrío común,jepéramo heta investigación ohechauka oĩha umi ou porãtava hasývape.<ref name=AFP07/><ref name="EcclesPg_b">Eccles Pg.218</ref> ===Ambueichagua ñepohano=== Jepéramo oĩ heta ambueichagua ñepohano, científicamente ndoje’ekuaái umíva iporãne haguã.<ref name=AFP07/> Ary 2010-pe naipóri ohechauka térã he’ikuaáva toje’u térã toñemboyke eíra térã irrigación nasal.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Oduwole O, Meremikwu MM, Oyo-Ita A, Udoh EE | title = Honey for acute cough in children | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = | issue = 1 | pages = CD007094| year = 2010 | month = January | pmid = 20091616 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD007094.pub2 | editor1-last = Oduwole | editor1-first = Olabisi }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Kassel JC, King D, Spurling GK | title = Saline nasal irrigation for acute upper respiratory tract infections | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = | issue = 3 | pages = CD006821| year = 2010 | month = March | pmid = 20238351 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006821.pub2 | editor1-last = King | editor1-first = David }}</ref> Oĩ estudio he’íva oje’úrõ zing 24 aravo oñepyrũhaguépe mba’asy, omonguera pya’eveha resfrío común umi tapicha ndahasyguasúivagui.<ref name=Zinc11/> Umi estudio oĩva ojoavy tuichaitereíre, tekotevẽ ojejapove ambue ojehecha haguã araka’e ha mamoite pevépe iporãkuaa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhs.uk/news/2011/02February/Pages/zinc-for-the-common-cold.aspx |title=Zinc for the common cold&nbsp;—Health News&nbsp;— NHS Choices |first= |last= |work=nhs.uk |year=2012 [last update] |quote=In this review, there was a high level of heterogeneity between the studies that were pooled to determine the effect of zinc on the duration of cold symptoms. This may suggest that it was inappropriate to pool them. It certainly makes this particular finding less conclusive. |accessdate=24 February 2012}}</ref> Vitamina C jeporu resfrío común aja ningo peteĩ mba’e hetáma ojestudiáva, katu ojehupyty’ỹre mba’eve guasu, sa’imimi javénte ojehecha oikoha, ha umi tapicha ojapoitéva ejercicio físico tenda ho’ysãháre umía rehente.<ref name="Hemilä2010">{{cite journal | author = Hemilä H, Chalker E, Douglas B, Hemilä H | title = Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = |issue = 3 | pages = CD000980| year = 2007 | pmid = 17636648 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000980.pub3 | editor1-last = Hemilä | editor1-first = Harri }}</ref><ref name="Heimer2009">{{cite journal | author = Heiner KA, Hart AM, Martin LG, Rubio-Wallace S | title = Examining the evidence for the use of vitamin C in the prophylaxis and treatment of the common cold | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners | volume = 21 | issue = 5 | pages = 295–300 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19432914 | doi = 10.1111/j.1745-7599.2009.00409.x }}</ref> Echinacea iporãha ningo peteĩ mba’e ndojekuaaporãmbáiva.<ref name=CochE06>{{cite journal | author = Linde K, Barrett B, Wölkart K, Bauer R, Melchart D | title = Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume = | issue = 1 | pages = CD000530| year = 2006 | pmid = 16437427 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000530.pub2 |editor1-last = Linde | editor1-first = Klaus }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Sachin A Shah, Stephen Sander, C Michael White, Mike Rinaldi, Craig I Coleman | title = Evaluation of echinacea for the prevention and treatment of the common cold: a meta-analysis | journal = The Lancet Infectious Diseases | volume = 7 | issue = 7 | pages = 473–480 |year = 2007 | pmid = 17597571 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70160-3 }}</ref> Umi pohã orekóva echinacea, ikatu iñambue ojuehegui iporãnguépe.<ref name=CochE06/> Añetehápe ndojeikuaái ajo-pa iporã.<ref>{{cite journal |author = Lissiman E, Bhasale AL, Cohen M | title = Garlic for the common cold | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume = 3 | issue = | pages = CD006206 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22419312 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006206.pub3 |editor1-last = Lissiman | editor1-first = Elizabeth }}</ref> Ni peteĩ jey ejevicheahápe vitamina D ndojejuhúi iporãne haguã.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Murdoch|first=David R.|title=Effect of Vitamin D₃ Supplementation on Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Healthy Adults<subtitle>The VIDARIS Randomized Controlled Trial</subtitle><alt-title>Vitamin D₃ and Upper Respiratory Tract Infections</alt-title>|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2012-10-03_308_13/page/n52|journal=JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association|date=3 October 2012|volume=308|issue=13|pages=1333|doi=10.1001/jama.2012.12505}}</ref> ==Oñeha’arõva== Resfrío común ningo ikangy, ha opaite jey hi’are peteĩ arapokõindy ajánte.<ref name=CE11/> Ivaieterei jave, upéva katuete hina peteĩ tapicha ituja térã iguaguĩetereímavare, térã avei um imitã ha hesãieterei’ỹva rehe.<ref name=E1/> Ikatu oiko infección bacteria-kuére resfrío árima, oporombohasýva sinusitis, faringitis térã otitis aguda-gui.<ref>Eccles Pg.76</ref> Ojehecha oñeguahẽha 8% rupi akã rasyvaipe (sinusitis) ha 30% rupi otitis-pe oje’eha.<ref name="EcclesPg_a">Eccles Pg.90</ref> ==Mba’asy guasu iñasai pya’éva jekuaa rehegua== Resfrío común ningo yvypóra mba’asy ojeikuaaitevéva <ref name=E1>Eccles Pg. 1</ref> kóva oguahẽ opavave táva oïva ko yvy apérepe.<ref name=Text2007/> Tapicha kakuaávape, ombohasy jepi mokõi térã po jey paeteĩ ary pukukue <ref name=CE11>{{cite journal |author = Arroll B | title = Common cold | journal = Clinical evidence | volume = 2011 | issue = 3 | pages = | year = 2011 | month = March | pmid = 21406124 | doi = }}</ref><ref name=Eccles2005/> ha mitãnguéra katu poteĩ térã pa jey voi peteĩ ary pukukue, (katu umi mbo’ehaópe oikéva, pakõi jey hamba’e voi).<ref name=AFP07>{{cite journal | author = Simasek M, Blandino DA | title = Treatment of the common cold | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 75 | issue = 4 | pages = 515–20 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17323712 | doi = | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070215/515.html }}</ref> Infecciones oñeñandúva, hetaiteve umi tapicha ituja térã iguaĩva rehe, ha’ekuéra sa’ivema voi hesãire.<ref name=E78>Eccles Pg. 78</ref> ==Hembiasakue== Jepéramo amo 1950 guive ramo ojeikuaa mba’eichakuépa ñande rasy resfrío comúngui, ko mba’asy oĩmava’ekue voi yvypóra apytépe ymaite ára guive.<ref>Eccles Pg. 3</ref> Oñeñandúva ha iñepohano oñemombe’u peteĩ papiro egipcio Ebers ojeheróvape, jehaipyre pohano rehegua itujavéva ojeikuaáva, ojehaíva siglo 16 AC mboyve.<ref>Eccles Pg.6</ref> Héra inglés ñe’ẽme, “common cold”, ojeiporu ypy siglo 16 rupi, oñeñandúva ape ojoguatereíre oñeñandúva ñande rete ro’ỹsãmba jave ndive. <ref>{{cite web | publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary | url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cold |title=Cold | accessdate=12 January 2008 }}</ref> Reino Unido-pe, Medical Research Council creó la Common Cold Unit en-pe 1946 jave, ha upépe ojejuhu ypy rinovirus 1956-pe.<ref>Eccles Pg.20</ref> Ary 70 rupi, CCU ohechauka ñepohano interferones rupive rinovirus infección incubación aja, ojokoha ko mba’asy,<ref name="pmid2438740">{{cite journal | author = Tyrrell DA | title = Interferons and their clinical value | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_march-april-1987_9_2/page/n6 | journal = Rev. Infect. Dis. | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = 243–9 | year = 1987 | pmid = 2438740 | doi = 10.1093/clinids/9.2.243 }}</ref> katu ndaikatúiojeporu oñemongueraite haguã. Ary 1989 oñemboty ko unidad, mokõi ary ohasami rire ojejapo hague investigación tabletas de gluconato de zinc rehegua ojeiporúva ojejoko haguã resfrío rinovirus-kuére ojeguerekóva, kóva añoite hína pe ñepohano osẽ porãva’ekue ko unidad rembiapo apytépe.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Al-Nakib W | title = Prophylaxis and treatment of rhinovirus colds with zinc gluconate lozenges | journal = J Antimicrob Chemother. | volume = 20 | issue = 6 | pages = 893–901 | year = 1987 |month = December | pmid = 3440773 | doi = 10.1093/jac/20.6.893 | last2 = Higgins | first2 = P.G. | last3 = Barrow |first3 = I. | last4 = Batstone | first4 = G. | last5 = Tyrrell | first5 = D.A.J. }}</ref> ==Viru ñemongu’e== [[Image:The Cost Of The Common Cold & Influenza.jpg|thumb|Jehaiha guasu Britanico Arapy Ñorãirõ Guasu Mokõihape guare, ohechaukáva resfrío común repy. <ref>{{cite web |title=The Cost of the Common Cold and Influenza |work=Imperial War Museum: Posters of Conflict |publisher=vads|url=http://vads.bath.ac.uk/flarge.php?uid=33443&sos=0}}</ref>]] Heta hendáre, arapy tuichakue, ndojehechakuaái mba’eichaitépa hepy ha heta viru omongu’e resfrío. <ref name="EcclesPg_a" /> Estados Unidos-pe, resfrío común ogueraha 75-100 millones taicha consultas médicas rapykuéri peteĩ ary aja, ha ojehecha upéva ohupytyha térã hepyha amo 7700 millones de dólares rupi opaite ary aja. Umi estadounidenses ohepyme’ẽ 2900 millones rupi pohã oñevendéva oimehápe joguápe ha 400 millones poha receta ári oñevendévare, oñeñandúva oñemonguerapotávo.<ref name=Frend03>{{cite journal | author = Fendrick AM, Monto AS, Nightengale B, Sarnes M | title = The economic burden of non-influenza-related viral respiratory tract infection in the United States| journal = Arch. Intern. Med. | volume = 163 | issue = 4 | pages = 487–94 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12588210 | doi = 10.1001/archinte.163.4.487 }}</ref> Un tercio tapicha ohóva pohanohára apytépeguipe, oñeme’ẽ antibiótico, ha upéva ou vai hetápe upéi oikotevẽ añetétavo ko pohã.<ref name=Frend03/> Oje’e hína amo mitãnguéra estadounidense operdeha amo 22-189 millones ára rupi peteĩ ary aja, resfrío-gui hasy haguére. Kóva ykére oñemoĩrõ umi 150 millones ára tembiapópe ojeperdéva resfrío rupi, viru oku’éva ohasapa 20 millon dólar peteì ary aja.<ref name="NIAID2006"/><ref name=Frend03/> Resfrío común-gui mba’asy rupive, Estados Unidos-pe tembiapo ojeperdéva apytégui,ojejuhu 40 %.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Kirkpatrick GL | title = The common cold| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_primary-care-clinics-in-office-practice_1996-12_23_4/page/n16 | journal = Prim. Care | volume = 23 | issue = 4 | pages = 657–75 | year = 1996 | month = December | pmid = 8890137 |doi = 10.1016/S0095-4543(05)70355-9 }}</ref> ==Tembiapo Jeporeka== Heta pohã virus oñembohovake haguãma oñeha’ã, katu 2009 peve peteĩnte jepe ndojejuhúi iporãva resfrío común-peguarã.<ref name="EcclesPg_b" /> Oñeha’ã hín aojeporu droga antiviral pleconaril hérava, iporãva picornavirus ñemboguevípe, avei droga BTA-798.<ref name=E226>Eccles Pg.226</ref> Pleconaril je’u ojehecha kuri naiporãmbaiha, upévare oñeñeha’ã hína oñeguenohẽvo aerosol rupive oñembochivivi haguã.<ref name=E226/> Jeporekaharakuéra Universidad de Maryland, College Par ha Universidad de Wisconsin-Madison pegua ojeporeka ha omohenda maymave virus ojeikuaáva oporombohasyha resfrío común-gui.<ref name="CTgov">{{cite news| url =http://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/02/12/cold.genome/| title = Genetic map of cold virus a step toward cure, scientists say| date = February 12, 2009 | accessdate = 28 April 2009| publisher = CNN| author = Val Willingham}}</ref> {{-}} ==Moõgui osẽ marandu== {{Reflist|2}} ==Arandukaporupyre== * {{cita libro|last=Ronald Eccles|first=Olaf Weber (eds)|title=Common cold|url=https://archive.org/details/commoncold0000unse|year=2009|publisher=Birkhäuser|location=Basel|isbn=978-3-7643-9894-1 }} ==Ambue marandu ohóva hese== {{Commonscat|Common cold}} [[Ñemohenda:Mba'asy ruru]] [[Ñemohenda:Mba'asy víru]] krtw1zaa00xkszxfdnxb74i3a2uex9r 0 8786 138232 116968 2026-08-18T19:13:07Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138232 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gas giants in the solar system.jpg|thumb|200px|Yvóra mba'etĩva ojeréva Kuarahýre: yvate guive, ojechauka Húpiter, Satúyno, Uráno ha Netúno (tuichakue isarambi).]] '''Yvóra mba'etĩva''' térã '''Yvóra ipytundyrýva''' ({{es|planeta gaseoso}}) ha'e peteĩ yvóra popeno ha tuichaitereíva ndoguerekóiva ipype heta [[kuarepoti]] hatã ha [[ita]], ipype oĩ mba'esyry eta; hákatu imbytépe ikatu oguereko heta mba'e hatãva, kuarepotícha. Umíva heko [[mba'etĩ]]va, hi'ape reko oimo'ã [[arai]] hũva.<ref>{{cita libro |last1=Mayor |first1=Michel |last2=Pepe |first2=F. |last3=Lovis |first3=C. |last4=Queloz |first4=D. |last5=Udry |first5=S. |editor1-first=Mario |editor1-last=Livio |editor2-first=Kailash |editor2-last=Sahu |editor3-first=Jeff |editor3-last=Valenti |title=A Decade of Extrasolar Planets around Normal Stars |url=https://archive.org/details/decadeofextrasol0000spac |series=Space Telescope Science Institute Symposium Series (No. 19) |date=June 2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-89784-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/decadeofextrasol0000spac/page/20 20] |chapter=The quest for very low-mass planets}}</ref> Pe [[Mbyjajerety Kuarahy rehegua|Kuarahy Ypykatu]] ipype oĩ irundy yvóra mba'etĩva: [[Húpiter]], [[Satúyno]], [[Uráno]] ha [[Netúno]]. Umíva hérava avei «Yvóra Húpitericha» térã "Yvóra Okagua". Umi yvóra [[Uráno]] ha [[Netúno]] iñemohendapy ambue atýpe, umíva [[mbyjajere hypy'a|yvóra hypy'a]], oguerekógui ipype heta [[yrypy'a]], [[ita]] ha [[mba'etĩ]]. Oñembojuavy yvóra mba'etĩva «hekópe» chugui, Jarýi ha Ja'yvo, oguerekógui sa'i sa'i ipype [[tatavevýi]] ha [[tataveve]], imombyryvégui [[Kuarahy]] guive. Ko'ãga ojekuaa heta yvóra mba'etĩva [[Mbyjajerety Kuarahy rehegua|Kuarahy ypykatu]] okápe oĩha. == Mandu'apy == {{Reflist}} [[Ñemohenda:Yvóra reko]] 0umxima7y6yed91imoh6i7clhnu9tsn 0 8999 138258 130406 2026-08-19T00:37:53Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 138258 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Irũjoa''' térã '''avano'õ''' ({{es|sociedad}}) ha'e [[yvypóra|tekove]] aty oñemoirũva ha oiko jojáva, oĩ avei umi [[mymba]] oñemoirũva ([[eiru]] - [[tahýi]] - [[jagua]] - [[leõ]] - [[pirachuguasu]]). [[tekoha renda|Tekoha]] omoheñói, omboyke, omoambue térã ombopyahu peteĩ avano'õ rembiakuaa ha rembiapoita. Péicha, umi [[ava]] oikóva tekoha hi'yrypy'ávape omoheñói tembiapo ipu'akávata upe tekoháre. Tekove térã mymba oikóva no'õme omba'apo joja, oñemongeta joja. Upe oikuaaukáva peteĩ avano'õme taha'e ha'ehápe [[temiandu|hemiandu]], hembiapo ha imba'ekuaaita rupive, upépe ijapaite ava rembiapokue: [[jeroviapy]], jepokuaa, [[ñe'ẽ]] ha ambuéva, opaite umíva ha'e avano'õ [[rembiapo]].<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140705231328/http://www.monografias.com/trabajos35/sociedad/sociedad.shtml Sociedad (monografía)]''</ref> == Ehecha avei == * [[Guarani reko ha ñe'ẽ|Guarani reko]] * [[Avakuaaty tembiapoguigua]] * [[Tembiapo]] * [[Yvypóra]] == Mandu'apy == {{listaref}} == Joaju == {{commonscat|Society}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110304145915/http://www.entreeconomia.com/2010/07/que-es-sociedad.html ''Qué es Sociedad''] [[Ñemohenda:Avano'õ| ]] rh5o1tg2fcemdup2qft7j7et3obzafv 0 9036 138246 134071 2026-08-18T19:22:04Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ficha de país | nombre_oficial = ''Umbuso weSwatini<br />Kingdom of Eswatini''<br />Tavetã Esuatíni | nombre_común = Eswatini | de = de | imagen_bandera = Flag of Eswatini.svg | imagen_escudo =Coat_of_arms_of_Swaziland.svg | imagen_escudo_tamaño = 125px | símbolos = | imagen_mapa = Eswatini on the globe (special marker) (Madagascar centered).svg | lema_nacional = ''Siyinquaba''<br />([[suasi ñe'ẽ]]: 'Ñande ha'e óga mbarete') | himno_nacional = ''[[Nkulunkulu Mnikati wetibusiso temaSwati]]''<br/>([[Idioma suazi|suazi]]: 'Jára ore Tupã, suasi kuéra rovasa Ijára') | capital = [[Mbabane]]<br />[[Lobamba]] | capital_población = 70.000 ([[2003]]) | capital_coor_fmt = | capital_coor = 26_19_S_31_8_E_ 26°19' S 31°8' E | ciudad_más_poblada = [[Manzini]] | idiomas_oficiales = [[Suasi ñe'ẽ]] ha [[ingyaterrañe'ẽ]] | gobierno = [[Porokuái peteĩme pavẽ]] | dirigentes_títulos = Mburuvicha guasu<br />Ndlovukati<br />Sãmbyhyha peteĩha | dirigentes_nombres = [[Mswati III Suasilándia pegua|Mswati III]]<br />[[Ntombi Suasilándia pegua|Reina Ntombi]]<br />[[Cleopas Dlamini]] | fundación = Sãso | fundación_hitos = &nbsp;• Arange | fundación_fechas = [[Tavetã Joaju]] pegua<br />[[6 jasyporundy]] ary [[1968]]-pe | superficie = 17&nbsp;363 | superficie_puesto = 152 | superficie_agua = 0,9 | fronteras = 535 [[kilómetro|km]] | costas = 0 km | población = 1&nbsp;093&nbsp;238 ([[2017]]) | población_puesto = 154 | población_densidad = 68,2 | PIB = [[US$]] 5&nbsp;761 mill. | PIB_año = 2009 | PIB_puesto = 147 | PIB_per_cápita = [[US$]] 4&nbsp;965 | IDH = 0,536<ref>[http://hdrstats.undp.org/es/paises/perfiles/SWZ.html Informe sobre desarrollo humano 2013 (html)] Consultado el 8 de agosto de 2013</ref> | IDH_año = 2012 | IDH_puesto = 141 | IDH_categoría = <span style="color:#ffcc00;">'''Medio'''</span> | moneda = Lilangeni (L, E, <code>SZL</code>) | gentilicio = suasi | horario = [[UTC]] + 2 | horario_verano = Ndorekói | miembro_de = [[Commonwealth|Mancomunidad de Naciones]], [[ONU]], [[Unión Africana|UA]], [[COMESA]] | nota1 = }} '''Esuatíni''', héra teéva ha'e hína '''Tavetã Esuatíni''' ([[suasi ñe'ẽ]]me: ''Umbuso eSwatini''; [[ingyaterrañe'ẽ]]me: ''Kingdom of Eswatini''), ha'e peteĩ [[tavetã]] hekosãsóva michĩ ha y rembe'y'ỹva opytáva yvyrusu [[Áfrika]] iñemby gotyo, kuarahyresẽ gotyo umi [[Drakensberg|Yvytyrysýi Drakensberg]], [[Yvyáfrika]] ha [[Mosambíke]] imbytépe, ko tetã rekuái reko niko [[Porokuái peteĩme pavẽ|oporokuáiva peteĩme pavẽ]]. Ko tavayguakuéra oguereko tenonderãite umi [[Suasi ñe'ẽ|etnia suazi]]. Ñe'ẽ ojeipysóva ha'e [[Suasi ñe'ẽ|Swazi]] (siSwati en forma nativa). Umi suázi omopyenda irréino sa'ary XVIII mbytépe [[Ngwane III]] poguýpe.<ref name="Bonner82">{{cite book |last=Bonner |first=Philip |title=Kings, Commoners and Concessionaires |url=https://archive.org/details/kingscommonersco0000bonn |year=1982 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Great Britain |isbn=0521242703 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/kingscommonersco0000bonn/page/9 9]–27}}</ref> Tetã ha Swazi oguenohẽ héra [[Mswati II]]-gui, mburuvicha guasu sa'ary XIX-pegua, ipoguýpe oñembotuichave ha oñembojoaju tetã; ijyvy rembe’y ojejapo ary 1881-pe, pe [[Scramble for Africa]] mbytépe.<ref name="Kuper86">{{cite book |last=Kuper |first=Hilda |title=The Swazi: A South African Kingdom |year=1986 |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston |pages=9–10}}</ref> Oiko rire [[Ñorairõ Boer Mokõiha]], ko mburuvicha guasu, hérava Suazilandia, ha'e peteĩ tetãvore yvate comisión Vyretáña pegua ary 1903 guive ohupyty jey peve isãsopaite ára 6 jasypoteĩ ary 1968-pe.<ref name="Gillis99">{{cite book |last=Gillis |first=Hugh |title=The Kingdom of Swaziland: Studies in Political History |url=https://archive.org/details/kingdomofswazila0000gill |year=1999 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=0313306702}}</ref> Jasyrundy ary 2018-pe, oñemoambue héra oficial Reino de Suazilandia-gui Reino de Eswatini-pe, ha'éva pe téra ojeporúva jepi Swazi-pe.<ref name=KingdEswatini/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.howdareshe.org/swaziland-facts-info-guide-swaziland-renamed-the-kingdom-of-eswatini/|title=Swaziland facts and guide as the country renamed the Kingdom of Eswatini|date=20 April 2018|website=How Dare She|language=en-US|access-date=27 September 2019|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511235735/https://www.howdareshe.org/swaziland-facts-info-guide-swaziland-renamed-the-kingdom-of-eswatini/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UN Member States |url=http://www.un.org/en/member-states/index.html#gotoE |publisher=[[United Nations]] |access-date=30 June 2018 |date=30 May 2018}}</ref> Esuatíni iñemohenda irundy tetãvorére. Oguereko mokõi tavusu: [[Mbabane]], táva ojokuáiva ha [[Lobamba]], táva orekóva tavetã iñemohendaha ha oguerekóva Tetã Tekojoja Ruvicha. Táva orekovéva tapicha kuéra ipype ha'e [[Manzini]], oguerekóva 100.000 tapicha kuéra. [[File:EswatiniNumbered.png|thumb|center|Tetãvore Esuatíni pegua.]] Esuatíni iñemohenda irundy tetãvorére; umíva iñemohenda 55 ''tinkhundla'' rehe, ha umíva iñemohenda ''Imiphakatsi'' rehe: # [[Hhohho]] # [[Lubombo]] # [[Distrito de Manzini|Manzini]] # [[Shishelweni]] {{clear}} == Mandu'apy == {{listaref}} == Joaju == {{commonscat|Swaziland|Suazilandia}} * [http://www.gov.sz/ Gobierno de Suazilandia]; sitio oficial (ingyaterrañe'ẽme) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050717073336/http://www.mintour.gov.sz/ Ministerio de turismo]; sitio oficial (ingyaterrañe'ẽme) {{Afrika}} [[Ñemohenda:Eswatini| ]] f3hetsldaevn0jwzenaf1hajb2n5m1k 0 9133 138249 128043 2026-08-18T19:23:39Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ficha de enfermedad | nombre = Ébola víru mba'asy | imagen = 7042 lores-Ebola-Zaire-CDC Photo.jpg | pie = Ta'anga ojapóva ary 1976 ohechaukáva mokõi kuña pohanohára peteĩ ébola hasýva ndive omanóva rire. | DiseasesDB = 18043 | CIE-10 = {{CIE-10|A|98|4|a|90}} | CIE-9 = {{CIE-9|065.8}} | MedlinePlus = 001339 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 626 | MeshID = D019142 }} '''Ébola víru mba'asy''' ('''EVD''') térã '''Ébola akãnundu huguýva''' ('''EHF''') ha'e ningo hína yvypóra mba'asy [[Ébola víru]] rupive ojeguerekóva.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Oñepyrũ oñeñandu 2 térã mbohapy arapokõindy ojeguerekóma rire upe virus, [[akãnundu|akãnundurehe]], [[ahy'o rasy]], [[Myalgia|tete rasy]], ha [[akãrasy|akãrasyndive]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Akói hasýva [[ipy'ajere]], ogue'ẽ, ha [[tye chivivi]] hapykuéri, katuete ikangy ha omba'apo'ive ñande [[hígado]] ha [[pitikiri'i]] kuéra.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Kóicha jave, oĩ heta tapicha oñepyrũmava [[tuguy|huguy]].<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Ebola virus disease Fact sheet N°103|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=12 April 2014|date=March 2014}}</ref> == Mba'eichakue ha iñehesa'ỹijo == Ko virus ikatu ojehupyty [[tuguy]] rupive térã mymba hasýva [[tete rykue|rete rykue]] (heta jey ãva hina ka'i térã [[mbopi yva rehegua]]).<ref name=WHO2014/> Ndojejuhúi gueteri kuatia he'íva ikatuha avei kóva ova yvytu rupive.<ref name=WHOAir2014>{{cite web|title=2014 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa |url=http://www.who.int/ith/updates/20140421/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=3 August 2014|date=Apr 21 2014}}</ref> Oje'e mbopi yva rehegua, ogueraha ha oguerovaha ko mba'asy ichupe ombyai'ỹre.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Peteĩ yvypóra hasývo, ikatúma oguerova ha ombohasy ambue yvypórape.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Kuimba'ekuéra hasyva'ekue, ikatu gueteri oguerova mba'asy [[esperma]] rupive mokõi jasy ohasa rire jepe.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Oñehesa'ũijo hag̃uã, katuete ojehechava'erã ha oñemboyke ambue mba'asy ijoguaha,taha'e [[malaria]], [[cholera]] ha ambue [[akãnundu huguýva viruskuére]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Oje'e hag̃uã ha'eha ko mba'asy, oñemoneĩva'erã tuguy rupive ojehecháva [[antibodies]], virus rehegua [[RNA]], térã katu pe virus voi.<ref name=WHO2014/> == Ojejoko hag̃uã == Ojejoko hag̃uã ojehechava'erã oñembosa'ive contacto yvypóra oguerekóvoa ka'i ha kure kóvagui hasýva ndive.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Upevarã ojehechava'erã máva mávapa umi mymba hasýva, tojejuka ha toñeñotỹ hekoitépe hetekuerakue.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Avei ikatu ojehecha ha oñembojy porã tembi'ukuéra,<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> tojeporu aho oporoheteaho'i porãva ha [[jepohei porã]] oñeime rire peteĩ tapicha hasýva jerére.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> oñeñangarekoporãva'erã oñemongu'ekuévo tapicha hasýva ruguy térã ambue mba'e hesegua.<ref name=WHO2014/> == Ñepohano, Oñeha'arõva ha Epidemiología == Naipóri peteĩ ñepohano ko mba'asyetépe guarã; eñeñeha'ànteva'erã oñeñangareko porã upe tapicha hasýva rehe, [[pohano ñemboy'u]] (sy he'ẽmby ha he'ẽ jukýva)rupive térã [[y ivena rupipe]].<ref name=WHO2014/> Ko mba'asy heta [[oporojukakuaa]]: heta jey ojuka amo 50% ha 90% ichugui hasývape.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name="Elsevier/Academic Press">{{cite book|author1=C.M. Fauquet|title=Virus taxonomy classification and nomenclature of viruses; 8th report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780080575483|page=648|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=9Wy7Jgy5RWYC&pg=PA648}}</ref> EVD ojejuhu ypy [[Sudan]] ha [[Tetã Jekopytyjoja Kongo|Kongo]] retãme-pe.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Ko mba'asy hetave jey ojekuaa ha oporombohasy umi tend atropical háre, [[Africa sub-Saharan]] rupi.<ref name=WHO2014/> Ary 1976 guive(ojejuhu ypýramo guare) ary 2013 peve, amo 1.000 tapicha rupi, peteĩ ary aja hasy ko mba'e vaígui.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=MMWRJune2014>{{cite web|title=Ebola Viral Disease Outbreak — West Africa, 2014|url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6325a4.htm?s_cid=mm6325a4_w|website=CDC|accessdate=26 June 2014|date=June 27, 2014}}</ref> Tuichaiteve ojejuhuhague ko mba'asy ningo pe [[mba'asy isarambíva évola 2014 pegua]], oporombohasypáva hína [[Guinea]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Liberia]] ha vaicha avei [[Nihéria]]-pe.<ref name=CDC2014>{{cite web|title=CDC urges all US residents to avoid nonessential travel to Liberia, Guinea, and Sierra Leone because of an unprecedented outbreak of Ebola.|url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/warning/ebola-liberia|website=CDC|accessdate=2 August 2014|date=July 31, 2014}}</ref><ref name=CDCAug2014N>{{cite web|title=Outbreak of Ebola in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone|url=http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/guinea/index.html|website=CDC|accessdate=5 August 2014|date=August 4, 2014}}</ref> Jasypoapy 2014 guive, ojejuhúma amo 1.600 rupima hasýva.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ebola virus disease update - West Africa|url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_08_04_ebola/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=6 August 2014|date=Aug 4, 2014}}</ref> Opaicha rei oñeñeha'ã hína ojejuhu hag̃uã peteĩ [[vacuna]]; katu peteĩnte jepe ndojejuhúi gueteri.<ref name=WHO2014/> == Moõguipa osẽ marandu == {{Reflist|colwidth=25em}} ; Arandukaporupyre * {{Cite book |last=Klenk |first=Hans-Dieter |title=Marburg and Ebola Viruses (Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology) |url=https://archive.org/details/marburgebolaviru0000unse |date=January 1999 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Telos |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-540-64729-4 |ref=CITEREFKlenk1999}} * {{Cite book |first1=Hans-Dieter |last1=Klenk |first2=Heinz |last2=Feldmann |title=Ebola and Marburg viruses: molecular and cellular biology |url=http://books.google.com/?id=EV_mFgnyPoMC |format=Limited preview |year=2004 |publisher=Horizon Bioscience |location=Wymondham, Norfolk, UK |isbn=978-0-9545232-3-7 |ref=CITEREFKlenkFeldmann2004}} * {{Cite book |last=Kuhn |first=Jens H. |title=Filoviruses: A Compendium of 40 Years of Epidemiological, Clinical, and Laboratory Studies. Archives of Virology Supplement, vol. 20 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=LaOue0F9Ns4C |format=Limited preview |year=2008 |publisher=SpringerWienNewYork |location=Vienna |isbn=978-3-211-20670-6 |ref=CITEREFKuhn2008}} * {{Cite book |last1=McCormick |first1=Joseph |last2=Fisher-Hoch |first2=Susan |others=Horvitz, Leslie Alan |title=Level 4: Virus Hunters of the CDC |url=http://books.google.com/?id=QEvR3aJX2m0C |format=Limited preview |origyear=1996 |edition=Updated [3rd] |year=1999 |publisher=Barnes & Noble |isbn=978-0-7607-1208-5 |ref=CITEREFMcCormickFisher-Hoch1999 |month=June}} * {{Cite book |last=Pattyn |first=S. R. |title=Ebola Virus Haemorrhagic Fever |year=1978 |url=http://www.itg.be/ebola/ |format=Full free text |edition=1st |publisher=Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press |location=Amsterdam |isbn=0-444-80060-3 |ref=CITEREFPattyn1978}} * {{Cite book | last1 = Ryabchikova | first1 = Elena I. | last2 = Price | first2 = Barbara B. | title = Ebola and Marburg Viruses: A View of Infection Using Electron Microscopy | year = 2004 | publisher = Battelle Press | location = Columbus, Ohio | isbn = 978-1-57477-131-2 | ref = CITEREFRyabchikovaPrice2004 }} ==Marandu renda okapegua== * [http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/207.html ViralZone: Ebola-like viruses] – Virological repository from the [[Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics]] * [http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/ CDC: Ebola hemorrhagic fever] – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Special Pathogens Branch * [http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/en/ WHO: Ebola haemorrhagic fever] – World Health Organization, Global Alert and Response * [http://www.viprbrc.org/brc/home.do?decorator=filo Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Filoviridae] * [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/emdb/searchResults.html/?q=ebola 3D macromolecular structures of the Ebola virus archived in the EM Data Bank (EMDB)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819171607/https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&msid=202977755949863934429.0004c658eb30f9c4fb1c0&ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=27.371767,5.273438&spn=110.017392,184.21875&z=2&source=embed&dg=feature Google Map of Ebola Outbreaks] * [http://www.who.int/csr/bioriskreduction/filovirus_infection_control/en/ WHO recommended infection control measures] [[Ñemohenda:Mba'asy víru]] cl2siwko9cw3sjhbhigsbfqwgn740fy 0 9472 138263 129578 2026-08-19T02:11:44Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 138263 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Teteñeko'õi''' ({{es|síndrome de burnout}}) ha'e pe py'atarova, [[pochy|pochyreko]] ojehupytýva mba'apoiterei rupi térã ipukuetereíramo peteĩ tembiapo, oñemohechauka upe [[kane'õ'asy]] avei, umíva heteñeko'õíva omba'apo sa'i ha vai.<ref name=PMID20525178>{{cita publicación |autor=Montero-Marín, Jesús |autor2=García-Campayo, Javier |año=2010 |título=A newer and broader definition of burnout: Validation of the "Burnout Clinical Subtype Questionnaire (BCSQ-36)|publicación=BMC Public Health |web=[www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2458-10-302.pdf] |número=10 |páginas=302 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-10-302 |PMID=20525178 |issn=1471-2458 }}</ref> Umíva tekove omba'apoitereíva ñemuháme ha ndopytu'ũporãiva ikatúne heteñeko'õi, umíva omba'apo heta ha porãiterei mboyve,<ref>{{cita libro |autor=Buzzetti, Marcela |año=2005 |capítulo=Validación del Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) |editor=dirigentes del Colegio de Profesores A.G. de Chile |título=Memoria para optar al título de Psicólogo, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Chile |editorial=Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Chile |páginas=140 |id=PSICOL. B992 2005 }}</ref> ha hekopochy hembiapo heta.<ref>{{cita libro |autor=Buran, Constance |año=1992 |capítulo=The Relationship Between Hardiness and Burnout in Female Nursing and Liberal Arts/Science Faculty |título=Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Nursing Science Degree in the School of Nursing, Indiana University |editorial=School of Nursing, Indiana University |páginas=130 |id=UMI 746498581 }}</ref> == Mandu'apy == {{listaref}} == Joaju == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140716225837/http://sumedico.com/glosario1013.html El burnout profesional] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111237/http://www.monografias.com/trabajos-pdf4/burnout-colectivo-docente/burnout-colectivo-docente.pdf ''Burnout en el Colectivo Docente''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141217022559/http://burnout.cl/ Investigación y Formación sobre el Síndrome de Burnout en Salud Pública en Chile] [[Ñemohenda:Mba'asy]] swex0vcd022jqu7ra8u9ts3f672ymze 0 9859 138240 101017 2026-08-18T19:17:41Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ficha de enfermedad | nombre = Cysticercosis | imagen = Neurocysticercosis.gif | pie = Magnetic resonance image of a person with neurocysticercosis showing many cysts within the brain. | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|69||b|65}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|123.1}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | DiseasesDB = 3341 | MedlinePlus = 000627 | eMedicineSubj = emerg | eMedicineTopic = 119 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|med|494}} {{eMedicine2|ped|537}} | MeshID = D003551 }} '''Cysticercosis''' ha'e mba'asy oñembosarambíva omoñepyrũva peteĩ yso michĩ rupive (cysticercus), sevo'i hérava ténia ra'y (''Taenia solium'').<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roberts|first1=Larry S.|last2=Janovy, Jr.|first2=John|title=Gerald D. Schmidt & Larry S. Roberts' Foundations of Parasitology|url=https://archive.org/details/geralddschmidtla0008robe|date=2009|publisher=McGraw-Hill Higher Education|location=Boston|isbn=978-0-07-302827-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/geralddschmidtla0008robe/page/348 348]-351|edition=8}}</ref><ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Taeniasis/Cysticercosis Fact sheet N°376|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs376/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=18 March 2014|date=February 2013}}</ref> Heta ary pukukue ikatu ndojekuaái tapichakuéra rehe ko mba'asy ojehaitypóva 1 térã 2 cm tapicha pire térã hajygue guýpe, térã oguereko apañuái rasy iñapytu'ũme.<ref name=Garcia03/><ref name=Gar2002>{{cite journal |author=García HH, Evans CA, Nash TE, et al. |title=Current consensus guidelines for treatment of neurocysticercosis |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=747–56 |date=October 2002 |pmid=12364377 |pmc=126865 |doi= 10.1128/CMR.15.4.747-756.2002|url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12364377}}</ref> Heta jasy térã ary ohasa rire ko'ã golpe-kue ikatu hasyeterei ha iruru.<!-- <ref name=Garcia03/> --> Umi tetã sa'i oñeakãrapu'ãvape heta jey ojehecha epilésia.<ref name=Garcia03/> == Mba'épa ha mba'érepa == Ko mba'asy ojapyhy tapichápe ho'úramo tembi'u térã y oguerekóva tenia rupi'a.<!-- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> Hetave ojejuhu ko'ã mba'e verdure ypýravape.<ref name=WHO2013/> Ténia rupi'a ojejuhu tapicha oguerekóva hasýva repotípe, upéva ojekuaa [[taeniasis]]-ramo.<ref name=Garcia03/><ref name=CDC>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/cysticercosis/ |title=CDC - Cysticercosis}}</ref> Taeniasis peteĩ mba'asy iñambuéva ha ikatu ojapyhy tapichápe ho'úramo quiste oĩva kure ro'o ojy porã'ÿvape.<ref name=WHO2013/> Tapiachakuéra oikóva ambue tapicha hasýva ndive ojapyhykuaave hína cysticercosis.<ref name=CDC/> Ojejuhukuaa hína kutuha po'i rupive. <ref name=Garcia03/> Apytu'ũ ñemoha'ãnga kombutadórape (CT) térã tete ñemoha'ãnga ambuéva (MRI) ha'e hína pe oikovéva ko mba'asy ojejuhu haguã.<!-- <ref name=Garcia03/> --> Hetavéramo hína tuguytĩ, pe apytu'ũrysýi rykue ha tuguy avei ojepuru ojekuaa haguã ko mba'e.<ref name=Garcia03/> == Jehapejoko ha ñepohãno == Ko mba'asy ojehapejokokuaa teteñemopotĩ rupive.<!-- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> Avei: oñembojy porãva'erã kure ro'o ha y porã potĩ rupi.<!-- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> Oñepohãnova'erã tapicha taeniasis oguerekóva ikatu haguãicha ojehapejoko ko mba'asy.<ref name=WHO2013/> Ko mba'asy ñepohãno natekotevẽi ojejesareko sistema nervioso rehe.<ref name=Garcia03/> Neurocysticercosis oguerekóva oñepohãnokuaa pohã [[praziquantel]] térã [[albendazole]]-pe.<!-- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> Kóva ojepurukuaa heta ary pukukue.<!-- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> [[Steroid]], ani haguã iruru oñeikotevẽkuaa avei.<!-- <ref name=WHO2013/> --> Cirugía ojejapo ojeipe'a haguã umi quiste.<ref name=WHO2013/> == Mba'asy ñembosarambi == Kure rehegua ténia ojehecha meme [[Asia]], Mbyte Afrika, ha Latino Amérika. <ref name=Garcia03>{{cite journal |author=García HH, Gonzalez AE, Evans CA, Gilman RH |title=''Taenia solium'' cysticercosis |journal=Lancet |volume=362 |issue=9383 |pages=547–56 |date=August 2003 |pmid=12932389 |pmc=3103219 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14117-7 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(03)14117-7}}</ref> Oĩ tenda 25% tapicha oguerekóva ko mba'asy.<ref name=Garcia03/> Tenda iñakarapu'ã porãhápe sa'i ko'ã mba'e ojekuaa.<ref name=Bob2014/> 2010 guive ojehecha arapýpe ojuka hague 1200 tapichápe, 700 tapicha rovake 1990-pe.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal |author=Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, ''et al.'' |title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 |journal=Lancet |volume=380 |issue=9859 |pages=2095–128 |date=December 2012 |pmid=23245604 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(12)61728-0}}</ref> Cysticercosis ojekuaa avei vaka ha kurépe katu ndojekuaaguasúi hesekuéra ndoikovéi are rupi.<ref name=WHO2013/> Ko mba'asy ojekuaa ojapyhyha tapichakuérape ymaite guive.<ref name=Bob2014>{{cite journal |author=Bobes RJ, Fragoso G, Fleury A, ''et al.'' |title=Evolution, molecular epidemiology and perspectives on the research of taeniid parasites with special emphasis on ''Taenia solium'' |journal=Infect. Genet. Evol. |volume=23 |pages=150–60 |date=April 2014 |pmid=24560729 |doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2014.02.005 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1567-1348(14)00053-7}}</ref> Ko'ãva hína peteĩva mba'asy oñembosarambi pya'e Yvy jehasa mbytére.<ref>{{cite web|title=Neglected Tropical Diseases|url=http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html|website=cdc.gov|accessdate=28 November 2014|date=June 6, 2011}}</ref> ==Mandu'apy== <references /> [[Ñemohenda:Mba'asy]] 2val0nlt710knhicti68p4tie0xs47q 0 9860 138235 138220 2026-08-18T19:14:22Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ficha de enfermedad | nombre = Hepatitis A | imagen = Jaundice eye.jpg | pie = Tirísia hepatitis A rehe | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|15||b|15}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|070.0}}, {{ICD9|070.1}} | DiseasesDB = 5757 | MedlinePlus = 000278 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 991 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|ped|977}} | MeshID = D006506 }} '''Hepatitis A''' (ymave ojekuaava'ekue '''hepatitis infecciosa-ramo''') ha'e peteĩ mba'asy [[ígado]] oñepámo rehegua, omoñepyrũva mba'asy hepatitis A (HAV), i[[víru]] rupive.<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | url = https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi0000unse_q1i3 | edition = 4th | pages = [https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi0000unse_q1i3/page/541 541]–4 | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-8385-8529-9 }}</ref> Heta jey ndojekuaái mba'eve umi tapicha oguerekóva ko mba'asy, ko'ýte umi ipyahuvéva rehe.<ref name=AFP2012/> Mokõi ha poteĩ arapokõipe apytépe rupi ojekuaa ramo ko mba'asy. <ref name="pmid16271543">{{cite journal| author=Connor BA| title=Hepatitis A vaccine in the last-minute traveler| journal=Am. J. Med.| volume=118 |issue=Suppl 10A| pages=58S–62S| year=2005| pmid=16271543| doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.07.018}}</ref> Iñapysẽramo ko mba'asy ojekuaa ohóvo poapy arapokõndýpe, upéva apytépe oikokuaa, py'ajere, gue'ẽ, tye [[tirísia]] orekóva, akãnundu, ha tyerasy. <ref name=AFP2012/> Amo 10-15% tapicha rehe ojekuaa ohóvo mba'asy 6 jasy pukukuépe kóva oñepyrũ rire.<ref name=AFP2012/> Ígado hasyvai ojehecha haguã, katu ojekuaameme tapicha itujavéva rehe.<ref name=AFP2012/> == Iñepyrũha == Ojejapyhy jepi ko mba'asy, tembi'u térã y oñembyaiva'ekue tekaka oguerekóva ko mba'asy rehe.<ref name=AFP2012>{{cite journal|last=Matheny|first=SC|last2=Kingery |first2=JE|title=Hepatitis A.|journal=Am Fam Physician |date=1 December 2012|volume=86|issue=11|pages=1027–34; quiz 1010–2|pmid=23198670 |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/1201/p1027.html}}</ref> Jatyta parapegua noñembojyporãiva'ekue ha'e jepi avei pe ojekuaa meméva.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bellou | first1 = M. | last2 = Kokkinos | first2 = P. | last3 = Vantarakis | first3 = A. | title = Shellfish-borne viral outbreaks: a systematic review. | journal = Food Environ Virol | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 13–23 |date=March 2013 | doi = 10.1007/s12560-012-9097-6 | pmid = 23412719 }}</ref> Avei ikatu ova ojepokóramo tapicha hasýva rehe.<ref name=AFP2012/> Ndojekuaairamo jepe mitãnguéra rehe ko mba'asy, ikatukuaa gueteri oguerova ambue tapicha rehe.<ref name=AFP2012/> Tapicha hasýramo peteĩ jey, araka'evéma ndaikatúi jey ojapyhy chupe ko mba'asy.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Hepatitis and Other Liver Diseases|year=2006|publisher=Infobase |isbn=9780816069903|page=105|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=HfPU99jIfboC&pg=PA105}}</ref> Ojejuhu haguã mba'asy ojehesa'ỹijova'erã tuguy ojejapoháicha avei ambue mba'asykuéra ojejuhu haguã.<ref name=AFP2012/> Kóva ha'e peteĩva umi po [[hepatitis]] víru ojekuaáva pegua: A, [[hepatitis B|B]], [[hepatitis C|C]], [[hepatitis D|D]], ha [[hepatitis E|E]]. == Mba'éichapa ojehapojokokuaa == Pohã Hepatitis A hag̃ua oiko ojehapejoko haguã.<ref name=AFP2012/><ref name=Irv2012>{{Cite journal | last1 = Irving | first1 = GJ. | last2 = Holden | first2 = J. | last3 = Yang | first3 = R. | last4 = Pope | first4 = D. | title = Hepatitis A immunisation in persons not previously exposed to hepatitis A. | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = 7 | issue = | pages = CD009051 | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009051.pub2 | pmid = 22786522 }}</ref> Oĩ tetã oñevakunahápe mayma mitanguérape, katu umi ndaivakunáivape ikatukuaave ojapyhy chupekuéra ko mba'asy vai.<ref name=AFP2012/><ref name=WHO2013/> Ha'ete ku oikóva tekove pukukue javeve.<ref name=AFP2012/> Ojehapejokokuaa avei ko mba'asy ojepohéi ha tembi'u ñembojy porã rupive.<ref name=AFP2012/> Ndaipóri pohã heseguaitéva katu jepytu'u ha pohãita py'ajere térã chivivi peguarã oñeikotevẽva.<ref name=AFP2012/> Opaite jepi mba'asy ombyai'ỹme tapicha hasyva'ekue py'a.<ref name=AFP2012/> Oñembyai vaíramo tapicha hasýva py'a ojejapova'erã ígado ñemoambue.<ref name=AFP2012/> == Mba'asy ñembosarambi == Amo 1.5 sua tapichápe rupi ojepyhy ko mba'asy arapy tuichakue javeve peteĩ arýpe <ref name=AFP2012/> ha hetaiteve tapicha hasýva ha katu ndojekuaáiva hese ko mba'asy.<ref name=Was2006>{{cite journal|last=Wasley|first=A|author2=Fiore, A |author3=Bell, BP |title=Hepatitis A in the era of vaccination.|journal=Epidemiol Rev |year=2006|volume=28|pages=101–11|pmid=16775039 |doi=10.1093/epirev/mxj012 |url=http://epirev.oxfordjournals.org/content/28/1/101.long}}</ref> Ko mba'asy ojekuaa meme umi tetã iky'ávape ha ndaipórihápe y potĩ.<ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Hepatitis A Fact sheet N°328|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs328/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=20 February 2014|date=July 2013}}</ref> Umi tetã mboriahúvape amo 90% mitãnguérape ojepyhy ko mba'asy 10 ary pukukuépe ha upéicha rupi tuicha rire ndahasyvéima.<ref name=WHO2013/> Ojekuaave jepi avei umi tetã iñakarapuã'ívape hetavehápe mitã ha mitãrusu ha ndaiporihápe tasymo'ãha (''vacunación'').<ref name=WHO2013/> 2010-pe, Mba'asy hepatitis A ojuka amo 102,000 tapichápe.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0}}</ref> Ára 28 jasypokõi jave hína [[Hepatitis Ára]] ojegueromandu'áva oñeñangareko haguã hendaitépe hepatitis víru rehe .<ref name=WHO2013/> == Mandu'apy == <references /> [[Ñemohenda:Mba'asy]] j90zqgdbybouw771168p1f5hltx0sx3 0 10454 138234 127287 2026-08-18T19:14:00Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Pámo membysẽ rire | Image = Streptococcus pyogenes.jpg | Caption = ''[[Streptococcus pyogenes]]'' (apu'a'i ipititi pytãva) rupive heta kuña iñakãnundu vai membysẽ rire. (900jey oñembotuicha) | DiseasesDB = | ICD10 = {{ICD10|O|85||o|85}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|672}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = article | eMedicineTopic = 796892 | MeshID = D011645 }} <!-- Definition and symptoms --> '''Membysẽ rire pámo''', ojeikuaáva avei '''pámo memby rire''', '''akãnundu membysẽ rire''' térã '''mitãrupa akãnundu''', ha'e peteĩ mymbachu'ĩgua [[pámo]] upe [[kuña ñemoñarã tetepy rape|kuña ñemoñarã tetepy rapegua]], oiko rire [[mitã reñói]] térã [[membykua rei]].<!-- <ref name=W2014/> --> Techaukaha ha [[mba'asyapypẽ]] apytépe ojetopa jepi [[akãnundu]] ojupivéva 38°C ári, ty'ái ro'ysã, tye guy rasy, ha ikatu avei [[tako ry]] inéva.<ref name=W2014>{{cite book|title=Williams obstetrics|url=https://archive.org/details/williamsobstetri0024unse|date=2014|publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional|isbn=9780071798938|pages=Chapter 37|edition=24th|chapter=37}}</ref> Kóva oiko jepi 24 aravo ohasa raẽvape, ha umi pa ára pa'ũme membysẽ rire.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Hiralal Konar|title=DC Dutta's Textbook of Obstetrics|date=2014|publisher=JP Medical Ltd|isbn=9789351520672|page=432|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=LU2VAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA432}}</ref> <!-- Causes and diagnosis--> Hetave pámo oiko jepi upe [[membyryru|membyryrúpe]] ha umi to'ópe oĩva ijerére, ha ojehero '''membysẽ rire pámo''' térã '''membysẽ rire membyryru ruru'''.<!-- <ref name=W2014/> --> Umi mba'e ikatúva ombohasy ha'e: [[tye pirekytĩ]], mymbachu'ĩ [[streptococcus aty B rehegua]] takópe, [[pirepererĩ osorórõ voieterei]], [[membysẽ ipukúva]] ha ambue.<!-- <ref name=W2014/> --> Hetave pámo oiko hetaichagua mymbachu'ĩ rupive.<!-- <ref name=W2014/> --> Mba'asy ñehesa'ỹijo hasýpe otopa pytyvõ [[mymbachu'ĩ ñehesa'ỹijoporã|mymbachu'ĩ ñehesa'ỹijoporã]] rupive tako térã tuguýpe.<!-- <ref name=W2014/> --> Umi kuña ndokueráivape, [[ñembopu itakarúva]] ikatu oñeikotevẽ.<!-- <ref name=W2014/> --> Ambue mba'e oporomoakãnundúva membysẽ rire ha'e: [[titiry pa'ã]], [[kuaru rape pámo]], tye pirekytĩ pámo térã [[tako pehẽ okapeguáva ñekytĩ]], ha [[mitãra'y ñe'ã vevúi ovuvaíva]].<ref name=W2014/> <!-- Prevention and treatment --> Ikatuhaguére tye pirekytĩ ojapovai kuñáre, oje'eka chupekuéra to'u [[pohãrekoitegua]], ha'éva hína [[Ampicilina]], oikéta jave pirekytĩháme.<!-- <ref name=W2014/> --> Pámo ñepohãnopukurã ojeipuru pohãrekoitegua, ha heta kuña okuera ohóvo mokõi térã mbohapy árape.<!-- <ref name=W2014/> --> Umi kuña ndaha'éiva ku hasyetereíva ikatu omokõ pohãrekoitegua; umi hasyetereívape katu oje'eka [[tuguyrapegua]] pohãrekoitegua ou porãneha.<!-- <ref name=W2014/> --> Umi pohãrekoitegua tapiagua apytépe oĩ [[Ampicilina]] ha [[Gentamicina]] jopara, membysẽ tako rupive rire, térã [[Clindamicina]] ha Gentamicina umi imembyva'ekue tye pirekytĩ rupivépe g̃uarã.<!-- <ref name=W2014/> --> Umi ndokueráivape ã ñepohãnopuku rupive, oñehesa'ỹijova'erã ambue mba'e vai, umi [[péu|péuicha]].<ref name=W2014/> <!-- Epidemiology and history --> Arapy kakuaávape, 1%-2% kuña oguereko membyryru pámo [[membysẽ tako rupi|imembysẽ tako rupi]] rire.<!-- <ref name=W2014/> --> Kóva ojupi 5%-13% peve umi imembysẽva hasypeterei atýpe, ha 50% umi imembysẽva tye pirekytĩ rupive atýpe, oipuru mboyve pohãnorekoitegua.<ref name="W2014" /> Ary 2013-pe, ko'ã pámo ojuka 24.000 kuñáme, ha ary 1990-pe ojukava'ekue 34.000 tapichápe.<ref name="GDB2013">{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first1=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}</ref> Oñeñe'ẽmava'ekue ko mba'asýre upe sa ro'y V Ñandejára Mboyve guivéma; ohaiva'ekue upévare pohãnohára [[Hipócrates]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Walvekar|first1=Vandana|title=Manual of perinatal infections|date=2005|publisher=Jaypee Bros.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788180614729|page=153|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=DIOmY2ROeVAC&pg=PA152}}</ref> Ko'ã pámo ojuka py'ỹiva'ekue kuñáme imembysẽvo upe sa ro'y XVIII guive ary 1930 peve, ojejapo ypýrõ guare pohãnorekoitegua.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Magner|first1=Lois N.|title=A history of medicine|date=1992|publisher=Dekker|location=New York|isbn=9780824786731|pages=257-258|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=qtUzscI9_VIC&pg=PA258}}</ref> Ary 1847-me, [[Auteria|Austria]]-pe, [[Ignaz Semmelweiss]] , oipurúvo [[jepohéi|ojepohéi]] hag̃ua [[klóro]] , ombosa'ive ñemano ko mba'asýgui 20% guive 2% peve.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Anderson|first1=BL|title=Puerperal group A streptococcal infection: beyond Semmelweis.|journal=Obstetrics and gynecology|date=April 2014|volume=123|issue=4|pages=874-82|pmid=24785617}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ataman|first1=AD|last2=Vatanoglu-Lutz|first2=EE|last3=Yildirim|first3=G|title=Medicine in stamps-Ignaz Semmelweis and Puerperal Fever.|journal=Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association|date=2013|volume=14|issue=1|pages=35-9|pmid=24592068}}</ref> ==Mandu'apy== <references /> [[Category:Mba'asy]] 29kerdgk3c6gesyaoh2tyypop7c4k6k 0 10965 138226 124683 2026-08-18T19:09:16Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138226 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Feminism symbol.svg|thumb]] '''Kuñareko'''<ref>http://guaranime.blogspot.com/2011/10/cuna.html</ref> ({{es|feminismo}}) niko peteĩ jokuaikuaa no'õ, temimo'ã ha avano'õ no'õ aty oguerekóva peteĩ tembipota ha'etéva: tojehupyty tekojoja jokuaikuaa, virumboja'okuaa ha avano'õ rehegua kuñanguérape g̃uarã <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hawkesworth|first=Mary E.|title=Globalization and Feminist Activism|url=https://archive.org/details/globalizationfem0000hawk|year=2006|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|pages=[https://archive.org/details/globalizationfem0000hawk/page/25 25]–27|isbn=9780742537835}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Beasley|first=Chris|title=What is Feminism?|url=https://archive.org/details/whatisfeminismin0000beas|year=1999|publisher=Sage|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/whatisfeminismin0000beas/page/3 3]–11|isbn=9780761963356}}</ref> == Mandu'apy == {{listaref}} [[Ñemohenda:Jokuaikuaa]] gmhibng73w0xj89js3lecxqfduvym5v 0 10966 138251 105085 2026-08-18T19:25:36Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138251 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jokuaikuaa akatúa pegua''' he'i oĩnte voi tysýi avano'õme ndaikatúiva voi ojejopia, itapiagua ha iporã<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.auburn.edu/~johnspm/gloss/right-wing|title=Right-wing, rightist|last=Johnson|first=Paul|year=2005|work=A Political Glossary|publisher=Auburn University website|accessdate=23 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cita libro|date=1996|title=Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction|url=https://archive.org/details/leftrightsignifi0000bobb|pages=[https://archive.org/details/leftrightsignifi0000bobb/page/51 51], 62|location=Chicago|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-06246-4|ISBN=978-0-226-06246-4}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cita libro|date=1985|title=An Introduction to Sociology|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoso0000gold_y7i8|page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontoso0000gold_y7i8/page/156 156]|edition=Third|location=Cambridge|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=0-521-24545-1|ISBN=0-521-24545-1}}</ref> ha katuete ojepytaso ko temimo'ã oñeñe'ẽvo tekomoñanga tapiagua, virumboja'okuaa térã sykue rehegua.<ref name="Carlisle">{{Cita libro|date=2005|title=Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpo0000carl|location=Thousand Oaks [u.a.]|publisher=[[SAGE Publications|SAGE Publishing]]|isbn=1-4129-0409-9|ISBN=1-4129-0409-9}}</ref>{{rp|p. 693, 721}}<ref name="T. Alexander Smith 2003. p. 30">T. Alexander Smith, Raymond Tatalovich. ''Cultures at war: moral conflicts in western democracies''. Toronto, Canada: Broadview Press, Ltd, 2003. p. 30. "That viewpoint is held by contemporary sociologists, for whom 'right-wing movements' are conceptualized as 'social movements whose stated goals are to maintain structures of order, status, honor, or traditional social differences or values' as compared to left-wing movements which seek 'greater equality or political participation.' In other words, the sociological perspective sees preservationist politics as a right-wing attempt to defend privilege within the ''social hierarchy''."</ref><ref name="Allan Cameron pg. 37">''Left and right: the significance of a political distinction'', Norberto Bobbio and Allan Cameron, p. 37, [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press University of Chicago Press], 1997.</ref><ref name="Fuchs, D. 1990. p. 203">[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Martin_Lipset Seymour Martin Lipset], cited in Fuchs, D., and Klingemann, H. 1990. The left-right schema. pp. 203–34 in Continuities in Political Action: A Longitudinal Study of Political Orientations in Three Western Democracies, ed.M.Jennings et al. Berlin:de Gruyter</ref><ref name="Lukes">Lukes, Steven. 'Epilogue: The Grand Dichotomy of the Twentieth Century': concluding chapter to T. Ball and R. Bellamy (eds.), The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought. pp.610–612</ref><ref name="Clark">{{Cita libro|date=2003|title=Capitalism, Not Globalism: Capital Mobility, Central Bank Independence, and the Political Control of the Economy|url=https://archive.org/details/capitalismnotglo0000clar|edition=[Online-Ausg.].|location=Ann Arbor [u.a.]|publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]]|isbn=0-472-11293-7|ISBN=0-472-11293-7}}</ref> Tysýi ha tekojoja'ỹ ikatu oñeimo'ã oñemboupiha ñemoingoe sykueguáre avano'õme <ref>Smith, T. Alexander and Raymond Tatalovich. ''Cultures at War: Moral Conflicts in Western Democracies'' (Toronto, Canada: Broadview Press, Ltd., 2003) p. 30. "That viewpoint is held by contemporary sociologists, for whom 'right-wing movements' are conceptualized as 'social movements whose stated goals are to maintain structures of order, status, honor, or traditional social differences or values' as compared to left-wing movements which seek 'greater equality or political participation.'</ref><ref>{{Cita libro|year=2013|title=Right-Wing Women: From Conservatives to Extremists Around the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5SdW2L3V-gIC&pg=PA4&dq=right+wing+other+center&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjMrPe5_4jRAhUL2IMKHWSICh8Q6AEIMjAE#v=onepage&q=right%20wing%20other%20center&f=false|page=4|publisher=Routledge|quote=For us, if there is anything that actually distinguishes (both the center and far) right from other political tendencies, it is the right's reliance on some form of internal or external Other. Right wings differentially draw on, produce, and mobilize naturalized and/or culturalized self/Other criteria to reify or forge hierarchical differences. These are based in gender, sexuality, class, ethnicity, religion, race, caste, or at their various intersections.}}</ref> térã johovaichuáre ñemuhanguéra apytépe.<ref>Scruton, Roger "A Dictionary of Political Thought" "Defined by contrast to (or perhaps more accurately conflict with) the left the term right does not even have the respectability of a history. As now used it denotes several connected and also conflicting ideas (including) 1)conservative, and perhaps authoritarian, doctrines concerning the nature of civil society, with emphasis on custom, tradition, and allegiance as social bonds ... 8) belief in free enterprise free markets and a capitalist economy as the only mode of production compatible with human freedom and suited to the temporary nature of human aspirations ..." pp. 281–2, Macmillan, 1996</ref><ref>{{Cita libro|date=1985|title=An Introduction to Sociology|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoso0000gold_y7i8|page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontoso0000gold_y7i8/page/156 156]|edition=3rd|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-24545-1|ISBN=0-521-24545-1|quote="There are ... those who accept inequality as natural, normal, and even desirable. Two main lines of thought converge on the Right or conservative side...the truly Conservative view is that there is a natural hierarchy of skills and talents in which some people are born leaders, whether by heredity or family tradition. ... now ... the more usual right-wing view, which may be called 'liberal-conservative', is that unequal rewards are right and desirable so long as the competition for wealth and power is a fair one."}}</ref> Pe ñe'ẽ "akatuareko" ikatu avei he'ise pe pehẽ [[Angareko|hi'angarekoháva]] térã imbohovairekoháva peteĩ jepépe jokuaikuaa rehegua.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/right_wing|title=right wing – definition of right wing in English &#124; Oxford Dictionaries|date=20 April 2014|publisher=En.oxforddictionaries.com|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref> == Mandu'apy == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Ñemohenda:Jokuaikuaa]] hf1qdi4o5vqqyro4vdpm9b7emmmu1n9 0 11198 138260 127773 2026-08-19T01:05:42Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 138260 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ta'ãnga:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic in its region (claimed).svg|thumb|350px|right|Kuarahyreike Saára.]] '''Kuarahyreike Saára''' (térã '''Saára Kuarahyreikégua''') ha'e hína peteĩ yvy pehẽngue [[Áfrika]] ipehẽngue yvateguápe, upe ijapy kuarahyreikegua [[yvy ojeiko'ỹha|yvy ojeiko'ỹhágui]] hérava [[Saára]], [[paraguasu Atlántiko]] rembe'ýre. Ha'e voi peteĩ umi 17 yvy pehẽnguégui [[ONU]] oñangareko ha ojerure opa hag̃ua kolónia tetã ambuégui ijyvy apekuépe.<ref>http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2002/161 documento de distribución oficial S/2002/161 del 12 de febrero de 2002</ref> ONU omoĩ akue ko yvy pehẽngue upe tetã hekosãso'ỹ atýpe ary [[1960]] guive, ko yvy pehẽngue oĩva gueteri [[Epáña]] ipoguýpe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042159/http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/documentos/98/DT-15-2004-E.pdf Real Instituto Elcano. GONZÁLEZ CAMPO, Julio.: ''Las pretensiones de Marruecos sobre los territorios españoles en el norte de África (1956-2002)''] Documento de Trabajo núm. 15 DT-2004, pp. 7.</ref> Epáña retã osẽ rire ko yvýgui ary [[1976]]-pe, tetã [[Marruéko]] ha [[Mauritáña]] oñembojára Kuarahyreike Saára rehe.<ref name="Potencia administradora" /> Upe guive, ko yvy pehẽngue oĩ [[Marruéko]] ipoguýpe<ref name="Potencia administradora">{{Cita web |url=http://www.wshrw.org/Documentos/espa%C3%B1ol/An%C3%A1lisis/Ruiz_Acuerdo%20pesca%20UE-Marruecos%202.pdf |título=El acuerdo de pesca UE-Marruecos o el intento español de considerar a Marruecos como “potencia administradora” del Sáhara Occidental |obra=Anuario de Derecho Internacional |fecha=19 de abril de 2007 |editorial=Western Sahara Human Rights Watch |cita=Las consideraciones anteriores se hallan confirmadas por resoluciones de la Asamblea General de la ONU. De estas resoluciones se desprenden dos conclusiones complementarias: la Asamblea General de la ONU nunca ha considerado a Marruecos como “potencia administradora” sino como ocupante; y España ha seguido siendo considerada como “potencia administradora” [...] VIII. Conclusiones. [...] 2º. El acuerdo tripartito de Madrid de 1975 no ha transferido “a Marruecos” la cualidad de potencia administradora. [...] 4º. De acuerdo con las resoluciones de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas y la práctica del Secretario General la “potencia administradora” del Sáhara Occidental sigue siendo España, aunque lo sea ''de iure'', pero no ''de facto'' |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821120520/http://www.wshrw.org/Documentos/espa%C3%B1ol/An%C3%A1lisis/Ruiz_Acuerdo%20pesca%20UE-Marruecos%202.pdf |archivedate=2018-08-21 |accessdate=2018-03-02 }}</ref><ref name="Ocupación">{{Cita web |url=http://www.un.org/es/comun/docs/?symbol=A/RES/34/37 |título=34/37. Cuestión del Sáhara Occidental |editorial=Organización de las Naciones Unidas |fecha=21 de noviembre de 1979|otros=A/RES/34/37 |cita=''La Asamblea General'' [de la ONU]<br />''Deplora'' profundamente la agravación de la situación, como consecuencia de la persistente ocupación del Sáhara Occidental por Marruecos y de la ampliación de esa ocupación al territorio recientemente evacuado por Mauritania.<br />''Pide encarecidamente'' a Marruecos que participe también en la dinámica de paz y ponga fin a la ocupación del Territorio del Sáhara Occidental}}</ref> ko'ãga meve, hákatu opa umi tetã ambuéva [[ONU]] pegua nomoañetéi upéicha<ref>Document S/2006/249, ''Report of the Secretary-General on the situation concerning Western Sahara'' [http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2006/249].</ref> ha upe [[Tavakuairetã Saáragua Árave Jekopytyjojáva]] ojerure Kuarahyreike Saára ojapo hag̃ua hetã. [[Mauritáña]] omoĩ ipoguýpe heta táva Kuarahyreike Saára ipehẽngue ñembyguápe. == Mandu'apy == {{listaref}} == Joaju == {{commonscat|Western Sahara|preposición=sobre el}} * [http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/un-documents/western-sahara/ UN Documents for Western Sahara] * [http://undocs.org/es/S/RES/1495(2003) Resolución 1495] * [http://undocs.org/es/S/1997/742 Acuerdos de Houston] [[Ñemohenda:Marruéko]] [[Ñemohenda:Afrika]] cfj3rhyi3jcboi7wzhp7qvc1l3rlxwr 0 11509 138262 136567 2026-08-19T02:03:56Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 138262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ficha de país | nombre_oficial = Tavakuairetã Saáragua Árave Jekopytyjojáva | imagen_bandera = Flag of Western Sahara.svg | imagen_escudo = Coat of arms of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg | imagen_mapa = Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic in its region (claimed hatched).svg | aclaración_mapa = Territorio controlado por la RASD en verde oscuro. En verde claro, el territorio reclamado. | lema_nacional = حرية ديمقراطية وحدة<br/>''Hurrīyya-Dīmuqrātīyya,Wehda''<br/>([[Áraveñe'ẽ]]me: «Tekosãso, Jekopytyjoja, Joaju») | himno_nacional = يا بني الصحراء<br />''Yābaniy Es-Saharā''<br/>([[Áraveñe'ẽ]]me: «O, Sáara membykuéra!») | capital = [[El Aaiún]]<small> (tembiapoukapýpe)</small><br />[[Bir Lehlu]]<br/><small>(hekovia sapy'a)</small> | capital_población = | capital_coor = 27_08_57_N_13_11_49_W_ 27° 08' N 13° 49' O | ciudad_más_poblada = [[El Aaiún]]{{Infobox ref|1}} | idioma_oficial = [[Áraveñe'ẽ]], [[hassanía|árave hassanía]] ha [[Karaiñe'ẽ]]{{Infobox ref|2}} | gobierno = [[Mburuvichavy rape|Tavakuairetã mburuvichavy rapépe]]{{Infobox ref|3}}{{Infobox ref|4}} ijaty ojokuaikuaáva peteĩ<ref>Hasta lograr la independencia. Artículo 32 de la consticuión de la RASD: ''El Polisario es la única formación política permitida para los saharauis hasta que se complete la independencia.'' {{cite web |last=SADR |title=Constitution of the SADR |url=http://www.rasd-state.ws/babtani.htm |accessdate=19 de octubre de 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111161544/http://www.rasd-state.ws/babtani.htm |archivedate=11 de noviembre de 2007}}</ref> | título_líder1 = Tendota | nombre_líder1 = [[Brahim Gali]] | título_líder2 = Sãmbyhyhára peteĩha | nombre_líder2 = [[Mohamad Elouali Akeik]]<ref>{{cita web|título=La presidencia saharaui sustituye al primer ministro tras quince años |url=https://www.eldiario.es/politica/presidencia-saharaui-sustituye-primer-ministro_0_737026886.html|fecha=5 de febrero de 2018|fechaacceso=5 de febrero de 2018}}</ref> | fundación = [[Descolonización]] | fundación_hitos = &nbsp;• Proclamada<br />&nbsp;• Efectiva | fundación_fechas = [[Epáña]] pegua<br />[[27 jasykõi]] ary [[1976]]<br />Ñemoañete'ỹ | superficie = 266.000 | superficie_puesto = 76 | superficie_agua = ''imichĩeterei'' | fronteras = n/d [[km]] | costas = n/d km | población = 513.000<ref name=unpop>{{cita publicación |url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf |título=World Population Prospects, Table A.1 |version=2008 revision |formato=PDF |editorial=United Nations |autor=Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division |año=2009 |fechaacceso=12 de marzo de 2009}}</ref>(2009 est.) | población_puesto = 172 | población_densidad = n/d | IDH = 0,508<ref>[http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2015_human_development_report.pdf Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano 2015] Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2016</ref> | IDH_año = 2014 | IDH_puesto = 207 | IDH_categoría = <font color="#990000">'''Bajo'''</font> | moneda = [[Peseta saharaui]] ha [[Dírham marroquí]]<br/>(₧/درهم, [[ISO 4217|EHP/MAD]], ''[[de jure]]'')<br/>[[Dinar argelino]] ha [[Uguiya]]<br/>(دج, [[ISO 4217|DZD/MRO]], ''[[de facto]]'') | gentilicio = Saharaui | horario = [[UTC]] | cctld = [[.eh]]{{Infobox ref|5}} | código_telefónico = 212 +213 {{Infobox ref|6}}<br/> +292 {{Infobox ref|7}} | prefijo_radiofónico = ''ne'ĩra oreko'' | código_ISO = 732 / ESH / EH | miembro_de = [[Unión Africana|UA]] | matrícula_coche = WSA | nota1 = [[El Aaiún]] ko'ãga oĩ [[Marruéko]] ipoguýpe. Ko tetã itavusu hekovia sapy'a hína táva [[Bir Lehlu]], ojejuhúva upe yvy pehẽnguéme oĩva [[Frente Polisario]] ipoguýpe. | nota2 = [[Karaiñe'ẽ]] ojeipuru ñe'ẽ tetã rekuáipente. | nota3 = Epáña retã osẽ rire ko yvýgui ary [[1976]]-pe, tetã [[Marruéko]] oñembojára Kuarahyreike Saára rehe. | nota4 = [[Gobierno en el exilio]]. | nota5 = Ne'ĩra ojeipuru. | nota6 = 212 papapy ojeipurúva upe yvy pehẽngue Marruéko ipoguýpe; + 213 oipuru umi tetãygua oho tetã Arhélia-pe opyta hag̃ua pytagua rekoha oikotevẽva ñeñangareko. | nota7. = papapy +292 ne'ĩra ojeipuru, hákatu oñeñangareko hese ojeipuru hag̃ua noikotevẽvévo papapy +212, +213 }} '''Tavakuairetã Saáragua Árave Jekopytyjojáva''' ([[Áraveñe'ẽ]]me: الجمهورية العربية الصحراوية الديمقراطية, ''Al-Ŷumhūrīyyah Al-`Arabīyyah Aṣ-Ṣaḥrāwīyyah Ad-Dīmuqrāṭīyyah'' ha [[Karaiñe'ẽ]]me: ''República Árabe Saharaui Democrática'') ha'e peteĩ tetã hekosãso namoañetéiva opa tetã ambuéva, ijyvy apekuére oñembojára tetã [[Marruéko]] ha [[Mauritáña]] oiko rire ary 1975-pe Epáña ñesẽ upe kolóniagui ojehero akue Saára Epáñagua, ha upéi Marruéko omoĩmba ko yvy pehẽngue ijyvy apekueteepýpe jasypoapy [[1979]]-pe, tetã Mauritáña osẽ rire. [[Epáña]] retã osẽ rire ko yvýgui ary [[1976]]-pe, tetã [[Marruéko]] ha [[Mauritáña]] oñembojára [[Kuarahyreike Saára]] rehe.<ref name="Potencia administradora" /> Upe guive, ko yvy pehẽngue oĩ [[Marruéko]] ipoguýpe<ref name="Potencia administradora">{{Cita web |url=http://www.wshrw.org/Documentos/espa%C3%B1ol/An%C3%A1lisis/Ruiz_Acuerdo%20pesca%20UE-Marruecos%202.pdf |título=El acuerdo de pesca UE-Marruecos o el intento español de considerar a Marruecos como “potencia administradora” del Sáhara Occidental |obra=Anuario de Derecho Internacional |fecha=19 de abril de 2007 |editorial=Western Sahara Human Rights Watch |cita=Las consideraciones anteriores se hallan confirmadas por resoluciones de la Asamblea General de la ONU. De estas resoluciones se desprenden dos conclusiones complementarias: la Asamblea General de la ONU nunca ha considerado a Marruecos como “potencia administradora” sino como ocupante; y España ha seguido siendo considerada como “potencia administradora” [...] VIII. Conclusiones. [...] 2º. El acuerdo tripartito de Madrid de 1975 no ha transferido “a Marruecos” la cualidad de potencia administradora. [...] 4º. De acuerdo con las resoluciones de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas y la práctica del Secretario General la “potencia administradora” del Sáhara Occidental sigue siendo España, aunque lo sea ''de iure'', pero no ''de facto'' |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821120520/http://www.wshrw.org/Documentos/espa%C3%B1ol/An%C3%A1lisis/Ruiz_Acuerdo%20pesca%20UE-Marruecos%202.pdf |archivedate=2018-08-21 |accessdate=2018-03-26 }}</ref><ref name="Ocupación">{{Cita web |url=http://www.un.org/es/comun/docs/?symbol=A/RES/34/37 |título=34/37. Cuestión del Sáhara Occidental |editorial=Organización de las Naciones Unidas |fecha=21 de noviembre de 1979|otros=A/RES/34/37 |cita=''La Asamblea General'' [de la ONU]<br />''Deplora'' profundamente la agravación de la situación, como consecuencia de la persistente ocupación del Sáhara Occidental por Marruecos y de la ampliación de esa ocupación al territorio recientemente evacuado por Mauritania.<br />''Pide encarecidamente'' a Marruecos que participe también en la dinámica de paz y ponga fin a la ocupación del Territorio del Sáhara Occidental}}</ref> ko'ãga meve, hákatu opa umi tetã ambuéva [[ONU]] pegua nomoañetéi upéicha<ref>Document S/2006/249, ''Report of the Secretary-General on the situation concerning Western Sahara'' [http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2006/249].</ref> ha Tavakuairetã Saáragua Árave Jekopytyjojáva ojerure Kuarahyreike Saára ojapo hag̃ua hetã. [[Mauritáña]] omoĩ ipoguýpe heta táva [[Kuarahyreike Saára]] ipehẽngue ñembyguápe. Tavakuairetã Saáragua Árave Jekopytyjojáva hekosãso oñemoañete 84 tetã rehe, ko tetã hetakue oñemoambue he'iháicha ñavõ maranduhára. He'iháicha [[Európa Joaju]] Amandaje Guasu, 54 tetã omoañete ko tavakuairetã hekosãsoha.<ref>''Rapport de la Présidente de la délégation ''ad hoc'' Sahara occidental, Catherine Lalumière, vice-présidente du Parlement européen'', 2002, [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/cr/471/471192/471192fr.pdf lire en ligne]</ref> He'iháicha upe «maranduhára Saára Marruékogua» 27 tetã omoañete ko ko tavakuairetã hekosãsoha ary 2011-pe,<!-- dead link<ref>Ver http://www.saharamarocain.net/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=19</ref> --> hákatu he'iháicha ko Aty Polisário amo 80 tetã omoañete.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924132842/http://www.spsrasd.info/es/content/cronolog%C3%AD-con-los-hechos-m%C3%A1s-relevantes-los-logros-diplom%C3%A1ticos-y-los-reconocimientos-de-la- Cronología con los hechos más relevantes, los logros diplomáticos y los reconocimientos de la RASD durante estos 38 años]. Sahara Press Service (SPS).</ref>Ko tetã oĩ hína [[Áfrika Joaty|Áfrika Joatýpe]]. Ko tetã ojejuhu [[Áfrika]] ipehẽngue yvateguápe, ijerére ojejuhu yvate gotyo [[paraguasu Atlántiko]], kuarahyresẽ ngotyo ha ñemby ngotyo [[Mauritáña]] ojejuhu, tetã [[Marruéko]] yvate gotyo, yvate kuarahyresẽ ngotyo [[Arhélia]] ojejuhu. Ijyvy apekue oĩ [[Saára]] yvy ojeiko'ỹháme. == Mandu'apy == {{listaref}} == Joaju == {{commonscat|Western Sahara}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190520045150/http://www.polisario.es/ Tavakuairetã Saáragua Árave Jekopytyjojáva henda tee ñandutíme] ([[Áraveñe'ẽ]]me ha [[Karaiñe'ẽ]]me) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120407023835/http://www.miculturarasd.eu/seccion/events/upcoming/ministerio/ Tavakuairetã Saáragua Árave Jekopytyjojáva arandupy henda tee ñandutíme] (Karaiñe'ẽme) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120420200838/http://www.saharasalud.org/default.asp Página oficial del Ministerio de Salud] (Karaiñe'ẽme) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180831165821/http://www.mindesaeco-rasd.org/ Página oficial del Ministerio de Desarrollo Económico] ([[Áraveñe'ẽ]]me ha [[Karaiñe'ẽ]]me) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160315070311/http://spsrasd.info/es/presse Sahara Press Service] Agencia de noticias oficial de la R.A.S.D. (Árabe, Español, Francés e Inglés) [[Ñemohenda:Tavakuairetã Saáragua Árave Jekopytyjojáva| ]] 0g8151ra031ga1ujdcms4mrtu4do1cs 0 11556 138222 129880 2026-08-18T13:21:50Z Martin Macha 2111 14441 /* */ 138222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ficha de país | nombre_oficial = Santa Lucía | imagen_bandera = Flag of Saint Lucia.svg | imagen_escudo = Coat of Arms of Saint Lucia.svg | imagen_escudo_tamaño = 125px | imagen_mapa = Saint Lucia on the globe (Americas centered).svg | lema_nacional = ''The Land, The People, The Light''<br>([[ingleñe'ẽ|ingleñe'ẽme]]: 'Yvy, tetãygua, tesape') | himno_nacional = ''Sons and Daughters of Saint Lucia''<br>(ingleñe'ẽme: 'Santa Lucía membynguéra') | capital = [[Castries]] | población = 184,999 ([[2015]]) | densidad = 238.7 hab/km2 ([[2004]]) | capital_población = 54.500 ([[2004]]) | capital_coor_fmt = | capital_coor = 14_1_N_60_59_W_ 14°1' N 60° 59' O | ciudad_más_poblada = [[Castries]] | otras_ciudades = [[Soufriére]] | moneda = [[Dólar del Caribe Oriental]] (EC$, <code>XCD</code>) | idiomas_oficiales = [[Ingleñe'ẽ]]{{Infobox ref|1}}<br />[[Hyãsiañe'ẽ]] | gobierno = [[Porokuái peteĩme Tetãnguéra Ñembojoajúpe|Porokuái peteĩme léi guasúre]] | dirigentes_títulos = [[Porokuái peteĩme Tetãnguéra Ñembojoajúpe|Tetã ruvicha]]<br />Sambyhyhára pavẽ<br />Sãmbyhyhára peteĩha | dirigentes_nombres = [[Carlos III]]<br /><br />[[Felix Finisterre]] <br />[[Philip J. Pierre]] | fundación = [[Sãso]] | fundación_hitos = &nbsp;Arange | fundación_fechas = [[Tavetã Joaju]] pegua<br />[[22 jasykõi]] ary [[1979]] | superficie = 616<ref name=superficie>{{Cita web |url=http://www.oratlas.com/libro-mundial/santa-lucia/geografia |título=Santa Lucía - Geografía - Libro Mundial de Hechos |autor=CIA |fechaacceso=17 de enero de 2017}}</ref> | superficie_puesto = 194 | superficie_agua = 1.6 | fronteras = 0 [[km]] | costas = 158 km | población_puesto = 176 | población_densidad = 300 | PIB = US$ 2.083 sua | PIB_año = 2016 | PIB_puesto = 174 | PIB_per_cápita = US$ 11.970 | IDH ={{decreciente}} 0,735<ref name="IDH">{{Cita web |autor=PNUD |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |título=Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano 2016 |editor= pnud |ubicación= [[Estocolmo]], [[Suecia]] |año= 27 de marzo de 2017 |idioma=inglés |fechaacceso=22 de abril de 17 |formato= html}}</ref> | IDH_año = 2015 | IDH_puesto = 92 | IDH_categoría = <span style="color:#00CC00">'''Iporã'''</span> | gentilicio = Santa Lucía pegua | horario = [[UTC]]-4 | horario_verano = [[UTC]]-4 | cctld =.lc | código_telefónico = 1-758 | prefijo_radiofónico = J6A-J6Z | código_ISO = 662 / LCA / LC | miembro_de = [[Tetãnguéra Ñembojoaju]], [[CARICOM]], [[ONU]], [[Grupo de Lima|GL]], [[OECS]], [[OEA]], [[Asociación de Estados del Caribe|AEC]]. | nota1 = Amove 90% Santa Lucía retãyguágui oñe'ẽ avei ''criollo antillano'', hákatu ne'ĩra oñemoañete ha'eha tetã ñe'ẽ tee. }} '''Santa Lucía''' ([[ingleñe'ẽ|ingleñe'ẽme]]: ''Saint Lucia'') ha'e peteĩ [[tetã]] michĩ hekosãsóva ijyvy apekue oĩ [[Ypa'ũ|ypa'ũme]] [[Karíve|Karíve]] yguasúpe, ojejuhúva [[Amérika|Amérikape]], ijerére ojejuhu, yguasu rupi, ñemby gotyo [[San Vicente ha Granadinas]] ha yvate gotyo ojejuhu upe ypa'ũ [[Martinica]]. Ko tetã oĩ [[Tetãnguéra Ñembojoaju|Tetãnguéra Ñembojoajúpe]] ha [[ypa'ũnguéra Karíve pegua]] atýpe. [[Tavetã Joaju]] oñembojára ko ypa'ũre ary 1663 guive 1667 peve, ha umi ary ou upéi ko ypa'ũ ho'a heta jey [[Hyãsia]] ipoguýpe ha [[Tavetã Joaju]] ipoguýpe. Ary 1814-pe, Tavetã Joaju oñembojaraite Santa Lucía rehe, ha omoĩmba ko ypa'ũ ipoguýpe. Ára [[22 jasykõi]] ary 1979-pe Santa Lucía ohupyty isãso. Ko tetã réra ou kuña marangatu [[Lucía de Siracusa]] réragui, kuña ohasa asy ojerovia [[Hesu rape]] rehe, upéicha ojehero ko ypa'ũ ára 13 jasypakõi [[Kiritóval Kolõ|Cristóbal Colón]] oguahẽ upépe, oñemboaratégui upe ára ko kuña marangatu ára. Ymaguare, arauáko kuéra, ko ypa'ũme oiko tenonderã, ojehero ko tenda ''Iouanalao'', he'iséva "[[teju guasu]] rekoha", opa rupi ojehecha ko'ã mymba.<ref>{{Cita web |url= http://allaboutstlucia.com/history/ |título= History |fechaacceso= 13 de septiembre de 2014 |idioma= inglés |obra= All About St. Lucia.com |fecha= 2014 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20180501030953/http://allaboutstlucia.com/history/ |archivedate= 2018-05-01 }}</ref> == Mandu'apy == {{listaref}} == Joaju == {{commonscat|Saint Lucia|Santa Lucía}} * [http://www.govt.lc/ Santa Lucía retã henda tee] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20031202142853/http://www.un.int/stlucia/ Página de la Misión Permanente de Santa Lucía en la ONU] * [http://www.stlucia.org/ Oficina de Turismo de Santa Lucía] {{Yvateamérika}} [[Ñemohenda:Santa Lucía| ]] srcy1eic5fdk1v0mrbstiw16gy39pq3 138223 138222 2026-08-18T13:26:45Z Martin Macha 2111 14441 /* */ 138223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ficha de país | nombre_oficial = Santa Lucía | imagen_bandera = Flag of Saint Lucia.svg | imagen_escudo = Coat of Arms of Saint Lucia.svg | imagen_escudo_tamaño = 125px | imagen_mapa = Saint Lucia on the globe (Americas centered).svg | lema_nacional = ''The Land, The People, The Light''<br>([[ingleñe'ẽ|ingleñe'ẽme]]: 'Yvy, tetãygua, tesape') | himno_nacional = ''Sons and Daughters of Saint Lucia''<br>(ingleñe'ẽme: 'Santa Lucía membynguéra') | capital = [[Castries]] | población = 184,100 ([[2023]]) | densidad = 298.4 hab/km2 ([[2023]]) | capital_población = 54.500 ([[2004]]) | capital_coor_fmt = | capital_coor = 14_1_N_60_59_W_ 14°1' N 60° 59' O | ciudad_más_poblada = [[Castries]] | otras_ciudades = [[Soufriére]] | moneda = [[Dólar del Caribe Oriental]] (EC$, <code>XCD</code>) | idiomas_oficiales = [[Ingleñe'ẽ]]{{Infobox ref|1}}<br />[[Hyãsiañe'ẽ]] | gobierno = [[Porokuái peteĩme Tetãnguéra Ñembojoajúpe|Porokuái peteĩme léi guasúre]] | dirigentes_títulos = [[Porokuái peteĩme Tetãnguéra Ñembojoajúpe|Tetã ruvicha]]<br />Sambyhyhára pavẽ<br />Sãmbyhyhára peteĩha | dirigentes_nombres = [[Carlos III]]<br /><br />[[Felix Finisterre]] <br />[[Philip J. Pierre]] | fundación = [[Sãso]] | fundación_hitos = &nbsp;Arange | fundación_fechas = [[Tavetã Joaju]] pegua<br />[[22 jasykõi]] ary [[1979]] | superficie = 616<ref name=superficie>{{Cita web |url=http://www.oratlas.com/libro-mundial/santa-lucia/geografia |título=Santa Lucía - Geografía - Libro Mundial de Hechos |autor=CIA |fechaacceso=17 de enero de 2017}}</ref> | superficie_puesto = 178 | superficie_agua = 1.6 | fronteras = 0 [[km]] | costas = 158 km | población_puesto = 177 | población_densidad = 300 | PIB = US$ 2.083 sua | PIB_año = 2016 | PIB_puesto = 174 | PIB_per_cápita = US$ 11.970 | IDH ={{decreciente}} 0,748<ref>{{Cite web |date= 26 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2023/2024 |url= https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/LCA|access-date=18 August 2026 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | IDH_año = 2023 | IDH_puesto = 103 | IDH_categoría = <span style="color:#00CC00">'''Iporã'''</span> | gentilicio = Santa Lucía pegua | horario = [[UTC]]-4 | horario_verano = [[UTC]]-4 | cctld =.lc | código_telefónico = 1-758 | prefijo_radiofónico = J6A-J6Z | código_ISO = 662 / LCA / LC | miembro_de = [[Tetãnguéra Ñembojoaju]], [[CARICOM]], [[ONU]], [[Grupo de Lima|GL]], [[OECS]], [[OEA]], [[Asociación de Estados del Caribe|AEC]]. | nota1 = Amove 90% Santa Lucía retãyguágui oñe'ẽ avei ''criollo antillano'', hákatu ne'ĩra oñemoañete ha'eha tetã ñe'ẽ tee. }} '''Santa Lucía''' ([[ingleñe'ẽ|ingleñe'ẽme]]: ''Saint Lucia'') ha'e peteĩ [[tetã]] michĩ hekosãsóva ijyvy apekue oĩ [[Ypa'ũ|ypa'ũme]] [[Karíve|Karíve]] yguasúpe, ojejuhúva [[Amérika|Amérikape]], ijerére ojejuhu, yguasu rupi, ñemby gotyo [[San Vicente ha Granadinas]] ha yvate gotyo ojejuhu upe ypa'ũ [[Martinica]]. Ko tetã oĩ [[Tetãnguéra Ñembojoaju|Tetãnguéra Ñembojoajúpe]] ha [[ypa'ũnguéra Karíve pegua]] atýpe. [[Tavetã Joaju]] oñembojára ko ypa'ũre ary 1663 guive 1667 peve, ha umi ary ou upéi ko ypa'ũ ho'a heta jey [[Hyãsia]] ipoguýpe ha [[Tavetã Joaju]] ipoguýpe. Ary 1814-pe, Tavetã Joaju oñembojaraite Santa Lucía rehe, ha omoĩmba ko ypa'ũ ipoguýpe. Ára [[22 jasykõi]] ary 1979-pe Santa Lucía ohupyty isãso. Ko tetã réra ou kuña marangatu [[Lucía de Siracusa]] réragui, kuña ohasa asy ojerovia [[Hesu rape]] rehe, upéicha ojehero ko ypa'ũ ára 13 jasypakõi [[Kiritóval Kolõ|Cristóbal Colón]] oguahẽ upépe, oñemboaratégui upe ára ko kuña marangatu ára. Ymaguare, arauáko kuéra, ko ypa'ũme oiko tenonderã, ojehero ko tenda ''Iouanalao'', he'iséva "[[teju guasu]] rekoha", opa rupi ojehecha ko'ã mymba.<ref>{{Cita web |url= http://allaboutstlucia.com/history/ |título= History |fechaacceso= 13 de septiembre de 2014 |idioma= inglés |obra= All About St. Lucia.com |fecha= 2014 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20180501030953/http://allaboutstlucia.com/history/ |archivedate= 2018-05-01 }}</ref> == Mandu'apy == {{listaref}} == Joaju == {{commonscat|Saint Lucia|Santa Lucía}} * [http://www.govt.lc/ Santa Lucía retã henda tee] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20031202142853/http://www.un.int/stlucia/ Página de la Misión Permanente de Santa Lucía en la ONU] * [http://www.stlucia.org/ Oficina de Turismo de Santa Lucía] {{Yvateamérika}} [[Ñemohenda:Santa Lucía| ]] gbwdw89d4nhf1w9btrmo71ju5k6ewjh 0 11880 138236 110908 2026-08-18T19:14:51Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138236 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Interesting alcoholic beverages.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Jey'urã oporomonga'úva opaichagua, techapyrã. Asu guive, akatúa gotyo: kaguy pytã, yteve'ẽ, [[kaguyjúi]], kaguy hyjúi, kaguyjúi ''lager'', yvapytãmi kaguy ha kaguy pytã.]] Umi '''jey'urã oporomonga'úva''' (térã '''jey'urã oporopiguýva''') niko opa [[jey'urã]] oguerekóva [[etanol]], [[alkoo]] ojuehegua ojejapóva umi hu'itĩrã, yva, ha asúka mba'eypykue ambuéva [[Etanol raguino|raguino]]. Ñemonga'u niko mba'eguasu avano'õ rekóre hetaite tetãme. Tetãnguéra oguereko apoukapy ha léi ambuéva hekome'ẽva jey'urã oporomonga'úva apopy, ñemu, ha [[tembi'u|jey'u]].<ref name="IARD">{{cite web |title=Minimum Legal Age Limits |url=http://www.iard.org/policy-tables/minimum-legal-age-limits/ |website=IARD.org |publisher=International Alliance for Responsible Drinking |access-date=23 June 2016}}</ref> Oĩ tetã ombotoveite umi mba'e, hákatu jey'urã oporomonga'úva hekopegua niko haimete opa Yvy pehẽnguéme. Alkoo hína peteĩ [[pohã oporomboguejýva]], sa'i oje'úrõ oporombovy'ami, oporopy'aguapymi, ha oipytyvõ tapichakuéra oñomoirũ porãve hag̃ua. Heta oje'úrõ, [[ka'u|oporomonga'u vai]], oporomonge, oporombotavy, térã ikatu [[mano|oporojuka]]. Hetaite ára oje'úrõ, ojehecha oĩ [[alkoo jeporuvai]] ha [[ñemonga'u vai]]. Alkoo hína peteĩ umi [[pohã ombovy'áva|pohã ombovy'ávagui]] ojeporuvéva Yvýpe, amo 33% opa yvypóragui ho'u jey'urã oporomonga'úva. Ary 2015-pe, [[Tesãi Arapygua Atyguasu]] (OMS) he'i [[Paraguái]] niko upe tetã oje'uvéva jey'urã oporomonga'úva irundyha Latinoamérika-pe.<ref name = Paraguái>{{cite web|title=Paraguái, tetã oje'uvéva jey'urã oporomonga'úva irundyha Latinoamérikape|url=https://www.lanacion.com.py/2015/07/25/paraguay-ocupa-el-4to-lugar-en-mayor-consumo-de-alcohol/|accessdate=28 jasypakõi 2018|date=25 jasypokõi 2015|website = Lanacion.com.py}}</ref> Jey'urã oporomonga'úva oñemohenda mbohapýre upéicha: umi [[kaguyjúi]], [[víno|kaguy]] opaichagua, ha umi [[jey'urã mondykymbyre]]—alkoo umi jey'urã orekóva niko amo 3% ha 50% mbytépe. Heta ñehesa'ỹijo ojuhu mba'etuja ohechauka [[yvypóra]] oipuru mba'e haguino ojapo hag̃ua jey'urã oporomonga'úva amo 12.000 ary ko'ãga mboyve.<ref>{{Cite book |quotes= |last=Charles H |first=Patrick |authorlink= |author2=Durham, NC |year=1952 |title=Alcohol, Culture, and Society |url=https://archive.org/details/alcoholcultureso00patr|publisher=Duke University Press (reprint edition by AMS Press, New York, 1970) |isbn=9780404049065 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/alcoholcultureso00patr/page/26 26]–27}}</ref> Oĩ [[mymba|mymbanguéra]] ho'u alkoo avei, ikatúramo ho'u, ha ohasa vai ho'uitérõ, yvypóraicha, hákatu yvypóra añónte ikatu ojapo jey'urã oporomonga'úva oipotaháicha.<ref>{{cite web|title = The Alcoholics of the Animal World|url = http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-alcoholics-of-the-animal-world-81007700/|accessdate = |first = Sarah|last = Zielinski|work = Smithsonian|date = 16 September 2011}}</ref> ==Mandu'apy== {{Reflist}} ==Joaju== {{Commonscat|Alcoholic beverages}} [[Ñemohenda:Jey'urã oporomonga'úva| ]] 8pw4ag4uap62tgrdx37zx65yfmdgdj8 0 11885 138227 133052 2026-08-18T19:09:56Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138227 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Red and white wine 12-2015.jpg|thumb|Kaguy pytã ha kaguy morotĩ kaguápe.]] '''Kaguy''' ([[Karaiñe'ẽ|Karaiñe'ẽgui]]: ''Vino'') ha'e peteĩ [[jey'urã oporomonga'úva]] ojejapóva [[úva|yvapurũchu'a]] rykue raguinógui.<ref>{{cite book |title=Vintage: The Story of Wine |url=https://archive.org/details/vintagestoryofwi0000hugh |last=Johnson |first=H. |year=1989 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=0-671-79182-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/vintagestoryofwi0000hugh/page/11 11]–6}}</ref> == Mandu'apu == {{Listaref}} == Joaju == {{commons|Wine}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190102193504/http://wikivini.es/index.php?title=P%C3%A1gina_principal Wikivini, Víno rembikuaa hekosãsóva renda karaiñe'ẽme] [[Ñemohenda:Jey'urã oporomonga'úva]] 8ccryt7eg2nwqb6155453m621acrcuf 0 11974 138256 108938 2026-08-19T00:17:16Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 138256 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image: Las Glorias Nacionales, 1852 "D. Pedro Calderón de la Barca" (4013195639).jpg|270px|right|thumb|Calderón de la Barca]] '''Pedro Calderón de la Barca y Barreda González de Henao Ruiz de Blasco y Riaño''' ([[Madrid]], [[17 jasyteĩ]] [[1600]]- ''ibidem'', [[25 jasypo]] [[1681]]) Pa'i ha ñe’ẽpapára [[España]]gua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/portales/calderon_de_la_barca/autor_cronologia/ |title=Archive copy |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514210952/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/portales/calderon_de_la_barca/autor_cronologia/ |archivedate=2021-05-14 |accessdate=2019-07-01 }}</ref> Ha'e akue peteĩ haihára siglogua itaju mba'e ([[w:es:siglo de oro|siglo de oro]]) ==Hembiapokue== * ''Amor, honor y poder'', [[1623]]. * ''La cisma de Inglaterra'', [[1627]]. * ''Casa con dos puertas, mala es de guardar'', [[1629]]. * ''La dama duende'', 1629. * ''El príncipe constante'', 1629. * ''La banda y la flor'', [[1632]]. * ''La cena del rey Baltasar'', 1632. * ''La devoción de la cruz'', [[1634]]. * ''A secreto agravio secreta venganza'', [[1636]]. * ''La vida es sueño'', 1636. * ''El mágico prodigioso'', [[1637]]. * ''El mayor monstruo del mundo'', 1637. * ''El médico de su honra'', 1637. * ''Los dos amantes del cielo'', [[1640]]. * ''El pintor de su deshonra'', [[1650]]. * ''El alcalde de Zalamea'', [[1651]]. * ''La hija del aire'', [[1653]]. * ''El gran teatro del mundo'', [[1655]]. * ''Guárdate del agua mansa'', [[1657]]. * ''Eco y Narciso'', [[1661]]. * ''La niña de Gómez Arias'', [[1672]] ==Mandu'apy== <references/> == Joaju== {{Commonscat|Calderón de la Barca}} *[http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/portales/calderon_de_la_barca/ www.cervantesvirtual.com] {{stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Calderon}} [[Ñemohenda:Ñe'ẽpapára Españagua]] i4r1zvu9awrh8t9s85fd2jt1a75y9az 0 12084 138233 128267 2026-08-18T19:13:29Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ficha de premio | nombre = Jopói Nobel | evento actual = | imagen = NobelP2.png | tamaño imagen = 220px | pie de imagen = Premio Nobel | nombre original = Nobelpriset | idioma = Suesiañe'ẽme | descripción = Techakuaa guasu oñeme'ẽva umi heta omba'apo [[Jopói Nobel Mba'erekokuaa rehegua|Mba'erekokuaáre]], [[Jopói Nobel Kimikuaa rehegua|Kimikuaáre]], [[Jopói Nobel Ñepohanokuaa rehegua|Ñepohanokuaáre]], [[Jopói Nobel Ñe'ẽporãhaipyre rehegua|Ñe'ẽporãhaipyrére]], [[Jopói Nobel Py'aguapyguigua|Py'aguapýre]] ha [[Jopói Nobel Virurekokuaa rehegua|Virurekokuaa]]. | presentador = [[Suésia Ruvichaguasu Atyvete Tembikuaatýgua]]<br />[[Karolinska Róga]]<br />[[Suécia Atyvete]]<br />[[Noruéga Amandaje Nobel rehegua]] | ubicación = {{SWE}}, [[Estocolmo]]<br />{{NOR}}, [[Oslo]] | inspirador = [[Alfred Nobel]] | año = [[1901]] | categoría1 = [[Jopói Nobel Mba'erekokuaa rehegua|Mba'erekokuaa]] | ganadores1 = Umívape oñeme'ẽkuri Jopói Nobel Mba'erekokuaa | categoría2 = [[Jopói Nobel Kimikuaa rehegua|Kimikuaa]] | ganadores2 = Umívape oñeme'ẽkuri Jopói Nobel Kimikuaa rehegua | categoría3 = [[Jopói Nobel Ñepohanokuaa rehegua|Ñepohanokuaa]] | ganadores3 = Umívape oñeme'ẽkuri Jopói Nobel Ñepohanokuaa rehegua | categoría4 = [[Jopói Nobel Ñe'ẽporãhaipyre rehegua|Ñe'ẽporãhaipyre]] | ganadores4 = Umívape oñeme'ẽkuri Jopói Nobel Ñe'ẽporãhaipyre rehegua | categoría5 = [[Jopói Nobel Py'aguapyguigua|Py'aguapy]] | ganadores5 = Umívape oñeme'ẽkuri Jopói Nobel Py'aguapyguigua | categoría6 = [[Jopói Nobel Virurekokuaa rehegua|Virurekokuaa]] | ganadores6 = Umívape oñeme'ẽkuri Jopói Nobel Virurekokuaa rehegua | web oficial = http://www.nobelprize.org }} '''Jopói Nobel''' ([[suesiañe'ẽ|Suesiañe'ẽme]], ''Nobelpriset'';<ref>{{Cita web |autor=Svenska Akademien |título=Nobelpriset i litteratur |url=http://www.svenskaakademien.se/nobelpriset_i_litteratur/nobel_priset_i_litteratur |fechaacceso=24 de junio de 2014 |idioma=sueco |urlarchivo=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702003601/http://www.svenskaakademien.se/nobelpriset_i_litteratur/nobel_priset_i_litteratur |fechaarchivo=2 de julio de 2014 }}</ref> [[noruegañe'ẽ|noruegañe'ẽme]], ''Nobelprisen'')<ref>{{Cita web |autor=Kungl. Vetenskapsakademien |título=Nobelprisen |url=http://www.kva.se/Priser/Nobelprisen/ |fechaacceso=24 de junio de 2014 |idioma=noruego |urlarchivo=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819233546/https://www.kva.se/priser/nobelprisen/ |fechaarchivo=2022-08-19 }}</ref> ha'e peteĩ jopói momorãmbyre oñeme'ẽva ary ha ary omomba'e ha omomorã hag̃ua umi tapicha térã umi atyvete ikuaaite, [[tembikuaaty|tembikuaatýpe]] oñehesa'ỹijo, térã ojuhúgui mba'ekuaa pyahu térã ohupytýgui mba'e oipytyvõva opa [[Yvypóra|yvypórape]].<ref name="NoruegaARG">{{Cita web |autor=Real Embajada de Noruega en Argentina |título=Premio Nobel de la Paz - Comité Noruego del Nobel |url=http://www.noruega.org.ar/Embassy/Preguntas-frecuentes/Educacion-salud-tiempo-libre-y-hobbies/Premio-Nobel-de-la-Paz---Comite-Noruego-del-Nobel |fechaacceso=24 de junio de 2014 |urlarchivo=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720084957/http://www.noruega.org.ar/Embassy/Preguntas-frecuentes/Educacion-salud-tiempo-libre-y-hobbies/Premio-Nobel-de-la-Paz---Comite-Noruego-del-Nobel/ |fechaarchivo=20 de julio de 2014 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2019-11-07 |archivedate=2014-07-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720084957/http://www.noruega.org.ar/Embassy/Preguntas-frecuentes/Educacion-salud-tiempo-libre-y-hobbies/Premio-Nobel-de-la-Paz---Comite-Noruego-del-Nobel/ }}</ref> Jopoikuéra ñeimo'ã oñepyrũkuri ary [[1895]]-pe karai [[Alfred Nobel]] hembipota pahágui, ku karai moñemuhára [[Suésia]] pegua,<ref name="NoruegaARG" /> ha jopói ñeme'ẽ oñepyrũkuri ary [[1901]]-pe oñemohendávo [[Jopói Nobel Mba'erekokuaa rehegua|mba'erekokuaa]], [[Jopói Nobel Kimikuaa rehegua|kimikuaa]], [[Jopói Nobel Ñepohanokuaa rehegua|ñepohanokuaa]], [[Jopói Nobel Ñe'ẽporãhaipyre rehegua|ñe'ẽporãhaipyre]] ha [[Jopói Nobel Py'aguapyguigua|py'aguapy]] rupi.<ref name="Facts" /> Ary [[1968]] guive ojejapo avei ko se estableció también el "Virurekokuaa rembikuaaty jopói Suésia Viruróga pegua Alfred Nobel mandu'arãme", omotenondéva upe [[Suésia Ruvichaguasu Atyvete Tembikuaatýgua]] ha ojeheróva Jopói Nobel Virurekokuaa rehegua.<ref name="Facts" /><ref>{{cite book|first=John A.|last=Hird.|title=Power, Knowledge, and Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/powerknowledgepo0000hird|year=2005|publisher=Georgetown University Press|isbn=978-1-58901-048-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/powerknowledgepo0000hird/page/33 33]|quote=El premio de Economía del Banco de Suecia en memoria de Alfred Nobel, comúnmente mencionado como Premio Nobel de Economía|oclc=231997210|series=American governance and public policy}}</ref> [[Suésia Ruvichaguasu Atyvete Tembikuaatýgua]] oiporavo mávapa omomba'éta jopói rupive [[Mba'erekokuaa|mba'erekokuaápe]]; [[Kimikuaa|kimikuaápe]] ha [[virurekokuaa|virurekokuaápe]].<ref>{{Cita web |autor=Kungl. Vetenskapsakademien |título=Prizes |url=http://www.kva.se/en/Prizes/ |fechaacceso=25 de junio de 2014 |idioma=Inglés}}</ref> Upe [[w:es:Asamblea del Nobel del Instituto Karolinska|Nobel Amandaje]] ku [[Karolinska Róga]] pegua oiporavo mávapa Jopói Nobel Ñepohanokuaa rehegua omomba'éta,<ref>{{Cita web |autor=Nobel Foundation |título=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine |url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/ |fechaacceso=25 de junio de 2014 |idioma=Inglés}}</ref> ha [[Suésia Atyvete]] oiporavo mávapa Jopói Nobel Ñe'ẽporãhaipyre rehegua omomba'éta.<ref>{{Cita web |autor=Nobel Foundation |título=The Nobel Prize in Literature Prize |url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/ |fechaacceso=25 de junio de 2014 |idioma=Inglés}}</ref> Opa umi jopói oñeme'ẽ arete guasúpe ojejapóva ára [[10 jasypakõi]]me táva [[Estocolmo]]-pe, [[Suésia]] retãme.<ref>{{Cita web |autor=Nobel Foundation |título=The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies |url=http://www.nobelprize.org/ceremonies/ |fechaacceso=25 de junio de 2014}}</ref> Jopói Nobel Py'aguapyguigua, upe [[Noruéga Amandaje Nobel rehegua]] oiporavo mávapa imomorãmbyre, oñeme'ẽ táva [[Oslo]]-pe.<ref>{{Cita web |autor=The Norwegian Nobel Committee |título=Nobel Peace Prize |url=http://nobelpeaceprize.org/en_GB/about_peaceprize/ |fechaacceso=25 de junio de 2014 |idioma=Inglés |urlarchivo=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604130239/http://nobelpeaceprize.org/en_GB/about_peaceprize/ |fechaarchivo=4 de junio de 2014 }}</ref> Jopoikuéra oñeme'ẽ ary ha ary. Tapichakuérape térã atyvetépe oñeme'ẽ peteĩ jopoipyti'a itajúgui, kuatia'atã ha [[pirapire]].<ref>{{Cita web |autor=Nobel Foundation |título=Nobel Prizes and Laureates |url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/ |fechaacceso=24 de junio de 2014 |idioma=Inglés}}</ref> Ku pirapire hína upe Montenondeha Nobel oiporavóva mboýpa, ary [[2013]]-pe ohupyty 8 sua Suésia Koróna,<ref name="Amounts">{{Cita web |autor=Nobel Foundation |título=Prize amount and market value of invested capital converted into 2013 year's monetary value |url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/amounts/prize_amounts_14.pdf |fechaacceso=24 de junio de 2014 |idioma=Inglés}}</ref> upe hína amo 874.000 [[euro]]. Ko Jopói Nobel ndaikatúi oñeme'ẽ tapichápe omanómava, omanónte ojeiporavo rire chupe.<ref name="Facts">{{Cita web |autor=Nobel Foundation |título=Nobel Prize Facts |url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/facts/ |fechaacceso=24 de junio de 2014 |idioma=Inglés}}</ref><ref>{{cita noticia |título=Montreal-born doctor gets posthumous Nobel honour |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/montreal-born-doctor-gets-posthumous-nobel-honour-1.824238 |editorial=CBC News |fecha=3 de octubre de 2011 |fechaacceso=24 de junio de 2014}}</ref> == Mandu'apy == {{listaref|2}} == Joaju == {{Commons|Nobel Prize}} * [http://www.nobelprize.org/ Sitio web] de los Premios Nobel (ingleñe'ẽme). * [http://nobel.no/ Comité noruego del Nobel] (ingleñe'ẽme). [[Ñemohenda:Jopói Nobel]] fv44mzu7uolixf2ml9l8tmyobpwzuo4 0 12234 138247 120634 2026-08-18T19:22:21Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artista | bgcolour = silver | nombre = Georges Lemaître | imagen = | tamañodelaimagen = 150px | piedefoto = | nombredenacimiento = Georges Henri Joseph Édouard Lemaître | fechadenacimiento = [[17 jasypokõi]], [[1894]]-pe | lugar = [[Charleroi]], [[Véyhika]] | fechadefallecimiento = [[20 jasypoteĩ]], [[1966]]-pe | lugardefallecimiento = [[Leuven]], [[Véyhika]] | nacionalidad = [[Véyhika]] pegua | area = [[Arakuaa]], [[papapykuaa]] ha [[mba'erekokuaa]]. | educación = | movimiento = | obrasdestacadas = | patrones = | influenciadopor = | influenció = | premios = }} '''Georges Henri Joseph Édouard Lemaître'''<ref>{{Cite journal|title=1967QJRAS...8..294. Page 297}}</ref> (/ləˈmɛtrə/ lə-MET-rə, Hyãsiañe'ẽme oje'eháicha: [ʒɔʁʒ ləmɛːtʁ]; 17 jasypokõi 1894 – 20 jasypoteĩ 1966) ha'e akue peteĩ pa'i [[Hesu Irũ Aty|Hesuíta]] tupão [[Tupãrape Oparupigua|Katóliko]] pegua, [[Papapykuaa|papapykuaápe oñemoarandúva]], [[Arakuaa|arakuaa ohesa'ỹijóva]], ha [[mba'erekokuaa]] mbo'ehára upe Mbo'ehaovusu Katóliko Louvain peguápe. Ha'e voi upéva peteĩháme ohechakuaa umi [[arapyvore|tapiryja]] Yvy hi'aguĩva mbeguehápe oñemomombyry ha upéva ikatu oñemohesakã upe mba'ekuaa rupi he'íve [[Arapy jepyso|arapy ojepysóva]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Un Univers homogène de masse constante et de rayon croissant rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nébuleuses extra-galactiques|date=April 1927}}</ref> upe riremi karai [[Edwin Hubble]] ohechakuaa ha omoneĩ pe mba'ekuaa iñañeteiteha.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110627/full/news.2011.385.html|title=Edwin Hubble in translation trouble|date=27 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Lost in translation: Mystery of the missing text solved|date=10 November 2011}}</ref> Ha'e voi upéva peteĩháme ojapo pe tekorã pyahu ko'ãga ojehero [[tekorã Hubble pegua]], térã tekorã Hubble–Lemaître pegua,<ref name="namechange">{{Cite journal|title=name change for Hubble Law|date=31 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="iau2018">{{Cite web|title=International Astronomical Union members vote to recommend renaming the Hubble law as the Hubble–Lemaître law|url=https://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau1812/|accessdate=5 November 2018|date=29 October 2018}}</ref> ojapókuri avei peteĩháme pe kuatia jehechaukarã ko'ãga ojehero Hubble ñemohendarã, ha'e katu omoĩkuri kuatiápe ary 1927-pe, mokõi ary karai Hubble ohechauka ikuatiañe'ẽ.<ref name="sidney">{{Cite journal|date=6 June 2011|title=The Curious Case of Lemaitre's Equation No. 24}}</ref><ref>{{Cita libro|title=Georges Lemaître and Stigler's Law of Eponymy|date=2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=27 June 2011|title=Edwin Hubble in translation trouble|url=http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110627/full/news.2011.385.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mystery of the missing text solved|date=1 November 2011}}</ref> Lemaître ohechauka avei upéva ojeikuaa riremi upe mba'ekuaarãicha "[[Big Bang]] rehegua" omombe'úva mba'éichapa oñepyrũva'ekue [[arapy]], peteĩháme ombohéra katu "mba'ekuaarã [[átomo|tumingue'a]] ypykue rehegua".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Big bang theory is introduced – 1927|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dp27bi.html|accessdate=31 July 2014}}</ref> == Mandu'apy == {{Reflist}} * {{Cita libro|title=The Day Without Yesterday: Lemaitre, Einstein, and the Birth of Modern Cosmology|url=https://archive.org/details/daywithoutyester0000farr|date=2005|publisher=Thunder's Mouth Press|location=New York|isbn=978-1-56025-660-1}} * {{Cita libro|title=Georges Lemaître: Life, Science and Legacy (Astrophysics and Space Science Library 395)|date=2013|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-642-32253-2}} * {{Cita libro|date=2009|title=Discovering the Expanding Universe|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-51484-2}} [[Ñemohenda:Tekove]] cq373jd1oof2hy5tmcwdo6hd1ziiguq 0 12235 138245 127017 2026-08-18T19:21:24Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138245 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Universe expansion2.png|250px|thumb|Big Bang jehechauka omombe'u ko ore [[arapy]] oñepyrũ peteĩ mba'e'ypýicha imichĩetereíva, ipu'akaitéva, hypy'ũ rasa ha hakuitereíva, ha upéi katu, ojapo amo 13 su sua 8 sua ary.]] '''Big Bang''' ha'e peteĩ [[mba'ekuaarã]] tee omombe'u ha ohechauka mba'éichapa [[arapy]] oñepyrũva'ekue ha mba'éichapa umi [[mbyja]] ha [[arapyvore|mbyjaraity]] heñói. Ko Big Bang hína upe téra umi tembikuaa rekahára oipuruvéva oñe'ẽvo arapy ñepyrũre, jaipurúrõ [[Avañe'ẽ|avañe'ẽnte]] ikatu ja'e Kapu'ypy Guasu.<ref name="NYT-20170220">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |title=Cosmos Controversy: The Universe Is Expanding, but How Fast? |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=20 February 2017 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/20/science/hubble-constant-universe-expanding-speed.html |accessdate=21 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite article |last=Kurki-Suonio |first=Hannu |title=Cosmology I |page=9-10 |publisher=University of Helsinki |year=2018 |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~hkurkisu/cosmology/Cosm1.pdf |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> Ko Big Bang jehechauka omombe'u ko ore [[arapy]] oñepyrũ peteĩ mba'e'ypýicha imichĩetereíva, ipu'akaitéva, hypy'ũ rasa ha hakuitereíva; ndaipóri mbyja, [[átomo|tumingue'a]] térã yvágamba'e ambuéicha,<ref name=NASA>{{cite web |url=http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/bb_theory.html |title=Universe 101:Big Bang theory |accessdate=2010-01-28 |last=NASA |first= |date= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages= |quote= }}</ref> Ha upéi katu, ojapo amo 13 su sua 8 sua ary,<ref name=NASA /> arapy oñepyrũva'ekue ojepyso ha oñembotuicha pya'e (upéicha katu ojogua "Kapu'ypy Guasu"). Upe rupi umi [[átomo|tumingue'a]] oñepyrũ, ha hetaite ary rire [[mbyja]] ha [[Arapyvore|mbyjaraity]] heñói. Karai [[Georges Lemaître]] voi upéva peteĩháme ohechakuaa (ary 1927-pe) ikatu jaheka pe ñepyrũ peteĩ arapy ojepysóvape. Ko'ãga katu ore arapy ojepyso gueteri ha oñemoro'ysã avei. Aipórõ, ore arapy oñembotuicha tuicha ha [[mba'epytu|imba'epytu]] ro'yve [[ára]] ohasa jave. [[Arapykuaa]] hína upe [[tembikuaaty]] ohekáva ha ohesa'ỹijo mba'éichapa ore arapy oñepyrũva'ekue ha mba'éichapa ojepyso. Umi tapicha arapykuaáre oñemoarandúva oñe'ẽ peteĩ ko mba'ekuaarã Big Bang rehegua oikoite umi mba'e ohecháma arapýre rehe.<ref name=NASA /> ==Mandu'apy== {{reflist}} ==Reikuaaverã== *{{cite book|title=Big Bang: the most important scientific discovery of all time and why you need to know about it |url=https://archive.org/details/bigbangmostimpor0000sing_j9x2 |first=Weedon|last=Caleb|date=2005|publisher=Harper Perennial|isbn=9780007152520}} [[Ñemohenda:Mbyjakuaa]] 01wlhkne6o5qjh9gplp181rp1nbckw1 0 13666 138239 117078 2026-08-18T19:17:05Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138239 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ta'ãnga:Carpenters - Nixon - Office.png|miniaturadeimagen|Carpenters, 1972]] '''The Carpenters''' ha'e akue peteĩ aty ''[[pop]]'' opurahéiva [[Tetãvore Joapykuéra]] pegua, opurahéi 1968 guive 1983 peve. Joyke'y [[Karen Carpenter|Karen]] and [[Richard Carpenter]] opurahéi ko atýpe.{{sfn|Talevski|2006|p=70}}{{sfn|Simpson|2011|p=61}} == Mandu'apy == {{listaref}} * {{cite book|last=Coleman|first=Ray|title=The Carpenters: The Untold Story|publisher=Harpercollins|year=1994|isbn=978-0-06-018345-5|url=https://archive.org/details/carpentersuntold00cole}} * {{cite book|last=Costin|first=Carolyn|title=The Eating Disorder Sourcebook|url=https://archive.org/details/eatingdisorderso00cost|url-access=registration|publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional|year=2007|isbn=978-0-0718-1999-2}} * {{cite web|last=Levitin|first=Daniel|title=Arranging Master Class: Richard Carpenter|year=1995|work=Electronic Musician|url=http://ccrma.stanford.edu/CCRMA/Courses/192d:1997/rc_arranging.htm|access-date=October 7, 2017}} * {{cite journal|last=Lott|first=Eric|title=Perfect is Dead: Karen Carpenter, Theodor Adorno, and the Radio; or, If Hooks Could Kill|publisher=Criticism|year=2008|volume=50|issue=2|via=[[Project MUSE]]}} * {{cite book|last=Petrucelli|first=Alan W.|year=2009|title=Morbid Curiosity: The Disturbing Demises of the Famous and Infamous|url=https://archive.org/details/morbidcuriosityd0000petr|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-1011-4049-9}} * {{cite book|last=Schmidt|first=Randy|title=Little Girl Blue: The Life Of Karen Carpenter|year=2010|publisher=Chicago Review Press|isbn=978-1-556-52976-4|url=https://archive.org/details/littlegirlblueli00schm|ref={{harv|Schmidt|2010}}}} * {{cite book|title=Yesterday Once More: The Carpenters Reader|editor-last=Schmidt|editor-first=Randy|publisher=Chicago Review Press|year=2012|orig-year=2002|pages=47–49|isbn=978-1-613-74417-8|ref={{harv|Schmidt|2012}}}} * {{cite book|first=Kim|last=Simpson|title=Early 70s Radio: The American Format Revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/early70sradioame0000simp|year=2011|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-44112-9-680}} * {{cite book|last=Stanton|first=Scott|title=The Tombstone Tourist: Musicians|year=2003|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-743-46330-0|url=https://archive.org/details/tombstonetourist00stan_0}} * {{cite book|first=Nick|last=Talevski|title=Rock Obituaries – Knocking On Heaven's Door|year=2006|publisher=Omnibus Press|isbn=978-1-8460-9091-2}} * {{cite book|last=Terrace|first=Vincent|title=Television Specials: 5,336 Entertainment Programs, 1936–2012|url=https://archive.org/details/televisionspecia0000terr_h3f6|edition=2nd|publisher=McFarland|year=2013|isbn=978-1-476-61240-9}} * {{cite book|last=Tobler|first=John|author-link=John Tobler|title=The Complete Guide to the Music of the Carpenters|year=1998|publisher=Omnibus Press|isbn=978-0-711-96312-2}} * {{cite book|last=Zerbe|first=Kathryn J.|title=The Body Betrayed: A Deeper Understanding of Women, Eating Disorders, and Treatment|publisher=Gürze Books, LLC.|isbn=0-936077-23-9|year=1995|url=https://archive.org/details/bodybetrayed00mdka}} == Joajuha == {{commonscat}} [[Ñemohenda:The Carpenters| ]] c43ahiiba7afz2vzz5mcpr2h99xwh32 0 13987 138241 118231 2026-08-18T19:18:14Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138241 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Aristotle Altemps Inv8575.jpg|thumb|right|[[Aristóteles]], tembikuaatyhára [[Gyrésia Ymaguare]] pegua herakuã porãitéva.]] '''Tembikuaatyhára''' niko máva oipurúva [[tembikuaaty]] hembiapópe térã tembikuaatýre oñemoarandúva ha [[ñehesa'ỹijo|ohesa'ỹijo]] omoheñói hag̃ua mba'e pyahu térã ojetypeka hekoháre ohechauka hag̃ua mba'éichapa oiko.<ref name = "Lightman2011">{{cite book|last1=Lightman|first1=Bernard|editor1-last=Shank|editor1-first=Michael|editor2-last=Numbers|editor2-first=Ronald|editor3-last=Harrison|editor3-first=Peter|title=Wrestling with Nature : From Omens to Science|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780226317830|date=2011|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0226317830|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780226317830/page/367 367]|chapter = Science and the Public}}</ref><ref>{{Cita publicación|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00033790.2017.1390155|título=The story of ‘Scientist: The Story of a Word’|apellidos=Miller|nombre=David Philip|fecha=2017-10-02|publicación=Annals of Science|volumen=74|número=4|páginas=255–261|fechaacceso=2020-12-08|issn=0003-3790|doi=10.1080/00033790.2017.1390155|pmid=29064328}}</ref><ref>{{Cita libro|edición=Spring 2019|título=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/whewell/|editorial=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|fecha=2019|fechaacceso=2020-12-08|nombre=Laura J.|apellidos=Snyder|nombre-editor=Edward N.|apellido-editor=Zalta}}</ref> Tembikuaatyhára ikatu omba'apo lavoratório-pe, ojejuhuhápe tembikuaaty rembipuru opaichagua, ikatu oporombo'e mbo'ehaópe térã mbo'ehaovusúpe, oporombosako'ihápe oiko hag̃ua hemimbo'ekuéragui tembikuaatyhára avei. Py'ỹinte ojapo hikuái [[ñeha'ãreko]] oikuaave hag̃ua hekoháre. == Tembikuaatyhára Paraguái retãygua == * [[Andrés Barbero]] * [[Juan Belaieff]] * [[Ovidio Rebaudi]] * [[Elsa Matilde Zardini]] * [[Lilian Samaniego]] * [[Óscar Denis]] == Mandu'apy == {{listaref}} == Joajuha == {{commonscat|science}} [[Ñemohenda:Apoha]] 8th4bmxd8b3ftu4kut88ewc6tsa3skf 0 14694 138237 134185 2026-08-18T19:15:38Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138237 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ta'ãnga:Tlamantlahtolli itlalmachiyo.png|miniaturadeimagen|Náhuatl ñe'ẽ'aty yma ha ko'ágãgua Méhikope oñemboja'óva ñe'ẽ'aty aty rupive.]] '''Náhuatl''' ha'e peteĩ [[utonáhua ñe'ẽnguéra|utonáhua ñe'ẽ]] oñeñe'ẽva [[Méhiko]] retãme ha [[Mbyte Amérika]]pe. Ojeikuaa ko ñe'ẽ oikoha [[saro'y V]] guive. Ko'ágã katu, ko ñe'ẽ pe [[Amérika ñe'ẽnguéra tee|Amérika ñe'ẽ teéva]] ojeipuruvéva Méhikope,<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.gob.mx/cultura/prensa/mexihko-ik-chikome-tlalli-in-kanin-onka-nepapan-tlahtolli-ipan-nochi-totlaltikpak|título=Mexihko, ik chikome tlalli in kanin onka nepapan tlahtolli ipan nochi totlaltikpak}}</ref> oĩ amo 3 sua oñe'ẽkuaáva, haimete umívagui iñe'ẽkõiva, oñe'ẽkuaa avei [[karaiñe'ẽ]] térã iñe'ẽ mbohapýva katu, oñe'ẽvo [[ingleñe'ẽ]]. Umi oñepyrũ va'ekue oñe'ẽ náhuatl niko umi Mbyte Méhiko ypykuekuéra.<ref name="harvard">{{cite book| last = Suárez| first = Jorge A.| title = The Mesoamerian Indian Languages| url = https://archive.org/details/mesoamericanindi0009suar| series = Cambridge Language Surveys| year = 1983| publisher = Cambridge University Press| location = Cambridge and New York| isbn = 978-0-521-22834-3| oclc = 8034800| page = [https://archive.org/details/mesoamericanindi0009suar/page/149 149] }}</ref> Umi [[Azteca-kuéra|azteka]] ha [[Tolteca-kuéra|tolteka]] oñe'ẽ náhuatl ymaguare. Náhuatl heta iñambue opa rire [[Azteca-kuéra|Azteka Mburuvi]]. Ára pukukuévo, oiko náhuatl ñe'ẽgui ñe'ẽmi opaichagua, ha ko'ágã, umi oñe'ẽva náhuatl iñambuéva sapy'ánte ikatu ndoikuaái pe náhuatl oñeñe'ẽ ambue tendápe. Umi ñe'ẽngue "Méhiko," "[[Guatemála]]", "[[Nikarágua]]", "[[tomáte]]" ha "[[Chokora|chokoláte]]" ou Náhuatl ñe'ẽgui. == Mandu'apy == {{reflist}} [[Ñemohenda:Amérika ñe'ẽnguéra tee]] eod6oto0swh74vxiwo1a8t4z3rtztpk 0 16391 138238 132378 2026-08-18T19:15:58Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ficha de escritor |imagen = Ovidiu03.jpg |textoimagen = Ovídio ra'anga itápe táva Constanza-pe, ojapo Ettore Ferrari |tamañoimagen = 200px |nombre de nacimiento = Publio Ovidio Nasón |fecha de nacimiento = 20 jasyapy 43 a.{{esd}}C. |lugar de nacimiento = [[Sulmona]] |fecha de fallecimiento = 17 jasyapy 17 d.{{esd}}C. |lugar de fallecimiento = [[Tomis]], ko'ãga táva [[Constanza (Rrumáña)|Constanza]] |seudónimo = |ocupación = [[Ñe'ẽpoty]] |nacionalidad = Rromagua |lengua_literaria = [[Latinañe'ẽ]] |lengua_materna = [[Latinañe'ẽ]] |género = Ñe'ẽpoty mborayhu rehegua, mombe'ugua'u |movimiento = |obras_notables = [[Arte de amar]], [[Las metamorfosis|Metamorfosis]] |influencias = [[Homero]], [[Virgilio]], [[Gayo Valerio Catulo|Catulo]], [[Tibulo]], [[Propercio]] |influyó = [[Dante Alighieri]], [[Geoffrey Chaucer]], [[Arcipreste de Hita]], [[John Milton]], [[William Shakespeare]] |firma = |premios = |Web = }} '''Publio Ovidio Nasón'''&thinsp;{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Latinañe'ẽme, P. Ovidius Naso.<ref>''PIR''² O 0180.</ref>}} ([[Sulmona]], 20 jasyapy 43&nbsp;a.&nbsp;C.-[[Tomis]], 17 jasyapy 17&nbsp;d.&nbsp;C.) ha'e akue peteĩ [[ñe'ẽpapára]] [[Rróma Ymaguare]] pegua. Hembiapokue herakuãvéva hína ''[[Arte de amar]]'' (''Ars amatoria'' iñe'ẽ teépe ha "Mborayhu aporeko" avañe'ẽme) ha ''[[Las metamorfosis]]'' (''Metamorphoseis'', "Ñemoambue"), mokõiva ñe'ẽpotýicha ojehai; ko mokõiha katu omombe'u mba'éichapa oñemopyenda Yvy ha ombyaty mombe'ugua'u [[Gyrésia Ymaguare]] pegua oñembojojávo Rróma rekópe; ojekuaa porã avei hembiapokue hérava ''[[Heroidas]]'', kuatiañe'ẽnguéra mborayhu rehegua, ha ''[[Tristia]]'', ñe'ẽpoty ojahe'óva omombe'úvo oiko mombyryete va'erã hetãgui. Ovídio-pe ojehechakuaa peteĩ umi mbohapy ñe'ẽpapára tuichavéva [[latinañe'ẽ]]me, [[Virgílio]] ha [[Orásio]] yképe. Hetaite oñemoñe'ẽ hembiapokue [[Ára Mbytegua]] ha ''[[Renacimiento]]'' pukukuévo.<ref>{{cite book|first=Jennifer|last=March|title=The Penguin Book of Classical Myths|url=https://archive.org/details/penguinbookofcla0000marc_o8c8|publisher=Penguin Books|date=2009|isbn=978-0-141-02077-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/penguinbookofcla0000marc_o8c8/page/3 3]}}</ref> == Marandu'i == {{listaref|group=lower-alpha}} == Mandu'apy == {{reflist}} [[Ñemohenda:Ñe'ẽpapára]] bgbr86b4sdqmcz47slix1hf43vpyjmu 0 16602 138254 128705 2026-08-18T19:26:46Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 275 | image1 = Processing gold.jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = Kuarepoti ñemboyku. | image2 = Pouring gold.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = Oñeñohẽ [[itaju]] oñemboykúmava. | footer = }} '''Kuarepotikuaa''' ha'e aporeko jaipurúva jaikuaasévo [[kuarepoti]] rehegua ha ñaguenohẽsévo yvy guýgui ha itakuágui umi kuarepoti opaichagua. Kuarepotikuaa ñanembo'e avei mba'éichapa ikatu [[Jehe'a|ñambojehe'a]] ha jaipuru kuarepoti.<ref name=":0">{{Cita libro|título=Ingeniería química|url=https://books.google.es/books?id=EES6nXZJbaMC&pg=PT389&dq=metalurgia++t%C3%A9cnica+obtenci%C3%B3n&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiKr7qxz7TlAhVH1eAKHQ0mA4oQ6AEIODAC#v=onepage&q=metalurgia%20%20t%C3%A9cnica%20obtenci%C3%B3n&f=false|editorial=Editorial UNED|fecha=18 de abril de 2013|fechaacceso=24 de octubre de 2019|isbn=9788436266429|idioma=es|nombre=GRAU RÍOS|apellidos=Mario|nombre2=MUÑOZ CAMACHO|apellidos2=Eugenio}}</ref> Kuarepotikuaa oipuru [[tembikuaaty]] ha [[mba'aporekokuaa]] ikatuhag̃uaicha oguenohẽporãve itakua ha yvykuágui umi kuarepoti, upéicha ome'ẽ tembiapo oĩmbáva, ndahepyitéiva, [[Tekoha jeporu porã|oñangarekokuaáva]] [[Tekoha|tekoháre]] ha oipuruporãva kuarepoti oñenohẽva. Kuarepotikuaa aporeko imokõiva: kuarepotikuaa [[kímika]] rehegua ha kuarepotikuaa [[mba'erekokuaa]] rehegua.<ref name="Sin-nombre-p24n-1">{{Cite book|date=1990|title=Chemical Metallurgy|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780408053693|doi=10.1016/c2013-0-00969-3|isbn=9780408053693|last1=Moore|first1=John Jeremy|last2=Boyce|first2=E. A.}}</ref> == Mandu'apy == {{reflist}} [[Ñemohenda:Tembikuaaty]] cwlz4zi3jnngwq92jngz4cxctqvliwz 0 16874 138255 132385 2026-08-18T19:27:14Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138255 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:GilgameshTablet.jpg|thumb|250px|Gilgamesh Rembiasaguasu vorekue, ko ñe'ẽpoty ojehai va'ekue mba'epe ñay'ũgui ijapopyrépe.]] '''''Gilgamesh Rembiasaguasu''''' ha'e peteĩ [[ñe'ẽpoty]] pukuite ojejapo va'ekue [[Mesopotámia]]me (2500-2000 Kirito mboyve). Kóva ko ojejuhúva [[ñe'ẽporãhaipyre]] rembiapokue tujavéva apytépe ko ára peve jaikuaáva. Heñói 5 ñe'ẽpoty ambuégui, [[Suméria]] peguáva, ojejapo va'ekue ko ñe'ẽpoty mboyveite ha oñembojoajupa peteĩ ñe'ẽpotyitépe ojehai va'ekue [[akádia ñe'ẽ]]me, mba'epe [[Ñay'ũ|ñay'ũgui]] ijapopyrépe. Ñe'ẽpoty ñepyrũme, Gilgamesh oisãmbyhy año [[Uruk]] rehe peteĩ mburuvichavete ramo, hembiguái ha hetãyguakuéra ojerure tupãnguérape toipytyvõ chupekuéra hetaitégui iñaña ha itie'ỹ ko Gilgamesh. Upéicha tupãnguéra omoheñói [[Enkidu]], kuimba'e saite oñombohovái va'erã Gilgamesh ndive. Jepémo, ojokuaáivo hikuái, ovy'a ha oñoirũ porãite. Oho hikuái oparupi ojapóvo py'aguasuhápe mba'e tuicháva oporombojurujáiva, ojukajoa [[Humbaba]]-pe (peteĩ mymba tuichaitéva, hete yvypóraicha ha iñakã leõicha, hãi [[Teju Jagua|teju jaguáicha]]) ha Yvága Tóro-pe. Iñañágui hikuái, tupãnguéra ipochypa ha upévare ojuka hikuái Enkidu-pe. Gilgamesh ojepy'apy ha oñemondýi omano rire iñangirũ, upévare oho mombyryete ohekávo mba'éichapa ikatu ojeipe'a manógui, upéicha og̃uahẽ yvy pahápe ha upépe oikuaa karai arandu [[Utnapishtim]] ha hembirekópe, umi mokõiva añoite oikove oikóvo [[Yporu Guasu]] (y ojaho'ipárõguare yvy tuichakue), umívape ome'ẽ tupãnguéra tekove opa'ỹva, ha upéva niko oheka Gilgamesh. Jepémo, ndohypytýi pe oipotáva. Oho jeývo hetãme, ojuhu ka'avo ome'ẽva karia'y reko umívape ho'úva, karai arandu Utnapishtim he'iháicha; hákatu peteĩ omonda ichugui ha Gilgamesh ipo nandívare oho jey Uruk-pe, ohechakuaávo tekove opa'ỹva tupãnguéra mante imba'eteeha.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/classicalmedieva00jel_629 |title=Epic of Gilgamesh Classical and Medieval Literature Criticism |date=2005 |publisher=Gale |isbn=978-0-7876-8021-3 |editor-last=Krstovic |editor-first=Jelena O. |volume=74 |location=Detroit, MI |oclc=644697404 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ñe'ẽpoty tuichakuévo, hetavéva oñeñe'ẽ Gilgamesh ojepy'amongetárõguare iñangirũ manóre. Heta he'i kóva ha'e umi peteĩ oñe'ẽraẽva [[tekove opa'ỹva]] rehegua.<ref name="Mesopotamia: The Good Life">{{Cite book |last=Thrower |first=James |title=The Alternative Tradition: A Study of Unbelief in the Ancient World |url=https://archive.org/details/alternativetradi0000thro_u6l5 |date=1980 |publisher=Mouton Publishers |location=The Hague, The Netherlands}}</ref> == Tembiechapyrã == Ne'ĩra osẽ ko ñe'ẽpoty avañe'ẽme. Ápe oĩ ko ñe'ẽpoty rembiechapyrã karaiñe'ẽme ha iguýpe oĩ ñembohasa avañe'ẽme ojejapo va'ekue ko kuatiápente guarã. {{cita|''Si caigo, habré conquistado la fama.<br /> ''La gente dirá: ¡Gilgamesh cayó<br /> ''luchando contra el fiero Humbaba!...<br /> ''Estoy decidido a penetrar en el bosque de los cedros.<br /> |<small>Tablilla III, columna 4 </small></center>}} Avañe'ẽme: {{cita|''Ha'árõ che, ahupytýne terakuã porã.<br /> ''He'íta hikuái: Ho'áko Gilgamesh<br /> ''ombohováivo Humbaba ñarõre!...<br /> ''Añembopy'apeteĩma aiketaha ygarytýpe.<br /> |<small>Mba'epe III, tysýi 4 </small></center>}} == Mandu'apy == {{reflist}} [[Ñemohenda:Ñe'ẽporãhaipyre]] 5w87k1ir5q2humtk3gilv874thiexv0 0 16924 138230 130243 2026-08-18T19:12:03Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138230 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Améthystre sceptre2.jpg|thumb|270px|Peteĩ [[itapytãũ]] (''amatista''), itavera osẽva ko mba'ehekove'ỹvagui hérava [[itara'ỹi]] (''cuarzo'').]] '''Mba'ehekove'ỹva''' térã '''mba'ehekotee'ỹva''' ha'e [[mba'ereko]] heñói ijeheguíva yvy ha yvyguýpe ojehechakuaáva peteĩ [[ñembojoaju kímiko]] teéva ramo. Jepivénte hatã ha ivera, ndaha'éi peteĩ [[ita]] (ha'éva mba'ehekove'ỹva ha ambuéva jehe'a, ndaha'éiva ñembojoaju kímiko tee) Ojeikuaa yvy ape ári oĩha hetave 5300 mba'ehekove'ỹva opaichagua, akóinte ojejuhuve ha ojeikuaave mba'ehekove'ỹva, amo 50 térã 80 ary ha ary.<ref>Ikatu rehecha umi pyahuvéva ko'ápe: «Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification» International Mineralogical Association mba'éva, [https://web.archive.org/web/20190810195707/http://nrmima.nrm.se//] {{Wayback|url=http://nrmima.nrm.se//|date=20160410124001}}.</ref> Umi [[Apỹi Kimi rehegua|eleménto kímiko]] yvýpe oĩva ojoajúvo ha ojoparávo omoheñói ko'ã mba'ehekove'ỹva. [[Kuarepotiatã]] (térã silísio) ha [[tatarapo]] (''oxígeno'') ojapo amo 75 % opaite yvy apekuégui, upévare ojehechave umi [[Silikáto|kuarepotiatã mba'ehekove'ỹva]] térã silikáto, umíva niko ojapo 90% yvy apekuégui. Mba'ehekove'ỹva ojeikuaa upéicha:<ref name="DyG">{{Cite book|title = Mineralogy and Optical Mineralogy|url = https://archive.org/details/mineralogyoptica0000dyar|last = Dyar, Gunter, and Tasa|first = |publisher = Mineralogical Society of America|year = 2007|isbn = 978-0939950812}}</ref> # yvy mba'e tee, ndaikatúi yvypóra ojaporaẽ; # hatãmi ha oĩmbaite va'erã ndahakuitéirõ ha ndaro'yitéirõ aja; # ojeikuaa va'erã hekopy kímiko peteĩ apo mbo'eha rupive (''fórmula química''); # ndaikatúi heñói mba'e oikovévagui (''abiogénico''); # oĩmbaite va'erã hendaitépe [[Tumingue'a|hi'átomo]] kuéra. Umi mba'ehekove'ỹva ojeikuaavéva apytépe oĩ: * [[Juky]] * [[Itara'ỹi]] (''cuarzo''), kóvagui osẽ [[ágata]] ha [[itapytãũ]] (''amatista'') * [[Itatĩpara]] (''jaspe''); * [[Itaveraite]]; * [[Ópalo]]; * [[Topásio]]; * [[Verílo]], kóvagui osẽ [[itarovy]] (''esmeralda''). == Joajuha == {{commonscat|Minerals}} == Mandu'apy == {{reflist}} [[Ñemohenda:Mba'ehekove'ỹva| ]] amarczwfemhyrntrpj9xtt3fipuk67n 0 17003 138250 130627 2026-08-18T19:24:11Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138250 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tajyguery''' térã '''''hormona''''' ha'e [[mba'ereko]] osẽva [[Tete|ñande rete]] [[Tekoveapỹi|rekoveapỹigui]] ha ojeiporu omomba'apo hag̃ua tekoveapỹi ambuéva. Tajyguery niko umi oikuaaukáva ñande rete pehẽngue mba'éichapa omba'apo va'erã, upéva ojapojoa [[ypykatu hajyguéva]] ndive (''sistema nervioso''), jepémo umi tajyguery oike ñande rete [[tajygue tyepývo opoíva mba'erykue ypykatu|tajygue tyepývo opoíva mba'erykue ypykatúpe]] (''sistema endocrino'').<ref>{{cite book | author = Neave N. | title = Hormones and behaviour: a psychological approach | url = https://archive.org/details/hormonesbehaviou0000neav | year =2008 | publisher = Cambridge Univ. Press | location = Cambridge | isbn = 978-0521692014 }}</ref><ref>Nussey S. & Whitehead S. 2001. ''Endocrinology: an integrated approach''. Oxford: Bios Scientific Publ. {{ISBN|978-1-85996-252-7}} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22/]</ref> Tajyguery ojejapo umi [[tajygue tyepývo opoíva mba'erykue|tajygue tyepývo opoíva mba'erykuépe]] (''glándulas endocrinas''), ko ñe'ẽ ''endocrino'' he'ise ojepoíva mba'erykue tuguýpe. Tuichamba'e ko'ã tajyguery ombohekóvo ñande [[Tete reko|rete heko]]. == Yvypóra rete == Ojehechakuaa oĩha [[Yvypóra rete|yvypóra retépe]] amo 50 tajyguery opaichaguágui,<ref>Hormônios - Toda Matéria (todamateria.com.br)</ref> umíva apytépe ko'ãva niko ojeikuaavéva: * ''Adrenalina'': ombopya'eve ñane [[ñe'ã|korasõ]], ombopukuve ñane pytuhẽ rapekuéra ha omomichĩ ñande ruguy rape'i. * ''Estrógeno'': ome'ẽva kuñáme hekotee ha omomba'apo [[Kuñaruguysẽ|iperiódo]]. * ''Insulina'' térã teteasukary: ''páncreas'' (perykã térã teteasukarupa) ryepýpe ojejapóva, oipytyvõ ñande rete toiporu porãve [[teteasuka]] (''glucosa''). * ''Melatonina'': ñanemonge ñanembopytu'úvo. * ''Prolactina'': oipytyvõ tojejapo hag̃ua [[kamby]] [[kuña]] [[káma|kámame]] omomemby rire. * ''Progesterona'': omomba'apo kuña [[Kuñaruguysẽ|periódo]] ha oipytyvõ [[tyeguasu|tyeguasúpe]]. * ''Serotonina'': ñanembohory ha ñanemboheko porãve. * Tajyguery ombokakuaáva: ñanepytyvõ jakakuaa porã hag̃ua, ombopuku ha omombarete ñande [[kangue]]. * Tajyguery ombokuaru'ỹva térã ''antidiurético'': omba'apo ñande [[Pitikiri'i|pitikiri'ípe]] ha omboheko [[y]] ha [[tuguy]] ñande retépe. * ''Testosterona'': ome'ẽva kuimba'épe hekotee ha ojejapo kuimba'e [[Tapi'a|rapi'ápe]]. == Mandu'apy == {{reflist}} [[Ñemohenda:Tete]] 82yslhw6rikh9z6qiu6nl3nimczc8n5 0 17024 138243 132019 2026-08-18T19:20:18Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138243 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Force examples.svg|thumb|280px|Pu'aka he'ise avei oñemomýivo térã oñemyañávo peteĩ mba'e, ojehechaháicha ko ta'angápe.]] '''Pu'aka''', [[Mba'erekokuaa|mba'erekokuaápe]], ha'e [[mba'e ojehúva]] oñemoambuévo mba'éichapa [[Mýi|omýi]] peteĩ mba'e ambuéva, ikatu [[Ñemoag̃e|ombopya'eve]], omombegue, omombia térã omohundi peteĩ mba'e. Pu'aka nde'iséi [[mbaretekue]], kóva ko ohechaukáva mbovýpa pu'aka ikatu omoheñói peteĩ mba'e ha mbovýpa omomba'apóta upe pu'aka rupive. Jepivénte ojeiporu tai <math>F</math> oñemoha'anga hag̃ua pu'aka.<ref name=uniphysics_ch2>{{cite book|title=University Physics |last1=Sears |first1=Francis W. |last2=Zemansky |first2=Mark W. |last3=Young |first3=Hugh D. |author-link1=Francis Sears |author-link2=Mark Zemansky |author-link3=Hugh D. Young |title-link=University Physics |pages=[https://archive.org/details/universityphysic0000sear/page/n35 18]–38 |publisher=Addison-Wesley |edition=6th |year=1982 |isbn=0-201-07199-1}}</ref> Upe [[Ta'ãhakuéra Ypykatu Hetatetãgua]], ha'éva oikuaaukáva mba'éichapa oñemba'eha'ã hekópe, he'i pu'aka oñeha'ã [[Newton (ta'ãha)|newton]] rupive ha ikatu jaiporu tai N ñamoha'anga ichupe, kóva ojegueromandu'a hag̃ua [[Isaac Newton]] hetaitégui omba'apo [[Mba'erekokuaa|mba'erekokuaápe]], tuichaitépe [[mekánika]] rembikuaápe. Peteĩ newton ha'e mbovýpa pu'aka oñeikotevẽ [[Ñemoag̃e|oñemoag̃e]] hag̃ua 1m/s² rehe peteĩ mba'e orekóva 1kg [[mása|másagui]]. Umi pu'aka iñambuéva omba'apokuaa mba'ekuéra iñambuévape avei. Techapyrã, [[mbaretepyte]] (''gravedad'') ha'e pu'aka omba'apóvante umi mba'e orekóva mása, ha'eháicha [[kuarahy]], [[jasy]] ha ñande [[Yvy]]. Techapyrã ambuéva ha'e [[tendyryñohasa pu'aka]] (''fuerza electromagnética''), omba'apóva umi mba'e orekóva [[apakuavohýi hendyry]] ipype (''carga eléctrica''), ha'eháicha umi [[tovendy]] (''electrones'') ha [[Tumingue'ambyte|tumingue'a apyte'a]] (''núcleo atómico''). Pu'aka omoambue mba'éichapa oĩ mokõi mba'e, ombojopurukávo ko'ã mba'e. Oĩ irundy pu'aka ypýva, ha'éva:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Michael |title=Classical Mechanics: a Critical Introduction |url=https://www.physics.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/Classical_Mechanics_a_Critical_Introduction_0_0.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703194458/https://www.physics.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/Classical_Mechanics_a_Critical_Introduction_0_0.pdf |archive-date=July 3, 2022 |access-date=January 9, 2024 |website=[[University of Pennsylvania]]}}</ref> * [[Jopuru mbarete]]: kóva rupive ojoaju umi mba'e oikojoáva tumingue'a apyte'ápe, ha'éva [[katuindy]] (''protones'') ha [[morõndy]] (''neutrón''), hese'ỹre ndaipóri mba'eve. * [[Tendyryñohasa pu'aka]]: kóva ko omba'apóva umi mba'e orekóva [[apakuavohýi hendyry]] ipype (''carga eléctrica''), kóva rupive ikatu oñomboja térã oñomombyry hikuái.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240512052051/https://fisicaexplicada.com/fuerza-electromagnetica-definicion-formulacion-y-aplicaciones/] Mba'éichapa oiko tendyryñohasa pu'aka.</ref> * [[Jopuru kangy]]: kóva rupive oñehundi umi mba'eku'i [[Tumingue'a|tumingue'ápe]] [[randipytu]] rupive (''radiación''), upéicha ikatu ojapo peteĩ morõndýgui (''neutrón'') peteĩ katuindy (''protones''), noguahẽkuaái mombyry ha ikatu omoambue umi mba'eku'i heko. * [[Mbaretepyte]]: kóva ikatu jahecha oĩvo mokõi mba'e imása oñombojaitýva ha ojogueraháva.<ref name="Does Gravity Travel at the Speed of Light?">[http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/GR/grav_speed.html Does Gravity Travel at the Speed of Light?], ''UCR Mathematics''. 1998. Retrieved 3 July 2008</ref> Ojehechavéva umi [[mbyja]] ha [[yvóra]] amo [[Arapy|arapýpe]], ojereháicha hikuái. == Mandu'apy == {{reflist}} [[Ñemohenda:Mba'erekokuaa]] 3s5q2avdg09zrudx1juf60pvgp4qyxh 0 17654 138225 134161 2026-08-18T14:59:25Z Himbeerbläuling 23454 circa template and nbsc template appear not to work correctly here 138225 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Safo''' (amo 630 – amo 570 ary Kirito mboyve) ha'e akue peteĩ ñe'ẽpapára [[Griégo|Griéga]] Ymaguaréva Eresos térã [[Mitileno]]-ygua, ypa'ũ [[Lesbos]]-pe.Safo ojekuaa iñe'ẽpoty lírico rehe, ojehaíva ojepurahéi haguã omoirû jave purahéi. Ymave, Safo ojehecha heta ha'eha peteĩva umi ñe'ẽpapára lírico tuichavéva ha oñeme'ẽ chupe téra ha'eháicha "Decima Musa" ha "La Poeta". Hetave [[Safo ñe’ẽpoty]] ko’áĝa okañy, ha pe ndaha’éiva oikove hetave forma fragmentaria-pe; pe [[Oda a Afrodita]] añoite katuete oñembotýma. Avei ñe’ẽpoty lírico, umi comentarista yma guare he’i Safo ohai hague ñe’ẽpoty [[Elegiac rehegua|elegico]] ha [[Iambus (género) rehegua .|iámbico]]. Mbohapy [[Epigrama rehegua|epigrama]] yma oje’éva Safo rehe oikove, ha katu ko’ãva añetehápe ha’e imitación [[Helenístico rehegua|helenística]] Safo estilo rehegua. [[File:Malarz Safony - Kalpis wykonana techniką Six (cropped).jpg|miniatura deimagen|centro|[[Kalpis]] painting of Sappho by the [[Sappho Painter]] (circa 510&nbsp;BC)|alt=Vase painting of a woman holding a lyre.]] Sa’i ojekuaa Safo rekovégui. Haʼe ningo peteĩ família ipirapire hetáva Lesbos-gua, jepe ndojekuaái ituvakuéra réra. Umi mombe’upy yma guare he’i oguereko hague mbohapy ijoyke’y: Charaxos, Larichos ha Eurygios. Mokõi umíva apytégui, Charaxos ha Larichos, oñeñe’ẽ Hermanos Ñe’ẽpotýpe ojejuhúva 2014-pe. Avei ojekuaa oguereko hague peteĩ tajýra, ymaite guive ojehechakuaáva Cleïs ndive, oñemombe'úva mokõi Safo pehẽnguépe, 98 ha 132. Safo oñemosê Sicilia-pe amo ary 600 Kirito mboyve, ha ikatu osegi omba'apo ary 570 Kirito mboyve peve. Según leyenda, ojejuka osaltávo umi acantilado leucadiano-gui ohayhúgui iñembohovái'ÿre ferryman Phaon rehe. Safo ha’eva’ekue peteĩ ñe’ẽpapára heta mba’e, oiméne ojapo 10.000 línea rupi. Ymaite guive ojekuaavéva chupe iñe’ẽpoty mborayhu rehegua; ambue tema umi fragmento sobreviviente hembiapo rehegua apytépe oĩ familia ha religión. Oiméne ohai ñe’ẽpoty interpretación individual ha coral-pe g̃uarã. La mayoría umi fragmento ojekuaavéva ha oñeñongatu porãvéva ohesa’ỹijo umi emoción personal ha oiméne oñecompone actuación en solitario-pe ĝuarã. Hembiapokuéra ojekuaa iñe’ẽ hesakã porãgui, ta’ãnga hesakã porã ha pya’e. Ymaite guive oñeñe’ẽha pe contexto ha’e ojapo haguépe iñe’ẽpotykuéra rehe;  umi sugerencia oinfluivéva ha’e oguereko hague algún tipo de rol educativo térã religioso, térã ohai pe simposio-pe ĝuarã. Safo ñe'ẽpoty ojekuaa porã ha ojeguerohoryeterei heta ymaite guive, ha ha'e oĩkuri umi canon Nueve Poeta Lírico apytépe oñemomba'eguasuvéva umi karai arandu Alejandría helenística-gua. Sappho ñe’ẽpoty ojehecha gueteri extraordinario ramo ha hembiapokuéra osegi oinflui ambue haihárape. Iñe’ẽpoty rapykuéri, ojekuaa porã mborayhu ha mba’epota ohechaukáva kuñanguéra apytépe,<ref>Rayor & Lardinois 2014, pp. 2–9.</ref> umi ñe’ẽ [[Saficas|''safico'']] ha [[Lesbianas|''lesbiana'']] oúva héragui ha isla heñói haguégui, peteĩteĩ. ==Fuentes yma guare== [[File:Head Sappho Glyptothek Munich.jpg|thumb|Peteĩ kuñakarai akã [[Glyptothek]]-gua, Múnich-pe, ikatu ha'e peteĩ copia [[Silanion]] retrato imaginativo Safo rehegua siglo IV a.C.-pe<ref>Prioux 2020, pp. 234–235.</ref>|alt=Marble head of a woman with the nose broken off]] Umi mba’ekuaa ko’ag̃agua Safo rehegua ou umi ikatúvagui oje’e iñe’ẽpotýgui ha avei oñeñe’ẽgui hese ambue kuatiahaipyre yma guarépe. Iñe’ẽpoty – ndaha’éiramo peteĩ ñe’ẽpoty completo añoite, oikovéva fragmento-pe añoite<ref>Rayor & Lardinois 2014, p. 7</ref> – ha’e pe fuente contemporánea añoite hekovépe ĝuarã.<ref>duBois 2015, p. 81.</ref> Safo biografía ypykue oikovéva ha'e sa'ary mokõiha paha térã mbohapyha ñepyrũme, haimete ocho siglo oikove rire ijehegui; pe oúva ha’e ''Suda'', peteĩ enciclopedia bizantina siglo XI-pegua.<ref name=":0">Kivilo 2021, p. 11.</ref> Ambue fuente imandu’áva detalle hekovére ojehai heta hi’aguĩve hi’época-gui, oñepyrũvo siglo V a.C.-pe;<ref name=":0" /> peteĩva umi ypykue ha’e Heródoto omombe’úva mba’éichapa ojoaju pe cortesana egipcia Rodopis ha Safo ermáno Charaxos.<ref>Yatromanolakis 2008, ch. 4.</ref> Umi marandu hekove rehegua ojehai va’ekue umi fuente yma guarépe osẽ umi declaración iñe’ẽpotýpe voi, umi autor yma guare oimo’ãva ha’eha autobiográfico, umi tradición local ndive.<ref name=":0" /> Oĩ umi tradisión yma guare oñeʼẽva hese, por ehémplo umi oñeʼẽva sexualidad ha apariencia rehe, ikatu osẽ comedia ateniense yma guarégui.<ref>Lefkowitz 2012, p. 42.</ref> Siglo XIX peve, tuicha ojeacepta umi relato biográfico yma guare oñe'ẽva ñe'ẽpapára arcaico rekovére. Sa'ary XIX-pe, umi clásico-kuéra oñepyrũ oimo'ãve ko'ã jepokuaa, ha upéva rangue oñeha'ã oguenohẽ marandu biográfico umi ñe'ẽpapára rembiapokuegui voi.<ref>Kivilo 2010, pp. 2–3.</ref> Sa'ary XX mbyte paha rupi, umi karai arandu oñemomba'eve ohóvo ñe'ẽpoty lírico griego rehe, ha'eha peteĩ fuente de información autobiográfica, ocuestiona pe primera persona mombe'uhára umi ñe'ẽpotýpe ojejapópa oikuaauka haguã umi ñe'ẽpapára ohasáva ha hemiandu.<ref>Kivilo 2010, pp. 3–4.</ref> Oĩ karai arandu, ha'eháicha [[Mary Lefkowitz]], he'íva haimete ndaikatuiha ojekuaa mba'eve umi ñe'ẽpapára griega ypykue rekovégui ha'eháicha Safo; la mayoría umi karai arandu oguerovia umi testimonio yma guare oñe’ẽva ñe’ẽpapára rekovére oguerekoha peteĩ añetegua ha katu oñeñangarekova’erã hese.<ref>Kivilo 2010, p. 4.</ref> ==Teko== [[File:Simonet - Safo.jpg|thumb|right|''Sappho,'' Enrique Simonet rembiapokue]] Sa’i ojekuaa Safo rekovégui katuete.<ref>Rayor & Lardinois 2014, p. 1.</ref> Ha'e niko ypa'ũ [[Lesbos]]-ygua<ref name=":3">Hutchinson 2001, p. 139.</ref> ha oikova'ekue sa'ary VII pahápe ha sa'ary VI oñepyrũvo Kirito mboyve.<ref name=":1">Kivilo 2010, p. 198, n.174.</ref> Péva ha'e ára ome'êva mayoría fuente yma guaréva, ohecháva ichupe contemporáneo ñe'êpapára Alceo ha tirano Pitaco, mokõivéva avei Lesbos-gua.<ref name=":1" /> Upévare ikatu heñói mbohapyha cuarto siglo VII-pe – Franco Ferrari oinferi peteĩ ára 650 térã 640 ary Kirito mboyve;<ref>Ferrari 2010, pp. 8–9.</ref> David Campbell heʼi áño 630 rupi térã mboyve. [[Gregory Hutchinson]] he'i ha'e omba'apo hague ary 570 rupi peve Kirito mboyve.<ref>Hutchinson 2001, p. 140.</ref> Pe tradición ombohéra Safo sy Cleïs ramo.<ref name=":2">Kivilo 2021, p. 13.</ref> Péva ikatu osẽ peteĩ ñe’ẽpoty térã registro ko’áĝa okañývagui,<ref>Kivilo 2010, p. 175.</ref> jepe umi karai arandu yma guare ikatu oadivina rei ko téra, oimo’ãvo Safo rajy oñembohéra hague Cleïs isy rérape.<ref name=":4">Rayor & Lardinois 2014, p. 4.</ref> Umi fuente yma guare ohai umi téra iñambuéva Safo ru rehegua; ko proliferación de posibles téra ohechauka noñembohérai hague explícitamente ni peteĩ iñe’ẽpotýpe.<ref>Rayor & Lardinois 2014, pp. 3–4.</ref> Héra ypykue ha ojehechaukavéva chupe ha'e Scamandronymus. Ovidio rembiapokue Heroides-pe, Safo ru omano orekórõ guare seis áño.<ref>Kivilo 2021, p. 13.</ref> Noñeñe’ẽi hese mba’eveichagua hembiapokue oikovévape, ha katu Campbell he’i ko detalle ikatuha oñemopyenda peteĩ ñe’ẽpoty ko’áĝa okañývape.<ref>Campbell 1982, p. 15, n.1.</ref> Héra tee ojejuhu heta ortografía variante-pe; pe forma ojehechaukáva iñe’ẽpoty oĩvape voi ha’e ''Psafo'' (Ψάπφω).<ref>Sappho, frr. 1.20, 65.5, 94.5, 133b</ref><ref>Rayor & Lardinois 2014, p. 98.</ref> [[File:1877_Charles_Mengin_-_Sappho.jpg|thumb|right|''Sappho'' (1877) ojapova’ekue [[Charles Mengin]] (1853-1933). Peteĩ tradisión heʼi Safo ojesuicida hague osaltávo pe acantilado leucadia-gui.<ref>Lidov 2002, pp. 205–6, n.7.</ref>|alt=Painting of a woman dressed in dark robes, with her breasts bare. She holds a lyre in one hand and stands on a rock over the sea.]] Ojeʼe vaʼekue Safo orekoha mbohapy ermáno: Eurígios, Laricos ha Charaxos. Ateneo heʼiháicha, haʼe omombaʼeguasu Laricos-pe haʼégui peteĩ copa apoha pe táva Mitilene-pe,<ref name=":2" /> peteĩ ofisína orekóva umi mitãkuimbaʼe ifamília iporãvévape.<ref>Campbell 1982, pp. xi, 189.</ref> Ko mba’e ohechaukáva Safo heñói hague peteĩ familia aristocrática-pe ojoaju umi ambiente sapy’ánte ojerarefiáva ndive umi versículo ohaihápe. Peteĩ tradisión yma guare omombeʼu peteĩ rrelasión orekóvare Charaxos ha pe cortesana egipcia Rhodopis. Siglo V Kirito mboyve Heródoto, pe mombe'upy itujavéva,<ref>Lidov 2002, p. 203.</ref> omombe'u Charaxos orreskata hague Rodopis-pe hetaiterei pirapire rehe ha Safo ohai hague peteĩ ñe'ẽpoty omongavaju chupe upévare.<ref>Herodotus, Histories, 2.135 = Sappho 254a</ref> Mokõi joyke’y réra, Charaxos ha Larichos, oñeñe’ẽ Hermanokuéra Ñe’ẽpotýpe, ojejuhúva 2014-pe; pe ermáno paha, Eurygios, oñeñeʼẽ mbohapy fuénte yma guarépe péro moõve ningo Safo rembiapokue oĩvape koʼág̃a peve.<ref>Lardinois 2021, p. 172.</ref> Safo ikatu oreko raʼe peteĩ tajýra hérava Cleïs, ha oñeñeʼẽ hese mokõi pehẽnguépe.<ref>Rayor & Lardinois 2014, p. 3.</ref> Naentéroi umi karai arandu oasepta Cleïs haʼe hague Safo rajy. Fragmento 132 he'i Cleïs ha'eha "''pais''", he'iséva avei "mitã", ikatu avei oñe'ê "mitãrusu ojehayhúva enlace homosexual kuimba'épe".<ref name=":5">Hallett 1982, p. 22.</ref> Oje'e Cleïs ha'eha peteĩva umi imborayhu jára imitãvéva, imembykuña rangue,<ref name=":5" /> jepémo [[Judith Hallett]] he'i pe descripción Cleis rehegua "''agapata''" ("ohayhúva") ramo pe fragmento 132-pe ohechauka Sappho oñe'ẽha Cleïs rehe imembykuña ramo, ambue literatura griega-pe ojeporuháicha ko ñe'ẽ relación familiar-pe ha katu ndaha'éi sexual.<ref>Hallett 1982, pp. 22–23.</ref> ''Suda'' he'iháicha, Safo omenda Kerkylas de [[Andros]] rehe.<ref name=":4" /> Ko téra ojekuaa omoheñói hague peteĩ ñe'ẽpapára cómico: pe téra ''Kerkelylas'' ojekuaa ha'eha peteĩ ñe'ẽ ''kerkos'' michĩvéva, peteĩ he'iséva ikatúva ha'e "penis", ha ndojehecháiva ambue hendáicha téra ramo,<ref>Parker 1993, p. 309.</ref> ha katu "Andros", ha'égui peteĩ isla griega réra, ha'e peteĩ forma ñe'ẽ griego ''aner'', he'iséva "kuimba'e".<ref>Mendelsohn 2015.</ref> Péicha héra, ikatúvape guarã peteî equivalente inglés ha'e "Prick (de la isla) de Man", oiméne heñói peteî ñoha'ãnga cómico-gui.<ref>Kivilo 2010, p. 178.</ref> Peteĩ tradisión heʼi Safo oñemosẽ hague Lesbos-gui áño 600 rupi Jesús ou mboyve.<ref name=":3" /> Peteĩnte fuente yma guare ko tembiasápe ha'e [[Crónica Parian]],<ref name=":6">Kivilo 2010, p. 182.</ref> oregistráva oho hague exilio-pe Sicilia-pe algún tiempo 604 ha 595.<ref>Ferrari 2010, pp. 18-19.</ref> Péva ikatu ha'e resultado ifamilia oike haguére umi conflicto élite política Lesbos-pe ko época-pe.<ref>Rayor & Lardinois 2014, p. 10.</ref> Ndojekuaái mbaʼe ládopa oñemoĩ Safo família koʼã ñorairõme, péro la majoría umi karai arandu oguerovia oĩhague hikuái peteĩ fácciónpe ikotemporáneo Alcaeo ndive, oñemosẽvaʼekue prisionéroramo Mirsilo ojagarrarõ guare podér.<ref name=":6" /> Peteĩ tradición oho jeýva por lo menos Menander-pe (Fr. 258 K) o’insisti Safo ojejuka hague osaltávo umi acantilado leucadia-gui ohayhúgui iñembohovái’ỹre Phaon rehe, peteĩ balsa-gua. Ko tembiasakue ojoaju mokõi mombe’upy tupãsy Afrodita rehegua. Peteĩme, Afrodita ombojopói pe balsa ijedámava Phaon-pe imitãrusu ha jesareko porã reheve peteĩ recompensa ramo ogueraha haguére chupe ibalse-pe ojerure’ỹre pago; ambuépe, Afrodita okuera ñembyasy omanógui imborayhu jára Adonis oñemombovo umi acantilado leucadia-gui Apolo consejo rupive.<ref>Kivilo 2010, pp. 179-182.</ref> Safo salto rembiasakue ojehecha ahistórico ramo umi karai arandu moderno-pe, ikatu oinventa umi ñe'ẽpapára cómico térã oúva ojelee vai haguére peteĩ referencia primera persona rehegua peteĩ ñe'ẽpoty ndaha'éiva biográfico-pe.<ref>Lidov 2002, p. 205, n.7.</ref> Ojeporu oasegura haguã audiencia yma guarépe Safo heterosexualidad, ha tuicha mba'e siglo XIX-pe umi haihára ohecháva homosexualidad inmoral ha omopu'ãséva Safo heterosexual ramo.<ref>Hallett 1979, pp. 448–449; DeJean 1989, pp. 52–53; Walen 1999, p. 238.</ref> ==Safo rembiapokue== [[File:P.Sapph.Obbink.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Black and white photograph of a fragment of papyrus with Greek text|P. Saph. Obbink: pe papiro pehẽngue ojejuhu haguépe Safo [[Hermanos Ñe’ẽpoty]]]] Oiméne Safo ohai 10.000 línea ñe’ẽpoty rupi; koʼág̃arupi, 650 rupinte oikove.{{sfn|Rayor|Lardinois|2014|p=7}} Ojekuaavéva chupe [[iñe’ẽpoty lírico]] rehe, ohaíva omoirû haguã purahéi.{{sfn|Rayor|Lardinois|2014|p=7}} ''Suda'' avei oatribui umi epigrama, elegíaco ha iámbico orekóva; mbohapy ko'ã epigrama oĩ gueteri, ha katu añetehápe ha'e ñe'ẽpoty helenístico upe rire oñeinspiráva Safo-gui.{{sfn|Rayor|Lardinois|2014|p=8}} Umi ñe’ẽpoty iámbico ha elegíaco oje’éva chupe ''Suda''-pe ikatu avei ha’e umi imitación upe rire.{{sfn|Rayor|Lardinois|2014|p=8}} Umi haihára yma guare he’i ha’e ohai hague tenonderãite ñe’ẽpoty mborayhu rehegua,{{sfn|Campbell|1982|p=xii}} ha pe transmisión indirecta hembiapo rehegua oipytyvõ ko noción.{{sfn|Bierl|Lardinois|2016|p=3}} Ha katu, pe tradición papiro rehegua ohechauka ikatuha ndaha’éikuri upéicha: peteĩ serie de papiro oñemoherakuãva’ekue 2014-pe oreko umi fragmento diez ñe’ẽpoty consecutivo peteĩ edición yma guaréva Safo-gui, umíva apytégui mokõinte katuete ha’e ñe’ẽpoty mborayhu rehegua, ha katu por lo menos mbohapy ha ikatu irundy ojepy’apy principalmente familia rehe.{{sfn|Bierl|Lardinois|2016|p=3}} ===Umi ediciones yma guare=== Ndojekuaái araka'épa ojehai ypy Safo ñe'ẽpoty. Oĩ karai arandu oimo’ãva ha’e ohai hague iñe’ẽpoty umi omoñe’ẽva’erã oútavape; ambue katu ohai ramo hembiapokuéra ha’eha peteĩ pytyvõrã ojejapo jey haguã, ndaha’éi peteĩ tembiapo literatura rehegua ijehegui.{{sfn|Lardinois|2008|pp=79&ndash;80}} Siglo V-pe, Kirito mboyve, umi aranduka atyguasu oiméne oñepyrũ ojapo umi [[ñe’ẽpoty lírico lesbiana]] kópia, oĩ oguerekóva material omyesakãva ha [[glosa]] ha avei umi ñe’ẽpoty voi.{{sfn|Bolling|1961|p=152}} Sapyʼami síglo segundo térã tercer Kirito mboyve, umi karai arandu Alejandría-gua ojapo peteĩ edición crítica iñeʼẽpotýgui.{{sfn|de Kreij|2015|p=28}} Ikatu oĩkuri hetave peteĩ edición alejandría-gui – [[John J. Winkler]] oargumenta mokõi rehe, peteĩva omohenda [[Aristófanes de Bizancio]] ha ambue katu temimbo’e [[Aristarco de Samotracia]].{{sfn|Winkler|1990|p=166}} Péva ndaha’éi seguro – umi fuente yma guare omombe’u ñandéve Aristarco edición Alcaeo rehegua omyengovia hague pe edición Aristófanes rupive, ha katu okirirĩ Safo rembiapo ohasápa avei heta edición.{{sfn|Yatromanolakis|1999|p=180|loc=n.4}} Pe edición alejandría-pegua Safo ñe’ẽpoty rehegua ikatu oñemopyenda peteĩ téxto ateniense-pe iñe’ẽpotykuéragui, térã peteĩ Lesbos-gui heñói haguépe,{{sfn|Prauscello|2021|pp=220&ndash;221}} ha oñembojaʼo vaʼekue por lo méno ocho lívrope, jepe ndojekuaái mbaʼépa añetehápepa.{{sfn|Yatromanolakis|1999|p=181}} Heta karai arandu moderno osegi [[Denys Page]]-pe, oconjeturava’ekue peteĩ noveno aranduka edición estándar-pe;{{sfn|Yatromanolakis|1999|p=181}} Dimitrios Yatromanolakis oduda upévare, ohechakuaávo umi fuente yma guare oñe’ẽramo jepe peteĩ octavo aranduka iñe’ẽpotýgui, ni peteĩ noñe’ẽi peteĩ noveno rehe.{{sfn|Yatromanolakis|1999|p=184}} Pe edición alejandría Safo rehegua oiméne omboaty iñe’ẽpotykuéra metro rupive: umi fuente yma guare omombe’u ñandéve peteĩteĩ umi mbohapy aranduka tenondegua oguerekoha ñe’ẽpoty peteĩ metro específico-pe.{{sfn|Lidov|2011}} Libro peteĩha edición alejandría-pegua, ojejapóva [[ñe’ẽpoty estrofa safica]]-pe, ha’ete ku oñeordenava’ekue alfabético-pe.{{sfn|Prauscello|2021|pp=222&ndash;223}} Osẽ rire jepe pe edición alejandría estándar, Safo ñe’ẽpoty osegi oñemosarambi ambue ñe’ẽpoty ñemono’õme. Por ehémplo, pe Papiro de Colonia oñeñongatuhápe pe [[ñeʼẽpoty Titón]] haʼe vaʼekue peteĩ antología helenística de poesíape, ha upépe oĩ umi ñeʼẽpoty oñemohendavaʼekue téma rupive, ndahaʼéi métro ha incipit rupive, oĩ haguéicha pe edición alejandríape.{{sfn|Clayman|2011}} {{Commonscat|Sappho}} [[Ñemohenda:Tekove Gyrésia Ymaguare pegua]] [[Ñemohenda:Ñe'ẽpapára]] 2vtz2i5ynuzydauyyonuog4udc6c7wl 0 17734 138253 135624 2026-08-18T19:26:26Z InternetArchiveBot 14761 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260818)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 138253 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ta'ãnga:Sphere_wireframe_10deg_6r.svg|vínculo=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sphere_wireframe_10deg_6r.svg|alt=|miniaturadeimagen|209x209px|[[Ehféra]], mboyraiha papapykuaapegua <span class="texhtml">''V'' =</span> <span class="texhtml"><span class="sfrac">&#x2060;<span class="tion"><span class="num">4</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">3</span></span>&#x2060;</span> &#x3C0; ''r''³</span> omeꞌẽva ivolúme ''V''.]] [[Ta'ãnga:Isobutane_numbered_2D.svg|vínculo=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isobutane_numbered_2D.svg|alt=|miniaturadeimagen|209x209px|Mboatypyre [[isovutáno]], imboyraiha kimikapegua (CH₃)₃CH.]] [[File:Edsger_Dijkstra_1994.jpg|miniaturadeimagen|Peteĩva umi tapichágui oñemombaꞌeguasuvéva omopyꞌãva javegua [[Kõputasiõ|kõputasiõ rembikuaaty]], [[Edsger Dijkstra]] ogykehaípe oiko jave [[ETH Zurich]] atyguasúpe ary 1994. Dijkstra ñeꞌẽme, "[[Peteĩ taꞌãnga ikatu ojogua su ñeꞌẽpýpe]], peteĩ mboyraiha ojogua su taꞌãngápe".]] [[Tembikuaaty|Tembikuaatý]]<nowiki/>pe, '''mboyraiha''' térã '''fórmula''' haꞌe peteĩ tape mbykymi ojehechauka hag̃ua marandu símbolope, [[Mboyraiha papapykuaapegua|'''''papapykuaapegua mboyraiha''''']] térã '''''[[Mboyraiha kimikapegua|kimikapegua mboyraihá]]'''''peguáicha. Tapiaguápe, [[ñeꞌẽpy]] mboyraiha jeporu tembikuaatýpe heꞌise ''mboykue oñemeꞌẽva apytépegua [[jokuaa]] ñemopuꞌã''. [[Epañañe’ẽ|Ehpañañeꞌẽ]] ''fórmula'' ou [[Lasioñe'ẽ|lasioñeꞌẽ]] tembikuaapegua ''formula'' (ꞌ''ysaja michĩ''ꞌ)-gui. == Papapykuaápe == [[Papapykuaa|Papapykuaá]]<nowiki/>pe, mboyraiha oñeꞌẽ jepi [[ekuasiõ]] térã [[ndojoguaiha]] rehe ombojoajúva peteĩ papajoaju papapykuaapegua ambuéva ndive, ipuꞌakavehápe teoréma papapykuaapegua. Techapyrã, ojekuaauka hag̃ua peteĩ [[ehféra]] volúme oikotevẽ hetaiterei [[kálkulo mboatypaha]] rehegua térã ijoguaha [[ysajarekokuaa]]<nowiki/>pegua, heꞌise [[mbohypa rape]] ({{Es|método de agotamiento}}).<ref>{{Cita libro|year=1958|title=History of Mathematics|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema0000smit_g1o7|publisher=[[Dover Publications]]|location=[[New York City|New York]]|isbn=0-486-20430-8}}</ref> Hakatu ojapo vove kóva peteĩva [[haꞌãyke]] ({{Es|parámetro}}) rehe (techapyrãramo [[rrádio]]), papapykuaaharakuéra ojapo mboyraiha omombeꞌu hag̃ua peteĩ ehféra volúme irrádio guive: : <math>V = \frac{4}{3} \pi r^3.</math> Ojehupyty rire ko ohejáva, ikatu ojepapa volumen oimera ẽ esfera rehegua ojekuaa aja irrádio. Koꞌápe, toñeñaminduꞌu volúme ''V'' ha rrádio ''r'' ojehechaukaha tai peteĩnteramo, ñeꞌẽpy téra ñeꞌẽjoaju rangue. Ko ñoñeꞌẽmby, imbaꞌeguasuꞌivéramo jepe mboyraiha pype jokuaápe ndojoapýiva, heꞌise papapykuaahára ikatuha ombaꞌapo pyaꞌeve mboyraiha ndive tuichavéva ha hasyvéva.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://math.stackexchange.com/q/24241|title=Why do mathematicians use single letter variables?|date=28 February 2011}}</ref> Mboyraiha papapykuaapekuéra haꞌe jepi [[Álgebra|álhevra]]<nowiki/>pegua, [[Hesaꞌỹijo (papapykuaaty)|hesaꞌỹijo]]<nowiki/>pegua térã [[Papajoaju mbotypyréicha|mbotypyréicha]]<nowiki/>gua.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.andlearning.org/math-formula/|title=List of Mathematical formulas|date=24 August 2018}}</ref> Opaichagua rapykuéri, mboyraihakuéra ohechauka jepi yvóra teete [[hechapyre]] mondélo papapykuaaguigua, ha upéicha rupi ikatu ojeporu oñemeꞌẽ hag̃ua ñemyatyrõ (térã ñemyatyrõ hiꞌag̃uíva) yvóra teete porandu rehegua, oĩva opaichavegua ambuévagui. Techapyrã, mboyraiha : <math>F = ma</math> haꞌe [[Newton léi mokõiha]] heꞌiséva, ha ojeporu hetaiterei [[Mba'erekokuaa|mbaꞌerekokuaa]]<nowiki/>pegua sitúpe. Ambue mboyraiha, haꞌeháicha ojepuru [[séno haikarẽ]] ekuasiõ rehegua omondélo hag̃ua maréa monguꞌe peteĩ [[Yjere|yjeré]]<nowiki/>pe, ikatu ojejapo omyatyrõ hag̃ua peteĩ porandu tee. Péro opaite kásope mboyraiha ojapo pe base ojejapo hag̃ua jepapa. [[Papajoaty]] iñambue mboyraihágui, heꞌise ndoguerekói jepi [[jojaha]] (=) téra [[ndojojaiha]] (<)-icha [[Jokuaa (papapykuaa)|jokuaa]]. Umi ñeꞌepykuaa ohechauka peteĩ [[mbaꞌe papapykuaapegua]], upépe mboyraiháramo ohechauka peteĩ moañete [[Mbaꞌe papapykuaapegua|mbaꞌe papapykuaape]]<nowiki/>kuéra rehegua.<ref>{{Cita libro|year=1963|title=Set Theory and Logic|publisher=Dover Publications|location=San Francisco, CA|isbn=978-0-486-63829-4}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Logic for Mathematicians|year=1988}}</ref> Kóva ojogua tekopegua ñeꞌẽme, oĩhápe peteĩ [[Tero Guaraníme#2.3. Tero ñemohenda hetepy rupi|teroita]] ojogua peteĩ ''mbaꞌé''pe, ha peteĩ [[Ñe'ẽjoaju Guaraníme|ñeꞌẽjoaju]] pavẽ ojogua peteĩ ''teeté''pe. Techapyrãramo, <math>8x-5</math> haꞌe peteĩ papajoaty, <math>8x-5 \geq 3 </math> jepe peteĩ mboyraiha. Ha katu oĩ papapykuaapegua apojerépe, ha koꞌýte [[álhevra informática]]<nowiki/>pe, umi mboyraiha ojehecha papajoajúramo ikatúva oñehaꞌã ''[[añete]]'' térã ''[[Japu|japú]]''ramo, ohóvo tepykuéraicha oñemeꞌẽva moambuepyre ojehúva papajoajúpe. Techapyrãramo <math>8x-5 \geq 3</math> ogueraha [[Tekotee (papapykuaa)|tekotee]] ''japu'' oñemeꞌẽramo x rekotee michĩvéva 1-gui, ha tepy ''añetegua'' ambue hendáicha. (Ehecha [[Papajoaju Boole-icha|Papajoaju Boole-ichagua]]) . === Papapykuaapegua lóhikape === [[Papapykuaapegua lóhika]]<nowiki/>pe, mboyraiha (ojeheróva jepi ''[[mboyraiha apopyre porã]]'') haꞌehína peteĩreko oñemopuꞌãvaꞌekue ojeporúvo umi símbolo ha apoukapy mopu'ã rehegua peteĩ ñeꞌẽ lohikapegua oñemeꞌẽvaꞌekue. Techapyrã, [[lógica heko peteĩhá|lóhica heko peteĩhá]]<nowiki/>pe ({{Es|lógica de primer orden}}), : <math>\forall x \forall y (P(f(x)) \rightarrow\neg (P(x) \rightarrow Q(f(y),x,z)))</math> haꞌe peteĩ mboyraiha. == Mboyraiha kimikapegua == [[Kímika|Kímika koꞌãgaguá]]<nowiki/>pe, [[mboyraiha kimikapegua]] haꞌe peteĩ tape ojehechauka hag̃ua marandu [[Tumingue'a|átomo]]<nowiki/>kuéra ñomboykue rehegua omoheñóiva [[Mboatypyre kimikapegua|mboatypyre]] kimikapegua tee, ojeporúvo peteĩ tysýi [[kimikapegua eleménto símbolo]], [[papapy]] ha sapyꞌánte ambue símbolo rehegua, tahaꞌe [[Ta'ãnga'i Kuatiapyre Guaraníme#Ñeꞌẽrokái (( ))|ñeꞌẽrokái]] (''( )''), ñeꞌẽrokairatĩ (''{ }'') ha hetave (+) ha saꞌive (−) rechaukaha. Techapyrã, H₂O haꞌe [[y]] kimikapegua mboyraiha, heꞌíva peteĩteĩva [[molékula]] oguerekoha mokõi átomo [[Tatavevýi|ratavevýi]] (H) ha peteĩ átomo [[Tatarapo|ratarapo]] (O). Upéicha avei, O⁻₃ ohechauka peteĩ molékula [[osóno]] oguerekóva mbohapy átomo ratarapo<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/ozone/CHEM.htm|title=Ozone Chemistry}}</ref> ha [[apakua mbotoveha]] ({{En|negative charge}}) potĩrei. [[Ta'ãnga:Butane Lewis.svg|miniaturadeimagen|[[Vutáno]] [[mopuꞌãysaja mboyraiha]]. Oĩ jepi mbohapy mohaꞌangapyreꞌvaicha mboyraiha kimikapegua ko molékulape g̃uarã: * '''mboyraiha maꞌẽiteha''' C₂H₅* '''molékula mboyraiha''' C₄H₁₀ ha * '''mboyraiha mohypyꞌũha''' (térã ''mopuꞌãysajavy mboyraiha'') CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₃. ]][[Mboyraiha kimikapegua]] ohechakuaa peteĩteĩva [[Eleménto Kimikapegua|eleménto]] ojapopáva [[hechaukaha kimikapegua]] rupive, ha ohechauka mboy átomopa oikuaauka peteĩteĩ eleménto papapy ñomboykueguigua. [[Mboyraiha maꞌẽitehá]]<nowiki/>pe, koꞌã ñomboykue oñepyrũ peteĩ eleménto peꞌaha ndive ha upéi ohai mboatypyrepegua ambue elementokuéra átomo papapy – [[Ñomboykue|ñomboykué]]<nowiki/>ramo eleménto peꞌaha rehe. Molékula joapýpe g̃uarã, koꞌã papapy ñomboykueguigua ikatu akóinte ojehechauka [[Papapy teete|papapy teeté]]<nowiki/>ramo. Techapyrã, [[etanol]] mboyraiha maꞌẽiteha ikatu ojehai C₂H₆O-ramo,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/702|title=Ethanol|last=PubChem|language=en}}</ref> etanol opavave molékula oguerekógui mokõi átomo [[Tatapỹi|ratapỹi]] rehegua, poteĩ átomo ratavevýi rehegua ha peteĩ átomo [[Tatarapo|ratarapo]]. Oĩchagua mboatypyre [[iõ]]<nowiki/>guigua, jepémo, ndaikatúiva ojehai mboyraiha maꞌẽiteháramo oguerekóva papapy teete añoite. Techapyrã haꞌehína [[vóro karvéto]], imboyraiha CB_n rehegua haꞌehína peteĩ jotuichakue [[papapy teeteꞌỹ]] ({{Es|números no enteros}}) moambuepyre, '''''n''''' ohóva 4 ári guive 6,5-gui hetavéva peve. Mboyraiha rehegua mboatypyre kimikapegua oguerekóramo [[molékula]] rekopeteĩ, mboyraiha kimikapegua oipuru jepi tape ojehechauka hagua mbaꞌéichapa ojejapo pe molékula. Oĩ hetaichagua koꞌã mboyraiha, umíva apytépe [[molékula mboyraiha]] ha mboyraiha mohypyꞌũha. Molékula mboyraiha ohysýi mboy átomopa ohechauka umi oíva pe molékulape, upéicha rupi molékula mboyraiha grukósa rehegua C₆H₁₂O₆, ndahaꞌéiva grukósa mboyraiha maꞌẽiteha, haꞌeva CH₂O. Sapyꞌmigua [[guypegua]] ndahekoitáiva ikoe, molékula mboyraiha kimikapegua opaichaguápe osoite ñepuꞌãysaja marandúgui oñeikotevẽva , ha ikatu voi mokõicha sapyꞌánte. [[Mopuꞌãysaja mboyraiha|Mboyraiha mopuꞌãysajapegua]] niko taꞌanga ohechaukáva moõpa oĩ peteĩteĩva átomo, ha mbaꞌe átomo rehépa ojoaju. == Kõputasiõme == [[Kõputasiõ]]<nowiki/>me, mboyraiha omombeꞌu jepi peteĩ [[jepapa]], haꞌeháicha [[mbojoapy]], ojejapovaꞌerã peteĩ térã hetave [[moambuepyre]] rehe. Peteĩ mboyraiha oñemeꞌẽ jepi ñemíme [[kõputasiõ apoukapy]]<nowiki/>icha haꞌeháicha. : ''Grádo Celsius'' = (5/9)*( ''Grádo Fahrenheit''&nbsp;- 32) . Kombutadora [[jepaparogue]] ''software''pe, peteĩ mboyraiha ohechaukáva mbaꞌeichaitépa omoinge peteĩ [[Koty'i (jepaparogue)|kotyꞌi]] repy, jeꞌekuaa ''A3'', ikatu ojehai : ''=A1+A2'' -icha upépe ''A1'' ha ''A2'' oñeꞌe ambue kotyꞌi rehe (yta A, tysýi 1 térã 2) oĩva japaparogue ryepýpe. Kóva haꞌehína mombyky "kuatia" ysaja "''A3 = A1+A2''"-pe g̃uarã, ''A3'' ojehejareihápe, ñoñeꞌẽmby rupive, pe ohejáva oñeñongatu haguére akóinte kotyꞌípe hérava teete, upéicha rupi hembyre omoañetejey héra. == Unida == Mboyraiha ojeporúva tembikuaatýpe haimete jepive oikotevẽ ojeporavo [[Unida (tembikuaaty)|unida]]. <ref>{{Cita libro|isbn=978-1466571143|title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 94th Edition|year=2013|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton}}</ref> Mboyraiha ojepuru ojehechauka hag̃ua joaju opaichagua ''mboykue'' apytépe, tahaꞌe ''takukue'', ''mása'' térã ''apakua'' [[Mba'erekokuaa|mbaꞌerekokuaá]]<nowiki/>pe; ''kuaveꞌẽ'', ''tembirepykue'' térã ''jeheka'' [[Virurekokuaa|virurekokuaá]]<nowiki/>pe; térã hetaiterei ambue mboykue ambue [[Kuaaty|kuaatý]]<nowiki/>pe. Mboyraiha ojeporúva tembikuaatýpe rechapyrã niko [[Boltzmann entropía mboyraiha]]. [[Apopymeꞌẽkuaa|Apopymeꞌẽ]] [[Termodinámica|rakumonguꞌekuaá]]<nowiki/>pe, haꞌe [[katuetekue ekuasiõ]] ombojoajúva [[entropía]] ''S'' peteĩ [[mbyꞌetĩ potapyrã]] rehegua pe mboykue ''W'' ndive, haꞌéva mboy [[Teko'i|tekomichĩve]] ({{En|microstate}}) ojoguáva peteĩ [[Tekoguasu|tekoguasuvé]]<nowiki/>pe ({{En|macrostate}}) oñemeꞌẽvaꞌekue: : <math>S = k \cdot \ln W </math> ''k'' haꞌehápe [[Boltzmann pytaha]], ojojáva 1,380649 × 10⁻²³ J⋅K⁻¹ rehe, ha ''W'' niko tekoꞌikuéra papapy ojoajúva tekoguasu oñemeꞌẽvaꞌekue ndive. == Ehecha avei == * [[Eleménto kimikapegua]] * [[Mboyraiha unida]] * [[Léi (papapykuaa)]] * [[Teoréma]] == Manduꞌapy == <references /> [[Ñemohenda:Papapykuaa]] m93j96g9rck19rmz8zlvpi9ttu5e2e7